CHNG 2

2 3 7 1
3 9 2 3
4 5 0
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =

+ =

+ =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn tnh
V d: Cho h phng trnh
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 3 4
2 3 5 2
2 3 4 0
3 8 5 3 2
4 2 7 9
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
+ =

+ + =

+ + =

+ =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn
tnh
V d: Cho h phng trnh
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 3 4
2 3 5 2
2 3 5 1
2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
3 8 5 3 2 3 8 5 3
0 4 2 7 4 2 7 9
x x x x
x x x x
A
x x x x
x x x
+ =

(

(
+ + =

(
=

(
+ + =

+ =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn tnh
V d: Cho h phng trnh
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 3 4
2 3 5 2
2
2 3 4 0 0
3 8 5 3 2 2
9 4 2 7 9
x x x x
x x x x
B
x x x x
x x x
+ =

(
+ + =

(
=

(
+ + =

+ =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn
tnh
V d: Cho h phng trnh
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 3 4
2 3 5 2
2 3 4 0
3 8 5 3 2
4 2 7 9
2 3 5 1 2
1 2 3 4 0
3 8 5 3 2
0 4 2 7 9
bs
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
A
+ =

+ + =

+ + =

+ =

(
(

(
=
(
(

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn tnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H phng trnh tuyn
tnh
V d:
2 7 1 9
3 1 4 0
5 9 2 5
x
y
z
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

2 7 9
3 4 0
5 9 2 5
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =

+ =

+ + =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H Grame

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H Grame

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H Grame

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H Grame

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H Grame

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H Grame
V d: Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau:

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H Grame

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H Grame

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H Grame

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H Grame
Bi tp: Gii h phng trnh sau:

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 1
2 3 5
3 2 1
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =

+ =

+ =

1 1 2
2 1 3
3 2 1
D

1
1 1 2
5 1 3
1 2 1
D

2
1 1 2
2 5 3
3 1 1
D =
3
1 1 1
2 1 5
3 2 1
D

= -19
= -29
= -9
= -8

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H Grame
1
1
2
2
3
3
19
8
29
8
9
8
D
x
D
D
x
D
D
x
D

= =

= =

= =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
Cc php bin i tng ng h phng trnh
Nhn mt s ( ) vo 2 v ca 1 PT ca h.
i ch hai PT ca h.
Nhn mt s ( ) vo mt PT ri cng vo
PT khc ca h.
0 =
0 =
1
2 3 2
2 5
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =

+ =

+ + =

1
2 3 2
2 4 2 10
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =

+ =

+ + =

2 4 2 10
1
2 3 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =

+ + =

+ =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
Nh vy cc php bin i tng ng h
PT chnh l cc php BSC trn dng ca
ma trn b sung tng ng.

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
Xt h phng trnh tng qut sau:

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
Ta c ma trn b sung tng ng

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
11 12 1 1 1
22 2 2 2
' ' ... ' ... ' '
0 ' ... ' ... ' '
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
' 0 0 ... ' ... ' '
0 0 ... 0 ... 0
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0
r n
r n
r r r n r
a a a a b
a a a b
A a a b
k
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(

Bng cc php B SC chuyn ma trn b sung
v dng:

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
Ma trn A tng ng cho ta h PTTT
11 1 12 2 1 1 1
22 2 2 2 2
1 2
' ' ... ' ... ' '
' ... ' ... ' '
... ... ... ... ...
' ... ' '
0 0 ... 0 ... 0
r r n n
r r n n
r r r r n n r
r n
a x a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x b
x x x x k
+ + + + + =

+ + + + =

+ + =

+ + + + + =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
Khi ta c:
1. Nu th PT th (r +1) v nghim suy
ra h PT v nghim.
2. Nu th h c nghim:
a. Nu r = n (s n) th h PT c nghin
duy nht.
b. Nu r < n (s n) th h PT c v s
nghim, ph thuc vo (n r) tham s.

0 k =
0 k =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
a. Khi r = n (s n) th h PT (II) vit di dng:

11 1 12 2 1 1 1
22 2 2 2 2
' ' ... ' ... ' '
' ... ' ... ' '
... ... ... ... ...
' ... ' '
... ... ...
' '
r r n n
r r n n
rr r rn n r
nn n n
a x a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x b
a x b
+ + + + + =

+ + + + =

+ + =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
b. Khi r < n ta chuyn (n r) n sang v
phi ca h PT ta c h PT sau:
Ta xem cc n v phi l cc tham s, sau
gii cc n cn li theo cc tham s .
11 1 12 2 1 1( 1) 1 1 1
22 2 2 2( 1) 1 2 2
( 1) 1
' ' ... ' ' ... ' '
' ... ' ' ... ' '
... ... ... ... ...
' ' ... ' '
r r r r n n
r r r r n n
r r r r r r r n n r
a x a x a x a x a x b
a x a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + + = +

+ + = +

= +

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
2 3 5 2 5 3
5 3 3 5
5 3 2(5 3) 7 1
5 3 5 3
7 1 6
5 3, 1 2
1
13
2 7
2
x y z x y z
y z y z
x z z x z
y z y z
x m x
y m m y
z m z
x
m y
z
+ = =

+ = =

= + =



= =

= =


= = =


= =

=

= =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
2 3 5 2 5 3
5 4 3 3 5 4
x y z t x y z t
y z t y z t
+ = = +

+ + = =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
2 1
4 1
5 1
2
4
h h
h h
h h

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
Vy h phng trnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
s dng cc php bin i s cp a ma
trn b sung v dng ma trn hnh thang:
...
bs
A

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
Bi Tp: Gii h phng trnh:
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 2
2 3 2 2
3 4 5 1
2 3 0
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =

+ =

+ =

+ + =

=
=
=
=

1
0
2
1
4
3
2
1
x
x
x
x

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
2 1
4 1
2
1 1 2 1 2
0 3 7 4 2
0 3 4 5 1
0 0 4 2 2
h h
h h

(
(

(

(
(

3 2
1 1 2 1 2
0 3 7 4 2
0 0 11 1 1
0 0 4 2 2
h h

(
(

(

(
(

1 1 2 1 2
2 1 3 2 2
0 3 4 5 1
1 1 2 3 0

(
(

(
(
(


4 3
11 4
1 1 2 1 2
0 3 7 4 2
0 0 11 1 1
0 0 0 18 18
h h

(
(

(

(
(

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
Bi Tp: Gii h phng trnh:

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 5 1
3 4 3 1
4 7 1
2 5 5 8 2
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ =

+ + =

+ + =

+ =

1 2 3 4
2 3 4
2 5 1
3 2 0
x x x x
x x x
+ =

+ + =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
11 12 1 1 1
22 2 2 2
' ' ... ' ... ' '
0 ' ... ' ... ' '
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
0 0 ... ' ... ' '
0 0 ... 0 ... 0
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0
r n
r n
bs
r r r n r
a a a a b
a a a b
A a a b
k
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(

Bng cc php B SC chuyn ma trn b sung
v dng:

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
Khi ta c:
1. Nu th PT th (r +1) v nghim suy
ra h PT v nghim.
2. Nu th h c nghim:
a. Nu r = n (s n) th h PT c nghin
duy nht.
b. Nu r < n (s n) th h PT c v s
nghim, ph thuc vo (n r) tham s.

0 k =
0 k =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
1 ( ) 3 ( ) 4
bs
m r A r A + = = = =
2
1 2 1 1 1
0 1 3 2 2
0 0 1 2 3
0 0 0 1 1
bs
A
m m

(
(
(
=
(

(


1 ( ) ( ) 3
bs
m r A r A n + = = = <
Bin lun theo m s nghim ca h:
2
2 1
3 2 2
2 3
( 1) 1
x y z t
y z t
z t
m t m
+ + =

+ + =

H v nghim
H c VSN
H c Ng duy nht
1 ( ) ( )
bs
m r A r A n + = = =

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
2 2 1
2 5 3 0
2 3 3
1
x y z t
x y z t
y z t
x y z mt
+ + =

+ + + =

+ + =

Bi tp: Bin lun theo m s nghim ca h

phng trnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
1 2 1 2 1
0 1 5 3 2
0 0 7 0 5
0 0 0 7 77 43
bs
A
m

(
(

(

Ma trn b sung sau khi bin i s cp
11 ( ) 3 ( ) 4
bs
m r A r A = = < = h v nghim
11 ( ) ( ) 4
bs
m r A r A = = =
h c nghim duy nht

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
2 3 0
2 5 2 1
2 3 1
x y z t
x y z t
y z at b
x z t
+ + =

+ + + =

+ =

+ + =

Bi tp: Bin lun theo a, b s nghim ca h

phng trnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
1 2 1 3 0
0 1 0 7 1
0 0 1 20 3
0 0 0 13 2
bs
A
a b

(
(
(
=
(
(
+ +

13 ( ) 4, a r A = =
2 ( ) 4
bs
b r A - = =
Ma trn b sung sau khi bin i s cp
13 ( ) 3 a r A = =
h c v s nghim
2 ( ) 3
bs
b r A - = =
h v nghim
( ) 4
bs
b r A =
h c nghim duy nht

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: Gii h PT bng PP Gauss
3 2 1
2 3 2
3 4 2 1
x y z
x y mz
x y z
+ + =

+ + =

+ =

Bi tp: Bin lun theo m s nghim ca h

phng trnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
.. 0
.. 0
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 0
n
n
bs
m m mn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
(
(
(
=
(
(
(

Khi bin lun cho h thun nht ta ch quan
tm hng ca ma trn h s
Nhn xt: Trong h thun nht hng ca ma
trn h s lun bng hng ca ma trn b sung

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht
H thun nht ch c 2 trng hp:
H c nghim duy nht
Hng ma trn h s bng s n ca h phng
trnh
H c v s nghim
Hng ma trn h s nh hn s n ca h
phng trnh

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht
Nu h c nghim duy nht th nghim duy
nht l nghim tm thng: (0,0,,0).
Ta gi h thun nht ch c nghim tm
thng.
Nu h c v s nghim th lc ngoi
nghim tm thng h cn c nghim khc
na.
Ta gi h thun nht c nghim khng
tm thng.

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht
V d: Tm m h phng trnh sau
c nghim khng tm thng.

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht
1 2 1
0 3 1
0 0 2
A
m

(
(

(
(
+

2 ( ) 3 m r A = <
Ta c:
Bin i
s cp
Do vi
Vy vi th h c nghim khng
tm thng
2 m=

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht
V d: Tm m h phng trnh sau
c nghim khng tm thng.

Ging vin: Phan c

Tun
5: H PTTT thun nht
Ta c
1 2 1
det( ) 2 1 3
1 1
A
m

=

(3 6) 0 m = + =
2 m =