Chapter 5

Gases, (Liquids, and Solids)

The Gaseous State

Gases are compressible Gases expand to fill a container Gases are difficult to weigh on a balance

How do we know How Much gas we have?- The variables

Volume: (V)
Gases Have Variable volume Dependent on
Temperature of Gas Pressure of Gas Volume of the container

Measure in LITERS

How do we know How Much gas we have?- The variables

Pressure: (P)
Heating a gas causes molecules to move faster (More Kinetic Energy) Heating a gas affects the volume and pressure of a gas Measure in:
Atmospheres (atm) mm Hg

1 atm = 760 mm Hg (Standard pressure)

How do we know How Much gas we have?- The variables

Temperature: (T)
Heating a gas causes molecules to move faster (More Kinetic Energy) Heating a gas affects the volume and pressure of a gas Measure in KELVIN K = C + 273.15
Standard Temperature = 273.15 K

Combined Gas Law

PV1 P2V2 1 T1 T2
Name Boyle's law Charles's Law Gay-Lu ssac's law Expression P1V 1 = P2 V2 V1 V2 = T1 T2 P1 P2 = T1 T2 Cons tant T P V

PV1 P2V2 1 Examples T1 T2 A gas is expanded from an initial volume of

20.5 L at 0.92 atm at room temperature (23.0 ) to a final volume of 340.6L. During the expansion the gas cools to 12.0 C. What is the new pressure?

Molar Volume of A Gas

At STP
1 mol gas = 22.4 L of Gas

Laboratory Conditions are usually not at STP

Can we Correct for non standard conditions?

Using the Combined Gas Law

PV1 P2V2 1 T1 T2

The volume of one mole of gas at STP is 22.4 L/mol. What is the volume of one mole of gas at room temperature (23 C) at a pressure of 1.10 atm?

The Ideal Gas* Law

PV=nRT
P = pressure V = volume measured in LITERS n = MOLES R = constant- Value that NEVER CHANGES!!!
R= 0.0821 L atm

mol K
R= 8.31 L L mmHg

T = temperature in KELVIN

mol K

Calculate the volume of 1.00 moles of gas at STP

* Under most conditions, real gases behave like ideal gases.

Fig. 5-5, p. 146

Using the Ideal Gas Equation

The volume of one mole of gas at STP is 22.4 L. What is the volume of one mole of gas at room temperature (23 C) at a pressure of 1.10 atm?

Mole A 1 Mole of Gas = 22.4 L (only At STP) Or PV=nRT Liters of gas A

Examples:
What is the volume of 3.20 grams of hydrogen gas at STP? A certain quantity of neon gas is under 1.05 atm pressure at 303 K in a 10.0-L vessel. How many moles of neon are present?

Stoichiometry With Gases

Liters of Gas A Or PV=nRT
1 Mole of Gas = 22.4 L (only At STP)

***

Mole A
__g A** = 1 mole A

Mass A

(grams)

_mol A*** = __mol B Liters of of Gas B Or PV=nRT

1 Mole of Gas = 22.4 L (only At STP)

Coefficients in balanced equation represent the MOLE RATIO

Mole B
__g B** = 1 mole B

Mass B

(grams)

Example: Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) H2(g) + MgCl2(aq)

If 13.8 grams of hydrogen were produced at STP, how many grams of magnesium were consumed?
If 0.350 grams of magnesium reacted with excess hydrochloric acid, what volume of hydrogen gas would be collected at 22.0 C and 0.950 atm?

Collecting Gases
Gas above water is a combination of H2(g) and H2O(g)
Pinside = PH2 + PH2O Pinside = Pbarometric Pbarometric = PH2 + PH2O PH2 = Pbarometric - PH2O

Collecting a Gas over Water

What is the pressure of hydrogen gas if it is collected over water at 21.0 C on a day when the barometric pressure is 769.3 mm Hg?

# of particles of A L of solution A

Summary of Stoichiometry
Mole A Mass A (grams)

L of gas A ()

L of gas B L of solution B Mole B Mass B (grams)

# of particles of B

# of particles of A L of solution A

Summary of Stoichiometry
Mole A Mass A (grams)

L of gas A ()

L of gas B L of solution B Mole B Mass B (grams)

# of particles of B