2:

(scalars):

( )

(vectors):

,
.

r
r
r r
A = Aa A = A a , A A

, . a = 1 .

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

By M. Velgakis

 -
r
: r = ( x , y , z )

(
) :

r
r r
r
r ( t ) = xi + yj + zk ( x , y , z )
r r r
i , j ,k

x,y,z

r
r
r
r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k ( Ax , Ay , Az )

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9


( r x-y):
r
r = ( r , ) & A = ( Ar , A )
:
x = r cos , y = r sin ,
= tan 1( x ), r = x 2 + y 2
y

:
r
r
r
r
r = cos i + sin j , = sin i + cos j
r
r
i = cos r sin , j = sin r + cos
:

dV = ( rd ) dr = rdrd

:
r
r
A = ( Ar , , z ) & r = ( r , , z )
:

x = cos , y = sin ,

= tan 1( x ), = x 2 + y 2
y

dV = ( d ) d dz = dddz

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

r
r
: r = ( r , , ) A = ( Ar , , )
:
x=rsincos,
y=rsinsin,
z=rcos

= tan 1 ( y / x ) ,
= cos 1 ( z / r ) ,
r = x2 + y2 + z2

r :
r
r

r = sin cos i + sin sin j + cos k ,

r
r
r
= cos cos i + cos sin j sin k ,
r
r
= sin i + cos j

r
,
i = sin cos r + cos cos sin
r
,
j = sin sin r + cos sin + cos
r
k = cos r sin

:
dV = r 2 sin drdd

:
r r
2 : A = B , x=x, y=y, ...
r r r

r 2 : C = A + B ,
C : Cx=x+x, Cy=y+y, Cz=z+z

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9


( ) 2 :
r r
C = A B , C
: C=xx+yy+zz,r
C=ABcos,
r
A B .

2
r r ( r )
C = A B ,
.
:
r
r
C : C = AB sin n , n

r
r
A B .
:
r
i
r r r
C = A B = Ax

r
j
Ay

r
k
r
r
r
Az = ( A y B z Az B y )i + ( Az B x Ax B z ) j + ( Ax B y A y B x )k

Bx

By

Bz

r
( curl) A :
r r
A =

r
i

r
j

r
k

Ax

Ay

Az

=(

Az
y

A y
z

r
r
A
A
A
A r
)i + ( zx xz ) j + ( xy yx )k

r
/ : A = ( )a
r
A
2 : r .
B

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

:r
A

: = ( )a

r
dA
:
:
dt
r
dA dAx r dAy r dAz r
=
k
i+
j+
dt
dt
dt
dt
r
: Adt :

r
r
r
r
Adt = i Ax dt + j Ay dt + k Az dt

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

 1 ( ):
m
, . a
b (a>b),

.

: x-y

0, ().
,
r r
r
r ( t ) = xi + yj ( x , y ) , (1)
x,y
,
x = a cos , y = b sin . (2)
[
: y=f(x), .. :

x2
a2

y2
b2

= 1 ,

,
,

(2), ].

r
r
Mm
Mm r
Mm
Mm
F = G 2 r = G 3 r F ( G 3 x , G 3 y ) (3)
r
r
r
r
Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

 (3)

0, r :
r = x 2 + y 2 = a 2 sin 2 + b 2 cos 2 = a 2 sin 2 + b 2 ( 1 sin 2 )
= b 2 + ( a 2 b 2 ) sin 2 = a 2 b 2 2 + sin 2 , 2 = b 2 /( a 2 b 2 ).

( )
- -
, ,

r r
= F dr
B

WA B

(4)

r
dr
, o : .

(2),
r
r
r
: dr = ( a sin i + b cos j )d . ( ,
, : a=b=r,
r
r
r
r
: dr = r( sin i + cos j )d = r d ,
, . 3. .
. 6).

, (4)

WA B = Fx ( a sin ) d + Fy ( b cos )d
A

a 2 cos sin + b 2 sin cos

= GMm
d
2
2 3/ 2
2
2
3/ 2
(
a

b
)
(

+
sin

)
A
B ( a 2 b 2 ) sin cos d
GMm
= 2

( a b 2 )3 / 2 A
( 2 + sin 2 )3 / 2
B
GMm
sin cos d
=
(5)
2
2
3/ 2
2
2
a b A ( + sin )
B

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

10


: 0 /2,
B

B
sin cos d
sin dsin
=
=
=

( 2 + sin 2 )3 / 2
( 2 + sin 2 )3 / 2
A
A
B
B
udu
du 2
u

=
= cos
( 2 + u 2 )3 / 2
2( 2 + u 2 )3 / 2
A
A

3 +1

2
2
d( 2 + u 2 )
(

+
u
) 2
1
=2
2
2 3/ 2
32 + 1
2( + u )

1
2 + cos 2

= / 2

=0

1
2 + u2

1
1
ba
= + 2
=(
) a2 b2

ab
+1

.
:
W1 =

GMm
a2 b

(
2

ba
1 1
) a 2 b 2 = GMm( ) < 0 (6)
ab
b a

( , . a=b=r, : W=0! ;)
,
U(x,y,z),

, . UB-UA=-W AB., U(B)-U(A)=-WAB.
(. a=) , U()=0,
b=r ,
(6), : UB-0=-W AB, . Ur)=-GMm/r ( ).

,

: y=f(x), .
2

: y f ( x ) = b 1 ax 2 =

b 2
a x2 .
a

,
SCHAUM.

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

11

 F
,
B
B
r r

= F dr = Fx dx + Fy dy = Fx dx + Fy f (x)dx
=
B

WA B

= GMm[

xdx + yf (x)dx
= GMm[
r3
A

x + f ( x ) f (x)
dx =
r3

( a2 b2 ) 2
b2 2
2
r = x + y = x + 2 (a x ) =
+ x2
a
a
2

2 = a 2 b 2 /( a 2 b 2 ) .

:
B
a3
= GMm 2

( a b 2 )3 / 2 A

= GMm

a
a 2 b2

GMma
a2 b2

1
2 + a2

)
a 2 x 2 dx
( 2 + x 2 )3 / 2

xdx
GMma B d ( 2 + x 2 )
= 2

2
2 3/ 2
( 2 + x 2 )3 / 2
a b 2 A 2( + x )

3
2 2 +1

GMma ( + x )
32 + 1
2 a 2 b2
2

x + ba a 2 x 2 ( ba

x =0

GMma

a2 b2

2 + x2

x=a

1
1 1 ,
) 2

=
GMm
(
)

= ab / a b 2
a b

. (6)!!

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

12

 2 ( ): baseball
110gr 2.6m/s pitcher.
batter ,
4m/s .

0.015s,
.

+x

: 2 , F = dpr / dt , :
r r
dp = Fdt , t
t,
r
r
p p =

r
Fdt .

(7)

r
F.

r
Fdt

(impulse)

(7)
- . F
, .
=

r
Fdt = F t ,

t = t t

, (7) ,

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

13

r
r
p p = F t ,

(8)

. ,
1
1
( p , x p , x ) = [ m cos 40 ( m )]
t
t
1
=
0.110( 4 cos 40 + 2.6 ) = 41.5 Nt
0.015

x-:

Fx =

y-:

Fy =

1
1
( p , y p , y ) = ( m sin 40 0 )
t
t
1
=
0.110( 4 sin 40 0 ) = 18.8 Nt
0.015

r
r
r
r
F = Fx i + Fy j = 41.5 i + 18.8 j (Nt) ,

F = 41.5 2 + 18.8 2 = 45.6 Nt ,

= tan 1 (

Fy
Fx

) = tan 1 (

18.8
) = 27 o .
41.5

r

F
. ,
- :
2
2
W = K = 21 m
12 m
= 12 0.110( 4 2 2.6 2 ) = 42 Joules

3 ( - Compton):

(? ) (.
).
.
( ).
: , ,
. , ,
., , .
Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

14

 , .
, Max Planck ( 1900)
,
h, h/, m .
, ,

( Einstein).

,
: E = ( cp )2 + ( mc 2 )2 , c ,
p,m .

(
;), :
) = ,
h + mc 2 = h' + ( cp )2 + ( mc 2 )2

(9)

) = ,
x-:

h
h
+ 0 = cos + p cos

'

y-:

0+0=

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

h
sin p sin
'

(10)
(11)

15

 (10),(11),

h2 h2
h2
+

2
cos = p 2
2
2
'

'

(12)

: =c, =c/, (9),

hc
hc
+ mc 2 =
+ ( cp )2 + ( mc 2 )2

'

( cp )2 + ( mc 2 )2 =

hc
hc
+ mc 2 ,

'

,
h2c 2
h2c 2
hc
hc
hc hc
2 2
2
( cp ) + ( mc ) = 2 + ( mc ) + 2 + 2 mc 2 2 mc 2

'
'

'
2

2 2

h2c 2 h2c 2
hc
hc
hc hc
( cp ) = 2 + 2 + 2 mc 2 2 mc 2
2
.

'
'

'
2

p (12) ,
c2h2
hc hc
( 1 cos ) = mc 2 ( ) ,
'

'

( ' ) =

Recitation 2, Physics I 2008-9

h
= 0.0242
mc

h
( 1 cos ) .
mc

Compton.

16