MC LC

MC LC ............................................................................................ 1 LI NI U ...................................................................................... 8 CHNG I. KIN THC CNG NGH THNG TIN DNH CHO NH QUN L ..................................................................................10 1.1. Phn cng my tnh ..........................................................................10 1.1.1. Mainboard (bo mch ch) ...........................................................11 1.1.2. CPU (Central Processing Unit)- Vi x l ....................................12 1.1.3. RAM (Radom Access Memory) - B nh truy cp ngu nhin....12 1.1.4. Case v b ngun ........................................................................12 1.1.5. a cng HDD (Hard Disk Drive)............................................12 1.1.6. a CD ROM (Hard Disk Drive)..............................................13 1.1.7. a mm FDD ..........................................................................13 1.1.8. Bn phm Keyboard .................................................................13 1.1.9. Chut- Mouse..............................................................................13 1.1.10. Mn hnh- Monitor ....................................................................13 1.1.11. Card Video ................................................................................14 1.1.12. Cc cng giao tip .....................................................................14 1.1.13. LPT/COM .................................................................................14 1.1.14. PCI/AGP/PCI Express...............................................................14 1.1.15. LAN ..........................................................................................14 1.1.16. IDE............................................................................................15 1.1.17. SATA........................................................................................15 1.2. Phn mm my tnh ..........................................................................15

1.2.1. Khi nim....................................................................................15 1.2.2. Phn loi phn mm my tnh .....................................................16 1.3. Mng my tnh ..................................................................................17 1.3.1. Khi nim....................................................................................17 1.3.2. Phn loi mng my tnh .............................................................17 1.4. C s d liu .....................................................................................18 1.4.1. Khi nim....................................................................................18 1.4.2. Phn loi c s d liu: ...............................................................19 1.5. Mng Internet ...................................................................................19 1.6. Chnh ph in t (E-Government)..................................................21 1.7. Thng mi in t (E-Commerce)..................................................22 1.7.1. Khi nim....................................................................................22 1.7.2. Cc phng tin thc hin thng mi in t ............................22 1.7.3. Phn loi thng mi in t.......................................................23 1.7.4. Li ch v hn ch ca thng mi in t ..................................25 1.8. Cc c quan ban ngnh ng dng CNTT-TT h tr Doanh nghip ..................................................................................................................28 1.8.1. Ngnh Hi quan ..........................................................................28 1.8.2. Ngnh Thu.................................................................................29 1.9. Ch k s - chng thc in t: bn nn bit ..................................31 1.9.1. Hng dn ng dng ch k s bng Microsoft Office 2007 ......38 CHNG II. NG DNG CNTT TT TRONG DOANH NGHIP44 2.1. CNTT-TT l mt phn ca h tng ..................................................44 2.2. u t CNTT-TT hiu qu ...............................................................45 2.2.1. Lu tr wesbite thng mi in t.............................................45 2.3. Phn mm ng dng trong doanh nghip ........................................49

2.3.1. Phn mm my ch web..............................................................49 2.3.2. Phn mm xy dng website thng mi in t ........................49 2.3.3. Website ng v cc cng ngh xy dng website ng..............52 2.3.4. Phn mm ng dng trong doanh nghip ln ..............................54 2.4. Phn mm h tr ra quyt nh trong qun l doanh nghip...........56 2.4.1. Phn mm qun tr dy chuyn cung ng (SCM) ........................56 2.4.2. H thng qun tr ngun lc doanh nghip tch hp (ERP)..........56 2.5. Mt s m hnh ng dng CNTT-TT trong kinh doanh...................57 2.5.1. ng dng mng extranet trong lnh vc sn xut ca General Motor ..............................................................................................................57 2.5.2. ng dng CNTT-TT trong ngnh du lch....................................58 2.6. A 191 h tr g cho ng dng CNTT-TT trong doanh nghip.......61 CHNG 3. ........................................................................................63 NG DNG CNTT TRONG DOANH NGHIP XUT NHP KHU ..............................................................................................................63 3.1. Xy dng website trong doanh nghip xut nhp khu mu hnh tham kho..........................................................................................................63 3.1.1. Mt s vn cn lu khi xy dng website thng mi in t63 3.1.2 Mt s mu hnh tham kho website TMT trong lnh vc xut nhp khu ......................................................................................................64 3.2. Khai thc h thng thng tin th trng qua Internet khng phi mi th u phi tr tin.................................................................................68 3.2.1 Khai thc h thng cc Tm im thng mi qung co ........68 3.2.2 Khai thc cc c hi kinh doanh in t trn Internet ...............69 3.2.3 Khai thc cc sn giao dch thng mi in t B2B ...................69 3.2.4 Thng tin th trng trn website S giao dch hng ha.............70

3.2.5 Tm kim th trng v bn hng trn internet.............................70 3.2.6 H thng thng tin xc tin thng mi trn Internet ...................71 3.2.7 Cc website thng tin xc tin thng mi in hnh ...................72 3.3. Tm hiu v s dng h thng cc sn giao dch in t B2B .........73 3.3.1. Sn giao dch in t Alibaba......................................................74 Cc dch v Alibaba cung cp cho khch hng......................................75 3.3.2. Sn giao dch thng mi in t ca Cisco Systems ..................75 3.3.3 Giao dch trn cng thng mi in t Bolero.net: .....................75 3.4. Khai bo th tc Hi quan t xa ......................................................77 3.4.1. i vi Doanh nghip .................................................................77 3.4.2. i vi c quan hi quan.............................................................78 3.4.3. Doanh nghip thc hin khai hi quan t xa................................78 3.5. Hi quan in t ...............................................................................79 3.5.1. Khi nim hi quan in t..........................................................79 3.5.2. iu kin doanh nghip tham gia vo hi quan in t................80 3.6. Chnh sch mt ca quc gia (NSW)................................................81 3.6.1. Khi nim v chnh sch mt ca quc gia..................................81 3.6.2. C ch mt ca quc gia Vit Nam .............................................82 3.7. Chnh sch mt ca ASEAN (ASW).................................................83 3.7.1. Khi nim....................................................................................83 3.7.2. M hnh khi nim: .....................................................................84 3.7.3. Mc ch, phm vi, chc nng c ch mt ca ASEAN ..............85 CHNG 4. PHN TCH MT S THNH CNG, THT BI V BI HC KINH NGHIM ................................................................87 4.1. Mt s thnh cng trong thng mi in t ...................................87 4.1.1. Google.com Cng c tm kim thng minh ..............................87

4.1.2. Alibaba.com - Sn giao dch thng mi in t B2B................91 4.2. Mt s tht bi trong thng mi in t .........................................94 4.2.1. Boo.com Ca hng thi trang trc tuyn ..................................94 4.2.2. Pets.com Siu th th nui trc tuyn ......................................96 4.3. Mt s nguyn tc m bo ng dng CNTT-TT v TMT hiu qu98 4.3.1. Tnh minh bch (Transparency):..................................................99 4.3.2. S ng tin cy (Reliability):.....................................................100 4.3.3. Quyn ring t (Privacy): ..........................................................100 4.3.4. B mt thng tin (Confidentiality): ............................................101 4.3.5. Quyn s hu tr tu (Intellectual property rights):....................101 CHNG 5. ......................................................................................103 QUY TRNH TRIN KHAI D N CNTT & TMDDT TRONG DN103 5.1. Quy trnh xy dng cc phn mm ng dng trong DN ................103 5.1.1. Phng php SDLC (System Development life Cycle) .............103 5.1.2. Phng php th nghim (Prototyping Methodology)...............105 5.1.3. Phng php pht trin ng dng nhanh (Rapid Application Development) .....................................................................................107 5.2. Quy trnh mua sm cc phn mm ng dng trong DN ................109 Cc bc doanh nghip cn trin khai.................................................109 u im v nhc im ca phng php mua h thng....................110 5.3. Trin khai cc d n ERP, SCM v CRM trong DN ......................111 5.3.1. Qui trnh trin khai d n ERP ..................................................111 5.3.2. Qui trnh trin khai SCM...........................................................116 5.3.3. Qui trnh trin khai CRM: .........................................................119 CHNG 6. ......................................................................................121

NG DNG MT S PHN MM T DO M NGUN M TRONG KINH DOANH ..................................................................................121 6.1. Phn mm t do m ngun m: khi u t bn nn bit ...............121 6.2. H thng cc phn mm m ngun m ng dng trong KD..........124 6.3 Phn mm trn my trm (PC, Laptop) ...........................................125 6.4. Phn mm qun tr th in t v h tr lm vic cng tc (Messaging and Collaboration) .................................................................................129 6.5. Phn mm qun tr ni dung website (CMS)..................................131 6.6. Phn mm ca hng trc tuyn (Shopping Cart)...........................132 6.7. Phn mm qun tr quan h khch hng (CRM) ...........................134 6.8. Phn mm hoch nh ti nguyn doanh nghip (ERP) ................135 6.9 Phn mm qun tr ni dung (ECM) ...............................................136 CHNG 7. THNG HIU TRC TUYN V TIP TH IN T ............................................................................................................139 7.1. Thng hiu Li th cnh tranh trong thi k hi nhp ............139 7.2. Thng hiu trc tuyn bn nn bit ..........................................141 7.3. Mi bc xy dng v qung b website......................................144 7.4. Mt s cng c marketing in t hiu qu ...................................149 7.4.1. Qung co thng qua cc cng c tm kim: .............................149 7.4.2. Marketing thng qua cc catalog in t ...................................150 7.4.3. S dng banner tin hnh hot ng marketing ....................150 7.4.4. Marketing thng qua email:.......................................................152 7.4.5. Marketing lan ta: .....................................................................152 7.4.6. Marketing lin kt: ....................................................................153 7.4.7. Marketing thng qua mng x hi .............................................154 CHNG 8. ......................................................................................156

PH LC V HNG DN S DNG MT S PHN MM 156 8.1. Hng dn s dng h iu hnh Ubuntu (dng cho my trm) ..156 8.1.1. Gii thiu v Ubuntu.................................................................156 8.1.2. Chc nng ca h iu hnh Ubuntu .........................................157 8.1.3. Cam kt t Ubuntu .................................................................164 8.1.4. Nhng phin bn m Ubuntu pht hnh................................164 8.1.5. Ti liu v tm s gip ..........................................................166 8.1.6. Kh nng h tr phn cng .......................................................167 8.2. Hng dn s dng s lc b phn mm vn phng OpenOffice.org ................................................................................................................168 8.3. B cng c A191- ( n H tr doanh nghip ng dng CNTT phc v hi nhp v pht trin) gin tin dnh cho doanh nhn Vit (Easy & Simple A191 Toolkit for Vietnamese Entrepreneurs) .........................172 8.3.1. Mc Tiu...................................................................................172 8.3.2. Yu cu i vi doanh nghip s dng phn mm ca A 191.172 8.3.3. c t ........................................................................................173 8.4. Hng dn s dng phn mm Hi quan t xa.............................177 8.4.1. Trnh t, th tc ng k khai hi quan t xa ............................178 8.4.2. Trnh t khai hi quan t xa ......................................................178 8.4.3. Trnh t tip nhn khai hi quan t xa ca c quan Hi quan ....179 8.5. Hng dn s dng phn mm Khai bo Thu qua mng (do Tng cc Thu cp min ph) ................................................................................179

LI NI U Trong giai on hin nay, cng ngh thng tin c vai tr quan trng trong s nghip pht trin kinh t - x hi theo nh hng cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc. i vi Doanh nghip, Cng ngh thng tin l mt yu t gp phn quan trng trong vic i mi phng thc qun l, iu hnh kinh doanh v sn xut. Khi nim ng dng CNTT trong hot ng thng mi hay cn gi l thng mi in t ra i v ang tr thnh xu th mi thay th dn phng thc kinh doanh c vi rt nhiu u th ni bt nh nhanh hn, r hn, tin dng hn, hiu qu hn v khng b gii hn bi khng gian v thi gian. Vi mc ch cung cp cho cc doanh nghip nhng kin thc v CNTT ni chung v Thng mi in t ni ring, Vin Tin hc doanh nghip Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam phi hp vi Nh Xut bn Bu in xut bn cun sch ng dng Cng ngh Thng tin v Thng mi in t trong doanh nghip bao gm 8 chng: Chng 1: Kin thc cng ngh thng tin dnh cho nh qun l Chng 2: ng dng CNTT-TT trong doanh nghip Chng 3: ng dng CNTT-TT trong doanh nghip xut nhp khu Chng 4: Phn tch mt s thnh cng, tht bi v Bi hc kinh nghim trong TMT Chng 5: Qui trnh trin khai d n CNTT v TMDT trong doanh nghip Chng 6. ng dng mt s phn mm t do m ngun m trong kinh doanh Chng 7: Thng hiu trc tuyn v tip th in t Chng 8: Ph lc v hng dn s dng mt s phn mm Sch ng dng Cng ngh Thng tin v Thng mi in t trong doanh nghip l ti liu tham kho, ng thi nhm to ra mt mi trng thc y

ng dng CNTT-TT trong Doanh nghip. Chng ti, hy vng rng vi vic trnh by d hiu bao gm cc v d, trng hp tiu biu, cc bi hc thu c v nhng thc hnh tt nht gip cho nh qun l doanh nghip a ra c quyt nh thch hp v xy dng chnh sch chin lc ph hp trong nn kinh t thng tin cho doanh nghip Xin trn trng gii thiu cng bn c H Ni, ngy 21 thng 12 nm 2009 VIN TIN HC DOANH NGHIP PHNG THNG MI V CNG NGHIP VIT NAM

CHNG I. KIN THC CNG NGH THNG TIN DNH CHO NH QUN L

Ngy nay, cng ngh thng tin thm nhp vo mi gc cnh ca i sng x hi. Cc cng ty truyn thng phi cnh tranh vi cc cng ty dotcom vi cc hnh thc kinh doanh trn mng Internet thng qua cc ca hng trc tuyn, cc knh mi trong hot ng bn hng, marketing, dch v khch hng. Bn cnh , qun l phn cng my tnh, phn mm, qun tr mng tr nn quen thuc v l cng vic thng ngy ca cc chuyn gia cng ngh thng tin. Tuy nhin, khng ch ring gim c cng ngh thng tin, m tt c cc nh qun l u phi chu trch nhim u t v v qun l h thng thng tin trong doanh nghip. Tnh ti nm 2000, hn mt na vn u t ca doanh nghip dnh chi cho cng ngh thng tin. Do vy, chng ny tp trung gii thiu nhng kin thc c bn v cng ngh thng tin cho cc nh qun l c v kinh doanh v v cng ngh, nhm nng cao kin thc v qun l cng ngh thng tin trong t chc. ng thi, em n cho cc nh qun l nhng thng tin a ra quyt nh khi mua sm, trin khai v qun l gii php cng ngh thng tin c v mi.

1.1. Phn cng my tnh Cng ngh vi tnh (microcomputer) xut hin t nhng nm 1970, khi cng ty MITS (Hoa K) gii thiu chic my tnh c nhn Altair u tin trn th gii vo nm 1975. Chic my ny s dng b vi x l 8080 ca Intel, chic my tnh u tin khng c mn hnh m ch hin kt qu thng qua cc n Led. V s ra i ca my tnh c nhn IBM u tin nm 1981 m mn cho ngnh my tnh bn. Ngy nay, my tnh bn v my tnh xch

tay c cng sut x l d liu bng ton b trung tm my tnh ca cc t chc trong nhng nm 1960. Cc thnh phn c bn trong my tnh gm cc thit b sau: 1.1.1. Mainboard (bo mch ch) Mainboard ng vai tr lin kt tt c cc thnh phn ca h thng li vi nhau to thnh mt b my thng nht. Cc thnh phn khc nhau chng c tc lm vic, cch thc hot ng khc nhau nhng chng vn giao tip c vi nhau l nh c h thng Chipset trn Mainboard iu khin.

Trong , chipset l mt nhm cc mch tch hp (cc "chip") c thit k lm vic cng nhau v i cng nhau nh mt sn phm n. Trong my tnh, t chipset thng dng ni n cc chip c bit trn bo mch ch hoc trn cc card m rng. Khi ni n cc my tnh c nhn (PC) da trn h thng Intel Pentium, t "chipset" thng dng ni n hai chip bo mch chnh: chip cu bc v chip cu nam. Nh sn xut chip thng khng ph thuc vo nh sn xut bo mch. V d cc nh sn xut chipset cho bo

mch PC c NVIDIA, ATI, VIA Technologies, SiS v Intel. Nhn vo chipset ca main th ta c th bit c "i" ca main ny, tu theo dng chipset s c nhng tnh nng h tr tng ng cho mainboard. 1.1.2. CPU (Central Processing Unit)- Vi x l CPU l thnh phn quan trng nht ca my tnh, thc hin cc lnh ca chng trnh khi phn mm no chy, tc x l ca my tnh ph thuc ch yu vo linh kin ny, CPU l linh kin nh nhng t nht trong my vi tnh. Hin c hai loi CPU ph bin l AMD, Intel mi loi CPU c nhiu dng khc nhau tu theo tng dng CPU m s c cc dng main tng ng. 1.1.3. RAM (Radom Access Memory) - B nh truy cp ngu nhin RAM l b nh tm thi, lu cc chng trnh phc v trc tip cho CPU x l, tt c cc chng trnh trc v sau khi x l u c np vo RAM, v vy dung lng v tc truy cp RAM c nh hng trc tip n tc chung ca my. 1.1.4. Case v b ngun Case: L hp my gn cc thnh phn nh Mainboard, cc a, cc Card m rng. Ngun: Thng i theo Case, c nhim v cung cp in p cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng. 1.1.5. a cng HDD (Hard Disk Drive) L thit b lu tr chnh ca h thng, cng c dung lng ln v tc truy cp kh nhanh, v vy chng c s dng ci t h iu hnh v cc chng trnh ng dng, ng thi n c s dng lu tr ti liu, tuy nhin cng l c nh, khng thun tin cho vic di chuyn d liu i xa.

1.1.6. a CD ROM (Hard Disk Drive) L a lu tr quang hc vi dung lng kh ln khong 640MB, a CD Rom gn nh d rng di chuyn i xa, tuy nhin a s cc a CD Rom ch cho php ghi c 1 ln, a CD Rom c s dng ci t phn mm my tnh, nghe nhc, xem phim. 1.1.7. a mm FDD a mm c th c v ghi nhiu ln v d rng di chuyn i xa, tuy nhin do dung lng hn ch ch c 1,44MB v nhanh hng nn ngy nay a mm t c s dng m thay vo l cc USB c nhiu u im vt tri. 1.1.8. Bn phm Keyboard Bn phm l thit b chnh gip ngi s dng giao tip v iu khin h thng, trnh iu khin bn phm do BIOS trn Mainboard iu khin. 1.1.9. Chut- Mouse. L thit b nhp bng cc giao din ho nh h iu hnh Window v mt s phn mm khc, trnh iu khin chut do h iu hnh Window nm gi. 1.1.10. Mn hnh- Monitor Mn hnh Monitor hin th cc thng tin v hnh nh, k t gip cho ngi s dng nhn c cc kt qu x l ca my tnh, ng thi thng qua mn hnh ngi s dng giao tip vi my tnh a ra cc iu khin tng ng. Hin nay c hai loi mn hnh ph bin l CRT v mn hnh LCD.

1.1.11. Card Video Card Video l thit b trung gian gia my tnh v mn hnh, trn Card Video c bn thnh phn chnh. + Ram: Lu d liu video trc khi hin th trn mn hnh, b nh Ram ca Card Video cng ln th cho hnh nh c phn gii cng cao. + IC: DAC (Digital Analog Conveter) y l IC i tn hiu nh t dng s ca my tnh sang thnh tn hiu tng t. + IC gii m Video + BIOS: L trnh iu khin Card Video khi Window cha khi ng. Card Video c th c tch hp trc tip trn Mainboard 1.1.12. Cc cng giao tip USB- Cng giao tip vi cc thit b gn ngoi c tc truyn d liu cao. 1.1.13. LPT/COM - Cc cng giao tip dnh cho my in, modem.. hin nay khng cn c a chung na v USB s l la chn tt hn (tc truyn d liu, d tho lp, ci t) mt s main i mi hin nay loi b dn hai giao thc ny. 1.1.14. PCI/AGP/PCI Express - Cc cng giao tip m rng (Card mn hnh, Fax modem, Sound card...) 1.1.15. LAN - Cng giao tip vi cable mng dng trong vic ni kt gia cc my tnh vi nhau.

1.1.16. IDE - Cng giao tip HDD ( cng) (ATA), CD/DVD-Rom, thng thng maind board c hai cng IDE l Primary IDE (IDE 0) v Secondary IDE (IDE 1), cc thng s ny nm gn cng IDE trn main board. 1.1.17. SATA - (Serial ATA) Cng giao tip vi cng c tc truyn d liu cao hn giao thc c (Cng IDE) hin nay hu ht mainboard u h tr tnh nng ny.

1.2. Phn mm my tnh 1.2.1. Khi nim Phn mm l tp hp ca tt c cc cu lnh do cc nh lp trnh vit ra hng my tnh lm mt s vic c th no , khng nh cc thit b in t khc, my vi tnh m khng c phn mm th n khng hot ng g c. c c phn mm, cc nh lp trnh phi s dng cc ngn ng lp trnh vit, ngn ng lp trnh l ngn ng trung gian gia ngn ng giao tip ca con ngi vi ngn ng my, ngn ng cng gn vi ngn ng con ngi th gi l ngn ng bc cao, cng gn ngn ng my gi l ngn ng bc thp. My tnh vi linh kin ch cht l CPU- l mt thit b in t c bit, n lm vic theo cc cu lnh m chng ta lp trnh, v c bn CPU ch lm vic mt cch my mc theo nhng dng lnh c sn vi mt tc cc nhanh khong vi trm triu lnh/giy, v vy s hot ng ca my tnh hon ton ph thuc vo cc cu lnh. Phn mm my tnh l tt c nhng cu lnh ni chung bao gm: + Cc lnh np vo BIOS hng dn my tnh khi ng v kim tra thit b.

+ H iu hnh c ci t trn cng nh h iu hnh MS DOS, h iu hnh Window + Cc chng trnh ci t trn cng hay trn CD Rom Khi ta kch hot vo mt nt lnh v thc cht ta yu cu CPU thc hin mt on chng trnh ca nt lnh . Virut thc cht l mt on lnh iu khin CPU thc thi cc vic vi xu: v d n lnh cho CPU Copy v Paste nhn bn mt file no ra y cng, hay t ng kch hot mt chng trnh no chy khng theo mun ngi dng. Do , virut cng l phn mm nhng n l phn mm c hi do nhng tin tc c xu vit ra, nu ta khng hiu c bn cht phn mm th ta cng khng tr c cc bnh v Virut. 1.2.2. Phn loi phn mm my tnh Trong my tnh phn mm c chia thnh nhiu lp: Chng trnh iu khin thit b (Drive): y l cc chng trnh lm vic trc tip vi thit b phn cng, chng l lp trung gian gia h iu hnh v thit b phn cng, cc chng trnh ny thng c np vo trong b nh ROM trn Mainboard v trn cc Card m rng, hoc c tch hp trong h iu hnh v c ti vo b nh lc my khi ng. Operation System- H iu hnh L tp hp ca rt nhiu chng trnh c nhim v qun l ti nguyn my tnh, lm cu ni gia ngi s dng vi thit b phn cng, ngoi ra h iu hnh cn cho php cc nh lp trnh xy dng cc chng trnh ng dng chy trn n. Chng trnh ng dng.

L cc chng trnh chy trn mt h iu hnh c th, lm cng c cho ngi s dng khai thc ti nguyn my tnh. V d: Chng trnh Word: gip ta son tho vn bn, chng trnh PhotoShop gip ta x l nh. Cng mt h thng phn cng, cng mt ngi s dng nhng c th chy hai h iu hnh khc nhau vi cc chng trnh ng dng khc nhau v cc trnh iu khin thit b khc nhau. 1.3. Mng my tnh 1.3.1. Khi nim Mng my tnh hay h thng mng (ting Anh: computer network hay network system), c thit lp khi c t 2 my vi tnh tr ln kt ni vi nhau chia s ti nguyn: my in, my fax, tp tin, d liu.... 1.3.2. Phn loi mng my tnh Mng my tnh c th phn b trn mt vng lnh th nht nh v c th phn b trong phm vi mt quc gia hay quc t. Da vo phm vi phn b ca mng, c th phn loi cc mng nh sau: - GAN (Global Area Network) kt ni my tnh t cc chu lc khc nhau. Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng v v tinh. - WAN (Wide Area Network) mng din rng, kt ni my tnh trong ni b cc quc gia hay gia cc quc gi trong cng mt chu lc. Thng thng, kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng. Cc WAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh GAN hay t n thnh GAN. - MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) kt ni cc my tnh trong phm vi mt thnh ph. Kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao (50 100 Mbit/s).

- LAN (Local Area Network) mng cc b, kt ni cc my tnh trong mt khu vc bn knh hp thng thng khong vi trm mt. Kt ni c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao, v d: cp ng trc thay cp quang. LAN thng c s dng trong ni b c quan/t chc. Cc LAN c th c kt ni vowisn hau thnh WAN. Trong cc khi nim ni trn, WAN v LAN l hai khi nim hay c s dng nht. Mng cc b (LAN) l h truyn thng tc cao c thit k kt ni vi cc my tnh v cc thiets b x l d liu khc cng hot ng vi nhau trong mt khu vc a l nh nh mt tng ca ta nh, hoc trong mt ta nh. Mt s mng LAN c th kt ni li vi nhau trong mt khu lm vic. Cc mng LAN tr nn thng dng v n cho php nhng ngi s dng (user) dng chung nhwgnx ti nguyn quan trng nh my in, a CD, cc phn mm ng dng v nhng thng tin cn thit khc. Trc khi pht trin cng ngh LAN, cc my tnh c lp vi nhau, b hn ch bi s lng cc chng trnh tin ch, sau khi kt ni mng hiu qu s dng my tnh tng ln gp nhiu ln. tn dng ht nhng u im ca mng LAN, ngi ta kt ni cc LAN ring bit vo mng chnh yu din rng WAN. 1.4. C s d liu 1.4.1. Khi nim C s d liu (vit tt CSDL; ting Anh l database) c hiu theo cch nh ngha kiu k thut th n l mt tp hp thng tin c cu trc. Tuy nhin, thut ng ny thng dng trong cng ngh thng tin v n thng c hiu r hn di dng mt tp hp lin kt cc d liu, thng ln lu trn mt thit b lu tr nh a hay bng. D liu ny c duy tr di dng mt tp hp cc tp tin trong h iu hnh hay c lu tr trong cc h qun tr c s d liu.

C s d liu cn c hiu l mt kho cha thng tin. C nhiu loi c s d liu, nhng trong khun kh bi ging ny ta ch quan tm n cc ng dng lp trnh lin quan n c s d liu quan h. 1.4.2. Phn loi c s d liu: - C s d liu dng file: d liu c lu tr di dng cc file c th l text, ascii, .dbf. Tiu biu cho c s d liu dng file l Foxpro - C s d liu quan h: d liu c lu tr trong cc bng d liu gi l cc thc th, gia cc thc th ny c mi lin h vi nhau gi l cc quan h, mi quan h c cc thuc tnh, trong c mt thuc tnh l kha chnh. Cc h qun tr h tr c s d liu quan h nh: MS SQL server, Oracle, MySQL... - C s d liu hng i tng: d liu cng c lu tr trong cc bn d liu nhng cc bng c b sung thm cc tnh nng hng i tng nh lu tr thm cc hnh vi, nhm th hin hnh vi ca i tng. Mi bng xem nh mt lp d liu, mt dng d liu trong bng l mt i tng. Cc h qun tr c h tr c s d liu quan h nh: MS SQL server, Oracle, Postgres - C s d liu bn cu trc: d liu c lu di dng XML, vi nh dng ny thng tin m t v i tng th hin trong cc tag. y l c s d liu c nhiu u im do lu tr c hu ht cc loi d liu khc nhau nn c s d liu bn cu trc l hng mi trong nghin cu v ng dng. 1.5. Mng Internet Internet l mng lin kt cc mng my tnh vi nhau. Mc d mi thc s ph bin t nhng nm 1990, Internet c lch s hnh thnh t kh lu

Nm 1967: Lawrence G Roberts tip tc xut tng mng ARPANet (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) ti mt hi ngh Michigan; Cng ngh chuyn gi tin- packet switching technology em li li ch to ln khi nhiu my tnh c th chia s thng tin vi nhau; Pht trin mng my tnh th nghim ca B quc phng M theo tng ARPANet Nm 1969: Mng ny c a vo hot ng v l tin thn ca Internet; Internet- lin mng bt u xut hin khi nhiu mng my tnh c kt ni vi nhau. 1972: Th in t bt u c s dng (Ray Tomlinson) 1973: ARPANet ln u tin c kt ni ra nc ngoi, ti trng i hc London 1984: Giao thc chuyn gi tin TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol v Internet Protocol) tr thnh giao thc chun ca Internet; h thng cc tn min DNS (Domain Name System) ra i phn bit cc my ch; c chia thnh su loi chnh bao gm .edu-(education) cho lnh vc gio dc, .gov- (government) thuc chnh ph, .mil- (miltary) cho lnh vc qun s, .com- (commercial) cho lnh vc thng mi, .org- (organization) cho cc t chc, .net- (network resources) cho cc mng 1990: ARPANET ngng hot ng, Internet chuyn sang giai on mi, mi ngi u c th s dng, cc doanh nghip bt u s dng Internet vo mc ich thng mi 1991: Ngn ng nh du siu vn bn HTML (HyperText Markup Language) ra i cng vi giao thc truyn siu vn bn HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), Internet thc s tr thnh cng c c lc vi hng lot cc dch v mi. World Wide Web (WWW) ra i, em li cho ngi dng kh nng tham chiu t mt vn bn n nhiu vn bn khc, chuyn t c s d liu ny sang c s d liu khc vi hnh thc hp dn v ni dung phong

ph. WWW chnh l h thng cc thng ip d liu c to ra, truyn ti, truy cp, chia s... thng qua Internet. Internet v Web l cng c quan trng nht ca TMT, gip cho TMT pht trin v hot ng hiu qu. Mng Internet c s dng rng ri t nm 1994. Hin nay, Internet l mng my tnh ln nht trn th gii, mng ca cc mng. y l mng giao tip ton cu, gip kt ni mi ngi trong mng LAN li vi nhau thng qua cc nh cung cp dch v Internet. Cu trc ca mng Internet l m chnh v vy mi my tnh ca cc hng khc nhau u c th truy cp kt ni vi n c. 1.6. Chnh ph in t (E-Government) Chnh ph ca hu ht cc quc gia hin nay, vi s pht trin mnh m ca thng mi in t, cng ang c nhng bc i tch cc tin ti xy dng mt Chnh ph in t, trong cc dch v cng ca chnh ph v cc giao dch vi chnh ph c thc hin qua mng, thng mi hoc phi thng mi. Cc dch v phi thng mi thng bao gm: thng tin cng cng (xut bn cc kt qu nghin cu khoa hc, thng tin y t trc tuyn, o to cng trc tuyn), thun li ha vic thanh ton (np t khai thu in t, np pht,) hoc cc dch v khc. Cc dch v thng mi ca chnh ph bao gm: nhng hot ng xc nhn danh tnh (h chiu, chng minh th,), bng cp (bng li xe, ng k t xe my), cng nh ng k thu thu in t. Tt c cc giao dch trn u c th s dng vi s h tr ca phng tin in t, c bit l Internet.

1.7. Thng mi in t (E-Commerce) 1.7.1. Khi nim Thng mi in t c bit n vi nhiu tn gi khc nhau, nh thng mi in t (Electronic commerce), thng mi trc tuyn (online trade), thng mi khng giy t (paperless commerce) hoc kinh doanh in t (e- business). Tuy nhin, thng mi in t vn l tn gi ph bin nht v c dng thng nht trong cc vn bn hay cng trnh nghin cu ca cc t chc hay cc nh nghin cu. Thng mi in t bt u bng vic mua bn hng ha v dch v thng qua cc phng tin in t v mng vin thng, cc doanh nghip tin ti ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo mi hot ng ca mnh, t bn hng, marketing, thanh ton n mua sm, sn xut, o to, phi hp hot ng vi nh cung cp, i tc, khch hng... khi thng mi in t pht trin thnh kinh doanh in t, tc l doanh nghip ng dng thng mi in t mc cao c gi l doanh nghip in t. Nh vy, c th hiu kinh doanh in t l m hnh pht trin ca doanh nghip khi tham gia thng mi in t mc cao v ng dng cng ngh thng tin chuyn su trong mi hot ng ca doanh nghip. 1.7.2. Cc phng tin thc hin thng mi in t Cc phng tin thc hin thng mi in t (hay cn gi l phng tin in t) bao gm: in thoi, fax, truyn hnh, in thoi khng dy, cc mng my tnh c kt ni vi nhau,... v mng Internet. Tuy nhin, thng mi in t pht trin ch yu qua Internet v thc s tr nn quan trng khi mng Internet c ph cp. Mc d vy, gn y cc giao dch thng mi thng qua cc phng tin in t a dng hn, cc thit b in t di ng cng dn dn chim v tr quan trng, hnh thc ny c bit n vi tn gi thng mi in t di ng (Mobile-commerce hay M-commerce).

1.7.3. Phn loi thng mi in t C nhiu tiu ch khc nhau phn loi cc hnh thc/ m hnh Thng mi in t nh: + Phn loi theo cng ngh kt ni mng: Thng mi di ng (khng dy), thng mi in t 3G. + Phn loi theo hnh thc dch v: Chnh ph in t, gio dc in t, ti chnh in t, ngn hng in t, chng khon in t. + Phn loi theo mc phi hp, chia s v s dng thng tin qua mng: Thng mi thng tin, thng mi giao dch, thng mi cng tc + Phn loi theo i tng tham gia: C bn ch th chnh tham gia phn ln vo cc giao dch thng mi in t: Chnh ph (G), doanh nghip (B), khch hng c nhn (C), ngi lao ng (E). Vic kt hp cc ch th ny li vi nhau s cho chng ta nhng m hnh thng mi in t khc nhau.

Bng cc m hnh thng mi in t Doanh nghip (B) Doanh nghip (B) B2B (Business Business) Xut nhp khu, mua bn nguyn liu Alibaba.com Ngi dng (C) tiu C2B (Customer Business) t hng theo nhm Priceline.com Chnh ph (G) G2B (Government to Business) Cung cp dch v cng trc G2C (Goverment Customer) Thu thu nhp c nhn to G2G (Government Government) Giao dch gia cc c quan cc chnh ph C/O in t, hi quan in t to to C2C (Customer Customer) u gi trn Ebay.com to C2G (Customer Government) Chnh ph in t to to B2C (Business Customer) Bn l qua mng, to Ngi tiu dng (C) Chnh ph (G) B2G (Business Government) Mua sm cng cng trc tuyn Dell.com to

Amazon.com

tuyn: Hi quan in t, ng k kinh doanh

Ngun: Efraim Turban (2008), Electronic Commerce A Managerial Perspective, Prentice Hall

1.7.4. Li ch v hn ch ca thng mi in t a. Li ch ca Thng mi in t * Li ch vi t chc M rng th trng: Vi chi ph u t nh hn nhiu so vi thng mi truyn thng, cc cng ty c th m rng th trng, tm kim, tip cn ngi cung cp, khch hng v i tc trn khp th gii. Vic m rng mng li nh cung cp, khch hng cng cho php cc t chc c th mua vi gi thp hn v bn c nhiu sn phm hn. - Gim chi ph sn xut: Gim chi ph giy t, gim chi ph chia s thng tin, chi ph in n, gi vn bn truyn thng. Gim chi ph thng tin lin lc: email tit kim hn fax hay gi th truyn thng - Gim chi ph mua sm: Thng qua gim cc chi ph qun l hnh chnh (80%); gim gi mua hng (5-15%) - Thng tin cp nht: Mi thng tin trn web nh sn phm, dch v, gi c... u c th c cp nht nhanh chng v kp thi. * Li ch vi ngi tiu dng - Vt gii hn v khng gian v thi gian: Thng mi in t cho php khch hng mua sm mi ni, mi lc i vi cc ca hng trn khp th gii - Nhiu la chn v sn phm v dch v: Thng mi in t cho php ngi mua c nhiu la chn hn v tip cn c nhiu nh cung cp hn - Gi thp hn: Do thng tin thun tin, d dng v phong ph hn nn khch hng c th so snh gi c gia cc nh cung cp thun tin hn v t tm c mc gi ph hp nht

- Giao hng nhanh hn vi cc hng ha s ha c: i vi cc sn phm s ha c nh phim, nhc, sch, phn mm.... vic giao hng c thc hin d dng thng qua Internet - Thng tin phong ph, thun tin v cht lng cao hn: Khch hng c th d dng tm c thng tin nhanh chng v d dng thng qua cc cng c tm kim (search engines); ng thi cc thng tin a phng tin (m thanh, hnh nh) gip qung b, gii thiu sn phm tt hn - u gi: M hnh u gi trc tuyn ra i cho php mi ngi u c th tham gia mua v bn trn cc sn u gi v ng thi c th tm, su tm nhng mn hng mnh quan tm ti mi ni trn th gii. - Cng ng thng mi in t: Mi trng kinh doanh TMT cho php mi ngi tham gia c th phi hp, chia s thng tin v kinh nghim hiu qu v nhanh chng. - p ng mi nhu cu: Kh nng t ng ha cho php chp nhn cc n hng khc nhau t mi khch hng - Thu: Trong giai on u ca TMT, nhiu nc khuyn khch bng cch min thu i vi cc giao dch trn mng * Li ch vi x hi - Hot ng trc tuyn: Thng mi in t to ra mi trng lm vic, mua sm, giao dch... t xa nn gim vic i li, nhim, tai nn - Nng cao mc sng: C nhiu hng ha, nhiu nh cung cp s to p lc gim gi, do tng kh nng mua sm ca khch hng, nng cao mc sng - Li ch cho cc nc ngho: Nhng nc ngho c th tip cn vi cc sn phm, dch v t cc nc pht trin hn thng qua Internet v TMT. ng thi cng c th hc tp c kinh nghim, k nng... o to qua mng cng nhanh chng gip cc nc ny tip thu cng ngh mi

- Dch v cng c cung cp thun tin hn: Cc dch v cng cng nh y t, gio dc, cc dch v cng ca chnh ph... c thc hin qua mng vi chi ph thp hn, thun tin hn. Cp cc loi giy php c cp qua mng, dch v t vn y t.... l cc v d thnh cng in hnh b. Hn ch ca thng mi in t C hai loi hn ch ca Thng mi in t, mt nhm mang tnh k thut, mt nhm mang tnh thng mi. HN CH CA THNG MI IN T Hn ch v k thut 1. Cha c tiu chun quc t v 1. cht lng, an ton v tin cy Hn ch v thng mi An ninh v ring t l hai cn tr v tm l i vi ngi tham gia TMT 2. Tc ng truyn Internet 2. Thiu lng tin v TMT v vn cha p ng c yu cu ca ngi bn hng trong TMT do khng ngi dng, nht l trong Thng mi c gp trc tip in t 3. Cc cng c xy dng phn 3. Nhiu vn v lut, chnh mm vn trong giai on ang pht sch, thu cha c lm r trin 4. Kh khn khi kt hp cc phn 4. Mt s chnh sch cha thc s mm TMT vi cc phn mm ng h tr to iu kin TMT pht dng v cc c s d liu truyn thng 5. Cn c cc my ch thng mi trin 5. Cc phng php nh gi hiu

in t c bit (cng sut, an ton) qu ca TMT cn cha y , hon i hi thm chi ph u t 6. thin Chuyn i thi quen tiu dng

Chi ph truy cp Internet vn 6.

cn cao 7.

t thc n o cn thi gian S tin cy i vi mi trng

Thc hin cc n t hng 7.

trong thng mi in t B2C i hi kinh doanh khng giy t, khng tip h thng kho hng t ng ln xc trc tip, giao dch in t cn thi gian 8. S lng ngi tham gia cha ln t li th v quy m (ho vn v c li) 9. S lng gian ln ngy cng Thu ht vn u t mo him tng do c th ca TMT 10. kh khn hn sau s sp hng lot ca cc cng ty dot.com

1.8. Cc c quan ban ngnh ng dng CNTT-TT h tr Doanh nghip 1.8.1. Ngnh Hi quan Mt trong nhng phng thc h tr trc tip Doanh nghip l s dng cng thng tin in t. Ngnh Hi quan v ang tch cc xy dng v trin khai a Website hi quan tr thnh cng thng tin in t cung cp thng tin v dch v hnh chnh cng cho ngi dn v doanh nghip. Ti cng thng tin in t ny doanh nghip c th tm c cc thng tin chung v lut, vn bn php quy lin quan n th tc hi quan mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. a ch: http://www.customs.gov.vn Website hi quan cho php kh nng ti cc biu mu, n, h s Hi

quan. Ngi khai Hi quan c th in ra giy hoc in vo cc mu khai gi thng tin khai bo trc cho c quan hi quan. Nng cp tng tnh tng tc an ton Doanh nghip _ Hi quan. Thng qua knh thng tin ny doanh nghip c th khai trc tuyn, tra cu cc biu thu, hng ho HS; Th vin vn bn php lut; tra cu thng tin n thu; v c t vn hi quan trc tuyn gim thiu ti a cc h s hi quan bng giy v cc chng t c lin quan. - Cc ng dng c bn phc v quy trnh th tc ti Chi cc c tch hp v tng mc t ng ha cho cc chc nng: Qun l t khai, qun l thu, qun l gi, qun l phn lung hng ha. Khai in t c thc hin theo hnh thc tp trung cho c th tc hi quan hin ti v th tc hi quan in t. Bn cnh cc ng dng CNTT phc v doanh nghip, Tng cc Hi quan ang l u mi phi hp vi cc B, Ngnh xy dng c ch mt ca quc gia, tin ti thc hin c ch mt ca ASEAN. C ch mt ca quc gia, mt ca ASEAN l mt mi trng to thun li thng mi; nhm y nhanh vic gii phng hng ho n v i t cc nc ASEAN gim chi ph giao dch v thi gian cn thng quan hng hi quan trong khu vc; hiu qu kinh t v tnh cnh tranh cao hn. y chnh l mt trong nhng thch thc v i hi rt ln t vic p dng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng. 1.8.2. Ngnh Thu Trong thi gian gn y, ngnh thu xy dng v trin khai cc ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hu ht cc lnh vc hot ng v pht trin mt s ng dng h tr doanh nghip thc hin ngha v thu vi nh hng cung cp cc dch v thu in t cho doanh nghip thun li hn trong tnh thu, khai thu v np thu v cung cp thng tin v php lut thu qua h thng Internet doanh nghip d dng truy cp, s dng v thc hin, cc sn phm hin c trin khai n cc doanh nghip l:

(1) Trang thng tin in t ngnh thu: t nm 2005, ngnh thu khai trng trang Thng tin in t nhm cung cp cho mi c nhn, doanh nghip v ng o ngi dn c quan tm n Thu cc thng tin thng qua cc chuyn mc ch yu nh: Vn bn php quy v Thu; Vn bn hng dn v thu ; Ci cch th tc hnh chnh thu ; Hng dn k khai thu ; Gii p v thu; Cc d n ci cch v hin i ho ngnh Thu ; Thng tin v NNT. Bn cnh , trang thng tin cng tch hp cc sn phm dch v thu in t, NNT ch vic ng nhp vo cc biu tng tng ng trn Website s dng cc sn phm dch v in t ca ngnh thu c cung cp min ph cho NNT nh: phn mm h tr k khai thu m vch hai chiu- HTKK, chng trnh np t khai thu qua mng Internet iHTKK, Chng trnh cp m s thu Thu nhp c nhn- TNCN Online... NNT d dng truy cp v s dng. (2) Phn mm h tr k khai thu m vch hai chiu T nm 2005, ngnh thu bt u cung cp phn mm h tr k khai thu m vch hai chiu cho cc doanh nghip trn phm vi ton quc. NNT c th truy cp trang thng tin in t ngnh thu ti gi phn mm v ci t ti my tnh ca mnh v lp cc t khai thu bng cc chc nng h tr ca ng dng, t ng kim tra li trong qu trnh k khai v in v lu cc t khai c m vch cho cc loi thu ch yu l: Gi tr gia tng, Thu nhp doanh nghip, Tiu th c bit, Ti nguyn, Thu nhp c nhn. (3) Chng trnh np t khai thu qua mng Internet NNT s khng phi mt thi gian, cng sc n c quan thu, ch i np t khai thu nh trc y m thng qua mng Internet, c th np t khai ti bt k a im no, k c nc ngoi v bt k thi im no (24/24 gi trong ngy v 7 ngy trong tun). Trong qu trnh s dng, mi thng tin trao i gia c quan thu v doanh nghip nh: cc thng bo xc nhn np t khai thu ca c

quan thu, xc nhn ng k thay i thng tin, t khai gi cho c quan thu ca doanh nghip u c lu v tra cu ti ti khon iHTKK c cp trn Internet v c m bo bng tn v mt khu dnh ring cho doanh nghip, do doanh nghip qun l v thay i theo yu cu m bo an ton, bo mt. (4) Chng trnh np thu qua th ATM: Bt u t thng 11/2009, ngnh thu phi hp vi Kho bc nh nc v cc ngn hng thng mi thc hin chng trnh np thu qua ngn hng thng mi, theo , mi NNT l c nhn v ch doanh nghip t nhn thc hin np thu qua ATM. NNT c s dng bin lai in t my ATM lm chng t chng minh np thu. Chng trnh ny s c bit to thun li cho NNT l cc c nhn trong vic thc hin ngha v thu ca mnh, gp phn thc hin ch trng thanh ton khng dng tin mt ca Chnh ph v to thun li cho NNT c th np thu ti bt k a im no, thi gian no, khng ph thuc vo cc quy trnh hnh chnh ca cc c quan nh nc nh trc y. 1.9. Ch k s - chng thc in t: bn nn bit Xc thc (trong ting Anh l Authentication, ting Hy Lp l ) l hnh ng kim tra mt i tng no ng tin cy, tc l thng tin i tng a ra l ng hay khng. Vic xc thc thng da trn mt hoc nhiu nhn t minh chng c th. T xa xa con ngi ng dng cng ngh xc thc vo cc lnh vc trong i sng. Chng ta c th thy mt v d rt hay v n gin l trong thi phong kin, cc bc vng hay nhng ngi thi hnh mnh lnh cho triu nh thng dng th bi hay ming ngc nh mt du hiu chng minh v thn th cng nh v tr ca mnh trong x hi. Mt lnh vc ng dng nhiu nht xc thc chnh l an ninh quc phng. Cc thng tin qun s c thu thp t nhiu ngun khc nhau, do vy phi i hi

mt c ch nhn bit u l thng tin chnh xc, cng nh ngun cung cp thng tin c phi l ngun ng tin cy hay khng. C nhiu cch n gin c s dng trong trng hp ny. V d, nhn bit i tng cung cp thng tin ngi ta c th quy c du hiu nhn bit vi nhau thng qua mt cu ni, hay mt vt phm no n ... l mt vi v d v vic p dng xc thc ti mc th s nht. Ngy nay, khoa hc k thut pht trin, con ngi c rt nhiu hnh thc xc thc nh thng qua vn tay, thng qua phn tch chui ADN, mu ging ni ... Trc s pht trin nh v bo ca Internet v cc loi hnh dch v i km, thay v phi chy ti cc ca hng mua th chng ta c th ngi ti my tnh la chn cc sn phm mnh mun v t hng qua mng. Sau , nh cung cp s chuyn sn phm ti tn tay ngi tiu dng. C th k ra rt nhiu giao dch ca chng ta s thng qua my tnh v mng Internet. Do vy cn phi xy dng c mt c ch xc thc cc bn tham gia c th tin tng, an tm giao dch, m bo khng b mt mt thng tin v khi cn thit c s rng buc php l gia cc bn giao dch. Chnh v vy, cc phng php xc thc in t c ra i.

Hnh 1: Cc mc xc thc in t t thp n cao v chi ph trin khai

Trong s cc phng php xc thc in t, phng php n gin v ph bin nht l s dng ID/mt khu, theo ngi dng vi nh cung cp dch v s quy c vi nhau trc mt thng tin b mt no . Khi dng my tnh truy cp

ti nh cung cp dch v, bn cn a thng tin ra v nh cung cp dch v s cng nhn bn l ngi m h bit v bn c th truy cp n dch v mnh cn. Nhng phng thc ny c th khng an ton v trong qu trnh ngi dng cung cp thng tin mt khu ca mnh khi giao dch trn mng, cc thng tin ny c th d dng b ghi li (v d bng cc chng trnh ghi li phm g), quay ln (thng qua cc my quay nh, c gn b mt)...Do vy, i vi cc h thng i hi tnh bo mt cao, ngi ta c th dng mt khu nhiu lp nu mt khu lp ny b l, h thng v ngi dng vn c th c bo v bi cc mt khu cn li. Nhng vic s dng cc bin php nh vy, an ton cng khng tng ln nhiu v nhiu lc gy bt tin cho ngi dng phi phi nhp qu nhiu mt khu. Mt trong nhng phng php hiu qu hin nay xc thc l dng ch k s. Ch k s l mt cng ngh da trn m kha cng khai v cho php ngi s dng c th an tm giao dch qua mng. Mt m kha cng khai l mt dng mt m cho php ngi s dng trao i cc thng tin mt m khng cn phi trao i cc kha b mt trc . Trong mt m kha cng khai, ngi ta s dng mt cp kha trong bt c kha no cng c th c dng m ha cn kha kia c dng gii m. Da trn cc cng thc ton hc, cp kha c thit k sao cho rt kh th suy ra mt kha nu bit kha kia v nu mun thc hin u ny phi s dng rt nhiu phng tin, vt cht v i hi thi gian tnh ton rt lu sau khi thc hin c th thng tin b l c th khng cn gi tr. Mt trong cp kha ny c cng b cng khai v c gi l kha cng khai. Kha cn li c gi b mt bi ngi ch s hu v c gi l kha ring hay kha b mt. Ph thuc vo nhu cu c th trong giao dch in t, kha cng khai c th dng m ha cn kha ring dng gii m v ngc li. Trong mi trng m, vic cp cho mi c nhn/t chc mt cp kha nh vy s cho php vic trao i thng tin c din ra mt cch an ton v bo mt.

Ngi dng s cng b cho cng ng kha cng khai ca mnh. Nhng ai mun gi thng tin bo mt n anh ta c th dng kha cng khai ca ngi nhn m ha vn bn, sau gi ti ngi nhn thng qua ng in t. Ngi nhn s dng kha b mt ca mnh gii m vn bn c m ha. Ngi th ba mun xem trm ni dung thng tin s khng th gii m c v thng tin ny khng c m ha bi kha cng khai ca anh ta. iu ny m bo ch ngi c thm quyn nhn mi c c ni dung thng tin c m ha. Ngc li, ngi gi c th dng kha b mt ca mnh m ha vn bn, sau chuyn vn bn m n ngi nhn. Ngi nhn s dng kha cng khai ca ngi gi gii m v nu vic gii m thnh cng, iu chng t ngi gi l ngi c kha b mt tng ng vi kha cng khai ny. Nu kha kha cng khai khng tng ng vi kha b mt c dng m vn bn, vn bn sau khi gi m s v ngha, khng c c. Tnh cht ny cho php tin hnh thc hin k s trn vn bn in t. Khi gi mt email in t, mt vn bn hay mt yu cu giao dch, ngi dng c th dng kha b mt to ch k s cho thng ip mnh mun gi. Qu trnh k s mt thng ip c th c m t bng hnh v di y:

Hnh 2: Cc mc xc thc in t t thp n cao v chi ph trin khai

 tng tc m ha, thng ip s c my tnh rt gn thnh mt on thng ip ngn hn. Vic rt gn c tin hnh thng quan cc hm bm. Sau khi c c on thng ip rt gn, bc tip theo l my tnh s dng kha b mt tng ng vi kha cng khai ghi trn chng th s ca ngi gi tin hnh m ha on thng ip rt gn va c to ra. Kt qu cui cng l ch k s ca thng ip ban u. Sau khi c ch k s, ch s hu s gi thng ip km theo ch k s n ngi nhn. Ngi nhn nhn c thng ip v ch k s s tin hnh kim tra xem thng ip c ng l do ngi c chng th s gi km k hay khng v trong qu trnh truyn c b thay i ni dung hay khng. Vic kim tra ny s c tin hnh bng cch ngi nhn s tnh gi tr rt gn thng ip bng cng hm bm ngi gi s dng khi tin hnh k s. Sau , ngi nhn tin hnh gii m ch k s ca thng ip bng kha cng khai ca ngi gi. Kt qu gii m ny s c so snh vi gi tr rt gn va tnh, nu hai gi tr ny ging nhau, th chng t thng ip c gi i bi ch s hu ca kha b mt tng ng vi kha cng khai va c s dng v thng ip khng b thay i trong qu trnh truyn n ngi nhn. l ton b qu trnh to , v kim tra ch k s dng trong giao dch in t. Cng ngh ch k s hin nay cn c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc dch v nh e-banking, e-shopping,...ngi dng s tin hnh k vo cc yu cu gi cho nh cung cp dch v. Sau khi nhn c yu cu, nh cung cp s tin hnh kim tra tnh hp l ca thng tin theo tng t cc bc nh trn. kim tra chng th s m mnh nhn c c hp l hay khng v d nh hn s dng, chng th c ng l do nh cung cp ghi trn chng th, chng th c b nh cung cp thu hi hay khng... tt c thng tin trn s c tin hnh da trn cc thng tin ghi trn chng th ngi gi v c my tnh tin hnh t ng. Sau khi kim tra tnh hp l ca chng th s, nu khng hp l, th ngi nhn s loi b thng ip mnh nhn c hoc bng phng php khc xc nh

li tnh xc thc ca vn bn. Nu sau qu trnh kim tra, chng th s hon ton hp l, th bc tip theo l ngi dng s Trong qu trnh ng dng ch k s v cc dch v m ha thng ip, cn m bo tnh bo mt ca kha b mt v kh nng truy cp ng kha cng khai ca i tc tham gia giao dch. Thng thng, kha cng khai c cng b di dng mt chng th s. Cn kha b mt ca ngi dng s c lu trong cc thit b c bit ngn chn vic sao chp cng nh dnh cp thng tin v kha b mt. Nu nh s lng ngi dng ln s xy ra cc trng hp nh trng lp kha cng khai, hay nh vic cng b kha cng khai s gp nhiu kh khn. Hn na , khi giao dch in t pht trin, ngi ta khng ch giao dch trong cng mt vng, hay mt a phng ring r vi nhau m giao dch cn c tin hnh gia cc thnh ph hay lin quc gia. Chnh v vy i hi phi c mt c quan, t chc uy tn ng ra to cp kha cng khai cho ngi s dng cng nh to, cng b v qun l cc chng th s. y chnh l chc nng ca c s h tng kha cng khai. C s h tng kha cng khai bao gm c quan, t chc, con ngi, my mc, thit b, quy nh php l...lin quan phc v n vic phn b, qun l kha cng khai. Mt trong nhng thnh phn quan trng trong h tng kha cng khai l t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s (Certification Authority). y l c quan s tin hnh cp pht, qun l v thu hi chng th s v c th m nhim c vic to cp kha b mt/cng khai cho ngi dng. Chng th s l thng ip d liu tng t nh chng minh th nhn dn, ni dung bao gm s x-ri ca chng th s, tn ca n v pht hnh, ngy pht hnh, ngy ht hn, tn ca i tng c cp pht chng th s, kha cng khai ca i tng c cp v mt s thng tin khc... Chng th s c lu ti ni an ton, c cng b rng ri v bt c ai cng c th d dng truy cp v ly v my tnh ca mnh s dng.

Vy i vi ngi s dng, lm cch no to chng th s cho mnh? c c chng th s, ngi dng c th tm n cc c quan ng k ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s tin hnh ng k. Ty thuc vo mc quan trng ca chng th s xin cp, c quan ng k c th yu cu ngi xin cp phi xut trnh cc thng tin c nhn m bo xc thc ng ngi, ng i tng. Sau khi kim tra y cc thng tin ca ngi xin cp chng th s, nu mi thng tin l chnh xc, th c quan ng k s to yu cu chng th s v gi ti t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s tin hnh cp pht. V d, nu nh VNPT-CA nh cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s, th ngi dng c th n VNPT-CA xin chng th s, sau s dng chng th s tin hnh giao dch trn mng. Hin nay, ch k s ng dng ngy cng rng ri nh mt cng c quan trng tin hnh xy dng chnh ph in t v h tr giao dch in t. Ti cc nc tin tin trn th gii, vi s gip ca cng ngh ch k s ngi ta xy dng c cc dch v cng trc tuyn nh np thu trc tuyn (E-tax), ngn hng in t (E-banking), bn hng trc tuyn (E-shopping), u thu trc tuyn (e-Procurement)...trong ch k s l chc nng khng th thiu. Ti Vit Nam, ch k s mi c ng dng trong mt vi nm gn y. Nh nc v Chnh ph cng ban hnh hng lot cc vn bn php l to c s thc y vic ng dng giao dch in t v ch k s trong c Lut Giao dch in t c Quc hi kho XI, k hp th 8 thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 v c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 1/3/2006, cng nhn gi tr php l ca thng ip d liu, cng nhn ch k in t c gi tr php l nh ch k tay v Ngh nh s 26/2007/N-CP ban hnh ngy 15/2/2007, quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Giao dch in t v ch k s v chng thc ch k s. Ti mt s b ngnh cng ang bc u trin khai cc dch v ng dng ch k s nh dch v khai thu qua mng, hi quan in t, u thu qua mng

...Hin nay, B Thng tin v Truyn thng ang xt duyt h s cp giy php cho cc nh cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng. 1.9.1. Hng dn ng dng ch k s bng Microsoft Office 2007

Trong Microsoft Office 2007 c hai cch thc hin k s vo cc ti liu: Thc hin ch k s dng n Thm mt hoc nhiu dng ch k s trc tip ln ti liu Trong phn ny, chng ta s ln lt th nghim k s vo ti liu Office 2007 bng c hai cch trn. a. Ch k s dng n Trong trng hp ta khng mun c s xut hin ca dng ch k trn ti liu nhng ta vn mun ti liu c m bo cc tnh xc thc, ton vn, chng chi b, khi ta s dng ch k s dng n. Ch k s dng n c th thm vo cc ti liu Word, Excel, PowerPoint, ca b Office 2007. Mc d ch k s n khng th hin trc tip ln ni dung ti liu nhng ngi nhn ti liu hon ton c th xem thng tin v ch k s bng cch chn vo biu tng ch k s di y mn hnh. Sau khi ti liu c k s, n s tr thnh dng ch c v khng th sa i ni dung c. thc hin k s theo cch ny, ta thc hin cc bc sau y: Chn Office Button tr vo Prepare v chn Add a Digital Signature

Hp thoi Microsoft Office (xem Hnh 3) xut hin cung cp mt s thng tin v vic thm ch k s vo vn bn. nh du vo Dont show this message again v chn OK.

Hnh 3: Hp thoi Microsoft Office cung cp thng tin v vic to ch k s

Hp thoi Microsoft Office khc (xem Hnh 4) xut hin thng bo rng trc khi to ch k s ta phi lu ti liu vo nh dng h tr ch k s. Ta c th lu ti liu theo nh dng mi ca Office (.docx, .xlsx and .pptx) hoc nh dng c (.doc, xls and .ppt), sau chn Yes lu ti liu.

Hnh 4: Hp thoi yu cu lu ti liu vo nh dng ph hp

1. Trong hp thoi Save As, chn tn v v tr lu cng nh nh dng ca ti liu. Sau chn Save.

Hnh 5: Chn v tr lu ti liu

2. Trong hp thoi Sign, ta c th thm vo thng tin v mc ch ca ch k trong hp vn bn Purpose for signing this document, ta cng c th

trng hp ny nu mun. Trong mc Signing as, Microsoft Office s la chn chng th ca user mc nh, ta c th thay i chng th ph hp vi ngi k bng cch chn Change. Chn Sign k s

Hnh 6: Chn chng th s v mc ch k s

3. T y ti liu s chuyn thnh dng ch c v c biu tng k s di y mn hnh 4. Chn vo biu tng xem thng tin v ngi k s, tnh trng chng th s v mc ch vic k s (xem Hnh 7)

Hnh 7: Thng tin chi tit v ch k s

b. K s bng cch thm mt hoc nhiu dng ch k vo ni dung ti liu Cch k s ny s to thm mt hoc nhiu dng ch k s ngay trn ti liu, k s ta thc hin cc thao tc sau:

1. Chn Insert tab sau chn nt Signature Line. Hp thoi Signature Setup xut hin, ta in cc thng tin v ngi k s nh h tn, chc danh, a ch th in t. Chn Show sign date in signature line nu mun thm vo ngy thng k. Chn OK.

Hnh 8: Hp thoi Signature Setup

2. Lc ny trn vn bn s xut hin mt dng ch k s. Nhy p vo thao tc k s

X
o nh Kh Gim c

Hnh 9: Dng ch k s

3. Trong hp thoi Sign, ta c th to hnh nh ch k tay bng cch dng bt in t hoc dng mt hnh nh minh ha ch k tay c qut sn vo my a vo mc ny bng cch chn Select Image v chn file nh cn chn vo.

Hnh 10: Hp thoi Sign

4. Trong hp thoi Select Signature Image, chn file nh ch k tay v chn Select.

Hnh 11: Chn hnh nh ch k tay i din

5. Hnh nh c chn s xut hin hp thoi Sign. Trc khi tin hnh k s vn bn, ta c th g ni dung v mc ch k vo mc Purpose for signing this document, sau chn Sign k s.

Hnh 12: Hp thoi k s

6. Trong hp thoi Signature Details, ta c th xem thng tin v ngi k, gi tr ca ch k, tnh trng chng th s cng nh mc ch, ngy k s.

Hnh 13: Thng tin chi tit v ch k s

CHNG II. NG DNG CNTT TT TRONG DOANH NGHIP

2.1. CNTT-TT l mt phn ca h tng Thng mi in t l nhng giao dch thng mi c thc hin ch yu thng qua my tnh v mng Internet. Do , thng mi in t c th pht trin c, yu cu v h tng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng l khng th thiu. Cc yu t trong h tng CNTT v truyn thng bao gm: - Ngnh cng nghip thit b ICT (my tnh, thit b mng, ...). y l cc yu t thuc v phn cng trong u t cho TMT. - Ngnh cng nghip phn mm - Ngnh vin thng (cc h thng dch v vin thng c nh, di ng,...) - Internet v cc dch v gia tng da trn nn internet - Bo mt, an ton v an ninh mng - Xy dng h tng CNTT v truyn thng TMT pht trin phi t c nhng mc tiu sau: - Cho php ngi dn v cc t chc, doanh nghip c th s dng cc thit b CNTT v truyn thng nh my tnh v cc thit b x l. - Cho php ngi dn v cc t chc, doanh nghip tip cn v s dng dch v vin thng c bn v internet vi gi r. Ngoi ra, mi doanh nghip, cng ng v cng dn u c kt ni v tip cn ti c s h tng bng rng v mobile

- Thit lp c cc h thng mng vin thng c nh v khng dy mnh. Nng cao nng lc ng tuyn vi h thng bng thng rng, cho php cc t chc v doanh nghip c th s dng cc dch v cht lng cao vo cc ng dng TMT ca mnh vi chi ph chp nhn c. Ngoi vic u t mi cho cc thit b, vic nng cp cc h thng thit b hin thi l iu khng th thiu, v cc ng dng TMT ngy cng phc tp hn, dung lng d liu cn truyn ti ngy cng ln hn, do , yu cu v mt thit b v cng ngh cng cao hn.

2.2. u t CNTT-TT hiu qu 2.2.1. Lu tr wesbite thng mi in t a. Mt s phng php lu tr website Vic lu tr website thng mi in t bao gm c lu tr d liu (thng tin v doanh nghip, sn xut, kinh doanh, khch hng), h thng phn mm x l cc giao dch in t (mua bn trc tuyn, qun l ha n, dch v khch hng) v nhng ni dung khc trn website (catalogue in t, bo co, ti nguyn s). Ty theo quy m ca h thng thng mi in t m s lng, cu hnh ca h thng my ch cn s dng lu tr cc website thng mi in t s khc nhau. Hin nay, c mt s phng php c bn lu tr cc website thng mi in t nh sau: - T u t mua cc my ch v lp t ti c s ca doanh nghip, thu chuyn gia thit k v xy dng h thng mng cng nh ci t cc phn mm cn thit qun tr h thng my ch ca doanh nghip.

+ Nhc im: Chi ph u t xy dng h thng my ch ca ring doanh nghip rt ln, v c s h tng, v my mc, thit b, chi ph thu thit k h thng v qun tr h thng sau ny. gim thiu chi ph h tng, doanh nghip c th vn u t my ch nhng thu ch t my ch ti cc nh cung cp dch v ny. Nh vy, trnh u t xy dng cc phng my ch vn c tiu chun k thut rt cao v trnh thu ng truyn ring kt ni n cc my ch ca mnh. Cch lm ny vn m bo c b mt thng tin ca doanh nghip do cc my ch c lu gi ti cc phng c bo mt cao. Hin nay, ti Vit Nam, h thng my ch ca cc ngn hng, trng i hc, hi quan, thu thng c t xy dng v vn hnh bn trong t chc. + u im: Mc an ton ca thng tin v ch ng trong vn hnh h thng cng nh nng cp, m rng sau ny. Bn cnh , kh nng t xy dng, qun tr h thng my ch thng mi in t cng l mt nng lc cnh tranh quan trng ca cc doanh nghip khi tham gia kinh doanh in t. - Thu my ch ca cc nh cung cp dch v (thu ch trn mt my ch hoc thu mt s my ch). Theo , cc doanh nghip tr ph c th s dng mt phn dung lng cng trn my ch lu tr website hoc thu mt s my ch ca nh cung cp dch v s dng. C th s dng kt hp hnh thc ny vi hnh thc trn. Thm ch nhng doanh nghip hng u trong thng mi in t nh Google cng thu ngoi dch v lu tr website + u im: Cc chi ph xy dng c s h tng, lp t ng truyn, duy tr v qun tr cc my ch do nh cung cp dch v thc hin. Doanh nghip ch phi tr ph thu dch v hng thng. Doanh nghip tn dng c ng truyn tc cao ca nh cung cp dch v.

+ Nhc im: Mc bo mt thng tin khng c bo m do doanh nghip khng kim sot hon ton nhng my ch lu tr thng tin ca mnh. Do , phng php ny thng ph hp vi cc h thng thng mi in t nh, cc website ch c chc nng gii thiu, qung b sn phm, dch v... cha c chc nng thanh ton trc tuyn v cc chc nng cao cp khc nh x l d liu (data mining) hay chia s thng tin gia cc i tc (B2B integration) b. ng Internet thu ring (leased line Internet) cho cc my ch Khi doanh nghip mun xy dng h thng my ch ca ring mnh v h thng ny t ti trung tm lu tr d liu ca doanh nghip th doanh nghip s phi thu ng truyn Internet ring kt ni vo cc my ch ny. Thng qua ng kt ni ny, cc my tnh khc c th truy cp ti my ch ca doanh nghip thc hin cc giao dch in t nh tra cu thng tin, thc hin giao dch mua bn, k kt hp ng ng truyn Internet thu ring l mt dng kt ni Internet cao cp nht hin nay ca cc doanh nghip. Bn cnh cn hai dng ph bin khc kt ni Internet l Dial-up v ADSL. Kt ni Internet bng knh thu ring (leased line), Nh cung cp ng thi s cung cp cho doanh nghip ti thiu 1 di IP gm 8 a ch. Doanh nghip s s dng 6 trong 8 a ch ny cho cc my ch ca mnh. Hai a ch khng s dng l a ch IP u tin (a ch mng con) v a ch IP cui cng (a ch qung b trong mng con). V y l mt ng kt ni ring t doanh nghip n nh cung cp dch v Internet, tc kt ni vo Internet s n nh v c th tng cao thp ty nhu cu ca doanh nghip. Bn cnh tc upload v download l bng nhau, n nh lin tc 24/24. Tuy nhin,

ph dch v s dng loi ca ng truyn ny cn cao, cha ph hp vi phn ln cc doanh nghip va v nh hin nay. c. My ch web Cc my ch web ni chung thng c nhiu b nh, cng ln, chy nhanh, v b vi x l c tc cao hn cc my tnh c nhn thng thng. Nhiu my ch web s dng nhiu b vi x l, trong khi rt t my tnh c nhn c nhiu hn mt b vi x l. Yu cu c bn i vi cc my ch l kh nng hot ng lin tc 24/7 v x l ng thi nhiu thng tin khi nhiu ngi dng cng truy cp a ra. V vy, cc my ch web s dng nhiu phn cng nn chng thng c gi t hn cc my trm thng thng. d. H iu hnh cho cc my ch web H iu hnh c nhim v thc thi chng trnh v phn phi ti nguyn nh b nh, khng gian lu tr cho chng trnh. Phn mm h iu hnh cng cung cp cc dch v nhp xut ti cc thit b kt ni vi my tnh nh bn phm, mn hnh v my in. Mt my tnh mun hot ng c n phi c ci t phn mm h iu hnh iu khin vic thc thi cc chng trnh. Vi cc h thng ln, h iu hnh cn phi theo di hot ng ca nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau khi h cng ng nhp vo h thng v phi m bo hot ng ca nhng ngi s dng ny khng gy cn tr nhau. Phn ln cc my ch web c ci t mt trong cc h iu hnh sau: Microsoft Windows NT Server, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server, Microsoft Windows 2003 Server, Linux, hoc cc h iu hnh da trn UNIX nh Solaris hoc FreeBSD. My ch web chy trn nn UNIX th ph bin hn, v nhiu ngi s dng tin rng vic ci t my ch web trn UNIX s bo mt hn.

2.3. Phn mm ng dng trong doanh nghip 2.3.1. Phn mm my ch web l cc phn mm m my ch web phi ci t cc website c th hot ng trn nn l cc phn mm ny. Ging nh mun ci t v nh my bng MS Word th my tnh phi c ci t MS windows. Mt s phn mm ph bin nht hin nay ang c dng lm my ch web nh: Apache HTTP Server, Microsoft Internet Information Server(IIS) v Sun Java System Web Server (JSWS) (thng c gi bng cc tn khc nh Sun ONE, iPlanet Enterprise Server, v Netscape Enterprise). Th hng v mc ph bin ny c tch ly thng qua iu tra c thc hin bi NetCraft, mt cng ty t vn mng Anh ni ting v my ch web iu tra. Netcraft tip tc iu tra i vi tng s trang web ang tn ti v o mc lin quan n tnh ph bin ca phn mm my ch web. Trang web iu tra ca Netcraft ch ra rng, th trng ca phn mm my ch web trong mt vi nm gn y i vo n nh. Nhn chung Apache chim khong 65 n 70% th phn, Microsoft IIS chim khong 20 n 25% th phn. Theo iu tra ca mt tp ch my tnh, th phn ca cc phn mm my ch web cng rt khc nhau i vi my ch web cng cng v my ch web ni b. 2.3.2. Phn mm xy dng website thng mi in t a) c im website thng mi in t Cc website thng mi in t cn hot ng lin tc 24/7 d l m hnh no, B2B hay B2C. Nhng website u cn c chy trn cc my ch mnh x l khi lng truy cp cao nht. Bn cnh yu cu hot ng

nhanh v n nh, cc website thng mi in t giao dch cn s dng nhng phn mm hiu qu v d nng cp khi lng truy cp website tng. Cc website thng tin nh tin tc, bo co, thng tin s ha cn p ng nhu cu tm kim thng tin nhanh v chnh xc. Thng tin cn hin th nhanh nht trn mn hnh ca ngi xem. Nhn chung yu cu hot ng vn l 24/7 nhng mc nhanh v n nh c th thp hn so vi cc website thng mi in t giao dch. Yu cu v phn cng cng c th thp hn, tuy nhin yu cu v x l lng truy cp ng c th cao hn, do cc website tin tc, thng tin d thu ht khch truy cp hn. b) Chc nng website thng mi in t Phn mm website thng mi in t c th c cc nhim v khc nhau, t vic c catalog trng by sn phm trc tuyn n vic x l n hng mt cch t ng. Mt gii php thng mi in t t nht phi c cc chc nng sau: - Catalog trng by sn phm - Gi mua hng - X l giao dch t hng, hp ng, thanh ton... Cc trang web thng mi in t ln, phc tp hn cng s dng nhng phn mm c cc chc nng trn v c thm nhng cng c b tr thng mi in t khc. Phn mm trung gian (middleware) ni kt h thng thng mi in t vi cc h thng thng tin ca cng ty (qun l hng tn kho, x l n hng, k ton). Bn cnh c cc gi phn mm chuyn thc hin mt s chc nng nh: phn mm ERP, phn mm SCM, phn mm CRM, phn mm qun tr ni dung (CMS) v phn mm qun tr tri thc (NM). c) Website catalog in t

Doanh nghip s dng catalog trng by cc sn phm hoc dch v ca mnh. Ging nh trong ca hng bn l truyn thng, nh kinh doanh gian hng trc tuyn c th nhm hng ha thnh tng khu theo nhng tiu ch ring vi tn gi cc gian hng tng t nh gian hng truyn thng. Trong hu ht cc gian hng truyn thng, mi sn phm ch trong mt v tr nht nh, tuy nhin vi gian hng trc tuyn, mt sn phm c th c phn loi nhiu chng loi hng khc nhau. V d: giy chy c th va c phn loi trong khu giy hoc khu dng c th thao. Mt trang web thng mi nh c th c mt catalog tnh n gin. Catalog tnh l mt danh mc n gin c vit bng ngn ng HTML, hin th trong mt hoc mt s trang web. thm vo, xa i, hoc thay i mt mc hay mt sn phm trong danh mc, cng ty phi sa li phn lnh HTML ca mt hoc mt s trang. Cc trang web thng mi ln hn thng s dng cu trc catalog ng. Catalog ng lu tr thng tin v cc mc hng trong mt c s d liu, thng trn mt my tnh ring bit c th truy cp ti my ch. Mi mc hng trong catalog ng c th c hin th vi nhiu hnh nh hoc thng tin chi tit, v mt cng c tm kim s cho php khch hng tm kim mc hng v xem xt liu mc hng c sn bn hay khng. Phm mm catalog ng thng c gn km trong mt b phn mm thng mi in t trn gi, tuy nhin mt s cng ty vit phn mm catalog ring, sau ni vi c s d liu sn phm ca cng ty mnh. d) Vai tr ca gi mua hng trong thng mi in t Gi mua hng lu tr cc sn phm m ngi mua chn, cho php ngi mua c th xem li nhng mt hng mnh chn a vo gi, thm vo gi mt hng mi hoc b bt i sn phm no . t hng, khch hng ch cn n gin kch chut vo sn phm , tt c cc thng tin v sn phm bao gm gi c, m t, m sn phm hay cc thng tin khc u c t

ng lu tr trong gi mua hng. Khi khch hng chn hng xong, h ch cn nhn nt thc hin vic mua hng, phn mm gi mua hng s t ng tnh ton tng s sn phm, tng gi tr tin thanh ton cng nh cc chi ph vn chuyn hay thu. Phn mm Gi mua hng ca mt s trang web thng mi in t cn cho php khch hng chn sn phm a vo gi, gi vo mt ngn o, v khch hng sau vi ngy quay tr li mi quyt nh chn mua hoc thanh ton. Mt s phn mm gi mua hng c bn c lp cc cng ty t kt ni vo trang web bn hng ca mnh. e) X l cc giao dch thng mi in t Khi ngi mua quyt nh mua hng bng cch nhn vo nt checkout trn trang web, khi trang web thc hin quy trnh x l giao dch: phn mm thng mi in t thc hin bt c mt tnh ton cn thit no, v d chit khu da trn s lng hng mua, thu, chi ph vn chuyn, Khi checkout, c khch hng v ngi bn u chuyn sang giao din giao dch an ton. X l giao dch c th l phn phc tp nht ca vic bn hng trc tuyn. Tnh ton thu v chi ph vn chuyn l nhng phn quan trng trong qu trnh ny, v cc nh qun tr mng phi thng xuyn kim tra mc thu sut cng nh chi ph vn chuyn m bo mc gi ang c p dng l mc gi ng. Mt s phn mm cho php my ch web t ng cp nht thng tin gi vn chuyn bng cch kt ni trc tip ti cc cng ty vn chuyn. Mt s tnh ton khc bao gm: in ha n, chng trnh khuyn mi, 2.3.3. Website ng v cc cng ngh xy dng website ng Microsoft pht trin mt cng ngh to trang web ng v c s dng rng ri hin nay l Active Server Pages (ASP). Sun Microsystems cng pht trin mt cng ngh tng t gi l Java Server Pages (JSP),

v hip hi m ngun m Apache Software Foundation cng pht trin mt ngn ng lp trnh tng t l PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor). Gn y, mt cng ngh tng t c Macromedia xy dng vi tn gi l Cold Fusion. y l bn cng ngh ph bin nht c s dng xy dng cc website. Trong nhng cng ngh ny, cc cu lnh chy trn my ch c trn ln vi nhng cu lnh HTML to ra cc trang web ng, tc l c ni dung khc nhau. V d, ASP cho php ngi lp trnh web s dng nhng ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau nh VBScript, Jscript, hoc Perl. Java l ngn ng lp trnh do Sun to ra, cng c th c s dng to ra cc trang web ng, Nhng ng dng c gi l Java Servlets. Mc d cc cng c ny thng c s dng xy dng cc website nh, tuy nhin chng cng c th c s dng xy dng cc thnh phn ring l ca cac website thng mi in t c quy m trung bnh bng cch to ra cc trang web v cc cng c qun l website. V d, phin bn gn y ca chng trnh Macromedia Dreamweaver tch hp lun c mi trng pht trin. Nh vy i vi cc nh thit k web c kinh nghim h c th s dng to ra cc thnh phn ca mt trang web ng d nh to ra mt trang web tnh. a. Mt s cng c pht trin web ph bin Mt cng c thit k web khc kh ph bin l Microsoft Frontpage cng c th c s dng xy dng khung ca cc website thng mi in t. Cc thnh phn cn li ca cc trang web ng nh to danh mc hng ha, dch v khch hng, x l cc phin giao dch c th c vit b sung bng cc cng c pht trin web khc chng hn nh Visual Studio.NET ca hng Microsoft. Sau khi to xong website vi cc cng c pht trin ny, ngi thit k cn mua b sung thm cc thnh phn phn mm tin ch khc nh gi mua

hng, phn mm qun tr ni dung. Cui cng l to ra cc phn mm trung chuyn kt ni website vo cc phn mm vi c s d liu sn c ca cng ty nh: - phn mm qun tr ni dung website thng mi in t - phn mm qun tr h thng thng tin trong doanh nghip - Phn mm phn tch d liu - Tin ch Link-checking v qun tr website doanh nghip 2.3.4. Phn mm ng dng trong doanh nghip ln Trn th trng hin nay cng c mt s sn phm dnh cho doanh nghip ln vi cng giao dch cao, quy m ln nh IBM WebSphere Commerce Business Edition, Oracle E-Business Suite, v Broadvision OneTo-One Commerce Phn mm thng mi in t dnh cho doanh nghip ln cung cp cc cng c lin kt v h tr cho cc hot ng mua sm, sn xut v bn hng ca doanh nghip. Phn ln cc cng ty thng mi B2B t hng ti cc i tc cung cp vi cc quy trnh c thng nht gia cc bn. bn sn phm, phn mm thng mi in t cung cp cc chun cho giao dch thng mi in t nh x l v hon thin giao dch m bo an ton, chnh xc hn. V d, phn mm c th tng tc vi h thng qun l hng tn kho ca cng ty v tin hnh nhng iu chnh ph hp, to n mua hng vi nhng mt hng c lng tn kho gim xung mc thp v nhp d liu k ton trong h thng ERP hoc h thng lu tr. Trong trng hp giao dch B2C, khch hng s dng trnh duyt web ca mnh tm kim catalog sn phm. Vi hng s ha (phn mm, bi nghin cu, bn nhc,..) khch hng c th ti sn phm s ha trc tip t trn website, hoc c th in vo n hng mua bn cng. My ch c

ni vi cc h thng khc, gm h thng qun tr c s d liu, my ch bn hng v my ch cho cc ng dng. C s d liu thng cha hng triu dng thng tin v cc sn phm, gi c, lng hng tn, thng tin v lch s mua hng ca khch hng. Thng k cc giao dch mua sm ca khch hng cho php website a ra cc gi hay xut vi khch hng thng xuyn c bit khi h tr li thm cc mc hng c lin quan. Cc cng ty lu tr d liu v khch hng, qu trnh khch hng truy cp web s c lu vo c s d liu ln, s dng nhng cng c chuyn dng phn tch nhng d liu ny nhm ci thin mi quan h vi khch hng. Nhng d liu ny thng gm cc thng tin ca tng khch hng, cc trang web h xem, thi gian ving thm trn mi trang, cc sn phm uc xem v mua qun l tt tt c cc hot ng ny, cc website thng mi in t ln s dng module phn mm qun l quan h khch hng (CRM). Bn cnh , cc cng ty cng s dng cng c tch hp h thng sn xut ca mnh vi h thng thng tin ca nh cung cp, khi website thng mi in t c thm module phn mm qun tr dy chuyn cung ng (SCM). S dng hiu qu cc cng c trn cho php doanh nghip kt ni khch hng, doanh nghip v nh cung cp. Chia s thng tin gia cc bn l mt ng lc thu ht khch hng truy cp website ca doanh nghp, ng thi nh cung cp cng c thng tin ln k hoch cung cp hiu qu v kp thi hn. Phn mm thng mi in t cng c thm module cho php t ng qun l v thay i thng tin trn website.

2.4. Phn mm h tr ra quyt nh trong qun l doanh nghip 2.4.1. Phn mm qun tr dy chuyn cung ng (SCM) Phn mm SCM h tr doanh nghip trong vic phi hp hot ng ca doanh nghip vi cc nh cung cp c cung ng u vo nhanh v hiu qu nht. Phn mm SCM thng c hai chc nng c bn: ln k hoch v thc hin k hoch. Hu ht cc cng ty u cung cp phn mm SCM vi hai chc nng trn vi mc chi tit khc nhau. Phn mm lp k hoch SCM gip cng ty a ra cc d bo da trn nhng thng tin ca cc thnh vin trong dy chuyn cung ng. Phn mm thc hin k hoch SCM gip cng ty thc hin cc nhim v nh qun tr kho hng v phn phi. Hin nay c hai cng ty cung cp phn mm SCM ln trn th gii l i2 Technologies v Manugistics. 2.4.2. H thng qun tr ngun lc doanh nghip tch hp (ERP) Nhiu website B2B phi c kh nng kt ni vi cc h thng thng tin ni b ca doanh nghip, vic ny c thc hin thng qua phn mm Qun l ngun lc doanh nghip (ERP). Phn mm ERP l h thng cc module phn mm c tch hp thnh mt h thng nhm qun l mi hot ng ca doanh nghip, t k ton, qun l mua hng, sn xut, marketing, ln k hoch, qun tr d n, v cc chc nng qun l tin. Cc nh cung cp phn mm ERP ch yu hin nay gm Baan, Oracle, PeopleSofft (hin nay thuc Oracle) v SAP.

2.5. Mt s m hnh ng dng CNTT-TT trong kinh doanh 2.5.1. ng dng mng extranet trong lnh vc sn xut ca General Motor GM l cng ty hng u th gii v sn xut xe t. Cng ty bn t ti hn 190 nc v c nh my sn xut ti khong 50 nc. Do ngnh cng nghip t rt cnh tranh, GM lun tm kim nhng phng hng nng cao hiu qu. Cng ty trin khai mt phn mm ng dng cho php khch hng c th t thit k mt chic xe theo mong mun ca mnh. Nh ng dng ny s lng n t hng gi v cng ty ngy cng tng. Trong lnh vc cung ng hin nay GM phi mua khong 200 000 sn phm khc nhau t hn 20 000 nh cung cp, chi mt gn 100 t mi nm. Cng ty thng s dng qu trnh u thu truyn thng thng thuyt cc hp ng vi cc nh cung cp tim nng. Nhng yu cu chi tit v nguyn liu cn thit s c gi bng email ti cc nh cung cp tim nng, cc nh cung cp ny sau s a ra gi thu, v GM s la chn ngi thng nu ngi cng cp a ra gi thp. Nu tt c cc gi thu u qu cao, vng mi thu th hai hoc th ba s c m ra. Trong vi trng hp, qu trnh ny ko di hng tun, thm ch hng thng trc khi GM tin rng t c mt hp ng tt nht c v gi c v cht lng. Nhng chi ph chun b cho vic ra gi thu khin nhiu nh thu khng th a ra li mi do vic s lng nh cung cp tham gia t hn s lng ti u dn ti vic GM s phi tr gi cao hn. gii quyt vn lin kt gia cc nh phn phi v cung cp, GM thit lp mt h thng extranet c gi l ANX (Automotive Network Exchange). H thng ANX - c cc nh sn xut t khc ng h - pht trin thnh website trao i gia cc consortium covisint.com. gii quyt vn t liu sn xut, vo u nm 2000 GM trin khai th trng in t

ca ring mnh, by gi tr thnh mt phn ca covisint.com, ni cc u gi chuyn tip c xy dng. Sn phm u tin c em ra u gi l tm chic my p 75 tn. GM mi 140 ngi tham gia u gi xem tranh v bin bn dch v ca nhng my p ny qua mng. Sau ch mt tun chun b, bui bn u gi din ra trc tuyn v nhng chic my c bn trong vng hai gi. i vi vn mua sm hng ho, GM t ng ho qu trnh u gi s dng u gi ngc trn trang web mua sm qua mng. Cc nh cung cp iu kin s dng Internet a ra gi mi sn phm GM cn mua. Vic u gi din ra m, iu ny c ngha l tt c nhng ngi tham gia u gi c th c th nhn thy gi cho ca i th cnh tranh. GM c th chp nhn gi cho t nhiu nh cung cp mt cch ng thi v s dng nhng tiu chun c quyt nh trc nh gi, ngy giao hng, iu kin thanh ton c th gip tm c nhanh chng ngi cho bn thch hp. Nm 2001, Gm thc hin hn 150 cuc u gi in t khc. Nhiu doanh nghip khc cng c khuyn khch bn sn phm ca h qua mng ny v tr cho GM tin hoa hng trn gi bn cui cng. Trong phin bn u gi ngc online u tin, GM mua c mt lng ln ti kn bng cao su dng cho t. Gi GM phi tr thp hn gi cng ty tr cho sn phm tng t trc kia bng hnh thc u thu truyn thng. Hin nay, cc cuc u gi tng t vn c thc hin hng tun trn trang web. Chi ph qun l trn mt n t hng gim khong 40% thm ch cn hn th. 2.5.2. ng dng CNTT-TT trong ngnh du lch Trn th gii, dch v du lch trc tuyn vi cc hot ng nh t v, tour, phng qua mng tr nn ph bin nhiu nc, nht l ti M v cc

nc Chu u. Theo hng nghin cu Internet eMarketer (New York, M), trong nm 2008 , 78% du khch M s dng mng Internet tm kim thng tin v im n, tour du lch trong 82% du khch quyt nh t tour qua mng. L mt trong nhng cng ty u tin trn th gii ng dng thng mi in t vo ngnh Du lch, Expedia.com l mt website kinh doanh thng mi in t theo m hnh B2C (business to customer), hot ng da trn m hnh thng mi in t thun ty (pure e-commerce). Ngha l, mi giao dch t doanh nghip ti khch hng, k c vic thanh ton, giao hng u c thc hin thng qua mng Internet. Expedia l i l du lch trc tuyn hng u th gii, trc thuc tp on Expedia Inc (M). y l trang web cho php ngi dng t v my bay, tu thy du lch, t phng khch sn, thu xe t, cung cp cc k ngh trn gi v nhiu dch v hp dn khc bng vic truy cp trc tuyn vo website expedia.com. c thnh lp vo nm 1996 bi hng phn mm khng l Microsoft, sau 3 nm, vo nm 1999, Expedia tch ra kinh doanh c lp v tr thnh 1 trong 3 ng ln ti M kinh doanh trong lnh vc du lch trc tuyn (cng vi Orbitz v Travelocity). Nm 2002, Barry Diller, ng ch tp on USA Network nay l IAC/ Inter Active Corp mua li c phn ca Expedia v u t mnh tay hn vo doanh nghip ny, bin Expedia tr thnh cng ty s 1 khng nhng ti M m cn trn ton th gii. Tnh n nay, Expedia Inc s hu 6 thng hiu ni ting v du lch l Expedia.com, hotels.com, Hotwire, Expedia Corporate Travel, TripAdvisor v Classic Vacations, c tr s chnh t ti Bellevue, Washington (M) nhng hin c mt ti 15 quc gia, 70 im kinh doanh ton cu ti 6 khu vc chnh: M,

Mexico/ Chu M La Tinh, Canada, Carribbean, Chu u, Chu / c, Trung ng. Expedia lun t r u th ca ngi i trc vi b dy kinh nghim v lin tc tung ra cc chiu khuyn mi, cc chng trnh du lch trn gi gi r hp dn khch hng. Nu nh nm 2005, Expedia ln u tin tung ra chng trnh cho php khch hng t thit k tour du lch trn website expedia.com, t cn nhc chi ph, thi gian, la chn dch v v to ra mt cn st trong ngnh du lch; th vo nm 2006, trc s cnh tranh gay gt ca cc i th nh Travelocity.com; Orbiz.comExpedia a ra cam kt vi khch hng Best Price Guarantee, m bo gi dch v ti Expedia l tt nht. C th, nu khch hng c cung cp dch v tng t nh ti Expedia vi gi thp hn trong vng 24 gi sau khi ng k ti website Expedia.com, hng du lch trc tuyn s 1 ti M ny s hon li tin cho khch ngay lp tc v tng thm 50 USD cho chuyn du lch tip theo ca khch ti trang web ny. Thm vo , M, tc tng trng v du lch trc tuyn ang chm li do cc cng ty phi rt vt v tranh ginh khch hng c, trong khi chu vn cn nhiu c hi thu ht thm khch hng mi - l nhng ngi s dng Internet ln u tin. Theo eMarketer, mt cng ty nghin cu Internet New York, doanh thu ca ngnh du lch trc tuyn khu vc chu nm nay c th t 25,6 t la M, nhng mi ch bng khong mt phn ba so vi th trng M. Cng ty eMarketer cng d bo, dch v du lch trc tuyn chu s bng n trong nhng nm cn li ca thp nin ny. C th, trong giai on 2006-2010, n s t mc tng trng n 271,6%/nm, trong khi Vit Nam d bo s tng trng 202%. Trung Quc v Indonesia cng s t mc tng trng tng ng 70% v 83%

Nm bt c c hi v nhn thy du lch trc tuyn ang c tip nhn nh mt xu hng pht trin tt yu ti lc a Chu , tp on IAC, cng ty m s hu website Expedia.com b ra 166.7 triu USD mua li 52% c phn ca eLong, trang web t ch du lch v l hnh ln th hai ti Trung Quc. Qua , cng ty c th tip cn lng khch di do ti th trng ny. Xu hng cung cp dch v du lch trc tuyn hin ang lan nhanh sang cc nc chu , trong c Vit Nam. Theo d bo ca t chc du lch th gii, t nm 2006-2010, c tnh du lch trc tuyn Vit Nam s tng trng 202%/nm, c xp trong top u tng trng. Nhn thc c thi c m thng mi in t em li, cc doanh nghip kinh doanh du lch, khch sn hng u ca Vit Nam u xy dng website ring, tiu biu c th k n nh www.travel.com.vn, www.hotels.com.vn, www.vietnamtourism.comTuy nhin, cc trang web ny mi dng mc cung cp thng tin ti khch hng, vic giao dch thng mi in t thun ty t khu chn tour, n thanh ton vn cn nhiu hn ch v cha ph bin. V th, vic nghin cu mt m hnh kinh doanh thng mi in t thnh cng trong lnh vc du lch trc tuyn l vic lm cn thit, gip cc doanh nghip Vit Nam nhanh chng nm bt xu th pht trin ca th gii.

2.6. A 191 h tr g cho ng dng CNTT-TT trong doanh nghip

CHNG 3. NG DNG CNTT TRONG DOANH NGHIP XUT NHP KHU

3.1. Xy dng website trong doanh nghip xut nhp khu mu hnh tham kho 3.1.1. Mt s vn cn lu khi xy dng website thng mi in t a) iu kin ca hng bn l trc tuyn (B2C) thnh cng C nhiu iu kin mt ca hng thng mi bn l trc tuyn (B2C) thnh cng, tuy nhin, cc iu kin c bn thng l: Thng hiu mnh: Dell, Sony, eBay, Cisco. Uy tn c m bo: Ford, Charles Shwab, Amazon. Kh nng s ha: phn mm, m nhc, phim. Gi cao: thit b in t, vn phng. Tiu chun ha: sch, CDs, v my bay. Hng ng gi: hoa, qu tng. b) Cc tiu ch nh gi mt gian hng bn l trc tuyn (B2C) Khi xy dng mt gian hng thng mi in t, doanh nghip c nhiu tiu ch nh gi, tuy nhin, m hnh 7C c coi l m hnh nh gi kh ton din cc yu t c bn ca mt gian hng thng mi in t. Ni dung (Content). Hnh thc (Context). Lin kt (Connection). Khch hng (Community). Giao dch (Commerce). H thng truyn thng (Communication).

C bit ha (Customization). c) Nguyn nhn tht bi ca mt s hot ng marketing in t C th thy trong marketing in t c nhiu cng ty thnh cng nhng cng khng t cng ty tht bi. Nhng tht bi ny do mt s nguyn nhn kh in hnh, c th: Coi nh mc tiu li nhun. Coi nh dch v khch hng. Chi ph xy dng thng hiu qu ln. Khng vn duy tr n thi im ha vn. Website khng hiu qu, khng hp dn i vi khch hng. 3.1.2 Mt s mu hnh tham kho website TMT trong lnh vc xut nhp khu a) Cng thng mi in t quc gia ECVN M hnh kinh doanh sn giao dch thng mi in t h tr giao dch gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip B2B Vit Nam ngy cng tr nn si ng. Theo thng k ca V Thng mi in t (B Thng mi) cho thy, hin nay, c khong 30 sn giao dch thng mi in t theo loi hnh B2B ca Vit Nam ang hot ng kh hiu qu v nhiu sn giao dch khc ang tm li i ring cho mnh. ng dng thng mi in t vo kinh doanh l mt xu th tt yu i vi cc doanh nghip hin nay. Mt trong s cc sn giao dch thng mi in t B2B tng i ni tri Vit Nam hin nay l cng thng mi in t quc giao http://ecvn.com. Thu ht gn 1000 thnh vin, thuc nhm 38.000 website hng u th gii, l website thng mi in t c truy cp nhiu nht ti Vit Nam, l trang web uy tn cho cc i tc nc ngoi tm hiu th trng cng nh doanh nghip xut khu Vit Nam, Cng thng mi in t quc gia ecvn.com ng tr thnh cu

ni cho doanh nghip Vit Nam n vi th gii nh ng dng thng mi in t. Trong giai on u, ECVN tp trung vo cc ngnh hng c khi lng giao dch thng mi ln v ph hp vi hnh thc TMT nh nng sn, thu sn, dt may, da giy, in t, th cng m ngh, gm s, g... Cc doanh nghip xut khu c uy tn do B Thng mi la chn l nhng i tng u tin c mi tham gia ECVN. ECVN h tr doanh nghip c trc tuyn v khng trc tuyn. Theo kho st ca B Cng Thng v hiu qu hot ng ca Cng thng mi in t quc gia ECVN 19% doanh nghip thnh vin k kt c nhng hp ng thng mi c gi tr ln. Trung bnh, c 5 doanh nghip thnh vin tham gia ECVN th c 1 thnh vin k c hp ng. Thm ch, c nhng thnh vin k c hp ng vi 5 doanh nghip khc nhau trong cng mt ngy. Qua gn 3 nm hot ng, hin ECVN c hn 4.000 doanh nghip thnh vin, trong , 1.000 thnh vin l doanh nghip nc ngoi. Cc doanh nghip Trung Quc chim ti 68% thnh vin, sau l n , Hoa K, Belarus. Trn ECVN, thng xuyn c 5.000 sn phm c cc thnh vin gii thiu tm kim i tc nhp khu nc ngoi, ch yu l th cng m ngh, g, dt may, nng sn, thit b ha cht. im hp dn nht trn ECVN l cc doanh nghip c ng k gian hng trc tuyn bng ting Anh v ting Vit hon ton min ph. Hin ti, ECVN trin khai thm phin bn ting Trung Quc v ting Php phc v cc th trng tim nng s dng 2 ngn ng ny nh Canada, B, Thy S, Php, Trung Quc. b) Gophatdat.com v v tr trong kinh doanh thng mi in t VN Cng ty t vn v cung ng gii php TMT Tin Phong (Eclead) chnh thc lp nn trang web Gophatdat.com ngy 1/1/2006, mt website thng mi

in t B2B c nh gi l c sc ln mnh Ph ng, ng th 3 trong top 10 website B2B bnh chn ca TrustVn, cho n nay quy t hn 400.0001 doanh nghip ti t hn 200 quc gia v vng lnh th trn th gii. Tp trung vo pht trin giao dch cho doanh nghip bng cch lin kt vi nhiu trung tm xc tin thng mi, cc i s qun ca cc nc ti Vit Nam, cc trang web xc tin thng mi v nhiu knh thng tin khc, Gophatdat.com gip cc doanh nghip tm kim sn phm v i tc, t , k kt, giao dch v xc tin nhng mi quan h thng mi trn quy m ton cu. Gophatdat.com cng cung cp nhng dch v marketing xut khu trc tuyn h tr vic pht trin th trng quc t ca doanh nghip Vit Nam. Gophatdat.com xy dng m hnh xc tin thng mi mi gm xc tin thng mi trc tuyn (online) kt hp vi m hnh h tr kt ni mt i mt (offline face-to-face). T sn giao dch ny, Gophatdat.com s da trn ngun d liu doanh nghip ca mnh tm nh sn xut Vit Nam ph hp vi nhu cu ca ngi mua hng. Sau , Gophatdat.com.vn s sp xp t chc cho hai bn gp mt trc tip cng pht trin ngun hng (sourcing meeting). Trc bui sourcing meeting, tt c cc nh sn xut u c thng tin v ngi mua hng, nhu cu chi tit... h c th chun b thng tin y nhm to n tng tt vi ngi mua, k kt n hng ti ch. Gophatdat.com vi vai tr l mt i tc a phng, khng tham gia vo vic giao dch, m ng h tr doanh nghip Vit Nam bn hng ra th trng quc t trong vai tr l ngi cung cp v qun l h thng kt ni (Networks Matching) gia cc doanh nghip va v nh Vit Nam v cc i tc nc ngoi. Gophatdat.com khng ly phn trm hoa hng trn n hng c k do cc doanh nghip khng phi chia s li nhun trung gian,

http://cuocsongso.thanhnien.com.vn/news/Pages/200927/20090701105805.aspx

doanh thu ch yu ca gophatdat.com l t ph thnh vin v ph qung co trn website. Ra i trong bi cnh thng mi in t Vit Nam c nhng bc ngot y n tng, im mnh u tin cn phi k n l cng nh mt s sn giao dch chuyn nghip khc, ban qun l sn gophatdat.com c chin lc kinh doanh r nt v u t cho pht trin sn c v cng ngh bao gm phn mm, my ch, mng cng nh qung b, h tr thng tin, t vn cng thm c ch qun l linh hot, ban lnh o c tm nhn chin lc cng i ng nhn vin chuyn nghip, trnh chuyn mn cao, giu kinh nghim Th hai, mc d ra i cha lu nhng Gophatdat.com to c uy tn bng quy trnh kim duyt thng tin cht ch. Khi doanh nghip c nhu cu ng thng tin th b phn "Data Processing" s kim duyt tnh chnh xc trc khi cho ng rng ri. Dch v chng thc ca gophatdat.com s cho bit s tn ti ca cc bn giao dch, trnh c nhng v la o qua mng. Ngoi ra, gophatdat.com c dch v h tr offline nhng theo hng h tr t vn cho tng doanh nghip trong tng lai c th t tin hnh giao dch, to vn phng trc tuyn cho doanh nghip. Mt trong nhng im ni bt khc ca sn giao dch ny l s phong ph a dng v danh mc hng ha cng nh phm vi hot ng khng ch gii hn trong phm vi a l hn hp m ph bin rng ri trn ton cu, ng nh tiu ch mang Vit Nam n vi th gii. Hn na, gophatdat.com cn c u th hn mt s sn giao dch cng ngnh khc l c h tr v ti chnh v network ca cc website ln nh Yahoo, Google, Baiduv ca qu DFJ VinaCapital. Bn cnh , trong nhng nm qua, gophatdat.com m rng mng li thnh vin, pht trin th trng, a dng ha cc gii php thanh ton (a vo s dng gii php thanh ton trc tuyn PayPal), nng quy m, cht lng ca cc k hi ch, trin lm nhm

h tr cng ng doanh nghip xc tin thng mi, m rng th trng xut nhp khu, cng nh kt ni c hi giao thng ton cu hiu qu.

3.2. Khai thc h thng thng tin th trng qua Internet khng phi mi th u phi tr tin 3.2.1 Khai thc h thng cc Tm im thng mi qung co Trade Point hay Tm im thng mi l mt sng kin ca t chc Thng mi v Pht trin ca Lin Hp Quc (UNCTAD), nm trong chng trnh Hiu qu thng mi (Trade Efficiency) v Thun li ho thng mi (Trade Facilitation), s dng nhng tin b v cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng thng mi ni chung v thng mi quc t ni ring. Mt trong nhng mc ch c bn ca Tm im thng mi l cung cp mt website lm trung tm ti c tt c cc thng tin phc v hot ng kinh doanh nh thng tin v th trng, hng ho, dch v, vn ti, bo him, mi gii, cc quan h vi c quan qun l nh nc nh hi quan, thu... Hn na website ny kt ni ti cc tm im thng mi khc m rng mng li thng tin trn ton cu. Thng qua tm im thng mi, cc c quan, t chc lin quan n doanh nghip, c nhn ch cn tip cn mt a im (one-stop-shopping) c th tip cn v tra cu c thng tin thng mi ton cu. Chng trnh Tm im thng mi c ba chc nng chnh: Cung cp cc dch v kinh doanh, thng mi. Cung cp cc dch v thng tin th trng, tm kim bn hng. K ni cc doanh nghip vi nhau. Doanh nghip c th s dng Tm im thng mi tin hnh cc hot ng trc giao dch (pre-transaction) nh lin lc, tm kim bn hng,

th trng. Sau , nu thun li cc doanh nghip c th tin ti m phn, k kt v thc hin hp ng.

3.2.2 Khai thc cc c hi kinh doanh in t trn Internet C hi kinh doanh in t hay ETO (Electronic Trade Opportunity) l mt dch v c nhiu doanh nghip quan tm khi trin khai marketing in t. Nh dch v ny, cc doanh nghip c th tm kim ngi mua hng, ngi bn hng hay pht hin ra nhu cu th trng. Dch v ETO c cung cp trn cc tm im thng mi, sn giao dch thng mi in t hoc cc cng thng mi in t. ETO cho php cc doanh nghip tham gia gi cc n cho hng, hi hng ln mt a im trn website v mi doanh nghip trn khp th gii u c th tip cn c thng qua Internet. y c coi l mt hot ng kh tiu biu ca hu ht cc tm im thng mi (Trade point). y thc cht l mt ng dng ca thng mi truyn thng trn Internet khi a cc yu cu cho mua v cho bn ln mng. Trong thng mi truyn thng, khi cc doanh nghip mun cho bn (offer) hay cho mua (inquiry) th phi thc hin trn cc phng tin truyn thng nh tivi, i, bo, tp ch, fax, in thoi hoc hi ch, trin lm. Cc phng tin trn hin nay vn cn hiu qu, nhng Internet pht trin to ra mt phng tin mi, mt cng c mi cho php hu ht doanh nghip c th tham gia vi chi ph r hn, nhanh hn v hiu qu ln hn. 3.2.3 Khai thc cc sn giao dch thng mi in t B2B Sn giao dch in t (electronic marketplace hay e-marketplace) l mt website, ti ngi mua v ngi bn gp nhau, trao i v giao dch. Doanh nghip c th s dng e-market place tin hnh:

- Gii thiu, qung b sn phm dch v v y l a im tp trung ngi mua v bn trn khp th gii gp nhau. - Tin hnh cc giao dch in t trn cc e-marketplace, do emarketplace tp trung c nhiu quan h gia c nhn, t chc v chnh ph v c kh nng u t cung cp cc gii php bo mt, thanh ton h tr cho cc giao dch in t ca doanh nghip. 3.2.4 Thng tin th trng trn website S giao dch hng ha S giao dch hng ho l mt trong nhng t chc giao dch mua bn hng ho c truyn nht trong thng mi vi nhiu tn gi: commodity exchange, commodity market, corn exchange... y l ni ngi ta tin hnh cc giao dch mua v bn hng ho vi khi lng ln, nhng loi hng ho c phm cp r rng nh kim loi, ng cc, c ph, cao su... Vic mua bn y tin hnh theo nhng quy ch cht ch thng qua nhng ngi mi gii do s giao dch hng ho ch nh. S giao dch hng ho th hin tp trung quan h cung cu v mt s mt hng trong tng thi gian nht nh. Gi c ti cc s giao dch hng ho c cc doanh nghip coi l ti liu tham kho v gi c hng ho trn th trng th gii. Nguyn nhn c bn l s lng hng ho c giao dch trn cc th trng ny thng rt ln. Tr ngi ln nht i vi cc doanh nghip khi mun tn dng ngun thng tin ny l khong cch, thi gian v chi ph. 3.2.5 Tm kim th trng v bn hng trn internet Mt mc tiu ca cc t chc hin nay l lm sao ng dng cng ngh thng tin qung co v bn c sn phm. Lm th no khuych trng website ca cng ty trn mng Internet? a tn website vo cc cng c tm kim, ng k vo cc Tm im thng mi, cc sn giao dch in t, cc danh b doanh nghip, trang vng, trang trng in t gii thiu sn

phm dch v ca mnh, gii thiu trn cc trang web v hi ch, trin lm l mt s cc bin php c bn, hiu qu, nhanh v tit kim chi ph t mc tiu ny. Mc tiu tip theo l lm sao c th tm ngi mua hoc cung cp thng qua Internet ti cc th trng c th theo khu vc a l hoc theo cc ngnh hng, mt hng m doanh nghip quan tm. Trc y, hng nm mt s quc gia c xut bn Danh b cc cng ty xut nhp khu, tuy nhin cc doanh nghip va v nh c th tip cn v s dng cn nhiu hn ch. Ngy nay, Internet v web gp phn gii quyt vn ny mt cch hiu qu thng qua cc danh b trn web. C ba loi danh b kinh doanh trn web, loi mt cha danh mc cc danh b kinh doanh trn th gii, loi hai l cc danh b kinh doanh ton cu hay quc t v loi ba l danh b kinh doanh ca tng nc. 3.2.6 H thng thng tin xc tin thng mi trn Internet Hot ng h tr thng mi, xc tin thng mi, pht trin thng mi l mt cng vic m cc t chc quc t, cc quc gia, cc phng thng mi v doanh nghip, hip hi ngnh ngh... v ang tin hnh t nhiu nm nay. Cc dch v chnh c th bao gm: Thng k v hot ng sn xut, ngoi thng ca cc nc. Thng tin v cc quy nh thng mi quc t ca cc nc, cc khu vc. Thng tin v cc quy tc y t, an ton, cht lng lin quan n ngoi thng. Thng tin v u thu. Thng tin v danh mc cc nh xut khu, nh nhp khu, cc t chc lin quan n thng mi.

Cung cp cc ti liu gii thiu v kinh t v thng mi cc nc, hng dn kinh doanh vi tng th trng c th. Thng tin v gi c hng ho. Thng tin h tr thit lp quan h bn hng, tr gip cc cng ty nc ngoi tip cn vi doanh nghip trong nc. Thng tin v cc hi ch, trin lm quc t, s kin kinh t trn th gii. Gii thiu cc cho hng, hi hng, cc c hi kinh doanh. Thng tin v vn ti hng ho. Thng tin v cc k thut marketing quc t, tp qun thng mi quc t. Hng dn k thut nghip v ngoi thng. Cc vn v php l, trng ti lin quan n thng mi quc t. 3.2.7 Cc website thng tin xc tin thng mi in hnh a. Website ca cc t chc xc tin thng mi ca Chnh ph Hu ht cc chnh ph u c hot ng h tr thng mi. Chng hn ti M, mi ngi c th tm hiu ti website ca B Thng mi M: www.usatrade.gov hoc http://www.ita.doc.gov; nh B Nng nghip M:

http://www.usda.gov; Hip hi cc

xut nhp khu M (AAEI)

http://www.aaei.org. Ti Singapore, c th tham kho cc thng tin h tr thng mi ti B cng nghip v thng mi Singapore: http://www.mti.gov.sg; Website ca Hi ng pht trin thng mi Singapore: http://www.tbd.gov.sg. Ti Nht bn, T chc xc tin ngoi thng ca Nht (JETRO): www.jetro.go.jp cung cp cc thng tin xc tin thng mi quc t. b. Website ca cc Phng thng mi trn th gii.

Cc phng thng mi trn th gii l ni hng dn cc doanh nghip, nht l doanh nghip xut nhp khu, cung cp cc thng tin cng nh cc hng dn doanh nghip tham gia th trng, pht hin, tip cn khch hng, cung cp cc thng tin, hng dn, h tr doanh nghip tham gia hi ch, trin lm... C th tham kho website ca mt s phng thng mi in hnh nh: Phng thng mi quc t ti Paris: http://www.iccwbo.org; Phng thng mi M ti New York: http://www.uschamber.org; Phng thng mi quc t Singapore:

http://www.sicc.com.sg v Phng thng mi v cng nghip Nht Bn: http://www.jcci.or.jp 3.3. Tm hiu v s dng h thng cc sn giao dch in t B2B B2B l ch vit tt ca Business-To-Business ch m hnh giao dch thng mi in t gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip. Giao dch B2B thng din ra ti cc sn giao dch in t B2B (B2B emarketplace), trao i giao dch qua th in t hoc mng truyn ti d liu in t (EDI). T trng cc giao dch thng mi in t B2B chim trung bnh khong 85% tng gi tr giao dch thng mi in t Thng mi in t B2B cng c chia thnh bn loi hnh c bn da trn quy trnh giao dch, i tng xy dng c s h tng cho giao dch in t v s lng cc bn tham gia sn giao dch in t. Cc sn giao dch ny bao gm: - Sn ca ngi bn: do ngi bn bn thnh lp cho nhiu ngi mua. - Sn ca ngi mua: do ngi mua thnh lp cho nhiu ngi bn. - Sn ca trung gian: cho nhiu ngi bn v nhiu ngi mua. - Cng thng mi in t tch hp: do nhiu bn phi hp nhm chia s thng tin v giao dch gia doanh nghip, c quan qun l, cc t chc.

C nhiu sn giao dch thng mi in t in hnh cho tt c cc m hnh trn nh: Cisco - Sn giao dch ca ngi bn; General Electric, Boeing, Marshall Sn giao dch ca ngi mua; Alibaba Sn giao dch ca trung gian hay Belero.net Cng thng mi in t. Cisco c coi l mt trong nhng cng ty u tin xy dng thnh cng sn giao dch in t B2B trn th gii. 3.3.1. Sn giao dch in t Alibaba Alibaba.com website B2B c xy dng theo m hnh th trng sn giao dch, cho php cc doanh nghip ng ti thng tin v sn phm, cc iu kin giao dch nh thi hn giao hng, lng hng ti a, ti thiu m doanh nghip c th cung ng, hnh thc vn chuyn, ng gi, hnh thc thanh ton .v.v. Chc nng ca Alibaba.com l gi nhng n cho bn sn phm ca mnh, tm kim khch hng trn internet. Vi cch thc marketing trc tuyn tin dng, Alibaba cho php khch mua c th tm thy thng tin y v chi tit v khch bn thng qua newsletter, th in t, qung co trc tuyn c thit k chuyn nghip. tham gia cho bn sn phm hay t mua cc n hng, cc doanh nghip ch cn ng k tr thnh thnh vin ca website alibaba.com. Cc thnh vin ch cn b ra mt khon ph nh tr thnh thnh vin Gold Suppliers v c s dng nhiu dch v h tr giao dch t alibaba.com nh: ng ti sn phm khng gii hn, c php to profile gii thiu cng ty, c hin th cao nht, tt c cc nh cung cp tham gia Gold Supplier u c xc thc thng tin bi n v xc thc ton cu Nhng mt hng ca cc nh cung cp trn alibaba.com rt phong ph v kiu dng, cht lng v gi c c phn chia vo cc nhm hng nh: hng nng nghip, trang sc v phc trang, phng tin i li, dch v thng mi, t vn du lch, ha cht, phn cng v phn mm, thc phm v ung .v.v.

Cc dch v Alibaba cung cp cho khch hng Cung cp cc thng tin v hng ho th trng, Cung cp thng tin v cc cng ty, doanh nghip thnh vin, Cung cp cc dch v h tr giao dch, Cung cp dch v thnh vin

3.3.2. Sn giao dch thng mi in t ca Cisco Systems Cisco Systems (www.cisco.com) l nh sn xut b nh tuyn (router), b chuyn mch (switch), y l nh cung cp dch v lin kt mng hng u th gii. Cisco khng ngng m rng trong vi nm gn y v pht trin thnh sn giao dch thng mi in t chuyn cung cp dch v bn hng trc tip cho cc khch hng l doanh nghip ln nht trn th gii. T nm nm 1994, Cisco a ton b h thng kinh doanh ca mnh ln mng v t tn l Kt ni Cisco trc tuyn (Cisco Connection Online - CCO). Dch v trn website B2B ca Cisco c cung cp bng 14 th ting. M hnh ca Ciso c coi l mt m hnh B2B thnh cng in hnh u tin trn th gii. 3.3.3 Giao dch trn cng thng mi in t Bolero.net: M hnh sn giao dch in t quc t B2B c thnh lp u tin trn th gii l Bolero.net, vi mc ch trin khai vn n in t v tt c cc chng t in t trong qu trnh giao dch thng mi quc t. c im ni bt ca m hnh ny l s dng ch k s trong tt c cc giao dch. Ti mi bc giao dch, cc bn u s dng ch k s m ha v bo mt thng ip d liu trc khi truyn gi. Ch k s cng c th c s dng ti cc sn giao dch in t, ti cc bn c th s dng ch k s k, gi, nhn, xc thc cc bn v ni dung cc chng t in t. Ton b quy trnh giao nhn in t thng qua Bolero.net trong bao gm c quy trnh pht hnh vn n in t, chuyn quyn s hu t ngi xut khu

sang ngi nhp khu, n vic xut trnh cho i l ngi chuyn ch ti nc nhp khu nhn hng c minh ho qua 14 bc c th nh sau : Bc 1: Ngi nhp khu ng nhp vo Bolero.net v t hng thng qua h thng x l thng ip Trung tm (BCMP - Bolero Core Messaging Platform); Bc 2: Ngi xut khu ng nhp vo Bolero.net v nhn n t hng ca ngi nhp khu; Bc 3: Ngi nhp khu gi cho ngi xut khu mt thng ip yu cu cc chng t cn xut trnh sau khi giao hng c thanh ton; Bc 4a : Ngi xut khu gi chp nhn cho ngi nhp khu; Bc 4b : Ngi nhp khu gi tip thng ip n ngn hng yu cu m L/C; Bc 5: Ngn hng m L/C thng bo cho ngi xut khu thng qua Bolero.net v Ngi xut khu thc hin giao hng nh trong truyn thng; Bc 6: Ngi xut khu gi cc yu cu ly cc chng t cn thit n cc c quan nh Chng nhn kim dch, Chng nhn xut x, Chng nhn cht lng, Vn n ng bin, Bo him n; Bc 7: Cc chng t in t c chuyn n cho ngi xut khu thng qua Bolero.net; Bc 8: Ngi xut khu gi b chng t in t cho Trung tm x l thanh ton (SURF - Settlement Utility for managing Risk and Finance) thuc Bolero.net t chc kim tra v tin hnh thanh ton; Bc 9: SURF kim tra cc chng t vi L/C v thng bo cho ngi xut khu v ngn hng ca ngi nhp khu; Bc 10: Ngi nhp khu thanh ton cho Ngn hng nhp khu, b chng t c chuyn cho ngi nhp khu; Bc 11: Ngn hng nhp khu thanh ton cho ngn hng ca ngi xut khu;

Bc 12: Khi hng n cng, i l ca ngi chuyn ch thng bo hng n cng cho ngi nhp khu; Bc 13: Ngi nhp khu xut trnh vn n in t i ly lnh giao hng; Bc 14: Ngi nhp khu dng lnh giao hng nhn hng t ngi vn ti Mc d phng thc giao dch in t trn, c bit l vic k kt hp ng v s dng cc chng t in t, c pht trin qua hn 20 nm nhng vn cha thc s p ng c nhu cu giao dch in t. Nguyn nhn l do trong thng mi quc t c rt nhiu bn tham gia vo qu trnh giao dch, vn ti, giao nhn, thanh ton, bo him... Bn cnh ngi xut khu, nhp khu, ngi chuyn ch, cc ngn hng ti cc nc khc nhau, cn c cc cng ty bo him, cc cng ty giao nhn, cng khu, hi quan, cc t chc qun l ca nh nc...

3.4. Khai bo th tc Hi quan t xa Khai hi quan t xa thng qua phng tin in t (gi tt l khai bo hi quan t xa) l vic doanh nghip (ngi khai hi quan) khai cc thng tin ca mt s chng t thuc h s hi quan trn my tnh v truyn d liu khai ti h thng my tnh ca c quan Hi quan. Vic np h s hi quan giy v th tc hi quan vn c thc hin theo cc quy nh hin hnh i vi cc loi hnh hng ha xut nhp khu. Vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong khai bo Hi quan t xa c Ngnh Hi quan thc hin t nm 2007, n nay cng tc khai bo hi quan t xa mang li nhiu li ch cho doanh nghip v c quan hi quan. 3.4.1. i vi Doanh nghip Khai bo t xa thc cht l quy trnh gip ng b ho d liu gia c quan Hi quan v doanh nghip, t gip c c quan Hi quan v doanh nghip c th t thanh khon thng qua d liu khai bo t xa c lu vo h thng. Tt c cc d liu c lu tr khi thanh khon ch cn mt vi thao tc l c kt qu chnh xc

Khai bo hi quan t xa gip doanh nghip rt ngn thi gian lm th tc hi quan do thng tin khai bo qua mng c Chi cc Hi quan ca khu kim tra ngay khi doanh nghip truyn n. Hn ch cc chi ph pht sinh v i li, vn phng phm v c bit tit kim thi gian, nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. Nhng u tin khi thc hin khai hi quan t xa: Cng mt thi im, cn b hi quan ng k tip nhn t khai ca nhiu doanh nghip khc nhau th u tin cho vic tip nhn ng k t khai hi quan c khai qua mng Internet trc; Khi c thng tin khai bo t xa ca doanh nghip gi n, cn b lm nhim v tip nhn c trch nhim kim tra ngay v sm c kt qu tr li; Nhng kh khn vng mc trong thc hin khai bo hi quan in t t xa s c T gii quyt kh khn vng mc ti cc Chi cc hi quan ca khu u tin gii quyt trc, m bo nhanh chng, thun tin ng quy nh; nh k, Chi cc hi quan ca khu phi hp vi cc n v lin quan h tr doanh nghip thc hin khai hi quan in t kim tra h thng, qut vi rt v hng dn doanh nghip thc hin. 3.4.2. i vi c quan hi quan Khai hi quan t xa gip cho cn b hi quan c nhiu thi gian hn cho phn tch, x l thng tin do khng phi nhp s liu; cht lng thng tin c tng cng, c chnh xc cao. Bc u chuyn i phng thc qun l hi quan hin i t qun l theo tng giao dch sang qun l theo doanh nghip, t x l giy t sang x l trn d liu in t, m bo tnh cng khai, minh bch, cng bng trong qun l, nng cao hiu qu qun l ca c quan hi quan; Qua cng hnh thnh i ng cn b lm vic trong mi trng mi, to c hnh nh p ca c quan hi quan i vi cng ng doanh nghip v x hi. 3.4.3. Doanh nghip thc hin khai hi quan t xa ng k ti khon khai Hi quan t xa (mu n ng k c sn ti website Hi quan www.customs.gov.vn). - Ci t phn mm khai hi quan Doanh nghip c 3 cch ci t s dng phn mm khai bo: o Doanh nghip t xy dng phn mm theo chun d liu ca Tng cc Hi quan. o Ti phn mm min ph v hng dn s dng ti y . o Hoc mua phn mm khai bo ca cc Cng ty cung cp phn mm khai bo hi quan t xa. - Kt ni Internet.

Sau khi c cp ti khon v mt khu ng nhp h thng khai in t t xa ca Hi quan, doanh nghip s dng ti khon v mt khu ny thc hin vic truyn thng tin, d liu lin quan n h thng ca c quan hi quan. Cc d liu truyn gm: danh mc nguyn ph liu, danh mc sn phm xut khu, nh mc, t khai hi quan, h s thanh l.

3.5. Hi quan in t 3.5.1. Khi nim hi quan in t Hi quan in t l mt b phn ca chnh ph in t, thc hin vic t ng ha tt c cc loi hnh th tc v cc ch hi quan (kim sot hng ha, cc quy trnh x l th tc, gim st hng qu cnh) vi nhng chc nng ct yu ca c quan hi quan thng qua vic p dng k thut qun l hi quan hin i vo tt c cc khu nghip v hi quan. L mt b phn ca Chnh ph in t: H thng hi quan in t c kt ni vi cc b phn khc ca Chnh ph in t (thc t l mt cng in t ca Hi quan c kt ni vi cc cng in t ca c quan nh nc khc).Vic xy dng, thc hin th tc hi quan in t da trn cc quy nh ca Lut giao dch in t, Lut CNTT v cc chnh sch pht trin CNTT, l trnh thc hin chnh ph in t. Hin nay cc nc khng cp ti khi nim th tc hi quan in t m thng cp ti khi nim h thng t ng ha hi quan (customs automation system). y l chng trnh ng dng CNTT x l cc nghip v hi quan. H thng gm nhiu chng trnh ng dng CNTT qun l hng ha a ra, a vo lnh th hi quan, v cc chng trnh h tr cho cng tc nghip v hi quan (ti Hn Quc: 60 chng trnh h tr).

3.5.2. iu kin doanh nghip tham gia vo hi quan in t tham gia th tc hi quan in t, doanh nghip cn phi chun b k lng mt s vn , trong c bit quan trng l h tng (CNTT) v i ng ngun nhn lc. V h tng CNTT: Doanh nghip cn chun b sn cc iu kin c s vt cht nh my tnh, ng truyn, phn mm khai bo, cc phn mm b tr (nu cn). Tham gia th tc hi quan in t, ngi khai hi quan s s dng my tnh (ch yu ca mnh/s dng my tnh ca c quan hi quan b phn khai bo hi quan) to thng tin cho tng chng t thuc h s hi quan in t v thng qua phng tin in t truyn s liu khai hi quan n c quan hi quan. V chun ha nhng d liu ny, h thng khai bo ca doanh nghip phi tng thch vi h thng ca c quan hi quan. Hin nay c mt s doanh nghip c chng nhn xy dng phn mm tng thch trong truyn nhn d liu vi c quan Hi quan, gm Cng ty CP Cng ngh phn mm Nng, Cng ty TNHH Thng mi dch v CNTT G.O.L v Cng ty TNHH pht trin cng ngh Thi Sn. Ngun nhn lc: Ngun nhn lc l vn quan trng hng u nh hng n hiu qu qu trnh tham gia hi quan in t. Ni nh vy khng phi l mt s cng iu bi tt c cc kha cnh trong qun l hi quan, k c vic ng dng v bo tr h thng CNTT hin i u i hi i ng tip nhn c trnh vn hnh h thng hin i mt cch hiu qu v chun b sn sng n nhn cc k thut v quy trnh mi.

3.6. Chnh sch mt ca quc gia (NSW) 3.6.1. Khi nim v chnh sch mt ca quc gia Mt cng vic u tin v ht sc quan trng trong qu trnh xy dng v thc hin C ch mt ca quc gia ca bt k nc no l xc nh ni hm ca C ch mt ca quc gia m mnh xy dng. Vic xc nh ni hm ca C ch mt ca quc gia s quyt nh n phm vi, m hnh, chc nng ca C ch mt ca quc gia v nhng vn lin quan khc. n nay, do hng tip cn, mc tiu, m hnh, chc nng v C ch mt ca ca mi nc khc nhau nn nh ngha v C ch mt ca quc gia hin nay rt phong ph, a dng. Hin ti, nh ngha c ch mt ca thng mi ca cc quc gia a ra u bm st v c pht trin thm da trn nh ngha ti Khuyn ngh s 33 v xy dng c ch mt ca thng mi v ti liu hng dn xy dng c ch mt ca thng mi do Trung tm nghin cu ca Lin hip quc v to thun li thng mi v thng mi in t (UN/CEFACT) thuc y ban kinh t Chu u ca Lin hip quc (UNECE) a ra. Theo , "C ch mt ca thng mi c nh ngha l mt cng c to thun li cho php cc Bn tham gia vo hot ng thng mi v vn ti gi chng t v thng tin c chun ha ti mt im tip nhn duy nht thc hin tt c cc quy nh dnh cho cc hot ng nhp khu, xut khu, qu cnh. Nu thng tin c np di dng in t th mi tiu ch thng tin ch nn c np mt ln." i vi ASEAN, nh ngha v C ch mt ca quc gia c cp ti Khon 2, iu 1 Hip nh v xy dng v thc hin c ch mt ca ASEAN. Theo : C ch mt ca quc gia l mt h thng cho php: a) Xut trnh d liu v thng tin mt ln; b) X l thng tin v d liu mt ln v ng thi; v c) Ra quyt nh mt ln cho vic gii phng v thng quan hng ho. Vic ra quyt nh mt ln c hiu mt cch thng nht l mt im ra quyt nh duy nht bi c quan hi quan i vi vic gii phng hng ho trn c s cc quyt nh ca cc b ngnh chc nng c gi ti C quan hi quan mt cch kp thi Tham gia vo C ch mt ca quc gia c su thnh phn chnh trong hot ng vn ti v thng mi quc t, bao gm: C quan Hi quan chu trch nhim v thng quan v gii phng hng ha xut khu/nhp khu/qu cnh v phng tin vn ti xut cnh/nhp cnh/qu cnh; Cc c quan chnh ph tham gia qun l nh nc v hot ng vn ti, thng mi quc t; Cc th ch ti chnh, ngn

hng, c quan bo him; Cng ng vn ti, giao nhn; Cng ng doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh vc xut khu, nhp khu...; Cc thnh vin ASEAN v cc i tc thng mi khc trn ton cu. Ti Vit Nam; C ch mt ca hnh chnh ang c p dng rt ph bin trong lnh vc hnh chnh cng. Do , khi nim C ch mt ca quc gia theo quy nh ti Hip nh v Ngh nh th d b ng nht. Tuy nhin, y l hai khi nim c ni hm rt khc nhau. H thng mt ca quc gia cng gip tng cng tnh minh bch trong cc hot ng qun l nh nc, gip doanh nghip nng cao kh nng d bo ca mnh, tng cng kh nng cnh tranh ca doanh nghip Vit Nam trong bi cnh hi nhp kinh t quc t ngy cng su rng. Bn cnh , C ch mt ca quc gia cn gip doanh nghip s dng ngun lc mt cch hp l v hiu qu; nng cao nng lc v pht trin doanh nghip; kh nng thm nhp vo cc th trng rng ln cng nh tip cn c vi nhiu ngun lc phc v cho sn xut c tt hn. 3.6.2. C ch mt ca quc gia Vit Nam V nguyn tc, Vit Nam tham gia Hip nh v Ngh nh th v xy dng v thc hin C ch mt ca ASEAN th phi tun th nh ngha m Hip nh v Ngh nh th ny a ra. Tuy nhin, thc tin thc hin v xy dng C ch mt ca quc gia ca cc nc thnh vin ASEAN cho thy, trong qu trnh thc hin, cc nc ASEAN u c nhng iu chnh nht nh ph hp vi tnh hnh ca nc mnh. Ti Vit Nam, C ch mt ca quc gia Vit Nam c nh ngha nh sau: C ch mt ca quc gia Vit Nam l h thng tch hp cho php: 1) Cc bn tham gia hot ng xut khu, nhp khu, qu cnh np/gi thng tin v chng t chun ha ti mt im tip nhn duy nht; 2) Cc c quan chnh ph x l d liu, thng tin v ra quyt nh da trn h thng cc quy trnh, th tc thng nht v ng b; ra quyt nh v gi quyt nh ny ti h thng da trn tha thun cung cp v trao i thng tin thng nht gia cc c quan chnh ph; v 3) C quan hi quan ra quyt nh cui cng v vic thng quan v gii phng hng ha xut khu/nhp khu/qu cnh; phng tin vn ti xut cnh/nhp cnh/qu cnh cn c trn cc quyt nh ca cc c quan chnh ph c lin quan c h thng chuyn ti mt cch kp thi da trn quy nh v cung cp dch v cng ca cc c quan chnh ph.

3.7. Chnh sch mt ca ASEAN (ASW) 3.7.1. Khi nim. C ch mt ca ASEAN (sau y gi l ASW) l mi trng m trn c ch mt ca quc gia ca cc nc thnh vin vn hnh v tch hp vi nhau. Trong theo Ngh nh th v Hip nh v xy dng v thc hin ASW C ch mt ca quc gia c nh ngha: C ch mt ca quc gia (sau y gi l NSW) l mt h thng cho php: i. ii. iii. Xut trnh mt ln cc d liu v thng tin; X l mt ln v ng thi cc d liu v thng tin; v Ra quyt nh mt ln i vi vic gii phng v thng quan hi quan. Vic ra quyt nh mt ln c hiu thng nht l mt im ra quyt nh cho vic gii phng hng ha bi C quan Hi quan trn c s cc quyt nh ca cc B ngnh hu quan c chuyn n C quan Hi quan mt cch kp thi. thc hin c ch mt ca ASEAN cc nc thnh vin phi tun theo mt s cc nguyn tc c bn sau: Cc nc thnh vin s bo m rng cc giao dch, cc quy trnh v quyt nh c thc hin trong cc C ch mt ca quc gia v C ch mt ca ASEAN c tin hnh mt cch ph hp vi cc nguyn tc: nht qun; n gin; minh bch; v hiu qu. ASW s hot ng trong mt mi trng m ca cc mi quan h v ng kt ni c yu cu gia cc ch th kinh t v cc chnh ph, hon thnh mt giao dch nh mi quan h gia Chnh ph - Doanh nghip,

Doanh nghip - Doanh nghip, hoc Chnh ph - Chnh ph v cc mi quan h khc c cng bn cht, thng qua mt h tng m bo 3.7.2. M hnh khi nim: C ch mt ca ASEAN (ASW) l mi trng theo 10 c ch mt ca quc gia hot ng v kt ni vi nhau y nhanh vic gii phng v thng quan hng ho. Chc nng ca C ch mt ca ASEAN da trn cc mi quan h vi cc ch th kinh t di hnh thc t Chnh ph - Chnh ph, Chnh ph - Doanh nghip, Doanh nghip Doanh nghip hoc Doanh nghip Chnh ph. C ch ASW cng hot ng trong bi cnh hi ho ho v n gin ho quy trnh v th tc hi quan ang tng ln cng nh vic tiu chun ha cc tiu ch thng tin theo cc tiu chun quc t (theo Cng c Kyoto sa i). C ch mt ca quc gia p dng nhng tin b mi nht ca quy trnh x l thng tin (Cng ngh thng tin v vin thng ICT) v t tch hp qua h thng kt ni an ton. Trong m hnh mang tnh khi nim ny, c s h tng an ton c a vo mt kt ni an ton.

3.7.3. Mc ch, phm vi, chc nng c ch mt ca ASEAN a. Mc ch: C ch mt ca ASEAN l mt mi trng to thun li thng mi, hot ng trn c s cc tiu ch thng tin, quy trnh, th tc, cc thng l quc t ph bin nht lin quan n vic gii phng v thng quan hng ho ti cc ca khu ca ASEAN di bt c ch hi quan c th no (nhp khu, xut khu, v cc ch khc). C ch mt ca ASEAN nhm mc ch y nhanh vic gii phng hng ho n v i t ASEAN gim chi ph giao dch v thi gian cn thng quan hi quan trong khu vc. C ch mt ca ASEAN cn c coi l

mt phn ca dy chuyn cung ng quc t v ca ngnh giao nhn, hot ng nhm thc hin hiu qu Cng ng kinh t ASEAN. b. Phm vi, chc nng: C ch mt ca ASEAN hot ng trong mt mi trng x l thng tin hi ha v tiu chun ho (bao gm c thng tin thng mi v hoc thng tin qun l) dy nhanh vic gii phng v thng quan hng ho. Phm vi chc nng v hot ng ca C ch mt ca ASEAN bao gm cc hot ng v s tng tc ca 6 cu phn chnh: Cng ng doanh nghip, Hi quan, cc C quan chnh ph khc, cc nh kinh doanh vn ti, ngnh ngn hng v bo him v nhng mi lin kt ca cc c quan ny vi ASEAN/h thng quc t.

CHNG 4. PHN TCH MT S THNH CNG, THT BI V BI HC KINH NGHIM

4.1. Mt s thnh cng trong thng mi in t 4.1.1. Google.com Cng c tm kim thng minh

Google l mt cng ty thng mi in t ca M c thnh lp vo vo thng 9/1998 ti thnh ph California. Tn khi thy ca google l Backrub (gi lng) ti v h thng ny dng cc lin kt c tnh tm quan trng ca trang. Google pht trin m hnh kinh doanh bt u t mt thut ton thng minh. Nh bit s dng hiu qu cc thut ton ny m ch trong vng vi nm cng ty tr thnh cng ty cung cp cng c tm kim hng u trn th gii. Ngoi ra cng ty cn pht trin thnh cng nhiu ng dng nh Google Earth, Google Video, google maps, gmail.T nhng ngy u thnh lp cng ty phi cnh tranh gay gt vi g khng l Microsoft v cc cng c tm kim hng u khc nh Yahoo, Lycos, Altavista, Excite. Nh n lc ht mnh ca ton th cng ty cng nh chin lc kinh doanh thng

minh, kt qu cng ty khng nhng khng tht bi trong cuc cnh tranh gay gt ny m gi y google tr thnh mt cng c tm kim khng th thiu trong i b phn cc c nhn, t chc trn th gii. Hin nay google ang dn u th phn v cung cp cng c tm kim. Th phn ca google chim gn 60%, vt xa so vi nhng i th cnh tranh ng th hai Yahoo (23,6%) v th ba MSN (8,4%). Cc nhn t to ln s thnh cng ca m hnh kinh doanh ca google.com bao gm cng ty a ra c nhiu quyt nh thng minh v kp thi, cng ty c mt chin lc marketing hiu qu, c nhng nh t vn gii, sn phm dch v tt. Bn cnh th m hnh kinh doanh ca cng ty l m hnh kinh doanh y ri ro v sng to. Giao din ngi dng ca google rt l n gin, r rng. Giao din ca trang web bao gm logo ca cng ty v mt hp tm kim. Giao din ny rt n gin v ngi dng nhanh chng ti v. y chnh l im mnh ca google so vi cc cng c tm kim khc trong nhng nm t 1999-2001 khi tc ng truyn internet cn chm. Trong khi yahoo v cc cng c tm kim khc th li l ging mt cng thng tin chung vi nhiu tnh nng v ng link khng hu dng, cng nh rt nhiu qung co gy ri mt. Chnh v vy nhng trang ny ti v rt lu v chm. iu ny cho thy google hiu tm l ngi tiu dng khi s dng cng c tm kim l h mong mun c mt cng c n gin ci ch cn duy nht cng c tm kim. Nhn lc gii, ti nng, sng to chnh l mt trong nhng nhn t to ln s thnh cng ca google. Google to ra mt ci my tuyn dng chuyn tuyn ngi. Ci my ny s tuyn khong 10 ngi mi ngy. Hin nay cng ty c khong 300 ci my tuyn dng nh vy. gip nhn vin sng to th google to ra mt mi trng lm vic thoi mi, t do

Tnh n nay, google em li nhiu ng dng cho ngi dng trong bao gm c nhng ng dng tr tin v min ph hu ht nhng ng dng ca google l min ph. Ngun thu duy tr v pht trin hot ng kinh doanh ca google l t hot ng qung co thng qua cc t kha tm kim. Hot ng qung co em li ti 90% doanh thu v thu nhp cho cng ty trong ngun thu ny ch yu l t chng trnh google adwords. Theo thng k ca Business Week hn 200000 cng ty trn ton th gii ang s dng Google adwords qung co. Khi doanh nghip, c nhn s dng google adwords qung co th nhng qung co bng t kha ny s c hin th km vi cc kt qu tm kim khc. Tuy nhin cc qung co mt tin ny ca doanh nghip s c hin th trong mc lin kt ti tr bn phi cc kt qu tm kim hay ngay trn u cc kt qu tm kim ny. Cc c nhn, t chc thch s dng google adwords qung co v h c th kim sot c ngun ngn sch qung co ca mnh. Ngun thu th hai ca cng ty l t vic bn cc cng c tm kim cho khch hng l cc cng ty, tp on i vi doanh nghip, google lun c gng to ra nhiu cng c, tin ch h tr hot ng thng mi in t. Ba cng c ca google m cc doanh nghip thng mi in t s dng nhiu nht hin nay l google adwords, google adsense v google checkout. Google adwords cho php cc doanh nghip qung co thng qua t kha tm kim. Google adsense cho php doanh nghip thu ph qung co i vi doanh nghip khc khi tham gia vo chng trnh ny. Google checkout l gii php thanh ton trc tuyn ging paypal. xy dng cho mnh mt ch hung mnh, ngoi t pht trin nhng ng dng mi th google cn mua li nhng cng ty ln. Nm 2001 cng ty mua li Pyra Labs cng ty sng to ra blogger. u nm 2006

cng ty mua li Upstartle, mt cng ty chu trch nhim x l t ng trn mng. Cui nm 2006, cng ty mua li youtube vi gi 1,65 t la. Nm 2007 cng ty vt mt Microsoft mua li c doubleclick vi gi 3,2 t la. Google khng ch dng li l mt cng c tm kim ph bin hin nay m n l mt cng c rt thn quen vi mi ngi trn ton th gii. i vi nhng ai thch cp nht bn tin bng email th c th s dng ng dng Google Alerts, tm kim hnh nh c th s dng Google image hay tm kim sch c th s dng Book search.Ngoi ra nh s pht trin ca web 2.0 google cn cung cp nhiu tin ch vn phng trc tuyn cho c nhn v t chc. Tm li thnh cng ca google cng ging cc g khng l thng mi in t khc nh amazon.com, ebay.com l bit tn dng sc mnh ca s ng (the power of many). Cng ty bit tn dng ti a nhng u im ca internet v m hnh thng mi in t thun ty ca mnh. Cng ty xy dng c mt i ng nhn lc ti nng, lm vic hiu qu v sng to. Bn cnh cc ng dng ca google rt n gin, ci m ai cng c th d dng s dng. Hn na cng ty s hu mt cng c pagerank - nh gi website. Cng c ny gip google a ra nhng kt qu tm kim mt cch nhanh chng v chun xc. S thnh cng ca google th hin ngay trong thi quen ca ngi dng. Gi y thay v ni hy tm kim search th ngi dng thng ni hy google it.

4.1.2. Alibaba.com - Sn giao dch thng mi in t B2B

Alibaba.com l mt trong nhng sn giao dch thng mi in t B2B ln nht trn th gii. Alibaba c thnh lp vo nm 1999 bi Jack Ma. Thnh cng ln nht ca sn giao dch Alibaba.com l gn kt c cc doanh nghip xut nhp khu trn th gii li vi nhau v xc tin hot ng thng mi ton cu. Sau 8 nm thnh lp cng ty tin hnh nim yt trn sn chng khon trong nc. Gn mt nm sau cng ty tin hnh nim yt trn sn chng khon Nasdaq. Vic nim yt trn sn chng khon gip cho cng ty thu li rt nhiu v gy chn ng trong lng cng ngh. Hin nay trang alibaba c th gii thiu bng ba ngn ng khc nhau bao gm ting anh (alibaba.com), ting trung (alibaba.com.cn) v ting nht (alibaba.com.jp). Ngoi trang website chnh thc alibaba.com th tp on alibaba.com cn c 5 cng ty thnh vin bao gm taobao.com- sn giao dch bn l trc tuyn going m hnh thng mi in t ca amazon.com, alipay.com- gii php thanh ton trc tuyn ging m hnh ca paypal.com, alisoft cng ty gii php phn mm doanh nghip trn mi trng mng.

Trong nhng ngy u thnh lp alibaba.com ng vai tr nh l mt cng thng tin h tr cc doanh nghip va v nh tm kim cc i tc lm n trn ton cu. S lng thnh vin ca sn trong nhng nm u thnh lp l rt hn ch v ch yu l cc doanh nghip Trung Quc. Nhng tnh n nay th s lng thnh vin tng ln nhanh chng. Ch sau 10 nm k t ngy thnh lp s lng thnh vin ca alibaba.com tng ln gn 5 triu thnh vin t hn 240 nc khc nhau. Tnh trung bnh mi ngy alibaba.com c gn 20000 thnh vin tham gia. Khi tham gia vo sn giao dch alibaba.com cc thanh vin khng ch c c hi tm kim cc thng v lm n m cn c th tin hnh k kt hp ng in t thng qua sn. Hn na khi tham gia sn alibaba.com cc thanh vin s c chng thc trn sn. Nh vy uy tn ca cc thnh vin ngy cng tng. y chnh l li im thu ht ngy cng nhiu cc doanh nghip t cc quc gia trn th gii tham gia vo sn. Vic doanh nghip g alibaba.com trn mi trng mng ging nh gi vng i, m ca ra bc vo cnh ca o hi nhp ton cu. thu ht nhiu doanh nghip n vi website ca cng ty, alibaba.com cho php cc doanh nghip min ph gii thiu v mua sn phm thng qua website ca cng ty. Cng ty ch thu ph thnh vin hng nm i vi nhng khch hng mun lm thnh vin hng nht trong gi Gold Supplier. Li ch ca vic tr thnh thnh vin hng nht ca sn l doanh nghip c xc thc thng tin bi n v xc thc ton cu v s c s dng nhiu gi dch v ca cng ty hn nh thnh vin s c xp u tin xp u danh sch hin th, thnh vin c mt k trng by sn phm, mt website min ph cho doanh nghip Thnh cng ca alibaba.com mt phn c c l nh cng ty bit phn khc th trng phc v mt cch tt hn nh alibaba.com cho doanh nghip ton cu, alibaba.com.cn cho th trng trong nc v alibaba.com.jp

co th trng Nht Bn. Vic xy dng nhng website cho tng th trng cho thy cng ty hiu r tng c tnh ca th trng. Ngoi ra th xy dng trang web vi ngn ng ca th trng ring bit s gip cng ty xa b ro cn v ngn ng. Nhm gip cho cc thnh vin ca sn d tm kim c i tc th cng ty phn chia danh mc cc thng v theo danh mc sn phm. Hin nay trn sn c khong 400000 mt hng c chia thnh 41 danh mc sn phm ln. Mi danh mc sn phm ln li c chia thnh cc tiu mc nh. Doanh thu chnh ca cng ty ban u l t ph thnh vin v qung co. n nm 2004, cng vi s bng n ca thng mi in t ti Chu , ngun thu ca cng ty c m rng t cc dch v c thu ph nh tn dng doanh nghip, bo co xut nhp khu, trung tm thng tin v dch v vn ti.Li nhun ca cng ty tng u hng nm. Li nhun thun nm 2006 l 219,9 triu nhn dn t tng gp i so vi nm 2005, li nhun nm 2007 tng gp 3 ln trong nm 2006. Cui nm 2007 cuc khng hong kinh t din ra trn ton cu. Nhiu doanh nghip ri vo tnh trng lao ao, tuy nhin alibaba.com vn t c mc tng trng li nhun (tng 36%). Tm li nhng suy ngh to bo ca Jack Ma khi xy dng mt sn giao dch kt ni giao thng gia cc doanh nghip trn ton cu vi nhau em li s thnh cng ca alibaba.com. Trong bn nm lin t 2002-2005 cng ty c nh gi l Best of the Web B2B. Alibaba.com xy dng c cho mnh mi quan h tt trong cng ng doanh nghip nh bit xy dng c mi quan h tt p v su sc vi nhng khch hng ca mnh thng qua vic cung cp nhiu tin ch, gi tr gia tng cho khch hng nh cc tin ch giao tip trc tip qua trang web ca cng ty, cc bui hi tho theo chuyn

4.2. Mt s tht bi trong thng mi in t 4.2.1. Boo.com Ca hng thi trang trc tuyn

Boo.com l trang web thng mi in t chuyn kinh doanh cc mt hng qun o thi trang ni ting. Boo.com chnh thc i vo hot ng vo nm 1998. Tm nhn ca cng ty l phi tr thnh mt trang web bn hng th thao ni ting trn khp ton cu. Khch hng mc tiu ca cng ty l cc thanh nin tr a thi trang tui t 18 24 tui. Mc tiu chin lc ca cng ty rt l tt tuy nhin Boo.com sm cht yu ch sau 2 nm thnh lp. Tht bi ca Boo.com bt ngun trc ht l do trang web ca cng ty c t tin ch v thit k ca trang web th ngho nn. Vic tm kim thng tin sn phm trn trang web ca cng ty th rt ri. Khch hng phi mt t nht l 5 thao tc mi c th tm c sn phm m mnh cn tm. Trong khi trong qui tc xy dng website c qui tc 3 c click chut tc l khch hng c c thng tin sn phm dch v mnh cn ti a l 3 c click chut. Cc hnh nh ca trang web th c trnh by di dng text thay v di dng hnh nh. Bn cnh mua c mt sn phm trn boo.com khch hng phi mt ti gn 20 pht. iu ny dn ti vic khch hng ch mua

mt ln trn website cng ty m khng c ln th hai. Nh vy cng ty khng nhng nh mt khch hng hin ti m khng thu ht c thm nhng khch hng tim nng. Hu ht cc ng dng trn website cng ty l trn nn bng thng rng h tr cho nhng hnh nh 3-D. Trong khi khch hng trc tuyn ca cng ty thi k thng khng c kt ni vi bng thng rng. Chnh v vy nhng ng dng trn website ca cng ty s khng pht huy hiu qu. Mt hng kinh doanh trn Boo.com l qun o c thng hiu nn gi c ca n rt cao. Trong khi thc tin khch hng mua hng trc tuyn thng tm nhng sn phm c gi r hn. Hn na sn phm qun o l sn phm m ngi dng mun xem v mc th trc khi mua. to cho khch hng trc tuyn ca mnh cm nhn nh ang th mt ca hng truyn thng, boo.com ng dng cng ngh 3-D gip cho khch hng c ci nhn tht nht v sn phm. Theo rt nhiu nghin cu v l do mua hng trc tuyn th ba l do chnh ngi tiu dng mua hng trc tuyn l n gin/thun tin, gi cnh tranh v qui trnh mua n gin v nhanh chng. V gi c th Boo.com khng mun gim gi cc sn phm ca mnh v n s lm gim gi tr thng hiu ca cc sn phm. Mt nguyn nhn na dn ti tht bi ca boo.com chnh l cng ty cha c c ch qun l ti chnh hiu qu. Cng ty mun tin hnh u t cng ngh cho hot ng bn hng bng nhiu ng ngoi t v h thng phn phi hng ha. Tuy nhin ch ph trin khai rt l ln trong khi cc nh u t th khng sn sang b chi ph cho nhng khon tin . Boo.com buc phi tin hnh c phn ha khi cc nh u t t chi u t tin ca cho cc chin lc kinh doanh ca cng ty. Kt qu l thng 6 nm 2000, Fashionmall mua li boo.com bao gm tn thng hiu, a ch website, cc cng c qung co v ni dung trc

tuyn. n ngy 30 thng 10/2000 th mt phin bn Boo.com mi ra i. Phin bn mi khng qu tham vng nh giai on u. n nm 2007 th trang web Boo.com c chuyn thnh trang web v du lch. Khi trang web mi ny c a ra th c hng triu ngi dng vo xem do trang ny kt ni vi rt nhiu trang web du lch khc. Tm li tht bi ca Boo.com trc ht l u t mnh vo h tng cng ngh cao trong khi c s h tng ca khch hng li th h c chnh v vy nhng ng dng cng ngh mi ca Boo.com khng c ngi dng bit ti. Ngoi ra vic tm kim cc nh u t ca cng ty li cha t hiu qu. Cng ty cha thuyt phc ti cc nh u t. 4.2.2. Pets.com Siu th th nui trc tuyn

Pest.com l mt trong s nhiu doanh nghip thng mi in t kinh doanh cc sn phm cho th nui v cung cp nhng sn phm ny mt cch trc tip ti ngi tiu dng thng qua website. Trang web pets.com chnh thc c ra hot ng vo thng 11/1998 cng thi im ra i ca mt s trang web cung cp cc sn phm cho th nui nh petstore.com, Petopia.com, Petsmart.com, and PetPlanet.com. y cng chnh l nhng i th cnh tranh chnh trn mi trng

mng. Cng ty c li th l ngi i u trong m hnh kinh doanh ny. Chnh v vy cng ty kinh doanh thnh cng hn rt nhiu so vi nhng i th cnh tranh ca mnh. Nm 1999 c xem l nm lm n thnh cng ca cng ty. Tuy nhin th doanh thu thu v ca cng ty khng b p chi ph m cng ty b ra. Pets.com cung cp cho khch hng rt nhiu loi sn phm vi s lng ln v gi c cnh tranh. Website ca cng ty cng rt l bt mt khch hng. Tuy nhin m hnh kinh doanh ca cng ty khng phi l c nht v khng c g khc bit so vi cc i th cnh tranh. to s khc bit, cng ty mong mun s tr thnh ca hng trc tuyn mt im dng one stop shop chuyn cung cp cc sn phm cho th cng. Ca hng trc tuyn ca cng ty s cung cp nhiu loi mt hng hn i th cnh tranh. Vn u t ban u ca pets.com khng qu ln nn cng ty phi huy ng vn u t t bn ngoi. Tuy nhin mt hng kinh doanh ca cng ty l mt hng c li nhun cn bin thp trong khi chi ph giao hng li qu cao. Do m cng ty khng th a ra cc khon chit khu cho sn phm hay dch v min ph. iu ny dn ti khch hng thch mua hng tai cc ca hng hn tp phm hn v h c th nhn c mt khon chit khu. Cng ty lun ri vo tnh trng thua l. Kt qu l cng ty quyt nh nim yt ti sn chng khon Nasdaq vo thng 2/2000. ct gim bt chi ph cng ty chuyn hot ng kinh doanh t San Francisco sang Midwest ni c chi ph sng thp hn. Ngoi ra cng ty cn tin hnh bn cc con ri ti cc ca hng bn l truyn thng. Mc d cng ty c nhiu ng thi duy tr hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh nhng cui cng thng 1/2000 cng ty tuyn b ngng kinh doanh sau hai nm hot ng. Nguyn do dn ti s tht bi ca pets.com c th l do m hnh kinh doanh ca cng ty khng ph hp vi mt hng kinh doanh, th hai na l cng ty tin hnh c phn sm cng nh u t mt cch vi v thiu chin lc. Bn cnh cng ty ginh qu nhiu chi ph cho hot ng

marketing v qung co. Trong sut hai nm hot ng kinh doanh cng ty ginh 70 triu la cho qung co. Chi ph qung co v marketing ln nhng hiu qu ca cc hot ng ny l khng cao. Chi ph qung co khng to cho pets.com li th dn u th trng m ch to ra doanh thu cao hn so vi i th cnh tranh khc. Tht bi ca pets.com mt phn cng l do cng ty t nh v sai doanh nghip. ng ra cng ty phi ch cho khch hng thy c l do ti sao h phi mua cc sn phm ny trn pets.com. Thay v a ra l do thuyt phc khch hng n vi cng ty th pets.com ch cung cp cc sn phm m ngi tiu dng c th d dng c dc ti cc ca hng bn l gn v nhng thng tin v sc khe, c im ring ca tng th nui th khong tha mn mong mun ca khch hng khi truy cp vo trang web. Cng ging nh cc i th cnh tranh khc cng ty cng a chin lc gi thp, iu ny khng to ra s khc bit gia cng ty vi i th cnh tranh. Cng ty lun bn sn phm di gi do vy trong sut hai nm kinh doanh li nhun cng ty lun m. 4.3. Mt s nguyn tc m bo ng dng CNTT-TT v TMT hiu qu Trong gn 15 nm pht trin ca thng mi in t c rt nhiu t chc doanh nghip thng mi in t kinh doanh thnh cng v thng mi in t c nhng ng gp to ln trong vic thc y hot ng thng mi ca ton cu. c c thnh cng nh ngy hm nay l do cc t chc c nhn p dng hiu qu cc nguyn tc v ng dng cng ngh Thng tin - Truyn thng v Thng mi in t. Di y l mt s cc nguyn tc trong trin khai Thng mi in t:

4.3.1. Tnh minh bch (Transparency): - Thng tin phi chnh xc: Hin nay nh s ra i ca internet m loi ngi c th tip cn c vi rt nhiu loi thng tin khc nhau trn mi trng mng. Tuy nhin v c qu nhiu thng tin nn ngi tiu dng cng nh cc t chc doanh nghip kh m bit c u l thng tin chun xc v hu dng nht. Khch hng lun mun c c nhiu thng tin hu ch gip h c th a ra quyt nh cui cng cho mt giao dch in t. Cc t chc th lun c gng ht mnh lm sao cung cp cho khch hng nhng thng tin c lin quan ti cc giao dch ca khch hng vo ng lc. i vi cc t chc m bo cho mt giao dch thng mi in t thnh cng th phi cung cp cho khch hng nhng thng tin iu khon chung v giao dch bng cc phng tin in t nh thng bo qua website, email, in thoi, fax hoc trn truyn hnh Ngoi nhng thng tin lin quan ti giao dch gia doanh nghip vi khch hng th doanh nghip cn phi cung cp thm thng tin v chnh doanh nghip mnh km theo nhng thng tin v sn phm nh: + Tn v a ch cng ty, giy php ng k kinh doanh, m s thu + a ch lin lc in t nh a ch email, a ch trang web chnh thc ca cng ty + Thng tin lin quan ti vic lm i din cung cp sn phm dch v + Miu t sn phm + Cc loi gi cu thnh gi sn phm cng nh nhng chi ph c chit khu + iu kin mua hng + Thi hn chp nhn n hng + Cch thc khch hng c th ghi li giao dch ca mnh

- Qung co thng mi phi d nhn bit: Hin nay cc doanh nghip u c ring mt website v doanh nghip mnh. Tuy nhin ngi tiu dng hay bt c mt t chc, doanh nghip khc bit ti website ca doanh nghip l khng n gin. iu ny ng ngha vi vic cc qung co thng mi trn website ca doanh nghip cng s ch c mt s ngi xem nht nh. Vy doanh nghip cn phi a nhng qung co thng mi ln nhng trang web c t l ngi xem cao vy i hi nhng qung co ny phi n gin gip cho ngi tiu dng, cc t chc d nhn ra doanh nghip. 4.3.2. S ng tin cy (Reliability): - Thng tin phi ng tin cy: Vic a thng tin v bn thn doanh nghip, i tc v sn phm dch v bng cc phng tin phi chun xc v nhng thng tin ny phi ng. - S ng tin cy trong cc giao dch: Khi trao i thng tin bng cc phng tin in t, cc bn tham gia phi ch r gi tr, hiu lc php l ca nhng thng tin di dng in t. - Phi c mt h thng, t chc ng tin cy thm tra: Doanh nghip thng mi phi m bo rng h thng thng mi in t l ng tin cy. Khi giao dch vi khch hng th phi m bo rng cc c s d liu giao dch s c lu li trong mt khong thi gian nht nh cho php khch hng c th truy cp bng cc phng tin in t khi cn thit. - Ch k in t phi ng tin cy: ch k in t rt a dng chnh v vy doanh nghip phi ch r ra nhng hnh thc v cng ngh ca ch k in t m doanh nghip chp nhn trong cc giao dch in t. 4.3.3. Quyn ring t (Privacy): Vic bo mt thng tin c nhn l mt phn thit yu trong vic qun l hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. m bo cho cc giao dch thnh

cng cng nh thm tra cc ch th ang tin hnh cc giao dch in t, cc t chc thng yu cu khch hng cung cp nhng thng tin c nhn. Nhng thng tin mang tnh c nhn ny ch c s dng trong mt s trng hp nh sau: t Khch hng yu cu kim tra v sa cha thng tin Thng tin cung cp theo yu cu v mt lut php Nu doanh nghip mun s dng nhng thng tin c nhn ny, th doanh nghip cn phi hi trc vi khch hng. 4.3.4. B mt thng tin (Confidentiality): Trong hot ng thng mi truyn thng vic thu thp thng tin rt l kh khn v mt thi gian v tip cn vi nhng thng tin b mt ny l khng h n gin. Tuy nhin gi y vi s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, mt c nhn c trnh , kin thc v cng ngh s d dng truy cp vo c s d liu thng tin mt. Vy m bo thng tin b mt th doanh nghip cn c chnh sch pht hin gi mo, gian ln cng nh phi ng dng nhng cng ngh bo mt tn tin. Nu cn phi lu chuyn cc thng tin mt trn mi trng mng th yu cu cc bn phi c cc bin php bo mt ca ring mnh. 4.3.5. Quyn s hu tr tu (Intellectual property rights): Cng ngh thng tin gip cho con ngi d dng vi phm bn quyn nh sao chp mt bn nhc, mt cun sch, cc b kp kinh doanh. Chnh v vy tin hnh kinh doanh thng mi in t thnh cng i hi doanh Thng tin cn c thay i trong qu trnh hot ng kinh doanh Nhng thng tin ny c lin quan ti cc hot ng thng mi in

nghip cn phi cao quyn s hu tr tu cng nh trch nhim ca doanh nghip vi vn ny.

CHNG 5. QUY TRNH TRIN KHAI D N CNTT & TMDDT TRONG DN

5.1. Quy trnh xy dng cc phn mm ng dng trong DN trin khai d n thng mi in t, doanh nghip c rt nhiu cch thc la chn phn mm. Mt doanh nghip c th t xy dng phn mm ng dng cho ring doanh nghip hoc c th mua sm hoc s dng cc phn mm m ngun m. Nu doanh nghip chn hnh thc t xy dng cc phn mm m ngun m th doanh nghip c th la chn mt trong s cc phng php sau: 5.1.1. Phng php SDLC (System Development life Cycle) Phng php SDLC cn c tn l phng php thc nc (Waterfall) trin khai d n h thng thng tin theo tng bc. Lp k hoch Lp k hoch M t h thng

Pht trin h thng Thit k h thng Ci t h thng Xy dng h thng Vn hnh h thng Kim nh h thng Bo tr h thng Ngun: Trang 376, Information Technology, Sixth Edition, Pearson International Edition Vn hnh h thng

a. Cc bc trin khai thc hin phng php ny doanh nghip cn thc hin ln lt 9 bc bi tng bc c mi lin h mt thit vi nhau, bc trc lm tin cho bc sau. Cc bc trin khai d n h thng thng tin theo phng php SDLC

Ngun: Trang 376, Managing Information Technology, Sixth Edition, Pearson International Edition b. nh gi phng php SDLC u im: - Quy trnh trin khai c cu trc ht sc cht ch t m t yu cu i vi h thng, thit k, pht trin, kim nh h thng v cui cng l vn hnh h thng. H thng cc bc trin khai rt r rng, c th vi vic phn cng nhim v rt r rng cho cc chuyn gia cng ngh thng tin v ngi s dng; ra c th cc mc hon thnh cc nhim v, cc nguyn tc cn tun th, cc yu cu chi tit v kt qu s t c. Do , i d n c th xy dng c mt h thng thng tin hon chnh ng thi gian vi chi ph khng vt qu ngn sch c cp.

- Ngi s dng tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh thit k v xy dng h thng do h s ch ng v d dng s dng h thng mi; Nhc im - Thi gian trin khai d n rt di v chi ph cho d n ln. Do vy c th xy ra tnh trng cc yu cu a ra i vi h thng bc m t, thit k h thng khng cn ph hp vi mi trng ca doanh nghip vn lun thay i rt nhanh chng, trong khi cc bc pht trin h thng lun phi thc hin ng cc yu cu c t ra bc trc. Nu mun iu chnh cc yu cu th phi quay li cc bc ban u sa i nn rt mt thi gian ng ngha vi tn km thm nhiu chi ph v tin d n s b chm li. - Tnh ph thuc gia cc bc thc hin d n rt cao nn nu bc trc c s thiu chnh xc th s dn n sai st cc bc sau v sa i th phi lm li t u. Ngoi ra, do p lc phi thc hin ng tin t ra bc trc nn c th dn n tnh trng y nhanh tc bng cch lm cu th; hu qu l cht lng ca h thng s khng c m bo.

5.1.2. Phng php th nghim (Prototyping Methodology) Phng php xy dng h thng th nghim l qu trnh xy dng mt h thng th nghim mt cch nhanh chng nhm m t v nh gi h thng nhng ngi s dng c th nhanh chng xc nh cc yu cu cn thm v chnh sa qua qu trnh s dng h thng th nghim . Nu nh phng php SDLC rt ph hp khi cn xy dng mt h thng ln v phc tp th phng php th nghim ny li l gii php khi kh m t r rng, c th chc nng ca h thng hay cn ngay mt h thng dng th nhm thch nghi vi s thay i ca mi trng.

a. Cc bc trin khai d n h thng thng tin theo phng php th nghim Cc bc trin khai

Ngun: Trang 388, Managing Information Technology, Sixth Edition, Pearson International Edition b. nh gi phng php th nghim u im - Ngi s dng ch ng tham gia trong qu trnh thit k v pht trin h thng - Thi gian pht trin h thng ngn do mc v cc yu cu v gii php pht trin h thng thp. - Khc phc c cc vn ny sinh i vi phng php SDLC. Phng php ny khuyn khch c s tham gia tch cc ca ngi s dng vo qu trnh pht trin h thng; nh vy m loi b c nhng sai 106

st thit k v lng ph thng xy ra khi cc yu cu cha c xc nh mt cch chnh xc ngay ti thi im ban u. Nhc im - Ngi s dng c th tr nn gn b vi h thng th nghim v khng c mong mun s dng h thng hon tt v vy c th gy ra nhng bt cp trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng mi - i hi cc chuyn gia cng ngh thng tin cn phi c cc k nng c bit. Nu chuyn gia khng c kinh nghim lm vic vi ngi s dng th rt kh pht trin h thng. - Kh nng hon thnh thp, ph thuc nhiu vo ngi s dng. - Kh p dng cho cc h thng cn tnh ton nhiu v c nhiu th tc phc tp. - Kh xc nh cch thc xy dng mt h thng ln hoc cc phn ca h thng. Kh kim sot trong qu trnh pht trin. 5.1.3. Phng php pht trin ng dng nhanh (Rapid Application Development) y l phng php kt hp gia phng php SDLC v phng php th nghim. Mc ch ca phng pht ny l xy dng c h thng thng tin ch trong vng khng n mt nm. Phng php pht trin ng dng nhanh thng c c im ging phng php th nghim nhiu hn, l to ra mt h thng ring bit, do s ph thuc ln nhau gia cc h thng khng cn c xem xt. a. Cc bc trin khai h thng thng tin theo phng php pht trin ng dng nhanh

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Cc bc trin khai theo phng php pht trin ng dng nhanh

Ngun: Trang 391, Managing Information Technology, Sixth Edition, Pearson International Edition b. nh gi phng php pht trin ng dng nhanh u im - Phng php ny ph hp vi cc t chc chu tc ng ca mi trng thay i nhanh v lin tc. Phng php ny i hi chi ph thp nht do xy dng d n ch cn i d n nh gn v thi gian trin khai d n ngn. Ngoi ra vic tng cng s dng cc phn mm h tr cng gip tng tc trin khai d n mt cch ng k. - Phng php ny rt linh hot, cho php thc hin nhng thay i i vi thit kt d n mt cch nhanh chng theo yu cu ca ngi dng. Nhc im - Cht lng ca h thng khng m bo do thi gian trin khai rt ngn - Ph thuc nhiu vo ngi s dng nn nu ngi s dng khng tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh trin khi th d n kh hon thnh.

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5.2. Quy trnh mua sm cc phn mm ng dng trong DN y l vic doanh nghip thc hin vic thit k v qun l h thng thng tin da vo mt t chc khc. Doanh nghip thc hin mua h thng bn ngoi khi: - Doanh nghip b gii hn v c hi khc bit ha cc hot ng dch v ca n nh h thng thng tin - Vic ngng tr dch v h thng thng tin khng nh hng nhiu n cc hot ng ca doanh nghip. - Vic s dng ngun lc bn ngoi khng tc mt cc b quyt k thut quan trng cn cho pht trin h thng thng tin trong tng lai ca doanh nghip. - Kh nng ca h thng thng tin hin c ca doanh nghip b hn ch, khng c hiu qu v yu km v mt k thut. Cc bc doanh nghip cn trin khai Cc bc doanh nghip cn thc hin thu mua h thng thng tin thng gm 3 bc: Lp k hoch, Pht trin h thng v lp t h thng. Lp k hoch Lp k hoch M t h thng Lp danh sch cc sn phm ph hp Xy dng cc tiu ch la chn Xy dng bn mi thu nh gi h s m phn v k kt hp ng

Vn hnh h thng Ci t h thng Vn hnh h thng Bo tr h thng

Pht trin h thng Thit k h thng Xy dng h thng Kim nh h thng Xy dng TLHD 109

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u im v nhc im ca phng php mua h thng u im: - Phng php mua h thng gip doanh nghip tit kim ng k thi gian so vi phng php doanh nghip t pht trin h thng, mc d thi gian c th a mt h thng vo vn hnh cng ko di t vi thng n vi nm ty vo quy m ca h thng. - Doanh nghip c th s dng phng php ny khi ngun kinh ph dnh cho h thng b hn ch. - Doanh nghip tit kim c ngun lc, cc chuyn gia h thng ca doanh nghip s c th dnh thi gian nghin cu v pht trin cc ng dng quan trng cho ring doanh nghip nhm to nn li th cnh tranh cho doanh nghip. - Cht lng h thng tt hn do h thng ny c pht trin bi doanh nghip chuyn hot ng trong lnh vc thit k h thng. Ngoi ra, h thng ca doanh nghip s lin tc c nng cp theo nhng thay i v cng ngh din ra ht sc nhanh chng. Nhc im Do khng t thit k ra h thng nn trong qu trnh vn hnh doanh nghip d ri vo trng thi b ng do khng hiu ht v h thng. trnh trng hp ny th cn thc hin tp hun k cng cho cc chuyn gia h thng ca doanh nghip v nhn vin, do s lm tng chi ph lp t h thng. Bn cnh , do khng hiu ht v h thng nn trong qu trnh vn hnh doanh nghip c th khng s dng ht nhng tnh nng ca h thng. Phng php ny cng tn ti cc nhc im l doanh nghip mt i s t ch, mt kh nng kim sot; bt n v an ton thng tin, thng tin ca doanh nghip rt d b r r ra ngoi; doanh nghip phi ph thuc vo cng ty cung cp dch v bn ngoi trong qu trnh vn hnh v bo tr h thng. Nguy c s xy ra khi nh cung cp b ph sn hoc nh cung cp khng p ng y cc yu cu ca doanh nghip.

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5.3. Trin khai cc d n ERP, SCM v CRM trong DN 5.3.1. Qui trnh trin khai d n ERP a. Qun tr d n ERP H thng Qun tr ngun lc doanh nghip (ERP) hay h thng thng tin qun tr v c bn s thay i ton b h thng thng tin trong doanh nghip v tc ng n hai khi ngun lc ca doanh nghip: cng ngh v con ngi. Khi trin khai ERP mi thnh vin trong doanh nghip u c kh nng b tc ng, tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, ngi trin khai khng lng trc mc tc ng n tng c nhn trong t chc v iu ny c th dn n nhng kh khn cho vic trin khai ERP do s thiu hiu bit v hp tc ca nhng c nhn ny. Trung bnh mt d n ERP lin quan n hng nghn u vic, d trin khai mt module hay nhiu module, s thng nht gia cc module i hi s qun l cht ch v thng nht m bo s thnh cng ca d n. Cc hot ng trin khai h thng ERP Qun l Thay i thay i Trin khai thay i Vn hnh Dch v o to to Dch v h - o

Qun l d Qun l s Qun l s - Trung n

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v h tr hoch/ thit dng cui: thng k/ ci t - Qun + o to

c - Xy dng h quy giao din mng

l ngi lnh 111

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

- Kim sot trnh ti chnh doanh

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T m hnh trn ta thy trin khai h thng ERP l mt qu trnh din ra lin tc, t qun l d n, qun l s thay i, trin khai vn hnh, dch v h tr ti o to v chuyn giao cng ngh. i hi mi nhn vin trong

112

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doanh nghip phi tham gia vi s phi hp cao nht trin khai c h thng tng th cho doanh nghip. Mi vn ln nht trong trin khai d n ERP STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Vn Quy m d n Nhn s thc hin Qun tr ri ro K hoch v thi hn thc hin Ngun vn Chnh sch ca t chc C hi kinh doanh Thiu st khng lng trc Giao din Thch nghi vi thay i quy trnh lm vic

b. Lp bo co tin kh thi C hai trng hp m ch u t cn lp bo co tin kh thi. Mt l do yu cu v php l: cc t chc chnh ph, cc doanh nghip nh nc khi mun trin khai mt d n cng ngh thng tin c gi tr ln buc phi qua bc ny nh l mt trnh t khng th thiu ca u t xy dng c bn. Hai l, do n v c c cu t chc qu phc tp, qu nhiu nghip v c th, nhiu h thng con cn thay th giao din tch hp, i hi phi c s nh lng r rng v gii php v ng hng trin khai. Trong c hai trng hp, trnh t ca d n thng l: (i) Lp bo co tin kh thi; (ii) Thm nh bo co; (iii) Trnh cp c thm quyn ph duyt; (iv) T chc u thu chn nh trin khai gii php. 113

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

Mt bo co tin kh thi y thng phi tr li nhng cu hi sau: Mc ch hng ti ca d n l g? H thng hin ti c nhng bt cp no? Cc yu cu c th ca nghip v ra sao? u l nhng tham s chnh (m hnh, quy m, thi gian v k hoch trin khai) ca gii php? S tin u t d kin l bao nhiu? Mt s ni dung c bn ca bo co tin kh thi: - Phn tch cc mc tiu ln, tnh cp thit ca d n - C s phng php lun v cch thc trin khai lp bo co. y l cn c xc nh xem bo co c c xy dng mt cch thc s khch quan, khoa hc hay khng. - Phn tch cc bi cnh chung ca d n: m hnh t chc ca n v, hin trng trin khai v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong tc nghip v qun l, cc d n ln ang c trin khai c th nh hng trc tip/gin tip ti d n ERP ang cp. - Lit k, h thng ha v phn tch cc nghip v c th s c tc nghip trn h thng ERP tng lai. - La chn gii php: ngi lp bo co phi chng minh c xut ca mnh thng qua vic so snh nhng u nhc im v ph hp vi cc yu cu nghip v nu trn ca cc gii php c trn th trng, t khuyn ngh mt hoc hai s la chn ti u nht. - Xc nh cc tham s c bn ca h thng: phm v a l ca d n; phm vi nghip v (cc module) v chi tit tng nghip v; quy m v ngi s dng v khi lng giao dch; kin trc h thng (kt ni, truyn thng...); cc yu cu v phn cng v h tng i km. - Cc rng buc v ngun lc. - nh gi kt qu ca d n c. Quy trnh trin khai d n ERP C hai kh nng, mt l doanh nghip thay i quy trnh trnh ty bin phn mm; hai l c bit ha phn mm thch ng vi quy trnh ca 114

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

doanh nghip. Ngi qun tr d n ERP l ngi phi hiu c nhng thay i cn thit ca quy trnh kinh doanh trong doanh nghip lm vic vi cc gim c kinh doanh nhm m bo chc chn s thay i trong cc b phn ph hp vi h thng ang trin khai. Loi b khong cch gia chc nng phn mm v thc t doanh nghip. c im c bn ca d n ERP l ri ro ln v cc chc nng an xen ln nhau, do ngi qun l cn c nhng k nng nht nh thu thp cc thng tin trong ton b t chc, huy ng nhn lc v gii quyt cc vn pht sinh t nhiu phng ban khc nhau. Cc k nng c bn nht bao gm qun tr ri ro, lp k hoch v trin khai d n. Kh nng x l vn pht sinh i vi hu ht mi thnh vin trong t chc, t nhng chuyn vin k thut IT n nhng cng nhn sn xut hay i ng qun l nhn s, k ton, ti chnh. Mt c im ni bt l ngi qun tr d n ERP phi c kh nng tip thu nhanh cc vn kinh doanh trong hu ht mi b phn trong t chc m trc h cha quen thuc hoc cha bit. d. Quyt nh v Quy m ca d n ERP Ngi qun l d n cn hp tc cht ch vi mi phng ban xc nh quy m ca d n. Nu quy m xc nh nh hn ngun lc s gy lng ph, ngc li s thiu ngn sch trin khai. hn ch cc vn v phm vi d n ERP, cn xy dng s mng ca d n hay cc mc tiu c th v c s xc nhn bng vn bn (k xc nhn) ca lnh o cp cao nht v cc cp lnh o lin quan. ng thi xc nh r rng quy trnh v th tc thay i cc ni dung ca d n. e. Qun tr ri ro trong d n ERP i vi d n ERP, ri ro n gin l nhng vn c kh nng a d n n tht bi. C hng nghn hoc thm ch nhiu hn cc im c ri ro tim n, t cng ngh, nhn s, chnh tr v thm ch c thin tai nh bo, lt, ng t C rt nhiu ni dung lin quan n qun tr ri ro, tuy nhin trnh ri ro c th tng hp li 5 vn ln nh sau: 115

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- Xc nh cc im tim n ri ro - Phn tch v xc nh mc thit hi nu cc ri ro xy ra - nh gi kh nng ri ro xy ra - Da trn ba yu t trn, xp loi cc ri ro - a ra cc bin php loi b v gim thiu nguy c ri ro Cc ri ro c th c loi tr cn c vo kh nng xy ra hoc tc ng nu xy ra. Gim thiu ri ro c th bng cc bin php ngn chn hoc k hoch khi phc. Cn xc nh r nhng ngi c kh nng khc phc hu qu ca cc ri ro nu chng xy ra. ng thi cn xc nh cc triu chng ca ri ro ngn nga trc khi xy ra. V d, kim tra ton b h thng phn cng v phn mm trc khi vn hnh. Bn cnh cc yu t quan trng nu trn, doanh nghip khi ng dng gii php ERP, Ngi qun tr d n cn lin tc r sot xc nh nhng khong cch nht nh gia chc nng ca phn mm v yu cu ca t chc. v vn hnh h thng tt, doanh nghip cn chn ng ngi, b tr thi gian lm vic hp l v linh hot cho cn b tham gia d n. Trnh thiu ht cht xm Qun l mt d n ERP tim n kh nng i mt vi nhiu khng hong do khi lng cng vic v con ngi lin quan rt ln. Vic thay i ton b h thng thng tin trong mt t chc s tc ng gh gm n mi ngi trong t chc, cc nh cung cp v ton b khch hng. Ngi qun tr d n phi m bo tt c mi ngi v mi cng vic vch ra u i n ch nh trc. 5.3.2. Qui trnh trin khai SCM Qun tr chui cung ng l qu trnh thit k, bo tr v vn hnh mt chui cung ng nhm tha mn nhu cu ca ngi dng cui cng. Vic trin khai d n SCM l rt kh khn v n lin quan ti tt c tt c cc hot ng sn xut t vic cung ng cc nhn t u vo ca sn xut ca doanh nghip cho ti phn phi sn phm ti tay ngi tiu dng. Nu trin khai d n 116

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SCM thnh cng doanh nghip s tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph. Cn nu khng n c th dn ti s ph sn ca doanh nghip. trin khai thnh cng d n SCM i hi nh qun l khng ch c hiu bit v qun tr m cn cn phi hiu bit v k thut hiu r mt qui trnh SCM din ra nh th no. a. Thit k h thng SCM H thng ny s bao gm cc thnh phn gip cho doanh nghip c th tin hnh mua sm phc v cho sn xut hng ha v dch v cng nh cc nhn t h tr doanh nghip phn phi sn phm cui cng ti tay ngi tiu dng mt cch hiu qu nht. Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng SCM s c nhiu i tng tham gia vo nh nh sn xut, nh cung ng, nh phn phi, cng ty bn l. SCM c chia ra lm nm giai on: bc th nht ln k hoch cc ngun lc cn thit cho SCM; bc th hai l cung cp cc ngun lc cho SCM; bc th ba l tin hnh sn xut; th t l phn phi sn phm cui cng ti tay ngi tiu dng v cui cng x l cc sn phm hon li t khch hng. b. Lp bo co tin kh thi: y l giai on quan trng gip doanh nghip nh gi cc chn la tm ra cc mt h thng hiu qu cho tnh hnh thc t ca doanh nghip. Trong qu trnh xy dng h thng SCM doanh nghip c th ng dng cc phn mm do chnh doanh nghip to ra hoc c th i mua hoc s dng cc phn mm ngun m. Nu t vit cc phn mm h tr SCM th i hi doanh nghip cn c mt i ng nhn lc gii v cng ngh v ch ph t vit cc phn mm ny l rt cao v mt rt nhiu thi gian. Tuy nhin n s ph hp vi tnh hnh kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. Trong trng hp doanh nghip cn trin khai ngay h thng SCM th doanh nghip c th i mua cc phn mm t nh cung cp th ba. Vic mua cc gi phn mm ng dng ch gip doanh nghip gii quyt c mt vi nhim v trong SCM. Khng c nh cung cp no cung cp cho doanh nghip vi mt gi phn mm gii 117

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quyt tt c cc nhim v trong h thng SCM ca doanh nghip. V vy doanh nghip c th mua cc gi phn mm t cc nh cung cp khc nhau v s dng phi hp cc gi ny vi nhau. i vi cc cng ty ln h thng s dng cc gi phn mm do SAP v Oracle cung cp. Cn i vi cc doanh nghip nh hn th thng s dng gi phn mm ca Microsoft. Khi mua cc gi phn mm ng dng th doanh nghip cn phi hi r xem nh cung cp s l ngi chy cc ng dng phn mm vi chi ph chn gi t u hay doanh nghip s phi tr thm ch ph chy ng dng hoc chi ph o to nhn lc trong ni b doanh nghip. c. nh gi ri ro trong SCM: Trong qu trnh vn hnh SCM doanh nghip c th gp ri ro. Cho nn trc khi a SCM i vo vn hnh doanh nghip cn phi nh gi xem nhng ri ro no c th xy ra. Nu doanh nghip mua cc phn mm ng dng t cc nh cung cp khc nhau th ri ro m doanh nghip c th gp phi l cc phn mm ny khng khng tung thch vi nhau. Ri ro ca cc nh cung ng cng s l ri ro ca chnh doanh nghip. Trong SCM c rt nhiu thnh phn tham gia bao gm trong v ngoi doanh nghip. Chnh v vy tng hiu qu kinh doanh, doanh nghip thng tch hp h thng ca mnh vi cc i tc, nh cung cp nhm gip cho qu trnh lu chuyn trong giai on cung ng c thng sut cng nh gip doanh nghip lun kim sot c ngun cung ng u vo. Tuy nhin th khng phi doanh nghip no cng s dng nhng ng dng phn mm ging nhau nn c th h thng ca SCM khng th kt ni vi h thng ca cc nh cung ng v i tc. d. Vn hnh h thng SCM: Giai on ny doanh nghip s a h thng vo hot ng. Trong qu trnh vn hnh doanh nghip s kim tra mc tng thch ca cc phn mm. Bn cnh doanh nghip s tm xem trong qu trnh vn hnh bt c bc no ca h thng cn cha hiu qu th doanh nghip s tm r nguyn 118

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nhn v l gii t tm ra hng gii quyt nhm hon thin h thng SCM ca doanh nghip. 5.3.3. Qui trnh trin khai CRM: V bn cht, trin khai CRM, c bit l ng dng h thng phn mm CRM tng t nh trin khai cc h thng thng tin khc. Cc doanh nghip cn t chc qun l nh cc d n cng ngh thng tin. Trong , c bit ch trng n quy m d n, trnh u t lng ph cng nh trnh thiu ht cc ngun lc. Trong qu trnh thc hin trin khai v bo tr h thng, cc doanh nghip nn ch ti mt s yu t cn bn sau: - Thi gian: Thi gian cn thit trin khai d n. S phn b thi gian v k hoch c th tn dng cc ngun lc v s phi hp ca cc b phn trong doanh nghip. - H tr trin khai: Doanh nghip cn t ra cc yu cu c th v d n CRM, c bit t s h tr t cc nh cung cp gii php CRM. Bn cnh , vic o to c h thng t cp lnh o, qun l v tc nghip c tnh quyt nh i vi thnh cng hay tht bi ca d n. Nhn vin trc tip trin khai cn c o to di hn nm bt c tt c nhng chi tit phc tp nht ca h thng v t c nhng k nng cn thit khi s dng sau ny. - Chnh sch bo tr: Bo tr v nng cp l hai vn quan trng sau khi h thng i vo hot ng. Doanh nghip cn a ra cc yu cu v h tr k thut cn thit m bo h thng hot ng tt v kh nng khc phc cc s c nu pht sinh sau ny. ng thi, cn a ra cc iu kin v nng cp v kh nng tch hp vi cc h thng khc ca doanh nghip nh SCM, ERP. - Chng trnh h tr: Trong sut qu trnh trin khai v bo tr h thng CRM, doanh nghip nn xc nh r cc vn sau: Mc chuyn su v o to cng ngh Thi gian o to, hng dn s dng, chy th v h tr k thut 119

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Thi gian bo tr, nng cp, khc phc s c Khi trin khai d n phn mm CRM, cng nh cc d n phn mm khc, trc ht cn t c s thng nht cao trong ni b DN, quyt tm thay i, u t c v kinh ph v ngun nhn lc. Trn ht, mi ngi u phi nhn thc c li ch chin lc, di hn v ngn hn ca CRM tch cc v ch ng tham gia. Khi c s thng nht v quyt tm cao, DN c th tin hnh cc bc tip theo trong trin khai CRM: (i) . Xy dng chin lc (ii) . La chn gii php (iii). Trin khai (iv). Bo tr v nng cp h thng

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CHNG 6. NG DNG MT S PHN MM T DO M NGUN M TRONG KINH DOANH

6.1. Phn mm t do m ngun m: khi u t bn nn bit Phn mm t do ngun m l g? Phn mm t do/ngun m -- Free/Open Source Software -- l nhng phn mm tho mn nhng iu kin do t chc Free Software Foundation (www.fsf.org) hoc Open Source Initiative (www.opensource.org) a ra, nhm bo m nhng quyn t do c bn cho ngi s dng, bao gm quyn c t do s dng, t do phn phi v t do sa i chng trnh v t do phn phi li bn sa i. Phn mm t do ngun m c phn phi theo giy php s dng c cc t chc FSF v OSI cng nhn, trong m t y cc quyn t do ca ngi s dng v cc vn lin quan. Mt s giy php ph dng nh: GPL, LGPL, AGPL, MPL, Apache, BSD... Phn mm t do khng ng ngha vi Linux. Trn Linux, a s l phn mm t do/ngun m, nhng vn c phn mm thng mi. Ngc li, b phn mm t Mozilla v OpenOffice.org l hai v d c th v phn mm t do/ngun m trn Windows. Ti sao nn s dng phn mm t do ngun m? L do u tin s dng phn mm t do ngun m l v n min ph (quyn t do s dng v t do phn phi). Tuy nhin khng nn nhm ln phn mm t do ngun m vi phn mm min ph. i vi phn mm min ph, ngi s dng ch c quyn s dng (c gii hn) chng trnh, v i khi c quyn phn pht li chng trnh .

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Tuy nhin, phn mm t do ngun m khng ch n gin l phn mm min ph. Vi phn mm t do ngun m, chnh ngi s dng nm quyn iu khin phn mm mnh dng. Khi bn dng phn mm t do ngun m, phn mm l ca chnh bn. Bn c quyn lm g tu thch vi nhng g mnh s hu. Bn c th kim tra, tm hiu n; Bn c th phn pht n cho bn b; Bn c th chnh sa n v phn pht tip nhng chnh sa ca mnh. Trn thc t, nhng quyn ny khng hn c pht huy tc dng mt cch trc tip. Nu bn l mt ngi s dng phn mm, khng phi l mt ngi pht trin phn mm, bn c th ngh, quyn c xem v sa i m ngun c th ni l khng cn thit i vi bn. Khng hn l nh th, bi v khi bn c quyn xem v iu chnh phn mm, bn c th tn dng mt ngun lc khc, nh thu lp trnh vin, s dng nhng quyn ca mnh, iu khng th xy ra vi cc phn mm thng mi. Vi nhng ngi dng l cc t chc c nhu cu c bit, vic iu chnh cc phn mm cho ph hp nhu cu s dng hon ton nm trong tm tay. Do m ngun phn mm t do ngun m c cng khai, mi ngi u c th xem, bn c th an tm l phn mm mnh kim tra bi mt lng ln lp trnh vin gii trn th gii. Nu mt li an ninh c pht hin, mt chc nng quan trng c cp, nhiu kh nng n s c khc phc, thm vo ht sc nhanh chng. D nhin iu ny ch ng vi nhng phn mm c tm nh hng ln, nh Linux kernel v mt s phn mm t do ngun m c h tr pht trin bi mt cng ng ln, rt ln, hoc thm ch c mt hoc mt vi cng ty thng mi ln bo tr. Chng ti s cp ti c th mt s phn mm trong s ny cc phn sau. i vi ngi s dng l nhng t chc, doanh nghip, quyn c s hu phn mm t do ngun m tr thnh im then cht. Hy hnh dung, cng ty ca bn ph thuc vo mt phn mm thng mi. iu g s xy ra nu mt ngy kia cng ty quyt nh thi khng bo tr, pht trin phn mm ? Nhiu kh nng bn phi i mt vi vic thay th phn mm ny bng mt phn mm khc, nh 122

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hng n vic kinh doanh ca cng ty mnh. Nu iu ny xy ra vi phn mm t do ngun m, bn ch cn b mt s tin thu mt cng ty/c nhn khc tip tc bo tr, pht trin phn mm. Rng hn na, i vi mt quc gia, vic s dng cc phn mm c to ra bi cc quc gia khng thn thin l xm hi an ninh quc gia. Do khng th kim tra m ngun, mt quc gia kh lng bit c nu quc gia khc c ci m c hoc m theo di vo nhng phn mm mnh ang s dng hay khng. Vi phn mm t do ngun m, mt quc gia s hon ton lm ch cng ngh mnh ang s dng. La chn phn mm Qu trnh la chn phn mm ph hp trong hng chc, thm ch trm nghn phn mm t do ngun m c ngha c bit quan trng ti tin trnh trin khai, ng dng phn mm t do ngun m. Thc t cc d n trin khai ln cho thy khu xem xt, t vn, la chn phn mm ph hp chim khong 20% ngun lc c v thi gian, nhn lc, vt lc, ti chnh ca ton b d n. la chn c cc phn mm t do ngun m ph hp vi nhu cu ng dng c th, tng t chc, doanh nghip nht thit phi thc hin cc bc sau: Xc nh r nhu cu, yu cu bi ton. Tm kim cc gii php, phn mm t do ngun m, p ng yu cu thc t. La chn mt gii php c th trong tp hp xc nh k trn. Bc 1 thng t c lu tm, nhng c ngha rt quan trng, quyt nh thnh bi ca ton b tin trnh. Trong i a phn cc trng hp, khng th tm ngay c cc gii php p ng chnh xc 100% nhu cu. Chnh v vy, khi xc nh nhu cu, yu cu bi ton, cn a ra cc yu t chnh, chc nng ch yu, v c bit l cn phn loi thnh cc mc bt buc, hu dng, ty chn... Sau khi bc mt hon tt, cc bc tm kim, nh gi v la chn phn mm tip theo khng qu kh khn. C nhng website chuyn lit k, nh gi, so snh 123

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tt c (hoc phn ln) cc phn mm t do ngun m nh sourceforge.net, freshmeat.net, osalt.com... Hoc bn c th hc hi kinh nghim t nhng ngi i trc, t cng ng; hoc c th thu t vn t cc cng ty chuyn cung cp cc dch v h tr ng dng phn mm t do ngun m. Khu nh gi c th thc hin cc th nghim thc t vi cc phn mm tm c, s loi v a vo trong danh sch; thm ch c th lp bng cho im i vi tng phn mm theo chc nng, mc n nh... V c bn, qu trnh la chn phn mm nn u tin ch trng n mc pht trin, hot ng n nh ca phn mm, thay v ch tm vo vic nhiu chc nng (min l p ng cc chc nng ti thiu loi bt buc). 6.2. H thng cc phn mm m ngun m ng dng trong KD S dng phn mm t do ngun m mang li rt nhiu li ch cho t chc v doanh nghip trong qun l, sn xut, kinh doanh. Phn mm t do ngun m rt a dng, ph hp vi nhiu nhu cu ng dng chung cng nh chuyn bit ca tng ngnh ngh. Trong cun sch ny, chng ti mun gii thiu s lc mt s lnh vc, nhu cu m phn mm t do ngun m c th p ng. Bi tnh a dng ca phn mm t do ngun m nh c cp phn trn, chng ti khng c k vng lit k c ht cc ngnh ngh, nhu cu, lnh vc m phn mm t do ngun m c th p ng; ch xin lit k, m t y mt s phn mm t do ngun m hu dng, vi cht lng, tnh sn sng cao, kh nng cung ng dch v trn th trng ln. Chng ny dnh mt mc cho cc phn mm t do ngun m dnh cho my trm. y cng l cc phn mm c khuyn co s dng rng ri trong h thng cc c quan nh nc (thm ch mang tnh bt buc mt s c quan) v ton x hi ni chung.

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Cc mc tip theo m t cc phn mm t do ngun m dnh cho cc h thng thng tin chuyn bit, hot ng trn mi trng mng, p ng cc nhu cu v chc nng khc nhau. 6.3 Phn mm trn my trm (PC, Laptop) Unikey Unikey l b g ting Vit gn nh v tin dng, chy trn tt c cc h iu hnh my tnh, h tr nhiu bng m (TCVN3/ABC, TCVN-6909/Unicode, VNI, VIRQ...) v nhiu cch g khc nhau (Telex, Vni...). Unikey l phn mm t do ngun m, pht hnh theo giy php bn quyn t do GPL. Website: http://www.unikey.org/ Mozilla Firefox Mozilla Firefox hin l trnh duyt web ph bin ch sau Internet Explorer, chim gn 30% th phn. Firefox tch hp cc tnh nng tin tin vt tri, vi tc lt web t cc i, hot ng trn tt c cc nn tng h iu hnh my tnh ph bin. Duyt web bng Firefox, ngi s dng c bo v mt cch ti a khi cc phn mm, trang web c hi, bo m tnh ring t ca ngi lt web. Km theo hng ngn cc phn m rng c pht trin, ty bin bi mt cng ng rng ln (mt trong cc cng ng phn mm t do ngun m ln nht trn th gii), khin tnh nng ca Firefox h tr cho ngi duyt web v ng dng cng thm phong ph. Firefox h tr tt c cc chun cng ngh hin c ng dng rng ri trn Internet. Firefox tr thnh chun trong hu ht cc bn phn phi Linux, c s dng rng ri trn Windows v c bit c la chn lm thnh phn cho nhiu ng dng khc, c phn mm t do ngun m ln phn mm thng mi. 125

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Firefox l phn mm t do ngun m pht hnh theo 3 giy php bn quyn t do MPL, GPL, LGPL. Website: http://www.mozilla.com/en-US/firefox/firefox.html Mozilla Thunderbird Mozilla Thunderbird l phn mm c tin, qun l th in t t do ngun m ca Qu Mozilla. D n ny ly hnh mu t Mozilla Firefox, mt d n nhm ti vic to ra mt trnh duyt web. Phin bn 1.0 pht hnh 7/12/2004 c ngay 500,000 ti v trong 3 ngy v 1,000,000 ti v trong 10 ngy. Vi mc tiu tr thnh phn mm c th in t gn nh phn li chnh ca Thunderbird ch bao gm cc chc nng c bn nh gi/nhn th in t, c tin, t chc, sp xp, tm kim th, lc th rc; cc chc nng b sung khc nh qun l thng tin c nhn c cung cp di dng cc phn m rng, pht trin bi cng ng. Thunderbird h tr tt c cc chun Internet lin quan n th in t ph bin nh POP3, IMAP, SMTP, LDAP, RSS/Atom, S/MIME, OpenPGP, SSL/TLS... Thunderbird hot ng trn tt c cc nn tng h iu hnh my tnh ph bin. Tng t nh Firefox, Thunderbird pht hnh theo 3 giy php bn quyn t do MPL, GPL, LGPL. Website: http://www.mozillamessaging.com/en-US/thunderbird/ OpenOffice.org OpenOffice.org l b phn mm vn phng t do ngun m thng c bit n vi ci tn ngn gn OpenOffice, c pht hnh theo giy php LGPL v hot ng trn tt c cc nn tng h iu hnh my tnh ph bin. OpenOffice h tr tiu chun ISO/IEC v nh dng ti liu m ODF nh nh dng ngm nh; ngoi ra, OpenOffice cn h tr nh dng ti liu Microsoft Office (bao gm c nh dng ti liu MS Office 2007, nh dng m ngay c MS 126

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Office 2003 cng khng c c) v mt s nh dng ti liu vn phng thng dng khc. Vi mc tiu tr thnh b phn mm thay th MS Office, giao din OpenOffice c thit k tng t v ngi dng hu nh khng mt nhiu thi gian lm quen vi phn mm mi khi chuyn sang. B ng dng OpenOffice gm cc ng dng sau: Writer: phn mm son tho vn bn, tng t Word Calc: phn mm bng tnh, tng t Excel Impress: phn mm trnh din, tng t PowerPoint Base: phn mm c s d liu, tng t Access Draw: phn mm v hnh, x l nh, tng t Visio Math: phn mm son tho cng thc, tng t Equation Editor Ni thm v nh dng ti liu m ODF, y l nh dng ti liu u tin c cng nhn tiu chun ISO v c h tr bi tt c cc b phn mm vn phng; MS Office mi ra gn y cng chnh thc h tr nh dng m ny. Khc vi cc chun nh dng ti liu ng, ODF bao gm bn c t y v cng khai, gip cho cc nh pht trin phn mm c th to ra cc sn phm h tr ng 100% nh dng ti liu ny; kt qu l nhng ngi s dng khc nhau, s dng cc b phn mm vn phng khc nhau c th chia s ti liu ca mnh khng gii hn. Hin cng vi Mozilla Firefox, OpenOffice c cng ng ngi s dng Vit Nam, di s ti tr ca b Khoa hc v Cng ngh, Vit ha ton b giao din, hng dn, tr gip cng nh thm cc tnh nng c th nh kim tra chnh t ting Vit, chuyn i ng m t TCVN3 sang Unicode... Website: http://www.openoffice.org/ H iu hnh my trm Ni n h iu hnh my trm, ngi ta nhc nhiu n MS Windows, nht l Vit Nam. Tuy nhin c mt h iu hnh my trm ang ni ln, chim lnh, chia 127

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s th phn vi Windows rt mnh, c bit trong khong thi gian vi nm tr li y, l Linux. Linux c mt trong hu ht cc lnh vc ca cuc sng t hng khng v tr, ngn hng, ti chnh, cng nghip, nng nghip n gia dng... Linux h tr mi nn tng phn cng t nhng my ch cc ln, my ch thng, my bn, my xch tay, my tnh mng n cc thit b di ng, in thoi thng minh, thit b nhng... Cc bn phn phi Linux hin c mt, ang c ng dng rng ri Vit Nam v c h tr bi cc cng ty chuyn cung cp dch v cng nh cng ng c th k n: Asianux, hin vi hng ngn my ch, hn 100,000 my trm c pht hnh v gn 100,000 phin bn a DVD c pht min ph trn phm vi ton quc, Asianux ang chim mt th phn ng k, vi s lng ngi dng cc k ng o. Asianux tin thn l s hp tc ca 3 nc pht trin nht khu vc ng v trn th gii bao gm Nht Bn, Hn Quc v Trung Quc, sau kt np thm Vit Nam v Thi Lan vi phng chm 4-cng: cng pht trin sn phm, cng thng hiu, cng qung b v cng nhau h tr. Vit Nam, i din hp tc pht trin l trung tm Asianux Vit Nam, trc thuc cng ty VietSoftware, c tr s ti H Ni, ph trch ton b cng tc pht trin, bn a ha, qung b v cung cp dch v h tr ti Vit Nam v cc nc ln cn. Ubuntu, hin l mt trong nhng bn phn phi Linux ph bin nht hin ti, vi s lng ngi dng ng o trn ton th gii. D n Vit ha Ubuntu, thc hin bi cng ng ngi s dng, di s ti tr ca b Khoa hc v Cng ngh gip Ubuntu c ch ng vng vng hn Vit Nam. D n cng cung cp bn dch ngun qu gi, ng dng cho hu ht cc bn phn phi Linux (y cng l mt c tnh m, tin tin ca phn mm t do ngun m: khi bn ng gp cho 128

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mt cng ng nh, mt cng ng ln hn c th c hng li t nhng thnh qu chia s ca bn) Fedora, tng t nh Ubuntu, c Vit ha gn nh ton b. Ngi s dng c th la chn ting Vit, ting Anh hay bt c ngn ng no trong hn 200 ngn ng c dch. Xut pht im l mt d n m c ti tr bi Red Hat, mt trong cc cng ty ngun m ln nht th gii, Fedora gi y tr thnh mt trong cc d n phn mm t do ngun m vi cng ng ng o bc nht. Cho d l c pht hnh ti tay ngi tiu dng theo hnh dng ca bn phn phi no, Linux cng c nhng c tnh khng th trng lp bi kh nng bo mt, hiu nng hot ng, tc , n nh, tnh d m rng v nhiu c tnh vt tri khc vi chi ph u t, vn hnh c bit tit kim, ch bng khong 20-30% so vi u t phn mm bn quyn tng ng (mt c tnh kh chung ca cc phn mm t do ngun m) Linux c pht hnh theo giy php bn quyn m GPL. Website: http://www.kernel.org/ http://www.asianuxvietnam.vn/ http://www.ubuntu.com/ http://fedoraproject.org/ 6.4. Phn mm qun tr th in t v h tr lm vic cng tc (Messaging and Collaboration) Zimbra Collaboration Suite Zimbra CS l b phn mm t do ngun m qun l th in t v h tr lm vic cng tc. D n Zimbra khi ngun t mt cng ty nh ti San Mateo, California, USA., sau c Yahoo! mua li vi thng v 350 triu USD vo cui nm 2007. 129

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Zimbra bao gm c phn mm my ch v phn mm my trm, pht hnh theo giy php kp gm phin bn t do ngun m theo giy php m Yahoo Public License v phin bn thng mi cha mt s thnh phn m ngun ng nng cao (nh tch hp Outlook, iSync...). Zimbra h tr ton b cc nhu cu lm vic cng tc vi th in t, s a ch, lch lm vic nhm, giao vic, ti liu, chat ni b... tt c u c th chia s c, trn mt giao din web-based h tr cng ngh Ajax, vi chc nng t chc lu tr v tm kim cc mnh. Ngi s dng c th php kt ni n my ch Zimbra qua trnh duyt (Internet Explorer, Firefox...), cc phn mm th in t thng dng (Outlook, Thunderbird...), qua chnh phn mm Zimbra Desktop dnh cho trm lm vic (vi chc nng h tr truy cp offline) hoc qua cc thit b di ng. Website: http://www.zimbra.com/ http://www.iwayvietnam.com/moi-truong-cong-tac.html Asterisk Asterisk l phn mm t do ngun m h tr in thoi IP v tng i s. Nh mi tng i bnh thng khc, Asterisk cho php ngi dng kt ni in thoi s thc hin cc cuc gi m thoi v/hoc hnh nh cho nhau theo hnh thc im-im, hi ngh (conference call), hp th thoi, tng i h tr (call center)... thng qua mng ni b, din rng v c Internet. Asterisk cng cho php kt ni vi h thng in thoi thng thng PSTN qua cc phn cng m rng. Bng vic h tr a dng cc loi hnh m thoi truyn thng cng nh k thut s, Asterisk cho php trin khai cc h thng thay th tng i bnh thng, thm cc tnh nng cao cp hoc thc hin cc cuc gi qua Internet nhm tit kim chi ph. Asterisk pht hnh theo giy php kp, vi phin bn t do ngun m tun theo giy php m GPL, v phin bn thng mi. Khi u thit k chy trn 130

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Linux, Asterisk hin ti h tr hot ng trn tt c cc h iu hnh my tnh thng dng. Website: http://www.asterisk.org/ DimDim DimDim l phn mm t do ngun m h tr m thoi hnh nh, hi ngh trc tuyn qua web vi cc chc nng nh m thoi hnh nh, chia s my lm vic, trnh din... DimDim pht hnh phin bn thng mi di dng my ch o, v phin bn t do ngun m theo giy php m GPL. Website: http://www.dimdim.com/ 6.5. Phn mm qun tr ni dung website (CMS) Drupal Drupal l phn mm t do ngun m h tr qun tr ni dung website, pht hnh theo giy php m GPL. Drupal hin c s dng rng ri qun tr cc th loi website, t nhng blog c nhn nh, n nhng website thng mi ln, website chnh ph, m in hnh gn y nht l c dng cho website whitehouse.gov ca Nh Trng. Phn li ca Drupal bao gm cc chc nng c bn qun tr ni dung website nh: qun l ngi dng, qun l trnh n, qun l tin bi, ty bin giao din, qun tr log v qun tr h thng. Cu trc m ca Drupal cho php cng ng t xy dng thm cc phn m rng ghp ni vo d dng. Cng bi l do ny, Drupal cn c gi l nn tng qun tr ni dung hay nn tng ng dng web. Drupal cho php ngi s dng t pht trin thm cc thnh phn; tuy nhin, ngi s dng hon ton khng cn n kin thc lp trnh nu ch mun khi to v qun tr mt website thng thng.

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Drupal c vit v chy trn PHP nn cho php hot ng trn tt c cc h iu hnh ph bin. Website: http://drupal.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupal Joomla Joomla! l phn mm t do ngun m h tr qun tr ni dung website tng t Drupal, pht hnh theo giy php GPL. D n Joomla c tch ra t mt d n tng t rt pht trin trong khong 4-5 nm v trc mang tn Mambo. Joomla cng vi Drupal hin ang l hai phn mm t do ngun m h tr qun tr ni dung website thng dng v c a chung nht trn Internet. Mi phn mm u c mt vi u im ring nhng tu chung u hng n xy dng mt nn tng m, mt cng ng pht trin mnh v h tr cho ngi qun tr website theo nhng cch thc tin dng nht (Drupal c mt cht u im hn vi phn li c lp trnh cng phu, lin tc v nht trong cc cuc bnh chn hng nm phn mm t do ngun m h tr vit bng PHP h tr qun tr ni dung website tt nht k t nm vi nm tr li y). Joomla hin c mt cng ng kh mnh ti Vit Nam, vi din n JoomlaViet.org chuyn tin bi, tho lun v cc thng tin xung quanh lin quan cng nh cng nhau ng gp pht trin cc phn m rng cho Joomla. Website: http://www.joomla.org/ WordPress ... Website: http://wordpress.org/ 6.6. Phn mm ca hng trc tuyn (Shopping Cart) Ubercart 132

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Ubercart l phn mm t do ngun m chuyn dng cho ca hng trc tuyn, pht hnh theo giy php m GPL, tch hp v ci t nh mt phn m rng ca Drupal, tn dng cc u im vt tri ca phn li Drupal v cc thnh phn m rng khc. Ubercart cho php xy dng ca hng trc tuyn mua bn cc sn phm truyn thng hu hnh ( gia dng, t, xe my, my tnh...) cng nh cc sn phm k thut s (m th co, phn mm, ti liu, nh k thut s, ph thnh vin trc tuyn...) Ubercart cho php qun l nhm sn phm, sn phm, cc thuc tnh ring cho tng sn phm, chc nng t hng, x l n hng trc tuyn, n hng bnh thng, t ng to ti khon ngi mua, nhiu la chn vn chuyn hng... Ubercart tch hp vi rt nhiu cc cng thanh ton trc tuyn v cho php ngi dng t pht trin phn tch hp ring. Cng thanh ton trc tuyn OnePay.com ti Vit Nam chnh thc c h tr t thng 12/2009 vi phn m rng c ng gp pht trin bi cng ng Vit Nam, cng ty iWay. Website: http://www.ubercart.org/ VirtueMart Tng t nh Ubercart v Drupal, cng ng Joomla cng pht trin mt m un chuyn dng cho ca hng trc tuyn, VirtueMart, pht hnh theo giy php m GPL. VirtueMart cng tng t Ubercart, c nhng m un chuyn dng, h tr cho cc tnh nng c bn v cao cp cn thit vn hnh mt ca hng trc tuyn. VirtueMart tch hp vi Joomla kt ni ca hng trc tuyn vi cc thng tin gii thiu v cng ty v nhiu thng tin lin quan khc. Website: http://virtuemart.net/ osCommerce 133

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... Website: http://www.oscommerce.com/

6.7. Phn mm qun tr quan h khch hng (CRM) SugarCRM SugarCRM l phn mm t do ngun m h tr qun tr quan h khch hng v tng tc vi khch hng; vi cc tnh nng thc hin qung b, bn hng, h tr khch hng, tng tc, phn tch, d o, lp bo co, cng nhiu tnh nng khc. SugarCRM pht hnh theo giy php kp vi phin bn t do ngun m tun theo giy php GPL v phin bn c thm mt vi m un, tnh nng nng cao nh tch hp vi b phn mm vn phng, chng trnh in t, truy cp qua thit b di ng, cc loi phn tch, d bo, bo co nng cao, cng dch v khch hng... SugarCRM xy dng theo kin trc m, cho php ngi s dng pht trin thm cc thnh phn m rng, bn a ha, ty bin mt phn hoc ton b ng dng. SugarCRM vit bng PHP nn c kh nng hot ng trn tt c cc h iu hnh my tnh ph bin. Website: http://www.sugarcrm.com/ vTigerCRM vTigerCRM l mt d n tch ra t SugarCRM vi mc tiu tn dng nn tng c sn, tun theo giy php m GPL ca SugarCRM, ng thi vit thm hoc li cc thnh phn ch c trong phin bn thng mi ca SugarCRM, pht hnh theo giy php n quyn m, gip ngi s dng tip cn cc tnh nng nng cao ny. Tuy nhin ngun lc pht trin cn hn ch, nhng bit cch tn dng li th, u im t sn phm nn SugarCRM v cch thc b tr chc nng, giao din ph hp, vTigerCRM cho thy mt sn phm t do ngun m hon ton cng c nhng li th nht nh. 134

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Website: http://www.vtiger.org/ CiviCRM ... Website: http://civicrm.org/ 6.8. Phn mm hoch nh ti nguyn doanh nghip (ERP) WebERP WebERP l phn mm t do ngun m, pht hnh theo giy php m GPL, ph hp trin khai cc h thng thng tin ti chnh, hoch nh ti nguyn doanh nghip cho cc doanh nghip va v nh. WebERP h tr nhiu tnh nng v k ton, ti chnh, bn hng, qun l kho, nhp/xut hng, qun l sn xut..., c bit hu dng cho nhng doanh nghip sn xut, kinh doanh, thng mi c nhiu vn phng, i l, v bn hng trn khu vc rng. WebERP xy dng trn PHP, theo kin trc m, gn nh, cho php hot ng trn my ch trong vn phng hoc trn Internet, h tr tt c cc h iu hnh ph bin; ngi s dng ch cn trnh duyt v trnh c tp PDF lm vic. Website: http://www.weberp.org/ Compiere, Adempiere, OpenBravo Compiere, Adempiere, OpenBravo l cc phn mm t do ngun m, hoch nh ti nguyn doanh nghip, ph hp vi cc loi hnh doanh nghip. Compiere l d n gc, c pht trin u tin. Sau , do mt vi bt ng khng th gii quyt gia cng ng pht trin v cng ty ti tr, mt nhm pht trin tch ra thnh lp d n Adempiere v ngay lp tc tr thnh mt trong cc d n phn mm t do ngun m si ng nht trn sourceforge.net ch trong vi tun. OpenBravo cng l mt d n tch ra t Compiere v cng t c nhng bc pht trin ht sc tch cc. 135

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D n gc Compiere, v cc bin th Adempiere v OpenBravo c pht trin trn cng ngh Java cho php vn hnh trn tt c cc h iu hnh. Mt mt phn mm c th hot ng vi hiu nng cao, cho php x l cc giao dch ln; nhng mt khc, cng khin cho h thng khng c gn nh nh WebERP. Chnh v vy, cc phn mm ny ph hp hn vi cc doanh nghip va, ln v cc ln. Tnh nng ca cc phn mm ny bao gm: Hoch nh ti nguyn doanh nghip (ERP) Qun l chui cung ng (SCM) Qun l quan h khch hng (CRM) Phn tch hiu qu ti chnh Tch hp gii php im bn hng (POS) Tch hp kho hng trc tuyn Qun l ti nguyn sn xut ... v nhiu tnh nng hu dng khc. Compiere pht hnh theo giy php m GPL (cng m bo tnh hp php cho vic tch thnh cc d n ring nh Adempiere, OpenBravo); trong khi Adempiere vn chn giy php m GPL, cn OpenBravo t xy dng giy php m ring Openbravo Public License, da trn MPL. Website: http://www.compiere.com/ http://www.adempiere.com/ http://www.openbravo.com/ 6.9 Phn mm qun tr ni dung (ECM) KnowledgeTree, ProcessMaker KnowledgeTree l phn mm t do ngun m dng cho qun l ti liu, pht hnh theo giy php m GPL.

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KnowledgeTree cho php t chc, qun l cc dng ti liu trong ton b vng i hot ng, bao gm vic to lp, xem, chnh sa, qun l phin bn, lu trnh tng tc, xut bn, lu tr, chia s... KnowledgeTree cho php tch hp vi cc b ng dng vn phng ph bin v h tr giao din tch hp vi cc ng dng khc. Bn thn KnowledgeTree h tr lu trnh (workflow hay cn gi l business process) mc n gin. Ngi dng c nhu cu xy dng cc lu trnh phc tp hn c mt la chn rt ph hp, l s dng ProcessMaker tch hp cng KnowledgeTree. ProcessMaker phn mm t do ngun m dng cho qun l, xy dng v vn hnh lu trnh, pht hnh theo giy php m AGPL. ProcessMaker h tr cng c thit k cc lu trnh ha ko th gip ngi dng d dng hn trong vic xy dng, ty bin v vn hnh cc lu trnh theo nhu cu cng vic. ProcessMaker tch hp cng KnowledgeTree tr thnh mt gii php ton din, p ng nhu cu v qun tr ti liu v lu trnh cng vic mt cch hiu qu. KnowledgeTree v ProcessMaker u c xy dng trn PHP, hot ng trn tt c cc h iu hnh ph bin. Website: http://www.knowledgetree.com/ http://www.processmaker.com/ Alfresco Alfresco l phn mm t do ngun m dng cho qun tr cc dng ni dung trong doanh nghip nh: ti liu, ni dung xut bn web, phim, nhc, nh, cc dng d liu c cu trc, phi cu trc...

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Alfresco c thit k theo kin trc m, ngi dng c th thm, bt, ghp ni, ty bin, pht trin thm cc thnh phn; ng thi h thng c kh nng m rng d dng. Xy dng trn Java, hot ng trn tt c cc h iu hnh ph bin, h tr tt c cc h c s d liu ln, Alfresco c kh nng vn hnh vi hiu nng cao, trin khai trn nhng h thng my ch ln v cc ln. Ngi dng ch cn trnh duyt l c th truy cp vo h thng chy Alfresco. Ngoi ra, Alfresco h tr rt nhiu cch thc truy cp khc nh: trc tip nh h thng tp (file server), qua FTP, WebDAV hoc chun truy cp lin thng gia cc h thng ECM. Alfresco cng cho php tch hp vi cc b ng dng vn phng ph bin nh MS Office, OpenOffice.org. Alfresco c s dng rt rng ri, l s la chn hng u ca nhiu t chc, doanh nghip ln (bao gm c nhng doanh nghip trong top 500 doanh nghip hng u th gii). Alfresco ot rt nhiu gii thng danh gi. Alfresco pht hnh theo giy php kp, phin bn cng ng pht hnh theo giy php GPL v phin bn thng mi theo bn quyn thng mi (c hai phin bn u ngun m). Website: http://www.alfresco.com/

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CHNG 7. THNG HIU TRC TUYN V TIP TH IN T

7.1. Thng hiu Li th cnh tranh trong thi k hi nhp Theo hip hi marketing ca M th thng hiu chnh l tn, khu hiu, hnh nh, biu tng, kiu dng hoc tng hp ca cc yu t trn nhm nhn ra hng ha v dch v ca mt doanh nghip. Thng hiu dng phn bit doanh nghip vi cc doanh nghip cnh tranh. Hay theo t chc s hu tr tu th gii (WIPO) thng hiu l mt du hiu c bit (bao gm hu hnh v v hnh) nhn bit mt sn phm hng ha hay mt dch v no c sn xut hay c cung cp bi mt c nhn hay t chc Thng hiu khng ch dng li sn phm, nhn hiu nhn bit sn phm ca doanh nghip m n cn l nhng gi tr gia tng lin quan ti sn phm. Vic xy dng thng hiu ca mi doanh nghip n gin l vic xc nh v tr sn phm ca doanh nghip trong tm tr ngi tiu dng. Chnh v vy vic xy dng mt thng hiu mnh ng mt vai tr quan trng bi v n s gip ngi tiu dng d dng nhn ra doanh nghip cng nh sn phm dch v ca doanh nghip. Xy dng mt thng hiu mnh s gip cho ngi tiu dng phn bit doanh nghip vi nhng i th cnh tranh ca doanh nghip. Xy dng thng hiu l qu trnh to v duy tr thng hiu. Qu trnh xy dng thng hiu l s tng ha ca rt nhiu hnh thc khc nhau nhm giao tip vi khch hng v s dng nhng li th cnh tranh vn c ca doanh nghip. Mt trong nhng nguyn tc quan trng xy dng mt thng thnh cng l thng hiu phi dnh cho m ng. Cc doanh nghip thnh cng trn th gii hin nay u tin hnh song song hai chin lc thng hiu trn hai cp quc gia v ton cu. Hai chin lc thng hiu ny s 139

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b tr cho nhau v gip cho doanh nghip thu ht c nhiu khch hng hn na. Thng hiu ton cu l vic s dng tn, khu hiu, hnh nh, biu tng v kiu dng trn ton th gii nhm nhn ra mt sn phm v dch v ca mt doanh nghip vi cc sn phm cng loi ca i th cnh tranh. Hin nay phn ln cc cng ty c thng hiu hng u trn th gii u l cc cng ty ca M nh Coca-Cola, Microsoft, IBM, McDonald, Cc cng ty M chim 40% danh sch 20 cng ty c thng hiu hng u trn th gii. 10 Thng hiu c gi tr ln nht trn th gii nm 2009

Nhng yu t cu thnh gi tr thng hiu c kt ni n biu tng, logo ca cng ty hoc sn phm. Nhng yu t to nn gi tr thng hiu c th khc nhau ty theo mi trng hp. Tuy vy, gi tr thng hiu thng thng nht s c 4 yu t chnh: s trung thnh ca thng hiu (brand loyalty); s nhn bit thng hiu (brand awareness); cht lng cm nhn (perceived quality); s lin tng v thng hiu (brand associations); v cc yu t s hu khc nh: bo h thng hiu, quan h vi knh phn phi 140

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cnh tranh tt hn trn th trng cc cng ty ang c gng xy dng cho mnh mt thng hiu mnh v mt s l do sau: - Mt thng hiu mnh c th lm tng dng tin - Mt thng hiu mnh c th y nhanh tc quay vng ca dng tin - Mt thng hiu mnh c th ko di vng i sn phm - Mt thng hiu mnh c th gim bt ri ro i vi dng tin - Mt thng hiu mnh c th to ra ro chn ngn chn s thm nhp ca i th cnh tranh, nh gim bt nguy c cnh tranh i vi dng tin. Vy xy dng mt thng hiu mnh i hi cc doanh nghip phi p ng nhng nhn t sau: - Hiu c tm quan trng ca thng hiu i vi hot ng ca doanh nghip - Phi bit cch kt ni vi khch hng nhm gy s ch v s trung thnh ca khch hng vi doanh nghip - Hiu rng thng ip em li cho khch hng phi ngn gn nhng li hm cha nhiu n . - Chin lc xy dng thng hiu s gip cho cc nh lnh o d dng a ra cc quyt nh qun l. - ng bao gi c gng lm mi th cho tt c mi ngi.

7.2. Thng hiu trc tuyn bn nn bit

Gi tr thng hiu trc tuyn l nhng gi tr thng hiu truyn thng, ngoi ra n cn bao gm c gi tr tn min ca doanh nghip. Mt doanh nghip thng mi in t thnh cng thng c tn min ngn gn v d nh nh amazon.com, ebay.com, google.com, wal-mart.com, ibm.com Thng hiu trc tuyn ng mt vai tr quan trng cho s thnh cng ca cc cng ty kinh doanh in t. Nu doanh nghip c thng hiu trc 141

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tuyn tt s thu ht c nhiu ngi ti vi trang web ca doanh nghip v tin hnh cc giao dch mua bn trn y. c mt thng hiu trc tuyn thnh cng i hi cc doanh nghip phi tun th theo cc nguyn tc sau: Th nht: tc v chng loi: Ngi tiu dng n vi cc trang web mua sm trc tuyn v s a dng sn phm cng nh c th tin hnh mua hng mt cch nhanh chng. Chnh v vy cc doanh nghip thng mi in t lun c gng a ra nhiu chng loi sn phm khch hng c c nhiu chn la nht. iu ny th hin qua s thnh cng ca amazon.com. Ngay nhng ngy u kinh doanh cng ty ch trng xy dng thng hiu l cng ty c s lng sn phm nhiu nht thng qu slogan ca cng ty ca hng sch ln nht trn th gii - Th hai: c bit ha: y l mt cch khc nhm phn bit thng hiu ca doanh nghip so vi i th cnh tranh l cung cp cc sn phm v gii php c bit ha trn mi trng mng cho khch hng da trn thng tin m h a ra. - Th ba: trang web phi c tnh tng tc cao: xy dng mi lin kt cht ch vi khch hng doanh nghip c th s dng nhng phng thc in t bao gm th bn tin, th in t cho tng i tng khch hng, thng ip t ban qun tr, chat vi khch hng, din n t vn. - Th t: xy dng cng ng: ngi tiu dng rt d b tc ng bi s ng cho nn vic xy dng mt cng ng thnh cng s gip doanh nghip duy tr c mi quan h vi cc hng hin c v thu ht thm nhiu cc khch hng mi. - Th nm: xy dng mt lin minh chin lc: ging nh ng thng hiu, i tc chin lc trn mi trng mng s gip cho doanh nghip c nhiu c hi hin din trn mi trng mng v tng doanh thu cho doanh nghip. C rt nhiu cch lin minh trn mi trng mng nh trao i banner qung co, t lin kt link trn website ca doanh nghip khc. V d lin minh gia nh bn l trc tuyn amazon.com v cng ty gii php thanh 142

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ton Paypal.com. Khi khch hng chp nhn thanh ton bng paypal trn amazon.com th ngay lp tc khch hng s c chuyn ti trang web ca paypal. - Th su: Xy dng c tiu chun ng tin cy: trong th gii s ha cc tiu chun cho h tr khch hng phi co h so vi th gii thc nhm m bo cho cc giao dch c chnh xc. Mt trang web trc tuyn cn phi c tn min gn lin vi doanh nghip, c thng tin lin lc, thit k n gin, d chuyn i gia cc trang, gi c d nhn ra, cho php khch hng c th trao i v phn hi trc tip trn website ca doanh nghip. - Th by: Cung cp nhiu dch v gia tng: Khng phi tt c cc khach hng trc tuyn u nhn ra nhng gi tr gia tng ca thng hiu doanh nghip. Do doanh nghip phi cung cp nhiu tin ch khch hng c th nhn ra nhng gi tr gia tng trong qu trnh s dng nhng tin ch ny. Ngoi ra xy dng mt thng hiu mnh i hi doanh nghip phi chn cho mnh mt tn min ngn gn v d pht m. Trong khong gn 10 nm tr li y cc doanh nghip Vit Nam bit ch xy dng thng hiu cho doanh nghip. Tuy nhin cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn rt l th vi vic xy dng thng hiu trc tuyn. Cch y cha y 5 nm, C ph Trung Nguyn c bit n nh mt cng ty i u v chin lc to dng thng hiu v nhng phng thc bo v, khuch trng thng hiu ca mnh. Trung Nguyn ch trng pht trin thng hiu ring c th trng trong nc v quc t, trn cc phng tin truyn thng i chng v mng Internet. Tuy vy, bi hc v tn min trungnguyen.com vn c nhc n nhiu nh mt v d in hnh v s th ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam vi vic ng k tn min Internet. Nm 2001, khi tn min trungnguyen.com b mt c nhn nhanh chn ng k; Cng ty TNHH Trung Nguyn khng th gii quyt c tranh chp ly li tn min mang thng hiu ca mnh, v mi 2 nm sau, 143

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Trung Nguyn mi chnh thc ng k cho mnh tn min cp 3: trungnguyen.com.vn. 7.3. Mi bc xy dng v qung b website Bc 1. Xc nh mc ch xy dng website Trc khi tin hnh xy dng website phi xc nh xem mc ch xy dng website nhm cung cp thng tin cho khch hng, thng qua website doanh nghip c th gii thiu sn phm ti khch hng bng cng c catalogue in t hay website xy dng nh mt knh bn hng trc tip ca doanh nghipVic xc nh chnh xc mc ch xy dng website s gip cho doanh nghip xy dng website vi ni dung ph hp nh hng khch hng theo mc tiu m doanh nghip ra. Loi hnh website ph thuc vo bn cht hot ng kinh doanh ca cng ty cng nh mc tiu xy dng website. Mt website qung co di dng catalo in t l hnh thc d dng xy dng nht. Nhng website dng ny thng bao gm cc loi hnh catalo khc nhau, qung co, v cc thng tin a ch email lin lc. Cn vi mt doanh nghip xc nh xy dng mt trang web giao dch th ngoi cc thng tin v sn phm v dch v di dng catalo th trang web cn tch hp nhng phn mm ng dng thng mi in t nh gi mua hng, gii php thanh ton trc tuyn. Nhng website dng ny xy dng rt phc tp v n i hi vn v cng ngh h tr giao dch cng nh cng ngh bo mt cho s thnh cng ca mi giao dch. Hin nay c rt nhiu phn mm ngun m h tr thc hin cc giao dch trc tuyn trn website. Vic xc nh mc tiu xy dng website nh mt trang thng tin hay mt trang giao dch s gip doanh nghip xc nh xem lu lng lu tr website l bao nhiu. Trn c s cng ty s tm kim nh cung cp dch v lu tr my ch ph hp. i vi mt trang thng tin th khng nht thit i hi mt c s lu tr thng tin ln nh mt trang web giao dch. 144

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Bc 2. ng k tn min Tn min l a ch kinh doanh ca doanh nghip trn mi trng mng. Tn min c th c s dng nh l mt phn ca a ch th in t ca cng ty. Khi chn tn min doanh nghip nn chn nhng tn ngn, d nh v d m t. V d tn min ca cng ty my tnh IBM l ibm.com. Nu tn min khng d miu t th doanh nghip nn chn nhng tn min ngn gn v d nh. V d khi t tn min, cng ty amazon c rt nhiu s chn la nh AmazonBookstore.com, AmazoBooksandCDs.com hay AmazonPrintantMulitmedia.com, nhng cng ty li chn tn min n gin nht l amazon.com. Tn min bao gm hai phn khc nhau. V d nh i vi cng ty amazon.com th tn min gm hai phn l amazon v .com chnh v vy khi t tn min doanh nghip cng cn ch ng k nhiu tn min khc nhau trnh s nhm ln cho ngi dng khi doanh nghip c c nhng thnh cng nht nh. Bc 3. a c s d liu website ln mt my ch C s d liu trang web cn phi lu trc trong mt my tnh c tin cy, bo mt cao khi kt ni vi internet. Hosting website chnh l vic cung cp cc ngun lc lu tr, cung cp website ti ngi dng. Doanh nghip c th t mnh host trang web hoc c th thu mt cng ty chuyn cung cp dch v hosting. Li th ca vic t hosting l doanh nghip hon ton kim sot c trang web ca mnh. Doanh nghip s khng mt thi gian tm hiu cch thc th tc hosting website ca nh dch v v khng phi tr ph cho vic s dng bng thng rng v thu ch lu tr c s d liu. Tuy nhin vic t mnh hosting s gy cho doanh nghip mt s phin toi nh phi mua v duy tr phn cng v phn mm. Bc 4. T xy dng website hoc thu nh thit k v pht trin web quyt nh xem doanh nghip s t xy dng website hay thu nh thit k v pht trin web th doanh nghip cn phi tr li nhng cu hi sau: 145

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- Dch v hosting cng cung cp cc cng c v template h tr doanh nghip xy dng khng? Nu nh cc nh cung cp dch v hosting cung cp nhng dch v ny th ch cn vi mt cht hiu bit v cng ngh, doanh nghip c th t mnh nhanh chng to ra mt website m khng mt mt ng chi ph no. - Ngn sch ca doanh nghip l bao nhiu? Thu nh thit k v lp trnh s mt nhiu chi ph hn l t doanh nghip xy dng. - Kh nng thit k ca doanh nghip ti u? Khng phi doanh nghip no cng bit ht cc k thut xy dng website. C nhng cng ngh v k thut doanh nghip c th bit, c mt s ci th khng. Website ca doanh nghip phi tha mn 7C sau: Hnh thc (Context): website c hnh thc p s thu ht c s ch ca khch hng. Ni dung (Content) ca website bao gm text, video, m thnh, hnh nh, tn min ca trang web, sn phm dch v v thng tin a ra trn trang web. Cng ng (Community) cho thy mc tng tc gia nhng ngi dng vi nhau ch khng phi gia ngi dng v nh qun tr website. Ngi dng c th giao tip vi nhau thng qua email, tr chi trc tuyn hoc thng qua cc chat room, din n. C bit ha (Customization) cho php ngi dng c th t thit k cho c nhn mt giao din trang web ring hoc doanh nghip s t c bit ha giao din cho ngi dng. Giao tip (Communication) ca website cho thy mc tng tc gia nh qun tr website vi ngi dng. Mc giao tip c th chia thnh 3 loi: giao tip gia qun tr website vi ngi dng nh nhng thng bo ca nh qun tr cho ngi dng, giao tip gia ngi dng vi nh qun tr nh yu cu 146

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

dch v khch hng trc tip trn website hoc thng qua email, v giao tip tng tc hai chiu thng qua chtroom. Kt ni (Connect) ca website th hin kh nng lin kt ca website vi cc website ca cc doanh nghip khc Thng mi (Commerce) ca website l vic doanh nghip tin hnh bn cc sn phm, dch v trc tuyn thng qua y. Bc 5. Ti u ha trang web cho cc cng c tm kim C rt nhiu cng c qung b website. Trong nhng hnh thc th qung b qua cng c tm kim c xem l hiu qu. Hu ht ngi tiu dng bit ti trang web ca doanh nghip l thng qua cc cng c tm kim. Tuy nhin marketing doanh nghip thng qua cc cng c tm kim hiu qu th doanh nghip phi tm cho mnh mt t kha tm kim m miu t chnh xc doanh nghip v c nhiu ngi tm kim nhiu nht. Bc 6. Kim tra website v a vo hot ng. Sau khi xy dng xong website doanh nghip phi kim tra website trc khi a vo hot ng. Doanh nghip phi kim tra ng link ca trang web v phi chc chn rng text, hnh nh, mu sc v trnh by cc trang l ng theo yu cu ca doanh nghip. Hin nay c rt nhiu cng c min ph gip doanh nghip kim tra website nh netmechanic.com cho kim tra nh vn cc t, kim tra ng link, kh nng tng thch ca trang web vi cc trnh duyt vSau khi kim tra, nu doanh nghip tha mn vi kt qu th doanh nghip s a website vo hot ng. Bc 7. Qung b website Ngn sch ca doanh nghip s quyt nh chin lc website. Tuy nhin c mt s iu m doanh nghip nn lm ngay: - Doanh nghip cn phi chc chn rng ng link thm chiu ca website (URL) phi c gn vi cc cng c qung co v marketing. Hoc in trn danh thip ca doanh nghip, trang vng, a ch email.

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- ng k website vi cc cng c tm kim ph bin nh google, yahoo, alta vista v MSN. - ng thng tin ca doanh nghip trn cc trang vng, cng thng tin thng mi ni c s lng ngi truy cp nhiu hoc trang web ca cc hip hi nghnh ngh m doanh nghip tham gia. Bc 8. nh gi mc thanh cng ca website thng qua s lng ngi truy cp i vi cc doanh nghip thng mi in t nh gi mc tha dng cng nh cm nhn ca khch hng vi cc sn phm dch v ca doanh nghip l rt kh khn. Cc doanh nghip ny thng ch nh gi mc tha dng ca khch hng thng qua lng khch hng truy cp, lng khch hng s dng dch v ca doanh nghip, lng khch hng quay tr li vi doanh nghip v nhng phn hi ca khch hng thng qua mi trng mng. thng k c nhng con s ny doanh nghip phi s dng ti phn mm ci t trn trang web. Doanh nghip c th s dng cc ng dng min ph trn mng nh pagerank, google analytics hoc tr tin mua cc ng dng phn mm ny. Khi s dng dch v hosting t nh cung cp th doanh nghip cn phi yu cu nh cung cp cung cp phn mm phn tch. Bc 9. nh gi nhng phn hi ca khch hng Trn cc website thng c mc cho php khch hng phn hi. y cng l mt cch doanh nghip nh gi mc hiu qu ca trang web cng nh hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. C hai hnh thc ly phn hi ca khch hng l thng qua iu tra trc tuyn hoc qua din n. Bc 10. nh gi Sa cha nh gi xy dng v qung b website i hi doanh nghip phi tin hnh rt nhiu cng vic. Do doanh nghip cn phi nhn nhn v nh gi li kt qu ca cc cng vic m bo mi cng vic u c kt ni vi nhau v hot ng hiu qu p ng ng mc tiu m doanh nghip ra. Nu c bt c 148

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

nhng li no trong cc hot ng trn th doanh nghip phi nhanh chng tin hnh khc phc.

7.4. Mt s cng c marketing in t hiu qu Marketing trc tuyn gip cho y nhanh qu trnh mua hng ca khch hng. Qu trnh mua hng ca khch hang thng thng qua 4 giai on nh sau: khch hang nhn ra ci mnh mun v cn, tm kim thng tin, nh gi cc chn la v tin hnh mua. Vy tin hnh hot ng marketing hiu qu th i hi doanh nghip phi hiu r nhu cu v mong mun ca khch hng trong cc giai on on ny. Mi giai on doanh nghip c th tin hnh mt hot ng marketing khc nhau. 7.4.1. Qung co thng qua cc cng c tm kim: Qung co thng qua cc cng c tm kim ngy nay tr thnh cng c web quan trng nht cho cc nh qung co. Mi ngy c hng trm triu khch hng tm kim trn internet rmi ngy. V iu tt yu qung co bng cc cng c tm kim tr thnh phng tin qung co ph bin cho tt c cc doanh nghip thng mi in t. Qung co bng cng c tm kim l bt k hnh thc no ca hnh thc qung co tr tin da trn giao dch. Chi ph cho hot ng ny s c cc nh qung co tr cho cc nh cung cp dch v tm kim nh Google, Yahoo, MSN, m bo rng website s c nhiu ngi bit ti hn trong kt qu tm kim. Qung co bng t kha s gip doanh nghip s gip doanh nghip to dng thng hiu, tng doanh thu cho doanh nghip cng nh s phn hi ca ngi dng internet. Mt trong nhng li th m qung co trc tuyn chnh l doanh nghip c th tnh ton trc c hu ht 100% chi ph b ra.

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Hin nay c rt nhiu cng c tm kim h tr cho hot ng marketing qung b doanh nghip khc nhau. Tuy nhin th Google adwords l mt trong nhng cng c qung co bng t kha ph bin nht hin nay. Google adwords c mi ngi bit ti v s dng nhiu l do n trnh by thng tin mt cch chi tit cng nh chi ph cho mi c kch chut tm kim l cao 7.4.2. Marketing thng qua cc catalog in t Catalog in t cng ging catalog giy. Catalog in t ph bin trong nhng nm u ca thng mi in t nhng nhanh chng sau khng c cc nh qung co a dng bi v cc trang qu di v mt nhiu thi gian ti v. Tuy nhin nm 2009 s ngi dng internet bng thng rng ngy cng tng. Ring ti M 89% h gia nh ang dng ng truyn internet. V nh vy c th trong thi gian ti catalog in t s c s dng li. Cc catalog in t gip cho cc doanh nghip nh c th tip cn c vi khch hng tim nng. Trong nm 2009 s lng catalog in t tng gp i so vi cng k nm 2005. Chc nng chnh ca catalog in t chnh l trnh by cc sn phm ca doanh nghip. Catalog in t c ng ti hnh nh sn phm, thng tin miu t sn phm, kch thc, mu sc, nguyn liu cu thnh v thng tin gi c sn phm. C hai loi catalog trc tuyn khc nhau bao gm catalog di dng trnh by ton trang v catalog trnh by theo kiu cc . Hu ht cc nh bn l trc tuyn l s dng catalog dng cc gii thiu c nhiu sn phm. Hin nay cc doanh nghip nh amazon.com, gap.com, LLbean.com ang s dng cc catalog dng ny. 7.4.3. S dng banner tin hnh hot ng marketing Qung co bng banner (banner ads): l mt hnh thc qung co ph bin v c nhiu ngi la chn bi v thi gian ti nhanh, d thit k, thay i, d chn vo website nht. Qung co kiu di bng (banner) 150

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

Qung co trn web bt u vi cc di bng c hnh ch nht trn cc trang web. Cc di bng ny c kch c khc nhau nhng thng l 7 inch v cao khong 1 inch hay 468x60 pixel (im nh). a s qung co di bng cha mt lin kt vi trang web ca nh marketing cho php nhn chut v n thng trang web . Khng ging cc qung co xut bn phm, qung co di bng khng ch thu ht c s ch ca khch hng m cn c th cung cp cho khch hng nhng tin tc chi tit v ni dung qung co ngay trn my vi tnh ca h. C 3 loi di bng qung co chnh: tnh, ng v tng tc: Di bng qung co tnh: Di bng qung co tnh l cc nh c nh trn mt site no , tng t nh mt qung co trn mt tp ch hay nht bo. Di bng qung co ng: y l nhng di bng c th di chuyn cun li hoc di hnh thc no . Hu ht cc di bng qung co kiu ny s dng hnh nh dng file c ui.GIF hot ng ging nh nhng cun sch lt gm nhiu hnh nh ni tip. Hu ht cc di bng ng c t 2 n 20 khung. Qung co kiu di bng tng tc: Di bng tng tc c chia lm 2 loi: HTML v rich media. - Di bng HTML thuc loi cng ngh thp ch cho php khch hng nhp d liu vo di bng tin hnh la chn t menu nt bm radio hoc menu ko xung trong phm vi di bng. Di bng HTML cho php ngi tham gia chn phn site cn xem hoc tr li cu hi theo mu hay tham gia vo cc tr chi. - Di bng rich media, theo nh ngha ca ng Tom Hespos gim c truyn thng ca hng K2 Design, "l mt cng ngh cho php th hin c thng ip qung co chi tit hn, hoc mc tng tc cao hn so vi qung co di bng GIF chun". Rich media c xem l loi qung co c di thng cao, gy nh hng vi khch hng nhiu hn loi qung co dng 151

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di bng ng GIF. Di bng rich media cho php khch hng hon tt vic giao dch trong qung co m khng ra khi trang web ca nh thit k. 7.4.4. Marketing thng qua email: Marketing bng email l mt hnh thc qung co trc tuyn ph bin nht hin nay. y l hnh thc qung co trc tip hiu qu, cho php doanh nghip qung b sn phm v dch v ti khch hng mt cch nhanh nht vi chi ph thp. Vic s dng email tin hnh hot ng marketing l nhm mc ch tng cng mi quan h gia doanh nghip vi khch hng hin ti, khuyn khch khch hng trung thnh cng vi s pht trin ca doanh nghip. Ni dung chnh ca cc email marketing thng l cung cp thng tin cho khch hng v nhng sn phm dch v mi ca doanh nghip hay nhng u i m doanh nghip dnh cho khch hng. Mt trong nhng li ch ln nht ca marketing bng email chnh l doanh nghip c th tip cn c vi tt c khch hng trn ton cu trong khong thi gian ngn nht vi chi ph thp nht. Vic s dng email tin hnh hot ng marketing em li cho doanh nghip rt nhiu li ch. Tuy nhin, bn cnh doanh nghip cng gp phi mt s kho khn khi tin hnh hot ng ny. Bt li m tt c mi ngi u nhn thy khi tin hnh hot ng marketing bng email chnh l th ca doanh nghip c th c xem nh l th rc. y l vn v cng au u vi doanh nghip bi v doanh nghip vn mt tin trin khai trong khi khng t c mt hiu qu no. 7.4.5. Marketing lan ta: Marketing lan ta l mt chin lc ca mt doanh nghip khuyn khch cc c nhn chuyn tip cc thng ip marketing ti ngi khc nhm to pht trin khch hng tim nng theo cp s nhn. Hnh thc marketing lan ta ging nh l vic pht tn virus. Nu trong marketing truyn thng th hnh thc pht tn ny hay cn gi l marketing truyn ming. 152

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Hin nay c rt nhiu website truyn thng cho php ngi xem gi nhng bn tin ti bn b nh CNN.com, VOA.com,

Businessweek.comHng film Universal li c mt chin lc marketing lan ta c o hn rt nhiu. H t ba my quay webcam xung quanh tr s lm vic. Universal cho php khch hng s dng chng chp nh trong khun vin tr s v gi chng ti bn b. Trung bnh mi webcam khch hng c th gi c 4 thip in t ti bn b, nh vy s c hn 6 triu hnh nh ca cng ty s c gi ti khch hng tim nng. Nh chin lc marketing lan ta ny Universal s tao dng v pht trin thng hiu ca mnh. Marketing lan ta c xem l mt trong nhng hnh thc marketing trc tuyn hiu qu nht hin nay. Cc hnh thc marketing lan ta c bin th theo gii gian, tuy nhin hin nay c 3 hnh thc marketing lan ta dc mi ngi bit ti: Marketing lan ta da trn sn phm v dch v; Markeing lan ta chuyn tip; Marketing lan ta truyn ming. 7.4.6. Marketing lin kt: Marketing lin kt l hot ng marketing da trn mng internet. Marketing lin kt n gin ch l mt bn hp ng ca mt cng ty (marketer) ha s tr tin cho cng ty khc (affiliate) nu ginh c doanh s bn hng thng qua website ca cng ty lin kt. Nh vy marketing lin kt n gin l marketing tr tin, tc l ngi bn hng trc tuyn s nhn c mt khon hoa hng nh gii thiu mt doanh nghip khc ti ngi tiu dung. Hoa hng c th da trn doanh s hng bn c thng qua gii thiu, tnh trn s ln click chut hay tng s tin nht nh cho vic gii thiu. Marketing lin kt trin khai da trn qui m m ng. M hnh marketing lin kt ging vi vi m hnh marketing a cp. Thng qua chng trnh marketing lin kt doanh nghip s xy dng cho mnh mt h 153

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

thng i l rng khp. Khi tham gia vo hnh thc marketing lin kt th doanh nghip ch phi tr tin ph hoa hng khi bn c hng. Hin nay c rt nhiu cng c cho doanh nghip tin hnh chng trnh marketing lin kt. Mt trong s phi k ti google adwords. y l mt hnh thc marketing lin kt hoa hng trn mi c click chut. Google adwords cho php cc nh marketer t cc qung co nh trn cc website ca google hay trn chnh trang tm kim ca google. Cc qung co ny thng nm bn phi ca danh sch tm kim. 7.4.7. Marketing thng qua mng x hi Mng x hi l mt cng ng trc tuyn kt ni cc c nhn trn khp ton cu li vi nhau. Thng qua mng x hi cc c nhn c th chia s nhng s thch v hot ng ca bn thn. Mng x hi cung cp rt nhiu tin ch cho cc c nhn c th giao tip vi nhau nh blog, email, tn nhn, bn tin cp nht. Khng ging nh cc phng tin truyn thng, cc trang mng x hi khng ch cho php ngi dng c th giao tip c vi nhau m cn ngi dng tm kim nhng c nhn c chung s thch. Cc c nhn c chung s thch c th cng nhau xy dng ln mt cng ng. Nhng cng ng ny s to ln mt sc mnh ca m ng. Trong mng x hi cc thnh vin c th cng lc ng hai vai tr ngi cung cp ni dung v ngi tm kim thng tin. Mng x hi c xy dng trn nn web 2.0 cho php ngi dng d dng chia s thng tin, hnh nh, phim nh vi dung lng ln. iu ny ng ngha vi vic trin khai hot ng marketing trn cc mng x hi ny s gip cho doanh nghip tn dng c nhng li th ca mng x hi ny em li. Li ch u tin khi tin hnh marketing trn mng x hi chnh l vic doanh nghip li dng c sc mnh ca m ng do cc mng ny em li tng s lng khch hng tim nng ca doanh nghip ln. Marketing trn mng x hi cn gip doanh nghip nng cao nhn thc v thng hiu, sn phm dch v ca doanh nghip. Thng cc 154

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

doanh nghip t cc ng link kt ni ti trang web ca doanh nghip. Khi ngi dng gia nhp vo cc mng x hi th c th h s click vo ng link dn ti website doanh nghip. ng dng marketing trn cc trang mng x hi doanh nghip c th tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph bao gm chi ph nghin cu th trng, chi ph sn xut, chi ph tung sn phm ra th trng.. Thng qua cc trang mng x hi, doanh nghip cn bit c nhng cm nhn ca doanh nghip. Trn nhng nh gi ca ngi tiu dng trn y doanh nghip s tin hnh ci tin sn phm cho ph hp vi nhu cu ca th trng. Tnh ti nay c rt nhiu thnh cng trong vic tin hnh marketing thng qua cc mng x hi nh Unilever, P&G, Toyota, IBM, Cocacola..Thng qua mng x hi doanh nghip hiu r hn v khch hng, xc tin hot ng thng mi ca doanh nghip qua y, ci thin c mi quan h vi ngi lao ng, khuyn khch ngi lao ng chia s kinh nghim thc tin theo khu vc a l v tng cng xy dng hnh nh, thng hiu ca doanh nghip trong tm tr ngi tiu dng.

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CHNG 8. PH LC V HNG DN S DNG MT S PHN MM

8.1. Hng dn s dng h iu hnh Ubuntu (dng cho my trm) 8.1.1. Gii thiu v Ubuntu Ubuntu l mt h iu hnh do cng ng pht trin v l thch hp cho cc my tnh xch tay, my tnh bn v c my ch. Ubuntu c sn hu ht cc ng dng m ngi dng lun cn, t cc ng dng son tho vn bn ti th in t, t phn mm my ch web ti cc cng c lp trnh. Mt khi my tnh c ci t th n sn sng s dng ngay lp tc. Trn cc my tnh bn ngi dng s c mt tp hp y cc cng c lm vic, Internet, cc ng dng ho v v, trnh son tho vn bn, bng tnh v trnh din, v c cc tr chi. Trn my ch ngi dng ch c nhng g cn thit c v chy v s khng c nhng g ngi dng khng cn. Lch s ca Ubuntu bt u t thng T nm 2004, khi Mark Shuttleworth* tp hp mt nhm cc nh pht trin phn mm m ngun m to ra mt h iu hnh mi. Vi quyt tm hin thc ho nhng tng, cc lp trnh vin ny t tn nhm l Warthogs v cng nhau lm vic trong su thng cho ra i phin bn th hin khi nim ca h iu hnh mi. H ly tn nhm t cho phin bn Ubuntu u tin ny, Warty Warthog. Da trn nn tng chc chn ca bn phn phi Debian, cng vi nhng nguyn tc v thi gian pht hnh, chng trnh GNOME qun l giao din Desktop, v mt cam kt mnh m v s t do, ch trong vng ba nm, Ubuntu pht trin mt cng ng ln n mi hai ngn thnh vin v s lng ngi dng c tnh n hn tm triu (thng By nm 2007). 156

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*Mark Shuttleworth (sinh ngy 18/09/1973) l mt ngi Nam Phi v l ngi Chu Phi u tin du hnh vo v tr. Shuttleworth sng lp ra Canonical Ltd. v l ngi ti tr cho cc d n phn phi h iu hnh Ubuntu. Hin ti, ng ang sng ti London. ng va l cng dn ca Nam Phi va l cng dn ca Anh Quc. 8.1.2. Chc nng ca h iu hnh Ubuntu Ubuntu c cc chc nng p ng tiu ch c bn nht ca h iu hnh my trm: - Trong ch ci t mc nh, HH Ubuntu bao gm cc phn mm: Trnh giao din (GNOME), b Office, email client, trnh c file PDF, trnh x l nh GIMP - H tr cu hnh mng, my in. - C kh nng chia s file, qun l file, a. Ubuntu c kh nng h tr nhiu h thng file ph bin nh ext2, ext3, reiserfs ca Linux hay Fat16,Fat31, NTFS ca Windows. - C kh nng truy cp v cu hnh t xa. - H tr tt v trnh iu khin thit b, mng, v bo mt. V d t ng mount (hotplug) khi cm USB hay a CD/DVD. V d c kim th vi cc loi USB Transcend, Kingston, my nh s Canon IXY 90 - H iu hnh a nhim a ngi dng. - Cho php cu hnh mng ngang hng, hay mng-ch khch (client-server) (mng LAN, WAN) Chi tit cc chc nng chnh ca Ubuntu: 157

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- Ubuntu 8.10 tch hp sn OpenOffice 2.4.2 l phin bn mi v n nh ca b phn mm vn phng. Ngi dng cng c th ci t b OpenOffice 3.0 mi nht. - Tch hp sn trnh email v calendar (Evolution). Tuy vy nu ngi dng quen s dng Thunderbird th cng c th ci t d dng vi ch mt dng lnh hoc vi thao tc n gin. - D dng to Note (li ghi ch ngn) vi Tomboy - Truy cp web d dng, an ton v s dng Tab vi trnh duyt Firefox mi nht. - Chnh sa nh v ti ln mng d dng vi F-spot - Gii tr vi Rhythmbox, Totem - Ubuntu sn sng s dng trn cc h thng PC, 64-bit v MAC. Yu cu ti thiu l 256MB RAM v 3GB cng. Di y l trnh by s lc nht v HH Ubuntu, kh nng ca h iu hnh ny mang li cho ngi s dng. a. Phn mm G ting Vit C th ci t ba phn mm g ting vit ph bin trn Ubuntu l Unikey hoc xvnkb v SCIM. Danh sch phn mm - Rt nhiu ng dng c th ci t trn Ubuntu. C sn mt danh sch cc ng dng tng ng vi m ng m ngi dng c th thay th c khi chuyn sang dng HH ngun m: a phng tin 158

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

Gii tr ng dng cn C th thay th bi Totem Window Jetaudio Winamp Media Player RhythmBox VLC mplayer Amarok XBMC Amarok Apple iTunes Banshee MusikCube Songbird Bin tp ng dng cn Window Movie Maker CoolEdit Goldwave
a

C th thay th bi Lives Cinelerra Pro Audacity

a o ng dng cn Alcohol UltraISO Magic ISO Ghi a ng dng cn Nero Burning ROM C th thay th bi Brasaero 159 120 C th thay th bi GmountISO ISOMaster AcetoneISO

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

GnomeBaker K3B
ha

ng dng cn

C th thay th bi GIMP

Photoshop

Krita GimpShop Inkscape

CorelDRAW

blender K3D

Autodesk Maya
H thng

Blender

ng dng cn
TweakUI

C th thay th bi
Ubuntu Tweak

Internet

Trnh duyt ng dng cn C th thay th bi Mozilla Konqueror Internet Explorer Opera(1) Chrome(1) Seamonkey Chat Client ng dng cn Yahoo Messenger mIRC C th thay th bi
Pidgin(1) GYachE

Firefox(1)

XChat Pidgin(1) 160

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Trnh download ng dng cn C th thay th bi wget(1) IDM Flashget axel prozilla d4x wxDownload Torrent ng dng cn Torrent BitTorrent Azureus BitComet Khc ng dng cn Outlook Express
K thut

C th thay th bi Tranmission Azureus ktorrent qtorrent

C th thay th bi Evolution Thunder Bird(1)

ng dng cn MatLAB OrCAD

Lp trnh

C th thay th bi Scilab Octave Oregano

ng dng cn Visual C++

C th thay th bi Netbeans(1) Eclipse(1) 161

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

KDevelop Anjuta CodeBlocks(1) Microsoft Dreamweaver Frontpage Quanta NVU Kompozer Macromedia Flash Pro
Tin ch

OpenLaszlo(1) OpenOffice Impress(1)

ng dng cn Batch Rename Magic File Rename Pro Master Renamer

C th thay th bi

gprename KRename

Tag&RenameRename Lupas Rename

Nu cha tm c ng dng thay th, c th th tm thm ti www.osalt.com/ K hiu: (1): ng dng c phin bn dnh cho Windows v Ubuntu (Linux ni chung) b. Tu bin v bo tr Ubuntu: Giao din ting Vit C th s dng Ubuntu vi giao din ting Vit. Trong qu trnh ci t, Ubuntu cho php chn Ting Vit.

Sau khi ci t xong,ngn ng mc nh hin th s l Ting Vit ! Nu mun chuyn t ngn ng khc sang Ting Vit ch vic vo Menu System => Administrator => Language Support.

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Tick chn Ting Vit(Vietnamese) trong phn Supported Language. Chn Default Language l Ting Vit (Vietnamese) Cng ng ang bn a ha Ubuntu 8.10. n ngy 09-12-2008, s mc dch Thng l 466169, tin s mc chi cha dch tit l 262733 ti:

https://translations.launchpad.net/ubuntu/intrepid/+lang/vi 1. Cho php cu hnh Ubuntu s dng trong doanh nghip, ngoi ra Ubuntu h tr cc dch v Web, dch v chia s tp tin 2. Chnh sch bo mt: Tng t nh cc HH nhn Linux, Ubuntu c chnh sch bo mt rt an ton v hiu qu. V d nh chnh sch Xc thc ngi dng, phn quyn, m ha tp tin, thit lp tng la...

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Security 3. Qun tr h thng: Cung cp cc cng c hiu qu cho vic qun tr, bo tr h thng nh Qun l ngi dng, phn quyn truy cp, Tng tc cho my cu hnh thp, thm bt cc phn mm theo nhu cu s dng c. Kt ni v cu hnh phn cng Ubuntu h tr nhiu cu hnh phn cng khc nhau. T ng mount cc nh USB, SD hay cc loi a quang (Optical Drive) D dng s dng cho ngi khng bit cc lnh ca Linux nh mount/unmount Phn vng v cc a - Cho php phn vng a, thm lu tr, truy cp nhng phn vng ca Windows,.... S dng song song vi Windows. Thit b di ng - ng b v trao i d liu vi PDAs, my nghe nhc, in thoi di ng, v my nh. Thit b u vo D dng nhn dng, ci t chut, bn phm v cc thit b u vo khc. 163

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My tnh xch tay: H tr cc loi my tnh xch tay khc nhau. Mng, mng khng dy, v cc thit b mng. Ci t v s dng my in. C h tr my qut, my scan bng chc nng qut hnh nh c sn trong Ubuntu. m thanh T ng nhn bit v cho php ci t cc m thanh, loa, v cc thit b nhc khc. Video T ng nhn bit v cho php ci t cc mn hnh v cc thit b m rng khc. Vi cc chc nng sn c nh lit k trn, c th thy HH Ubuntu my trm c hu ht cc chc nng p ng yu cu c bn v my trm s dng trong cc t chc/doanh nghip v c quan nh nc. 8.1.3. Cam kt t Ubuntu 1. Ubuntu s lun lun l min ph, k c cc phin bn cao cp (enterprise releases) v lun c cc nng cp v an ninh. 2. Ubuntu s i cng vi cc h tr thng mi t hng Canonical v hng trm cng ty khc khp ton cu. 3. Ubuntu bao gm nn tng truy cp v dch thut tt nht m cng ng phn mm t do cung cp cho ngi s dng. 4. Cc a CD Ubuntu ch c cc ng dng phn mm t do; khuyn khch ngi s dng cc phn mm t do v ngun m, ci tin v phn phi chng. 8.1.4. Nhng phin bn m Ubuntu pht hnh
Ubuntu th hin trit l ca mnh qua biu tng ba ngi nm tay thnh vng trn

v ci tn Ubuntu, mt t trong ngn ng Bantu ca chu Phi, dch sang ting Anh l Humanity to others hay I am what I am because of who we all are (tm dch l Lng nhn i cho mi ngi hay Ti khng nh c mnh v tt c chng ta khng nh c mnh). Vi Ubuntu, gip cng ng thnh cng s mang li thnh cng cho bn.

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Nguyn tng thng Nam Phi Nelson Mandela gii thch thm v Ubuntu: Ubuntu khng c ngha l ngi ta khng nn lm giu cho bn thn. M cu hi t ra l bn s lm giu lm cho cng ng xung quanh bn pht trin ch? Ubuntu c nhiu phin bn nhm vo nhng ngi s dng mc tiu khc nhau.
Kubuntu

l mt dn xut chnh thc ca Ubuntu, nhng s dng mi

trng Desktop KDE thay v GNOME. Phin bn ny l mt phn ca d n Ubuntu v c cng nn tng bn di vi Ubuntu.
Edubuntu

l mt dn xut chnh thc ca Ubuntu, c thit k dnh cho

vic s dng trong trng hc. Edubuntu bao gm nhiu ng dng gio dc nh GCompris, KDE Edutainment Suite, v Schooltool Calendar.
Xubuntu

l mt dn xut chnh thc ca Ubuntu, nhng s dng mi

trng Desktop Xfce thay v GNOME. Phin bn ny nhm n cc my tnh cu hnh khng cao, hoc nhng h thng c bit yu cu mt mi trng Desktop hiu sut cao, tc nhanh.
UbuntuStudio Gobuntu

tpt rung vo sn xut ni dung gii tr a phng tin.

l mt dn xut ca Ubuntu cho nhng ai mong mun mt h

iu hnh Desktop thun phn mm t do. Phin bn ny loi b nhng driver ch c gi binary, v bo m l khng s dng phn mm no gii hn vic hiu chnh hay phn phi li. Ubuntu pht hnh phin bn mi theo chu k 6 thng, nh k vo thng 4 v thng 10 mi nm, bt u t thng 10 nm 2004. y l nhng phin bn thng thng, c h tr cp nht trong 18 thng cho c server v deskop. Ngoi ra, sau hai nm s c mt phin bn m hiu LTS (H tr lu di) (Long-Term Support) dnh cho doanh nghip ln vi thi gian h tr k thut di hn phin bn thng thng (h tr 5 nm cho bn server v 3 nm cho bn desktop). Cho n hin ti, c hai phin bn dng ny l 6.06 165

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

LTS, 8.04 LTS. Theo ng chu k th bn LTS tip theo s pht hnh vo nm 2010. Mi phin bn Ubuntu c nh s theo nm, thng pht hnh. Chng hn phin bn u tin ra i vo thng 10 nm 2004 c tn chnh thc l 4.10. Bn cnh mi phin bn cn c mt tn vui c t theo tn nhng loi th khc thng, v d phin bn 4.10 cn c tn Warty Warthog, theo tn mt loi heo c sng chu Phi. Sau y l cc phin bn pht hnh cho n hin ti Phin bn 4.04 5.04 5.10 6.06 LTS 6.10 7.04 7.10 8.04 LTS 8.10 Ngy hnh 20/10/2004 08/04/2005 13/10/2005 01/06/2006 26/10/2006 19/04/2007 18/10/2007 04/2008 10/2008 pht

Tn m Warty Warthog Hoary Hedgehog Breezy Badger Dapper Drake Edgy Eft Feisty Fawn Gusty Gibbon Hardy Heron Intrepid

C th ti v t do cc phin bn ny trn: http://www.ubuntu.com/

8.1.5. Ti liu v tm s gip

Khi gp vng mc, ngi s dng c th tm kim thng tin ti cc trang web, din n ln, v d nh:

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http://www.ubuntu-vn.com l ni cung cp nhng thng tin chnh thc, mi nht t cng ng Ubuntu-Vn

Din n Ubuntu Vit (http://forum.ubuntu-vn.com). l ni c th giao lu,

hc hi trao i kinh nghim s dng cng nh tm kim s gip t mi ngi.

Ti liu ca cng ng Ubuntu th gii (https://help.ubuntu.com/community/) y l ngun ti liu v cng phong

ph a dng. Ch cn mt cht vn ting Anh, ngi dng c th thc hin theo cc hng dn. V c th gip Vit ho nhng ti liu cho cng ng UbuntuVN

Ti

liu

hng

dn

ci

https://help.ubuntu.com/8.10/index.html) http://wiki.ubuntu-vn.com/index.php/Ti_liu_Ubuntu8.1.6. Kh nng h tr phn cng

t hoc

(ting ting

Anh: Vit:

Ti a ch https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport ngi dng c th kim tra danh sch cc thit b phn cng c h tr bi Ubuntu. Bn cnh , c th kim tra ti

http://www.ubuntulinux.org/wiki/HardwareSupport
Danh sch phn cng c h tr rt a dng. T nhng h thng ci t sn nh my trm, my ch, xch tay...n cc thit b ring bit cu thnh mt my tnh. Ubuntu h tr vic chy th trn a LiveCD ngi dng kim tra trc khi ci t s tng thch cc thit b phn cng m ngi dng c. Vic tm kim s tng thch ca cc thit b cng d dng v s sp xp khoa hc cc thit b theo tng nhm, tng nh sn xut nh di y.

Pre-configured Systems
Desktops Laptops Servers Virtual

Machines PCs Mobile Internet Devices (MID)

'Barebones'

Hardware Components 167

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB Ports

and Controllers Devices Multimedia Networking Output Devices

Input

Vi kh nng pht hnh phin bn mi mi 6 thng, th Ubuntu c kh nng v li cao v s h tr c rt nhiu cc thit b phn cng mi nht.

8.2. Hng dn s dng s lc b phn mm vn phng OpenOffice.org OpenOffice.org l n phn mm ngun m vi mc ch qua s ng gp ca cng ng nhng ngi vit phn mm, son tho ra mt chng trnh ng dng vn phng hot ng c vi tt c cc h iu hnh ph bin v khai thc cc chc nng v ti liu thng qua cc thnh phn m da trn cc th vin ngun API v dng h s XML. OpenOffice.org gm cc ng dng son tho vn bn, bng tnh in t, trnh chiu, x l ha vc-t v son tho trang mng vi tt c nhng mnh lnh tng ng vi cc chng trnh ng dng vn phng khc v c th thay th c cc phn mm thng mi ny. 8.2.1. Tng quan OpenOffice.org OpenOffice.org (OOo) hay gi tt l OpenOffice l b trnh ng dng vn phng min ph, m ngun m c xy dng trn phin bn StarOffice m ngun m ca Sun Microsystems. OpenOffice c th chy trn cc h iu hnh Windows (i hi phi c Java Runtime Environment), Solaris v Linux. Phin bn mi nht ca OpenOffice cho php c/ghi cc nh dng file ca MS Office kh hon ho. Cc thnh phn c bn ca OpenOffice.org: * Writer (trnh son tho vn bn c tnh nng tng t nh Microsoft Word) * Calc (trnh bng tnh tng t nh Microsoft Excel) * Draw (trnh ha c bn, tng t Microsoft Visio) * Impress (trnh son tho trnh din, tng t PowerPoint) * Base (trnh qun tr c s d liu, tng t Microsoft Access) 168

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

* Math (trnh vit cng thc ton, tng t Microsoft Equation Editor) * B vn phng StarOffice C Bn. Thng tin v giao din ting Vit ca OpenOffice.org c ti http://vi.openoffice.org a ch ti OpenOffice.org bn ting Vit: http://vi.openoffice.org/about-downloads.html a ch ti OpenOffice.org bn ting Anh: http://download.openoffice.org/index.html 8.2.2. OpenOffice.org Writer OpenOffice.org Writer l mt phn mm son tho vn bn trong b phn mm vn phng t do OpenOffice.org. Cng nh cc gi phn mm khc trong b OpenOffice.org, n c xy dng da theo m ngun ca phn mm StarOffice - vn l mt phn mm bn quyn, c gn cc tnh nng tng ng vi b Microsoft Office. Chng trnh ny c th hot ng n khp vi h thng bng biu v phn mm trnh chiu trong b phn mm vn phng OpenOffice.org. Writer c kh nng m v lu cc ti liu cc nh dng tp tin khc nhau, gm c OASIS Open Document Format 1.1 (nh dng tp tin mc nh ca Writer), DOC, DOCX, RTF v XHTML ca Microsoft Word . Writer cn c kh nng xut thnh tp tin PDF, mc d chc nng Microsoft Word 2007 cng c th c nu ci thm mt ng dng m rng c th download t do. 8.2.3. OpenOffice.org Calc

OpenOffice.org Calc, hay OpenOffice Calc l phn mm bng tnh trong b OpenOffice.org. Chng trnh c cc tnh nng tng t nh 169

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

Microsoft Excel, v c/lu file di dng xls. Cc tnh nng ca OpenOffice Calc c th c m rng nh cch vit macro bng ngn ng OpenOffice.org Basic, vn hi khc VBA ca Excel. Tuy nhin, c s h tr[1] ngi dng Calc c th tn dng c cc m lnh VBA sn c. T phin bn OpenOffice 3.0, Calc c s m rng bng tnh vi nhiu ct hn (1024), c n 256 bng tnh trong mi file. 8.2.4. OpenOffice.org Draw OpenOffice.org Draw, thng c gi tt l OOo Draw l phn mm bin tp ha vec t. y l phn mm t do c km trong b OpenOffice.org. Hnh v trong OOo Draw c th c nhiu kch c khc nhau, vi kh ln nht ln n 300 cm 300 cm. Ngoi cc hnh v hai chiu, OOo Draw cn h tr to v thao tc (xoay, thu phng) cc i tng hnh v ba chiu. Trong OOo Draw, ngi dng c th dng thm cc hnh v bng cch lin kt vi th vin Open Clip Art Library. Ngoi vic thao tc vi cc i tng hnh v c bn ring l, OOo Draw cn h tr nhm cc i tng (group) v to ra bn sao nhiu i tng (clone). Mt tnh nng mi ca OOo Draw l cc ng ni thng minh (smart connector) gn lin vi cc khi hnh, thun tin cho vic v cc s khi. Ngoi ra, cn c th to ra cc ng ghi kch thc (dimension lines), chng hn trong cc bn v thit k. nh dng OpenOffice.org Draw c th nhp v xut file gm nhiu nh dng nh raster khc nhau nh PNG, GIF, JPEG, BMP, TIFF. Ngoi ra, ha vec t cng c h tr, nh cc nh dng EPS, SVG, WMF. 8.2.5. OpenOffice.org Impress OpenOffice.org Impress, l mt phn ca b ng dng vn phng OpenOffice.org 170

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

do Sun Microsystems pht trin.[1][2] Ngoi kh nng to tp tin nh dng PDF cho cc bi trnh din, phn mm ny cn c th xut bi trnh din thnh tp tin dng SWF c th chy trn bt c my tnh no c ci t trnh chy Flash. Phn mm ny cn c th c, sa v lu cc tp tin mt vi dng khc, bao gm c .ppt ca Microsoft PowerPoint.[3] Nhc im ca phn mm ny l thiu cc thit k trnh din lm sn, mc d cc template do bn ngoi lm vn c cung cp trn Internet.[2] Mt u im ca Impress so vi PowerPoint l n c phn phi di giy php m ngun m v cho download t do s dng min ph. Ngi s dng OpenOffice.org Impress c th ci t Open Clip Art Library, c thm su tp hnh cho thit k trnh din v v. Debian, Gentoo, Mandriva v Ubuntu cung cp gi clip art m lm sn v cho download v ci t. Pht hnh theo cc iu khon GNU Lesser General Public Licence, Impress l phn mm t do. 8.2.6. OpenOffice.org Base OpenOffice.org Base l mt ng dng qun tr c s d liu. Hi u, n c pht hnh cng vi OpenOffice.org phin bn 2.0. Hin nay, n da trn c cu c s d liu HSQLDB vit bng Java. 8.2.7. OpenOffice.org Math

OpenOffice.org Math l mt cng c vit v sa cng thc ton, tng t vi Microsoft Equation Editor v l mt phn ca gi ng dng vn phng OpenOffice.org. Cng 171

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

thc ton c to ra c th nhng vo cc ti liu OpenOffice.org khc, chng hn nh trong ti liu to bng OpenOffice.org Writer. Math h tr nhiu th font v c th xut thnh tp tin PDF. Pht hnh theo cc iu khon ca GNU Lesser General Public Licence, Math l mt phn mm t do. 8.3. B cng c A191- ( n H tr doanh nghip ng dng CNTT phc v hi nhp v pht trin) gin tin dnh cho doanh nhn Vit (Easy & Simple
A191 Toolkit for Vietnamese Entrepreneurs)

8.3.1. Mc Tiu n Quc gia 191 (vit tt l A 191) t mc tiu to ra mt b cng c phn mm khng thu ph bn quyn dnh cho cc ch doanh nghip nh. V vy, cc doanh nghip khi s dng cc phn mm ca n 191 s c hng cc u i sau: Khng thu ph bn quyn, nhng cc phn mm ny u c bn quyn c t tn chung c tip u ng l A191 Cc doanh nghip phn mm c th thu ph dch v vi iu kin cc ch doanh nghip ng k hp ng vi doanh nghip phn mm . Cc doanh nghip lm dch v phi k cam kt vi A191 v phi c giy php do A191 cp. Ti a ch http://da191.vn hoc http://itb.vn ca Vin Tin hc Doanh nghip Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam doanh nghip c th ti (download) cc b cng c phn mm. 8.3.2. Yu cu i vi doanh nghip s dng phn mm ca A 191 Trong bc u khi nghip, ch cc doanh nghip nh thng gp kh khn khi mua cc phn mm qun l doanh nghip. Mt s l do: Gi phn mm vn cn cao Phn mm cha phn theo quy m (a phn phc tp v rc ri trong s dng) Cc phn mm tn mn cha tp hp v phn theo i tng s dng A 191 xut xy dng b phn mm vi cc yu cu sau: Bn quyn phn mm: min ph 172

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

i tng s dng: Kin trc phn mm:

ch cc doanh nghip nh hng dch v

trnh mt thi gian tho lun v nn tng v ngn ng, A 191 yu cu cc gi phn mm ny: Nn tng (platform): c th chy trn nn tng bt k (Windows, Unix, Linux, ) Ngn ng web-based: PHP + Javascript + AJAX C s d liu Open Source: MySQL Yu cu k thut: Ci t: Portable (khng cn ci t), c th sn trn cc thit b lu di ng (nh USB) v c chc nng Plug-and-Play (cm vo l chy) Qun tr phn mm: nh hng pht trin v ton b ngun (source code) phi t di s gim st ca A 191. 8.3.3. c t Trong nm 2009, A tin hnh nghin cu, trin khai cc gi phn mm sau:

A191 Accounting: K ton doanh nghip quy m nh A191 CRM: Qun tr quan h khch hng ca doanh nghip quy m nh A191 DocMan: Qun tr ti liu doanh nghip quy m nh A191 BrandOnLine: Web thng hiu cho doanh nghip quy m nh A191 BizEBook: Th vin sch in t chia s kinh nghim kinh doanh / gii tr 8.3.3.1. Kim sot phin bn, nng cp v dch v c th a) Phng thc pht trin Pht trin cc gi phn mm A191 c thc hin theo phng thc sau:

A 191 chu trch nhim pht trin phin bn chnh. A 191 c website ring qun tr phin bn chnh. Cc doanh nghip phn mm c A191 cp php s pht trin cc gi nng cp hoc dch v c th ring cho khch hng. c im ca cc phn mm A191: xut pht im l tng, trong qu trnh pht trin tng ny t hon thin v chp nhn sang cc giai on tip theo hoc t hy. Xem nh ngha phin bn Alpha di y. 173

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

b) nh s phin bn Cc phin bn ca phn mm A191 c pht trin thng qua 3 giai on: Alpha, Beta, Release. Cc phin bn chnh c nh s theo s t nhin: 1, 2, 3, Cc phin bn ph c nh 1 ch s thm vo sau phin bn chnh v du chm: 2.3, 3.8, Phin bn Alpha l phin bn tng. Cc tng Alpha c th kh thi hoc mang tnh thc t cao hoc khng. y l giai on t pht trin cc yu cu v c t (requirments and specifications). Cc tng khng mang tnh thc t cao s b loi b. Phin bn Alpha ch c ti liu / tho lun, khng c chng trnh ti. Phin bn Beta l phin bn test. Phin bn Beta c th ti xung chy th. Phin bn Beta khng c ti liu hng dn s dng. Phin bn Release l phin bn hon thin nht, c th ti xung chy th v c ti liu k thut + ti liu hng dn s dng. c) Ti liu Ti liu c chia thnh ti liu k thut v ti liu hng dn s dng. nh hng ti liu vit trn nn web hoc PDF. Ti liu hng dn s dng c th ti v ti a ch http://da191.vn hoc http://itb.vn 8.3.3.2. A191 Accounting: K ton doanh nghip quy m nh y l phn mm K ton doanh nghip dnh cho nhng ngi khng chuyn. Chc nng quan trng nht l gip ch doanh nghip kim sot ti chnh, nng cp dn t kim sot thu chi, tnh li l cc hot ng, tnh li l chung cc k bo co ti chnh n tnh li l ca c nm ti chnh. Sau khi c cc module kim sot ti chnh, phn mm xy dng cc module xut thnh cc bo co ti chnh gi n cc c quan c thm quyn (c quan Thu, Kim ton). Tch hp chng th in t v ch k s - tr ph. 174

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

c t nghip v tun theo cc quy nh ca K ton Vit Nam. 8.3.3.3. A191 CRM: Qun tr quan h khch hng ca doanh nghip quy m nh Mc tiu quan trng nht l kim sot danh mc khch hng, ch hng cho ch doanh nghip nh. i vi khch hng, phn bit mt s loi khch hng cho ch doanh nghip: Khch hng tim nng (cha tip th) Khch hng tip th (cha bn c sn phm, dch v): lu k cc cam kt tip th Khch hng mua sn phm, dch v: lu k chnh sch chit khu, hoa hng, cng n Khch hng mua dch v bo hnh, bo tr: lu k cc t thc hin bo hnh, bo tr. Khch hng chuyn sang cc i tc khc: lu k l do, nguyn nhn khch quan, ch quan i vi ch hng, phn bit: Ch hng tim nng: lu cc loi sn phm, dch v, gi c nh mua, nh gi v tin cy, uy tn trn th trng Ch hng c bn hng: lu cc thng tin lin quan nh hp ng, cng n Ch hng ang thc hin bo hnh, bo tr: lu k cc t bo hnh bo tr thc hin n cui cc k bo co ti chnh: xut bo co v cng n i vi khch hng, ch hng, cnh bo cc im bt thng. 8.3.3.4. A191 DocMan: Qun tr ti liu doanh nghip quy m nh y l phn mm gip ch doanh nghip kim sot tt c cc vn bn, ti liu lin quan n doanh nghip: Qun l cc cng vn n/i, vn bn ni b: o i vi cc cng vn chuyn i, phn mm cn gip ch doanh nghip lu ton b cc bn mm. o i vi cng vn n: nu c bn mm: trch xut v lu, i vi bn cng quan trng: scan v lu. o i vi vn bn ni b: lu bn mm Qun l cc hp ng: lu ton b cc bn mm, gi tr cc hp ng. Lp th vin cc mu vn bn (mang c th ca doanh nghip). 175

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

Lp th vin chung trn phin bn chnh v c c ch cp nht t ng t phin bn chnh trn Web v phin bn ca doanh nghip. C c ch kt xut sang cc phn mm son tho vn bn. 8.3.3.5. A191 BrandOnLine: Web thng hiu cho doanh nghip quy m nh Phn mm ny gip ch doanh nghip nhanh chng c mt trang Web qung b cho doanh nghip ca mnh. Phn mm v mt bn cht l mt h qun tr ni dung (CMS) mc n gin. Cc chc nng chnh trn front-end: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Phn header th hin nh v thng hiu: logo v khu hiu (slogan). Phn footer: thng tin lin h n doanh nghip. V tr trn bn (Google Maps) Phn t gii thiu v doanh nghip Phn t gii thiu ngun lc, nng lc, nhn s (optional) Danh mc sn phm, dch v: tn, nh, m t, gi/chnh sch gi, thng tin lin h 7. Tin tc ni b v Tin tc t cng ng (t cp nht) 8. Danh mc i tc, bn hng 9. Chuyn t ng sang ting Anh v ngc li (tnh nng cao cp phi tr ph) Cc chc nng back-end: 1. Chc nng qun tr bo mt, ngi dng 2. Chc nng qun tr trang web 3. Cc chc nng cp nht cho front-end Ngoi ra, Web thng hiu c kh nng dch ct on ngn ng Vit sang Anh phc v chc nng s 9 phn front-end. 8.3.3.6. A191 BizEBook: Th vin sch in t chia s kinh nghim kinh doanh / gii tr Thc cht y l h qun tr ni dung (CMS) n gin nhm tho cho doanh nhn mt cng c tuyn chn cc bi bo, sch t cc ngun khc nhau c lc rnh ri hoc lu hnh trn ng. 1. Phin bn chnh s lu mt danh mc sch trn Web v cho php doanh nhn ti theo ty chn. 176

Ph lc Hp ng s 2009-08-25/ITB

2. Phin bn ca doanh nhn lu danh mc sch ca chnh doanh nhn . Doanh nhn c th upload ln phin bn chnh ng gp sch cho cng ng. Phin bn chnh phi c i ng kim sot. Chc nng front-end: Duyt th vin theo cu trc phn cp c bng Web (preferred) hoc bng cch kch hot t ng cc phn mm tng ng c c h tr bng phng to / thu nh, c lt theo ch (thc cht l tch hp tm kim ng ngha semantic search) tr ph, c t ng t vn bn (text-to-speech), tr ph Chc nng back-end: Chc nng qun tr bo mt, ngi dng Chc nng qun tr th vin Gm 2 chc nng 1 v 2 trn 8.4. Hng dn s dng phn mm Hi quan t xa tham gia khai hi quan t xa, cc doanh nghip cn thc hin nhng ni dung sau: - ng k ti khon khai Hi quan t xa (mu n ng k c sn ti website Hi quan www.customs.gov.vn). - Ci t phn mm khai hi quan Doanh nghip c 3 cch ci t s dng phn mm khai bo: o Doanh nghip t xy dng phn mm theo chun d liu ca Tng cc Hi quan. o Ti phn mm min ph v hng dn s dng ti y . o Hoc mua phn mm khai bo ca cc Cng ty cung cp phn mm khai bo hi quan t xa. - Kt ni Internet.

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8.4.1. Trnh t, th tc ng k khai hi quan t xa Doanh nghip lp n ng k khai bo in t t xa, gi n Chi cc Hi quan ni doanh nghip trc tip tham gia khai hi quan t xa. Cn c vo n ng k xy dng phn mm khai hi quan t xa, Chi cc Hi quan s tip nhn v phi hp vi cc n v lin quan cung cp ti liu hng dn k thut v cu trc d liu ca c quan Hi quan doanh nghip xy dng phn mm. Sau khi doanh nghip xy dng xong phn mm, c quan Hi quan s kim tra tnh tng thch ca chng trnh ny. 8.4.2. Trnh t khai hi quan t xa Sau khi c cp ti khon v mt khu ng nhp h thng khai in t t xa ca Hi quan, doanh nghip s dng ti khon v mt khu ny thc hin vic truyn thng tin, d liu lin quan n h thng ca c quan hi quan. Cc d liu truyn gm: danh mc nguyn ph liu, danh mc sn phm xut khu, nh mc, t khai hi quan, h s thanh l. Gim c doanh nghip chu trch nhim m bo b mt v mt khu v cc thng tin lin quan n vic khai bo hi quan t xa loi hnh sn xut xut khu ca doanh nghip. Sau ln ng nhp u tin, doanh nghip c trch nhim thay i v bo mt mt khu ca mnh. Sau khi truyn d liu n Hi quan, doanh nghip thng xuyn cp nht hi p ca c quan Hi quan (mi ln cch nhau 15 pht), nhm m bo cho thng tin c lin tc, chnh xc, hon chnh trc khi khai bo chnh thc. Sau khi nhn c thng tin hi p hon chnh ca Hi quan v c cp s tip nhn ca chng trnh, doanh nghip mang b h s hi quan trc tip n np ti c quan Hi quan theo quy nh lm cc th tc tip theo quy trnh th tc hi quan hin hnh.

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8.4.3. Trnh t tip nhn khai hi quan t xa ca c quan Hi quan - C quan Hi quan b tr quy tip nhn h s Hi quan khai in t t xa, c lp vi quy tip nhn h s Hi quan khai bng phng php th cng. - Khi doanh nghip mang b h s Hi quan n khai bo chnh thc, cn b Hi quan c phn cng th l s u tin tip nhn ngay v thc hin vic i chiu h s vi cc thng tin c khai bo trc. - Trng hp doanh nghip c s tip nhn khai bo t xa nhng v li k thut nn c quan Hi quan cha th duyt trc tip t chng trnh khai bo t xa, trong trng hp ny doanh nghip phi chun b d liu chi tit lu tr trn cc vt mang tin nh: USB, a mm c tip nhn khai bo theo th t ti quy khai in t t xa. - Trng hp cng 01 b h s, phi khai bo ng k cho nhiu loi hnh xut nhp khu khc nhau, trong va c loi hnh khai hi quan t xa, va c loi hnh khai bo th cng, th cc t khai ca cc loi hnh th cng, cng c u tin tip nhn ti quy khai bo in t cng vi t khai khai hi quan t xa, theo th t s tip nhn khai bo t xa. - C quan Hi quan s cn c vo s tip nhn trc v h s mang n Hi quan trc tip nhn theo th t u tin. Trong trng hp doanh nghip c s tip nhn sau, nhng mang h s khai bo n trc doanh nghip c s tip nhn trc, c quan Hi quan s tip nhn trc h s ca doanh nghip mang n Hi quan trc. 8.5. Hng dn s dng phn mm Khai bo Thu qua mng (do Tng cc Thu cp min ph) Tng quan cc bc np h s thu qua mng: 1. ng k s dng dch v 2. Thit lp thng tin trong iHTKK 3. To t khai in t 179

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4. Gi t khai in t 5. Tra cu t khai v thay i thng tin (1) Bc 1: ng k s dng dch v a) iu kin i vi NNT s dng dch v: v Thc hin th tc ng k c cp giy chng nhn chng th s (ch k in t) v mua thit b lu tr ch k s (token) vi t chc chng thc ch k s cng cng theo quy trnh cp chng th s. v S dng phn mm k khai thu m vch hai chiu phin bn mi nht do c quan thu cung cp min ph v C ng truyn kt ni Internet v C m s thu v C a ch th in t n nh lin lc vi c quan thu b) NNT c cc iu kin ni trn lp t khai ng k theo mu ti hnh 1 sau y:

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(hnh 1) c) NNT np t khai ng k np h s khai thu qua mng trn ti b phn mt ca ca c quan thu trc tip qun l, km theo Giy chng nhn chng th s (bn sao c cng chng) d) Chm nht trong 5 ngy lm vic, NNT n b phn mt ca ca c quan thu trc tip qun l (theo giy hn) nhn Thng bo cp ti khon s dng h thng np h s thu qua mng. Sau , NNT vo a ch hp th in t ng k vi CQT trong h s xin cp php s dng dch v iHTKK ca NNT . Ti hp th in t, NSD m th Thng bo cp ti khon s dng np h s khai thu qua mng, thng bo c gi t ng t h thng nhn t khai thu qua mng ca C quan Thu. NSD truy cp theo ng dn kch hot ng dng nh a ch ti hnh 2 di y:

(hnh 2) (2) Bc 2: ng nhp ln u v Vo a ch: http://kekhaithue.gdt.gov.vn theo hng dn trong thng bo v ng nhp vo h thng vi nh danh v mt khu c cp.

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v Mn hnh ng dng bao gm cc chc nng sau: v ng k t khai v Np t khai v Tra cu t khai v Thay i thng tin v i mt khu (3) Bc 3- i mt khu c cp: NNT nn i mt khu c c quan thu cp ngay sau khi ng nhp h thng ln u v t bo qun mt khu ca mnh.

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Mt khu c di t nht 6 k t ch v s ng thi c t nht mt k t s. Nu NSD qun mt khu cn phi lin lc vi c quan thu yu cu h tr Sau khi thc hin, NNT s nhn c ngay thng bo ca h thng l i mt khu thnh cng. (4) Bc 4: ng k np t khai thu qua mng
Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

NNT phi thc hin ng k danh sch cc t khai thu np qua mng trc khi thc hin np t khai thu t chc nng ng k t khai ca h thng

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- NSD chn loi t khai thu ng k np qua mng, h thng hin th mc nh l tt c cc t khai trong danh sch. Hoc NSD la chn t khai thu np qua mng trong ct thng tin <T khai> , thc hin nhp chut vo check chn ti ct thng tin <Chn>. Nhp thng tin K bt u cho t khai chn, nu NSD khng nhp li thng tin k bt u mc nh h thng s ly k tnh thu gn nht so vi ngy hin ti ca h thng. - Nhn nt Tip tc cp nht cc danh sch cc t khai thu va chn. Nu NSD khng chn t khai no, h thng s bo li Bn cha chn t khai ng k np qua mng ! - H thng kim tra thng tin ng k, nu khng hp l s thng bo, ng thi con tr s focus ti v tr d liu khng hp l

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- Nu thng tin ng k hp l, h thng hin th mn hnh Danh sch cc t khai va chn ng k gm cc t khai va chn

- NSD kim tra li thng tin cc t khai ng k, nhn nt Chn li nu mun chnh sa li thng tin ng k hoc khng mun ng k cc t khai ny. H thng s quay li mn hnh ng k t khai thu np qua mng ng thi hin th li cc t khai nh du chn, NSD thc hin chn li cc t khai v k bt u, tng t nh cc bc trn. - Nu chp nhn cc t khai chn, nhn nt Xc nhn. H thng lu li thng tin ng k ca NNT v cp nht danh sch t khai thu m NSD ng k vo phn Danh sch t khai ng k np qua mng, ng thi h thng s t ng gi mail Thng bo Xc nhn thng tin danh sch t khai ng k np qua mng Internet.

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Ti mail thng bo, c y thng tin cc danh sch t khai ng k np qua mng ca NNT, gm: - Danh sch loi t khai ng k - K bt u bt u np t khai thu qua mng ca tng loi t khai

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NSD kch vo nt ng k thm t fkhai thc hin ng k thm loi t khai np qua mng nu cn.

(6) Bc 6- Chun b file tp t khai thu gi qua mng : NNT s dng phn mm h tr k khai thu m vch hai chiu do c quan thu cung cp min ph (nh hin ti) v thc hin cc bc sau y - Kt xut t khai thu ra file PDF (lu xem hng dn ci t phn mm h tr kt xut ra file PDF cho ng dng HTKK 2.0 phn hng dn ci t ) + NSD m ng dng h tr k khai thu HTKK2.0 + Thc hin kt xut cc tp t khai thu (dng .PDF) t my in o, lu ti mt th mc qui nh trn my tnh ca mnh

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- T ng dng h tr k khai,m t khai cn kt xut. Chn nt In (1), s xut hin mn hnh In t khai - Chn my in tn l CutePDFWriter (2), bm nt In (3) - H thng s hi tn file , NSD chn ng dn ti th mc lu file, g tn file v bm Save

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(7) Bc 7- Thc hin gi tp h s khai thu qua mng Internet

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- NSD load chc nng Np t khai t menu : + Thc hin nhn nt Browse chn ng dn n th mc lu tp t khai thu np qua mng, v d y l th mc ihtkktesst. + Trong th mc ihtkktest, chn tp t khai thu GTGT01_072009.pdf, nhn nt Open
Formatted: Space Before: 6 pt, No widow/orphan control, Tabs: 1.75", List tab

+ NSD thc hin cm thit b USB token c cung cp bi dch v chng thc s VDC, my tnh thc hin ci t thit b. + Khi NSD thy biu tng xut hin di thanh tabbar pha gc phi

Formatted: Space Before: 6 pt, No widow/orphan control, Tabs: 1.75", List tab

mn hnh l thit b chng thc s c xc nhn. - NSD tip tc thc hin np t khai, nhn nt K in t (bc 2)

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- Mn hnh h thng s hin th hp H thng iHTKK, NSD nhp : + S Pin : chnh l s priveta key ca ch k in t + Th mc tp t khai : nhp li ng dn n th mc cha tp t khai thu xc minh li th mc + Nhn nt Chp nhn, nu iu kin s Pin v ng dn n th mc tp t khai hp l, h thng s tip tc. Ngc li h thng s cnh bo S Pin khng ng !

+ Nhn nt B qua, nu khng mun tip tc

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- Sau khi nhn nt Chp nhn, h thng t ng quay li mn hnh Gi tp h s khai thu NSD thc hin nhn nt Gi t khai. H thng t ng hin th tp t khai va gi vo Danh sch t khai gi cha xc nhn, thng tin gm c : o T khai/ Bng k : Tn tp t khai va gi, kch chut vo tn tp t khai ngi dng c th xem li chi tit thng tin k khai trn t khai thu k in t , lc ny tp t khai c k in t, ch k c lu trn tp t khai

Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5"

o K tnh thu : K tnh thu tp t khai va gi o Loi t khai : T khai np chnh thc hoc b sung o Ln np : ln gi t khai o Gi bng k : cho php thc hin gi bng k km theo 192

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o Hy : nu NSD mun xa b tp t khai va upload, thc hin nhn biu tng vi tn tp t khai tng ng cn xa b.

Trng hp NSD thc hin gi t khai, k in t khng c thit b USB token h thng s bo li Thit b chng th s cha c ci t !

(8) Bc 8 Thc hin gi tp bng k km theo : 193

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- Do tp t khai GTGT v TNCN c cc bng k km theo vi s lng ln nn h thng h tr cho php NSD thc hin gi cc tp bng k theo nh dng file .xls khng kt xut t ng dng HTKK. - Chun b file tp bng k gi qua mng : NSD thc hin lu cc file tp bng k (dng .xls) gi qua mng cng trong mt th mc vi tp t khai gi. - Nhn chn biu tng hnh gm thng tin sau trong ct Gi bng k, h thng s hin th mn

- NSD thc hin chn tn bng k np trong danh sch Bng k - Nhn nt Browse, chn ng dn ti th mc lu tp bng k - Nhn nt K in t, thc hin k in t ln tp bng k va chn - Nhn nt Gi bng k, h thng gi bng k vo Danh sch bng k gi cha xc nhn

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- NSD thc hin nhn nt Chp nhn gi tp bng k - Nu khng mun gi bng k va upload th NSD nhn vo biu tng tng ng vi tn bng k cn xa. - NSD kim tra li tp t khai v tp bng k upload, nhn vo biu tng tng ng vi tp t khai hoc bng k nu mun xa b tp t khai hoc bng k . Lu nu NSD xa tp t khai c km tp bng k, th tp bng k cng t ng c xa b. - Kch chut vo tn tp t khai hoc tp bng k gi, h thng s hin th thng tin chi tit tp t khai c km ch k in t, ngy gi NNT upload t khai thu . i vi tp bng k c nh dng file .xls, NNT khng nhn c ch k in t do ch k in t c m ha. Nhn nt Xc nhn, thc hin gi tp h s khai thu ti C quan thu. H thng s trch xut d liu k khai (chui m vch ca cc tp t khai) trong tp h s khai thu gi vo h thng truyn tin ti Tng cc thu. H thng gi thng bo xc nhn gi tp h s khai thu thnh cng km theo s ln gi tp h s khai thu, ng thi h thng t ng gi 195

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mt Thng bo xc nhn np h s khai thu qua mng Internet ti a ch hp th in t ca NNT ng k vi CQT . Ni dung thng bo gm cc thng tin sau : - Tn doanh nghip - M s thu - Tn s tp t khai/bng k gi qua mng - K tnh thu ca tp t khai/ bng k - S ln np ca tp t khai/bng k - Ngy gi CQT nhn c h s khai thu ca NNT

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Deleted:

Cc Lu - Cc tp t khai v tp bng k gi qua mng Internet, NSD ti cc th mc khc nhau do vy mi ln thc hin gi mt file tp t khai/bng k NSD phi thc hin chn li ng dn ti th mc cha tp t khai/bng k . - i vi tp t khai thu nh dng phi l .PDF - i vi tp bng k nh dng phi l .XLS - Sau khi NSD thc hin k in t, i vi tp t khai NSD s nhn c biu tng ch k s nh sau :

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- i vi tp bng k ch k c m ha nn NSD khng nhn thy c Nu NSD rt USB token khi my tnh, trn tp t khai biu tng ch k thay i nh hnh sau:
Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

- Nu NSD thc hin k in t li trn mt tp t khai k Signature valid, h thng s thng bo tp t khai thu ti ng dn xyz c k, NSD khng th thc hin k li c nhng NSD c th thc hin tip tc gi li t khai thu . (9) Bc 9- Tra cu h s khai thu

NSD nhp cc iu kin tra cu sau : - T khai : NSD chn loi t khai thu mun tra cu trong danh sch t khai thu, mc nh s hin th l tt c. - Thng tin k tnh thu s thay i theo loi t khai thng/ qu/ nm + i vi loi t khai thng, iu kin lc 198

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+ i vi t khai qu, iu kin lc :

+ i vi t khai nm, iu kin lc :

- Ngy np t ngy .n ngy : l ngy NNT thc hin np h s khai thu qua mng. iu kin lc ny s lc ra danh sch cc h s khai thu np trong khong thi gian Ngy np t ngy/n ngy tng ng. - NSD khng cn nhp tt c cc iu kin tra cu, nu NSD khng chn th iu kin l cc gi tr ngm nh ca tng iu kin v l tt c trong trng hp iu kin tra cu khng c gi tr ngm nh. Ngc li h thng s kt hp ng thi cc iu kin do NSD la chn. - Sau khi nhp iu kin tra cu, NSD chn nt Tra cu thc hin 199

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- H thng tm kim v hin th danh sch kt qu tra cu Kt qu tra cu : - Ti mn hnh tra cu danh sch kt qu tra cu c hin th nh sau : o STT o Tn tp t khai/ bng k o K tnh thu : theo loi tp t khai thng/ qu / nm o Loi t khai : chnh thc / b sung o Ngy np tp h s khai thu : thng tin hin th theo nh dng dd/mm/yyyy hh:ss:mm
Deleted: :

- Xem ni dung tp t khai/ tp bng k giTrn danh sch kt qu tra cu, NSD nhn chut vo tn mt tp t khai thu hoc tp bng k gi. VD : T khai thu GTGT khu tr mu 01/GTGT H thng tm kim v hin th ni dung tp t khai thu (dng file .PDF) km ch k in t hoc tp bng k (dng file .xls) . Cc tp t khai hoc bng k ny khng c sa i thng tin
Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

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(10) Bc 10- Thay i thng tin NNT Chc nng ny cho php NSD thc hin thay i thng tin s in thoi v a ch hp th in t ng thi thng bo trc tip n CQT. - NSD thc hin nhp thng tin s in thoi mi v a ch th in t mi vo cc tng ng - Nhn nt Cp nht, nu thng tin hp l h thng s thng bo Thng tin 201

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c thay i thnh cng ! . Ngc li h thng s thng bo li nu thng tin khng hp l, yu cu NSD nhp li. (11) Bc 11- Ngng s dng dch v

M t chc nng thc hin ng k ngng s dng dch v khi khng mun tip tc s dng dch v. :
Deleted: Mc ch: Chc nng cho php NSD Deleted: Deleted: Cc bc s dng

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- NSD thc hin chn l do ngng dch v , bao gm : ng truyn khng m bo Thi gian gi np t khai thu qu lu Dch v khng p ng c yu cu L do khc : NSD nhp l do khc ngoi cc l do c a ra trn - Nhn nt ng k ngng, h thng s cp nht thng tin ngng ca NSD vo CSDL, mc nh h thng s ly ngy hin ti ca my tnh l ngy ng k ngng s dng dch v. ng thi h thng s t ng gi mt Thng bo xc nhn ngng s dng dch v ti a ch th in t ca NNT ng k ti CQT. Ni dung mail thng bo gm cc thng tin sau : Tn doanh nghip M s thu doanh nghip Tn cc loi t khai thu NSD ng k np qua mng 203

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K chm dt hnh thc np qua mng i vi cc loi t khai thu Ngy gi CQT nhn c ng k ngh dng s dng dch v ca NNT.

- Sau khi ng k ngng s dng dch v, nu NSD mun tip tc s dng dch v np h s khai thu qua mng, NSD phi n CQT thc hin xin cp php ng k s dng li dch v.

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