TNH TON DM TRN NN N HI

THEO PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

TNH TON DM TRN NN N HI

THEO PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN
Ts. Nghim Mnh Hin
Dm trn nn n hi (theo m hnh bin dng cc b Winkler) c s
dng tnh ton mng bng trn nn thin nhin, cc n chu ti trng ngang,
tng c gia c thnh vch h o, ng ray v t vt trn ng st hay tnh
ton n nh ca bc thm trong bi ton gia c nn v.v Vic tnh ton bng
tay mt nhiu thi gian do cc cng thc tnh cha hm s siu vit. Xy dng
phn mm tnh ton dm trn nn n hi theo phng php phn t hu hn s
gim nh khi lng tnh ton v c th phn tch c nhiu bi ton phc tp
v cc s tnh ton khc nhau. Bi bo ny tc gi trnh by mt cch tip cn
tnh ton dm trn nn n hi theo phng php phn t hu hn.
1. Dm trn nn n hi chu xon
1.1 Phng trnh vi phn [2]
M men phn lc nn :
b
2

b
2

p = k y x z 2 dz = 2 k y x z 2 dz =
b

k yb3
12

(1)

trong :
x : gc xon trc dm quanh trc x
k y : h s nn Winkle theo trc y

b : chiu rng lin kt ca dm vi nn n hi theo phng

vung gc vi trc dm.
Phng trnh vi phn cn bng phn t dm c chiu di dx :
dM x
= pq
dx

Mi quan h gia gc xon x v m men xon M x nh bit :

(2)

d
d x M x
hay M x = x GJ
=
dx
dx
GJ

(3)

trong :
G : m un n hi trt
J : m men qun tnh xon. i vi tit din ch nht, J c

b
h

th tnh theo cng thc : J = - 0.21 1 3

b4
12h 4

3
hb

y
x

ky

q
Mx
x

ky

Mx+dMx

z
p

dx

Hnh 1 : S tnh ton dm trn nn n hi chu xon

Thay (3) v (1) vo (2) ta c :
k yb3
d 2 x
12GJ d 2 x
12

=
GJ
=

q
hay
q
x
x
3
2
2
12
dx
k y b dx
k yb3

t : 2 =

(4)

d 2 x
12GJ
x
1 d 2 x
v
i
bin

ta
c
=
, th vo phng
=

dx 2
2 d 2
k yb3

trnh (4) :
x

d 2 x
12
=
q
2
d
k yb3

(5)

Nghim ca phng trnh (5) :

12
x = c1ch + c 2 sh
sh( )q( )d
k y b 3 0

Hai hng s c1 , c2 xc nh theo iu kin bin.

t x =

12
sh( )q( )d , x xc nh theo tng loi ti trng.
k y b 3 0

(6)

Biu thc m men xon trong dm xc nh t (3) v (6) :

Mx =

GJ

(c1 sh + c 2 ch x )

(7)

1.2 Hm dng siu vit

Phng trnh gc xon ca dm vit theo hm dng :
x = N1 x1 + N 2 x 2

(8)

Trong N1 v N 2 l cc hm dng, x1 v x 2 l gc xon ti v tr u

v v tr cui ca dm.
x1 = x (x = 0) = 1 c1 = 1

ch
Hm dng N 1 xc nh t iu kin :

x 2 = x ( x = L ) = 0 c 2 = L

sh

Thay c1 v c 2 vo (6) ta c :

x L
L x
ch sh ch sh

N1 =
L
sh

(9)

x1 = x ( x = 0) = 0 c1 = 0

1
Hm dng N 2 xc nh t iu kin : x 2 = x (x = L ) = 1 c 2 =
L

sh

Thay c1 v c 2 vo (6) ta c :

x
sh

N2 =
L
sh

(10)

1.3 Ma trn cng

Ma trn cng ca dm c th xy dng theo hai cch. Cch th nht l
s dng hm dng siu vit v cch th hai l s dng hm dng kt hp vi
dm khng c lin kt n hi vi nn.
Cng thc ma trn cng tng qut :

[k e ] = Ve [B ] [C ][B]dV
T

(11)

trong : [B ] = [ ][N ] v [B ] c gi l ma trn tnh bin dng.

[D] l ma trn n hi [D] = E .

Ngoi ra ma trn cng c th thit lp theo phng php chuyn v
hoc phng php Galerkin.
Theo hm dng siu vit ta c :
L
ch

L
sh
[k e ] = k rx

sh L

trong : k rx =

L
sh

L
ch

L
sh

(12)

k yb3
12

Theo hm dng kt hp vi dm khng lin kt n hi vi nn [4], ta c :

1

GJ 1 1
[k e ] =
+ k rx L 3

1
L 1 1

1
6
1

(13)

1.4 Xc nh hm s x
1.4.1 Ti trng l m men phn b
y

y
q2

q1

x
d1

d1
d2

Hnh 2 : Ti trng tc dng ln dm chu xon

Dm chu ti trng m men phn b tuyn tnh trn mt on nh hnh 2.

t 1 =

d1

v 2 =

d2

. Gi tr ti trng ti v tr 1 2 :
q=

trong : A =

(q1 2 q 21 ) (q 2 q1 )

(q1 2 q 21 )
2 1

2 1
;B =

2 1

= A + B

(14)

(q 2 q1 )
2 1

Trng hp 0 1 : q = 0 x = 0 ; x' = 0
Trng hp 1 2 :
x =

1
{A[1 ch( 1 )] + B[ 1ch( 1 ) sh( 1 )]}
k rx

(15)

x =

1
{ Ash( 1 ) + B[1 1 sh( 1 ) ch( 1 )]}
k rx

(16)

Trng hp 2 < :
x =

1
{A[ch( 2 ) ch( 1 )]
k rx

(17)

1
{A[sh( 2 ) sh( 1 )]
k rx

(18)

+ B[ 2 ch( 2 ) 1ch( 1 ) + sh( 2 ) sh( 1 )]}

x' =

+ B[ 2 sh( 2 ) 1 sh( 1 ) + ch( 2 ) ch( 1 )]}

1.4.2 Ti trng l m men tp trung

Dm chu ti trng m men tp trung nh hnh 2. t 1 =

d1

Trng hp 0 1 : x = 0 ; x' = 0
Trng hp > 1 :
x =

1 P
sh( 1 )
k rx

(19)

x' =

1 P
ch( 1 )
k rx

(20)

2. Dm trn nn n hi chu ko nn

q
q

N
kx

N+dN

p
dx

Hnh 3 : S tnh dm trn nn n hi chu ko nn

Phn lc nn :
p = k xux

(21)

trong :
k x : h s nn theo trc x
u x : chuyn v ca dm theo trc x

Phng trnh vi phn cn bng phn t dm c chiu di dx :

dN
= bp q
dx

(22)

trong :
N : lc dc trong dm

q : ti trng trn dm

Mi quan h gia chuyn v u x v lc dc N nh bit :

du x
du
N
=
N = EF x
dx
EF
dx

(23)

trong :
E : m un n hi

F : Din tch mt ct ngang tit din dm, vi dm tit din

ch nht ta c : F = bh .
Thay (23) v (21) vo (22) ta c :
d 2u x
1
EF d 2 u x
EF = k x bu x q hay u x
=
q
2
2
k x b dx
k xb
dx

(24)

t 2 =

d 2u x
x
1 d 2u x
EF
v i bin =
ta c
=
, th vo phng
k xb

dx 2
2 d

trnh (24) :
ux

d 2u x
1
=
q
2
k xb
d

(25)

Ta thy phng trnh (25) c dng tng t phng trnh (5). Nghim ca
phng trnh (25) l :

1
u x = c1ch + c 2 sh
sh( )q ( )d
k x b 0

(26)

Hai hng s c1 , c2 xc nh theo iu kin bin.

1
t x =
sh( )q ( )d , x xc nh theo tng loi ti trng.
k x b 0

Cc cng thc hm dng, ma trn cng v ni lc tng t nh trng

hp dm chu xon.
3. Dm trn nn n hi chu un
3.1 Phng trnh vi phn [2]
Phn lc nn :
p = k yu y

(27)

trong :
k y : h s nn theo trc y
u y : chuyn v ca trc dm theo trc y

Phng trnh vi phn ng n hi ca trc dm :

1

Mz
M
u 'y' = z
EI
EI

(28)

trong :
I : m men qun tnh ca tit din dm, vi dm tit din

ch nht ta c : I =

bh 3
.
12

Phng trnh vi phn cn bng :

d 2M z
= q pb
dx 2

(29)
q

y
Mz

q
ky

Mz+dMz

x
Qy

Qy+dQy
p
dx

Hnh 4 : S tnh dm trn nn n hi chu un

Thay (27) v (29) vo (28) ta c : EI

d 4u y
dx 4

= q k y bu y

(30)

du y d
du y
d 4u y
d 4u y
4
v i bin = x ;
.
t =
=
.
=

=
dx
d dx
d
4EI
dx 4
d 4
4

k yb

du y

Phng trnh (30) c vit li l :

d 4u y
d

+ 4u y =

4
q
k yb

(31)

Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (31) theo Krlov :

u y =c 1Y1 + c 2Y2 + c 3Y3 +c 4Y4 +

4
Y4 ( )q ( )d
k y b 0

(32)

trong :
Y1 , Y2 , Y3 v Y4 : hm Krlov :
Y1 = chs cos ; Y2 =

Y3 =

1
( ch sin + sh cos )
2

1
1
sh sin ; Y4 = (ch sin sh cos )
2
4

c1 , c 2 , c3 v c 4 : hng s xc nh theo iu kin bin.

y =

trng.

4
Y4 ( )q ( )d : hm s xc nh theo tng loi ti
k y b 0

Phng trnh gc xoay, m men un v lc ct :

z =

du y
dx

M z = EI
Qy =

= ( 4c1Y4 +c 2Y1 +c 3Y2 +c 4Y3 + y' )

d 2u y
dx 2

(33)

= EI 2 ( 4c 1Y3 4c 2Y4 +c 3Y1 +c 4Y2 + y'' )

dM z
= EI 3 4c 1Y2 4c 2Y3 4c 3Y4 +c 4Y1 + y'''
dx

(34)
(35)

3.2 Hm dng siu vit

Chuyn v ca trc dm vit theo hm dng :
u y = N 1u y1 + N 2 z1 + N 3 u y 2 + N 4 z 2

(36)

trong : N 1 , N 2 , N 3 v N 4 l cc hm dng, u y1 , z1 , u y 2 , z 2 l chuyn

v v gc xoay ti v tr hai u dm.
Hm dng :

2 ch 2 (L ) sin 2 (L ) + sh 2 (L ) cos 2 (L )
Y3 ( )
sin 2 (L ) sh 2 (L )
4(cos(L ) sin (L ) + ch(L ) sin (L ))

Y4 ( )
sin 2 (L ) sh 2 (L )

N 1 = Y1 ( ) +

N2 =

Y2 ( )

(37)

2(ch(L )sh(L ) cos(L ) sin (L )) Y3 ( )

sin 2 (L ) sh 2 (L )

2 ch (L ) sin 2 (L ) + sh 2 (L ) cos 2 (L ) Y4 ( )

sin 2 (L ) sh 2 (L )
4sh(L ) sin (L )
4(ch(L ) sin (L ) + sh(L ) cos(L ))
Y4 ( )
Y3 ( ) +
N3 = 2
2
sin (L ) sh (L )
sin 2 (L ) sh 2 (L )
2(ch(L ) sin (L ) sh(L ) cos(L )) Y3 ( )
4sh(L ) sin (L ) Y4 ( )
N4 =

sin 2 (L ) sh 2 (L )
sin 2 (L ) sh 2 (L )
2

3.3 Ma trn cng

Ma trn cng ca dm thit lp t hm dng siu vit :
k11

[k e ] =

k12

k13

k 22

k 23
k 33

k14
k 24
k 34

k 44

(38)

trong :
k11 = 4 EI 3

sin (L ) cos(L ) + ch(L )sh(L )

sh 2 (L ) sin 2 (L )

ch 2 (L ) sin 2 (L ) + sh 2 (L ) cos 2 (L )
k12 = 2 EI
sh 2 (L ) sin 2 (L )
2

k13 = 4 EI 3

sin (L )ch(L ) + cos(L )sh(L )

sin (L )sh(L )
; k14 = 4 EI 2 2
2
2
sh (L ) sin (L )
sh (L ) sin 2 (L )

k 22 = 2 EI

sh(L )ch(L ) cos(L ) sin (L )

; k 23 = k14
sh 2 (L ) sin 2 (L )

k 24 = 2 EI

sin (L )ch(L ) cos(L )sh(L )

; k 33 = k11 ; k 34 = k12 ; k 44 = k 22
sh 2 (L ) sin 2 (L )

(39)

Ma trn cng ca dm thit lp t hm dng kt hp vi dm khng

lin kt n hi vi nn [4] :
12 6 L
156 22 L 54 13L

4 L2 13L 3L2
6 L 2 L2 k y L
+
156 22 L
12 6 L 420

4 L2
4 L2

12 6 L

4 L2
EI
[k e ] = 3
L

(40)

3.4 Xc nh hm s y [3]
3.4.1 Ti trng phn b
y

q2

q1

d1

d1
d2

y
M

m2

m1
x

d1

x
d1
d2

Hnh 5 : Ti trng tc dng ln dm chu un

Dm chu ti trng phn b tuyn tnh trn mt on. t 1 = d1 ,
2 = d 2 . Gi tr ti trng ti v tr bt k trong khong 1 2 :
q=

q1 2 q 2 1 q 2 q1
+
= A + B
2 1
2 1

trong : A =

q1 2 q 2 1
q q1
;B = 2
2 1
2 1

Trng hp < 1 : y = 0
Trng hp : 1 2
4 A
B

[1 Y1 ( 1 )] + [ 1Y1 ( 1 ) Y2 ( 1 )] (41)
4
k yb 4

y =

Trng hp : 2 <
4 A
[Y1 ( 2 ) Y1 ( 1 )]
kb 4

y =

+ [ 2Y1 ( 2 ) 1Y1 ( 1 ) + Y2 ( 2 ) Y2 ( 1 )]
4

(42)

3.3.2 Ti trng tp trung

Trng hp < 1 : y = 0
Trng hp 1 < :

y =

4 P
Y4 ( 1 )
k yb

(43)

3.3.2 M men tp trung

Trng hp < 1 : y = 0
Trng hp 1 < :

y =

4 M 2
Y3 ( 1 )
k yb

(44)

3.3.4 M men phn b

Gi tr m men ti v tr bt k trong khong 1 2 :
m=

trong : A =

(m1 2 m 2 1 ) (m2 m1 )
2 1

(q1 2 q 2 1 )
2 1

;B =

2 1

= A + B

(q 2 q1 )
2 1

Trng hp < 1 : y = 0
Trng hp 1 2 :
y =

4
1 Y1 ( 1 )

A[1 Y4 ( 1 )] + B 1Y4 ( 1 ) +

4
4
k yb

(45)

Trng hp 2 < :
y =

4
{A[Y4 ( 2 ) Y4 ( 1 )]
k yb

(46)

Y ( 2 ) Y1 ( 1 )

+ B 2 Y4 ( 2 ) 1Y4 ( 1 ) 1
+

4
4

4. V d tnh ton
Theo l thuyt tnh ton trn y, tc gi ng dng xy dng phn
mm KCW2000 c kh nng tnh ton ni lc ca dm trn nn n hi khng
gian vi bn h s nn. V d tnh ton dm chu un trn nn n hi di y
c tnh ton bng tay [1] v bng phn mm KCW2000. Kt qu tnh ton so
snh vi SAP2000N (thay th nn bng cc gi ta n hi). D liu u vo :
h=0.2m, b=1m, E=2.1e+7kN/m2, p=0.2, h s nn ky=50000kN/m3, chiu di
dm l 15.7m, ti trng : P1=70kN, P2=60kN.

Hnh 6 : S ti trng, s chuyn v v biu m men

So snh kt qu tnh ton
Chng trnh

M men ti gia dm

Sai s

phn

(kN.m)

(%)

Do P1

Do P2

Do P1+P2

Theo [1]

18.025

2.515

20.54

KCW2000

18.003

2.445

20.45

-0.44

SAP2000N

20

16.03

1.28

17.31

-15.7

SAP2000N

40

17.47

2.12

19.59

-4.6

SAP2000N

60

17.72

2.29

20.01

-2.6

SAP2000N

80

17.81

2.34

20.15

-1.9

SAP2000N

100

17.85

2.37

20.22

-1.6

SAP2000N

120

17.87

2.38

20.25

-1.4

Mt s nhn xt
Kt qu tnh ton theo KCW2000 st vi kt qu tnh theo [1] (sai s m
men gia dm l 0.45%) vi s nn n hi lin tc. c kt qu chnh xc
khi tnh ton theo SAP2000N vi nn c thay th bng cc gi ta n hi,
cn chia dm thnh nhiu phn t, iu ny khng thun tin khi gii nhng bi
ton phc tp.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. GSTS. Nguyn Vn Qung, KS. Nguyn Hu Khng, KS. Ung nh Cht,
Nn v mng cc cng trnh dn dng - cng nghip. Nh xut bn xy dng
1996.
2. V Cng Ng, Thit k v tnh ton mng nng. T sch i hc Xy dng
1992.
3. L c Thng, Bi Anh nh, Phan Trng Phit, Nn v mng. Nh xut
bn i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip 1991.
4. I.M. SMITH and D.V GRIFFITHS, Lp trnh tnh ton cng trnh xy dng
bng phng php phn t hu hn. Nh xut bn xy dng - 1997.