Chapter 9 - Integration

QQM1023 Managerial Mathematics
Chapter 9: Integration 229

9.1 DEFINITION OF INTEGRATION
9.1.1 INTEGRATION IS ANTI DERIVATIVE
In Chapter 7 and 8 we have learned the techniques how to get the
differentiation from a certain function. A function F(x) an anti-derivative
of a function f(x) if F(x) = f(x). The anti-derivate of f is
+ = , ) ( ) ( C x F dx x f
where C is constant.
If ) (x f
dx
dy
= then

= dx x f dy ) (

= dx x f y ) (
The table below shows some example of functions, each paired with
one of its anti-derivatives.
Function, f(x) Anti-derivative, F(x)
1 x
3 3x + C (C is a constant)
4x
3
x
4

x x 2
3
+
2
4
4
x
x
+

9.2 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION & INTEGRATION RULES

( ) ( ) C x F dx x f + =

integral sign integrand constant of integration
read;
indefinite integral of f(x)
dx x f
b x
a x
=
=
) (
( )
+
+
=
+
c x
n
dx x
n n 1
1
1

k dx = kx + C
9.2.1 RULES OF INTEGRATION #1 : CONSTANT RULES

k is a constant

a)
= dx 4

b)
= dx e

9.2.2 RULES OF INTEGRATION #2 : POWER RULES

Alternatively, the process of integration of a function can be simplified
by using formula.

Where, 1 n

a)
+ = C
x
dx x
2
2

b)
= dx x
2

c)
= dx x
2
1

d)

dx x
4
=
Divide the term by new index
Add an arbitrary constant C
Example 1
Example 2
| |

= dx x g dx x f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

= dx x f k dx x f k ) ( ) ( .

9.2.3 RULES OF INTEGRATION #3 : CONSTANT MULTIPLE RULE

,with k 0

a)

= dx x dx x
3 3
4 4
b)
=
dx ex
2

=
C x C
x
+ = +
(
4
4
4
4

9.2.4 RULES OF INTEGRATION #4 : SUM AND DIFFERENCE

a)
( )
+ dx x x 1 7
2

Solution :

( )

+ = + dx xdx dx x dx x x 1 7 1 7
2 2

=
C x
x x
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
7
3
2 3

=
C x x
x
+ +
2
3
2
7
3

Example 3
Example 4
( )
( )( )
( ) C b ax
n a
dx b ax
n n
+ +
+
= +
+
1
1
1

b)
( ) dx x x

3 2
4 3

c) (
+ + dx x
x
3
1
2
3

d)
( ) dx x
5 2

9.2.5 RULES OF INTEGRATION #5 : INTEGRATION FOR
( ) ( )
n
b ax x f
dx
dy
+ = =

a)
( ) dx x

+
2
3 6

( )
( )( )
( ) C x dx x + +
+
= +
+
1 2 2
3 6
1 2 3
1
3 6

=
( )
( )
C
x
C
x
+
+
= +
+

3 6 3
1
3
3 6
1

Example 5
c x
a
dx
ax
+ =
ln
1 1

( )
( )
+ + =
+
c b ax
a
dx
b ax
ln
1 1

b) ( ) dx x
6
5 4

c) ( ) dx x
+
3 / 1
2 5

d) ( ) dx x
4
6 3

9.2.6 RULES OF INTEGRATION #6 :
INTEGRAL OF FUNCTION THAT WILL PRODUCE ln:
i)

a)
C x dx
x
+ =
ln
4
1
4
1

b)
=
dx
x
2

ii)

Example 6
+ =
+ =
+ =
0 ;
ln
)
0 ;
1
)
)
a C
a
a
dx a iii
a C e
a
dx e ii
C e dx e i
x
x
ax ax
x x

a)
( ) C x
dx
x
dx
x
+ + =
+
=
+

2 1 ln
2
3
2 1
1
3
2 1
3

b)
+
dx
x 1 2
1
=

c)
+
dx
x 2 3
4
=

9.2.7 RULES OF INTEGRATION #7 :
INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

C dx c
C e dx e b
C e dx e a
x
x
x x
x x
+ =
+ =
+ =
5 ln
5
5 )
2
1
)
)
2 2

Example 7
Example 8
d)
dx e
x 5

e)
( )
dx e
x 2 / 1

f)
dx
e
x 2
1

g)
dx
x
7


a)

k dx = kx + C

b)

( )
+
+
=
+
c x
n
dx x
n n 1
1
1

c)

= dx x f k dx x f k ) ( ) ( .

d)

| |

= dx x g dx x f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

e)

( )
( )( )
( ) C b ax
n a
dx b ax
n n
+ +
+
= +
+
1
1
1

f)

c x
a
dx
ax
+ =
ln
1 1

g)

( )
( )
+ + =
+
c b ax
a
dx
b ax
ln
1 1

h)

+ =
+ =
+ =
0 ;
ln
)
0 ;
1
)
)
a C
a
a
dx a iii
a C e
a
dx e ii
C e dx e i
x
x
ax ax
x x

Rules of Integration
; a 0
9.3 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
In this section, we are going to discuss one technique called
integration by substitution that usually uses to transform
complicated integration into more easy form.

) ( ' . )) ( ( x g x g f
du u f ) (

=
C u F + ) (

=
C x g F + )) ( (

a) Solve ( )
dx x x
7
2
2 3 12
Solution :
Step 1:
Substitute ( )
n
k k
d cx bx ax + + + +

...
1
=
n
u) (
for n = 2, 3, 4, - d cx bx ax u
k k
+ + + + =

...
1

For the example above: u = 3x
2
2

Step 2:
From d cx bx ax u
k k
+ + + + =

...
1
, get
dx
du
.
Hence, u = 3x
2
2, then x
dx
du
6 =
Step 1: Substitute u = g(x), du = g(x) to obtain the integral
. ) ( du u f

Step 2: Integrate with respect to u.

Step 3: Replace u by g(x) in the result.
Example 9
Step 3:
Change ........ =
dx
du
to dx
du
=
.....
and substitute into question.
x
dx
du
6 = then dx
x
du
=
6
. (dx in term of du)

= dx x x
7 2
) 2 3 ( 12
x
du
u x
6
. ) ( 12
7
= du u
7
2

( )
c u +
(
+
=
+1 7
1 7
1
2
c u c u + = +
(
=
8 8
4
1
8
1
2
( ) c x + =
8
2
2 3
4
1
#

Solve:
a) ( ) dx e e
x x
+
2
3 3
1
b) dx x x
|
.
|
\
|
1
2

c)
( )
dx
x
x
+
2
1 ln

d)
( )
+
2
2
1 x
x

EXERCISE
( ) ( ) | |
b
a
b
a
c x F dx x f + =
.

( ) ( ) a F b F =
9.4 DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Definite integral can be easily recognized by numbers assigned
to the upper and lower parts of the integral sign, such as
b
a
dx x f ) (
, where a and b are known as the lower and upper limits
of the integral respectively.
Generally, if ( ) ( ) c x F dx x f + =
. then

Evaluate
dx x x
+
6
1
4 3
2

Step 1: Integrate the terms with respect to x
=
(
5 4
2
5 4
6
1
x x

Step 2: Substitute x with 6 and 1
=
9 . 2202
5
) 1 (
4
) 1 ( 2
5
6
4
) 6 ( 2
5 4 5 4
=
(
+

Example 10

Evaluate the following definite integrals:
a) ( )
+
2
1
2
. 1 dx x

b) ( ) dx x . 1 2
1
0

c) ( )
2
2
1
2
2
+ x

EXERCISE :
1
A
=
( )
b
a
dx x f .

9.5 AREA UNDER A CURVE AND BETWEEN TWO CURVES
9.5.1 AREA UNDER A CURVE

One of definite integral applications is area under a curve.
i. Consider this graph,

If
1
A is the area under a curve ( ) x f y = between a x = and
b x = then:

Find the area enclosed by:
a)
2
x y = , 0 = x , 2 = x and x-axis

Example 11 :
2
A
=
( )
d
c
dy y f .

b)
2
1
x
y = , 3 , 1 = = x x and x-axis

c) ( ) 3
2
= x x f , 1 = x , 2 = x and x-axis

ii. Consider graph below:

if
2
A is area under a curve ( ) y f x = between c y = and
d y = then

A
3
=
( ) ( ) | |dx x g x f
b
a

a) Find the area enclosed by x y 4
2
= , lines 4 , 1 = = y y
and y-axis.

b) Find the first quarter enclosed by
x
y
2
= , y-axis and lines
4 , 2 = = y y

9.5.2 AREA ENCLOSED BY TWO CURVES
If function f and g is continuous and ( ) ) (x g x f > within
| | b a, , then area enclosed by ( ) x f y = and ( ) x g for
b x a < < is:

Example 12 :

a) Find the area enclose by the curves
1
2
= x y
and
16 8 = x y

b) Find the area enclosed by the curves x y 2
2
= and
y x 2
2
=

Example 13:
integrate
integrate
integrate
integrate
integrate
integrate
9.6 APLICATION IN ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS
9.6.1 APLICATION IN MARGINAL COST, MARGINAL REVENUES ETC.
Normally in order to get the marginal cost, we will differentiate the cost
function, but how to get the cost function if we are given the marginal
cost?
Marginal cost function Total cost function
Marginal Average cost function Average Cost function
Marginal revenue function Total Revenue function
Marginal Average revenue Average revenue function
Marginal profit function Profit function
Marginal Average profit function Average profit function

Suppose the marginal cost to produce product A is:
100 20
2
+ =
x x C T
the fixed cost for the production is RM 9000 where x is the quantity. Find
the total cost function.

Example 14 :
( )
0 0
0
0
. . x y dx x D S C
x
=

9.6.2 CONSUMERS AND PRODUCERS SURPLUS
In this topic, we use the definite integral to solve the problem in finding
the consumers surplus and producers surplus.

If the demand function is ( ) x D y = and the supply is ( ) x S y = , then
the intersection of two points is called equilibrium points, ( )
0 0
, y x .

The amount that can be saved by the consumer when the
market price is lower than the price demanded is called as
CONSUMERS SURPLUS (C.S).

Demand / Supply
Supply = S(x)

Consumers Surplus
y
0
Equilibrium

Producers Surplus

Demand = D(x)

x
0

( )dx x S y x S P
x
=
0
0
0 0
. .
Amount that is gained by the producer when the market price is
higher is called as PRODUCERS SURPLUS (P.S).

Demand function for Embun Boutique is 6 4
2
+ = x x y
while the supply function is
2
x y = where x is the quantity and
y is the price. Find the consumers surplus (C.S) and producers
surplus (P.S).

Solutions:

Step 1:
Get the equilibrium point ( )
0 0
, y x .

) 1 , 1 ( int
1
1
lim 3 1
,
0 ) 3 )( 2 2 (
0 6 4 2
6 4
2
2
2 2
=
=
=
= =
= + +
= +
= +
po m Equilibriu
y
inated e x or x
therefore
x x
x x
x x x

NOTE :The equilibrium point is only considered on the first
quarter of the plane.
Example 15 :
Step 2:
( ) ........ .......... . .
0 0
0
0
= =

x y dx x D S C
x

| |
3
2
2
1 0 6 2
3
1
1
2
3
) 1 )( 1 ( 6 4
6 2
3
1
0
1
0
2
RM
dx x x
x x
x
=

(
+ =
=
+ =
(

( ) ....... .......... . .
0
0
0 0
= =

dx x S y x S P
x

3
2
3
1
1
3
3
1
) 1 )( 1 (
1
0
1
0
2
RM
x
dx x
=
=
=
=
(


1. The demand function for a product is

, 05 . 0 100 ) ( q q f p = =

where p is the price per unit (in RM) for q units.

The supply function is
. 1 . 0 10 ) ( q q g p + = =

Determine consumers surplus and producers surplus under market
equilibrium.

Answer: CS = RM 9000 and PS = RM 18,000

2. Given the function;
q q f 05 . 0 100 ) ( =
and
q q g 1 . 0 10 ) ( + =
where p is the
price per unit (in RM) for q units of product .

a) Determine which of the function is a;
i) Demand function
ii) Supply function

b) Find the market equilibrium.

Answer : (600,70)
EXERCISE:
c) Determine the consumers surplus as well as the producers
surplus.

Answer : CS = RM9000
PS = RM18000

Chapter 9 - Integration

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Chapter 9 - Integration

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QQM1023 Managerial Mathematics

Chapter 9: Integration 229

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