Do An Cong Nghe LTE Cho Mang Di Dong

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Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang
MUC LUC
DANHMUCHNHVE......................................................................................................3 DANHMUCBNGBIEU.................................................................................................6 LI Me AU................................................................................................................... ...7 CHUNG1 GII THIUVECNGNGHVMUCTIUTHIETKELTE.............9 1.1 Gii thiuvecngnghLTE....................................................................................9 1.2 SosnhcngnghLTEvicngnghWimaxvnhungtrienvongchocngngh LTE.................................................................................................. ..............................10 1.2.1 SosnhcngnghLTEvicngnghWimax...............................................10 1.2.2 NhungtrienvongchocngnghLTE.............................................................13 1.3 Mnctiu thietkeLTE.............................................................................................15 1.3.1Tiemnang cngngh.......................................................................................15 1.3.2Hiusuath thong.............................................................................................16 1.3.3 Ccvandelin quandenvictrienkhai.........................................................18 1.3.3.1linhhoatphov victrienkhai............................................................19 1.3.4 Kientrcvsnd%chchuyen (migration).........................................................21 1.3.5 Qunltinguynv tuyen............................................................................21 1.3.6 phc tap.............................................................................................. ........22 1.3.7 Nhungvande chung........................................................................................22 CHUNG2 TONGQUANVETRUYNHPVTUYENTRONGLTE....................23 2.1H thongtruyendan:dvngxuongOFDMvdvnglnSC-FDMA.....................23 2.2Hoachd%nhphnthucknhtruyenvsnthchngtocd(Channel-dependent schedulingandrateadaptation).....................................................................................25 2.2.1Hoachd%nhdvngxuong..................................................................................26 2.2.2 Hoachd%nhdvngln.......................................................................................27 2.2.3ieu phoinhieulintebo(Inter-cellinterferencecoordination)...................28 2.3ARQhonhop vivickethopmem(HybridARQwithsoftcombining)..............29 2.4Snhotronhieuanten (Multipleantennasupport)...................................................29 2.5Hotromulticastv broadcast..................................................................................30 2.6Tnhlinhhoat pho...................................................................................................31 2.6.1Tnhlinhhoat trongsapxepsongcng............................................................32 2.6.2Tnhlinhhoattrong bangtanhoatdng...........................................................32 2.6.3Tnhlinhhoatvebang thng............................................................................33 CHUNG3 KIENTRCGIAODINVTUYENLTE.............................................34 3.1 RLC:radiolinkcontroldieukhienlinketvtuyen...........................................37 3.2MAC:dieukhientruynhpmitrvng(mediumaccesscontrol)..........................38 3.2.2Hoachd%nhdvngxuong..................................................................................41 3.2.3Hoachd%nhdvngln.......................................................................................43 3.2.4HybridARQ......................................................................................................46 3.3PHY:physicallayer-lpvtl...............................................................................50 3.4CctrangthiLTE...................................................................................................53 3.5Luongduliu................................................................................................ ...........54
GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng
SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm
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CHUNG4 LP VTLLTE......................................................................................56 4.1Kientrcmienthigiantonphan(Overalltime-domainstructure).....................56 4.2So dotruyendandvngxuong................................................................................58 4.2.1Ti nguynvtldvngxuong........................................................................58 4.2.2Cctn hiuthamkhodvngxuong...............................................................63 4.2.2.1Ccchuoitnhiuthamkhovvicnhndangtebolpvtl (Referencesignals sequencesandphysicallayercellidentity).............................64 4.2.2.2Nhytantnhiu thamkho(Referencesignalfrequencyhopping)........65 4.2.2.3Cctnhiuthamkho chotruyendandaanten(Referencesignalsfor multi-antenna transmission)...................................................................................66 4.2.3Xulknhtruyentidvngxuong..................................................................67 4.2.3.1ChnCRC..................................................................................................70 4.2.3.2Mhaknh............................................................................................ ...70 4.2.3.3ChcnangHybrid-ARQlpvtl...........................................................71 4.2.3.4Ngaunhinhamcdbit........................................................................71 4.2.3.5ieucheduliu........................................................................................73 4.2.3.6nhxaanten..............................................................................................73 4.2.3.7nhxakhoitinguyn..............................................................................73 4.2.4BohiudieukhienL1/L2dvngxuong.....................................................75 4.2.5Truyendannhieuantendvngxuong...........................................................77 4.2.5.1Haiantenmhakhoikhnggian-tanso(SFBC)....................................79 4.2.5.2Tao dangtia(beam-forming).....................................................................79 4.2.5.3Ghpknh khnggian...............................................................................80 4.2.6Multicast/broadcast sudnngMBSFN...............................................................81 4.3Schemetruyendandvng ln.................................................................................82 4.3.1Tinguynvtldvng ln.............................................................................82 4.3.2Tnhiuthamkhodvng ln..........................................................................86 4.3.2.1Nhieutnhiutham kho..........................................................................89 4.3.2.2Tnhiuthamkhochovic dknh........................................................90 4.3.3Xulknhtruyentidvng ln.......................................................................93 4.3.4BohiudieukhienL1/L2dvng ln..............................................................95 4.3.5%nhthismdvngln(Uplinktiming advance)..........................................98 CHUNG5 CCTHUTUCTRUYCPLTE............................................................101 5.1 Dtmtebo(cellsearch).....................................................................................101 5.1.1Thutncdtmcell(cellsearch).....................................................................101 5.1.2 Cautrcthigian/tansocuacctnhiudongb........................................103 5.1.3D tmcellbandauvkecn.........................................................................105 5.2Truycpngau nhin...............................................................................................106 5.2.1Bvc1:Truyen danPreambletruycpngaunhin........................................107 5.2.2Bvc2:pngtruycp ngaunhin............................................................111 5.2.3Bvc3:Nhndangdau cuoi...........................................................................112 5.2.4Bvc4:Giiquyettranh chap........................................................................113 5.3 Paging....................................................................................................................114 KETLUN................................................................................................................ ......116 CCTHUTNGUVTVIETTAT.........................................................................117 TILIUTHAMKHO...............................................................................................122
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DANH MUC HNH VE

1.1 Kien trc cua mang LTE 1.2 L trnh pht trien cua LTE v cc cng ngh khc 1.3 Phn bo pho bang tan li tai 2 GHz cua nguyn bn IMT-2000 1.4 Mt v dn ve cch thc LTE thm nhp tng bvc vo phn bo pho cua mt h thong GSM d dvoc trien khai
2.1 Hoach d%nh phn thuc knh truyen dvng xuong trong mien thi gian v tan so 2.2 Mt v dn ve dieu phoi nhieu lin te bo, noi m cc phan pho b% gii han bi cng suat truyen dan 2.3 FDD vs. TDD
3.1 Kien trc giao thc LTE (dvng xuong) 3.2 Phn doan v hop doan RLC 3.3 V dn ve sn nh xa cc knh logic ln cc knh truyen dan 3.4 Vic lna chon d%nh dang truyen dan trong dvng xuong (bn tri) v dvng ln (bn phi) 3.5 Giao thc hybrid-ARQ dong b v khng dong b 3.6 Nhieu tien trnh hybrid-ARQ song song 3.7 M hnh xu l lp vt l don gin cho DL-SCH 3.8 M hnh xu l lp vt l don gin cho DL-SCH 3.9 Cc trang thi LTE 3.10 Mt v dn ve luong du liu LTE
4.1 Cau trc mien thi gian LTE

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm
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4.2 Cc v dn ve vic chi d%nh khung phn dvng ln/dvng xuong trong trvng hop TDD v sn so snh vi FDD 4.3 Ti nguyn vt l dvng xuong LTE 4.4 Cau trc mien tan so dvng xuong LTE 4.5 Cau trc khung phn v khe thi gian dvng xuong LTE 4.6 Khoi ti nguyn dvng xuong dnh cho tien to chu trnh bnh thvng 4.7 Cau trc tn hiu tham kho dvng xuong LTE dnh cho tien to chu trnh bnh thvng 4.8 Cau trc tn hiu tham kho trong trvng hop truyen dan nhieu anten dvng xuong 4.9 Xu l knh truyen ti dvng xuong 4.10 Chn CRC dvng xuong 4.11 Khoi m ha Turbo LTE 4.12 Chc nang Hybrid-ARQ lp vt l 4.13 Ngau nhin ha dvng xuong 4.14 ieu che du liu 4.15 nh xa khoi ti nguyn dvng xuong 4.16 Chuoi xu l cho bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 dvng xuong 4.17 Lvi thi gian/tan so LTE 4.18 Cc phan tu knh dieu khien v cc ng cu knh dieu khien 4.19 nh xa anten LTE bao gom vic nh xa lp sau qu trnh tien m ha 4.20 M ha hai anten khoi khng gian-tan so trong ket cau khung nhieu anten LTE 4.21 Tao dang tia (beam-forming) trong ket cau khung nhieu anten LTE 4.22 Ghp knh khng gian trong ket cau khung nhieu anten LTE 4.23 Nhung k hiu tham kho ring te bo v chung te bo trong cc khung phn MBSN 4.24 Kien trc co bn cua truyen dan DFTS-OFDM 4.25 Kien trc mien tan so dvng ln LTE 4.26 Cau trc khe thi gian v khung phn dvng ln LTE 4.27 Cap pht ti nguyn dvng ln LTE
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4.28 Nhy tan dvng ln 4.29 Tn hiu tham kho dvng ln dvoc chn vo trong khoi th tv cua moi khe thi gian dvng ln 4.30 Sn hnh thnh tn hiu tham kho dvng ln mien tan so 4.31 Phvong php tao ra tn hiu tham kho dvng ln t chuoi Zadoff-Chu c d di tot nhat 4.32 Truyen dan cc tn hiu tham kho tham d knh b4ng In 4.33 XN I knh truyen ti b4ng In LTE 4.34 Ghp knh d Iiu v bo hiu bieu khien b4ng In L1/L2 trong tr4ng hep truyen dan bong thi UL-SCH v bieu khien L1/L2 4.35 Kien trc ti nguyn b4ec sN dnng cho bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2 b4ng In trong tr4ng hep khng truyen dan bong thi ULSCH 4.36 e xuat bnh thi b4ng In
5.1 Tn hiu dong b so cap v th cap 5.2 Vic pht tn hiu dong b trong mien tan so 5.3 Tong quan cua thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin 5.4 Miu t nguyn l cua truyen dan preamble truy cp ngau nhin 5.5 %nh thi Preamble eNodeB cho ngvi su dnng truy cp ngau nhin khc nhau 5.6 Sn hnh thnh phan m dau truy cp ngau nhin 5.7 Vic d tm phan m dau truy cp ngau nhin trong mien tan so 5.8 Vic thu nhn khng lin tnc (DRX) cho tm goi (paging)
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DANH MUC BNG BIEU

1.1 Tien trnh pht trien cc chuan cua 3GPP 1.2 LTE v WiMAX 1.3 Cc yu cau ve hiu suat pho v lvu lvong ngvi dng 1.4 Yu cau ve thi gian gin doan, LTE-GSM v LTE-WCDMA
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LI M AU
Thng tin di dng ngy nay d tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip vien thng pht trien rat nhanh v mang lai nhieu loi nhun cho cc nh khai thc. Sn pht trien cua th% trvng vien thng di dng d thc day manh me vic nghin cu v trien khai cc h thong thng tin di dng mi trong tvong lai. H thong di dng the h th hai, vi GSM v CDMA l nhung v dn dien hnh d pht trien manh me nhieu quoc gia. Tuy nhin, th% trvng vien thng cng m rng cng the hin r nhung han che ve dung lvong v bang thng cua cc h thong thng tin di dng the h th hai. Sn ra di cua h thong di dng the h th ba vi cc cng ngh tiu bieu nhv WCDMA hay HSPA l mt tat yeu de c the dp ng dvoc nhu cau truy cp du liu, m thanh, hnh nh vi toc d cao, bang thng rng cua ngvi su dnng. Mc d cc h thong thng tin di dng the h 2.5G hay 3G van dang pht trien khng ngng nhvng cc nh khai thc vien thng ln trn the gii d bat dau tien hnh trien khai thu nghim mt chuan di dng the h mi c rat nhieu tiem nang v c the se tr thnh chuan di dng 4G trong tvong lai, d l LTE (Long Term Evolution). Cc cuc thu nghim v trnh dien ny d chng t nang lnc tuyt vi cua cng ngh LTE v kh nang thvong mai ha LTE d den rat gan. Trvc dy, muon truy cp du liu, ban phi can c 1 dvng dy co d%nh de ket noi. Trong tvong lai khng xa vi LTE, ban c the truy cp tat c cc d%ch vn moi lc moi noi trong khi van di chuyen: xem phim chat lvong cao HDTV, din thoai thay hnh, choi game, nghe nhac trnc tuyen, ti co s du liu v.v vi mt toc d siu toc. chnh l sn khc bit giua mang di dng the h th 3 (3G) v mang di
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dng the h th tv (4G). Tuy van cn kh mi me nhvng mang di dng bang rng 4G dang dvoc ky vong se tao ra nhieu thay doi khc bit so vi nhung mang di dng hin nay. Xuat pht t nhung van de trn, em d lna chon de ti tot nghip cua mnh l: Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang rng. e ti se di vo tm hieu tong quan ve cng ngh LTE cung nhv l nhung ky thut v thnh phan dvoc su dnng trong cng ngh ny de c the hieu r thm ve nhung tiem nang hap dan m cng ngh ny se mang lai. e ti cua em bao gom 5 chvong:
Chvong 1 Gii thiu ve cng ngh v mnc tiu thiet ke LTE Chvong 2 Tong quan ve truy cp v tuyen trong LTE Chvong 3 Kien trc giao din v tuyen LTE Chvong 4 Lp vt l LTE Chvong 5 Cc thu tnc truy cp LTE
Tuy nhin do LTE l cng ngh van dang dvoc nghin cu, pht trien v hon thin cung nhv l do nhung gii han ve kien thc cua ngvi trnh by nn do n ny chva de cp dvoc het cc van de cua cng ngh LTE v khng the trnh khi nhung thieu st. Rat mong dvoc sn dng gp kien cua thay c v cc ban.
Sinh vin thnc hin
Nguyen Minh Tm
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CHUNG 1 GII THIU VE CNG NGH V MUC TIU THIET KE LTE

1.1 Gii thiu ve cng ngh LTE LTE l the h th tv tvong lai cua chuan UMTS do 3GPP pht trien. UMTS the h th ba dna trn WCDMA d dvoc trien khai trn ton the gii. e dm bo tnh canh tranh cho h thong ny trong tvong lai, thng 11/2004 3GPP d bat dau dn n nham xc d%nh bvc pht trien ve lu di cho cng ngh di dng UMTS vi tn goi Long Term Evolution (LTE). 3GPP dt ra yu cau cao cho LTE, bao gom gim chi ph cho moi bit thng tin, cung cap d%ch vn tot hon, su dnng linh hoat cc bang tan hin c v bang tan mi, don gin ha kien trc mang vi cc giao tiep m v gim dng ke nang lvong tiu thn thiet b% dau cuoi. c t ky thut cho LTE dang dvoc hon tat v dn kien sn pham LTE se ra mat th% trvng trong 2 nam ti. Cc mnc tiu cua cng ngh ny l: Toc d dinh tc thi vi bang thng 20 MHz: o Ti xuong: 100 Mbps; Ti ln: 50 Mbps Dung lvong du liu truyen ti trung bnh cua mt ngvi dng trn 1 MHz so vi mang HSDPA Rel. 6: o Ti xuong: gap 3 den 4 lan; Ti ln: gap 2 den 3 lan. Hoat dng toi vu vi toc d di chuyen cua thu bao l 0 15 km/h. Van hoat dng tot vi toc d t 15 120 km/h. Van duy tr dvoc hoat dng khi thu bao di chuyen vi toc d t 120 350 km/h (thm ch 500 km/h ty bang tan) Cc chi tiu trn phi dm bo trong bn knh vng phu sng 5km, gim cht t trong pham vi den 30km. T 30 100 km th khng han che.
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Hnh 1.1 - Kien trc cua mang LTE - di bang thng linh hoat: c the hoat dng vi cc bang 1.25 MHz, 1.6 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz v 20 MHz c chieu ln v xuong. Ho tro c 2 trvng hop d di bang ln v bang xuong bang nhau hoc khng. e dat dvoc mnc tiu ny, se c rat nhieu ky thut mi dvoc p dnng, trong d noi bt l ky thut v tuyen OFDMA (da truy cp phn chia theo tan so trcc giao), ky thut anten MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output - da nhp da xuat). Ngoi ra h thong ny se chay hon ton trn nen IP (all-IP network), v ho tro c 2 che d FDD v TDD. 1.2 So snh cng ngh LTE vi cng ngh Wimax v nhung trien vong cho cng ngh LTE 1.2.1 So snh cng ngh LTE vi cng ngh Wimax Ve cng ngh, LTE v WiMax c mt so khc bit nhvng cung c nhieu diem tvong dong. C hai cng ngh deu dna trn nen tng IP. C hai deu dng ky thut MIMO de ci thin chat lvong truyen/nhn tn hiu, dvng xuong t tram thu pht den thiet b% dau cuoi deu dvoc tang toc bang ky thut OFDM ho tro truyen ti du liu da phvong tin v video. Theo l thuyet, chuan WiMax hin tai (802.16e) cho toc d ti xuong toi da l 70Mbps, cn LTE dn kien c the cho toc d den 300Mbps. Tuy nhin, khi LTE dvoc trien khai ra th% trvng c the WiMax cung se dvoc nng cap ln chuan 802.16m (cn dvoc goi l WiMax 2.0) c toc d tvong dvong hoc cao hon.
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Hnh 1.2 L trnh pht trien cua LTE v cc cng ngh khc. vng ln t thiet b% dau cuoi den tram thu pht c sn khc nhau giua 2 cng ngh. WiMax dng OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access mt bien the cua OFDM), cn LTE dng ky thut SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access). Ve l thuyet, SC-FDMA dvoc thiet ke lm vic hiu qu hon v cc thiet b% dau cuoi tiu thn nang lvong thap hon OFDMA. LTE cn c vu the hon WiMax v dvoc thiet ke tvong thch vi c phvong thc TDD (Time Division Duplex) v FDD (Frequency Division Duplex). Ngvoc lai, WiMax hin chi tvong thch vi TDD (theo mt bo co dvoc cng bo dau nam nay, WiMax Forum dang lm vic vi mt phin bn Mobile WiMax tch hop FDD). TDD truyen du liu ln v xuong thng qua 1 knh tan so (dng phvong thc phn chia thi gian), cn FDD cho php truyen du liu ln v xuong thng qua 2 knh tan so ring bit. ieu ny c nghia LTE c nhieu pho tan su dnng hon WiMax. Tuy nhin, sn khc bit cng ngh khng c nghia quyet d%nh trong cuc chien giua WiMax v TLE. Bng 1.1: Tien trnh pht trien cc chuan cua 3GPP
Phin bn Release 99 Release 4
Thi biem hon tat
Tnh nang chnh / Thng tin
Qu 1/2000
Gii thiu UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) v WCDMA (Wideband CDMA). Bo sung mt so tnh nang nhu mang li dna trn IP v c nhung ci tien cho UMTS.
Qu 2/2001
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Release 5 Release 6
Qu 1/2002
Gii thiu IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystems) v HSDPA (High-Speed Download Packet Access). Ket hp vi Wireless LAN, thm HSUPA (High-Speed Upload Packet Access) v cc tnh nang nng cao cho IMS nhu Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC). Tp trung gim b tre, ci thin chat lung dch vn v cc ng dnng thi gian
Qu 4/2004
Release 7
Qu 4/2007
thnc nhu VoIP. Phin bn ny cung tp trung vo HSPA+ (High Speeed Packet Evolution) v EDGE Evolution.
Release 8
Dn kien cuoi nam Gii thiu LTE v kien trc lai UMTS nhu l mang IP the h th tu hon ton 2008 hoc bau nam dna trn IP. 2009
Hin tai WiMax c loi the di trvc LTE: mang WiMax d dvoc trien khai v thiet b% WiMax cung d c mt trn th% trvng, cn LTE th sm nhat cung phi den nam 2010 ngvi dng mi dvoc tri nghim. Tuy nhin LTE van c loi the quan trong so vi WiMax. LTE dvoc hip hi cc nh khai thc GSM (GSM Association) chap nhn l cng ngh bang rng di dng tvong lai cua h di dng hin dang thong tr% th% trvng di dng ton cau vi khong 2,5 ti thu bao (theo Informa Telecoms & Media) v trong 3 nam ti c the chiem th% phan den 89% (theo Gartner) nhung con so trong mo doi vi WiMax. Hon nua, LTE cho php tn dnng dnng ha tang GSM c san (tuy van can dau tv thm thiet b%) trong khi WiMax phi xy dnng t dau. Bng 1.2: LTE v WIMAX
Tnh nang Ghp knh Bang tan dn kien Toc b toi ba (Download/Upload) Di bng Pham vi ph sng So ngui dng VoIP bong thi 3GPP LTE RAN1 TDD, FDD 700MHz 2,6GHz 802.16elMobile WiMax R1 TDD 802.16mlMobile WiMax R2 TDD, FDD
2,3GHz, 2,5GHz, 3,3-3,8GHz 2,3GHz, 2,5GHz, 3,3-3,8GHz
300Mbps /100Mbps
70Mbps /70Mbps
300Mbps /100Mbps
350km/h 5/30/100km
120km/h 1/5/30km
350km/h 1/5/30km
80
50
100
Thi biem hon tat chuan
Dn kien cuoi nam 2008 hoc bau nam 2009 2009-2010/2012
2005
Dn kien trong nam 2009
Trien khai ra th trung
2007-2008/2009
2010
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Thi the doi thay, nhn thay loi the cua LTE, mt so nh khai thc mang d cn nhac lai vic trien khai WiMax v d c nh khai thc quyet d%nh t b con dvng WiMax de chuyen sang LTE, dng ke trong so d c hai tn tuoi ln nhat tai My l AT&T v Verizon Wireless. Theo mt kho st do RCR Wireless News v Yankee Group thnc hin gan dy, c den 56% nh khai thc di dng chon LTE, chi c 30% di theo 802.16e. Kho st cho thay cc nh khai thc di dng Bac My v Ty u nghing ve LTE, trong khi cc nvc mi pht trien (dc bit l khu vnc chu - Thi Bnh Dvong) th ung h WiMax. Nhieu hng sn xuat thiet b% di nvc di, mt mt tuyn bo van ung h WiMax, mt khc lai doc tien dau tv cho LTE. Ngay nhv Intel, dau tu hu thuan WiMax, cung doi giong. C Siavash M. Alamouti, gim doc ky thut Wireless Mobile Group v Sean Maloney, gim doc tiep th% cua Intel, trong cc pht bieu gan dy deu cho rang WiMax c the ho hop vi LTE. Trong cuc dua 4G, WiMax v LTE hin l hai cng ngh sng gi nhat. Liu hai cng ngh ny c the cng ton tai dc lp hay se st nhp thnh mt chuan chung? Hiu nang cua WiMax v LTE tvong dvong nhau, do vy vic quyet d%nh hin nay phn thuc vo yeu to san sng v kh nang thm nhp th% trvng. 1.2.2 Nhung trien vong cho cng ngh LTE -Ccdaigiavienthnghung denLTE: Nhn thay tiem nang to ln cua cng ngh ny, ngnh cng nghip di dng dang don ket xung quanh h thong LTE vi hau het cc cng ty vien thng hng dau the gii: Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, France Telecom/Orange, Nokia, Nokia Siemens Networks, AT&T, T-Mobile, Vodafone, China Mobile, Huawei, LG Electronics, NTT DoCoMo, Samsung, Signalion, Telecom Italia, ZTE... Ke hoach thu nghim v trien khai cng ngh ny dang dvoc cc cng ty trn cng hop tc thc day, dn kien vo khong nam 2009-2010 se dvoc thvong mai ha den vi ngvi dng. Mang NTT DoCoMo cua Nht se di tin phong khi dt mnc tiu khai trvong d%ch vn vo nam 2009. Cc mang Verizon Wireless, Vodafone, v China Mobile tuyn bo hop tc thu nghim LTE vo nam nay. Vic trien khai co s hang tang cho LTE se bat dau vo nua sau cua nam 2009 v ke hoach cung cap d%ch vn se bat dau vo nam 2010.
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Vi vic dnh dvoc so lvong giay php su dnng bang tan 700 MHz th 2 sau Verizon, mang AT&T cung ln ke hoach su dnng bang tan ny cho LTE. Hng ny tuyn bo c du bang thng 20 MHz dnh cho LTE de phu sng 82% dn so cua 100 thnh pho hng dau cua My. Nhv vy 2 mang chiem th% phan ln nhat cua My deu chon LTE l gii php tien ln 4G. Mang Telstra cua c gan dy cung d xc nhn pht trien theo hvng LTE. Hng TeliaSonera, nh cung cap ln nhat cho th% trvng Bac u v vng Baltic cung cam ket se su dnng cng ngh LTE cho cc th% trvng cua mnh. Ngy 11/6/2008, theo Financial Times, co phieu cua Nortel, nh sn xuat vien thng noi tieng cua Canada, d tang 13% khi hng tuyn bo tp trung cc no lnc nghin cu khng dy vo cng ngh LTE thay v cng ngh doi thu WiMAX. -Tuonglaikhngcnxa Vo ngy 19/12/2007, hng Nokia Siemens Networks d cng bo thu nghim thnh cng cng ngh LTE vi toc d ln den 173 Mb/s trong mi trvng d th% vi nhieu thu bao cng lc. Trn bang tan 2,6 GHz vi 20MHz bang thng, toc d ny d vvot xa toc d yu cau l 100 Mbps. Gim doc ky thut cua hng, ng Stephan Scholz pht bieu: Khi the gii tien gan den con so 5 ti thu bao vo nam 2015, theo tin don cua chng ti, cc nh cung cap d%ch vn di dng se phi su dnng tat c cc bang tan vi mt cau trc mang don gin nhat v hiu qu chi ph cao nhat de phnc vn lvu lvong lin lac cao hon 100 lan. Cuc thu nghim thnc te ny l mt chng minh ban dau quan trong cho khi nim ve LTE. Cuc goi thoai dau tin giua 2 din thoai LTE d dvoc trnh dien vo Hi ngh% The gii di dng (Mobile World Congress) dvoc to chc vo thng 2/2008 tai Barcelona, Ty Ban Nha. Vo thng 3 va qua, mang NTT DoCoMo d thu nghim LTE dat den toc d 250Mbps. Tai cc trien lm vien thng quoc te gan dy, cc nh sn xuat Huawei, Motorola, Ericsson cung d bieu dien LTE vi cc ng dnng nhv xem tivi chat lvong cao HDTV, choi game online Cc cuc thu nghim v trnh dien ny d chng t kh nang tuyt vi cua cng ngh LTE v kh nang thvong mai ha LTE d den rat gan.
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Trvc dy, muon truy cp du liu, ban phi can 1 dvng dy co d%nh de ket noi. Trong tvong lai khng xa vi LTE, ban c the truy cp tat c cc d%ch vn moi lc moi noi trong khi van di chuyen: xem phim chat lvong cao, din thoai thay hnh, choi game trnc tuyen, ti co s du liu v.v V hy nh: vi toc d siu toc.
1.3 Mnc tiu thiet ke LTE Nhung hoat dng cua 3GPP trong vic ci tien mang 3G vo ma xun nam 2005 d xc d%nh doi tvong, nhung yu cau v mnc tiu cho LTE. Nhung mnc tiu v yu cau ny dvoc dan chng bang ti liu trong van bn 3GPP TR 25.913. Nhung yu cau cho LTE dvoc chia thnh 07 phan khc nhau nhv sau:

Tiem nang, dung lvong.
Hiu suat h thong Cc van de lin quan den vic trien khai Kien trc v sn d%ch chuyen (migration) Qun l ti nguyn v tuyen phc tap Nhung van de chung
1.3.1 Tiem nang cng ngh Yu cau dvoc dt ra l vic dat toc d du liu dinh cho dvng xuong l 100 Mbit/s v dvng ln l 50 Mbit/s, khi hoat dng trong phn bo pho 20 MHz. Khi m phn bo pho hep hon th toc d du liu dinh cung se ti l theo. Do d, dieu kin dt ra l c the bieu dien dvoc 5 bit/s/Hz cho dvng xuong v 2.5 bit/s/Hz cho dvng ln. Nhv se dvoc tho lun dvi dy, LTE ho tro c che d FDD v TDD. R rng, doi vi trvng hop TDD, truyen dan dvng ln v dvng xuong, theo d%nh nghia khng the xuat hin dong thi. Do d m yu cau toc d du liu dinh cung khng the trng nhau dong thi. Mt khc, doi vi trvng hop FDD, dc tnh cua LTE cho php qu trnh pht v thu dong thi dat dvoc toc d du liu dinh theo phan l thuyet trn. Yu cau ve d tre dvoc chia thnh: yu cau d tre mt phang dieu khien (the control-plane latency requirements) v yu cau d tre mt phang ngvi dng (the user-plane latency requirements). Yu cau d tre control-plane xc d%nh d tre cua vic chuyen t cc trang thi thiet b% dau cuoi khng tch cnc khc nhau sang
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trang thi tch cnc khi d thiet b% dau cuoi di dng c the gui v nhn du liu. C hai cch xc d%nh: cch xc d%nh th nhat dvoc the hin qua thi gian chuyen tiep t trang thi tam tr (camped state) chang han nhv trang thi Release 6 idle mode, khi d th thu tnc chiem 100 ms; cch xc d%nh th hai dvoc the hin qua thi gian chuyen tiep t trang thi ngu chang han nhv trang thi Release 6 Cell_PCH, khi d th thu tnc chiem 50 ms. Trong c hai thu tnc ny, th d tre che d ngu v vic bo hiu non-RAN deu dvoc loai tr. (Che d Release 6 idle l 1 trang thi m khi thiet b% dau cuoi khng dvoc nhn biet doi vi mang truy nhp v tuyen, nghia l, mang truy nhp v tuyen khng c bat c thuc tnh no cua thiet b% dau cuoi v thiet b% dau cuoi cung khng dvoc chi d%nh mt ti nguyn v tuyen no. Thiet b% dau cuoi c the trong che d ngu v chi lang nghe h thong mang tai nhung khong thi gian cn the. Trang thi Release 6 Cell_PCH l trang thi khi m thiet b% dau cuoi khng dvoc nhn biet doi vi mang truy nhp v tuyen. Tuy mang truy nhp v tuyen biet thiet b% dau cuoi dang trong te bo no nhvng thiet b% dau cuoi lai khng dvoc cap pht bat c ti nguyn v tuyen no. Thiet b% dau cuoi lc ny c the dang trong che d ngu). Yu cau d tre mt phang ngvi dng dvoc the hin quan thi gian de truyen mt gi IP nh t thiet b% dau cuoi ti nt bin RAN hoc ngvoc lai dvoc do t lp IP. Thi gian truyen theo mt hvng se khng vvot qu 5 ms trong mang khng ti (unloaded network), nghia l khng c mt thiet b% dau cuoi no khc xuat hin trong te bo. Xt ve mt yu cau doi vi d tre mt phang dieu khien, LTE c the ho tro t nhat 200 thiet b% dau cuoi di dng trang thi tch cnc khi hoat dng khong tan 5 MHz. Trong moi phn bo rng hon 5 MHz, th t nhat c 400 thiet b% dau cuoi dvoc ho tro. So lvong thiet b% dau cuoi khng tch cnc trong te bo khng ni r l bao nhiu nhvng c the l cao hon mt cch dng ke. 1.3.2 Hiu suat h thong Cc mnc tiu thiet ke cng nang h thong LTE se xc d%nh lvu lvong ngvi dng, hiu suat pho, d linh dng, vng phu sng, v MBMS nng cao. Nhn chung, cc yu cau dc tnh LTE c lin quan den h thong chuan su dnng phin bn 6 HSPA. oi vi tram goc, gi d%nh c mt anten pht v hai anten thu, trong khi d th thiet b% dau cuoi c toi da l mt anten pht v hai anten thu. Tuy nhin, mt dieu quan trong can lvu l nhung dc tnh nng cao nhv l mt phan cua vic ci tien HSPA th khng dvoc bao gom trong tham chieu chuan. V the, mc d thiet b% dau cuoi trong h thong chuan dvoc gi d%nh l c hai anten
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thu th mt b thu RAKE don gin van dvoc p dnng. Tvong tn, ghp knh khng gian cung khng dvoc p dnng trong h thong chuan. Yu cau lvu lvong ngvi dng dvoc d%nh r theo hai diem: tai sn phn bo ngvi dng trung bnh v tai sn phn bo ngvi dng phn v% th 5 (khi m 95% ngvi dng c dvoc chat lvong tot hon). Mnc tiu hiu suat pho cung dvoc chi r, v trong thuc tnh ny th hiu suat pho dvoc d%nh nghia l lvu lvong h thong theo te bo tnh theo bit/s/MHz/cell. Nhung mnc tiu thiet ke ny dvoc tong hop trong bng 1.3. Bng 1.3 - Cc yu cau ve hiu suat pho v luu luong ngui dng
Phvong php do hiu suat Mnc tiu dvng xuong so vi co bn Mnc tiu dvng ln so vi co bn
Lvu lvong ngvi dng trung bnh (trn 1 MHz) Lvu lvong ngvi dng tai bin te bo (trn 1 MHz, phn v% th 5) Hiu suat pho (bit/s/Hz/cell)
3 lan 4 lan 2 lan 3 lan 3 lan 4 lan
2 lan 3 lan 2 lan 3 lan 2 lan 3 lan
Yu cau ve d linh dng chu yeu tp trung vo toc d di chuyen cua cc thiet b% dau cuoi di dng. Tai toc d thap, 0-15 km/h th hiu suat dat dvoc l toi da, v cho php gim di mt t doi vi toc d cao hon. Tai vn toc ln den 120 km/h, LTE van cung cap hiu suat cao v doi vi vn toc trn 120 km/h th h thong phi duy tr dvoc ket noi trn ton mang te bo. Toc d toi da c the qun l doi vi mt h thong LTE c the dvoc thiet lp den 350 km/h (hoc thm ch den 500 km/h ty thuc vo bang tan). Mt yeu to quan trong dc bit l d%ch vn thoai dvoc cung cap bi LTE se ngang bang vi chat lvong m WCDMA/HSPA ho tro. Yu cau ve vng phu sng chu yeu tp trung vo pham vi te bo (bn knh), nghia l khong cch toi da t vng te bo (cell site) den thiet b% dau cuoi di dng trong cell. oi vi pham vi te bo ln den 5 km th nhung yu cau ve lvu lvong ngvi dng, hiu suat pho v d linh dng van dvoc dm bo trong gii han khng b% nh hvng bi nhieu. oi vi nhung te bo c pham vi ln den 30 km th c mt sn gim nhe cho php ve lvu lvong ngvi dng v hiu suat pho th lai gim mt cch dng ke hon nhvng van c the chap nhn dvoc. Tuy nhin, yu cau ve d di dng van dvoc dp ng. Khi m pham vi te bo ln den 100 km th khng thay c dc tnh ky thut ve yu cau hiu suat no dvoc ni r trong trvng hop ny.
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Nhung yu cau MBMS nng cao xc d%nh c hai che d: broadcast (qung b) v unicast. Nhn chung, LTE se cung cap nhung d%ch vn tot hon so vi nhung g c the trong phin bn 6. Yu cau doi vi trvng hop broadcast l hiu suat pho 1 bit/s/Hz, tvong ng vi khong 16 knh TV di dng bang cch su dnng khong 300 kbit/s trong moi phn bo pho tan 5 MHz. Hon nua, n c the cung cap d%ch vn MBMS vi chi mt d%ch vn trn mt sng mang, cung nhv l ket hop vi cc d%ch vn non-MBMS khc. V nhv vy th dvong nhin dc tnh ky thut cua LTE c kh nang cung cap dong thi c d%ch vn thoai v d%ch vn MBMS. 1.3.3 Cc van de lin quan den vic trien khai Cc yu cau lin quan den vic trien khai bao gom cc k%ch bn trien khai, d linh hoat pho, tri pho, sn cng ton tai v lm vic vi nhau giua LTE vi cc cng ngh truy cp v tuyen khc cua 3GPP nhv GSM v WCDMA/HSPA. Nhung yu cau ve k%ch bn trien khai bao gom: trvng hop m h thong LTE dvoc trien khai nhv l mt h thong dc lp v trvng hop m LTE dvoc trien khai dong thi vi WCDMA/HSPA hoc GSM. Do d m yu cau ny se khng lm gii han cc tiu chuan thiet ke. Nhung yu cau ve d linh hoat pho v trien khai se dvoc phc tho chi tiet hon trong phan 1.3.3.1. Van de cng ton tai v c the hoat dng phoi hop vi cc h thong 3GPP khc v nhung yu cau tvong ng d thiet lp ra nhung dieu kin ve tnh linh dng giua LTE v GSM, v giua LTE v WCDMA/HSPA cho thiet b% dau cuoi di dng ho tro nhung cng ngh ny. Bng 1.4 lit k nhung yu cau ve sn gin doan, d l, thi gian gin doan di nhat trong lin ket v tuyen khi phi di chuyen giua cc cng ngh truy cp v tuyen khc nhau, bao gom c d%ch vn thi gian thnc v phi thi gian thnc. C mt dieu dng ch l nhung yu cau ny khng dvoc cht che cho lam doi vi van de gin doan trong chuyen giao v hy vong khi m trien khai thnc te th se dat dvoc nhung gi tr% tot hon dng ke. Yu cau ve vic cng ton tai v c the lm vic vi nhau cung xc d%nh vic chuyen doi lvu lvong multicast t phvong php broadcast trong LTE thnh phvong php unicast trong c GSM hoc WCDMA, mc d khng c so lvong cho trvc. Bng 1.4 - Yu cau ve thi gian gin doan, LTE-GSM v LTE-WCDMA
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1.3.3.1 linh hoat pho v vic trien khai Nen tng cho nhung yu cau ve d linh hoat pho l nhung dieu kin de LTE c the dvoc trien khai trn nhung bang tan IMT-2000 hin hnh, nghia l kh nang cng ton tai vi cc h thong d dvoc trien khai trn nhung bang tan ny, bao gom WCDMA/HSPA v GSM. Mt phan lin quan den nhung yu cau LTE ve mt d linh hoat pho l kh nang trien khai vic truy nhp v tuyen dna trn LTE cho d phn bo pho l theo cp hay don le, nhv vy LTE c the ho tro c Song cng phn chia theo tan so (FDD) v song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD). So do song cng hay vic qui hoach song cng l mt thuc tnh cua cng ngh truy cp v tuyen. Tuy vy, mt phn bo pho cho trvc th cung dvoc lin ket vi mt qui hoach song cng cn the. H thong FDD dvoc trien khai theo mt cp phn bo pho, vi mt di tan cho truyen dan dvng xuong v mt di tan khc dnh cho dvng ln. Cn h thong TDD th dvoc trien khai trong cc phn bo pho don le. Lay mt v dn l pho cua IMT-2000 tai tan so 2 GHz, goi l bang tan li IMT-2000. Nhv trnh by trong hnh 1.3, n bao gom cp bang tan 1920-1980 MHz v 2110-2170 MHz dnh cho truy cp v tuyen dna trn FDD, v hai bang tan l 1910-1920 MHz v 2010-2025 MHz dnh cho truy cp v tuyen dna trn TDD. Ch l c the v nhung qui d%nh cua d%a phvong v vng m vic su dnng pho cua IMT-2000 c the khc so vi nhung g dvoc trnh by dy.
Hnh 1.3 Phn bo pho bang tan li tai 2 GHz cua nguyn bn IMT-2000
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Cp phn bo cho FDD trong hnh 1.3 l 2 x 60 MHz, nhvng pho kh dnng cho mt nh khai thc mang don le c the chi l 2 x 20 MHz hoc thm ch l 2 x 10 MHz. Trong nhung bang tan khc pho kh dnng c the cn t hon nua. Ngoi ra, sn d%ch chuyen cua pho dang dvoc su dnng cho nhung cng ngh truy cp v tuyen khc can phi dien ra mt cch t t de chac chan rang lvong pho cn lai phi du de ho tro cho nhung ngvi dng hin tai. V vy, lvong pho ban dau dvoc d%ch chuyen ti LTE c the tvong doi nh, nhvng sau d c the tang ln t t, dvoc the hin trong hnh 1.4. Sn khc nhau cua nhung dien tien pho c the xy ra se dan den mt yu cau ve d linh hoat pho cho LTE dvi dang bang thng truyen dan dvoc ho tro.
Hnh 1.4 Mt v dc ve cch thc LTE thm nhp tng buc vo phn bo pho cua mt h thong GSM d duoc trien khai Yu cau ve d linh hoat pho di hi LTE phi c kh nang m rng trong mien tan so v c the hoat dng trong nhieu bang tan khc nhau. Yu cau ve d linh hoat trong ti liu tham kho dvoc lit k thnh danh sch cc phn bo pho cua LTE (1.25, 1.6, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 v 20 MHz). Ngoi ra, LTE cn c kh nang hoat dng theo cp pho cung nhv l don le. LTE cung c the trien khai trong nhieu bang tan khc nhau. Nhung bang tan dvoc ho tro dvoc chi r dna vo dc lp phin bn (release independence), nghia l phin bn dau tin cua LTE khng phi ho tro tat c cc bang tan ngay t dau.
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Hon nua, ti liu tham kho cung xc d%nh ve van de cng ton tai v lap dt chung vi GSM v WCDMA trn nhung tan so ln cn, cung nhv l sn cng ton tai giua nhung nh khai thc v h thong mang ln cn trn nhung quoc gia khc nhau nhvng su dnng pho chong nhau (overlapping spectrum). e dy cung c mt dieu kin l khng c h thong no khc dvoc yu cau hop l khi mt thiet b% dau cuoi truy cp vo LTE, nghia l LTE can phi c tat c tn hiu dieu khieu can thiet dvoc yu cau cho vic kch hoat truy nhp. 1.3.4 Kien trc v sn d%ch chuyen (migration) Mt vi nguyn tac chi dao cho vic thiet ke kien trc LTE RAN dvoc dva ra bi 3GPP dvoc lit k trong [86]: - Mt kien trc don LTE RAN dvoc chap nhn. - Kien trc LTE RAN phi dna trn gi (packet), tuy vy lvu lvong lp thoai v thi gian thnc van dvoc ho tro. - Kien trc LTE RAN c the toi thieu ha sn hin din cua nhung hv hng cnc b (single points of failure) m khng can tang chi ph cho dvng truyen (backhaul). - Kien trc LTE RAN c the don gin ha v toi thieu ha so lvong giao tiep d dvoc gii thiu. - Tvong tc lp mang v tuyen (Radio network layer: RNL) v lp mang truyen ti (Transport network layer: TNL) c the dvoc loai tr neu chi can quan tm den van de ci thin hiu suat h thong. - Kien trc LTE RAN c the ho tro QoS end-to-end. TNL c the cung cap QoS thch hop khi dvoc yu cau bi RNL. - Cc co cau QoS c the tnh ton den cc dang lvu lvong dang ton tai khc nhau de mang lai hiu suat su dnng bang thng cao: lvu lvong mt phang dieu khien (Control-Plane), lvu lvong mt phang ngvi dng (User-Plane), lvu lvong O&M, v.v - LTE RAN c the dvoc thiet ke theo loi lm gim bien doi tre (delay variation - jitter) doi vi lvu lvong can d jitter thap, v dn TCP/IP.
1.3.5 Qun l ti nguyn v tuyen Nhung yu cau ve qun l ti nguyn v tuyen dvoc chia ra nhv sau: ho tro nng cao cho QoS end to end, ho tro hiu qu cho truyen dan lp cao hon, v ho tro cho vic chia se ti cung nhv l qun l chnh sch thng qua cc cng ngh truy cp v tuyen khc nhau.
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Vic ho tro nng cao cho QoS end to end yu cau ci thin sn giua thch ng giua d%ch vn, ng dnng v cc dieu kin ve giao thc (bao gom bo hiu lp cao hon) vi ti nguyn RAN v cc dc tnh v tuyen. Vic ho tro hiu qu cho truyen dan lp cao hon di hi LTE RAN phi c kh nang cung cap co cau de ho tro truyen dan hiu suat cao v hoat dng cua cc giao thc lp cao hon qua giao tiep v tuyen, chang han nhv qu trnh nn tiu de IP (IP header). Vic ho tro chia se ti v qun l chnh sch thng qua cc cng ngh truy cp v tuyen khc nhau di hi phi xem xt den vic lna chon lai cc co cau de d%nh hvng cc thiet b% dau cuoi di dng theo cc dang cng ngh truy cp v tuyen thch hop d dvoc ni r cung nhv l ho tro QoS end to end trong qu trnh chuyen giao giua cc cng ngh truy cp v tuyen.
1.3.6 phc tap Yu cau ve d phc tap trong LTE xc d%nh d phc tap cua ton h thong cung nhv l d phc tap cua thiet b% dau cuoi di dng. Ve co bn th nhung yu cau ny de cp den so lvong nhung ty chon c the toi thieu ha vi nhung dc tnh dv tha khng bat buc. ieu ny cung dva den vic toi gin nhung trvng hop kiem thu can thiet.
1.3.7 Nhung van de chung Phan ny de cp den nhung yu cau chung trong LTE ve nhung kha canh lin quan den chi ph v d%ch vn. R rng, mong muon dt ra l gim thieu cc chi ph trong khi van duy tr hiu suat yu cau cho tat c cc d%ch vn. Cc van de ve dvng truyen, hoat dng v bo dvng cung lin quan den yeu to chi ph. Nhv vy khng chi giao tiep v tuyen, m vic truyen ti den cc tram goc v h thong qun l cung phi dvoc xc d%nh r. Mt yu cau quan trong ve giao tiep nhieu nh cung cap (multi-vendor interfaces) cung thuc vo loai yu cau ny. Ngoi ra th cc van de nhv: d phc tap thap, thiet b% dau cuoi di dng tiu thn t nang lvong cung dvoc di hi.
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CHUNG 2 TONG QUAN VE TRUY NHP V TUYEN TRONG LTE

Trong chvong trvc, chng ta d tho lun ve nhung mnc tiu cua LTE v t nhung tho lun ny th r rng l LTE d dvoc pht trien vi nhung mnc tiu hoat dng manh me dng ghi nh. V den chvong ny th chng ta se dvoc cung cap mt ci nhn tong quan ve mt so dc diem v thnh phan quan trong cua LTE. Chvong 3 5 se di vo chi tiet hon nua ve van de truy cp v tuyen LTE mt cch tong qut cung nhv l nhung dc tnh chu yeu cn the cua n.
2.1 H thong truyen dan: dvng xuong OFDM v dvng ln SC-FDMA H thong truyen dan dvng xuong cua LTE dna trn cng ngh OFDM. Nhv d biet th OFDM l mt h thong truyen dan dvng xuong hap dan vi nhieu l do khc nhau. V thi gian k tn OFDM tvong doi di trong vic ket hop vi mt tien to chu trnh, nn OFDM cung cap du d manh de chong lai sn lna chon tan so knh (channel frequency selectivity). Mc d trn l thuyet th vic sai lch tn hiu do knh truyen chon loc tan so c the dvoc kiem sot bang ky thut cn bang tai pha thu, sn phc tap cua ky thut cn bang bat dau tr nn km hap dan trong vic trien khai doi vi nhung thiet b% dau cuoi di dng tai bang thng trn 5 MHz. V vy m OFDM vi kh nang von c trong vic chong lai fading lna chon tan so se tr thnh sn lna chon hap dan cho dvng xuong, dc bit khi dvoc ket hop vi ghp knh khng gian (spatial multiplexing). Mt so loi ch khc cua ky thut OFDM bao gom:
OFDM cung cap kh nang truy nhp vo mien tan so, bang cch thiet lp mt d tn do bo sung (degree of fredom) cho khoi hoach d%nh phn thuc knh truyen (channel dependent scheduler) so vi HSPA. OFDM de dng ho tro cho vic phn bo bang thng mt cch linh hoat, bang cch bien doi bang tan co s thnh cc sng mang phn de truyen
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di. Tuy nhin ch rang l vic ho tro nhieu phn bo pho di hi can phi c b loc RF linh hoat (flexible RF filtering) khi d th so do truyen dan chnh xc l khng thch hop. Tuy nhin, vic duy tr cau trc xu l bang tan co s giong nhau (the same baseband processing structure), khng phn thuc bang thng se ni lng vic trien khai dau cuoi.
Ho tro de dng cho vic truyen dan broadcast/mulitcast, khi m nhung thng tin giong nhau dvoc truyen di t nhieu tram goc.
oi vi dvng ln LTE, truyen dan don sng mang dna trn ky thut DFTspread OFDM. Vic su dnng dieu che don sng mang cho dvng ln dem lai ty so dinh trn trung bnh (peak to average ratio) cua tn hiu dvoc truyen thap hon khi m so snh vi ky thut truyen dan da sng mang v dn nhv OFDM. Ty so dinh trn trung bnh cua tn hiu dvoc truyen cng nh th cng suat pht trung bnh doi vi mt b khuech dai cng suat nhat d%nh cng cao. V vy m truyen dan don sng mang cho php su dnng hiu qu hon b khuech dai cng suat, dong thi lm tang vng phu sng. ieu ny dc bit quan trong doi vi nhung thiet b% dau cuoi b% gii han ve nang lvong. Tai cng mt thi diem, vic cn bang can thiet de kiem sot loi cua tn hiu don sng mang do fading lna chon tan so l van de nh trong dvng ln v t gii han trong nguon tao tn hiu tai tram goc hon so vi thiet b% dau cuoi di dng. Tvong phn vi dvng ln khng trnc giao cua WCDMA/HSPA (cung dna trn truyen dan don sng mang), th dvng ln LTE lai dna trn ky thut phn tch trnc giao giua nhung ngvi dng trong mien thi gian v tan so (Trn l thuyet, vic phn chia ngvi dng trnc giao c the thnc hin dvoc trong mien thi gian chi bang cch an d%nh ton b bang thng truyen dan dvng ln cho mt ngvi dng tai 1 thi diem, dieu ny c the thnc hin dvoc vi dvng ln nng cao). Ky thut phn tch ngvi dng trnc giao trong nhieu tnh huong mang lai loi ch trong vic trnh dvoc nhieu trong te bo (intra cell interference). Tuy nhin, vic phn bo mt lvong ti nguyn bang thng tc thi rat ln cho ngvi dng lai khng phi l mt chien lvoc hiu qu trong nhung tnh huong m chnh toc d du liu b% gii han bi cng suat truyen dan hon l bang thng. Trong nhung tnh huong nhv vy, mt thiet b% dau cuoi se chi dvoc phn bo mt phan cua tong bang thng truyen dan v nhung thiet b% dau cuoi khc c the truyen song song trn phan pho cn lai. V vy m dvng ln LTE se bao gom mt thnh phan da truy nhp mien tan so (frequency domain multiple access component), h thong truyen dan dvng
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ln LTE nhieu khi cung dvoc xem nhv l h thong Single Carrier FDMA (SCFDMA).
2.2 Hoach d%nh phn thuc knh truyen v sn thch ng toc d (Channeldependent scheduling and rate adaptation) Trung tm cua h thong truyen dan LTE l vic su dnng ky thut truyen dan chia se knh truyen (shared channel transmission), khi d ti nguyn mien tan so thi gian dvoc chia se tn dng giua nhung ngvi dng. Ky thut ny tvong tn vi phvong php dvoc dng trong HSDPA, mc d cung thay r sn khc nhau trong vic chia se ti nguyn giua thi gian v tan so trong trvng hop cua LTE v giua thi gian v m phn knh (channelization codes) trong trvng hop cua HSDPA. Vic su dnng truyen dan chia se knh truyen rat ph hop vi nhung yu cau dt ra cua du liu gi do ti nguyn can phi thay doi nhanh chng cung nhv l cho php nhieu cng ngh quan trong khc dvoc dng bi LTE. Khoi hoach d%nh (scheduler) se dieu khien vic phn pht ti nguyn chia se cho ngvi dng tai moi thi diem. N cung quyet d%nh toc d du liu dvoc su dnng cho moi dvng truyen, d l goi l thch ng toc d v n l c the xem l mt phan cua b scheduler. Scheduler l thnh phan chnh v mang tnh quyet d%nh ln doi vi hiu suat cua ton b dvng xuong, dc bit trong nhung mang c ti trong cao. C truyen dan dvng ln v dvng xuong deu phi dvoc hoach d%nh cht che. tang ch thnc chat trong kh nang h thong c the dat dvoc neu dc tnh knh truyen dvoc lvu den trong vic quyet d%nh phn bo, v dvoc goi l hoach d%nh phn thuc knh truyen. Ky thut ny hin dang dvoc khai thc trong HSPA, khi d scheduler dvng xuong se truyen ti ngvi dng vi toc d du liu toi da neu dieu kin knh truyen gp thun loi v trong mt chng mnc no d th ky thut ny cung dvoc p dnng cho dvng ln nng cao (enhanced uplink). Tuy nhin, ngoi mien thi gian th LTE cung truy cp ti mien tan so, do vic su dnng OFDM cho dvng xuong v DFTS-OFDM cho dvng ln. V vy doi vi moi mien tan so, b scheduler c the lna chon cho ngvi dng knh truyen c dc tnh tot nhat. Mt khc, vic hoach d%nh trong LTE c the quan tm den sn bien doi knh truyen khng chi trong mien thi gian, nhv HSPA, m cn trong c mien tan so. ieu ny dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 2.1. Kh nang cua ky thut hoach d%nh phn thuc knh truyen trong mien tan so dc bit huu ch khi m toc d cua thiet b% dau cuoi l thap, ni cch khc nghia l knh truyen thay doi chm theo thi gian. Ky thut hoach d%nh phn thuc knh truyen dna trn sn thay doi chat lvong knh giua nhung ngvi dng de dat dvoc
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d tang ch trong hiu suat h thong. oi vi nhung d%ch vn nhay cm vi tre, scheduler mien thi gian c the dvoc hoach d%nh cvng bc cho mt ngvi dng ring bit, cho d chat lvong knh truyen khng dat dvoc gi tr% dinh. Trong nhung tnh huong nhv vy, vic khai thc sn thay doi chat lvong knh truyen trong mien tan so se gip ci thin hiu suat cua ton h thong. oi vi LTE, vic quyet d%nh phn bo (scheduling decisions) c the dvoc dva ra vi d%nh ky sau moi 1ms v d chi tiet trong mien tan so l 180 KHz. ieu ny cho php nhung sn thay doi knh truyen tvong doi nhanh c the dvoc theo di bi b scheduler.
2.2.1 Hoach d%nh dvng xuong Trong dvng xuong, moi thiet b% dau cuoi se bo co mt dnh gi ve chat lvong knh truyen tc thi cho tram goc. Nhung dnh gi ny c dvoc bang cch do lvng mt tn hiu tham kho, dvoc truyen t tram goc v n cung dvoc su dnng cho mnc dch gii dieu che. Dna trn nhung dnh gi ve chat lvong knh truyen, scheduler dvng xuong c the an d%nh lvong ti nguyn cap pht cho cc ngvi dng v chat lvong knh truyen van dvoc dm bo. Trn l thuyet, mt thiet b% dau cuoi dvoc phn bo c the dvoc chi d%nh mt to hop bat ky cua cc khoi ti nguyn rng 180 KHz trong moi khong thi gian phn bo 1ms. (1ms scheduling interval).
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Hnh 2.1 Hoach d%nh phc thuc knh trong mien thi gian v tan so. 2.2.2 Hoach d%nh dvng ln vng ln LTE dna trn sn phn cch trnc giao giua cc ngvi dng v nhim vn cua scheduler dvng ln l phn pht ti nguyn c ve thi gian v tan so (ket hop TDMA/FDMA) cho cc ngvi dng khc nhau. Quyet d%nh phn bo dvoc dva ra sau moi 1 ms, c nhim vn dieu khien nhung thiet b% dau cuoi no dvoc php truyen di thuc pham vi 1 cell trong suot mt khong thi gian cho trvc, v quyet d%nh ti nguyn tan so no dvoc dng cho qu trnh truyen dan cung nhv l toc d du liu no dang dvoc su dnng. Ch rang chi mt mien tan so ke nhau c the dvoc cap cho nhung thiet b% dau cuoi trong dvng ln nhv l mt h qu cua vic su dnng truyen dan don sng mang cho dvng ln LTE. Trang thi knh truyen cung can dvoc quan tm trong qu trnh hoach d%nh dvng ln, tvong tn nhv hoach d%nh dvng xuong. Tuy nhin, nhv se dvoc tho lun chi tiet hon trong chvong 3, vic thu thp thng tin ve trang thi knh truyen
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dvng ln khng phi l mt tc vn don gin. Do d, mt so phvong php khc de thu phn tp dvng ln tr nn quan trong nhv mt phan bo sung cho nhung tnh huong khi m tai d ky thut hoach d%nh phn thuc knh truyen khng dvoc su dnng.
Hnh 2.2 Mt v dc ve dieu phoi nhieu lin te bo, noi m cc phan pho b% gii han bi cng suat truyen dan 2.2.3 ieu phoi nhieu lin te bo (Inter-cell interference coordination) LTE cung cap sn trnc giao giua nhung ngvi dng trong mt te bo trong c dvng ln v dvng xuong. V vy, hiu nang cua LTE ve mt hiu suat pho v toc d du liu kh dnng ni mt cch tvong doi th c nhieu gii han bi nhieu t nhung te bo khc (inter-cell interference) hon so vi WCDMA/HSPA. Do d, cc phvong php de lm gim v dieu khien nhieu lin te bo c kh nang mang lai nhung loi ch tht sn cho hiu suat cua h thong LTE, dc bit ve mt cc d%ch vn (toc d du liu, v.v) c the dvoc cung cap cho ngvi dng tai bin te bo (cell edge). ieu phoi nhieu lin te bo l mt chien lvoc hoach d%nh m trong d toc d du liu tai bin te bo dvoc tang ln bang cch gim st nhieu lin te bo. Ve co bn, vic dieu phoi nhieu lin te bo se dva den nhung gii han chnh xc doi vi scheduler dvng ln v dvng xuong trong te bo de kiem sot nhieu lin te bo. Bang vic han che cng suat pht cua cc thnh phan pho (parts of the spectrum) trong te bo, m nhieu xuat hin trong nhung te bo ln cn thuc thnh phan pho ny se dvoc gim bt. Thnh phan pho ny c the dvoc su dnng de cung cap toc d du liu cao hon cho nhung ngvi dng thuc te bo ln cn. Thnc ra th h so ti su dnng tan so l khc nhau doi vi nhung phan khc nhau cua te bo. Ch rang vic dieu phoi nhieu lin te bo l mt chien lvoc hoach d%nh quan trong m trong d can quan tm den v% tr cua nhung te bo ln cn. Do d,
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vic dieu phoi nhieu lin te bo l mt van de trien khai vi pham vi ln v kh c the nhn thay dvoc trong cc chi tiet ky thut. ieu ny cung c nghia l vic dieu phoi nhieu chi c the dvoc p dnng vi mt nhm cc te bo d dvoc lna chon, dna trn nhung yu cau trien khai ring bit dvoc dt ra.
2.3 ARQ hon hop vi vic ket hop mem (Hybrid ARQ with soft combining) Ky thut ARQ hon hop nhanh vi vic ket hop mem (Fast hybird ARQ with soft combining) dvoc su dnng cho LTE v nhung l do tvong tn nhv trong HSPA, cn the l kh nang cho php thiet b% dau cuoi nhanh chng yu cau truyen lai nhung khoi truyen ti thu dvoc b% loi v cung cap cng cn cho vic thch ng toc d an (implicit rate adaptation). Giao thc co bn cung tvong tn vi ci dvoc su dnng cho HSPA, d l phvong php su dnng nhieu stop and wait ARQ hon hop song song (multiple parallel stop and wait hybrid ARQ). Vic truyen lai c the dvoc yu cau nhanh chng sau moi gi truyen, do d c the gim thieu dvoc nhung nh hvng den hoat dng cua ngvi dng cuoi do nhung gi tin thu dvoc b% loi gy ra. Sn dv tha gia tang (incremental redundancy) dvoc su dnng nhv l chnh sch ket hop mem (the soft combining strategy) v dau thu se nh dm (buffer) nhung bit mem de c the thnc hin vic ket hop mem giua nhung lan truyen.
2.4 Sn ho tro nhieu anten (Multiple antenna support) LTE ngay t dau d ho tro ky thut nhieu anten tai c tram goc v thiet b% dau cuoi nhv l mt phan khng the thieu trong dc diem ky thut. Xt trn nhieu mt th vic su dnng nhieu anten l mt ky thut quan trong de dat dvoc nhung mnc tiu manh me cho hiu nang cua LTE. Nhv d biet th vic su dnng nhieu anten dvoc p dnng cho nhieu trvng hop vi nhieu mnc dch khc nhau:
Nhieu anten thu c the dvoc su dnng cho vic thu phn tp (receive diversity). oi vi truyen dan dvng ln, ky thut ny d dvoc su dnng cho cc h thong te bo t nhieu nam trvc. Tuy nhin, khi m cau hnh hai anten thu tr thnh co s cho tat c cc thiet b% dau cuoi LTE th hiu suat dvng ln cung dvoc ci thin dng ke. Phvong php don gin nhat cua vic su dnng nhieu anten l ky thut phn tp thu co dien de khu fading, nhvng loi ch thm dvoc d l vic gii han dvoc nhieu neu cc anten dvoc su dnng khng chi cung cap sn phn tp de chong fading, m cn dng de trit nhieu.
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Nhieu anten pht tai tram goc c the dvoc su dnng cho phn tp pht v cc dang tao chm tia khc (beam forming). Mnc tiu chnh cua vic tao chm tia l ci thin ty so SNR hoc SIR thu dvoc, dong thi ci thin nang suat h thong v tam phu sng. Ghp knh khng gian, di khi cung dvoc xem nhv l MIMO, vic su dnng nhieu anten cho c my pht v my thu dvoc ho tro bi LTE. Vic ghp knh khng gian dan den vic cho php tang toc d trong nhung tnh huong m dieu kin knh truyen c bang thng b% gii han bang cch tao ra nhieu knh song song.
Ni chung, cc ky thut da anten deu mang lai loi ch trong nhung hon cnh khc nhau. V dn, tai ty so SNR v SIR tvong doi thap, chang han nhv khi ti trong cao hoc tai bin te bo, vic ghp knh khng gian se dem lai mt so loi ch nhat d%nh. ng le, trong nhung trvng hop ny, phi dng nhieu anten tai dau pht de nng SNR/SIR bang phvong php tao chm tia (beam forming). Mt khc, trong trvng hop khi m SNR v SIR tvong doi cao, v dn nhv trong nhung te bo nh, vic nng cao chat lvong tn hiu mang lai nhung loi ch phn khi m toc d du liu thu dvoc b% gii han chu yeu bi bang thng hon l do gii han ve SIR/SNR. Trong nhung trvng hop nhv vy, dng le ra phi dng ky thut ghp knh khng gian de khai thc trit de nhung trang thi knh truyen tin cy. H thong da anten dvoc su dnng dvi sn dieu khien cua tram goc de t d c the lna chon dvoc so do ph hop cho moi dvng truyen.
2.5 Ho tro multicast v broadcast Pht qung b nhieu te bo (multi-cell broadcast) nghia l vic truyen di nhung thng tin giong nhau t nhieu te bo. Bang vic khai thc ky thut ny tai thiet b% dau cuoi, vic su dnng hiu qu nang lvong tn hiu t nhieu vng te bo tai b pht hin (the detection) cung ci thin dng ke vng phu sng. Ky thut ny d dvoc khai thc doi vi trvng hop broadcast/multicast nhieu te bo trong WCDMA, khi d mt thiet b% dau cuoi c the nhn tn hiu t nhieu te bo v kch hoat vic ket hop mem (soft combine) nhung tn hiu ny tai b thu. LTE se tien thm mt bvc de nng cao hiu qu broadcast nhieu te bo. Bang vic truyen di khng chi nhung tn hiu dong nhat t nhieu site te bo (vi sn dieu che v m ha dong nhat) m cn dong b thi gian truyen dan giua nhung te bo, tn hiu tai thiet b% dau cuoi di dng se dvoc ti hin chnh xc nhv tn hiu d dvoc truyen di t mt site te bo don le v gii quyet dvoc hin tvong truyen da
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dvng. Do kh nang chong lai hin tvong truyen da dvng manh me cua OFDM, vic truyen dan nhieu te bo nhv vy (multi cell transmission), cung dvoc xem nhv l truyen dan Mang don tan so Multicast-Broadcast (MBSFN: MulticastBroadcast Single Frequency Network), khi d se khng chi ci thin cvng d tn hiu thu dvoc m cn loai tr dvoc nhieu lin te bo. V vy, vi OFDM, lvu lvong broadcast/multicast chi b% gii han bi tap m v trong trvng hop vi nhung te bo nh, c the dat den nhung gi tr% rat cao. Can phi ch rang vic su dnng truyen dan MBSFN cho broadcast/multicast nhieu te bo di hi sn cht che trong van de ve lin ket thi gian v dong b (synchronization and time alignment) cua nhung tn hiu dvoc pht t nhung site te bo khc nhau.
2.6 Tnh linh hoat pho Nhv d dvoc tho lun trong chvong 1, mc d linh hoat pho cao l mt trong nhung dc tnh chu yeu cua cng ngh truy nhp v tuyen LTE. Mnc tiu cua tnh linh hoat pho l vic cho php trien khai truy nhp v tuyen LTE trong nhieu pho tan vi nhung dc tnh khc nhau, bao gom nhung sn khc nhau ve sap xep song cng (duplex arrangements), bang tan hoat dng, v kch thvc cua pho tan kh dnng.
Hnh 2.3 - FDD vs. TDD. FDD: Frequency Division Duplex; TDD: Time Divison Duplex; DL:Downlink; UL: Uplink
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2.6.1 Tnh linh hoat trong sap xep song cng Mt phan quan trong trong nhung yu cau cua LTE ve mt tnh linh hoat pho l kh nang trien khai truy nhp v tuyen dna trn LTE trong c pho tan theo cp hoc khng theo cp, nhv vy LTE c the ho tro sap xep song cng phn chia theo c thi gian v tan so. FDD dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 2.3a, theo d truyen dan dvng ln v dvng xuong xuat hin trong nhung bang tan khc v hon ton tch bit. TDD theo nhv minh hoa trong hnh 2.3b, th truyen dan dvng ln v dvng xuong xuat hin trong nhung khe thi gian khng trng nhau. Do vy, TDD c the hoat dng vi pho khng theo cp (unpaired spectrum), trong khi FDD lai yu cau pho theo cp (paired spectrum). Vic ho tro c pho theo cp v khng theo cp l mt phan trong dc diem ky thut cua 3GPP t phin bn 99 (Release 99) thng qua vic su dnng truy nhp v tuyen WCDMA/HSPA dna trn FDD doi vi phn bo theo cp v truy nhp v tuyen TD-CDMA/TDSCDMA doi vi phn bo khng theo cp. Tuy nhin, dieu ny dat dvoc bang cch su dnng nhieu cng ngh truy cp v tuyen tvong doi khc nhau v v the m nhung thiet b% dau cuoi c kh nang hoat dng vi c FDD v TDD van cn chva dvoc pho bien. Mt khc, LTE c the ho tro c FDD v TDD vi chi mt cng ngh truy cp v tuyen, dan den vic toi thieu d lch giua FDD v TDD cho nhung truy nhp v tuyen dna trn LTE. Nhv l mt h qu cua dieu ny, phan tong quan ve truy nhp v tuyen ho tro c FDD v TDD cua LTE se dvoc bn den chi tiet hon trong nhung chvong tiep theo, trong trvng hop c sn khc nhau giua FDD v TDD th sn khc nhau ny se dvoc trnh by r rng. 2.6.2 Tnh linh hoat trong bang tan hoat dng LTE dvoc trien khai dna trn co s theo nhu cau, c the tao ra pho tan kh dnng bang cch an d%nh pho tan mi cho thng tin di dng, chang han bang tan 2.6 GHz, hoc bang cch d%ch chuyen cho LTE pho tan hin dang dvoc su dnng cho cng ngh thng tin di dng khc, v dn nhv nhung h thong GSM the h th hai, hoc thm ch l nhung cng ngh v tuyen khng phi cua di dng (non mobile radio technologies) v dn nhv nhung pho tan broadcast hin nay. H qu l n yu cau truy nhp v tuyen LTE phi c kh nang hoat dng trong mt di bang tan rng, t nhat l t bang tan thap nhv 450 MHz cho den bang tan 2.6 GHz. Kh nang vn hnh mt cng ngh truy cp v tuyen trong nhieu bang tan khc nhau, tn bn thn n khng c g l mi. V dn, nhung thiet b% dau cuoi 3 bang tan l rat pho bien, c kh nang hoat dng trn c bang tan 900, 1800, v
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1900 MHz. T mt trien vong ve chc nang truy cp v tuyen, dieu ny khng c hoc tc dng rat han che v dc diem ky thut cua LTE khng gi d%nh bat c mt bang tan cn the no. Nhung ci c the khc ve dc diem ky thut, giua nhung bang tan khc nhau chu yeu l vic yu cau nhieu RF cn the hon nhv cng suat pht toi da cho php, nhung yu cau/gii han ve pht xa ngoi bang (out of band emission) v.v Mt nguyn nhn cho vic ny l do nhung rng buc bn ngoi, dvoc p dt bi nhung khung quy d%nh (regulatory bodies), c the khc nhau giua nhung bang tan khc nhau.
2.6.3 Tnh linh hoat ve bang thng C lin quan den kh nang trien khai truy nhp v tuyen LTE trn nhieu bang tan khc nhau l vic c the vn hnh LTE vi nhung bang thng truyen dan khc nhau trn c dvng xuong v dvng ln. L do chnh cua vic ny l so lvong pho tan kh dnng cho LTE c the khc nhau dng ke giua nhung bang tan khc nhau v cung dna trn tnh trang thnc te cua nh khai thc. Hon nua, vic c the vn hnh trn nhieu phn bo pho tan khc nhau cung mang lai kh nang cho vic d%ch chuyen dan dan pho tan t nhung cng ngh truy nhp v tuyen khc cho LTE. LTE c the hoat dng trong mt di phn bo pho tan rng, do tnh linh hoat trong bang thng truyen dan l mt phan trong dc tnh ky thut cua LTE. e ho tro hiu qu cho toc d du liu rat cao khi pho tan kh dnng th mt bang thng truyen dan rng l can thiet. Tuy nhin, mt lvong pho tan ln v day du c the khng phi lc no cung dat dvoc, hoc do bang tan hoat dng hoc do sn d%ch chuyen dan dan t mt cng ngh truy nhp v tuyen khc, khi d LTE c the hoat dng vi mt bang thng truyen dan hep hon. Hien nhin, trong nhung trvng hop nhv vy, toc d du liu toi da c the dat dvoc se v le d m b% gim xuong. c diem ky thut lp vt l LTE khng de cp den van de bang thng v khng dva ra bat c gi d%nh cn the no ve bang thng truyen dan ho tro ngoi mt gi tr% toi thieu. Nhv se dvoc biet trong phan tiep theo, dc diem ky thut ve truy nhp v tuyen co bn bao gom lp vt l v cc tiu chuan giao thc, cho php bat c bang thng truyen dan no nam trong khong t 1 MHz ln ti hon 20 MHz theo tng bvc 180 KHz. ong thi, tai giai doan ban dau, nhung yu cau ve tan so v tuyen chi dvoc chi d%nh cho mt nhm nh bang thng truyen dan gii han, tvong ng vi nhung dn don lin quan den cc kch thvc phn bo pho v cc dien tien d%ch chuyen (migration scenarios). Nhv vy, trong thnc te truy nhp vo tuyen LTE ho tro mt nhm gii han cc bang thng truyen dan, tuy nhin nhung
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bang thng truyen dan bo sung c the de dng dvoc ho tro bang cch cp nht lai dc diem ky thut cua RF.
CHUNG 3 KIEN TRC GIAO DIN V TUYEN LTE

Tvong tn vi WCDMA/HSPA cung nhv l hau het nhung h thong truyen thng hin dai khc, quy trnh ky thut dnh cho LTE dvoc cau trc thnh nhieu lp vt l khc nhau. Mc d c mt so lp trong nhung lp ny th tvong tn vi nhung lp dvoc su dnng cho WCDMA/HSPA nhvng van c mt so khc bit, chang han nhv sn khc nhau ve kien trc tong the giua WCDMA/HSPA v LTE. Chvong ny gom c nhung m t cho cc lp giao thc bn trn lp vt l, sn tvong tc giua chng, v sn giao tiep vi lp vt l. Tong quan ve kien trc giao thc LTE cho dvng xuong dvoc minh hoa trong hnh hnh 3.1 . C mt van de se tr nn r rng hon trong phan tho lun tiep theo d l khng phi tat c nhung phan tu dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 3.1 deu dvoc p dnng trong moi trvng hop. V dn nhv trong trvng hop broadcast thng tin h thong th MAC scheduling v hybrid ARQ deu khng dvoc su dnng. Hon nua,
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kien trc giao thc LTE lin quan den dvng ln th tvong tn vi kien trc dvng xuong trong hnh 3.1, mc d cung c mt so sn khc bit ve sn lna chon d%nh dang truyen ti (transport format selection) v truyen dan da anten (multi-antenna transmission) v van de ny cung se dvoc tho lun. Du liu dvoc truyen trn dvng xuong dvi dang cc gi IP trn mt trong nhung ti tin SAE (SAE bearers). Trvc khi truyen di qua giao din v tuyen, nhung gi IP den (incoming IP packets) se di qua nhieu phan tu, dvoc tong ket dvi dy v dvoc m t chi tiet hon trong nhung phan sau:
Giao thc hi tc so liu gi (Packet Data Convergence Protocol -PDCP): thnc hin vic nn tiu de IP (IP header) de lm gim so lvong bit can thiet cho vic truyen dan thng qua giao din v tuyen. Co che nn tiu de dna trn ROHC, mt thut ton nn tiu de tiu chuan dvoc su dnng trong WCDMA cung nhv l trong cc tiu chuan thng tin di dng khc. PDCP cung dm nhim vic m ha v bo v tnh ton ven cua du liu dvoc truyen di. Tai pha thu, giao thc PDCP se thnc hin cng vic gii nn v gii m thng tin. Chi c mt phan tu PDCP trn mt ti tin v tuyen dvoc cau hnh cho mt thiet b% dau cuoi di dng.
ieu khien lin ket v tuyen (Radio Link Control - RLC): dm nhim vic phn doan / ghp noi, dieu khien vic truyen lai, v phn pht ln cc lp cao hon theo th tn. Khng giong nhv WCDMA, giao thc RLC dvoc d%nh v% trong eNodeB v chi c mt loai node don trong kien trc mang truy nhp v tuyen LTE (LTE radio access network architecture). RLC cung cap cc d%ch vn cho PDCP dvi dang cc ti tin v tuyen. Chi c mt phan tu RLC trn mt ti tin v tuyen dvoc cau hnh cho mt thiet b% dau cuoi di dng.
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Hnh 3.1 Kien trc giao thc LTE (dung xuong)
ieu khien truy cp mi trung (Medium Access Control - MAC): dieu khien vic truyen lai hybrid-ARQ v hoach d%nh dvng ln, dvng xuong. Chc nang hoach d%nh dvoc d%nh v% trong eNodeB, v n chi c mt phan tu MAC cho mt te bo, cho c dvng ln v dvng xuong. Phan giao thc hybrid ARQ c mt trong c dau cuoi pht v thu cua giao thc MAC. Khoi MAC cung cap cc d%ch vn cho RLC dvi dang cc knh logic. Lp vt l (Physical layer PHY): dieu khien vic m ha / gii m, dieu che / gii dieu che, nh xa da anten (multi antenna mapping), v cc chc nang lp vt l tiu bieu khc. Lp vt l cung cap d%ch vn cho lp MAC dvi dang cc knh chuyen ti (transport channels).
Nhung phan sau se cung cap nhung m t chi tiet hon ve cc giao thc RLC v MAC cua LTE cung nhv l tong quan ve lp vt l khi dvoc nhn t lp MAC,
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trong khi nhung chi tiet day du cua lp vt l LTE se dvoc de cp den trong chvong 4. Nhung thng tin khc c the dvoc tm thay trong dc tnh ky thut cua LTE v nhung tham kho trong d. 3.1 RLC: radio link control dieu khien lin ket v tuyen RLC LTE, tvong tn nhv WCDMA/HSPA, dm nhim vic phn doan (nn tiu de) cc gi IP, cn dvoc xem nhv l RLC SDUs, t PDCP thnh nhung don v% nh hon, RLC PDUs (Nhn chung, cc phan tu du liu den/t mt lp giao thc cao hon th dvoc xem nhv l mt on v% du liu d%ch vn SDU Service Data Unit v phan tu tvong ng den/t mt lp giao thc thap hon dvoc bieu th% nhv on v% du liu giao thc PDU Protocol Data Unit). N cung dieu khien vic truyen lai cc PDUs b% nhn nham, cung nhv l xa b nhung PDUs b% nhn di (duplicate removal) v ghp noi cc PDUs nhn dvoc. Cuoi cng, RLC se dm bo vic phn pht theo trnh tn cc RLC SDUs ln cc lp bn trn. Co che truyen lai RLC c trch nhim cung cap du liu phn pht khng b% loi cho cc lp cao hon. e lm dvoc dieu ny, se c mt giao thc truyen lai hoat dng giua cc phan tu RLC tai dau thu v dau pht. Bang vic gim st cc so th tn di den (incoming sequence numbers), RLC thu c the pht hin ra nhung PDUs b% thieu. Cc bo co trang thi se dvoc phn hoi tr ve RLC pht, yu cau truyen lai cc PDUs b% thieu. Khi phn hoi mt trang thi bo co dvoc cau hnh, mt bo co dc trvng chi cha thng tin ve nhieu PDUs v t khi dvoc truyen di. Dna trn bo co trang thi thu dvoc, phan tu RLC tai dau pht c the dva ra nhung hnh dng thch hop v truyen lai nhung PDUs b% thieu neu dvoc yu cau. Khi RLC dvoc cau hnh de yu cau truyen lai cc PDUs b% thieu nhv dvoc m t trn, n dvoc goi l dang hoat dng trong che d bo nhn (Acknowledged Mode AM). ieu ny cung giong nhv co che tvong ng dvoc dng trong WCDMA/HSPA. Thng thvng AM dvoc su dnng cho cc d%ch vn dna trn TCP nhv khi truyen tp tin m yeu to phn pht du liu khng b% loi dvoc dt ln hng dau.
Hnh 3.2 Phn doan v hop doan RLC
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Tvong tn nhv WCDMA/HSPA, RLC cung c the dvoc cau hnh theo che d khng bo nhn (Unacknowledged Mode UM) v che d trong suot (Transparent Mode TM). Trong che d UM, se cung cap vic phn pht dng th tn ln cc lp cao hon, nhvng se khng truyen lai cc PDUs b% thieu. Thng thvng UM dvoc su dnng cho nhung d%ch vn nhv VoIP khi m vic phn pht khng loi khng quan trong bang thi gian phn pht ngan. TM, mc d dvoc ho tro, nhvng chi dvoc su dnng cho nhung mnc dch ring bit nhv truy cp ngau nhin. Mc d RLC c kh nang kiem sot loi truyen dan do nhieu, sn bien doi knh truyen khng the dn don (unpredictable channel variations), v.v, nhvng trong hau het trvng hop nhung loi ny dvoc kiem sot bi giao thc hybrid-ARQ dna trn MAC. Vic su dnng co che truyen lai trong RLC c the v vy m tr nn khng can thiet. Tuy nhin, nhv se dvoc tho lun trong phan 3.2.4 dvi dy, khng phi trvng hop no cung vy v vic su dnng c hai co che truyen lai dna trn MAC v RLC trn thnc te cung c mt tch cnc khi m c sn khc nhau trong vic truyen tn hiu phn hoi. Ngoi vic dieu khien vic truyen lai v phn pht theo trnh tn, RLC cung ch%u trch nhim vic phn doan v ghp noi theo nhv minh hoa trong hnh 3.2. Dna trn quyet d%nh cua scheduler (scheduler decision), mt lvong du liu no d dvoc lna chon de truyen di t b dm RLC SDU v cc SDUs se dvoc phn doan/ghp noi de tao thnh RLC PDU. Do d, doi vi LTE th kch thvc RLC PDU thay doi mt cch dng (varies dynamically), trong khi WCDMA/HSPA trvc phin bn 7 lai su dnng kch thvc PDU bn tinh (semi-static PDU size). Khi m toc d du liu cao, kch thvc PDU ln dan den phan mo dau nh hon tvong ng, cn khi m toc d du liu thap, di hi kch thvc PDU phi nh neu khng th ti trong se tr nn qu ln. V vy, khi toc d du liu nam trong khong t mt vi kbit/s ti trn mt tram Mbit/s, kch thvc PDU dng (dynamic PDU sizes) se dvoc dieu chinh bi LTE. T RLC, scheduler v co che thch ng toc d deu dvoc d%nh v% tai eNodeB, v kch thvc PDU dng se de dng dvoc ho tro cho LTE. 3.2 MAC: dieu khien truy nhp mi trvng (medium access control) Lp dieu khien truy nhp mi trvng MAC qun l vic ghp knh lun l (logical channel multiplexing), vic truyen lai hybrid-ARQ, v hoach d%ch dvng ln, dvng xuong. Trong khi cng ngh HSPA su dnng phn tp vi m dvng ln (uplink macro diversity) v v the n xc d%nh c nhung te bo phnc vn v khng
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phnc vn (serving and non-serving cells), th LTE chi xc d%nh mt te bo phnc vn v khng c phn tp vi m dvng ln. Te bo phnc vn (serving cell) l te bo m thiet b% dau cuoi di dng dvoc ket noi ti v te bo m ch%u trch nhim cho vic hoach d%nh v dieu khien hybrid-ARQ. 3.2.1 Knh logic v knh truyen ti (logical channels and transport channels) MAC cung cap cc d%ch vn cho RLC dvi dang cc knh logic. Mt knh logic dvoc d%nh nghia bi dang thng tin m n mang theo v thvng dvoc phn loai thnh cc knh dieu khien, dvoc dng cho vic truyen dan cc thng tin ve cau hnh v dieu khien can thiet cho hoat dng cua h thong LTE, v cc knh lvu lvong (traffic channels), dvoc su dnng cho du liu ngvi dng. Tp hop cc loai knh logic dvoc chi d%nh cho LTE bao gom: Knh dieu khien qung b (Broadcast Control Channel - BCCH): dvoc su dnng cho vic truyen dan thng tin dieu khien h thong t mang ti tat c cc thiet b% dau cuoi di dng trong mt te bo. Trvc khi truy nhp vo h thong, mt thiet b% dau cuoi di dng can phi doc nhung thng tin dvoc truyen trn knh BCCH de tm ra cch thc h thong dvoc cau hnh, v dn nhv bang thng cua h thong. Knh dieu khien tm goi (Paging Control Channel PCCH): dvoc su dnng cho vic tm goi cua cc thiet b% dau cuoi di dng m mang khng biet dvoc v% tr cua n ve mc te bo (cell level) v v vy tin nhan tm goi can dvoc truyen trong nhieu te bo. Knh dieu khien dnh ring (Dedicated Control Channel DCCH): dvoc dng cho vic truyen dan thng tin dieu khien ti hoc t thiet b% dau cuoi di dng. Knh ny dvoc su dnng cho vic cau hnh ring le tng thiet b% dau cuoi di dng v dn nhv nhung tin nhan chuyen giao khc nhau. Knh dieu khien multicast (Multicast Control Channel - MCCH): dvoc dng cho vic truyen dan thng tin dieu khien dvoc yu cau cho vic tiep nhn cua MTCH, xem phan dvi dy. Knh luu luong dnh ring (Dedicated Traffic Channel - DTCH): dvoc dng cho vic truyen du liu ngvi dng den hoc t mt thiet b% dau cuoi di dng. y l 1 loai knh logic dvoc dng de truyen du liu ngvi dng dvng ln v dvng xuong phi-MBMS (non-MBMS). Knh luu luong multicast (Multicast Traffic Channel MTCH): dvoc dng cho truyen dan dvng xuong nhung d%ch vn MBMS.
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Tvong tn vi kien trc knh logic dvoc dng cho WCDMA/HSPA. Tuy nhin, khi so snh vi WCDMA/HSPA, th kien trc knh logic LTE c phan don gin hon, vi vic gim bt so lvong cc loai knh logic. T lp vt l, lp MAC su dnng cc d%ch vn dvi dang cc knh truyen ti (Transport Channels). Mt knh truyen ti dvoc d%nh nghia bi nhung dc tnh m thng tin dvoc truyen di qua giao din v tuyen. Theo nhung ghi ch t HSPA, nhung phan dvoc ke tha cho LTE, du liu trn 1 knh truyen ti dvoc to chc thnh cc khoi truyen ti. Trong moi khong thi gian truyen ti (Transmission Time Interval TTI), mt khoi truyen ti vi kch thvc no d dvoc truyen di qua giao din v tuyen khi khng c sn hin din cua ghp knh khng gian. Trong trvng hop ghp knh khng gian (MIMO), c the ln ti 2 khoi truyen ti trn moi TTI. Lin ket vi moi khoi truyen ti l mt d%nh dang truyen ti (Transport Format - TF), xc d%nh cch thc m khoi truyen ti dvoc truyen di thng qua giao din v tuyen. %nh dang truyen ti bao gom thng tin ve kch thvc khoi truyen ti, so do dieu che (the modulation scheme), nh xa anten (the antenna mapping). Cng vi vic phn bo ti nguyn, lvu lvong m cuoi cng c the nhn dvoc t d%nh dang truyen ti. Bang vic thay doi cc d%nh dang truyen ti, lp MAC c the v vy m nhn ra dvoc cc toc d du liu khc nhau. Vic dieu khien toc d v vy m cn dvoc xem nhv vic lna chon d%nh dang truyen ti. Tp hop cc loai knh truyen ti dvoc chi d%nh cho LTE bao gom: Knh qung b Broadcast Channel (BCH): c mt d%nh dang truyen ti co d%nh, dvoc cung cap bi cc dc tnh ky thut. N dvoc dng cho vic truyen dan nhung thng tin trn knh logic BCCH. Knh Paging Paging channel (PCH): dvoc dng cho vic paging thng tin trn knh logic PCCH. Knh PCH ho tro vic thu nhn khng lin tnc (discontinous reception DRX) nham cho php thiet b% dau cuoi di dng tiet kim nang lvong pin bang cch ngu (sleeping) v chi thc (wake up) khi nhn PCH tai nhung thi diem xc d%nh trvc. Co che paging dvoc m t c phan chi tiet hon trong chvong 5. Knh chia se dung xuong Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH): l knh truyen ti dvoc dng cho truyen dan du liu dvng xuong trong LTE. N ho tro nhung dc tnh cua LTE nhv co che thch ng toc d dng (dynamic rate adaption) v hoach d%nh phn thuc knh truyen (channel-dependent scheduling) trong mien thi gian v tan so, hybrid
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ARQ, v ghp knh khng gian (spatial multiplexing). N cung ho tro DRX nham lm gim nang lvong tiu thn thiet b% dau cuoi di dng trong khi van cung cap tri nghim lun m (always-on experience), tvong tn nhv co che CPC trong HSPA. DL-SCH TTI l 1 ms. Knh multicast Multicast Channel (MCH): dvoc dng de ho tro MBMS v dvoc dc trvng bi d%nh dang truyen ti bn tinh v hoach d%nh bn tinh (semi-static transport format and semi-static scheduling). Trong trvng hop truyen dan nhieu te bo (multi-cell transmission) su dnng MBSFN, cau hnh d%nh dang truyen ti v hoach d%nh dvoc dieu phoi giua nhung te bo lin quan trong truyen dan MBSFN. Knh chia se dung ln Uplink shared channel (UL-SCH): l dvng ln tvong ng vi DL-SCH.
Hnh 3.3 V dc ve sc nh xa cc knh logic vi cc knh truyen dan Mt trong nhung chc nang cua MAC l vic ghp cc knh logic khc nhau v nh xa cc knh logic vi cc knh truyen ti tvong ng. Khng giong vi MAC-hs trong HSDPA, MAC trong LTE ho tro ghp knh cc RLC PDUs t nhieu truyen ti v tuyen khc nhau (radio bearers) vo cng khoi truyen ti. V c mt vi moi quan h giua loai thng tin v cch thc m n dvoc truyen di cho nn van ton tai nhung gii han no d trong vic nh xa cc knh logic vi cc knh truyen ti. Mt v dn ve nh xa cc knh logic vi cc knh truyen ti dvoc dva ra trong hnh 3.3. Nhung nh xa khc cung dvoc hnh dung. 3.2.2 Hoach d%nh dvng xuong. Mt trong nhung nguyn l co bn cua truy nhp v tuyen LTE l vic truyen dan chia se knh truyen trn DL-SCH v UL-SCH, nghia l ti nguyn thi gian v tan so dvoc chia se dng giua nhung ngvi dng trong c dvng ln v dvng xuong. Scheduler l mt phan cua lp MAC v n dieu khien vic phn bo ti nguyn dvng ln v dvng xuong. Hoach d%nh dvng ln v dvng xuong
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dvoc tch ri trong LTE v nhung quyet d%nh phn bo dvng ln, dvng xuong c the dvoc dva ra dc lp lan nhau (trong nhung gii han dvoc thiet lp bi sn phn chia UL/DL doi vi hoat dng TDD). Hoach d%nh dvng ln se dvoc bn den trong mnc 3.2.3, trong khi phan cn lai cua mnc ny se tp trung vo hoach d%nh dvng xuong. Nguyn tac co bn cho scheduler dvng xuong d l quyet d%nh dng (dynamically determine), trong moi khong thi gian 1 ms, nhung thiet b% dau cuoi no dvoc php thu truyen dan DL-SCH v trn nhung ti nguyn g. Nhieu thiet b% dau cuoi c the dvoc hoach d%nh song song, trong moi trvng hop chi c 1 DLSCH trn moi thiet b% dau cuoi dvoc hoach d%nh, v n se dvoc nh xa dng (dynamically mapped) ti mt tp hop ti nguyn tan so duy nhat. on v% thi gian-tan so co bn trong scheduler cn dvoc goi l khoi ti nguyn (resource block). Cc khoi ti nguyn dvoc m t chi tiet hon trong chvong 4 cng vi vic nh xa du liu ti ti nguyn vt l, nhvng ve nguyn tac co bn th mt khoi ti nguyn l 1 don v% rng 180 kHz trong mien tan so. Trong moi khong thi gian hoach d%nh 1ms, scheduler se phn bo cc khoi ti nguyn cho mt thiet b% dau cuoi de tiep nhn vic truyen dan DL-SCH, mt sn phn bo dvoc su dnng bi tien trnh lp vt l se dvoc m t trong chvong 4. Scheduler cung dm trch vic lna chon kch thvc khoi truyen ti (transport-block). Nhv l mt h qu cua vic scheduler dieu khien toc d du liu, m sn phn doan RLC v ghp knh MAC cung se b% nh hvng bi quyet d%nh phn bo (scheduling decision). au ra t scheduler dvng xuong c the dvoc nhn thay trong hnh 3.1. Mc d chien lvoc hoach d%nh (scheduling strategy) l mt dc trvng bo sung v khng dvoc chi d%nh bi 3GPP, mnc tiu chung cua hau het nhung scheduler l loi dnng sn thay doi knh truyen giua nhung thiet b% dau cuoi di dng v vu tin hoach d%nh truyen dan cho thiet b% dau cuoi di dng trn nhung ti nguyn c dieu kin knh truyen thun loi. Ve mt ny, hoat dng cua scheduler LTE ve co bn th tvong tn vi scheduler dvng xuong trong HSDPA. Tuy nhin, v su dnng so do truyen dan dvng xuong OFDM, LTE c the khai thc sn bien doi knh truyen trong c mien thi gian v tan so, trong khi HSDPA chi c the khai thc sn bien doi trong mien thi gian. ieu ny d dvoc de cp den trong chvong 2 v dvoc minh hoa qua hnh 2.1. oi vi nhung bang thng ln hon dvoc ho tro bi LTE, khi m lvong fading lna chon tan so (frequency-selective fading) se thvng xuyn xy ra, kh nang khai thc sn bien doi knh cua mien tan so cua scheduler se tr nn cng quan trong khi so vi vic chi khai thc sn bien doi trn mien thi gian. c bit tai nhung toc d thap, khi m sn bien doi trong mien thi
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gian l tvong doi chm so vi yu cau ve d tre dvoc dt ra bi nhieu d%ch vn, lc ny kh nang khai thc c sn bien doi mien tan so se tr nn c loi. Thng tin ve trang thi knh truyen dvng xuong, can thiet cho vic hoach d%nh phn thuc knh truyen, dvoc phn hoi t thiet b% dau cuoi di dng ti eNodeB thng qua nhung bo co chat lvong knh truyen (channel-quality reports). Bo co chat lvong knh truyen, cn dvoc biet nhv B chi th% chat lvong knh truyen (Channel-Quality Indicator), bao gom nhung thng tin khng chi ve chat lvong knh truyen hin thi trong mien tan so, m cn nhung thng tin can thiet cho vic dva ra nhung quyet d%nh xu l anten thch hop trong trvng hop phn knh khng gian. Co s cho nhung bo co CQI l vic do lvng nhung tn hiu tham chieu dvng xuong (the downlink reference signals). Tuy nhin, nhung nguon phn ve hin trang knh truyen, v dn nhv sn trao doi knh truyen trong hoat dng TDD, cung dvoc khai thc bang cch ci dt mt scheduler ring bit nhv mt sn bo sung cho nhung bo co CQI. Ngoi chat lvong knh truyen, mt scheduler hiu nang cao cung phi cn nhac den tnh trang b dm (buffer status) v mc d vu tin trong quyet d%nh phn bo (decision scheduling). C nhung khc nhau ve loai d%ch vn cung nhv l loai thu bao (subscription type) c the gy nh hvng den d vu tin khi hoach d%nh. V dn, mt ngvi dng voice-over-IP vi mt dang k thu bao dat tien phi lun dvoc duy tr chat lvong d%ch vn cho d ti trong h thong dang mc cao, trong khi mt ngvi dng dang k thu bao chi ph thap (a low-cost subscription) dang ti ve mt file c the phi dvoc tha mn vi nhung ti nguyn m khng dvoc yu cau de ho tro cho nhung ngvi dng khc. Sn dieu phoi nhieu, se thnc hin vic dieu khien nhieu lin te bo trn co s chm (slow basis) dvoc de cp den trong chvong 2, cung l mt phan cua scheduler. Khi chien lvoc hoach d%nh khng dvoc uy nhim bi nhung dc tnh ky thut, so do dieu phoi nhieu (neu dvoc su dnng) l dc th cua nh khai thc v c the nam trong pham vi t nhung trien khai ti su dnng bc cao don gin (simple higher-order reuse deployments) ti nhung so do tin tien hon.
3.2.3 Hoach d%nh dvng ln. Chc nang co bn cua scheduler dvng ln th tvong tn vi dvng xuong, cn the l vic quyet d%nh dng (dynamically determine) cho moi khong thi gian 1 ms, lc d nhung thiet b% dau cuoi di dng truyen du liu trn knh UL-SCH cua
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n thuc ti nguyn dvng ln (uplink resources). Hoach d%nh dvng ln cung dvoc dng cho HSPA, nhvng v c sn khc nhau giua nhung so do da truy nhp dvoc su dnng (the different multiple-access schemes), cho nn ve kha canh ny th HSPA v LTE c mt vi sn khc bit dng ke. Trong HSPA, ti nguyn chia se dvng ln chnh l d giao thoa cho php tai tram goc. Scheduler dvng ln HSPA chi thiet lp mt gii han pha trn cho so lvong giao thoa dvng ln m thiet b% dau cuoi di dng dvoc php tao ra. Dna trn sn gii han ny, thiet b% dau cuoi di dng se tn dng lna chon mt d%nh dang truyen dan thch hop. Chien thut ny r rng d tao ra sn nhay cm cho dvng ln khng trnc giao m trong trvng hop ny l HSPA. Mt thiet b% dau cuoi di dng khng su dnng tat c ti nguyn m n dvoc cap se truyen tai mc nang lvong thap hon, bang cch ay c the lm gim dvoc nhieu ni te bo (intra-cell interference). Do d, ti nguyn chia se khng dvoc su dnng bi mt thiet b% dau cuoi di dng c the dvoc khai thc bi mt thiet b% dau cuoi di dng khc thng qua vic ghp knh theo thong k (statistical multiplexing). V co che lna chon d%nh dang truyen ti dvoc ket hop trong thiet b% dau cuoi di dng doi vi dvng ln HSPA, cho nn can phi c bo hiu ngoi bang de khai bo cho eNodeB biet ve sn lna chon d dvoc tao ra. oi vi LTE, dvng ln th trnc giao v ti nguyn chia se dvoc dieu khien bi scheduler eNodeB l nhung don v% ti nguyn thi gian tan so. Mt ti nguyn d dvoc chi d%nh m khng dvoc su dnng trit de bi mt thiet b% dau cuoi di dng no d th phan ti nguyn cn lai cung khng the cung cap cho mt thiet b% dau cuoi di dng khc su dnng. V the, do dvng ln trnc giao, m d loi gim di dng ke trong vic de cho thiet b% dau cuoi di dng lna chon d%nh dang truyen ti khi dvoc so snh vi HSPA. Cho nn, ngoi vic cap pht ti nguyn thi giantan so cho thiet b% dau cuoi di dng, scheduler eNodeB cn ch%u trch nhim vic dieu khien d%nh dang truyen dan (kch thvc ti trong, so do dieu che) m thiet b% dau cuoi di dng se su dnng. Khi scheduler biet dvoc d%nh dang truyen ti m thiet b% dau cuoi di dng su dnng lc n pht di th khng can phi bo hiu ngoi bang t thiet b% dau cuoi di dng ti eNodeB. Loi nhun c dvoc t phoi cnh vng phu sng (coverage perspective) khi tnh den chi ph trn moi bit pht di cua thng tin dieu khien ngoi bang c the cao hon dng ke so vi chi ph truyen du liu khi tn hiu dieu khien can dvoc thu vi mt d tin cy cao hon.
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Hnh 3.4 Vic lca chon d%nh dang truyen dan trong dung xuong (bn tri) v dung ln (bn phi) Mc d sn tht l scheduler eNodeB se quyet d%nh d%nh dang truyen ti cho dau cuoi di dng, nhvng c mt dieu quan trong can lvu l quyet d%nh hoach d%nh dvng ln dvoc dva ra cho moi dau cuoi di dng ch khng phi cho moi ti tin v tuyen (radio bearer). Nhv vy, mc d scheduler eNodeB dieu khien ti trong cua mt dau cuoi di dng dvoc hoach d%nh, th dau cuoi van ch%u trch nhim lna chon t nhung ti tin v tuyen no m du liu dvoc mang theo. Cho nn, dau cuoi di dng se tn dng dieu khien vic ghp knh logic (logical-channel multiplexing). ieu ny dvoc minh hoa trong phan bn phi cua hnh 3.4, noi m scheduler eNodeB dieu khien d%nh dang truyen ti cn dau cuoi di dng dieu khien vic ghp knh logic. e so snh, trong tnh huong dvng xuong tvong ng, khi m eNodeB dieu khien c d%nh dang truyen dan v ghp knh logic, dvoc miu t bn tri hnh ve. Ghp knh ti tin v tuyen (radio-bearer) trong dau cuoi di dng dvoc thnc hin theo nhung quy tac, thng qua cc thng so m c the dvoc cau hnh bi bo hiu RRC t eNodeB. Moi ti tin v tuyen dvoc chi d%nh sn vu tin v toc d bit vu tin (prioritized bit rate). Sau d dau cuoi di dng se thnc hin ghp knh sng mang v tuyen, nhv vy cc sng mang v tuyen dvoc xu l theo th tn vu tin ty toc d bit vu tin cua chng. Nhung ti nguyn cn lai, neu c, sau khi hon thnh toc d bit vu tin se dvoc dva den nhung sng mang v tuyen theo th tn vu tin.
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e tro gip cho scheduler dvng ln trong moi quyet d%nh cua n, dau cuoi di dng c the pht di thng tin hoach d%nh (scheduling information) ti eNode bang cch su dnng mt tin nhan MAC. R rng, thng tin ny chi c the dvoc truyen di neu dau cuoi di dng va dvoc cap mt chan nhn hoach d%nh hop l (a valid scheduling grant). oi vi nhung trvng hop khc, mt chi th% khi m dau cuoi di dng can ti nguyn dvng ln se dvoc cung cap nhv mt phan cua kien trc bo hiu dieu khien dvng ln L1/L2 (the uplink L1/L2 control-signaling structure), xem thm trong chvong 4. Hoach d%nh phn thuc knh truyen thvng dvoc su dnng cho dvng xuong. Trn l thuyet, ky thut ny cung c the dvoc su dnng cho dvng ln. Tuy nhin, vic dnh gi chat lvong knh truyen dvng ln th khng don gin nhv trvng hop doi vi dvng xuong. Tnh trang knh truyen dvng xuong c the dvoc do lvng bi tat c dau cuoi di dng trong te bo chi don gin bang vic theo di tn hiu tham kho dvoc truyen bi eNodeB v tat c cc dau cuoi di dng c the chia se cng tn hiu tham kho cho mnc dch dnh gi chat lvong knh truyen. Tuy nhin vic dnh gi chat lvong knh truyen dvng ln lai yu cau mt tn hiu tham kho tham d (a sounding reference signal) dvoc truyen di t moi dau cuoi di dng cho nhung eNodeB no muon dnh gi chat lvong knh truyen. Mt tn hiu tham kho tham d nhv vy dvoc ho tro bi LTE se dvoc m t thm trong chvong 4, nhvng dieu ny lai di km vi van de tong chi ph. V vy, nhung phvong php dvoc cung cap cho phn tn dvng ln se tr nn quan trong nhv l mt phan bo sung hoc thay the cho ky thut hoach d%nh phn thuc knh truyen dvng ln.
3.2.4 Hybrid ARQ Hybird ARQ vi ket hop mem trong LTE dp ng mt mnc dch tvong tn vi co che hybird-ARQ trong HSPA d l cung cap sc ch%u dnng de chong lai cc loi truyen dan. N cung l mt cng cn de nng cao nang suat. Khi m nhung co che truyen lai hybird-ARQ l nhanh, nhieu d%ch vn cho php mt hoc nhieu sn truyen lai, bang cch thiet lp mt co che dieu khien toc d an (vng lp kn) (an implicit (closed loop) rate-control mechanism). Tvong tn vi phvong php trong HSPA, giao thc hybrid-ARQ l mt phan cua lp MAC, trong khi hoat dng ket hop mem dvoc dieu khien bi lp vt l.
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R rng, hybrid ARQ khng dvoc p dnng cho tat c cc dang lvu lvong. V dn, truyen dan broadcast, khi m nhung thng tin giong nhau dvoc dnh cho nhieu ngvi dng, thng thvng khng phn thuc vo hybrid ARQ. V vy, hybrid ARQ chi dvoc ho tro cho DL-SCH v UL-SCH. Giao thc hybrid ARQ trong LTE giong vi giao thc tvong ng dvoc su dnng cho HSPA, d l vic su dnng nhieu tien trnh stop-and-wait song song. Trong lc tiep nhn nhung khoi truyen ti, dau thu se tm cch gii m khoi truyen ti v khai bo cho dau pht ve ket qu cua hoat dng gii m thng qua mt bit don ACK/NAK de chi th% vic gii m c thnh cng hay khng hoc truyen lai khoi truyen ti neu dvoc yu cau. Nhung chi tiet khc ve truyen dan ACK/NAK trong dvng xuong v dvng ln se dvoc tm thay trong chvong 4. e toi thieu ha chi ph, mt bit don ACK/NAK dvoc su dnng. R rng, dau thu phi biet bit ACK/NAK thu dvoc dvoc lin ket vi tien trnh hybid-ARQ no. Hon nua, dieu ny dvoc gii quyet bang cch su dnng cng mt phvong php nhv trong HSPA khi thi diem cua ACK/NAK dvoc su dnng de ket hop ACK/NAK vi mt tien trnh hybrid-ARQ no d. ieu ny dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 3.6. Ch rang, doi vi trvng hop hoat dng TDD, moi quan h ve thi gian giua vic tiep nhn du liu trong mt tien trnh hybrid-ARQ no d v vic truyen dan ACK/NAK th khng b% nh hvng bi sn phn bo dvng ln/dvng xuong. Tvong tn vi HSPA, mt giao thc khng dong b l co s cho hoat dng hybrid-ARQ dvng xuong. V vy, sn truyen lai dvng xuong c the xy ra tai moi thi diem sau khi vic truyen dan dvoc khi tao v mt con so tien trnh hybrid-ARQ tvng minh (an explicit hybrid-ARQ process number) dvoc su dnng de chi th% tien trnh no dang dvoc d%nh d%a chi (addressed). Sn truyen lai dvng ln, mt khc, lai dna trn mt giao thc dong b v sn truyen lai xy ra tai mt thi gian xc d%nh trvc sau khi khi tao qu trnh truyen dan v so tien trnh (process number) c the nhn dvoc hon ton. Hai trvng hop dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 3.5. Trong giao thc hybrid-ARQ khng dong b, sn truyen lai trn l thuyet dvoc hoach d%nh tvong tn vi vic khi tao qu trnh truyen dan. Mt khc trong giao thc dong b, thi diem truyen lai dvoc co d%nh mt lan khi khi dau qu trnh truyen dan dvoc hoach d%nh, phi dvoc tnh den cho hoat dng hoach d%nh. Tuy nhin, ch rang scheduler se phn bit t phan tu hybrid-ARQ trong eNodeB dau cuoi di dng no se thnc hin truyen lai hay khng.
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Hnh 3.5 Giao thc hybrid-ARQ dong b v khng dong b.
Hnh 3.6 Nhieu tien trnh hybrid-ARQ song song. Vic su dnng nhieu tien trnh hybird-ARQ song song, dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 3.6, cho moi ngvi dng c the dan den sn khng lin tnc ve du liu dvoc phn phoi t co che hybrid-ARQ. V dn, khoi truyen ti th 5 trong hnh dvoc gii m thnh cng trvc khoi truyen ti th 3, khi m vic truyen lai dvoc yu cau. V vy, di hi phi c mt vi dang co che sap xep lai (some form of reordering mechanism). Sau khi gii m thnh cng, khoi truyen ti dvoc phn knh thnh cc knh logic thch hop v thnc hin vic sap xep lai trn moi knh logic bang cch su dnng cc so th tn (sequence numbers). Ngvoc lai, HSPA dng mt con so th tn MAC ring bit cho vic sap xep lai. Nguyn nhn cua vic ny l do sn phn tro cho WCDMA v nhung l do ve van de tvong thch ngvoc, kien trc RLC hoc MAC van dvoc giu nguyn khi gii thiu HSPA. Mt khc, doi vi LTE, cc lp giao thc dvoc thiet ke dong thi, dan den c t gii han hon trong
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thiet ke. Tuy nhin, nguyn l dang sau sn sap xep lai th tvong tn doi vi cc h thong, chi c so th tn dvoc su dnng l khc nhau. Co che hybrid-ARQ se sua nhung loi truyen dan do nhieu hoc do nhung bien doi knh truyen khng dn don dvoc (noise or unpredictable channel variations). Nhv d dvoc tho lun trn, RLC cung c kh nang yu cau truyen lai, m khi mi nghe lan dau th c ve l khng can thiet. Tuy nhin, mc d sn truyen lai RLC hiem khi can thiet khi m co che hybrid-ARQ dna trn MAC c kh nang sua hau het cc loi truyen dan, nhvng hybrid-ARQ di khi c the that bai trong vic phn phoi cc khoi du liu m khng b% loi ti RLC, gy ra mt khong trong (gap) trong th tn cua cc khoi du liu khng loi (error-free data blocks) dvoc phn phoi toi RLC. ieu ny thvng xy ra do tn hiu phn hoi b% sai, v dn, mt NAK dvoc the hin sai thnh mt ACK bi dau pht, l nguyn nhn cua vic mat mt du liu. Xc suat xy ra dieu ny c the trong khong 1%, mt xc suat loi rat cao doi vi nhung d%ch vn dna trn TCP yu cau vic phn phoi cc gi TCP gan nhv l khng dvoc loi. Mt cch cn the hon, nghia l doi vi nhung toc d du liu dvoc duy tr trn 100 Mbit/s th xc suat mat gi du liu chap nhn dvoc phi thap hon 10-5. Ve co bn, TCP xem tat c cc loi ve gi du liu l do sn tat nghen. Cc loi ve gi du liu v vy se kch hoat co che trnh tac nghen, vi mt sn tang ln tvong ng ve toc d du liu, v duy tr chat lvong tot tai nhung toc d du liu cao, RLC-AM se dp ng mt mnc tiu quan trong cho vic dm bo phn phoi du liu khng b% loi ti TCP. V vy, t nhung tho lun trn, l do c hai co che truyen lai nhv trn c the dvoc hieu r trong phan tn hiu phn hoi. Tuy co che hybrid-ARQ thnc hin vic truyen lai rat nhanh, n cung can thiet phi gui mt bit bo co tnh trang ACK/NAK ti dau pht cng nhanh cng tot mt lan cho moi chu ky TTI. Mc d trn l thuyet c the dat dvoc mt xc suat loi thap theo mong muon ve phn hoi ACK/NAK, nhvng nhung xc suat loi rat thap lai di km vi chi ph tvong doi cao ve mt cng suat truyen dan ACK/NAK. Vic giu chi ph ny mt cch hop l thng thvng dan den mt ty l loi phn hoi (a feedback error rate) trong khong 1% v nhv vy se quyet d%nh den ty l loi dv hybrid-ARQ (the hybrid-ARQ residual error rate). Tuy nhung bo co trang thi RLC dvoc pht di t thvng xuyn dng ke so vi ACK/NAK hybrid-ARQ, nhvng chi ph cua vic dat dvoc d tin cy 10-5 hoc thap l kh nh. V vy, vic phoi hop hybrid ARQ vi RLC mang lai mt sn ket hop tot giua thi gian kh hoi (roundtrip time) nh v chi ph phn hoi va phi khi m hai thnh phan ny bo sung cho nhau.
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V RLC v hybrid ARQ dvoc d%nh v% trong cng mt node, cho nn kh nang tvong tc giua chng tr nn cht che hon. V dn, neu co che hybrid-ARQ pht hin dvoc mt loi khng the phnc hoi, vic truyen mt bo co trang thi RLC c the ngay lp tc dvoc kch hoat thay v phi doi de pht di mt bo co trang thi theo d%nh ky. ieu ny se khien cho RLC truyen lai cc PDUs b% mat nhanh hon. Cho nn, trong mt mc d no d, vic ket hop hybrid ARQ v RLC c the xem nhv l mt co che truyen lai vi hai co che phn hoi trang thi. Trn l thuyet, c cng mt sn tranh lun dvoc tao ra doi vi trvng hop tvong ng trong HSPA. Tuy nhin, vic RLC v hybrid ARQ dvoc d%nh v% tai nhung node khc nhau trong HSPA nhn chung se lm cho sn tvong tc giua chng tr nn khng cht che.
3.3 PHY: physical layer - lp vt l Lp vt l ch%u trch nhim cho vic m ha, xu l hybrid-ARQ lp vt l (physical-layer hybrid-ARQ processing), dieu che, xu l da anten (multi-antenna processing), v nh xa tn hiu ti nhung ti nguyn thi gian-tan so vt l thch hop. Mt ci nhn don gin ve vic xu l DL-SCH dvoc dva ra trong hnh 3.7. .Cc khoi lp vt l dvoc dieu khien dng (dynamically controlled) bi lp MAC dvoc the hin bang mu xm, cn nhung khoi vt l dvoc cau hnh bn tinh dvoc the hin bang mu trang.
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Hnh 3.7 M hnh xu l lp vt l don gin cho DL-SCH Khi mt dau cuoi di dng dvoc hoach d%nh trong mt chu ky TTI trn knh DL-SCH, lp vt l se nhn mt khoi truyen ti (hai khoi truyen ti trong trvng hop ghp knh khng gian) mang du liu de truyen di. Vi moi khoi truyen ti, mt CRC se dvoc dnh km v moi khoi truyen ti dvoc dnh km CRC nhv vy dvoc m ha ring bit vi nhau. Toc d m ha knh, bao gom toc d ph hop can thiet, hon ton dvoc quyet d%nh bi kch thvc khoi truyen ti, so do dieu che (the modulation scheme), v lvong ti nguyn dvoc cap pht cho vic truyen dan. Tat c nhung dai lvong ny dvoc lna chon bi scheduler dvng xuong. Phin bn dv tha (redundancy version) dvoc dng dvoc dieu khien bi giao thc hybridARQ v n se tc dng den qu trnh xu l thch ng toc d (the rate matching processing) de tao ra tp hop cc bit dvoc m ha chnh xc. Cuoi cng, trong trvng hop ghp knh khng gian, vic nh xa anten cung dvoc dieu khien bi scheduler dvng xuong.
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Hnh 3.8 M hnh xu l lp vt l don gin cho UL-SCH au cuoi di dng dvoc hoach d%nh thu tn hiu dvoc pht di v thnc hin tien trnh lp vt l ngvoc lai. Lp vt l tai dau cuoi di dng cung thng bo cho giao thc hybrid-ARQ biet vic truyen dan c dvoc gii m thnh cng hay khng. Thng tin ny dvoc su dnng bi mt phan cua chc nang MAC hybrid-ARQ trong dau cuoi di dng de quyet d%nh c yu cau truyen lai hay khng. Vic xu l lp vt l doi vi knh UL-SCH gan giong vi vic xu l DL-SCH. Tuy nhin, ch rang scheduler MAC trong eNodeB ch%u trch nhim lna chon d%nh dang truyen ti cho dau cuoi di dng v ti nguyn dvoc su dnng cho truyen dan dvng ln nhv dvoc miu t trong mnc 3.2.3. Vic xu l lp vt l UL-SCH dvoc the hin dvi dang don gin qua hnh 3.8. Cc knh truyen ti dvng xuong cn lai cung dna trn cng mt quy trnh xu l lp vt l chung nhv DL-SCH, mc d c mt so gii han trong tp hop nhung tnh nang dvoc su dnng. oi vi vic qung b thng tin h thong trn knh BCH, mt dau cuoi di dng phi c kh nang thu dvoc knh thng tin ny nhv l mt trong nhung bvc dau tin trvc khi truy cp vo h thong. Do d, d%nh dang truyen ti phi dvoc vu tin gui ti cc thiet b% dau cuoi, v se khng c mt sn
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dieu khien dng tn dng (dynamic control) no ti cc tham so truyen dan t lp MAC trong trvng hop ny. oi vi truyen dan cc thng dip nhan goi (paging messages) trn knh PCH, sn thch ng dng cua cc tham so truyen dan c the dvoc su dnng trong mt vi pham vi. Ni chung, vic xu l trong trvng hop ny th tvong tn vi vic xu l DL-SCH thng thvng. MAC c the dieu khien vic dieu che, lvong ti nguyn, v nh xa anten. Tuy nhin, trong trvng hop dvng ln chva dvoc thiet lp khi mt dau cuoi di dng dvoc tm goi, th hybrid ARQ khng the dvoc su dnng v lc ny dau cuoi di dng khng the pht di mt thng bo ACK/NAK. Knh MCH dvoc dng cho truyen dan MBMS, dien hnh l nhung hoat dng mang don tan so bang vic truyen t nhieu te bo trn cng ti nguyn vi d%nh dang giong nhau tai cng 1 thi diem. V vy, vic hoach d%nh truyen dan MCH phi dvoc dieu phoi giua nhung te bo lin quan v co che lna chon tn dng tham so truyen dan bi MAC l khng the thnc hin dvoc. 3.4 Cc trang thi LTE Trong LTE, mt dau cuoi di dng c the ton tai trong nhieu trang khc nhau nhv dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 3.9. Khi bt nguon, dau cuoi di dng vo trang thi LTE DETACHED (tch bit LTE). Trong trang thi ny, dau cuoi di dng khng dvoc biet doi vi h thong mang. Trvc khi dien ra bat c sn lin lac no giua dau cuoi di dng v mang th dau cuoi di dng can phi dang k h thong mang bang cch su dnng thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin de vo trang thi LTE ACTIVE (tch cnc LTE), LTE DETACHED l trang thi dvoc su dnng chu yeu khi bt nguon, mt khi dau cuoi di dng d dvoc dang k vi h thong mang, n thvng chuyen sang mt trong nhung trang thi khc nhv LTE ACTIVE hoc LTE IDLE (roi LTE).
Hnh 3.9 Cc trang thi LTE.

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LTE ACTIVE l trang thi dvoc su dnng khi dau cuoi di dng d san sng cho vic pht v thu du liu. Trong trang thi ny, dau cuoi di dng dvoc ket noi vi mt te bo cn the trong mang. Mt hoc nhieu d%a chi IP dvoc gn cho thiet b% dau cuoi di dng, cung nhv l Chi so nhn dang tam thi mang v tuyen te bo (Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier CRNTI) de nhn dang thiet b% dau cuoi, nhung thng so ny dvoc dng cho mnc dch bo hiu giua dau cuoi di dng v mang. LTE ACTIVE c the dvoc chia thnh hai trang thi con l IN SYNC v OUT OF SYNC, phn thuc vo dvng ln c dvoc dong b vi h thong mang hay khng. T khi LTE su dnng dvng ln trnc giao trn co s FDMA/TDMA, th vic dong b truyen dan dvng ln t nhieu dau cuoi di dng l can thiet sao cho chng den eNodeB tai cng mt thi diem (xap xi). Thu tnc de dat dvoc v duy tr sn dong b ha dvng ln dvoc m t trong chvong 4, tm lai eNodeB se do thi gian den cua cc phin truyen dan t moi dau cuoi di dng trang thi truyen tch cnc (actively transmitting) v gui nhung mnh lnh hiu chinh thi gian (timingcorrection commands) trong dvng xuong. Mien l dvng ln trong trang thi IN SYNC th vic truyen dan dvng ln du liu ngvi dng v bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 deu c the thnc hin dvoc. Trong trvng hop khng c sn truyen dan no dien ra trong mt cua so thi gian xc d%nh, sn sap xep thi gian hien nhin l khng thnc hin dvoc, v dvng ln se dvoc thiet lp trang thi OUT OF SYNC. Trong trvng hop ny, dau cuoi di dng can thnc hin mt thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin de khi phnc lai sn dong b dvng ln. LTE IDLE l mt trang thi tch cnc thap, m khi dau cuoi di dng trong trang thi ny n se ngu trong phan ln thi gian de lm gim sn tiu hao nguon pin. Lc ny sn dong b dvng ln khng dvoc duy tr v v vy hoat dng truyen dan dvng ln duy nhat c the xy ra l sn truy cp ngau nhin de chuyen sang trang thi LTE ACTIVE. Trong dvng xuong, dau cuoi di dng c the d%nh ky thc dy de dvoc page cho nhung cuc goi den nhv dvoc miu t trong chvong 5. Thiet b% dau cuoi di dng van giu d%a chi IP cua n v nhung thng tin ni b (internal information) khc de c the nhanh chng chuyen sang trang thi LTE ACTIVE khi can thiet. V% tr cua thiet b% dau cuoi di dng se dvoc cung cap cnc b cho h thong mang sao cho t nhat mang cung c the biet den nhm te bo no m trong d vic paging cua dau cuoi di dng dvoc thnc hin. 3.5 Luong du liu e tm tat ve luong du liu dvng xuong xuyn qua tat c cc lp giao thc, mt v dn minh hoa dvoc dva ra trong hnh 3.10 cho trvng hop vi 3 gi IP, hai gi trn mt ti tin v tuyen v mt gi trn mt ti tin v tuyen khc. Luong du
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liu cho trvng hop truyen dan dvng ln l tvong tn. PDCP se thnc hin (ty chon) vic nn tiu de IP, sau d l m ha. Mt tiu de PDCP dvoc thm vo, mang theo thng tin can thiet cho vic gii m thiet b% dau cuoi di dng. au ra cua PDCP dvoc cung cap ti RLC. Giao thc RLC thnc hin vic hop doan hoc phn doan cc PDCP SDUs v thm vo mt tiu de RLC. Tiu de ny dvoc su dnng cho vic phn phoi theo trnh tn (trn moi knh logic) tai dau cuoi di dng v vic nhn dang cc RLC PDUs trong trvng hop can truyen lai. Cc RLC PDUs dvoc chuyen tiep ti lp MAC, lp ny c dvoc so lvong cc RLC PDUs, sau d ket hop chng lai vo trong 1 MAC SDU v dnh km mt tiu de MAC de tao thnh mt khoi truyen ti. Kch thvc khoi truyen ti phn thuc vo toc d du liu tc thi dvoc lna chon bi co che thch ng dvng truyen (the link adaptation mechanism). Do d, co che thch ng dvng truyen tc dng den c hai tien trnh xu l MAC v RLC. Cuoi cng, lp vt l se dnh thm 1 m CRC vo khoi truyen ti vi mnc dch pht hin loi, thnc hin m ha v dieu che, sau d l pht di tn hiu thnh qu vo khng gian.
Hnh 3.10 - Mt v dc ve luong du liu LTE
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CHUNG 4 LP VT L LTE
Trong chvong trvc, chng ta d tho lun ve kien trc giao din v tuyen LTE vi phan tong quan ve nhung chc nang v dc tnh cua cc lp giao thc khc nhau. Chvong ny se cung cap nhung thng tin chi tiet hon ve tnh trang hin tai cua phan thap nhat trong nhung lp giao thc ny, lp vt l LTE. Chvong tiep theo se di su hon vo nhung thu tnc truy nhp LTE cn the, bao gom truy cp ngau nhin v d tm te bo (cell search). 4.1 Kien trc mien thi gian ton phan (Overall time-domain structure) Hnh 4.1 minh hoa ve kien trc mien thi gian bc cao (high level time domain structure) trong truyen dan LTE vi moi khung (v tuyen) c chieu di T frame= 10 ms bao gom 10 khung phn c kch thvc bang nhau vi d di moi khung phn Tsubframe = 1 ms. e cung cap sn xc d%nh ve thi gian nhat qun v chnh xc, moi khong thi gian khc nhau bn trong dc diem ky thut truy nhp v tuyen LTE c the dvoc trnh by thnh nhieu don v% thi gian co bn Ts= 1/30720000. Nhung khong thi gian dvoc phc hoa trong hnh 4.1 v vy cung c the dvoc dien dat thnh Tframe= 307200.Ts v Tsubframe= 30720.Ts
Hnh 4.1 Cau trc mien thi gian LTE Trong cng mt sng mang, nhung khung phn (subframes) khc nhau cua mt khung c the dvoc su dnng cho truyen dan dvng xuong hoc truyen dan dvng ln. Nhv dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.2a, doi vi trvng hop FDD hoat dng trong pho theo cp (paired spectrum), tat c cc khung phn cua mt sng mang dvoc su dnng cho truyen dan dvng xuong (mt sng mang dvng xuong a downlink carrier) hoc truyen dan dvng ln (mt sng mang dvng ln an uplink carrier). Mt khc, doi vi trvng hop hoat dng cua TDD trong pho khng theo cp (Hnh 4.2b), khung phn th nhat v th su cua moi khung (khung phn 0 v khung phn 5) lun lun dvoc chi d%nh cho truyen dan dvng xuong trong khi
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nhung khung phn cn lai c the dvoc chi d%nh mt cch linh hoat de dng cho c truyen dan dvng ln hoc dvng xuong. L do cua vic an d%nh san khung phn th nhat v th su cho truyen dan dvng xuong l v nhung khung phn ny cha cc tn hiu dong b LTE. Cc tn hiu dong b dvoc truyen di trn dvng xuong cua moi te bo v dvoc dng vo mnc dch d tm te bo khi tao (initial cell search) cung nhv d tm te bo ln cn (neighbor cell search). Nguyn l cua vic d tm te bo, bao gom cau trc cua cc tn hiu dong b, se dvoc m t chi tiet hon trong Chvong 5. Theo nhv minh hoa trong hnh 4.2, vic chi d%nh mt cch linh hoat cc khung phn trong hoat dng TDD cho php ton tai tnh khng doi xng khc nhau ve mt lvong ti nguyn v tuyen (cc khung phn) dvoc an d%nh cho truyen dan dvng xuong v dvng ln mt cch tch bit. V vic an d%nh khung phn can phi giong nhau doi vi cc te bo ln cn de trnh nhieu nghim trong xy ra giua truyen dan dvng ln v dvng xuong giua cc te bo, tnh bat doi xng dvng xuong/dvng ln khng the thay doi tn dng, v dn, trn nen tng khung lin tiep (frame by frame basis). Tuy nhin, n c the thay doi trn mt nen tng chm hon de thch nghi vi cc dc tnh lvu lvong khc nhau chang han nhv sn thay doi v sn khc nhau trong lvu lvong bat doi xng dvng xuong/dvng ln.
Hnh 4.2 Cc v dc ve vic chi d%nh khung phc dung ln/dung xuong trong trung hop TDD v sc so snh vi FDD
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Nhung g dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.1 di lc dvoc xem nhv cau trc khung tong qut hay cau trc khung dang 1 LTE. Cau trc khung ny dvoc p dnng cho c FDD v TDD. Ngoi cau trc khung tong qut, khi LTE hoat dng vi TDD, cn c mt cau trc khung thay the hay cau trc khung dang 2, dvoc thiet ke dnh ring cho vic cng ton tai (coexistence) vi nhung h thong dna trn tiu chuan 3GPP TD-SCDMA hin thi. 4.2 So do truyen dan dvng xuong 4.2.1 Ti nguyn vt l dvng xuong Nhv d dvoc de cp trong phan tong quan ve truy nhp v tuyen chvong 2, truyen dan dvng xuong LTE dna trn vic ghp knh phn chia tan so trnc giao (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDM). Theo nhv m t th ti nguyn vt l dvng xuong LTE c the dvoc xem nhv mt mang lvi ti nguyn thi gian-tan so (xem hnh 4.3), noi m moi phan tu ti nguyn (resource element) tvong ng vi mt sng mang OFDM trong suot mt khong k tn OFDM (OFDM symbol interval) (trong trvng hop truyen dan da anten, se chi c mt mang lvi ti nguyn cho mt anten).
Hnh 4.3 Ti nguyn vt l dung xuong LTE oi vi dvng xuong LTE, khong cch sng mang OFDM dvoc chon vi 6f = 15 kHz. Gi thiet mt thnc thi dau pht/dau thu dna trn FFT (an FFTbased transmitter/receiver implementation), dieu ny tvong ng vi mt tan so lay mau fs = 15000 . NFFT, vi NFFT l kch thvc FFT. on v% thi gian Ts dvoc d%nh nghia trong phan trvc v vy c the dvoc xem nhv thi gian lay mau cua mt thnc thi dau pht/dau thu dna trn FFT (an FFT-based transmitter/receiver implementation) vi NFFT = 2048. ieu quan trong can phi hieu l mc d don v% thi gian Ts dvoc gii thiu trong dc tnh truy nhp v tuyen LTE chi nhv mt cng cn de xc d%nh nhung khong thi gian khc nhau v n khng p dt bat c mt rng buc ve thnc thi dau pht/dau thu cn the no, chang han mt tan so lay
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mau xc d%nh. Trong thnc te, mt thnc thi dau pht/dau thu dna trn FFT vi N FFT = 2048 v mt tan so lay mau tvong ng fs = 30.72 MHz l thch hop cho nhung bang thng truyen dan LTE rng hon, chang han nhung bang thng khong 15MHz v cao hon. Tuy nhin, doi vi nhung bang thng truyen dan nh hon, mt kch thvc FFT nh hon v mt tan so lay mau nh hon tvong ng cung c the dvoc su dnng rat tot. V dn, doi vi cc bang thng truyen dan trong khong 5 MHz, mt kch thvc NFFT = 512 v mt tan so lay mau tvong ng fs=7.68 MHz c the se du. Mt l lun de chap nhn mt khong cch sng mang phn 15 KHz cho LTE d l n c the don gin ha vic trien khai cc thiet b% dau cuoi da che d WCDMA/HSPA/LTE. Gi su c hai kch thvc FFT v mt khong cch sng mang phn 6f = 15 kHz, tan so lay mau f s= 6f. NFFT se l mt bi so (multiple) hoc vc so (submultiple) cua toc d chip WCDMA/HSPA f cr = 3.84 MHz. Cc thiet b% dau cuoi da che d WCDMA/HSPA/LTE (multi mode WCDMA/HSPA/LTE terminals) khi d c the dvoc trien khai de dng vi mt mach dong ho don (a single clock circuitry). Ngoi khong cch sng mang phn 15 kHz, mt khong cch sng mang phn rt gon 6flow=7.5 kHz cung dvoc xc d%nh cho LTE. Mnc tiu cn the cua khong cch sng mang phn rt gon d l truyen dan multicast/broadcast dna trn MBSFN m se dvoc tho lun su hon trong phan 4.2.6. Nhung tho lun cn lai trong phan ny v nhung chvong tiep theo se gi thiet khong cch sng mang 15 kHz tr khi dvoc trnh by r rng theo cch khc.
Hnh 4.4 Cau trc mien tan so dung xuong LTE Nhv dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.4, trong mien tan so, cc sng mang phn dvng xuong dvoc tp hop lai vo trong nhung khoi ti nguyn (resource blocks), noi m moi khoi ti nguyn bao gom 12 sng mang phn lin tiep nhau tvong ng
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vi mt bang thng khoi ti nguyn danh d%nh rng 180 kHz. Ngoi ra, cn c mt sng mang phn DC khng su dnng nam giua pho tan dvng xuong. Nguyn nhn tai sao sng mang phn DC khng dvoc su dnng cho bat c truyen dan no l v n c the trng vi tan so b tao dao dng ni (local oscillator frequency) tai dau pht tram goc hoc dau thu cua thiet b% dau cuoi di dng. H qu l n c the phi ch%u nhieu cao khng ty l (it may be subject to unproportionally high interference), v dn, do b dao dng ni b% r din. Tong so sng mang phn trn mt sng mang dvng xuong, bao gom sng mang phn DC, v vy bang Nsc = 12. NRB + 1, vi NRB l so lvong cc khoi ti nguyn. c diem ky thut lp vt l LTE tht ra cho php mt sng mang dvng xuong c the bao gom bat c so lvong khoi ti nguyn no, trong khong t 6 khoi ln ti trn 100 khoi ti nguyn. ieu ny tvong ng vi mt bang thng truyen dan dvng xuong danh d%nh t khong 1 MHz ln ti t nhat khong 20 MHz vi mt d chi tiet rat nhuyen. Nhv d dvoc bn den trong chvong 2, dieu ny mang lai mt mc d rat cao ve tnh linh hoat trong bang thng/pho tan cua LTE, t nhat t gc d dc tnh lp vt l. Tuy nhin, nhv cung dvoc de cp trong chvong 2, nhung yu cau ve tan so v tuyen LTE, t nhat ngay t dau, cung chi dvoc xc d%nh cho mt nhm nhung bang thng truyen dan gii han, tvong ng vi mt nhm gii han cc gi tr% c the doi vi so lvong cua cc khoi ti nguyn NRB. Hnh 4.5 se phc tho chi tiet hon cau trc mien thi gian-tan so cho truyen dan dvng xuong LTE. Moi khung phn 1ms bao gom hai khe vi kch thvc bang nhau c d di Tslot=0.5ms (15360.Ts). Moi khe lai bao gom mt so lvong cc k hiu OFDM (OFDM symbols) km theo tien to chu trnh (cyclic prefix).
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Hnh 4.5 Cau trc khung phc v khe thi gian dung xuong LTE. Mt khung phc bao gom hai khe thi gian kch thuc bang nhau. Moi khe bao gom su hoc by k hiu OFDM lan luot tuong ng vi trung hop tien to chu trnh bnh thung v tien to chu trnh m rng Nhv d biet, mt khong cch sng mang phn 6f =15 kHz tvong ng vi mt thi gian k hiu huu dnng Tu=1/ 6f = 66.7s (2048.Ts). Theo d ton b thi gian k hiu OFDM l tong cua thi gian k hiu huu dnng v chieu di tien to chu trnh TCP. Theo nhv minh hoa trong hnh 4.5, LTE xc d%nh hai chieu di tien to chu trnh, mt tien to chu trnh bnh thvng v mt tien to chu trnh m rng, tvong ng vi 7 v su k hiu OFDM trn 1 khe. Chieu di cua tien to chu trnh chnh xc, dvoc trnh by qua don v% thi gian co bn Ts, dvoc dva ra trong hnh 4.5. Can phi ch rang, trong trvng hop tien to chu trnh bnh thvng, chieu di tien to chu trnh cho k hiu OFDM dau tin cua mt khe th ln hon mt cht, so vi nhung k hiu OFDM cn lai. Nguyn nhn cua vic ny chi don gin l lap day ton b khe 0.5 ms khi so lvong don v% thi gian T s trn mt khe (15360) khng chia het cho 7. Nguyn nhn cua vic xc d%nh hai chieu di tien to chu trnh cho LTE bao gom hai phan:
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1. Mt tien to chu trnh di hon, mc d l km hiu neu xt ve mt chi
ph, nhvng n lai tr nn c loi trong mt so mi trvng dc bit khi m tre lan truyen l rat rng, v dn trong nhung te bo kch thvc rat ln. Mt dieu quan trong can phi nh l mt tien to chu trnh di hon khng phi lc no cung c loi doi vi nhung te bo ln, cho d tre lan truyen l rat rng trong nhung trvng hop nhv vy. Trong nhung te bo ln, neu hiu suat dvng truyen b% gii han bi nhieu hon l bi sai lch tn hiu do phn tn thi gian dv (residual time dispersion) khng dvoc bo v bi tien to chu trnh, mt sc manh bo sung cho phn tn thi gian knh v tuyen, do vic su dnng mt tien to chu trnh di hon, c the se khng b dap dvoc sn ton that ve mt nang lvong tn hiu thu dvoc. 2. Nhv d biet, trong trvng hop truyen dan multicast/broadcast dna trn MBSFN, tien to chu trnh khng chi bao phu phan chnh cua phn tn thi gian knh tht sn m cn bao phu phan chnh cua sn khc nhau ve thi gian giua nhung truyen dan thu dvoc t cc te bo lin quan trong vic truyen MBSFN. Trong hoat dng MBSFN, tien to chu trnh m rng v vy m thvng dvoc can den. V vy, vic su dnng chu yeu tien to chu trnh m rng LTE l trong truyen dan dna trn MBSFN. Can phi ch rang cc chieu di tien to chu trnh khc nhau c the dvoc su dnng cho nhieu khung phn khc nhau trong cng mt khung. Theo mt v dn, truyen dan multicast/broadcast dna trn MBSFN c the b% han che trong nhung khung phn no d doi vi nhung trvng hop su dnng tien to chu trnh m rng, cng vic n lin ket vi mo dau tien to chu trnh bo sung (additional cyclic prefix overhead), se chi dvoc p dnng vi nhung khung phn ny. Khi xem xt ve cau trc mien thi gian dvng xuong, cc khoi ti nguyn dvoc de cp trn bao gom 12 sng mang phn trong suot mt khe thi gian 0.5 ms, nhv minh hoa trong hnh 4.6. V vy moi khoi ti nguyn bao gom 12.7 = 84 phan tu ti nguyn doi vi trvng hop tien to chu trnh bnh thvng v 12.6 = 72 phan tu ti nguyn doi vi trvng hop tien to chu trnh m rng.
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Hnh 4.6 Khoi ti nguyn dung xuong dnh cho tien to chu trnh bnh thung, nghia l, c 7 k hiu OFDM trn 1 khe. Vi tien to chu trnh m rng th c 6 k hiu OFDM trn 1 khe v nhu vy, tong cng c 72 phan tu ti nguyn trong mt khoi ti nguyn.
Hnh 4.7 Cau trc tn hiu tham kho dung xuong LTE dnh cho tien to chu trnh bnh thung, nghia l c 7 k hiu OFDM trn 1 khe 4.2.2 Cc tn hiu tham kho dvng xuong. e thnc hin gii dieu che dvng xuong mt cch nhat qun (downlink coherent demodulation), thiet b% dau cuoi di dng can phi dnh gi knh truyen dvng xuong. Nhv d de cp , mt phvong php don gin cho php dnh gi knh truyen trong truyen dan OFDM l chn thm nhung k hiu tham kho (known reference symbols) d biet vo trong mang lvi ti nguyn thi gian-tan so OFDM. Trong LTE, nhung k hiu tham kho ny deu dvoc quy thnh nhung tn hiu tham kho dvng xuong LTE. Theo minh hoa trong hnh 4.7, cc k hiu tham kho dvng xuong dvoc chn vo bn trong nhung k hiu OFDM th nhat v th ba cuoi cng cua moi khe v vi mt khong cch mien tan so gom 6 sng mang phn. Hon nua, c mt sn xen ke mien tan so (a frequency domain staggering of three subcarriers) gom 3 sng mang phn giua tn hiu tham kho dau tin v tn hiu tham kho th hai. Trong moi khoi ti nguyn, bao gom 12 sng mang phn trong suot mt khe thi
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gian, v vy m dy c 4 k hiu tham kho. ieu ny dng cho tat c cc khung phn ngoai tr nhung khung phn dvoc su dnng cho truyen dan dna trn MBSFN (xem thm phan 4.2.6). e dnh gi knh truyen qua ton b mang lvi mang lvi thi gian-tan so cung nhv l de lm gim tap m trong nhung dnh gi knh truyen, thiet b% dau cuoi di dng phi thnc hin php ni suy/lay trung bnh thng qua nhieu k hiu tham kho. V vy, khi thnc hin dnh gi knh truyen cho mt khoi ti nguyn no d, thiet b% dau cuoi di dng c the khng chi su dnng nhung k hiu tham kho trong khoi ti nguyn d m cn trong nhung khoi ti nguyn ln cn mien tan so, cung nhv l nhung k hiu tham kho cua nhung khe thi gian hay khung phn thu dvoc trvc d. Tuy nhin, pham vi de thiet b% dau cuoi di dng c the thnc hin php tnh trung bnh qua nhieu khoi ti nguyn trong mien tan so hay thi gian dna trn nhung dc tnh knh truyen. Trong trvng hop d chon loc tan so knh truyen cao (high channel frequency selectivity), kh nang thnc hin php bnh qun trong mien tan so l gii han. Tvong tn, kh nang tnh bnh qun trong mien thi gian, d l kh nang su dnng cc k hiu tham kho trong nhung khe thi gian hay khung phn thu dvoc trvc d, cung b% gii han trong trvng hop sn bien doi knh truyen dien ra nhanh (fast channel variatons), v dn, do vn toc cao cua thiet b% dau cuoi di dng. Cung can phi ch rang, trong trvng hop TDD, kh nang tnh bnh qun thi gian c the b% gii han, v nhung khung phn trvc d thm ch c the khng dvoc chi d%nh cho truyen dan dvng xuong.
4.2.2.1 Cc chuoi tn hiu tham kho v vic nhn dang te bo lp vt l (Reference signals sequences and physical layer cell identity) Ni chung, cc gi tr% phc hop (complex values) cua cc k hiu tham kho se thay doi giua cc v% tr k hiu tham kho khc nhau cung nhv giua nhung te bo khc nhau. V vy, tn hiu tham kho cua mt te bo c the dvoc xem nhv l mt chuoi hai chieu, trong dc diem ky thut LTE dvoc goi l mt chuoi tn hiu tham kho hai chieu. Tvong tn vi m ngau nhin ha trong WCDMA/HSPA, chuoi tn hiu tham kho LTE c the dvoc xem nhv mt chi th% de nhn dang te bo lp vt l LTE. C 510 chuoi tn hiu tham kho dvoc d%nh nghia trong dc diem ky thut LTE, tvong ng vi 510 nhn dang te bo khc nhau. Ve mt chi tiet, moi chuoi tn hiu tham kho c the dvoc xem nhv sn pham cua mt chuoi gi ngau nhin hai chieu (a two dimensional pseudorandom sequence) v mt chuoi trnc giao hai chieu (a two dimensional orthogonal
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sequence). C tong cng 170 chuoi gi ngau nhin dvoc d%nh nghia trong dc diem ky thut LTE, moi chuoi tvong ng vi mt trong so 170 nhm nhn dang te bo. Ngoi ra, cn c 3 chuoi trnc giao dvoc d%nh nghia, moi chuoi tvong ng vi mt nhn dang te bo ring bit trong moi nhm nhn dang te bo. Cc chuoi tn hiu tham kho v cau trc cua n l sn pham cua mt chuoi gi ngau nhin v mt chuoi trnc giao c the dvoc su dnng nhv l mt phan cua vic d tm te bo LTE (xem thm Chvong 5). Cc chuoi tn hiu tham kho thvng dvoc p dnng thch hop vi nhung te bo thuc cng mt eNodeB, nhung te bo ny dvoc chi d%nh cng nhieu cng tot cc nhn dang te bo lp vt l (physical layer cell identities) trong cng mt nhm nhn dang te bo, nghia l dvoc chi d%nh nhung tn hiu tham kho dna trn cng mt chuoi gi ngau nhin nhvng khc cc chuoi trnc giao. Bang cch lm nhv vy, sn can nhieu giua nhung tn hiu tham kho cua cc te bo khc nhau cua cng mt eNodeB c the dvoc gim thieu.
4.2.2.2 Nhy tan tn hiu tham kho (Reference signal frequency hopping) Trong cau trc tn hiu tham kho dvoc phc hoa trong hnh 4.7, cc v% tr mien tan so cua cc k hiu tham kho l giong nhau giua cc khung phn lin tiep. Tuy nhin, cc v% tr mien tan so cua cc k hiu tham kho cung c the khc nhau giua nhung khung phn lin tiep, cn dvoc xem nhv l sn nhy tan k hiu tham kho. Trong trvng hop nhy tan k hiu tham kho, nhung v% tr lin quan cua cc k hiu tham kho trong mt khung phn l giong nhau nhv trong hnh 4.7. V vy, vic nhy tan c the dvoc m t nhv vic thm mt chuoi cc d lch tan (frequency offsets) vo m hnh mau k hiu tham kho co bn dvoc phc hoa trong hnh 4.7, vi d lch giong nhau cho tat c cc k hiu tham kho trong mt khung phn, nhvng khc nhau giua cc khung phn lin tiep. V% tr k hiu tham kho p trong khung phn k v vy c the dvoc trnh by nhv sau: Cc k hiu tham kho dau tin: p(k) = (p0+6.i+offset(k)) mod 6 Cc k hiu tham kho th hai: p(k) = (p0+6.i+3+offset(k)) mod 6 Vi i l mt so nguyn. Chuoi cc d lch tan hay m hnh nhy tan (the frequency hopping pattern) c mt chu ky vi d di l 10, nghia l m
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hnh nhy tan dvoc lp lai giua cc khung lin tiep. C 170 m hnh nhy tan khc nhau dvoc d%nh nghia, v moi m hnh tvong ng vi mt nhm nhn din te bo. Bang vic p dnng cc m hnh nhy tan khc nhau cho nhung te bo ln cn, c the trnh dvoc nguy co cc k hiu tham kho cua cc te bo ln cn va cham nhau lin tiep. ieu ny dvoc dc bit quan tm khi nhung k hiu tham kho dvoc truyen di vi mt nang lvong cao hon so vi cc phan tu ti nguyn cn lai, v cn dvoc goi l vic tang cvng nang lvong tn hiu tham kho (reference signal energy boosting).
4.2.2.3 Cc tn hiu tham kho cho truyen dan da anten (Reference signals for multi-antenna transmission) Trong truyen dan da anten dvng xuong, thiet b% dau cuoi di dng phi c kh nang dnh gi knh truyen dvng xuong tvong ng vi moi anten pht. e lm dvoc dieu ny, se c mt tn hiu tham kho dvng xuong dvoc pht di t moi anten. Can phi ch rang dc tnh truy nhp v tuyen LTE thnc ra l ni den cc cong anten (antenna ports) hon l ni den anten de nhan manh rang nhung g dvoc de cp den khng nhat thiet l tvong ng vi mt anten vt l don (a single physical antenna). Thnc ra, mt cong anten dvoc d%nh nghia bi sn hin din cua mt tn hiu tham kho chuyn bit ve cong anten. Do vy, neu cc tn hiu tham kho dong nhat dvoc pht di t nhieu anten vt l, nhung anten ny khng the dvoc phn gii dvi gc d mt thiet b% dau cuoi di dng v nhung anten c the cng dvoc xem nhv l mt cong anten don. Tuy nhin, de don gin ha, se c hai gii han anten dvoc su dnng sau dy: Trong trvng hop hai anten pht (Hnh 4.8a), cc k hiu tham kho cua anten th hai dvoc ghp knh tan so vi cc k hiu tham kho cua anten th nhat, vi d lch mien tan so l 3 sng mang phn. Trong trvng hop bon anten pht (Hnh 4.8b), cc k hiu tham kho cho anten th ba v th tv dvoc ghp knh tan so bn trong k hiu OFDM th hai cua moi khe thi gian. Ch rang cc k hiu tham kho cho anten ba v tv chi dvoc truyen di trong mt k hiu OFDM cua moi khe.
Cung can lvu thm l mt phan tu ti nguyn mang theo mt k hiu tham kho cho mt anten no d, v khng c tn hiu no dvoc truyen trn
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nhung anten khc. V vy, cc k hiu tham kho cua mt anten no d khng b% nhieu bi truyen dan t nhung anten khc trong cng mt te bo. R rng, trong trvng hop bon anten pht, mt d k hiu tham kho mien thi gian cua anten th ba v th tv dvoc gim bt so vi anten th nhat v th hai. ieu ny dvoc lm de gii han tong so tn hiu tham kho trong trvng hop dng 4 anten pht. ong thi, dieu ny cung tc dng tiu cnc den kh nang theo di nhung sn bien doi knh truyen rat nhanh. Tuy nhin, dieu ny c the dvoc dieu chinh dna trn mt trien vong d l vic ghp knh khng gian 4 anten se dvoc p dnng chu yeu cho nhung trvng hop vi d di dng thap (low mobility). L do de giu lai mt d k hiu tham kho cao hon cho anten th nhat v th hai trong trvng hop su dnng bon anten pht d l c gi thiet cho rang nhung tn hiu tham kho ny se dvoc su dnng nhv l mt phan cua vic d tm te bo khi tao (initial cell search) trong lc thiet b% dau cuoi di dng chva thu dvoc day du thng tin ve so lvong anten pht trong cng mt te bo. V vy, vic cau hnh cc tn hiu tham kho cua anten th nhat v th hai se dvoc thnc hin cng lc m khng phn thuc vo so lvong anten.
4.2.3 Xu l knh truyen ti dvng xuong Nhv dvoc tho lun trong chvong 3, lp vt l giao tiep vi cc lp cao hon, m cn the hon l den lp MAC bang cc knh truyen ti (Transport Channels). LTE d ke tha nguyn l co bn cua WCDMA/HSPA, d l du liu dvoc chuyen den lp vt l trong dang khoi truyen ti (Transport Blocks) vi mt kch thvc no d. Neu xt chi tiet hon ve cau trc khoi truyen ti, LTE d lna chon phvong php tvong tn vi phvong php dvoc lna chon cho HSPA:

Trong trvng hop truyen dan anten don, chi c the c toi da mt khoi truyen ti don kch thvc dng cho moi TTI. Trong trvng hop truyen dan nhieu anten, c the ln den 2 khoi truyen ti kch thvc dng cho moi TTI, d moi khoi truyen ti tvong ng vi mt t m (codeword) trong trvng hop ghp knh khng gian dvng xuong. ieu ny ngn rang, mc d LTE ho tro ghp knh khng gian dvng xuong ln ti bon anten pht, nhvng so t m van b% gii han 2. Truyen dan da anten dvng xuong dvoc cung cap chi tiet hon trong phan 4.2.5.
Vi cau trc khoi truyen ti ny, vic xu l knh truyen ti dvng xuong LTE, m cn the l xu l DL-SCH (qu trnh xu l cua cc knh truyen ti dvng xuong khc cung tvong tn mc d c thm vo mt so rng buc), c the dvoc phc hoa theo hnh 4.9 vi hai chuoi xu l ring bit chnh, moi chuoi tvong ng
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vi qu trnh xu l cua mt khoi truyen ti don. Chuoi xu l th 2 tvong ng vi khoi truyen ti th 2, do vy chi xuat hin ghp knh khng gian dvng xuong. Ni chung, trong trvng hop ny, hai khoi truyen ti c kch thvc khc nhau dvoc ket hop nhv mt phan cua vic nh xa anten (Antenna Mapping) trong phan thap hon cua hnh 4.9.
Hnh 4.8 Cau trc tn hiu tham kho trong trung hop truyen dan nhieu anten dung xuong: (a) hai anten pht v (b) bon anten pht.
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Hnh 4.9 Xu l knh truyen ti dung xuong. Phan duoc gach gach chi c mt trong trung hop ghp knh khng gian dung xuong, d l khi hai khoi truyen ti duoc pht song song trong mt TTI.
Hnh 4.10 Chn CRC dung xuong, tnh ton v gan mt CRC vo moi khoi truyen ti.
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Hnh 4.11 Khoi m ha Turbo LTE
4.2.3.1 Chn CRC Trong bvc dau tin cua qu trnh xu l knh truyen ti, mt CRC dvoc tnh ton v gan vo moi khoi truyen ti (Hnh 4.10). CRC cho php pha thu pht hin ra cc loi cn lai trong khoi truyen ti dvoc gii m. Chi th% loi tvong ng sau d c the dvoc su dnng bi giao thc hybrid-ARQ dvng xuong. 4.2.3.2 M ha knh Nhung bn pht hnh dau tin cua chuan truy cp v tuyen WCDMA (trvc HSPA) cho php c m ha xoan (convolutional coding) v m ha Turbo dvoc ng dnng cho cc knh truyen ti. Vi HSPA, m ha knh dvoc don gin ha theo hvng d l: chi c m ha Turbo dvoc ng dnng cho cc knh truyen ti lin quan den HSPA (HS-DSCH cho dvng xuong v E-DCH cho dvng ln). ieu tvong tn cung dng vi knh chia se dvng xuong LTE, tc l chi c m ha Turbo c the dvoc p dnng trong trvng hop truyen dan DL-SCH. Cau trc tong the cua m ha Turbo LTE dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.11. M ha Turbo su dnng lai hai toc d WCDMA/HSPA 1/2, cc b m ha tm trang thi thnh phan, nghia l toc d m ha tong cng l R=1/3. Tuy nhin, b xen re (interleaver) bn trong b m ha Turbo WCDMA/HSPA, doi vi LTE, d dvoc thay the bi vic xen re dna trn QPP (QPP: Quadrature Permutation PoIynomiaI - da thc hon v% cau phvong). Tvong phn vi b xen re WCDMA/HSPA hin tai, b xen re dna trn QPP se han che toi da sn tranh chap (contention), nghia l vic gii m c the dvoc song song ha mt cch de dng m khng tao ra nguy co cho vic dnng d khi truy cp vo b nh cua b xen re. oi vi cc toc d du liu rat cao dvoc ho tro bi LTE, vic su dnng ky
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thut xen re dna trn QPP ve thnc chat c the lm gim dvoc d phc tap cua b m ha/gii m Turbo. 4.2.3.3 Chc nang Hybrid-ARQ lp vt l Nhim vn cua H-ARQ lp vt l dvng xuong l de trch tp hop bit chnh xc t cc khoi bit m dvoc phn phoi bi b m ha knh dvoc pht di trong mt TTI cho trvc (Hnh 4.12). So bit phn thuc vo so lvong khoi ti nguyn dvoc an d%nh, so do dieu che dvoc chon, v th tn ghp knh khng gian. Cung can ch rang mt vi phan tu ti nguyn trong mt khoi ti nguyn dvoc an d%nh se b% chiem bi cc k tn tham kho nhv dvoc m t bn trn v bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 v se dvoc tho lun su hon trong phan 4.2.4. Neu tong so bit m dvoc phn phoi bi b m ha knh ln hon so bit c the dvoc pht di, chc nang H-ARQ se trch mt tp hop con cc bit m, dan den toc d m c hiu lnc Reff > 1/3. Cn neu nhv tong so bit m nh hon so bit dvoc pht, chc nang H-ARQ se lp lai tat c hoc mt tp hop con cua cc bit m, tc l toc d m c hiu lnc Reff < 1/3. oi vi trvng hop truyen dan lai, trong da so trvng hop, chc nang H-ARQ se lna chon mt tp hop m bit khc de pht di, nghia l chc nang H-ARQ se cho php dv tha gia tang (Incremental Redundancy). 4.2.3.4 Ngau nhin ha mc d bit Ngau nhin ha dvng xuong LTE ngn rang khoi bit dvoc phn phoi bi chc nang H-ARQ dvoc nhn ln (php ton XOR) bi mt chuoi ngau nhin ha mc bit (Hnh 4.13). Nhn chung vic ngau nhin ha du liu d m ha gip dm bo vic gii m pha thu c the tn dnng mt cch day du d loi xu l dvoc cung cap bi m knh (channel code). Khng c ngau nhin ha dvng xuong, b gii m knh dau cuoi di dng t nhat l trn l thuyet c the nham tn hiu nhieu vi tn hiu mnc tiu, do d khng the trit nhieu mt cch chnh xc. Bang vic ng dnng cc chuoi ngau nhin ha khc nhau cho cc cell ln cn, cc tn hiu nhieu sau khi dvoc gii xo trn se tr nn ngau nhin ha, dm bo tn dnng day du d loi xu l dvoc cung cap bi m knh.
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Hnh 4.12 Chc nang H-ARQ lp vt l trch ra tp hop bit m duoc pht di trong mt TTI d cho.
Hnh 4.13 Ngau nhin ha dung xuong. Ngvoc lai vi HSPA, khi vic ngau nhin ha dvng xuong dvoc dva den cc chip phc tap sau khi dn tri ra (ngau nhin ha mc chip), LTE p dnng ngau nhin ha dvng xuong den cc bit m cua moi knh truyen ti (ngau nhin ha mc bit). Vic ngau nhin ha mc chip th can thiet vi HSPA de dm bo d loi xu l dvoc cung cap bi qu trnh dn tri c the dvoc su dnng mt cch hiu qu. Mt khc, vic ngau nhin ha cc bit m hon l cc k tn dieu che phc tap, ngn rang d phc tap thnc thi se tvong doi thap hon v khng c tc dng tiu cnc den hiu suat trong trvng hop LTE. Trong LTE, ngau nhin ha dvng xuong dvoc ng dnng cho tat c cc knh truyen ti. Ngau nhin ha cung dvoc ng dnng cho bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 dvng xuong (xem phan 4.2.4). oi vi tat c cc knh truyen ti dvng xuong ngoai tr MCH, cung nhv vi bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2, th chuoi ngau nhin se khc nhau doi vi cc cell ln cn (ngau nhin ha cell ring bit) de dm bo sn ngau nhin ha nhieu giua cc cell. Ngvoc lai, trong trvng hop truyen dan dna trn MBSFN su dnng knh truyen ti MCH, vic ngau nhin ha nn giong nhau vi tat c cc cell chiem mt phan trong truyen dan MBSFN no d (ngau nhin ha chung cell) (xem thm phan 4.2.6).
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4.2.3.5 ieu che du liu ieu che du liu dvng xuong chuyen doi mt khoi bit dvoc ngau nhin ha thnh mt khoi k tn dieu che phc tap tvong ng (Hnh 4.14). B so do dieu che dvoc ho tro cho dvng xuong LTE bao gom QPSK, 16QAM, v 64QAM, lan lvot tvong ng vi 2, 4, v 6 bit trn mt k tn dieu che. Tat c cc so do dieu che ny c the dvoc dng trong trvng hop truyen dan DL-SCH. oi vi cc knh truyen ti khc, c the dva ra mt so gii han no d. V dn, chi c dieu che QPSK dvoc p dnng trong trvng hop truyen dan BCH.
Hnh 4.14 ieu che du liu, chuyen doi M bit thnh M/L k tc dieu che phc tap. QPSK: L=2, 16QAM: L=4, 64QAM: L=6. 4.2.3.6 nh xa anten nh xa anten xu l dong thi cc k tn dieu che tvong ng vi hai khoi truyen ti (trong trvng hop chung), v nh xa ket qu den cc anten khc nhau (Chuan LTE thvng ni den cc cong anten antenna port, hon l ni den cc anten, mt cong anten tvong ng vi truyen dan cua mt tn hiu tham kho dvng xuong ring bit nhvng c the khng tvong ng vi mt anten vt l tht). Nhv c the dvoc nhn thay trong hnh 4.9, LTE ho tro ln den bon anten pht. nh xa anten c the dvoc cau hnh theo nhieu cch khc nhau de cho ra cc so do da anten khc nhau bao gom phn tp pht, tao ccc bp sng (beam-forming), v ghp knh khng gian. Chi tiet hon ve antenna mapping v truyen dan da anten dvng xuong LTE dvoc cung cap trong phan 4.2.5. 4.2.3.7 nh xa khoi ti nguyn nh xa khoi ti nguyn nh xa cc k hiu dvoc pht di trn moi anten thnh cc phan tu ti nguyn cua tp hop cc khoi ti nguyn dvoc an d%nh bi MAC scheduler cho vic pht di cc khoi truyen ti (xem hnh 4.15). Nhv dvoc tho lun trong chvong 3, sn lna chon cc khoi ti nguyn ny c the dna trn dnh gi chat lvong knh cua cc khoi ti nguyn khc nhau nhv dvoc nhn thay bi dau cuoi di dng mnc tiu. Nhv d dvoc de cp trong chvong 3, scheduling dvng xuong thnc hin trn mt co s khung phn (1ms). Do d, mt khoi ti nguyn dvng xuong dvoc xc d%nh nhv so lvong sng mang phn trong suot mt khe thi gian 0.5 ms, vic an d%nh khoi ti nguyn dvng xuong lun lun dvoc thnc hin dvi dang cc
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cp khoi ti nguyn, khi d moi cp bao gom hai khoi ti nguyn lin tiep trong mt khung con mien thi gian. Gp lai, moi khoi ti nguyn bao gom 84 phan tu ti nguyn (12 sng mang con trong thi gian 7 k tn OFDM) (12.6 = 72 phan tu ti nguyn trong trvng hop tien to tuan hon m rng). Tuy nhin, nhv d dvoc de cp bn trn, mt vi phan tu ti nguyn trong mt khoi ti nguyn se khng c gi tr% cho vic nh xa knh truyen ti khi chng d dvoc su dnng bi:
Cc k tn tham kho dvng xuong bao gom cc phan tu ti nguyn khng dvoc su dnng tvong ng vi cc k tn tham kho cua cc anten khc, nhv dvoc tho lun phan trvc. Bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 dvng xuong, se dvoc tho lun nhieu hon trong phan tiep theo.
Hnh 4.15 nh xa khoi ti nguyn dung xuong. Trong trung hop chung, se c mt nhm ti nguyn v mt nh xa ti nguyn tuong ng cho moi anten pht.
Khi tram goc c day du thng tin ve nhung phan tu ti nguyn no dvoc su dnng cho cc tn hiu tham kho dvng xuong cung nhv tn hiu dieu khien L/L2 v do d khng c gi tr% cho nh xa knh dieu khien, n c the nh xa thang knh truyen ti den cc phan tu ti nguyn c hiu lnc cn lai. Tvong tn, thi gian tiep nhn, dau cuoi di dng biet phan tu ti nguyn no dvoc su dnng cho tn hiu tham kho dvng xuong v dieu khien L1/L2 v do d c the trch du liu knh truyen ti mt cch don gin t tp hop cc phan tu ti nguyn chnh xc. Ti nguyn vt l m DL-SCH dvoc nh xa den dvoc xem nhv l knh chia se dvng xuong vt l (PDSCH) trong chuan LTE.
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4.2.4 Bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 dvng xuong e ho tro truyen dan cc knh truyen ti dvng xuong v dvng ln, chnh xc hon l DL-SCH v UL-SCH, can c bo hiu dieu khien dvng xuong lin ket chnh xc (associated downlink control signaling). Bo hiu dieu khien ny thvng dvoc xem nhv bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2, chi ra rang thng tin tvong ng tao r mt phan t lp vt l (Lp 1) v mt phan t lp MAC (lp 2). Bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 dvng xuong lin quan den truyen dan DLSCH v UL-SCH bao gom:
Cc thng dip scheduling lin quan den DL-SCH can thiet cho mt dau cuoi di dng dvoc hoach d%nh c the nhn chnh xc, gii dieu che, v gii m DL-SCH. Bao gom cc thng tin ve phn bo ti nguyn DL-SCH (tp hop cc khoi ti nguyn), d%nh dang truyen ti v thng tin lin quan den DL-SCH Hybrid ARQ. Bo hiu ny do d tvong tn vi HS-SCCH (High-Speed Shared Control Channel) dvoc d%nh nghia cho HSPA. Cc thng dip scheduling lin quan den UL-SCH, dc bit l cc chap nhn scheduling se thng bo cho dau cuoi di dng ti nguyn dvng ln no v d%nh dang truyen ti no de su dnng cho truyen dan UL-SCH. Bo hiu ny do d tvong tn nhv E-AGCH (E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel) dvoc d%nh nghia cho HSPA.
Khi c nhieu dau cuoi di dng dvoc hoach d%nh dong thi, phi c kh nang pht nhieu thng dip scheduling cho moi TTI. Moi thng dip nhv vy dvoc pht di theo mt knh dieu khien L1/L2 dvng xuong. Nhv dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.16, moi knh dieu khien tvong ng vi mt thng dip scheduling don dau tin dvoc xu l mt cch ring bit, bao gom chn CRC, m ha knh, ngau nhin ha mc bit, v dieu che QPSK. Cc k tn dieu che sau d dvoc nh xa den ti nguyn vt l dvng xuong, nghia l den lvi thi gian-tan so OFDM. Ti nguyn vt l m bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 dvoc nh xa den trong chuan LTE dvoc xem nhv l knh dieu khien dvng xuong vt l (PDCCH).
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Hnh 4.16 Chuoi xu l cho bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 dung xuong.
Hnh 4.17 Lui thi gian/tan so LTE vi phan tu ti nguyn no d duoc su dcng bi cc k tc tham kho dung xuong v bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2. Nhv dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.17, cc knh dieu khien L1/L2 dvoc nh xa den cc k tn OFDM dau tin (ln den 3 k tn) trong moi khung con. Bang cch nh xa cc knh dieu khien L1/L2 den khi dau cua khung phn, thng tin dieu khien L1/L2 bao gom phn bo ti nguyn DL-SCH v d%nh dang truyen ti, c the dvoc lay ra trvc khi ket thc khung phn. Do d vic gii m DL-SCH c the bat dau mt cch trnc tiep sau khi ket thc khung phn m khng phi ch doi
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cho vic gii m thng tin dieu khien L1/L2. ieu ny se toi thieu ha tre trong vic gii m DL-SCH v do d toi thieu ha ton b tre truyen dan dvng xuong. Hon nua, vi vic pht knh dieu khien L1/L2 bat dau cua khung phn, bang cch cho php vic gii m sm hon thng tin dieu khien L1/L2, cc dau cuoi di dng khng dvoc scheduling c the tat mach thu cua chng trong phan ln cua khung phn, ket qu l cng suat tiu thn tai dau cuoi dvoc gim bt. Neu xt chi tiet hon, ti nguyn vt l m tn hiu dieu khien L1/L2 dvoc nh xa den th bao gom mt so cc phan tu knh dieu khien, d moi phan knh dieu khien bao gom mt so phan tu ti nguyn dvoc xc d%nh trvc. Cc k tn dvoc dieu che cua moi knh dieu khien L1/L2 sau d dvoc nh xa den mt hoc nhieu phan tu knh dieu khien phn thuc vo kch thvc, ve mt so lvong cc k tn dieu che, cua moi knh dieu khien L1/L2. Lvu rang kch thvc ny c the khc nhau doi vi cc knh dieu khien L1/L2 khc nhau. Mang se bo hiu r rng so lvong cc phan tu knh dieu khien trong mt khung phn. Khi d, cc phan tu knh dieu khien c kch thvc dvoc xc d%nh trvc v dvoc dt bat dau cua khung phn, dieu ny ngn rang mt dau cuoi di dng dvoc scheduled se biet cc phan tu ti nguyn no dvoc su dnng bi cc knh dieu khien L1/L2 v do d biet dvoc phan tu ti nguyn no m DL-SCH dvoc nh xa den (cc phan tu ti nguyn cn lai). Tuy nhin, cc dau cuoi di dng khng thng bo r rng ve cau trc dieu khien L1/L2 chi tiet hon, bao gom so lvong chnh xc knh dieu khien L1/L2 v so phan tu knh dieu khien m moi knh dieu khien L1/L2 dvoc nh xa den. ng hon, dau cuoi di dng phi co gang m mam gii m nhieu ng cu knh dieu khien (control channel candidates) de c kh nang tm ra knh dieu khien L1/L2 mang thng tin scheduling den dau cuoi di dng cn the ny. V dn, hnh 4.18 minh hoa trvng hop cua su phan tu knh dieu khien v kh nang de nh xa cc knh dieu khien L1/L2 den mt, hai, hoc bon phan tu knh dieu khien. Nhv dvoc nhn thay, trong trvng hop dc bit ny, c 10 ng cu knh dieu khien khc nhau. au cuoi di dng gii m moi ng cu ny v sau d kiem tra CRC cho knh dieu khien hop l. 4.2.5 Truyen dan nhieu anten dvng xuong Qu trnh xu l knh truyen ti d dvoc m t trong phan 4.2.3 bao gom nh xa anten, lc d, n dvoc m t don gin nhv qu trnh xu l cc khoi k tn dieu che t hai khoi truyen ti dvoc m ha v nh xa (den bon) anten pht. Nhv dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.19, thnc ra nh xa anten LTE bao gom hai bvc ring bit, nh xa lp v tien m ha (Layer mapping and Pre-coding).
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Hnh 4.18 Phan tu knh dieu khien v ng cu knh dieu khien.
Hnh 4.19 nh xa anten LTE bao gom nh xa lp, tiep theo l tien m ha. Moi vung tuong ng vi mt k hiu dieu che.
Hnh 4.20 Hai anten m ha khoi khng gian-tan so (SFBC) trong ket cau da anten LTE.
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nh xa lp cung cap vic gii ghp knh cc k tn dieu che cua moi t m (khoi truyen ti dvoc m ha v dieu che) thnh mt hoc nhieu lp. Do d, so lp th lun lun t nhat bang vi so khoi truyen ti dvoc pht. Vic tien m ha trch ra chnh xc mt k tn dieu che t moi lp, xu l dong thi cc k tn ny v nh xa ket qu vo mien tan so v anten (trong trvng hop thng thvng, vic nh xa cung c the trong mien thi gian). Nhv dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.19, vic tien m ha c the dvoc thay nhv hoat dng trn vector
v i vi kch thvc NL, trong d moi vector bao gom mt k tn t moi lp.
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Vic phn chia qu trnh nh xa anten thnh hai chc nang ring bit, nh xa lp v tien m ha, d dvoc gii thiu trong chuan LTE c the d%nh nghia v m t cc so do truyen dan nhieu anten khc nhau, bao gom phn tp pht vng h (open-loop transmit diversity), tao cnc bp sng (beam-forming), v ghp knh khng gian trong mt ket cau da anten duy nhat. Vi v dn bn dvi cua so do truyen dan nhieu anten dvoc cho cng vi vic thnc thi cua chng trong ket cau da anten LTE. 4.2.5.1 Hai anten m ha khoi khng gian-tan so (SFBC) Trong trvng hop hai anten SFBC (Hnh 4.20), c mt t m don (khng ghp knh khng gian) v hai lp. nh xa lp gii ghp knh cc k tn dieu che cua t m trn hai lp. Tien m ha sau d se p dnng m khng gian-tan so trn moi vector lp v i. 4.2.5.2 Tao dang tia (beam-forming) Trong trvng hop tao dang tia (Hnh 4.21) c mt t m don (khng ghp knh khng gian) v mt lp don, tc l nh xa lp l trong suot. Tien m ha se dva vector tien m ha w vi kch thvc NA den moi k tn lp xi.
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Hnh 4.21 Tao dang tia trong khung nhieu anten LTE.
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Hnh 4.22 Ghp knh khng gian trong khung nhieu anten LTE (NL=3, NA=4). 4.2.5.3 Ghp knh khng gian Vi trvng hop ghp knh khng gian (Hnh 4.22), trong trvng hop chung, c hai t m, so lp NL, so anten NA, vi NL 2 v NA NL. Cn the, hnh 4.22 minh hoa trvng hop ba lp (NL=3) v bon anten pht (NA=4). nh xa lp gii ghp knh cc k tn dieu che cua hai t m trn NL lp. Nhv dvoc nhn thay, trong trvng hop ba lp, t m dau tin dvoc nh xa den lp dau tin trong khi t m th hai dvoc nh xa den lp th hai v th ba. Do d, so k tn dieu che cua hai t m se dvoc gap di so lvong k tn dieu che cua t m th nhat de dm bo so lvong k tn nhv nhau trn moi lp. Tien m ha sau d dva vo ma trn W kch thvc NA x NL den moi vector lp v i. Nhn chung, ghp knh khng gian LTE can c vo tien m ha dna trn bng m (codebook), tc l vi moi sn ket hop cua so lvong anten NA v so lvong lp NL, mt nhm ma trn tien m ha dvoc d%nh nghia dc tnh ky thut. Dna trn vic do tn hiu tham kho dvng xuong cua cc anten khc nhau, thiet b% di dng quyet d%nh chon mt dy ph hop (so lvong cc lp) v ma trn tien m ha tvong ng. Nhung thng tin ny sau d dvoc thng bo den mang. Trong khi mt dy don dvoc bo co c gi tr% cho ton b bang thng h thong, th nhieu ma trn tien m ha c gi tr% cho nhung phan khc nhau cua bang thng h thong cung c the dvoc bo co. Mang phi xem xt cc thng tin ny, nhvng khng phi dna vo n khi quyet d%nh dy no v nhm ma trn m ha trvc no dvoc su dnng tht sn cho truyen dan dvng xuong. Khi mang c the quyet d%nh chon mt nhm ma trn m ha trvc khc vi ci d dvoc thng bo bi dau cuoi di dng, mang phi bo hiu r rng cc ma trn m ha trvc no dvoc su dnng bi cc phvong tin bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 dvng xuong. Phvong php tvong tn dvoc su dnng cho tao dang tia nhieu anten dvng xuong, tc l dna trn vic do dac cc tn hiu tham kho dvng xuong cua
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cc anten khc nhau, thiet b% di dng se quyet d%nh chon mt vector m ha trvc ph hop (tao dang tia) v thng bo cc thng tin ny den mang. Mang can phi xem xt cc thng tin ny, nhvng khng phi dna vo n khi quyet d%nh vector m ha trvc no tht sn dvoc su dnng cho truyen dan dvng xuong. Tvong tn vi trvng hop ghp knh khng gian, mang phi bo hiu r rng vector tao dang tia no dvoc su dnng cho dau cuoi di dng. Nhv mt ket qu, m ha trvc chi c the dvoc su dnng cho truyen dan DL-SCH m khng dvoc su dnng cho bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2. 4.2.6 Multicast/broadcast su dnng MBSFN Nhv dvoc tho lun trong chvong 4, truyen dan OFDM mang lai mt so loi ch ve mt cung cap cc d%ch vn multicast/broadcast da cell, chnh xc hon l kh nang tao truyen dan multicast/broadcast da cell dong b nhv mt truyen dan don qua knh da dvng. Nhv d dvoc de cp trong chvong 2, loai truyen dan LTE ny dvoc de cp nhv Multicast/Broadcast qua mang tan so don (MBSFN). LTE ho tro truyen dan multicast/broadcast dna trn MBSFN bi knh truyen ti MCH (Multicast Channel). Vic xu l knh truyen ti MCH ve nhieu mt th giong nhv doi vi DL-SCH (Hnh 4.9), vi mt vi ngoai l:
Trong trvng hop truyen dan MBSFN, du liu giong nhau dvoc pht vi d%nh dang truyen ti giong nhau su dnng nguon ti nguyn vt l giong nhau t nhieu cell thng thvng thuc cc eNodeB khc nhau. Do d, d%nh dang truyen ti MCH v phn bo ti nguyn khng the dvoc chon lna mt cch tn dng bi eNodeB. Khi truyen dan MCH nham den (targeting) nhieu dau cuoi di dng dong thi, hybrid ARQ th khng the dvoc ng dnng trnc tiep trong trvng hop truyen dan MCH.
Hon nua, cung dvoc de cp trong phan 4.2.3, ngau nhin ha MCH can giong nhau cho tat c cc cell lin quan trong truyen dan MBSFN. nh gi knh truyen cho vic gii dieu che ket hop cua truyen dan MBSFN khng the dna trnc tiep vo tn hiu tham kho ring cell thng thvng dvoc m t trong phan 4.2.2 khi cc tn hiu tham kho ny khng dvoc pht di bi cc phvong php MBSFN v do d khng phn hoi dvoc knh MBSFN tong hop. Thay vo d, cc k tn tham kho bo sung dvoc chn vo cc khung phn MBSFN, dvoc minh hoa trn hnh 4.23. Cc tn hiu tham kho ny dvoc pht di bi MBSFN, tc l cc k hiu tham kho giong nhau dvoc pht bi tat c cc cell lin quan trong truyen dan MBSFN (gi tr% phc tap giong nhau trong phan tu ti nguyn giong nhau). Tn hiu tham kho tvong ng v vy c the dvoc su dnng
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trnc tiep cho vic dnh gi knh MBSFN tong hop, cho php gii dieu che ket hop truyen dan MBSFN.
Hnh 4.23 Cc tn hiu tham kho chung te bo v ring te bo trong cc khung phc MBSFN. Ch rang hnh ve the hin mt tien to chu trnh m rng tuong ng vi 12 k hiu trn 1 khung phc.
Truyen dan MCH su dnng MBSFN khng dvoc php ghp knh vi truyen dan cua cc knh truyen ti khc nhv DL-SCH trong cng khung con. Do d, cung khng c truyen dan bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 dvng xuong lin quan den truyen dan DL-SCH (d%nh dang truyen ti, chi th% ti nguyn, v thng tin lin quan den H-ARQ) trong cc khung con MBSFN. Tuy nhin, c the c cc bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 dvng xuong khc dvoc pht trong cc khung con MBSFN, v dn cc cap pht scheduling (scheduling grants) cho truyen dan UL-SCH. Ket qu l, cc tn hiu tham kho ring cell thng thvng nhv dvoc m t trong phan 4.2.2, cung can dvoc pht trong cc khung con MBSFN, song song vi tn hiu tham kho dna trn MBSFN. Tuy nhin, khi bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 b% giu lai trong phan dau tin cua khung con, chi cc k tn tham kho ring-cell trong k tn OFDM dau tin cua khung con dvoc pht di trong cc khung con MBSFN (cung nhv k tn OFDM th hai cua khung con trong trvng hop bon anten pht), dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.23. 4.3 Scheme truyen dan dvng ln 4.3.1 Ti nguyn vt l dvng ln Nhv dvoc de cp trong phan tong quan dvoc cung cap trong chvong 2, truyen dan dvng ln LTE dna trn ky thut goi l truyen dan DFTS-OFDM. Nhv dvoc biet, DFTS-OFDM l mt scheme truyen dan don sng mang PAR mc thap, n cho php an d%nh bang thng linh hoat v da truy cp trnc giao khng chi trong mien thi gian m cn trong c mien tan so. Do d, Scheme truyen dan dvng ln LTE cung dvoc xem nhv FDMA don sng mang (SC-FDMA).
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Hnh 4.24 Kien trc co bn cua truyen dan DFTS-OFDM
Hnh 4.24 tm tat lai kien trc co bn cua truyen dan DFTS-OFDM vi DFT kch thvc M thch hop vi mt khoi gom c M k tn dieu che. au ra cua DFT sau d dvoc nh xa den dau vo c chon loc cua mt IFFT kch thvc N. Kch thvc DFT xc d%nh bang thng tc thi cua tn hiu dvoc truyen dan trong khi php nh xa tan so xc d%nh v% tr cua tn hiu dvoc truyen dan trong ton b pho dvng ln c hiu lnc. Cuoi cng, mt tien to tuan hon (cyclic prefix) dvoc chn vo cho moi khoi xu l. Nhv dvoc tho lun trong chvong trvc, vic su dnng tien to tuan hon trong trvng hop truyen dan don sng mang cho php ng dnng mt cch de dng ky thut cn bang mien tan so hiu suat cao c d phc tap thap tai pha thu. Nhv dvoc tho lun trong chvong trvc, trong trvng hop chung, c truyen dan DFTS-OFDM tp trung v phn tn deu c the su dnng dvoc. Tuy nhin, truyen dan dvng ln LTE b% han che vi truyen dan tp trung, chang han php nh xa tan so cua hnh 4.24 nh xa dau ra cua DFT den dau vo lin tnc cua IFFT. T quan diem thnc thi DFT, DFT kch thvc M se b% p buc vi so lvong l hai. Tuy nhin, vic p buc nhv vy th xung dt trnc tiep vi sn mong muon de c d linh dng cao ve mt so lvong ti nguyn (bang thng truyen dan tc thi) c the dvoc an d%nh tn dng den cc dau cuoi di dng khc nhau. T quan diem sn linh dng, tat c cc gi tr% c the cua M phan no dvoc cho php. Vi LTE, dvng giua (middle-way) d dvoc chap nhn noi m kch thvc DFT b% gii han vi cc tch cua cc so nguyn 2, 3, v 5. V the, cho v dn, vi kch thvc DFT l 15, 16, v 18 th dvoc cho php nhvng M=17 th khng dvoc cho php. Trong cch ny, DFT c the dvoc thnc thi nhv sn ket hop cua cc DFT co so 2, 3 v 5 c d phc tap tvong doi thap. Nhv dvoc de cp trong chvong trvc, v dvoc the hin r rng trong hnh 4.24, DFTS-OFDM cung c the dvoc xem nhv truyen dan OFDM thng thvng ket hop vi DFT dna trn m ho trvc. Do d, ngvi ta c the thvng ni den khong cch sng mang con trong trvng hop truyen dan DFTS-OFDM. Hon nua,
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tvong tn vi OFDM, ti nguyn vt l DFTS-OFDM c the dvoc xem nhv mt mang lvi thi gian-tan so vi sn rng buc bo sung, d l ti nguyn thi giantan so tong cng dvoc an d%nh den cc dau cuoi di dng phi lun lun bao gom cc sng mang con lin tnc. Cc thng so co bn cua scheme truyen dan dvng ln LTE d dvoc lna chon de can chinh, cng nhieu cng tot, vi cc thng so tvong ng cua dvng xuong LTE dna trn OFDM. Do d, nhv dvoc m t trong hnh 4.25, khong cch sng mang con DFTS-OFDM dvng ln tvong dvong vi 6f=15 KHz v cc khoi ti nguyn bao gom 12 sng mang con dvoc cung dvoc xc d%nh cho dvng ln. Tuy nhin, ngvoc vi dvng xuong, dvng ln khng c cc DC-carrier khng dng dvoc. Nguyn nhn l sn c mt cua DC-carrier trung tm cua pho tan se lm n khng c kh nang cap pht ton b bang thng h thong den mt dau cuoi di dng don v van giu thuc tnh don sng mang PAR thap cua truyen dan dvng ln. Cung vy, do DTF dna trn m ho trvc, tc dng cua bat ky nhieu DC se dvoc tri ra trn khoi M cc k tn dieu che v do d se t gy hai so vi truyen dan OFDM thng thvng.
Hnh 4.25 Kien trc mien tan so dung ln LTE V vy, tong so sng mang con dvng ln l NSC = 12 . NRB. Tvong tn nhv dvng xuong, vi dvng ln, chuan lp vt l LTE cung cho php d linh hoat rat cao ve mt bang thng h thong tong cng bang cch cho php bat ky so lvong khoi ti nguyn dvng ln no trong khong t 6 khoi ti nguyn v cao hon. Tuy nhin, cung tvong tn nhv dvng xuong, se c han che l cc yu cau tan so v tuyen chi dvoc chi d%nh, t nhat l lc dau, cho mt tp hop cc bang thng dvng ln gii han. Cung ve mt kien trc mien thi gian dvoc lm chi tiet hon, dvng ln LTE rat giong vi dvng xuong, nhv c the dvoc nhn thay trong hnh 4.26. Moi khung con dvng ln 1ms bao gom hai khe c d di bang nhau Tslot=0.5 ms. Moi khe sau d bao gom mt so lvong cc khoi DFT km theo c tien to tuan hon (Cyclic Prefix - CP). Cung tvong tn dvng xuong, hai d di tien to tuan hon
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dvoc d%nh nghia cho dvng ln, tien to tuan hon thng thvng v tien to tuan hon m rng.
Hnh 4.26 Khung con dung ln LTE v cau trc khe. Mt khung con bao gom hai khe kch thuc bang nhau. Moi khe bao gom 6 hoc 7 khoi DFTS-OFDM trong trung hop tuong ng vi tien to chu trnh bnh thung v m rng.
Hnh 4.27 Cap pht ti nguyn dung ln LTE Ngvoc vi dvng xuong, cc khoi ti nguyn dvng ln dvoc an d%nh den mt dau cuoi di dng phi lun lun dvoc lin tiep nhau trong mien tan so, nhv dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.27. Ch rang, tvong tn nhv dvng xuong, khoi ti nguyn dvng ln dvoc d%nh nghia nhv 12 sng mang con DFTS-OFDM trong suot mt khe 0.5 ms. Tai cng mt thi diem, scheduling dvng ln dvoc thnc hin trn co s mt khung con 1 ms. Do d, tvong tn nhv dvng xuong, an d%nh ti nguyn dvng ln dvoc thnc hin dvi dang cc cp khoi ti nguyn lin tnc trong mien thi gian.
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Trong hnh 4.27, ti nguyn dvng ln dvoc an d%nh tvong ng vi tp hop cc sng mang con giong nhau trong c hai khe. Ni mt cch khc, vic nhy tan so lin khe (inter-slot) c the dvoc ng dnng cho dvng ln LTE. Nhy tan so lin khe ngn rang ti nguyn vt l dvoc su dnng cho truyen dan dvng ln trong hai khe cua khung con khng chiem giu cc tp hop cc sng mang con giong nhau nhv dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.28. Ch rang, khi bang thng truyen dan RF dau cuoi di dng bao phu ton b pho dvng ln, nhy tan so dvng ln l mt hoat dng bang goc thuan tu, don gin chi l sn bien doi php nh xa DFT thnh IFFT cua qu trnh DFTS-OFDM trong hnh 4.24. C t nhat hai loi ch tiem tng cua vic nhy tan so dvng ln:

Nhy tan so cung cap phn tp tan so bo sung, gi thiet l cc bvc nhy c bc (order) bang hoc ln hon bang thng ket hop knh. Nhy tan cung cap phn tp nhieu (lay trung bnh nhieu), gi d%nh rang m hnh nhy tan th khc nhau cc cell ln cn.
Hnh 4.28 Nhy tan dvng ln 4.3.2 Tn hiu tham kho dvng ln Tvong tn dvng xuong, tn hiu tham kho cho dnh gi knh cung can thiet cho dvng ln LTE de cho php gii dieu che ket hop tram goc. Do sn khc nhau giua cc scheme truyen dan dvng xuong v dvng ln LTE (tvong ng vi OFDM v SC-FDMA dna trn DFTS-OFDM) v sn quan trong cua bien doi cng suat thap cho truyen dan dvng ln, nguyn l cua cc tn hiu tham kho dvng ln th khc vi cua dvng xuong. Ve bn chat, vic de tan so cc tn hiu tham kho dvoc ghp vi du liu truyen dan t cng mt dau cuoi di dng l khng the doi vi dvng ln. Thay vo d, tn hiu tham kho dvng ln dvoc ghp knh thi gian vi du liu dvng ln. c bit hon, nhv dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.29, tn hiu tham kho dvng ln dvoc pht trong khoi th tv cua moi khe dvng ln v vi mt bang thng tc thi bang vi bang thng cua truyen dan du liu. Ch rang, trong trvng hop chung, nhy tan so dvng ln c the dvoc ng dnng, ni rang hai khe trong hnh 4.29 dvoc pht trn cc tan so khc nhau, ve bn chat c le phn bit nhau. Trong trvng hop ny, php ni suy giua hai khoi tn hiu tham
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kho cua mt khung con c the khng c kh nang nhv mt knh, do sn phn bit tan so, ve bn chat c the khc nhau giua hai khoi. Mt cch de thnc thi tn hiu tham kho dvng ln l tao ra tn hiu tham kho mien tan so XRS(k) vi d di MRS tvong ng vi bang thng dvoc an d%nh (so lvong sng mang con DFTS-OFDM dvoc an d%nh hoc, tvong dvong vi kch thvc DFT tc thi) v dva den dau vo cua mt IFFT, nhv dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.30. Vic chn tien to tuan hon sau d dvoc thnc hin chnh xc nhv doi vi cc khoi dvng ln khc. Theo nhieu nghia, dieu ny c the dvoc xem nhv vic xc d%nh tn hiu tham kho dvng ln nhv l mt tn hiu OFDM. Tuy nhin, ngvi ta c the m t tvong dvong tn hiu tham kho giong nhv mt tn hiu DFTS-OFDM bang cch don gin lay IDFT kch thvc MRS cua chuoi XRS(k) mien tan so. Chuoi ket qu sau d c the dva den qu trnh xu l DFTS-OFDM dvoc phc tho trong hnh 4.24.
Hnh 4.29 Tn hiu tham kho dung ln duoc chn vo trong khoi th tu cua moi khe thi gian dung ln. Gi su l tien to tuan hon thng thung, tc l by khoi trn mt khe v khng c nhy tan.
Hnh 4.30 Vic tao tn hiu tham kho dung ln mien tan so
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Cc tn hiu tham kho nn c nhung thuc tnh nhv sau:
Bin d khng doi hoc hau nhv khng doi trn tuyen vi nhung dc tnh co bn cua scheme truyen dan dvng ln LTE (don sng mang PAR thap). Thuc tnh tn tvong quan mien thi gian tot de cho php dnh gi knh dvng ln chnh xc.
Cc chuoi vi thuc tnh ny thinh thong dvoc xem nhv cc chuoi CAZAC (Constant-Amplitude Zero-Auto-Correlation). Mt b chuoi vi thuc tnh CAZAC l b chuoi Zadoff-Chu. Trong mien tan so, chuoi Zadoff-Chu d di Mzc c the dvoc bieu th% nhv:
k (k + 1)
X(u)ZC(k) = e -j u MZC
(4.1)
Vi l chi so cua chuoi Zadoff-Chu trong b chuoi Zadoff-Chu d di MZC So lvong chuoi Zadoff-Chu hiu lnc dva ra mt d di chuoi no d, d l so gi tr% c the dvoc cua chi so u trong (4.1), bang vi so lvong so nguyn c lin quan chu yeu den d di MZC. ieu ny c nghia rang, de c so lvong chuoi Zadoff-Chu ln nhat v do d cuoi cng l so lvong tn hiu tham kho dvng ln c hiu lnc se ln nhat. Chuoi Zadoff-Chu c d di tot nhat th dvoc va chung hon. Tai cng mt thi diem, d di MRS cua tn hiu tham kho dvng ln mien tan so nn dvoc bang vi bang thng dvoc an d%nh, tc l bi so cua 12 (kch thvc khoi ti nguyn) th hien nhin khng phi mt so tot nhat. Do d, chuoi Zadoff-Chu c d di tot nhat khng the dvoc su dnng mt cch trnc tiep nhv tn hiu tham kho dvng ln LTE. Thay vo d tn hiu tham kho dvng ln dvoc chuyen ha t chuoi Zadoff-Chu c d di tot nhat. Hai phvong php de lay tn hiu tham kho dvng ln d di MRS t chuoi Zadoff-Chu d di tot nhat d dvoc d%nh nghia trong chuan lp vt l LTE:
1.
Phvong php 1 (sn cat cnt - truncation): Chuoi Zadoff-Chu c d di MZC, trong d MZC l so tot nhat nh nhat ln hon hoc bang MRS, b% cht cnt thnh d di MRS. Phvong php 2 (m rng theo chu ky): Chuoi Zadoff-Chu d di MZC, trong d MZC l so tot nhat ln nhat nh hon hoc bang MRS, dvoc m rng mt cch tuan hon den d di MRS.
2.
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Hnh 4.31 Phuong php tao ra tn hiu tham kho dung ln t chuoi ZadoffChu d di tot nhat. Ch rang trong trung hop chung, c nhieu hon mt k tc c the b% cat cct (phuong php 1) hoc duoc m rng theo chu ky (phuong php 2). Hai phvong php ny dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 4.31. Can lvu rang hnh ny gi su khng phi trvng hop no cung cat cnt hoc m rng theo chu ky cua mt k tn don. Cho v dn, neu d di chuoi tham kho MRS=96, tvong ng vi 8 khoi ti nguyn, dvoc mong muon, phvong php 1 c the su dnng chuoi Zadoff-Chu c d di NZC=97 (mt so tot nhat) nhv mt diem bat dau. Tuy nhin, so tot nhat ln nhat nh hon hoc bang 96 l 89, ni rang phvong php 2 se can su dnng chuoi Zadoff-Chu d di NZC=89 nhv diem bat dau v p dnng vic m rng chu ky 7 k tn de dat den tn hiu tham kho c d di 96 dvoc mong muon. R rng, c hai phvong php ny deu gim quy m thuc tnh CAZAC cua tn hiu tham kho dvng ln. Phvong php toi vu ve mt duy tr tot nhat thuc tnh CAZAC trong so nhung th khc phn thuc vo d di chuoi tn hiu tham kho MRS hvng ti. Do d, c hai phvong php deu c nghia v c the dvoc su dnng, phn thuc vo d di chuoi tn hiu tham kho dvoc mong muon hoc tvong dvong vi kch thvc ti nguyn dvoc an d%nh. 4.3.2.1 Nhieu tn hiu tham kho Trong trvng hop dien hnh, mt dau cuoi di dng don se pht trong mt ti nguyn dvoc cho trvc (mt tp hop sng mang con no d trong suot mt khung no d) trong mt cell. Tuy nhin, trong cc cell ln cn, thvng c truyen dan dvng ln dong thi trong cng ti nguyn. Trong trvng hop d, dieu quan trong l de trnh tnh huong m d hai dau cuoi di dng trong cc cell ln cn su dnng tn hiu tham kho dvng ln giong nhau, khi d se ko theo mt nguy co tiem nang cua nhieu cao giua cc truyen dan tn hiu tham kho. Do d, trong cc cell ln cn, cc tn hiu tham kho dvng ln nn dvoc dna trn cc chuoi Zadoff-Chu khc nhau (t cc b chuoi Zadoff-Chu giong nhau), tc l cc
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gi tr% khc nhau cho chi so u trong cng thc (4.1). e trnh vic lp ke hoach cell qu phc tap, dieu quan trong l so lvong cc tn hiu tham kho dvng ln c d di no d khng dvoc qu nh. y l nguyn nhn tai sao tn hiu tham kho dvng ln dvoc dna trn cc chuoi Zadoff-Chu d di tot nhat, toi da ha so lvong chuoi vi mt d di chuoi cho trvc. Mt cch khc de tao ra nhieu tn hiu tham kho dvng ln l dna vo thuc tnh tn tvong quan zero cua cc chuoi Zadoff-Chu. Thuc tnh ny ngn rang vic d%ch theo chu ky mt chuoi Zadoff-Chu th trnc giao vi chnh n. Do d, nhieu tn hiu tham kho dvng ln c the dvoc tao ra bang cch d%ch theo chu ky tn hiu tham kho co bn giong nhau. Phvong php ny c the dvoc su dnng khi hai cell dvoc dong b vi nhau v thvng trong trvng hop cc cell thuc ve cng eNodeB. Phvong php cung c the dvoc su dnng neu c hai dau cuoi di dng pht trn cng ti nguyn trong cng mt cell, n c the xy ra trong trvng hop dvng ln SDMA. 4.3.2.2 Tn hiu tham kho cho vic d knh Hoach bnh (scheduIing) phn thuc knh truyen b4ng xuong, trong c mien thi gian v mien tan so I mt cng ngh LTE ch chot. Nh4 b4ec tho Iun trong ch4ng tr4c, scheduIing phn thuc knh truyen b4ng In I vic an bnh ti nguyn b4ng In ben mt bau cuoi di bng phn thuc vo chat I4eng knh tNc thi cung c the b4ec sN dnng. ScheduIing phn thuc knh truyen b4ng In c the gia tang toc b d Iiu bat b4ec v gim nhieu ben cc ceII khc, bang cch be cho bau cuoi di bng pht bi trong cc bang tan so c chat I4eng tot cng mt Ic. e thNc hin scheduIing phn thuc knh trong mien thi gian v tan so, cc bnh gi chat I4eng knh mien tan so I can thiet. Vi b4ng xuong, bieu ny c the b4ec hon thnh bang cch bau cuoi di bng bo chat I4eng tn hiu tham kho ring-ceII b4ng xuong, n b4ec pht trn ton b bang thng ceII, v thng bo chat I4eng knh b4ec bnh gi ben mang bang ch th chat I4eng knh (CQI-ChanneI QuaIity Indicator). kho b4ec cuoi b4ec Nh4 b4ec thay trong hnh 4.29, cc tn hiu tham b4ec sN dnng cho vic gii bieu che ket hep b4ng In ch pht trn bang thng b4ec an bnh tN bng ben moi bau di bng. Cc tn hiu tham kho ny do b c the khng sN dnng bi mang be bnh gi chat I4eng knh b4ng In
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cho bat ky tan so no khc hn tan so b4ec an bnh hin tai ben bau cuoi di bng v v vy c the khng cung cap thng tin can thiet cho scheduIing phn thuc knh b4ng In trong mien tan so. e ho tre scheduIing phn thuc knh mien tan so b4ng In, vic thm nhieu hn cc tn hiu tham kho bang rng do b cung c the b4ec pht trn b4ng In LTE. Nhng k tN tham kho ny b4ec xem nh4 tn hiu tham kho d knh, be phn bit chng vi cc k tN tham kho (gii bieu che) b4ec tho Iun bn trn v b4ec minh hoa trong hnh 4.29. Nguyn I c bn cho cc tn hiu tham kho d knh th t4ng tN nh4 nguyn I ca tn hiu tham kho gii bieu che. c bit hn, tn hiu tham kho d knh cung b4ec dNa trn cc chuoi Zadoff-Chu b di tot nhat v b4ec pht trong mt khoi DFTS-OFDM hon ton. Tuy nhin, c vi bieu khc nhau ch yeu gia tn hiu tham kho d knh v tn hiu tham kho gii bieu che:
Nh4 b b4ec be cp, cc tn hiu d knh th4ng c mt bang thng In hn, c the I In hn nhieu so vi ti nguyn b4ng In b4ec ch bnh cho mt bau cuoi di bng. Cc tn hiu tham kho d knh c the thm ch can b4ec pht bi cc bau cuoi di bng m khng b4ec ch bnh bat ky ti nguyn b4ng In no cho truyen dan UL-SCH. Cc tn hiu tham kho d knh tiu bieu khng can thiet phi pht th4ng xuyn nh4 cc tn hiu tham kho gii bieu che. Trong nhieu tr4ng hep, cc tn hiu tham kho d knh se b4ec pht t hn mt Ian moi khung con. Phi c kh nang pht cc tn hiu tham kho d knh tN nhieu bau cuoi di bng trong cng bang tan.
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Hnh 4.32 Truyen dan cc tn hiu tham kho d knh b4ng In Neu vic d knh b4ec sN dnng trong mt ceII, mang an bnh r rng cc khoi trong kien trc khung con b4ng In cho truyen dan cc tn hiu tham kho d knh, nh4 b4ec minh hoa trong hnh 4.32. Cc khoi ny do b khng c nghia cho truyen d Iiu (UL-SCH). Cc khoi b4ec an bnh cho truyen dan cc tn hiu tham kho d knh I ti nguyn b4ec chia s, nghia I nhieu bau cuoi di bng c the pht tn hiu tham kho trong cc ti nguyn ny. ieu ny c the b4ec thNc hin theo nhieu cch khc nhau:
C the I mt khoi b4ec ch bnh cho tn hiu tham kho d knh trong moi khung con. Tuy nhin, moi bau cuoi di bng ch c the pht mt tn hiu tham kho d knh trong moi khung con thN N, tNc I N bau cuoi di bng c the chia s ti nguyn trong mien thi gian. Truyen dan tn hiu tham kho c the b4ec phn tn, nghia I ch c truyen dan trn moi sng mang con thN N (so snh vi tho Iun truyen dan DFTS-OFDM phn tn trong ch4ng tr4c). Bang cch be cho cc bau cuoi di bng khc nhau pht trn cc b sng mang khc nhau, m ti nguyn d knh c the b4ec chia s trong mien tan so. Cc bau cuoi di bng khc nhau c the pht bong thi tn hiu tham kho giong nhau vi sN dch chuyen theo chu ky khc nhau. Nh4 b4ec tho Iun bn trn, cc php dch khc nhau ca chuoi
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Zadoff-Chu th trNc giao vi nhau, vi bieu kin I vic dch v4et qu sN phn tn thi gian knh. Trn thNc te, sN ket hep cc ph4ng php ny c the b4ec sN dnng be chia s mt ti nguyn b4ec an bnh cho truyen dan cc tn hiu tham kho d knh gia cc bau cuoi di bng khc nhau trong mt ceII.
Hnh 4.33 XN I knh truyen ti b4ng In LTE 4.3.3 Xu l knh truyen ti dvng ln XN I knh truyen ti b4ng In LTE c the b4ec phc tho theo hnh 4.33. Khi khng c ghp knh khng gian b4ng In LTE, ch mt khoi truyen ti bn b4ec pht cho moi TTI. Chn CRC: t4ng tN nh4 b4ng xuong, mt CRC b4ec tnh ton v b4ec thm vo moi khoi truyen ti b4ng In.
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M ha knh: M ha knh b4ng In dNa vo m Turbo giong nhau, bao gom cng b xen re trong dNa trn QPP (QPP-based internaI interIeaver), nh4 b4ec sN dnng cho b4ng xuong. ChNc nang hybrid-ARQ Ip vt I: Cc van be ve hybridARQ b4ng In LTE Ip vt I th c bn giong nh4 chNc nang b4ng xuong t4ng Nng, tNc I chNc nang Ip vt I hybrid-ARQ trch tN khoi bit m ha b4ec phn phoi bi b m ha knh, cc b bit chnh xc be truyen bi trong Ian pht hoc pht Iai. Ch rang, trong mt kha canh no b, c mt vi sN khc nhau r rng gia giao thNc hybrid-ARQ b4ng In v b4ng xuong, nh4 hoat bng khng bong b so vi hoat bng bong b. Tuy nhin, nhng khc nhau ny khng b4ec phn nh trong kha canh hybrid-ARQ Ip vt I. Ngau nhin ha mNc bit: T4ng tN nh4 b4ng xuong, ngau nhin ha mNc bit cung c the b4ec Nng dnng cho cc bit m trn b4ng In LTE. Mnc bch ca ngau nhin ha th giong nh4 cho b4ng xuong, b I be ngau nhin ha nhieu v do b bm bo rang Iei ch qu trnh xN I b4ec cung cap bi m ha knh c the b4ec sN dnng hon ton. e bat b4ec bieu ny, vic ngau nhin ha b4ng In I nhim vn ca bau cuoi di bng, tNc I cc bau cuoi di bng khc nhau sN dnng cc chuoi ngau nhin ha khc nhau. ieu che d Iiu: T4ng tN nh4 b4ng xuong, bieu che d Iiu b4ng In chuyen boi khoi bit b4ec m ha/ngau nhin ha thnh khoi k tN bieu che phNc tap. Cc nhm s bo bieu che b4ec ho tre cho b4ng In LTE th t4ng tN nh4 b4ng xuong, tNc I QPSK, 16QAM, v 64QAM, t4ng Nng vi hai, bon v su bit trn mt k tN bieu che. Khoi k tN bieu che sau b b4ec b4a ben xN I DFTS-OFDM nh4 b4ec phc hoa trong hnh 4.24, n cung nh xa tn hiu ben bang tan b4ec an bnh.
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4.3.4 Bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 dvng ln T4ng tN nh4 b4ng xuong LTE, vi b4ng In cung can bo hiu bieu khien Iin ket no b (bieu khien L1/L2 b4ng In) be ho tre truyen dan cc knh truyen ti b4ng In v b4ng xuong (DL-SCH v UL-SCH). Bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2 b4ng In bao gom: Bo nhn Hybrid-ARQ cho cc khoi truyen ti DL-SCH nhn b4ec. CQI (ch th chat I4eng knh), ch ra chat I4eng knh b4ng xuong khi b4ec bnh gi bi bau cuoi di bng. T4ng tN vi HSPA, bo co CQI c the b4ec sN dnng bi mang cho scheduIing phn thuc knh b4ng xuong v bieu khien toc b. Tuy nhin, tri ng4ec vi HSPA v do thNc te I scheduIing b4ng xuong LTE c the b4ec thNc hin trong c mien thi gian v mien tan so, bo co LTE CQI ch ra chat I4eng knh trong c mien thi gian v tan so. Cc yu cau scheduIing, ch ra rang mt bau cuoi di bng can ti nguyn b4ng In cho truyen dan UL-SCH. Ng4ec vi b4ng xuong, khng c bo hiu b4ng In ch ra bnh dang truyen ti UL-SCH ben mang. ieu ny b4ec dNa trn gi thiet rang bau cuoi di bng Iun Iun bi theo cc chap nhn scheduIing thu b4ec tN mang, bao gom bnh dang truyen ti UL-SCH b4ec ch bnh trong cc chap nhn b nh4 b4ec m t trong phan 3.2.3. Vi gi thuyet ny, mang se biet tr4c bnh dang truyen ti b4ec sN dnng cho truyen dan UL-SCH v khng c nguyn nhn be bo hiu r rng n trn b4ng In. Vi cc nguyn nhn t4ng tN, cung khng c bo hiu r rng ca thng tin Iin quan ben hybrid-ARQ cho UL-SCH. Bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2 b4ng In b4ec bnh nghia bn trn can b4ec pht trn b4ng In bat chap bau cuoi di bng c bat ky d Iiu knh truyen ti b4ng In (UL-SCH) be pht hay khng v do b bat ke bau cuoi di bng b b4ec an bnh bat ky ti nguyn b4ng In no cho truyen dan UL-SCH hay khng.
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Hnh 4.34 Ghp knh d Iiu v bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2 b4ng In trong tr4ng hap truyen dan bong thi UL-SCH v bieu khien L1/L2 Vi nguyn nhn ny, hai ph4ng php khc nhau c the b4ec sN dnng cho truyen dan bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2 b4ng In, phn thuc vo vic c hay khng bau cuoi di bng b b4ec an bnh mt ti nguyn b4ng In cho truyen dan UL-SCH. 1. Ti nguyn b4ng In b4ec an bnh (truyen dan bong thi UL-SCH): bieu khien L1/L2 b4ec ghp knh vi UL-SCH tr4c khi xN I DFTS-OFDM. Khng c ti nguyn b4ng In b4ec an bnh (khng truyen dan bong thi UL-SCH): bieu khien L1/L2 b4ec pht trn cc ti nguyn tan so b4ec an bnh ring cho bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2 b4ng In.
2.
Neu bau cuoi di bng b b4ec an bnh mt ti nguyn b4ng In cho truyen dan UL-SCH, bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2 b m ha se b4ec ghp knh vi d Iiu knh truyen ti b4ec m ha v bieu che tr4c khi xN I DFTS-OFDM, nh4 b4ec minh hoa trong hnh 4.34. ieu ny c the b4ec xem nh4 ghp knh theo thi gian ca d Iiu knh truyen ti v bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2 v duy tr thuc tnh bn sng mang ca truyen dan b4ng In. Nh4 b biet, can ch rang khi bau cuoi di bng b c ti nguyn b4ng In roi, khng can pht yu cau scheduIing r rng nh4 phan ca bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2. Do b, bieu khien L1/L2 ch bao gom CQI v bo nhn hybrid-ARQ. Cung can ch rang, mang nhn biet bay b truyen dan bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2 tN mt bau cuoi di bng no b:
CQI b4ec pht beu bn, trong nhng khong thi gian xc bnh tr4c b4ec biet bi h thong mang.
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Bo nhn Hybrid-ARQ b4ec pht nhng khong thi gian cn the hep I Iin quan ben truyen dan b4ng xuong t4ng Nng (DL-SCH).
Do b, mang c the trch phan knh truyen ti v phan knh bieu khien L1/L2 pha thu mt cch chnh xc tr4c khi p dnng gii m ring bit moi mau thng tin.
Hnh 4.35 Kien trc ti nguyn b4ac sN dnng cho bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2 b4ng In trong tr4ng hap khng truyen dan bong thi UL-SCH. Neu bau cuoi di bng khng b4ec an bnh mt ti nguyn b4ng In cho truyen dan UL-SCH, thng tin bieu khien L1/L2 (CQI, bo nhn hybrid-ARQ, v yu cau scheduIing) b4ec pht thay the trong ti nguyn b4ng In b4ec an bnh ring cho bieu khien L1/L2. Nh4 b4ec minh hoa trong hnh 4.35, cc ti nguyn ny b4ec bt ra ca ton b bang thng h thong c gi tr. Moi ti nguyn bao gom 12 sng mang con (mt khoi ti nguyn) trong pham vi moi khe ca khung con b4ng In. e cung cap vic phn tp tan so, cc ti nguyn tan so ny th nhy tan trn b4ng bin gii ca khe, b I mt ti nguyn bieu khien L1/L2 bao gom 12 sng mang con phan pha trn ca pho trong khe bau tin ca khung con v mt ti nguyn c kch th4c nh4 nhau phan thap hn ca pho trong suot khe thi gian thN hai ca khung con hoc ng4ec Iai. Neu nhieu ti nguyn hn b4ec can cho bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2 b4ng In, chang han, trong tr4ng hep ton b bang thng truyen dan rat In ho tre mt so I4eng In ng4i dng, cc khoi ti nguyn thm vo c the b4ec an bnh ke tiep cc khoi ti nguyn b b4ec an bnh tr4c b.
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Cc nguyn nhn cho vic bt ti nguyn cho bieu khien L1/L2 ra ca ton b pho gom hai phan:
Cng vi vic nhy tan b4ec m t bn trn, bieu ny se toi ba ha sN phn tp tan so b4ec biet bi bo hiu bieu khien L1/L2 An bnh ti nguyn b4ng In cho bo hiu bieu khien cc v tr khc trong pho , chang han khng ra, se Im b phn mnh pho b4ng In, Im cho n khng c kh nang an bnh bang thng truyen dan rat rng ben moi bau cuoi di bng bn v van duy tr thuc tnh bn sng mang PAR thap ca truyen dan b4ng In.
4.3.5 %nh thi sm dvng ln (Uplink timing advance) S bo truyen dan b4ng In LTE dNa trn DFTS-OFDM cho php sN trNc giao ni te bo b4ng In (upIink intra-ceII orthogonaIity), nghia I truyen dan b4ng In b4ec nhn tN cc bau cuoi di bng khc nhau khng gy ra nhieu Ian nhau tai bau thu. Mt yu cau c bn cho sN trNc giao b4ng In ny be gi I cc tn hiu b4ec pht tN cc bau cuoi di bng khc nhau trong cng khung con nh4ng trong cc ti nguyn tan so khc nhau vi thi gian ben xap x b4ec bong chnh tram goc, hoc bc bit hn, vi bong chnh sai bnh thi th toi ba I mt thnh phan ca tien to tuan hon. e bm bo bieu ny, LTE bao gom mt c che b4ec biet nh4 bnh thi sm. Ve nguyn I, bieu ny giong nh4 bieu khien bnh thi truyen dan b4ng In b4ec tho Iun cho OFDM b4ng In trong nhng ch4ng tr4c. Ve mt nghia, bnh thi sm I sN b m bau cuoi di bng gia khi bau ca khung con b4ng xuong b4ec nhn v khung con b4ng In b4ec pht. Bang cch ci bt b b thch hep cho moi bau cuoi di bng, mang c the bieu khien bnh thi ca cc tn hiu b4ec nhn tram goc tN cc bau cuoi di bng. Ve tnh chat, cc bau cuoi di bng xa tram goc se gp phi tre truyen In hn v do b can bat bau truyen dan b4ng In ca chng sm hn mt cht, so vi bau cuoi di bng gan tram goc, nh4 b4ec minh hoa trong hnh 4.36. Trong v dn ny, bau cuoi di bng bau tin (MT-1) b4ec bt gan tram goc v chu tre truyen nh, TP,1. Do b, vi bau cuoi di bng ny, mt gi tr nh ca b
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b bnh thi sm TA,1 b be b bap tre truyen v bm bo bnh thi chnh xc tram goc. Mt khc, gi tr In hn ca bnh thi sm b4ec yu cau cho bau cuoi di bng thN 2 (MT-2), n b4ec bt khong cch In hn tN tram goc v do b chu tre truyen In hn. Gi tr bnh thi sm cho moi bau cuoi di bng b4ec xc bnh bi mang dNa trn php bo trn truyen dan b4ng In t4ng Nng. Do b, khi mt bau cuoi di bng thNc hin truyen dan d Iiu b4ng In, d Iiu ny c the b4ec sN dnng bi tram goc thu be bnh gi bnh thi thu b4ng In v do b I nguon cho cc bieu khien bnh thi sm. Ch rang bat ky truyen dan b4ng In no cung c the b4ec sN dnng cho bnh gi bnh thi. V dn, mang c the Iei dnng cc truyen dan beu bn ca cc bo co chat I4eng knh trong b4ng In cho bnh gi bnh thi khi vang mt truyen dan d Iiu tN mt bau cuoi di bng ring bit. Trong cch ny, bau cuoi di bng c the Ip tNc khi bng Iai truyen dan d Iiu trNc giao b4ng In m khng can giai boan hiu chnh bnh thi. DNa trn cc bo bac b4ng In, mang xc bnh chnh xc bnh thi b4ec yu cau cho moi bau cuoi. Neu bnh thi ca mt bau cuoi ring bit can sN chnh xc, mang pht ra mt Inh bnh thi sm cho bau cuoi di bng ring bit ny, ch th cho n ben chm hoc sm bnh thi ca n Iin quan vi bnh thi b4ng In hin tai. Thng th4ng, cc Inh bnh thi sm ben mt bau cuoi di bng b4ec pht mt cch t4ng boi khng th4ng xuyn, chang han mt hoc vi Ian trn mt giy. Neu bau cuoi di bng khng pht bat ky thN g trn b4ng In trong mt thi gian di hn, khng c truyen dan b4ng In no b4ec thNc hin. Trong tr4ng hep b, hiu chnh thi gian b4ng In c the b mat v vic khi bng Iai truyen dan d Iiu phi b4ec bi tr4c bi mt pha hiu chnh Iai bnh thi sN dnng truy cp ngau nhin, nh4 b4ec m t trong ch4ng tiep theo be phnc hoi Iai hiu chnh thi gian b4ng In.
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Hnh 4.36 e xuat bnh thi b4ng In
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CHUNG 5 CC THU TUC TRUY CP LTE

Nhung chvong trvc d m t cc so do (scheme) truyen dan dvng ln (uplink) v dvng xuong (downlink) LTE. Tuy nhin, trvc khi truyen du liu, cc dau cuoi di dng can phi ket noi den h thong mang. Trong chvong ny se m t cc thu tnc can thiet cho mt dau cuoi c the truy cp vo mang dna trn LTE. 5.1 D tm te bo (cell search) D tm cell l mt thu tnc bang cch d dau cuoi tm dvoc mt cell c kh nang ket noi den. Nhv mt phan cua thu tnc d tm cell, dau cuoi thu dvoc nhn dang cua cell v dnh gi d%nh thi khung cua cell dvoc nhn dang. Ngoi ra, thu tnc d tm cell cung cung cap vic dnh gi cc thng so can thiet cho vic tiep nhn thng tin h thong trn knh qung b (broadcast), bao gom cc thng so cn lai dvoc yu cau cho truy cp h thong. e trnh vic lp ke hoach cell b% phc tap th so lvong nhn dang cell lp vt l can phi du ln. Nhv dvoc de cp trong chvong 4, LTE ho tro 510 nhn dang cell khc nhau, dvoc chia thnh 170 nhm nhn dang cell, vi ba nhn dang cho moi nhm. e gim sn phc tap khi d tm cell, d tm cell cho LTE thvng dvoc thnc hin qua nhieu bvc, tvong tn nhv thu tnc d tm cell ba bvc cua WCDMA. e tro gip cho cc dau cuoi trong thu tnc ny, LTE cung cap 1 tn hiu dong b so cap (Primary Synchronization signal) v 1 tn hiu dong b th cap (secondary synchronization signal) trn dvng xuong. Cc tn hiu dong b so cap v th cap l cc dy so dc bit, dvoc chn vo hai k tn OFDM cuoi cng cua khe thi gian dau tin cua khung phn (subframe) 0 v 5 nhv dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 5.1. Ngoi nhung tn hiu dong b, thu tnc d tm cell cung c the khai thc cc tn hiu tham kho nhv mt phan trong hoat dng cua n. 5.1.1 Thu tnc d tm cell (cell search) Trong bvc dau tin cua thu tnc d tm cell, dau cuoi di dng su dnng tn hiu dong b so cap de tm d%nh thi trn mt co s 5 ms. Lvu rang tn hiu dong b so cap dvoc pht hai lan trn moi khung. L do l de don gin ha vic chuyen giao t cc cng ngh truy cp v tuyen khc nhv GSM den LTE. Do d, tn hiu dong b so cap chi c the cung cap d%nh thi khung vi khong 5ms khng r rng. Vic thnc thi cua thut ton dnh gi l dc trvng cua nh khai thc, nhvng mt kh nang l de thnc hin loc thch ng giua tn hiu thu dvoc v cc chuoi dvoc dnh ring cho tn hiu dong b so cap. Khi dau ra cua b loc thch
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ng dat den gi tr% toi da cua n, dau cuoi c the tm dvoc d%nh thi trn 1 co s 5 ms. Bvc dau tin cua cung c the dvoc su dnng de chn tan so b dao dng cnc b cua dau cuoi di dng den tan so sng mang tram goc. Vic chn tan so dao dng cnc b den tan so tram goc lm ni lng cc yu cau chnh xc trn b dao dng cua thiet b% dau cuoi di dng, ket qu l gim dvoc chi ph. oi vi cc nguyn nhn dvoc tho lun dvi dy, c ba chuoi khc nhau c the dvoc su dnng nhv tn hiu dong b so cap. C mt php nh xa (mapping) mt - mt (one-to-one) giua moi chuoi trong ba chuoi ny vi nhn dang cell trong cng 1 nhm nhn dang cell. Do d, sau bvc dau tin, dau cuoi d tm dvoc nhn dang trong nhm nhn dang cell. Hon nua, khi c mt php nh xa mt - mt giua moi nhn dang trong nhm nhn dang cell v moi chuoi trong ba chuoi trnc giao dvoc su dnng khi tao tn hiu tham kho theo nhv m t trong chvong 4, dau cuoi cung thu dvoc nhn biet tng phan ve cau trc tn hiu tham kho trong bvc ny. Tuy nhin, thiet b% dau cuoi van chva biet dvoc nhm nhn dang te bo sau bvc ny. Trong bvc tiep theo, dau cuoi d tm nhm nhn dang cell v xc d%nh d%nh thi khung. ieu ny dvoc thnc hin bi vic theo di cc cp khe thi gian m d cc tn hiu dong b th cap dvoc pht. Ve co bn, neu (s1, s2) l mt cp chuoi hop l, d s1 v s2 lan lvot tvong ng vi tn hiu dong b th cap trong khung phn 0 v 5, cp ngvoc lai (s2, s1) th khng phi l mt cp chuoi c gi tr%. Bang cch loi dnng tnh chat ny, dau cuoi c the phn gii d%nh thi 5 ms c dvoc t bvc dau tin trong thu tnc d tm cell v xc d%nh dvoc d%nh thi khung. Hon nua, khi sn ket hop (s1, s2) dai din cho cc nhm nhn dang cell, nhm nhn dang cell cung thu dvoc t bvc th hai cua thu tnc d tm cell. T nhm nhn dang cell, dau cuoi cung thu dvoc nhung tin tc ve vic chuoi gi-ngau nhin no dvoc su dnng cho vic tao ra tn hiu tham kho trong cell. Mt khi thu tnc d tm cell dvoc hon thnh, dau cuoi nhn thng tin h thong dvoc qung b de c dvoc cc thng so cn lai, chang han nhv bang thng truyen dan dvoc su dnng trong cell.
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Hnh 5.1 Tn hiu dong b so cap v th cap 5.1.2 Cau trc thi gian/tan so cua cc tn hiu dong b Cau trc thi gian/tan so tong qut va dvoc m t van tat bn trn v dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 5.1. Nhv dvoc thay trong hnh, cc tn hiu dong b so cap v th cap dvoc pht di trong hai k tn OFDM den sau. Cau trc ny d dvoc lna chon de cho php xu l ket hop tn hiu dong b th cap dau cuoi. Sau bvc dau tin, tn hiu dong b so cap dvoc nhn biet v do d c the dvoc su dnng cho vic dnh gi knh. Vic dnh gi knh ny sau d c the dvoc su dnng cho vic xu l ket hop tn hiu nhn dvoc trvc bvc th hai de ci thin hiu suat. Tuy nhin, sn bo tr cua cc tn hiu dong b so cap v th cap gan nhau cung ngn rang dau cuoi bvc hai can phi vc lvong dvoc d di tien to chu trnh d c the khng chnh xc. Nhvng dy l mt hoat dng c d phc tap thap. Trong nhieu trvng hop, d%nh thi trong nhieu cell dvoc dong b de bat dau khung cc cell ln cn trng khp nhau ve mt thi gian. Ve mt ny mt nguyn nhn l de cho php hoat dng MBSFN. Tuy nhin hoat dng dong b cung hm rang truyen dan cua cc tn hiu dong b so cap trong cc cell khc nhau xuat hin cng mt thi diem. nh gi knh truyen dna trn tn hiu dong b so cap do d se phn hoi knh ghp (composite channel) t tat c cc cell neu tn hiu dong b so cap cng dvoc su dnng trong tat c cc cell. Mt cch hien nhin, vic gii dieu che ket hop cua tn hiu dong b th cap th khc nhau cc cell khc nhau, mt dnh gi knh t cell c lin quan dvoc yu cau, khng c dnh gi knh ghp t tat c cc cell. Do d, LTE ho tro nhieu chuoi cho tn hiu dong b so cap. Trong trvng hop thu nhn ket hop trong cc cell dvoc trien khai
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dong b ve thi gian, cc cell ln cn c the su dnng cc chuoi dong b so cap khc nhau de lm nhe bt van de dnh gi knh truyen dvoc m t trn. Hon nua, nhv dvoc m t bn trn, tn hiu dong b so cap cung mang theo phan nhn dang cell.
Hnh 5.2 Vic pht tn hiu dong b trong mien tan so
T mt phoi cnh TDD (TDD perspective), vic d%nh v% tn hiu dong b doan cuoi cua khe thi gian dau tin trong khung phn (subframe), thay v khe th hai, th c loi hon khi n mang lai t han che hon trong vic tao ra thi gian bo v giua dvng ln v dvng xuong. Ni cch khc, neu cc tn hiu dong b dvoc dt trong khe thi gian cuoi cng cua khung phn, se khng c kh nang de thu dvoc thi gian bo v dvoc yu cau cho TDD bi vic loai b cc k tn OFDM dvng xuong nhv dvoc tho lun trong chvong 4. Cung can ch rang, doi vi hoat dng TDD, vic xc d%nh cc tn hiu dong b ngn rang khung phn 0 v 5 lun lun l cc khung phn dvng xuong. Khi bat dau thu tnc d tm cell, bang thng cell khng can thiet dvoc nhn biet. Ve nguyn tac, vic d tm bang thng truyen dan c the d l mt phan cua thu tnc d tm cell. Tuy nhin, dieu ny se lm phc tap ton b thu tnc d tm cell, n chi thch hop de duy tr thu tnc d tm cell giong nhau m khng ke den ton b bang thng truyen dan cell. Khi d dau cuoi c the dvoc thng bo ve bang thng thnc sn trong cell t knh qung b. Do d, de duy tr cau trc mien tan so giong nhau cho cc tn hiu dong b m khng ke den bang thng h thong cell, cc tn hiu dong b lun lun dvoc pht bang cch su dnng 72 sng mang phn trung tm, tvong ng vi mt bang thng khong 1 MHz. Hnh 5.2 minh hoa vic pht sinh cc tn hiu dong b. 36 sng mang phn trn moi pha cua sng mang phn DC trong mien tan so dvoc dnh ring cho tn hiu dong b. Bang cch su dnng mt IFFT, tn hiu mien thi gian tvong ng c the dvoc tao ra. ln cua IFFT, cung nhv so sng mang phn dt thnh 0 trong hnh 5.2, phn thuc vo bang thng h thong. Cc sng mang phn khng dvoc su dnng cho truyen dan tn hiu dong b th c the dvoc su dnng cho truyen dan du liu.
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5.1.3 D tm cell ban dau v ke cn Vic tm mt cell de ket noi den sau khi dau cuoi bt nguon r rng l mt vic quan trong. Tuy nhin, quan trong tvong dvong l kh nang de nhn dang cc cell ng cu cho sn chuyen giao nhv mt phan cua vic ho tro tnh di dng, khi ket noi dau cuoi dvoc di chuyen t mt cell ny den mt cell khc. Hai tnh huong ny thvng dvoc xem nhv l vic d tm cell ban dau v d tm cell ke cn. oi vi d tm cell ban dau, dau cuoi thvng khng biet tan so sng mang cua cc cell m n dang tm. e xu l trvng hop ny, dau cuoi can d tm tan so sng mang ph hop, co bn bang cch lp lai thu tnc bn trn cho bat ky tan so sng mang c kh nang dvoc dva ra bi b qut tan so (frenquency raster). Hien nhin, dieu ny c the thvng lm gia tang thi gian dvoc yu cau cho vic d tm cell, nhvng cc yu cau ve thi gian d tm cho vic tm kiem cell ban dau thvng tvong doi l thoi mi. Cc phvong php thnc thi dc bit cung c the dvoc su dnng de lm gim thi gian t lc bt nguon den khi mt cell dvoc tm thay. Chang han, dau cuoi c the su dnng bat ky thng tin bo sung m n c v bat dau d tm trn cng tan so sng mang m lan cuoi cng n dvoc ket noi den. Mt khc, d tm cell ln cn c cc yu cau ve thi gian khat khe hon. Vic d tm cell cng chm, se lm cho thiet b% dau cuoi cng mat nhieu thi gian hon trvc khi n dvoc chuyen giao ti mt cell c chat lvong v tuyen trung bnh tot hon. ieu ny hien nhin se lm gim gi tr% ton b hiu suat pho cua h thong. Tuy nhin, trong trvng hop chuyen giao tan so bn trong (intra-frequency handover), dau cuoi r rng khng can tm tan so sng mang cc cell ln cn. Ngoi vic b qua vic d tm trn nhieu tan so sng mang ra, vic d tm cell ln cn tan so bn trong c the su dnng cc thu tnc giong nhv d tm cell ban dau. Cc php do cho mnc dch chuyen giao cung dvoc yu cau khi dau cuoi dang nhn du liu dvng xuong t mang. Do d, dau cuoi phi c kh nang thnc hin vic d tm cell ln cn c trong nhung trvng hop ny. Vi vic d tm cell ln cn tan so bn trong, dieu ny khng phi l van de chnh khi cc cell ng cu ln cn pht tan so giong vi tan so m dau cuoi va nhn du liu trn. Vic nhn du liu v d tm cc cell ln cn l nhung chc nang bang goc ring bit don gin, hoat dng trn cc tn hiu thu dvoc giong nhau. Tuy nhin, trvng hop chuyen giao tan so bn ngoi th phc tap hon v vic nhn du liu v d tm cell ln cn can dvoc thnc hin cc tan so khc nhau. Vic trang b% cho dau cuoi mt mach thu RF ring bit cho d tm cell ln cn th khng phi l 1 gii php han dan neu xt ve mt d phc tap, mc d ve nguyn l l c the. Do d, cc lo hong khi truyen dan du liu c the dvoc tao ra, trong qu trnh dau cuoi dieu chinh lai den mt tan so khc khi thnc hin cc mnc dch
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do dac tan so bn ngoi. ieu ny dvoc thnc hin vi cch giong nhv cho HSPA, cn the bang cch trnh scheduling dau cuoi trong mt hoc mt nhieu khung phn dvng xuong. 5.2 Truy cp ngau nhin Mt yu cau co bn cho bat ky h thong te bo no l kh nang cho php dau cuoi yu cau thiet lp mt ket noi. ieu ny thvng dvoc biet den nhv l truy cp ngau nhin v n phnc vn hai mnc dch chnh trong LTE, d l vic thiet lp dong b dvng ln, v thiet lp mt nhn dang dau cuoi duy nhat, C-RNTI, dvoc biet doi vi c h thong mang v thiet b% dau cuoi. Do d, truy cp ngau nhin khng chi dvoc su dnng cho truy cp ban dau, nghia l, khi di chuyen t LTE_DETACHED hoc LTE_IDLE den LTE_ACTIVE (xem chvong 3 trong phan tho lun cua cc trang thi dau cuoi khc nhau), m cn sau nhung giai doan cua tnh trang khng tch cnc dvng ln khi dong b dvng ln b% mat trong LTE_ACTIVE.
Hnh 5.3 Tong quan cua thu tcc truy cp ngau nhin
Ton b thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 5.3, bao gom bon bvc:
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1. Bvc dau tin bao gom vic truyen dan phan m dau (preamble) truy cp
ngau nhin, cho php eNodeB dnh gi d%nh thi truyen dan cua dau cuoi. ong b dvng ln th can thiet khi dau cuoi khng the pht bat ky du liu dvng ln no.
2. Bvc th hai bao gom: mang pht mt lnh d%nh thi sm (a timing
advance command) de dieu chinh d%nh thi pht dau cuoi, dna trn cc php do d%nh thi bvc dau tin. Ngoi vic thiet lp dong b dvng ln, bvc th hai cung an d%nh nguon ti nguyn dvng ln den dau cuoi de dvoc su dnng trong bvc th ba cua thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin.
3. Bvc th ba bao gom vic truyen dan nhn dang dau cuoi di dng den
mang bang cch su dnng UL-SCH tvong tn vi du liu dvoc hoach d%nh (scheduled) thng thvng. Ni dung chnh xc cua bo hiu ny phn thuc vo trang thi cua dau cuoi, d n c dvoc biet trvc d doi vi mang hay khng.
4. Bvc th tv v cung l bvc cuoi cng bao gom vic truyen dan mt thng
dip gii quyet tranh chap (a contention-resolution message) t mang den dau cuoi trn knh DL-SCH. Bvc ny cung gii quyet bat c sn tranh chap no xy ra do nhieu dau cuoi tm cch truy cp vo h thong su dnng nguon ti nguyn truy cp ngau nhin giong nhau. Chi c bvc dau tin su dnng quy trnh lp vt l dvoc thiet ke ring cho truy cp ngau nhin. Ba bvc cuoi cng deu su dnng quy trnh lp vt l giong nhv dvoc su dnng cho truyen dan du liu dvng ln v dvng xuong thng thvng. Trong phan tiep theo, nhung bvc ny se dvoc m t chi tiet hon. 5.2.1 Bvc 1: Truyen dan Preamble truy cp ngau nhin Bvc dau tin trong thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin l truyen dan mt preamble truy cp ngau nhin. Mnc dch chnh cua preamble l de chi th% cho mang sn c mt cua mt thu nghim (attempt) truy cp ngau nhin v thu dvoc dong b thi gian dvng ln trong mt phan cua tien to tuan hon (cyclic prefix) dvng ln. Nhn chung, truyen dan preamble truy cp ngau nhin c the l trnc giao hoc khng trnc giao doi vi du liu ngvi dng. Trong WCDMA, preamble th khng trnc giao doi vi truyen dan du liu dvng ln. ieu ny dem lai loi ch trong vic khng phi cap pht bat c nguon ti nguyn no cho truy cp ngau nhin mt cch bn tinh. Tuy nhin, de kiem sot nhieu giua truy cp ngau nhin vi du liu, cng suat pht cua preamble truy cp ngau nhin phi dvoc dieu khien mt cch can thn. Trong WCDMA, dieu ny dvoc gii quyet nh thu tnc bien doi
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cng suat (power-ramping), khi d dau cuoi se gia tang t t cng suat cua preamble truy cp ngau nhin den khi n dvoc d tm thnh cng tai tram goc. Mc d dy l gii php ph hop vi van de nhieu, nhvng thu tnc ramping lai gy ra tre trong ton b thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin. Do d, t tre ny m thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin khng di hi bien doi cng suat lai tr nn c loi. Trong LTE, vic truyen dan cua preamble truy cp ngau nhin c the dvoc thnc hin trnc giao vi cc truyen dan du liu ngvi dng dvng ln v nhv vy, thu tnc bien doi cng suat l khng can thiet (mc d cc dc tnh ky thut cho php ramping). Trnc giao giua du liu ngvi dng dvoc pht t cc dau cuoi khc nhau v cc thu nghim truy cp ngau nhin deu thnc thin dvoc c mien thi gian v tan so. Mang se pht qung b ti tat c cc dau cuoi thng tin ve vic: trong ti nguyn thi gian tan so no th truyen dan preamble truy cp ngau nhin dvoc cho php. e trnh nhieu giua du liu v cc preamble truy cp ngau nhin, mang se trnh sap xep bat ky truyen dan dvng ln no nguon ti nguyn thi gian v tan so d. ieu ny dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 5.4. T don v% thi gian co bn cho truyen dan du liu trong LTE l 1 ms, mt khung phn se dvoc dnh ring cho truyen dan preamble. Trong cc ti nguyn dvoc dnh ring, preamle truy cp ngau nhin se dvoc pht di.
Hnh 5.7 Minh hoa nguyn l cua truyen dan preamble truy cp ngau nhin.
Trong mien tan so, preamble truy cp ngau nhin c mt bang thng tvong ng vi su khoi ti nguyn (1.08 MHz). ieu ny kh ph hop vi bang thng nh nhat m LTE c the hoat dng, su khoi ti nguyn ny d dvoc tho lun trong chvong 4. Do d, cau trc preamble truy cp ngau nhin giong nhau c the dvoc su dnng, khng ke den bang thng truyen dan trong cell. Vi nhung trien khai su dnng cc phn bo pho ln hon, nhieu nguon ti nguyn truy cp ngau nhin c the dvoc xc d%nh trong mien tan so, mang lai sn gia tang ve dung lvong truy cp ngau nhin.
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Trvc khi truyen dan preamble, dau cuoi thnc hin mt thu nghim truy cp ngau nhin d thu dvoc dong b dvng xuong t thu tnc d tm cell. Tuy nhin d%nh thi dvng ln th chva dvoc thiet lp. Bat dau cua mt khung dvng ln dau cuoi dvoc xc d%nh c lin quan vi bat dau cua khung dvng xuong dau cuoi. Do tre truyen giua tram goc v dau cuoi, truyen dan dvng ln do d se b% tre tvong doi vi d%nh thi truyen dan dvng xuong tram goc. Do d, khi khong cch giua tram goc v dau cuoi khng dvoc biet, se c mt sn khng chac chan trong d%nh thi dvng ln tvong ng vi hai lan khong cch giua tram goc v dau cuoi, ln ti 6.7 s/km. e tnh ton cho sn khng chac chan ny v de trnh nhieu vi cc khung phn tiep theo m khng dvoc su dnng cho truy cp ngau nhin, mt khong thi gian bo v se dvoc su dnng, nghia d di cua preamble thnc te se ngan hon 1ms. Hnh 5.5 minh hoa d di preamble v khong thi gian bo v. Vi d di preamble LTE xap xi 0.9 ms, 0.1 ms thi gian bo v cho php kch thvc cell ln den 15 km. e cc cell ln hon, sn khng chac chan ve d%nh thi c the ln hon khong thi gian bo v co bn, khong thi gian bo v bo sung c the dvoc tao ra bang cch khng sap xep (scheduling) bat c truyen dan dvng ln trong khung phn theo sau ti nguyn truy cp ngau nhin. Preamble dvoc dna trn Zadoff-Chu (ZC), chuoi [131] v chuoi d%ch tuan hon cua n. Cc chuoi Zadoff-Chu cung dvoc su dnng cho vic tao ra tn hiu tham kho nhv dvoc m t trong chvong 4, d d m t cau trc cua cc chuoi
(u ny. T moi chuoi Zadoff-Chu goc X ZC) (k), chuoi d%ch tuan hon m-1 dvoc tao ra bang cch d%ch tuan hon moi [Mzc/m], vi MZC l d di cua chuoi Zadoff-Chu goc.
Hnh 5.5 %nh thi Preamble eNodeB cho ngui su dcng truy cp ngau nhin khc nhau
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Hnh 5.6 Vic pht preamble truy cp ngau nhin Chuoi ZC d%ch tuan hon s huu nhieu thuc tnh hap dan. Bin d cua chuoi l khng doi, dieu d dm bo vic su dnng b khuech dai cng suat hiu qu v duy tr thuc tnh PAR thap cua dvng ln don sng mang. Cc chuoi cung c sn tn tvong quan tuan hon l tvng (auto-correlation), dieu ny th quan trong cho vic thu dnh gi d%nh thi chnh xc eNodeB. Cuoi cng, sn tvong quan cho giua cc preamble khc nhau dna trn sn d%ch chuyen tuan hon [N/m] dvoc su dnng khi pht cc preamble ln hon thi gian truyen kh hoi ln nhat cng vi tre truyen ln nhat cua knh. V vy, nh thuc tnh tvong quan cho l tvng, m khng c nhieu bn trong cell do nhieu thu nghim truy cp ngau nhin su dnng cc preamble dvoc lay t chuoi goc Zadoff-Chu giong nhau. Vic sinh ra preamble truy cp ngau nhin dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 5.6. Mc d hnh ny minh hoa vic pht trong mien thi gian, nhvng vic pht trong mien tan so c the dvoc su dnng nhv nhau trong mt sn thnc thi. Hon nua, de cho php vic xu l mien tan so tram goc (dvoc tho lun nhieu hon bn dvi), mt tien to tuan hon dvoc bao gom trong vic tao ra preamble.
Hnh 5.7 Vic d tm Preamle truy cp ngau nhin trong mien tan so
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Cc chuoi Preamble dvoc chia thnh nhieu nhm, moi nhm l 64 chuoi. Nhv mt phan cua cau hnh h thong, moi cell dvoc chi d%nh mt nhm bang cch xc d%nh mt hoc nhieu chuoi Zadoff-Chu goc v cc d%ch chuyen tuan hon dvoc yu cau de tao ra tp hop cc preamble. So lvong nhm can du ln de trnh sn can thiet cho vic lp ke hoach chuoi can thn giua cc cell. Khi thnc hin mt thu nghim truy cp ngau nhin, dau cuoi lna chon mt chuoi ngau nhin t b chuoi dvoc cap pht den cell m dau cuoi dang co gang truy cp. Chi can khng c dau cuoi no khc thnc hin mt thu nghim truy cp ngau nhin bang cch su dnng cng mt chuoi tai cng mt thi diem th se khng c xung dt xy ra v sn thu nghim se dvoc pht hin bi mang vi mt kh nang rat cao. Xu l tram goc l mt dc diem thnc thi, nhvng nh tien to tuan hon nam trong preamle, vic xu l mien tan so se c d phc tap thap hon. Mt v dn ve dieu ny se dvoc chi ra trong hnh 5.7. Cc mau trn mt cua so dvoc thu thp v chuyen doi n thnh bieu dien trong mien tan so bang cch su dnng FFT. di cua so l 0.8 ms, n bang vi d di cua chuoi ZC khng c tien to tuan hon. ieu ny cho php xu l sn khng chac chan ve d%nh thi ln den 0.1ms v n ph hop vi khong thi gian bo v dvoc xc d%nh. au ra cua FFT, bieu dien tn hiu thu dvoc trong mien tan so, dvoc nhn vi bieu dien mien tan so lin hop phc tap (the complex-conjugate frequencydomain representation) cua chuoi Zadoff-Chu goc v ket qu se dvoc dva qua mt IFFT. Bang cch quan st dau ra IFFT, n c kh nang pht hin ra sn d%ch chuyen cua chuoi Zadoff-Chu goc no d dvoc pht di v d tre cua n. Ve co bn, dinh cua dau ra IFFT trong khong i tvong ng vi chuoi dvoc d%ch tuan hon th i v d tre dvoc cho bi v% tr cua dinh trong khong. Vic thnc thi mien tan so ny th hiu qu ve mt tnh ton v cho php pht hin ra nhieu thu nghim truy cp ngau nhin su dnng cc chuoi d%ch tuan hon khc nhau dvoc tao ra t cng mt chuoi Zadoff-Chu goc; trong trvng hop c nhieu sn thu nghim th se chi c mt dinh trong moi khong tvong ng. 5.2.2 Bvc 2: p ng truy cp ngau nhin Trong dp ng cho thu nghim truy cp ngau nhin dvoc pht hin, mang se pht mt thng dip trn DL-SCH, nhv bvc th hai cua thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin, bao gom:
Chi so (index) cua chuoi preamle truy cp ngau nhin m mang tm thay v nh d vic dp ng c hiu lnc.
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ieu chinh d%nh thi dvoc tnh ton bi dau thu preamle truy cp ngau nhin. Mt chap hn hoach d%nh, chi ra cc nguon ti nguyn m dau cuoi se su dnng cho vic truyen dan thng dip trong bvc th ba. Mt nhn dang tam thi dvoc su dnng nhung thng tin lin lac khc giua dau cuoi v mang.
Trong trvng hop mang pht hin ra c nhieu thu nghim truy cp ngau nhin (t cc dau cuoi khc nhau), cc thng dip dp ng ring bit cua nhieu dau cuoi di dng c the dvoc ket hop trong mt truyen dan duy nhat. Do d, cc thng dip dp ng dvoc sap xep trn DL-SCH v dvoc bieu th% trn mt knh dieu khien L1/L2 bang cch su dnng mt nhn dang dvoc dnh ring cho dp ng truy cp ngau nhin. Tat c cc dau cuoi d pht preamble se gim st cc knh dieu khien L1/L2 de dp ng truy cp ngau nhin. Trong dc tnh ky thut, d%nh thi cua thng dip dp ng th khng co d%nh - de c the dp ng cho nhieu truy cp dong thi mt cch day du. N cung mt vi d linh hoat trong sn thnc thi tram goc. Khi cc dau cuoi thnc hin truy cp ngau nhin nguon ti nguyn giong nhau su dnng preamble khc nhau, se khng c xung dt xuat hin v t bo hiu dvng xuong n se dva den cc dau cuoi thng tin c lin quan. Tuy nhin, van c mt kh nang chac chan cua sn tranh chap, d l khi nhieu dau cuoi su dnng preamble truy cp ngau nhin cng thi diem. Trong trvng hop ny, nhieu dau cuoi se phn ng lai trn thng dip dp ng giong nhau v tranh chap xuat hin. Vic gii quyet cc tranh chap ny l mt phan cua bvc tiep theo nhv dvoc tho lun bn dvi. Tranh chap cung l mt trong nhung nguyn nhn tai sao hybrid ARQ th khng dvoc su dnng cho truyen dan dp ng truy cp ngau nhin. Khi mt dau cuoi thu mt dp ng truy cp ngau nhin dvoc dn d%nh cho cc dau cuoi khc th se b% sai ve d%nh thi dvng ln. Neu hybrid ARQ dvoc su dnng, d%nh thi cua ACK/NAK cho mt dau cuoi nhv vy se khng dng v c the gy nhieu loan bo hiu dieu khien dvng ln t nhung ngvi su dnng khc. Trong lc thu nhn dp ng truy cp ngau nhin trong bvc hai, dau cuoi se dieu chinh d%nh thi truyen dan dvng ln cua n v tiep tnc den bvc th ba. 5.2.3 Bvc 3: Nhn dang dau cuoi Sau bvc th hai, dvng ln cua dau cuoi dvoc dong b thi gian. Tuy nhin, trvc khi du liu ngvi dng c the dvoc pht den/t dau cuoi, mt nhn dang duy nhat trong cell (C-RNTI) phi dvoc an d%nh den dau cuoi. Phn thuc vo trang thi dau cuoi, cung c the can den vic trao doi thng dip bo sung.
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Trong bvc th ba, dau cuoi pht cc thng dip can thiet den mang su dnng cc nguon ti nguyn dvoc an d%nh trong dp ng truy cp ngau nhin bvc hai. Vic truyen cc thng dip dvng ln vi cng cch giong nhv khi du liu dvng ln dvoc hoach d%nh thay v gan n vi preamble bvc th nhat se c loi hon do nhieu nguyn nhn. au tin l lvong thng tin dvoc pht trong sn vang mt dong b dvng ln nn dvoc gim thieu khi nhu cau cho mt khong thi gian bo v ln de tao ra truyen dan nhv vy se lin quan den chi ph. Th hai, vic su dnng so do pht dvng ln thng thvng cho truyen dan thng dip cho php dieu chinh den so do dieu che v kch thvc cho php (grant size), chang han, cc dieu kin v tuyen khc nhau. Cuoi cng, n cho php su dnng hybrid ARQ vi sn ket hop mem cho thng dip dvng ln. Mt kha canh quan trong sau cng, nhat l trong vien cnh gii han ve vng phu sng, khi n cho php su dnng mt hoc nhieu sn truyen lai de tp hop du nang lvong cho bo hiu dvng ln de dm bo kh nang du ln cua truyen dan thnh cng. Ch rang truyen lai RLC khng dvoc su dnng cho bo hiu RRC dvng ln trong bvc ba. Mt phan quan trong cua thng dip dvng ln bao gom mt nhn dang dau cuoi v nhn dang ny se dvoc su dnng nhv mt phan cua co che gii quyet tranh chap trong bvc bon. Khi trvng hop dau cuoi trong trang thi LTE_ACTIVE, nghia l n dvoc ket noi den mt cell dvoc nhn biet v do d c mt C-RNTI dvoc an d%nh, C-RNTI ny dvoc su dnng nhv nhn dang dau cuoi trong thng dip dvng ln. Mc khc, mt nhn dang dau cuoi mang li dvoc su dnng v mang truy cp v tuyen can bao hm (involve) mang li trvc khi dp ng thng dip dvng ln trong bvc 3. 5.2.4 Bvc 4: Gii quyet tranh chap Bvc cuoi cng trong thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin bao gom mt thng dip dvng xuong cho vic gii quyet tranh chap. Ch rang t bvc th hai, nhieu dau cuoi thnc hin thu truy cp ngau nhin dong thi su dnng chuoi preamble giong nhau trong bvc dau tin se nghe dvoc thng dip dp ng giong nhau trong bvc th hai v do d c nhn dang tam thi giong nhau. V vy, trong bvc th tv, moi dau cuoi nhn thng dip dvng xuong se so snh nhn dang trong thng dip vi nhn dang m chng d pht trong bvc th 3. Chi mt dau cuoi c dvoc sn trng nhau giua nhn dang dvoc nhn trong bvc 4 v nhn dang d pht di nhv mt phan cua bvc th ba se thiet lp thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin thnh cng. Neu dau cuoi chva dvoc an d%nh mt C-RNTI, nhn dang tam thi t bvc th hai dvoc de bat den C-RNTI; neu khng dau cuoi se giu C-RNTI m n va dvoc an d%nh.
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Thng dip gii quyet tranh chap dvoc pht trn DL-SCH, su dnng nhn dang tam thi t bvc th hai cho vic d%nh v% thiet b% dau cuoi trn knh dieu khien L1/L2. Ke t khi dong b dvng ln d dvoc thiet lp, hybrid ARQ se dvoc ng dnng cho bo hiu dvng xuong trong bvc ny. Cc dau cuoi c sn ph hop giua nhn dang m chng pht di trong bvc th ba v thng dip nhn dvoc trong bvc th tv cung se pht mt bo nhn hybrid ARQ trn dvng ln. Cc dau cuoi khng tm dvoc sn ph hop giua nhn dang dvoc nhn trong bvc 4 v nhn dang tvong ng dvoc pht di nhv mt phan cua bvc th 3 se dvoc xem nhv l d that bai trong thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin v can khi dng lai thu tnc truy cp ngau nhin t bvc 1. Hien nhin, khng c phn hoi hybrid ARQ no dvoc pht di t cc dau cuoi ny. 5.3 Paging Paging dvoc su dnng cho thiet lp ket noi khi tao mang. Mt giao thc paging hiu qu se cho php dau cuoi ngu m khng can xu l my thu trong hau het thi gian cho den khi n thc dy nhung khong thi gian dvoc xc d%nh trvc de gim st thng tin paging t mang. Trong WCDMA, mt knh chi th% paging ring re dvoc gim st nhung khong thi gian dvoc xc d%nh trvc, dvoc su dnng de chi th% den cc dau cuoi rang thng tin paging dang dvoc pht. V chi th% paging ngan hon mt cch dng ke so vi khong thi gian thng tin paging, dieu ny se lm toi thieu thi gian dau cuoi dvoc dnh thc. Trong LTE, khng su dnng knh chi th% paging ring re v kh nang tiet kim cng suat l rat nh do khong thi gian ngan cua bo hiu dieu khien, toi da ba k tn OFDM nhv dvoc m t trong chvong 4. Thay vo d, co che giong nhv truyen dan du liu dvng xuong trn DL-SCH dvoc su dnng v dau cuoi di dng se gim st bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2 cho vic an d%nh ke hoach dvng xuong. Mt chu trnh DRX dvoc d%nh nghia, n cho php dau cuoi nghi ngoi trong hau het thi gian v chi thc dy de gim st bo hiu dieu khien L1/L2. Neu dau pht hin ra mt nhm nhn dang dvoc su dnng cho paging khi n thc dy, n se xu l thng dip paging tvong ng dvoc pht trn dvng xuong. Thng dip paging bao gom nhn dang cua cc dau cuoi dang dvoc tm goi v mt dau cuoi khng tm thay nhn dang cua n se loai b thng tin dvoc nhn v nghi ngoi theo chu trnh DRX. Hien nhin, khi d%nh thi dvng ln khng dvoc nhn biet trong suot chu trnh DRX, se khng c bo hiu ACK/NAK no c the xy ra v nhv vy hybrid ARQ vi sn ket hop mem khng the dvoc su dnng cho cc thng dip paging. Chu trnh DRX cho paging dvoc minh hoa trong hnh 5.8.
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Hnh 5.8 Vic nhn khng lin tcc (DRX) cho paging.
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KET LUN
Sau gan 3 thng lm do n, dvoc sn chi dan tn tnh cua thay Tran Xun Trvng, cung nhv sn dng vin v ung h t gia dnh cng b ban d gip cho ti hon thnh do n ny. y cung chnh l d%p de ti c the tn cung co, hon thin v nng cao kien thc cua mnh. Theo dng nhv yu cau de ra t trvc, do n ny d lm noi bt nhung vu diem cua cng ngh LTE, cung nhv cc ky thut tin tien dvoc su dnng trong cng ngh ny. Tuy van cn dang dvoc tiep tnc nghin cu, thu nghim v pht trien nhvng vi nhung ket qu bvc dau rat kh quan cung nhv loi the ve kien trc mang don gin v kh nang de dng tch hop vi cc mang 3G v 2G hin tai m khng can thay doi ton b co s ha tang mang d c, cng ngh LTE d chng t dvoc tiem nang manh me cua mnh so vi cc cng ngh doi thu m dien hnh l WiMAX. Cho d dvoc ra di mun hon so vi WiMAX (d dvoc trien khai trn th% trvng), cng ngh LTE mi ny van c tnh canh tranh cao trong tvong lai, v ngoi nhung vu diem san c, LTE cn nhn dvoc rat nhieu sn ung h cua cc dai gia trong ngnh cng ngh vien thng, nhv Ericsson, Nokia-Siemens Networks, AlcatelLucent, T-Mobile, Vodafone, v cc tp don ln khc mi gia nhp nhv China Mobile, Huawei, LG Electronics, NTT DoCoMo v Samsung.
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CC THUT NGU V T VIET TAT

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project To chc chuan ha mang di dng the h th 3 H thong antenna thch ng Bo nhn (trong giao thc ARQ) H so r ri knh ln cn Cong truy nhp Che d bo nhn (cau hnh RLC) M ha v dieu che thch nghi Yu cau lp lai tn dng
A
AAS ACK ACLR AGW AM AMC ARQ Adaptive Antenna System Acknowledgement (In ARQ Protocols) Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio Access Gateway (in LTE/SAE) Acknowledged Mode (RLC Configuration) Adaptive Modulation And Coding Automatic RepeatRequest
B
BCCH BC BER BLER BM-SC BPSK BS BSC BTC BTS Broadcast Control Channel Broadcast Channel Bit-Error Rate Block-Error Rate Broadcast/Multicast Service Center Binary Phase-Shift Keying Base Station Base Station Controller Block Turbo Code Base Transceiver Station Knh dieu khien qung b Knh qung b Ty l loi bit Ty l loi khoi Trung tm d%ch vn broadcast/multicast Kha d%ch pha nh% phn Tram goc Khoi dieu khien tram goc M turbo khoi Tram thu pht goc M chp Ghp knh phn chia theo m a truy nhp phn chia theo m Mang li Tien to tuan hon Kh nang ket noi gi lin tnc Knh hoa tiu chung Chi th% chat lvong knh truyen Kiem tra tnh dv tuan hon
C
CC CDM CDMA CN CP CPC CPIC CQI CRC Convolutional Code Code-Division Multiplexing Code Division Multiple Access Core Network Cyclic Prefix Continuous Packet Connectivity Common Pilot Channel Channel Quality Indicator Cyclic Redundancy
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o n tot nghip rng CS Check Circuit Switched
Chuyen mach knh Knh dieu khien dnh ring Knh dnh ring Cn bang hoi tiep de quyet d%nh Bien doi fourier ri rac OFDM tri pho DFT, cung dvoc xem nhv l SC-FDMA vng xuong Knh chia se dvng xuong Knh dieu khien vt l dnh ring Knh vt l dnh ring Knh du liu vt l dnh ring Sn thu nhn khng lin tnc Knh lvu lvong dnh ring Sn pht khng lin tnc
D
DCCH DC DFE DFT DFTS-OFDM DL DL-SCH DPCCH DPCH DPDCH DRX DTCH DTX Dedicated Control Channel Dedicated Channel Decision Feedback Equalization Discrete Fourier Transform DFT-Spread OFDM, See Also SC-FDMA Downlink Downlink Shared Channel Dedicated Physical Control Channel Dedicated Physical Channel Dedicated Physical Data Channel Discontinuous Reception Dedicated Traffic Channel Discontinuous Transmission Enhanced Dedicated Channel E-UTRAN NodeB Evolved Packet Core European Telecommunication Standards Institute Federal Communications Commission Frequency Division Duplex Frequency Division Multiplexing Frequency Division Multiple Access Fast Fourier Transform
E
E-DCH eNodeB EPC ETSI Knh dnh ring nng cao NodeB E-UTRAN Li gi ci tien Vin tiu chuan vien thng Chu u
F
FCC FDD FDM FDMA FFT Hi dong truyen thng lin bang Song cng phn chia theo tan so Ghp knh phn chia theo tan so a truy nhp phn chia theo tan so Bien doi fourier nhanh Mang truy nhp v tuyen GSM EDGE D%ch vn v tuyen gi tong hop
G
GERAN GPRS GSM EDGE RAN General Packet Radio Services
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o n tot nghip rng GSM
Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang Global Sytem For Mobile H thong truyen thng di dng ton Communications cau
H
HARQ HSCSD HLR HS-DSCH HSDPA HSPA HSUPA Hybrid ARQ High Speed Circuit Switched Data Home Location Register High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel High Speed Downlink Packet Access High Speed Packet Access High Speed Uplink Packet Access Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers Inverse FFT IP Multimedia Subsystem International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 Incremental Redundancy International Telecommunications Union Long Term Evolution ARQ hon hop Du liu chuyen mach knh toc d cao Thanh ghi d%nh v% thvng tr Knh chia se dvng xuong toc d cao Truy nhp gi dvng xuong toc d cao Truy nhp gi toc d cao Truy nhp gi dvng ln toc d cao
I
IEEE IFFT IMS IMT-2000 IR ITU Vin ky sv din v din tu FFT do ngvoc H thong con da truyen thng IP Vien thng di dng quoc te 2000 Sn dv tha gia tang Hip hi vien thng quoc te
L
LTE Sn pht trien di han ieu khien truy nhp mi trvng Broadcast da truyen thng/d%ch vn multicast D%ch vn multicast v broadcast Nhieu dau vo nhieu dau ra Trung tm chuyen mach di dng Bo nhn that bai (trong giao thc ARQ) Mt node logic dieu khien vic pht v thu trong nhieu te bo. C khi cn xem nhv tvong ng vi mt tram goc.
M
MAC MBMS MBS MIMO MSC Medium Access Control Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service Multicast And Broadcast Service Multiple Input Multiple Ouput Mobile Switching Center
N
NAK NodeB Negative Acknowledgement (In ARQ Protocols) NodeB, a logical node handling transmission/reception in
119
o n tot nghip rng multiple cells. Commonly, but not necessarily, corresponding to a base station
O
OFDM OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Peak to Average Power Ratio Peak to Average Ratio Paging Control Channel Paging Channel Pre-coding Control Indication Physical Downlink Control Channel Packet Data Convergence Protocol Physical Downlink Shared Channel Protocol Data Unit Physical layer Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Ghp knh phn chia theo tan so trnc giao a truy nhp phn chia theo tan so trnc giao H so cng suat dinh trn trung bnh H so dinh trn trung bnh (giong nhv PAPR) Knh dieu khien tm goi Knh tm goi Chi th% dieu khien tien m ha Knh dieu khien dvng xuong vt l Giao thc hi tn du liu gi Knh chia se dvng xuong vt l on v% du liu giao thc Lp vt l ieu che bin d cau phvong Chat lvong d%ch vn Kha d%ch pha cau phvong Mang truy nhp v tuyen Khoi ti nguyn Tan so v tuyen Giao thc lin ket v tuyen Khoi dieu khien mang v tuyen Nn tiu de manh me ieu khien ti nguyn v tuyen K hiu tham kho So th tn truyen lai FDMA don sng mang
P
PAPR PAR PCC PC PCI PDCCH PDCP PDSCH PDU PHY
Q
QAM QoS QPSK
R
RAN RB RF RLC RNC ROHC RRC RS RSN Radio Access Network Resource Block Radio Frequency Radio Link Protocol Radio Network Controller Robust Header Compression Radio Resource Control Reference Symbol Retransmission Sequence Number
S
SC-FDMA Single Carrier FDMA
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o n tot nghip rng SDMA SFBC SIR SNR Spatial Division Multiple Access Space Frequency Block Coding Signal To Interference Ratio Signal To Noise Ratio
Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian M ha khoi khng gian-tan so H so tn hiu trn nhieu H so tn hiu trn tap m a truy nhp phn chia theo m v thi gian Song cng phn chia thi gian Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian a truy nhp phn chia theo m dong b, phn chia theo thi gian %nh dang truyen ti Sn ket hop d%nh dang truyen ti Che d trong suot (cau hnh RLC) Khong thi gian truyen dan
T
TD-CDMA TDD TDM TDMA TD-SCDMA TF TFC TM TTI Time Dvision-Code Division Multiple Access Time Division Duplex Time Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiple Access Time DivisionSynchronous Code Division Multiple Access Transport Format Transport Format Combination Transparent Mode (RLC Configuration) Transmission Time Interval User Equipment, the 3GPP name for the mobile terminal Uplink Uplink Shared Channel Unacknowledgement Mode (RLC Configuration) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Wideband Code Division Multiple Access Voice Over IP
U
UE UL UL-SC UM Thiet b% ngvi dng, tn 3GPP dt cho thiet b% dau cuoi di dng vng ln Knh chia se dvng ln Che d khng bo nhn (cau hnh RLC) H thong vien thng di dng ton cau Truy nhp v tuyen mt dat ton cau Mang truy nhp v tuyen mt dat ton cau a truy nhp bang rng phn chia theo m Thoai qua IP Chuoi Zadoff-Chu
UMTS UTRA UTRAN
W
WCDMA
V
VoIP
Z
ZC Zadoff-Chu
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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skld and Per Beming, 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2007 [2] Rysavy Research, EDGE, HSPA and LTE broadband innovation, 3G Americas, 2008 [3] The mobile broadband evolution: 3GPP Release 8 and beyond HSPA+, SAE/LTE and LTE-advanced, 3G Americas, 2009 [4] H. Ekstrm, A. Furuskr, J. KarIsson, M. Meyer, S. ParkvaII, J. Torsner and M. WahIqvist, Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-term Evolution, IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2006 [5] WiMax v LTE: Chien hay ha?, Tap ch PCWorld Vit Nam, 2008 [6] www.tapchibcvt.gov.vn [7] www.thongtincongnghe.com [8] www.ieee.org [9] www.3gpp.org
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123

Do An Cong Nghe LTE Cho Mang Di Dong

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Do An Cong Nghe LTE Cho Mang Di Dong

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o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng

SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng

SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

DANH MUC HNH VE

4.1 Cau trc mien thi gian LTE

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng

SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng

SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

DANH MUC BNG BIEU

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng

SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

Sinh vin thnc hin

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng

SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

CHUNG 1 GII THIU VE CNG NGH V MUC TIU THIET KE LTE

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng

SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng

SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

Thi biem hon tat

Tnh nang chnh / Thng tin

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng

SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

2,3GHz, 2,5GHz, 3,3-3,8GHz 2,3GHz, 2,5GHz, 3,3-3,8GHz

Thi biem hon tat chuan

Dn kien cuoi nam 2008 hoc bau nam 2009 2009-2010/2012

Dn kien trong nam 2009

Trien khai ra th trung

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng

SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng

SVTH: Nguyen Minh Tm

o n tot nghip rng

Cng ngh LTE cho mang di dng bang

GVHD: ThS. Tran Xun Trvng