MICRO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT WITH CHAIN TURBINE

Nguyen Minh Duy

Content
1. 2. 3. 4.

Overview about hydroelectric power plant Analysis chain turbine Governor using for chain turbine Work in the future

Hydropower to Electric Power

Potential Energy

Electrical Energy Electricity

Kinetic Energy

Mechanical Energy

Hydropower to Electric Power

How Hydropower Works



 

Water from the reservoir flows due to gravity to drive the turbine. Turbine is connected to a generator. Power generated is transmitted over power lines.

How Hydropower Works (2)



 

A water turbine that cover the energy of flowing or falling water into mechanical energy that drives a generator, which generates electrical power. This is a heart of hydropower power plant. A control mechanism to provide stable electrical power. It is called governor. Electrical transmission line to deliver the power to its destination.

Vietnam Hydroelectric Potential

Vietnam Hydroelectric Potential (2)

 

Vietnam, the nation yearly average of rainfall is about 1,861mm. There are more than 2,200 big-to-small rivers and streams. So Vietnam is rich hydropower resource. Vietnam is agricultural country (agriculture: 20.1%). This is a goal to invest SHP.

Sizes of Hydropower Plants

Pico hydroelectric plant  Up to 10kW, remote areas away from the grid Micro hydroelectric plant  Capacity 10kW to 300kW, usually provided power for small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid Small hydroelectric plant  Capacity 300kW to 1MW Mini hydroelectric plant  Capacity above 1MW Medium hydroelectric plant  15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid Large hydroelectric plant  More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid

Micro Hydropower Systems

Many creeks and rivers are permanent, they never dry up, and these are the most suitable for micro-hydro power production Micro hydro turbine could be a waterwheel Newer turbines : Pelton wheel (most common) Others : Turgo, Crossflow and various axial flow turbines

Turbine Classified

Impulse Turbines
Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and discharges to atmospheric pressure. The water stream hits each bucket on the runner. High head, low flow applications. Types : Pelton turbine, Turgo turbine

Pelton Turbine

Turgo Turbine

Reaction Turbines

Combined action of pressure and moving water. Runner placed directly in the water stream flowing over the blades rather than striking each individually. Lower head and higher flows than compared with the impulse turbines.

Francis Turbine

Kaplan Turbine

Turbine Selection Chart

Chain Turbine
It is a gravity machine It is built up of two parallel chain systems joint together at the chains with a series of buckets. The flow rater entering the buckets is controlled by the water valve through a motor to open or close the valve. Buckets fill full of water go down to bring to rotary sprocket system.

Analysis of the Chain Turbine

With flow rate is 1m3/s, and the head is 20m. Assume H1=19m, H2=1m, the diameter of the sprocket is 1m.

Analysis of the Chain Turbine (2)

The gross power output:

Pgross ! VQgH gross ! 1000 v1v 9.81v 20 ! 196kW

Apply the principle of work and energy with the bucket of chain turbine:

1 2 1 2 mgh0  mv0 ! mght  mvt 2 2

The maximum speed of bucket vt ! 2gH 1 The angular velocity the sprocket would be v 9.75 [ ! op ! ! 19.5rad / sec R 0.5 The rotational speed of the sprocket would be
rpm ! [ v 60 9.4 v 60 ! ! 186.2 } 186rpm 2T 2T

Analysis of the Chain Turbine (3)

Number of buckets in chain turbine (2 H1  TD)Q 4.02 ! N! vop Q1 Q1

Number of buckets 8 10 12

The volume of a bucket (m3) 0.50 0.40 0.36

Analysis of the Chain Turbine (4)

The power output is
2 Pout ! T[ ! V Qvop r[ ! V Qvop

The power out of the turbine shaft

2 Pout ! VQvop ! 1000 v 1 v 9.75 2 ! 95.1kW

The efficiency of the chain turbine is given by

Pout 95.1kW ! ! 0.49 L! Pgross 196kW

Analysis of the Chain Turbine (5)

Rotational velocity of sprocket depends on the distance of between two shafts of turbine H1. Rotational velocity of turbine shaft is slow, so it cannot directly connect with generator. It need a power transmission Efficiency of chain turbine is low.

Advantages of Chain Turbine

It is run-of-river power plant. Do not worry about the turbidity of water. There is no danger of cavitations. It is simple to construct, repaired and maintenance.

Disadvantages of Chain Turbine

The slow rotation of chain turbine leads to high speed ratios when connect to generator at 600 rpm 1500 rpm. This chain turbine operation is very noise. Structure of turbine is very big

Governor
 To maintain the generator at a constant 50Hz frequency, it is necessary to maintain the generator shaft at a constant rotational speed.  In the independent hydroelectric power plant, the rotational speed of the micro hydro power generator can be change when loads are added or subtracted from the electrical system.
N0 v p f ! 120

Governor (2)

The system frequency can be maintained constant by eliminating the mismatch between generator and load. Governor is to receipt the frequency signal from the output of generator. And it is compared with standard frequency signal. From these results, governor output signal is coming-out to control the valve of water at the entrance to the turbine.

Transfer Function Block Diagram of Hydro Plant

KP
TW
K IS
K PS

power system gain constant (Hz/p.u) nominal starting time of water in penstock (s) integral gain constant for servo system proportional gain controller constant for servo motor

Governor Transfer Function

Chain Turbine transfer function

Tw water starting time at full load

(Pm 1  Tw s ! (G 1  0.5Tw s

Tw !

LU r 1 v 2 v g v 1 ! ! 0.022 s gH 9.81 v 20 (Pm 1  Tw s 1  0.022 s ! ! (G 1  0.5Tw s 1  0.011s

So transfer function of chain turbine is

Generator Transfer Function

Assume nominal load PL ! 90kW Frequency 50Hz The latter load assumption yields
D! PL 90kW ! ! 0.018 p.u / Hz fPR 50 Hz v 100kW

So, the system gain constant and time constant are given by 1 K P ! ! 55.55Hz / p.u D
TP ! 2H 2 v1 ! ! 2.22 s fD 50 v 0.018

The transfer function of generator

G p (S ) !

Kp 1  sT p

55.55 1  2.22s

Transient responses of system for step changes in load, showing deviations in system frequency

Transient responses of system for step changes in load, (1.5kW) for different integral gain value, showing deviations in system frequency (1)

Transient responses of system for step changes in load, (1.5kW) for different integral gain value, showing deviations in system frequency (2)

Transient responses of system for step changes in load, (1.5kW) for different integral gain value, showing deviations in system frequency (1)

Transient responses of system for step changes in load, (1.5kW) for different integral gain value, showing deviations in system frequency (2)

Governor Discussion
It is more flexible than classical governor. This governor effectively eliminate the frequency deviations due to load disturbances for different nominal loadings of the system It is importance as the saved water can be used for irrigation.

Work in the Future

In China, YiuHwa Engineering Company is building a hydroelectric power plant with chain turbine to experiment and research with capacity 200kW. This plant has two turbines and built with head 20m and flow rate 1.03m3/sec