Pathophysiology of Kochs Disease (Tuberculosis) Non-modifiable Factors:

Age Immunosuppression Gender Family history Modifiable Factors: - recurrence of infection - Repeated close contact w/ infected person - unhealthy diet - physical inactivity

Exposure or inhalation of infected Air through droplet nuclei (exposure to infected individual by coughing, sneezing, talking ,singing, laughing and remain suspended in the air for many hours)

Tubercle bacilli invasion in the apices of the Lungs or near the pleurae of the lower lobes

Bronchopneumonia develops in the lung tissue (Phagocytosed tubercle bacilli are ingested by macrophages) bacterial cell wall binds with macrophages arrest of a phagosome which results to bacilli replication

Necrotic Degeneration occurs (production of cavities filled with cheese-like mass of tubercle bacilli, dead WBCs, necrotic lung tissue)

drainage of necrotic materials into the tracheobronchial tree (eruption of coughing, formation of lesions) PRIMARY INFECTION

Lesions may calcify (Ghons Complex) and form scars and may heal over a period of time

Tubercle bacilli immunity develops (2 to 6 weeks after infection) (maintains in the body as long as living bacilli remains in the body)

Acquired immunity leads to further growth Of bacilli and development of ACTIVE INFECTION

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Pulmonary Symptoms: Dyspnea productive cough crackles may be present on auscultation chest pain chest tightness General Symptoms: - Fatigue - loss of appetite - weight loss - low grade fever with chills

With Medical Intervention

Without Medical intervention

Early detection/ diagnosis of the disease Multi-antibacterial therapy Fixed- dose therapy TB DOTS (Direct Observed Therapy) BCG vaccination

Reactivation of the tubercle bacilli (Due to repeated exposure to infected Individuals, Immunosuppression) SECONDARY INFECTION

Severe occurrence of lesions in the lungs No Recurrence Recurrence

Cavitation in the lungs occurs Good Prognosis Bad Prognosis

Active infection is spread throughout the body systems (infiltration of tubercle bacilli in other organs) TB of the Bones Potts Disease Renal TB

SEVERE OCCURRENCE OF INFECTION Client becomes clinically ill

BAD PROGNOSIS

DEATH