i

ii

The Official Faculty Publication Of the College of Arts and Sciences

San Beda College Alabang

Alabang Hills Village, Muntinlupa City Volume 4 No. 1 (August 2011)

ISSN 2243-8963

iii

ISSN 2243-8963 ISSN 2243-8963

Editorial Board
Paulito V. Hilario, Ph.D Editor Margaret Sanapo, Ph.D Ernesto Dimaculangan, Ph.D Maria Teresita L. Ingles, M.A Myrna Escoto, M.A. Board Members

Thelma Geraldine A. Baricaua,M.S Consultant

iv

FOREWORD
Ugong Faculty Journal August 2011 issue is a product of scholarly researches of faculty members of San Beda College Alabang College of Arts and Sciences, whose interests are in various disciplines of business , IT, education, arts and sciences. The articles for publication may be in a form of a basic or applied research. The faculty journal follows the standard format for scientific journal, which includes the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results and Discussion, and Conclusion. The inclusion of Recommendation and Acknowledgement is optional to the author/ s of the article. The citation of references is presented based on the standard format set by each discipline; thus, the authors decide on the style of reference citation to use.

The Editors

Table of Contents
Ang Karanasan Ng Imus Sa Himagsikan: Gunita Ng Mga Naghimagsik (1896-1898) Maria Teresita L.Ingles, M.A ......................................................... 2 Cooperation Among Asean And Other Member States (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, And Vietnam) Under The Implementation Of The Common Effective Preferential Tariff (Cept) Scheme Jhino B. Ilano, M.A. ..................................................................... 20 Factors Influencing Physicians In Prescribing Pharmaceutical Products Ernesto D. Dimaculangan, Ph.D. ................................................ 32 Language Anxiety In Oral Communication Of San Beda College Alabang Staff And Employees Jean A. Ariola MA Ed. .............................................................. 48 Predictors Of Social And Intellectual Readiness Among Preschoolers In Selected Schools In Dasmarias, Cavite Ma. Fatima V. Bullecer MA.Ed ................................................... 55

vi

ANG KARANASAN NG IMUS SA HIMAGSIKAN: GUNITA NG MGA NAGHIMAGSIK (1896-1898) MARIA TERESITA L. INGLES, M.A
Abstrak
Ang aking pananaliksik na pinamagatang, Ang Karanasan ng Imus sa Himagsikan: Gunita ng mga Naghimagsik (1896-1898) ay tumatalakay sa mga naging mahahalagang ambag ng bayan ng Imus sa Himagsikang Pilipino noong dantaon 19. Bubuuin ng apat na bahagi ang pagtalakay ng paksa. Sa unang bahagi, ang paglalatag ng mga hakbang ukol sa mga Unang Pagtatanggol. Sa bahaging ito ilalarawan ang pagsanib ng bayan sa Katipunan at ang pagtataglay nito ng katawagang Haligue. Ang bayan ng Imus ay kabilang sa mga bayang pinamahalaan ng Sangguniang Magdalo. Lalamanin din ng bahaging ito ang mga kaparaanang ipinatupad ng mga Espanyol sa panahon ng mga paglusob na gagawin sa mga bayan na hawak ng Sangguniang Magdalo. Ang ikalawang bahagi, paglalarawan ng mga kaparaanang ipinatupad ng mga Espanyol. Tatalakayin naman sa ikatlong bahagi sa mga hakbangin isinagawa ng mga manghihimagsik ukol sa pagtataguyod ng Imus. Iisa-isahin ang pasinaya ng paglusob sa mga kalaban, at pagbawi. At sa ikaapat na bahagi ay mahalagang ipapakita ng pagtugon ng bayan at ng ilang mga pamilya sa panawagan ng Himagsikan. Maipapakita ng pananaliksik na ito ang kahalagahan ng pagtatanggol ng Imus sa panahon ng Himagsikan hindi lang sa antas pampook kundi pati na rin sa pambansang larangan ng pakikibaka upang kamtin ang kalayaan mula sa kamay ng mga kolonyalistang Espanyol. Panimula Natalastas ko na tayoy salat sa mga sandata o sa mga kasangkapan at kagamitan sa isang pakikidigma, kung ito ang paguusapan; ngunit walang makapagsasabing ang Pilipino ang di ang angking sariling tapang, at di may sariling pag-iisip sa pagtatanggol ng kaapihan; wala na tayong nakikitang lalaki pang kaduwagan sa sinasabi ni Florante na guniguning takot sa kalaban; dito ay ating pinag-uusapan ay ang paglaban at hindi ang sandata. Andres Bonifacio -

Mahalaga ang naging papel ng lalawigan ng Cavite sa kasaysayan, at sa pagbubuo ng kamalayan at pagkakakilanlan ng lahing Pilipino lalo na sa panahon ng paghihimagsik laban sa dayuhang Espanyol noong dantaon labing siyam. Ang 2

tradisyon ng pagsusulat ng kasaysayang pampook ng ilang bayan ay nasimulan nang isakatuparan. Isang hamon para sa akin na maging bahagi ng makabuluhang tradisyong ito ng pagsasalaysay ng kasaysayan ng bayan. Mahalagang maipagpatuloy ang ganitong gawaing pananaliksik. Ang muling pagbabalik sa bayan ng Imus at ang muling pakikipagtalastasan sa mga taga-Imus ay masasabi kong isang tagumpay. Halos ibinilang na ang sarili na tunay na kabahagi ng kanilang pook, at pati na rin nang mayabong na kasaysayan ng kanilang bayan. Malaking bahagi ng pagtalakay ang paglalahad ng mga salaysay at gunita (memoir) mismo ng mga lumahok sa Himagsikan. Ilalahad nila ang mga karanasan sa pagtatanggol, pagtataguyod at pagbawing ginawa ng mga naghimagsik upang kamtin ang kalayaan ng bayan. A. Mga Unang Pagtatanggol Itinuring na panahon ng Kaliwanagan nang ang mga Pilipino ay humingi ng pagbabago sa ibat-ibang larangan ng kanilang pamumuhay. Ang pagnanais para sa kalayaan ay humantong sa pagbubuo ng isang pambansang samahan, ang Katipunan. Hiningi sa mga umanib na gumamit ng sagisag, kalakip ng kanyang tunay na pangalan sa pagkabinyagan, at lalagda sa kasulatan ng panunumpa bilang isang kasapi. Nagtakda rin ng mga bagong pangalan na pinakasagisag sa pagkaKatipunan ang ilang mga bayan sa lalawigan ng Cavite: Magdalo (Cavite el Viejo o Kawit), Magdiwang (Noveleta), Magwagi (Naic), Magtagumpay (Maragondon), Haligue (Imus), Gargano (Bacoor), Magpuri (Perez-Dasmarias o Dasmarias), at Bagongsinag (Silang). Pangunahing adhika ng mga naghimagsik ang paggawa ng kaparaanan upang mapatalsik ang mga prayle na nagmamay-ari ng mga bahay-asyenda, partikular sa Imus, at gayundin ng mga kura paroko na namamahala sa mga parokya sa lalawigan. Isinalaysay ni Heneral Artemio Ricarte na, 1 Ang Sangguniang Magdalo kahimat nagsitutol sa paghihimagsik, sa pagkaigaya marahil sa tagumpay na tinamo ng mga tagaMagdiwang, ay nagbangon din sa huli at pinagpilitang madakip ang isang pareha ng guardiya sibil na naparaan lamang doon sa pagtungo sa Imus. 2 Itoy utang din sa matatapang na sina Tirona at Mascardo na silang nanguna sa pangkat na humuli sa mga naturang sibil.

Artemio Ricarte, Himagsikan nang manga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila (Yokohama: 1927), p.13 2 Sinasabi ni Heneral Ricarte sa pahayag na ito na marahil dahil sa tagumpay na tinamo ng Pangkat Magdiwang, nahikayat na rin ang Pangkat Magdalo (pangkat nina Emilio Aguinaldo at Baldomero Aguinaldo) na noong una ay tumutol sa pakikipaghihimagsik laban sa nga Espanyol.

B. Mga Kaparaanang Ipinatupad ng mga Espanyol Sa panahon ng pag-ugong ng pagtatanggol na isasagawa ng mga manghihimagsik, kagyat na naghanda si Gobernador Heneral Ramon Blanco ng isang planong paglusob. Sa pagsasalaysay ni Carlos V. Ronquillo, sinaad niya na: Kasabay ding ipinasiya ni Blanco na kaunin ng tatlong bapor ang apat na libong sundalong Tagalog sa Mindanaw at Jolo na umahon sa Maynila sa Tanghali ng ika-4 ng buwan ding iyon. At ang mga itoy siyang ipinagkakalat sa mga bayang libot ng Kabite at sa mga kabisera sa ibat-ibang Hukumang estado de sitio [kalagayan ng pagkubkob]. At ang mga infanteria marina sa Puwertong Kabite, ay kinaon ng ilan at ipinatauhang kasama ng mga marino sa ibang bayan ng Maynila. 3 Nagsagawa ng mga walang kadahilanang pagdakip kahit sa mga tahimik at nilalapatan ng walang pakundangang pagpapahirap. Upang aminin ang kanilang pagbibintang ay pinatitikim ng makailang palo at dagok hanggang sa magtamo ng mga sugat sa buong katawan, mabalian ng mga ang buto at, kung di makayanan ay tuluyang mamatay. 4 Sa mga probinsya, halos ay kikigin ang punong katawan 5 ng matulis at matayad na patpat. Araw-araw ay halos di nawawalan ang bawat puwesto ng guwardiya sibil ng dalawa o lima na binabalian ng mga buto at tadyang; pinapalo sa tiyan at sa talampakan hanggang sa mga hinlalaki at pinaiinom ng maraming tubig hanggang sa mamutok-mutok ang tiyan, saka binubuhusan ng sukang may sili ang dalawang ilog. At kung di pa masiyahan ay binabaliting abot-siko, dinadala sa labas ng bayan at doon binabaril. 6 C. Pagtataguyod at Pagbawi Sa araw na ito, ika-31 ng Agosto, 1896, naganap ang nabigong paglusob sa Imus. Kinagabihan, sumaklolo ang Pangulo ng Sangguniang Magdalo na si Baldomero Aguinaldo at kusang loob na hinarap ang mga kalaban sa Imus. Dinala naman ni Emilio Aguinaldo ang tropa ng Cavite el Viejo sa Binakayan, upang talibaan ito dahil sa mga kalabang Infanteria Marina sa Polvorin, sa Puntod ng Kulanta. Ang kanilang balak ay hintayin ang kanilang pagpasok sa Binakayan, dahil sa kanilang palagay na kung sila ay lulusob ay hindi nila magagapi ang kuta na kanilang kinalalagyan sa Polvorin na malapit pa sa kutang Artelleria ng Arsenal sa

3 4

5 6

Ibid, p.221 Inilarawan din ni Ronquillo na Saka kung matapos na ay ililipat sa sari-saring bilangguan na ditoy lalo nang pinapagdudusa; iniinis, ibinababad sa hanggang baywang na pusaling tubig, linulunod sa kasalat-salatan at mabahong paghinga at di-pinapakain hanggang sa tamuhin ang masaklap na kamatayan, at kung malisya pa rito, ay hinahatulan agad ng kabuktot-buktutang pagkitil ng buhay. p. 221 Ito ay tumutukoy sa ari ng lalaki. Ronquillo, Carlos V., Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucion) nang 1897, p.221-222

Kabite. 7 Ito ang pahayag ni Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo sa kanyang Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan. Dagdag pa niya: Nang kinahating-gabihan, dumating na ang tropang galing sa Imus, dahil sa nabigo ang pagsalakay dito, sa dahilang sa liwasang bayan pa lamang, bago pumasok ng kabayanan ay nakasagupa na nila ang patrulya ng mga Guardia Civil, at doon na sila naglaban sa plasa ng munisipyo at simbahan ng Imus. Ang mga kalaban ay napatayan nila ng dalawa, at dalawang baril ang kanilang naagaw. Samantalang ang kanilang hukbo ay nakaiwan naman ng isang sugatan sa munisipyo ng Imus, at itoy si Teniente Marcelino Cajulis. 8 Sa paglalahad pa rin ni Heneral Aguinaldo, bilang paghahanda sa kaunaunahang gagawing pagsalakay sa mga kalaban, sa unang araw ng Setyembre, 1896, nagtungo si Jos Tagle 9 sa Kuwartel Heneral sa kumbento ng Cavite el Viejo, at nakipagkita kay Aguinaldo. Humingi ang una ng abuloy upang lusubin ang mga kalaban sa bayan ng Imus. Kaagad naman itong sinang-ayunan ng huli. 10 Sa ika-2 ng Setyembre 1896, isinalaysay din ni Heneral Aguinaldo na ang pangkat na pinanguluhan ni Heneral Baldomero Aguinaldo, ay siya kong inatasang lilibawa sa dakong hilaga o norte, sa kanyang pagsalakay. Sa dakong timog sur, ay ang kawal naman ng Capitan Municipal sa Imus, si G. Jos Tagle, at sa pangharapan o liwasan ng kumbento at simbahan, ay ang aking pangkat, at ako pa rin ang nangunguna sa pagharap sa mga kalaban. 11 Itinuloy ang pagsasalaysay ni Heneral Aguinaldo ng ganito: sa pagsisid ng mga naghihimagsik at sa pagsapit nila sa pintuan ng kumbento, ito ay nakapinid pa. Gumamit kami ng maso at palakol upang gibain ito. Nagawa naming makapasok sa loob ng kumbento. Ang inabutan lamang nila ay isang pareng Pilipino. Ito ay si Padre Buenaventura. Itoy kapagkarakang humarap sa akin nang paluhod at humingi ng tawad. Kanyang ipinagtapat sa akin pagkatapos na kaaalis pa raw lamang ng mga Frayle at Guardia Civil na nagpanakbuhan sa takot, ng kanilang marinig ang tugtog ng banda ng musika at nang matanawan nila sa torre ang makapal na kawal naming dumarating. Dahil dito, muling nagtipon ang kanilang mga kawal. Hinati na naming muli ang grupo sa tatlong pangkat. 12 Isinagawa ang pagkubkob ng timog at kanluran na nababakuran ng matibay na hacienda. 13

Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan, (National Centennial Commision at Cavite Historical Society: 1998), pp. 93-94 8 Ibid., p.94 9 Siya ang Pangulo ng Balangay Pilar at Capitan Municipal ng Imus 10 Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan, p. 95 11 Ibid., p.98 12 Ibid., pp. 98-99 13 Sa paglalarawan ni Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo, ang hacienda ay may sukat na limang ektarya ang laki. Ang looban nito ay nakukulong ng matitibay at matataas na bakod na bato. Matatagpuan ito sa pampangin ng ilog, at saan ka man manggaling ay agad kang matutunghan ng nasa torre at ng nasa hacienda.

At palibhasay sa katibayan ng asyenda na tila sinadya iyon, at sa karamihan ng kaharap nilang mga guwardiya sibil, pare at legong prayle at taongbayan pang basal ang ugali na pumanig doon, ay hindi ito nakuhang wasakin karaka kaya ngat lumawig ang labanan hanggang sa umaga na kinabukasan. Siyang pagkatalo sa nasa asyenda na nangakukulong sila at lalang ng madlang paraan. Tinibag namin ang mga pader, sinunog ang kamalig 14 ng palay, hanggang akalaing idamay ang Bahay-uldg sa kinaroroonan ng kinakaaway. 15 Isinalaysay rin ni Aguinaldo ang kanilang kinahantungan nang maganap ang pagsalakay. Aniya, Bagamat pinasalubungan kami nang kataku-takot na putok ng mga Guardia Civil mula sa torre, gayon din ng mga Frayle mula sa bintana ng hacienda sa ganitong pangyayari, at dahilan sa kabutihan ng mga sandata ng mga kalaban, ay lubhang marami ang nalagas sa aming mga kawal, at napauntol ang pagsisid ng aking mga kasamahan. Walang nakasunod sa akin sa tabi ng pinto ng hacienda kundi ang matapang niyang Sarhento Cuadrillero na si Guillermo Samoy. 16 Habang pinapalakol at binabareta ang malaking pinto ay lalong dinalas-dalas ang pamumutok na halos walang patumangga ng aming mga kalaban sa pangunguna ng balitang Kura na si Fray Eduarte. 17 Ayon naman sa pagsasalaysay ni Ronquillo, sa dalawang labanang iyon, ay nagdalawa ang palad ng mga Tagalog; isa ang pagkaurong sa Bakood (Bacoor) nang sumaklolo sa pamamahala ni Kapitan Emilio na kinamatayan ng dalawang kawal; at isang nabihag; 18 ikalaway ang pagkapagdiwang sa Imus na kinamatayan ng dalawang pare na ditoy isa ang kura sa Imus (Padre Jose Maria Learte), 19 dalawang uldog o legong prayle, isang tenyente (si Chacon), 20 (Juan Perez) (kabo) at isang kbo ng Guwardiya sibil na pawang Kastila, saka isang Tagalog na maruming dugo na nooy kasalukuyang juez de paz doon, 21 Isabelo del Rosario; isang kapitan pasado, alipin at tagasulat ng mga asenderong prayle na kinilalang lubha sa tawag ng lahat na: asong ganid ng prayle. 22

14

Si Juan Patricio ang nagsunog ng kamalig sa Asyenda ng Imus noong 2 Setyembre 1896 sa utos ni Jos Tagle sang-ayon kay Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucin) nang 1897, p.282 15 Ibid., p.282 16 Nasawimpalad na tinamaan siya sa tagpong ito. 17 Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , p. 100-101 18 Tatlo ang ibinigay na mga pangalan ni Ronquillo, sina Juan Raturat, Rufino Magos at Mariano Miguel. Samantalang si Victorino Sambile ang bihag na binabanggit. 19 Siya ay dating Probinsyal Rekoleto, kura paroko ng Imus 1896 hanggang sa napatay ng mga Katipunero 20 Si Enrique Chacon ay primer teniente ng 20 tercio infanteria ng guwardiya sibil sa Imus. Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucin) nang 1897, p. 700 21 Si Juan Fajardo ang hukom tagapamayapa ng Imus noon. 22 Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucin) nang 1897, p. 282

Agad na ibinalita ni Koronel Jos Tagle kay Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo ang tagumpay na nakamit nila laban sa mga kaaway. Inulat niya na, Napatay po naming lahat sa tugisan ng kanilang mga gulukan ang lahat ng mga Frayle at Guardia Civil, nang silay maglabasan sa bahay hacienda noong mga sandaling kayoy nakikihamok sa mga kalaban sa Bakood. Ganoon na po lamang ang sigla at tapang ng ating mga kawal sa pagtutugisan, at ang ganyan ay nagbunga ng isang malaki nating tagumpay, pagkat nakakuha po kami ng may 30 baril na Remington, 2 ripleng magagaling na Winchester na ginagamit ng mga Frayle, 1 kanyon de montaa, at libu-libong bala na aming nangasamsam sa bahay hacienda na kanilang iniwan. 23 Ang magandang balita ni Koronel Tagle ng Imus ay tinugon naman ni Heneral Aguinaldo ng ganito: Naniniwala ako na sa pakikihamok nating ito sa kaharian ng Espanya, upang makalagot sila sa kaalipinan, ay nasa piling natin ang Diyos na lalong makapangyarihan sa lahat. Alam ng Maykapal na iisa lamang ang ating layon, dili ibat ang mahango sa dustang kalagayan ang ating Inang bayan. 24 Ang pagsaklolo ng mga bayan na sakop ng Sangguniang Magdalo gaya ng Cavite el Viejo sa pagtatanggol ng Imus ay naging mahalaga sa larangan ng pagpapatag ng hanay. Isang malaking tagumpay nang makubkob nila ang hacienda, at tuluyang mapalayas ang mga prayle at guardia civil na naghihimpil doon, pati na rin ang mga sandatang kanilang nasamsam na ginamit sa sumunod na pagtatanggol at pagsalakay. Mapapansin sa winika ni Aguinaldo ang tibay ng pananampalataya ng mga naghihimagsik sa Maykapal, na itinuring nila bilang isang Kapanalig. Kapagkarakay ipinag-utos ni Heneral Aguinaldo na ang mga sandatang nasamsam sa labanang iyon sa Imus ang gagamitin sa mga susunod pang labanan. Agad din niyang ipinatayo ang bateriya upang hindi sila maunahan ng mga kalaban. Nag-iwan din si Heneral Aguinaldo kay Koronel Jos Tagle ng ilang mga bilin. 25

23 24

Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , p. 114 Ibid., p. 114 25 Ibid., p. 114 Ipinag-utos ni Heneral Aguinaldo na: Una: Ipagiba agad ang isang arko ng tulay na bato sa kabilang pampang ng hacienda. Ikalawa: Magtayo agad ng trintsera sa may lihim na lugal sa kabilang pampang ng ilog tapat ng pagdaraanan ng mga kalaban na nangagaling sa Bakood. Ikatlo: Ang lahat ng barilan at gulukan ay manganganlong sa itatayong tanggulan, at sinuman ang huwag magpapakita o magpapaputok ng baril kahit naririto na ang mga kalaban, samantalang hindi pa pumuputok ang kanyon, sa putol na tulay o arkong giba na kaniyang kinalalagyan.

Sumunod namang kinaharap ng mga manghihimagsik ang tinaguriang Kolumnang Togores-Garcia. 26 ng texto official ng mga Kastila. Napaurong ng Kolumnang ito ang munting pulutong nina Aguinaldo sa bayang Bakood. Tumuloy ang Kolumna sa bayan ng Imus nang araw ding iyon (ika-2 Setyembre). Nagkaputukan nga ng pinagsanib na pangkat nina Togores-Garcia ang mga nagtanggol sa Asyenda. Umurong naman ang nasabing Kolumna na nagtatakbuhan sa Asyenda. 27 Dito sila nagtago at ginamot din ang mga sugatang iniurong nila. Dinagdagan ni Gobernador Heneral Blanco ng isa pang pulutong ang Kolumna. Ang mga Kolumnang nagsilakad na patungong Imus ay pinamunuan ng Tenyente Koronel Togores at Garcia at sumaklolo sa Imus, kalakip ng pulutong ni Aguirre. Ang pulutong na itoy pawang artilyero at isang seksyon pa ng mga guardia civil. Ayon kay Ronquillo, Ang tangka ni Blanco kaya si Aguirre ang siyang pinalakad, ay upang pamunuan ang tanang pulutong; at ang sa ganitoy mapilit ding kunin ang bayan ng Imus sa pamamagitan ng dalawang piyesa ng caon Plasencia 28 sa tulong ng gayong karaming sundalo; (200 mahigit) at kundi mangyariy kilanlin lamang na tunay kung paanong anyot mga kalagayan mayroon ang Imus, kaya si Aguirre ang siyang pinalakad. 29 Itinuring ni Heneral Aguinaldo ang naganap na labanan noong ika-2 ng Setyembre 1896, bilang una niyang pagkabigo sa hukbo ng mga Espanyol. Dumating sa Kuwartel Heneral, sa Kumbento ng Cavite el Viejo, si Gil Ignacio, Pangulo ng balangay Gargano 30 ng Katipunan. Humingi sila ng tulong dahil sa makapal na Infanteria, Caballera, at Artilleria na nasa Pulang Lupa (sa Paraaque), at Las Pias, na sasaklolo sa hacienda sa Imus na nakukulong ng mga manghihimagsik ng Imus.31 Ika- 3 ng Setyembre nang tumungo ang pangkat ni Heneral Aguinaldo sa Imus. Pinutol ng mga manghihimagsik ang Tulay ng Isabel II sa tabi ng Asyenda ng Imus. 32 Dahil sa ganitong pagkabigla ng pangkat ng mga Espanyol, sila ay

26

Si Jos Togores ng caballera Espanyol, na nang lumaoy tenyente koronel at, naging Pangulo ng Hukumang Digmaang lumitis kay Jose Rizal, Disyembre 26,1896. Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucin) nang 1897, p. 701 27 Sa bahagi ng Bacoor, sa barangay San Nicolas sa kasalukuyan. 28 Ipinangalan kay Koronel Plasencia, ang imbentor ng uri ng kanyong ito. 29 Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucin) nang 1897, p. 287 30 Ito ay Bakoor. May kasama pa siyang dalawa pang Katipunero mula sa lugar. 31 Ang tinutukoy na nakukulong sa loob ng hacienda ay ang mga asyenderong paring at ilang mga guardia civil. Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , p.105 32 Dagdag pa ni Ronquillo, na ang tinutukoy ay ang Tulay ng Isabel II sa may Daang Liko, Imus, ay ginawa ni uldg Matias Carbonel de la Concepcin (1806-1861). Siya ay naging katiwala ng Asyenda ng Imus noong 1856 nang ang gobernador pulitiko-militar ng lalawigan ng Cavite ay si Koronel Gabriel de Llamas at namamahala namang GobernadorHeneral ng Pilipinas ay si Manuel Crespo. Isang medalyang ginto ang iginawad kay uldg Matias na nooy Gobernador Ramn Monter ng Pilipinas. Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucin) nang 1897, p.701

nagkagulo. Ito na ang hudyat ng walang tigil na putukan sa pagitan ng magkabilang panig. Tumagal nang halos maghapon ang labanang ito sa Imus. Pagkatapos ng labanan at umalis na ang mga kalaban, at naiwan ang may dalawang karitong bangkay. Nakakuha ang mga manghihimagsik ng 70 baril na Remington, at ang sableng naiwan ni Heneral Aguirre. Ipinasiya ng Sangguniang Bayang Magdalo na ilipat ang Pamahalaang Panghihimagsik sa bahay hacienda sa Imus. Naghirang din sila ng mangagsisipamuno ng pagpapanibagong tatag ng Pamahalaang Magdalo, 33 at ang mga ito ay ang mga sumusunod: Pangulo: G. Baldomero Aguinaldo Secretario de Guera: G. Candido Tri Tirona Secretario de Hacienda: G. Cayetano Topacio Secretario de Fomento: G. Glicerio Topacio Secretario de Agricultura: G. Felix Cuenco Secretario de Justicia: G. Sixto Espinosa Teniente General en Jefe Abanderado: G. Emilio Aguinaldo Ang pamahalaang Magdalo ay inilipat sa Imus mula sa Cavite el Viejo, na pinamalagian hanggang noong kalahatian ng Marso ng 1897 na kinuha naman sa Imus ng mga Espanyol, at ikinapatay tuloy noon ni Tenyente Heneral G. Crispulo Aguinaldo, kapatid ni Emilio Aguinaldo. 34 Nagpasiyang lumusob sa Cavite ang bagong Gobernador Heneral na si Camilo Garcia de Polavieja. Binuo ito ng 40,000 Infanteriang Espanyol na kararating lamang buhat sa Espanya sa pangunguna ni Heneral Lachambre. Ang planong paglusob ay itinakda sa ika-15 ng Pebrero 1897. Nagpulong ang dalawang Sangguniang Bayan sa Cavite 35 ukol sa pagtugon sa paglusob na isasagawa ng mga Espanyol. Layunin ng pulong ang pagsasanib na dalawang Balangay, maghalal ng isang pamahalaan lamang, isang

33

34 35

Ayon pa kay Aguinaldo, Ang panibagong pamahalaan ay nagpasinaya agad sa pagkakatatag ng maestranza gawaran ng sandata at iba pa, sa kapakanan ng himagsikan sa isang kamalig ng hacienda. Pinatayuan ko ito ng mga aparatus ng ginagamit sa pagrerecarga ng mga kartuchos ng baryo para sa sariling gamit at pagbubuo ng baril na nasisira sa pangangasiwa ni Coronel Eduardo Legaspi alias Dodong. Dito rin ipinapagawa ang mga kanyong tubong bakal ng mga kaldera, na nililikawan at binabalutan muna ng kawad bago lalapatan pa ng magkabiyak na kahoy molave gijo, tuloy bubukluran ng sunud-sunod na plantsuelang bakal. Ang mga kanyong tanso ay dito rin ginagawa at binubuo, pati ang mga kampana ng simbahan na binabasag bago tutunawin at bago ihuhulog sa buuan para maging kanyon. Itoy sa pamamatnugot ni Heneral Ignacio Pawa, isang Tsino. Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , p.132 Artemio Ricarte, Himagsikan nang manga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila, (Yokohama: 1927), p.27 Sangguniang Bayang Magdalo at Sangguniang Bayang Magdiwang

pamunuan at maghirang ng magsisipamahala. Ngunit walang napagtibay sa mga layuning itinakda. Pinagpaliban nila ang pulong pangkalahatan. 36 Dahil sa malungkot na kaganapang ito, nakapagbitaw ng mabigat na salita si Heneral Artemio Ricarte sa gitna ng gusot sa pagitan ng dalawang Sanggunian. Aniya, Ang dalawang Pamahalaang ito ng Panghihimagsik ay lumakad nang buong kahusayan sa pamamatnubay ng isang magiting na pag-ibig sa tinubuang-lupa, nang walang ibang tunguhin kundi ang layang ikinalilikha ng Katipunan; kung kaya, ang anumang nagiging kakulangan ng isa, ay napupunan ng isa, at kahit saan dako magipit ang isa sa pakikilaban, ay patakbong sinasaklolohan ng isa; ngunit napakapait alalahanin ang nangyari nang dakong huli, samantalang napapalapit ang pagtatapos ng taong 1896, ang dalawang Pamahalaang iyan ay walang abugabog na nagwalang-bahala kapwa sa mga pangangailangan at kapahamakang inaabot ng isa, hanggang silay nagtatanimang unti-unti, at lumala nang lumala hanggang sumapit ang sandaling muntik nang ipagbaka ng mga magkababayan din. 37 Isinalaysay ni Heneral Ricarte, ang paghahandang isinagawa ng mga manghihimagsik. Nagsisipaghanda, nagtayo ng mga tanggulang makakapal at matataas, gumawa ng mga hukay at yungib ang mga naghihimagsik sa lahat ng pook na inakalang daraanan ng mga kaaway. Aniya, Bahagya pa lamang sumisikat ang araw ng ika-16 ng Pebrero, 1897, ay nagsimula na ang mga kakila-kilabot na paputok ng mga kanyon at baril sa mga pangunahing tanggulan nasa pagitan ng Las Pias at Bakood at gayon din naman sa mga nasa Silang at sa mga nasa pagitan nito ang Santa Rosa (Laguna de Bay.) (Ang mga tanod ng himagsikang nasa mga tanggulan sa Bacoor na pinamamahalaan ng mga Koronel Pio del Pilar, Mariano Noriel, at Agapito Bonson, na sinamahan pa ng mga kawal na sina San Gabriel at Montalan mula sa Noveleta at ng mga kawal ng Imus sa piling ng Komandante Lucas Camerino at saka ng pangkat ni G. Andres Bonifacio. 38 Mahalaga at makulay ang ginawang paglalarawan ni Ricarte sa kanyang memoir. Halos hindi maaninag noong Pebrero 16 ang tanawin na nilukuban ng matinding panganganyon at pagpapaputok ng riple sa unang linya ng trintsera sa pagitan ng Bacoor at Imus, ganoon din sa bayan ng Silang at Santa Rosa sa Laguna.
36

37 38

Ayon pa kay Aguinaldo, Gayunpaman, sa aking sariling palagay, ay tila mandin huli na sa panahon ang ganitong pag-iisa ng dalawang pangkat ng mga manghihimagsik sa Kabite pagkat tayoy nagagapi na ng mga kalaban, at sa katunayan ay nakuha na ang bayan ng Silang at Dasmarias. Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , p.230 Artemio Ricarte, Himagsikan nang manga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila, (Yokohama: 1927), p. 18 Ibid., pp. 225-226

10

Ipinagtanggol ng mga naghihimagsik ang garison sa Bacoor sa ilalim ng pamumuno nina Koronel na Pio del Pilar, Mariano Noriel at Agapito Bonson, na sinaklolohan ng mga tropa sa Noveleta sa ilalim ng mga Kapitang sina Gabriel at Montalan, kasama ng mga Tropa sa Imus sa pangunguna ni Mayor Lucas Camerino, at sina Andres Bonifacio sa ilalim ni Brigadyr-Heneral Lucino. Sa maikling labanang naganap sa gabi at araw, nanatili sa mga trintsera ang mga naghihimagsik hanggang ika-26 ng Marso 1897 na lumikas din dahil sa pagkuha ng mga Espanyol sa Imus noong Marso 25. Umatake ang mga ito mula sa bahay-ari-arian sa Salitran na nasa pagitan ng Imus at Dasmarias. 39 Nagpapatunay lamang ito na ang Himagsikan ay hindi lamang pagtatanggol na inilunsad ng iilang mga pinuno, kundi higit sa lahat, ang paglahok ng nakararaming kababayan upang mapagwagian ang pakikipaglaban. Ang lahat ng ambag ng bawat naninirahan sa bayan, maliit man o malaki, ay tunay na makabuluhang ambag sa tagumpay ng Himagsikan. Tunay na masalimuot ang mga panahong ito na halos hindi mo mapanghawakan ang magaganap o kahahantungan nito sa kinabukasan. Ayon pa kay Heneral Ricarte, Sa buong maghapon ng ika-16 at 18 Pebrero (1897) ang mga Espanyol ay lagi nang gumawa ng mga pagtatangka, sa tulong din ng mga kanyon at pandigmaang-dagat, upang kanilang masalakay at makuha ang bai-baitang na mga tanggulang naghihimagsik; ngunit walang nangyari. Araw-gabing nanatili ang ating mga kawal sa mga tanggulan hanggang ika-16 ng Marso 1897 na ikinapagkuha sa Imus noong ika-25 ng mga Kastilang nagbuhat sa sunog na bahay-asyenda sa Salitran, na nasa pag-itan ng Dasmarias at Imus. 40 Sa isa sa mga huling araw ng Marso, 1897, umalis ang mga Kastila sa Imus. Dumaan ang mga ito sa mga lumang sakahan sa dakong timog ng kabayanan ng Cavite el Viejo. Pumasok ang mga ito sa lupang sakop ng San Francisco de Malabon hanggang makarating sa nayon ng Bakaw ng naturang bayan. Nakuha nila ang Noveleta sa pag-urong sa labanan. Ang tanggulang ito, na di nakuha kailanman ng mga Kastila, ay napilitang iwan ng mga tanod na pinangungunahan ni Heneral San Miguel. 41 Inatasan ni Heneral Aguinaldo 42 sina Heneral Baldomero Aguinaldo, Heneral Pantalen Garcia, at iba pang mga naghihimagsik gaya nina Koronel Jose
39

National Historical Institute, Memoirs of General Artemio Ricarte, (Manila: National Historical Institute, 1992), pp. 32-33 40 Artemio Ricarte, Himagsikan nang manga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila, p. 47 41 Ayon kay Aguinaldo, Kung kami man ay napaurong at nagtakbuhan sa labanang ito, ay parang nagtagumpay din kami sa pangayayaring katakut-takot na dami ng bulagtang bangkay na naiwan nila sa amin. Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , p.246 42 May karamdaman si Aguinaldo na malaria na nagsimula pa sa labanan sa Bayang Luma. Ayon kay Aguinaldo na Sadyang ipinag-adya ako ng Maykapal gayon din ang ating Inang Bayan. Ang totoo, akoy di halos makatakbo sa pag-urong na ito sapagkat nanghihina na

11

Topacio, Koronel Jos Tagle, at iba pa na sila na ang bahalang magtanggol sa kabayanan ng Imus. Sa patuloy na pagsasalaysay ni Heneral Ricarte, winika niya na nakuha rin ng mga naghihimagsik ang mga kuwartel ng mga Guwardiya Sibil sa Noveleta, San Francisco de Malabon, Quintana, Naik, Pulangi, Magallanes, Alfonso, Silang, Paliparan,43 at Imus. Nagamit sa paghihimagsik ang mga naagaw na mga baril at amunisyon, kabilang na ang mga kinukumpuni gaya ng mga lantaka na yari sa tubong bakal na matibay na tinalian ng kawad ng telegrapo, at ang mga kanyong inihagis sa pundisyon sa Imus sa pangunguna ng Kristiyanong Tsino na si (Heneral) Jose Ignacio Paua. Siya ay taga-Maynila ngunit naninirahan sa San Francisco de Malabon. 44 Sa pagpapatuloy ng salaysay ni Heneral Ricarte, inusal niya na, Sa huling bahagi ng Marso, habang ang mga Espanyol ay lumikas sa Imus at tumawid sa palayan sa timog ng Cavite Viejo, tinahak nila ang San Francisco de Malabon at naabot ang pinakamalayong lugar ng Bacao. Sa ika-4 ng hapon, nakasagupa nila ang pangkat ni Bonifacio, at ng Magdiwang. Iginiit ng mga naghihimagsik sa kahit anong paraan na itulak sa Imus ang mga Espanyol ngunit sila ay nabigo. Nanatili ang mga Pwersang Espanyol sa baryo nang gabing iyon.45 Muli namang nabawi ng mga manghihimagsik ang bayan ng Imus noong ika-28 ng Marso, taong 1898. Matatandaang inokupa ng mga manghihimagsik ang Imus noong unang araw ng Setyembre, taong 1896. Naging himpilan naman ng Kapulungan ng mga Naghihimagsik ang naturang bayan noong Hunyo, 1897. Ayon sa pagtalakay ni Arsenio Manuel sa mga tala ni Toms Tirona, hindi rin nakaligtas ang mga ministro ng Simbahan sa Himagsikan, partikular sa lalawigan ng Cavite. Hindi maganda ang naging tadhana ng paring Recoleto na si Padre Jos Mara Liarte, at iba pang mga residenteng Espanyol sa bayan ng Imus. Tinadtad ang bahaging katawan ni Padre Liarte, at ang iba naman ay pinana at pinagtataga hanggang sa kamatayan ng mga ito. Muling nabuhay sa alaala ng mga naninirahan sa lugar ang mga kawalang-katarungan, paninirang-puri, at kalupitang kanilang sinapit sa kamay ng mga mananakop, karaniwang tao man o relihiyoso. Ang pagsiklab ng kanilang poot ay hindi humupa kahit pa sa pagtatapos ng Himagsikan. 46

ako, bakit akoy inaapoy ng lagnat kaya nagpagapang-gapang lamang ako sa bambang (kanal) ng patubig sa kabukiran at sa ibaba ng tulay ng kung tawagin ay Kay Julian. Patang-pata ako noon pagkat nagkataon noon na ang dati kong karamdamang Malaria ay muli na namang sumumpong sa akin. Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , p.247 43 Isang barangay ito sa bayan ng Damarias. 44 National Historical Institute, Memoirs of General Artemio Ricarte, p. 11 45 Ibid., p. 42 46 Arsenio Manuel, Biography of Toms Tirona, p.339

12

Malaki ang naging bahagi ng pamilya Topacio ng Imus, partikular sa katauhan ng tatlong heneral ng naghimagsik na sina Heneral Licerio Topacio, 47 Cayetano Topacio, 48 at Felipe Topacio. Nahikayat nila ang kanilang mga kamaganak, partikular na si Heneral Licerio Topacio, 49 na maging bahagi ng pagtatanggol sa lalawigan laban sa mga Espanyol. Kabilang si Licerio Topacio sa matandang henerasyon na kabilang sa Himagsikan at 57 taon gulang na siya noong 1896. Naging bahagi si Heneral Topacio ng mahigit sa isang depensa ng Imus. Kabilang siya sa tinukoy ng Pangulo ng Magdalo na si Baldomero Aguinaldo na dumalo sa Kumbensyon sa Tejeros noong Marso 22, 1897. Ayon naman sa pagtalakay ni Ordoez, na sa kabila ng kanyang katandaan, nagsilbi at nakipaglaban siya sa buong panahon ng Himagsikan, mula sa maagang tagumpay sa Cavite at mga kalapit na lalawigan hanggang sa pag-agaw ng Cavite, at paglalakbay ng mga manghihimagsik sa Biak-na-Bato, ang pagpapatuloy ng labanan sa pagitan ng mga Pilipino at Espanyol sa panahon ng labanan sa pagitan ng pagpapatapon kina Aguinaldo sa Hongkong, ang pagtatag ng Republika ng Malolos noong 1898, hanggang sa pagsimula ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano noong 1899. Napabilang si Heneral Licerio Topacio sa hanay nina Heneral Tinio sa rehiyong Ilokos nang mahuli si Emilio Aguinaldo sa Palanan noong 1901. 50 Samantalang si Cayetano Topacio, kilala sa tawag na Kapitan Kanoy, ang Kalihim ng Pananalapi sa Sangguniang Magdalo. Tinukoy din siya bilang Jefe de Governacin de Departamento del Sur de Luzon na kaniyang hinawakan hanggang sa pagtatapos ng Himagsikan. Kabilang din si Kapitan Kanoy sa ginanap na Kumbensyon sa Tejeros noong 1897. 51 Matatandaan na dito ginanap ang halalan hinggil sa pagtatag ng bagong pamahalaang hahalili sa pamahalaan ng Katipunan na tutugon sa mga bagong pangangailangan. Ang tagumpay ng mga naghihimagsik sa bayan ng Imus ay nakatatak na sa kasaysayan ng lalawigan ng Cavite. Ang sama-samang pagkilos, paglahok at
47

Ayon kay Elmer Ordoez, sa kaniyang akdang, Capitang Seryo: The Story of General Licerio Topacio, si Itay Seryo ay ipinanganak sa bahay na bato noong Agosto 27, 1839, nang mag-asawang Miguel Topacio at Martina Cuenca (Bacoor.) Napangasawa niya si Teodora Via na namatay naman bago ang Himagsikan. Nagkaroon sila ng sampung anak: Candido Andres (na naging Koronel ng Himagsikan), Remigio (Koronel), Eugenio (Opisyal ng Rebolusyonaryong Sandatahan), Juan, Eugenia, Aurelia, Constancia, Juliana at Maria. Namatay siya noong Abril 19, 1925 sa edad na walumput anim. 48 Ayon naman kina Saulo at De Ocampo, History of Cavite: the Mother Ground of Philippine Revolution, Independence, Flag and NationalAnthem, isinilang si Cayetano Topacio noong Agosto 9, 1850 ng mag-asawang Modesto Topacio at Ines Palma. Ipinadala siya sa Maynila pagkatapos ng maagang pag-aaral. Nanirahan siya sa kanyang pamilya sa Imus, at napangasawa si Petra Concepcion. Namatay siya noong Agosto 17, 1943 sa edad na siyamnaput tatlo. 49 Si Licerio Topacio ang pinuno ng pwersang Rebolusyonaryo noon. 50 Elmer A. Ordoez, Capitang Seryo: The Story of General Licerio Topacio, (Paragraphics, 1998) 51 Saulo at De Ocampo, History of Cavite: the Mother Ground of Philippine Revolution, Independence, Flag and National Anthem, (Cavite: Trece Martires, 1985)

13

pagdadamayan ng mga taga-Imus ang patuloy na gumagabay sa mga taga-Imus upang ipagpatuloy ang magandang simulain ng kanilang mga mahuhusay na pinagmulang-lahi. D. Ang Pagtugon ng Bayan Marami ang dumanas ng mga pagpapahirap kapag nahuli sila ng mga kalaban, sa kabila ng kawalang kasulatang pagsusuri. Nagtiis ng hirap ang mga lalaki at pati ang mga babaeng asawa, kapatid, o hipag man ng mga punong nanghihimagsik na kanilang nahuli. Inilarawan ni Ronquillo ang kinasapitan ng pagpapahirap sa mga Tagalog sa kamay ng mga kaaway sa ganitong paraan; Dahil nga ritoy siyang lalong ikinalubha ng Panghihimagsik. Ang mga tahimik ay nangag pilitang maglags sa parang at walang ibang pangulong tika sa pakikiaway, kundi ang kamaganakan, na walang ibang sandata kundi ang garote at gulok, pangibong baril at sibat na kawayan, buho o patalim; pelang (isang uri ng gulok o itak), palakol at pana, na mahaharap sa daan-daang kaaway na nagsisiusig at panay barilan. 52 Nang naganap na nga ang kaguluhan noong ika- 31 Agosto 1896, nang maramdaman ng mga taumbayan ang mga unang pagkilos ng mga puno, naglabasan sila at tangan nila ang matutulis na yaring balaraw. Ang iba naman ay mga gulok na luma ang nasa kamay. Mayroong may bitbit na palakol, at mayroon pang nakasuksok sa baywang na pait. Sa panahong nagtagumpay sa pakikikamok ang mga naghihimagsik sa Imus, masigla at walang takot na sigawan ng madla ang narinig sa kabayanan, hanggang sa kasuluk-sulukang pook ng lalawigan. Sang-ayon kay Heneral Artemio Ricarte, wala pang isang linggo noon at ang karamihan sa mga bayan, matapos pasukin ang mga bantay na sibil sa kanikanilang pook, ay nagsianib sa Sangguniang Bayang Magdiwang ang iba, at ang iba namay sa Sangguniang Bayang Magdalo. Mula nga noon ay nahulog ang buong lalawigan ng Kabite sa kapangyarihang naghihimagsik (maliban ang pangulong bayan at ang San Roque, La Caridad at Carmona, saka ang himpilan ng mga kawal na impanteryang pangdagat sa Binakayan na sakop ng Cavite el Viejo at ang guardiya sibil sa pook ng Carmen (Puting Kahoy) na nasasakupan ng Silang. 53 Naghanda ang mga naghihimagsik, Katipunero man o hindi, laban sa mga Espanyol, na papasok sa Imus noong unang araw ng Setyembre, taong 1896. Inilarawan naman ni Emilio Aguinaldo ang pakikisangkot ng mga Tagalog, Masayang-masaya kami dahil sa hatid pa kami ng banda ng musika na lubos na nakabubuhay ng loob sa paglakad. Ang bawat
52

Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucin) nang 1897, p. 222 53 Artemio Ricarte, Himagsikan ng mga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila, p.14 14

lalaking madaanan at makatanaw sa kanila ay kusang loob at agad-agad nangagsisisama sa tropa, pagkatapos makuha ang kanikanilang sibat at gulok, kayat nang dumating kami sa tulay Balimbing, bago pumasok ng kabayanan ng Imus, ay namasdan nito na ang kasama niyang kawal ay mahigit pa sa dalawang libong katao. 54 Ika- 2 ng Setyembre naman nang minadali ng mga taumbayan sa buong magdamag ang pagtatayo ng mga trintsera. Isinagawa nila ito sa pamamagitan ng mga hukay-hukay na nilagyan ng mga lusong at puno ng saging. Tulung-tulong at matagumpay din nilang pinutol ang tulay at giniba ng arko. Dito nila inilagay ang kanyon de montaa na tinatakpan ng mga dahon ng kahoy at paharap sa daang panggagalingan ng mga kawal ng Espanya. Muling nakihamok laban sa malaking pulutong ng kabalyeriyang sibil ang bagong puwersang nakaharap doon. Umurong ang mga Espanyol dahil sa sigawan ng makapal na dami ng tao na nag-ipon sa asyendang naagaw. Pagdating ng ilang mga taga-Imus sa tagpuan, inanyayahan ang lahat ng naghihimagsik upang magsikain. Ang lahat ng bahay ay naghanda na wala namang humihiling sa kanila. Pinahalagahan ito at batay sa paglalarawan ni Aguinaldo: Ang gayong kagandahang-loob ng mga taga-Imus, ay hindi malimut-limutan ni Aguinaldo pagkat iyan ay nagpapakilala ng kanilang pag-ibig sa ating bayan sa pagkalulunggating lumaya. Ang kagandahang loob nilang iyan ay kailangang maisulat ng ganitong panitik sa kasaysayan ng ating paghihimagsik laban sa Espaa. 55 Ang pagsalubong at pagtugon ng taumbayan sa gitna ng pakikipaghimagsik ay nagpakita ng kanilang pakikiisa na wakasan na ang pananakop ng mga Espanyol. Malaking tagumpay ang nakamtan, at nahango ang bayan ng Imus mula sa mga Espanyol dahil sa rin sa walang kapagurang pakikiisa sa Himagsikan. Nararapat ding banggitin ang pagtulong ng mga maykaya sa bayan ng Imus, lalo na sa mga ibinigay nitong mga abuloy na kinailangan sa paghihimagsik. Sa pagwawakas, tinangkang mailarawan ang kabuuang kalagayan ng bayan sa panahon ng pakikihamok laban sa mga kaaway. Ipinagmamalaking sinabi ni Aguinaldo ang tagpong ito sa kasaysayan; Sa simula ng pagbabangon hanggang maitatag sa Imus ang bagong pamahalaan, ang mabuting pagsusunuran at pag-iibigan ng mga taong bayan at ng nanghihimagsik ang siyang naghari at totoong kahanga-hanga. Dahil dito, walang mababalitaan man lamang na nakawan o kaligaligan, ni nanggagahasa nanghaharang na nangyayari mapa-araw at mapa-gabi. Ang
54
55

Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , pp. 96-97

Ibid., pp. 100-101

15

lalong kalugud-lugod sabihin ay sa buong magdamag ay nakapaglilibot, babae at lalaki nang buong katahimikan na walang sinumang gagambala sa sinuman, at pawang kapatid ang batian at tawagan. 56 Ang Himagsikan, kung gayon, ay lumikha ng matibay na ugnayan ng taumbayan at mga naghihimagsik bunsod ng pagdadamayan at pagkakaisa. Lumikha ng isang matatag na samahan at pagkakasundo na lalo pang pinatatag ng pagpapahalaga at pagkilala sa kagalingan ng bawat isa. Nagluwal din ito ng isang mapayapang at matiwasay na daloy ng pamumuhay. Nagturingan hindi lang magkababayan, kundi higit sa lahat, bilang mga pagkakapatid na binigkis ng adhikaing kamtin ang kapayapaan, kaluwalhatian at kalayaan. PAGLALAGOM Dumanas ng matinding pagsasamantala at pagpapahirap ang mga naninirahan sa Imus sa huling bahagi ng dantaon 17, ang panahon nang ang malaking bahagi ng bayan ay pinagharian ng mga Espanyol. Naging mitsa ng paghihimagsik ang mga pagsasamantalang inihasik ng mga asyendero sa mga umuupa, kabilang na ang mga dumanas ng pag-agaw ng kanilang lupain. Umangat ang anyo ng pakikibaka, mula usapin ng lupa, at tumuloy ito sa isang malawakang Himagsikan kung saan ang tagpuan ng labanan ay naganap sa bayan ng Imus. Inilipat sa Imus ang tanggulan ng pamahalaang Magdalo. Dumanas ng sanlaksang pagkasawi sa hanay ng mga nagtataguyod sa bayan hanggang sa tuluyang mabawi ang Imus mula sa mga Espanyol. Mahalaga ang ginampanan ng mga pamilyang Tirona, Tagle, Topacio at iba pa, hindi lamang sa larangan ng pagtatanggol sa bayan sa panahon ng Himagsikan. Ipinagpatuloy nila ang pagsisilbi sa bayan ng Imus mula sa panahong ito hanggang sa panahon ng paglaya. Hindi tumigil ang mga manghihimagsik na itaguyod ang kagalingang pambayan sa panahong makamit na ang tagumpay mula sa pambubusabos ng mga ordeng relihiyoso at opisyal na Espanyol. Umukit sa kasaysayan ng bayan ng Imus ang walang katumbas na pag-aalay ng buhay ng mga taumbayan ng Imus, at sa mga kanugnog nitong bayan, partikular na ang mga kabilang sa Bayang Sangguniang Magdalo gaya ng Bacoor, Kawit at Dasmarias. Tunay na inaalala ang kanilang kabayanihan hanggang sa kasalukuyan at ipinagmamalaki bilang mga pangunahing tauhang historikal ng bayan ng Imus. KONGKLUSYON AT REKOMENDASYON Ang mga pagsasamantalang inihasik ng mga asyendero sa mga umuupa, kabilang na ang mga dumanas ng pag-agaw ng kanilang lupain, ang naging mitsa ng paghihimagsik. Umangat ang anyo ng pakikibaka, mula usapin ng lupa, at tumuloy ito sa isang malawakang Himagsikan kung saan ang tagpuan ng labanan ay naganap
56

Ibid, pp. 130-131

16

sa bayan ng Imus. Dumanas ng sanlaksang pagkasawi sa hanay ng mga nagtataguyod sa bayan hanggang sa tuluyang mabawi ang Imus mula sa mga Espanyol. Nanguna sa paghihimagsik ang dalawang Sangguniang Bayan nabuo sa lalawigan ng Cavite: ang Sangguniang Bayan Magdiwang at Sangguniang Bayan Magdalo. Partikular naman sa bayan ng Imus, naging makasaysayan ang mga tagumpay na tinamo at saksi sa mga ito ang mga kabilang sa Sangguniang Bayang Magdalo. Di matatawaran, sa kabila ng ilang pagkukulang, ang ginampanang papel ng mga pamilyang Tirona, Tagle, Topacio at iba pa sa larangan ng pagtatanggol sa bayan ng Imus sa panahon ng Himagsikan. Ipinagpatuloy din nila ang pagsisilbi sa bayan ng Imus mula sa panahong ito hanggang sa panahon ng paglaya. Hindi tumigil ang mga manghihimagsik na itaguyod ang kagalingang pambayan sa panahong makamit na ang tagumpay mula sa pambubusabos ng mga ordeng relihiyoso at opisyal na Espanyol. Umukit sa kasaysayan ng bayan ng Imus ang walang katumbas na pag-aalay ng buhay ng mga taumbayan ng Imus, at sa mga kanugnog nitong bayan, partikular na ang mga kabilang sa Bayang Sangguniang Magdalo gaya ng Bacoor, Kawit at Dasmarias. Patuloy na inaalala ang kanilang kabayanihan hanggang sa kasalukuyan at ipinagmamalaki bilang mga pangunahing tauhang historikal ng bayan ng Imus. Ang pagsalubong at pagtugon ng taumbayan sa gitna ng pakikipaghimagsik ay nagpakita ng kanilang pakikiisa na wakasan na ang pananakop ng mga Espanyol. Malaking tagumpay ang nakamtan, at nahango ang bayan ng Imus mula sa mga Espanyol dahil sa rin sa walang kapagurang pakikiisa sa Himagsikan. Nararapat ding banggitin ang pagtulong ng mga maykaya sa bayan ng Imus, lalo na sa mga ibinigay nitong mga abuloy na kinailangan sa paghihimagsik. Ang Himagsikan ay lumikha ng matibay na ugnayan ng taumbayan at mga naghihimagsik bunsod ng pagdadamayan at pagkakaisa. Bumuo ito ng isang matatag na samahan at pagkakasundo na lalo pang pinatatag ng pagpapahalaga at pagkilala sa kagalingan ng bawat isa. Nagluwal din ito ng isang mapayapang at matiwasay na daloy ng pamumuhay. Nagturingan hindi lang magkababayan, kundi higit sa lahat, bilang mga pagkakapatid na binigkis ng adhikaing kamtin ang kapayapaan, kaluwalhatian at kalayaan. Ang ganitong mahabang kasaysayan ng pagtatanggol, pagdadamayan at pagkakaisa ang kayamanang-bayan na patuloy na gumagabay sa mga taga-Imus upang ipagpatuloy ang magandang simulain ng kanilang mga mahuhusay na pinagmulang-lahi. Ang pakikilahok ng mga taga-Imus sa paghihimagsik sa panahon ng pagtatanggol laban sa pagpasok ng mga Espanyol sa bayan ay panahon kung saan ipinakita nila ang tunay na pagdadamayan at pagbubuklod. Dahil sa tagumpay na tinamo sa panahon ng Himagsikan, nabuo ang kamalayang panlipunang tungo sa pagmamahal sa bayan ng mga taga-Imus. Hindi matatawaran ang naging mahalagang bahagi ng taumbayan upang labanan ang paghahahari ng mga Espanyol.

17

Napanatili sa mga taga-Imus ang patuloy na pagpapahalaga sa kasaysayan na kanilang bayan lalo na dahil sa gunita ng Himagsikan. Taal sa mga taga-Imus ang pagmamahal at pagmamalaki sa mga pamana ng lumipas. Kahanga-hanga ang kanilang patuloy na pagsubaybay sa mga tinatahak ng kanilang bayan sa kasalukuyan, hindi lamang bilang mga tagamasid, kundi mga aktibong kalahok. Ang pagsasagawa ng mas malaliman pang pananaliksik at pagsusuri ukol sa naging kontribusyon ng bayan sa panahon ng Himagsikan ay nanatiling isang hamon pa para sa mga mag-aaral at dalubhasa sa Kasaysayan. Mahalagang mabanggit na ang karanasan ng bawat bayan ay hindi magkakatulad. Mahalagang maipagpatuloy pa ang tradisyon at gawaing pananaliksik lalo na sa kasalukuyang panahon upang patuloy na mabigyan ng sapat na pagkilala ang kasaysayan hindi lamang ng mga pinunong naghimagsik, higit sa lahat, ang mahalagang ambag ng bayan sa pagkamit ng kalayaan. Hindi dapat tumigil, bagkus ay mas kailangan pang pag-ibayuhin ang adhikaing makapag-ambag ng makabuluhang pag-aaral na pumapaksa sa mga kasaysayang pampook at gayundin ang pagkakaugnay nito sa kabuuang kasaysayan ng bansa sa pangkalahatan. BIBLIOGRAPIYA Primaryang Batis National Historical Institute, Memoirs of General Artemio Ricarte, Manila: National Historical Institute, 1992 Aguinaldo, Emilio F., Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan, National Centennial Commision at Cavite Historical Society: 1998 Alvarez, Santiago V., The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General, (with the original Tagalog Text, Ang Katipunan at Paghihimagsik), Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1992 Canseco, Telesforo, Historia dela Insurreccion en Cavite (Kasaysayan ng Paghihimagsik ng mga Pilipino sa Cavite 1897), Jose Rhommel B. Hernandez, O. P., tagasalin, Quezon City: Philippine Dominican Center of Institutional Studies, 1999) Ricarte, Artemio, Himagsikan nang manga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila, (Yokohama: 1997) Ronquillo, Carlos V, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucion) nang 1897, Isagani Medina, patnugot, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1996 Kalaw, Teodoro M., Ang Himagsikang Pilipino, Manila: National Historical Institute, 1989 18

Sekundaryang Batis Abrera, Ma. Bernadette L., Ambrosio, Dante L., Bouquiren, Rowena R., Llanes, Ferdinand C. at Veneracion, Jaime B., Kasaysayang Bayan: Sampung Aralin sa Kasaysayan ng Pilipino, ADHIKA ng Pilipinas at National Historical Institute, 2001 Cushner, Nicolas P., Landed Estates in the Colonial Philippines, Connecticut: Yale University, Southeast Asian Studies, 1976 De Ocampo, Esteban, at Saulo, Alfredo, History of Cavite: The Mother Ground of the Philippine Revolution, Independence, Flag, and National Anthem, Cavite: Trece Martires, 1985 Llanes, Ferdinand C., Katipunan: Isang Pambansang Kilusan, Trinitas Publishing Inc., 1994) Medina, Isagani R., Cavite Before the Revolution 1571 1896. Lungsod Quezon: CSSP Publications, 1994 National Historical Institute, Memoirs of General Artemio Ricarte, Manila: National Historical Institute, 1992 Pahayagan, Dyornal, at Manuskrito Manuel, Arsenio E., Biography of Tomas Tirona, The Diliman Review, Tomo XIV, Bilang 4, pp. 287-380. Ordoez, Elmer A., Capitang Seryo: The Story of General Licerio Topacio, Paragraphics: 1998

19

COOPERATION AMONG ASEAN AND OTHER MEMBER STATES (CAMBODIA, LAOS, MYANMAR, AND VIETNAM) UNDER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMMON EFFECTIVE PREFERENTIAL TARIFF (CEPT) SCHEME JHINO B. ILANO, M.A.
Introduction The ASEAN was established in Bangkok, Thailand, with five member countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand last August 8, 19671. ASEAN was created with the concept of regional economic integration in mind. The concept of regional economic integration is a type of economic integration in which a set of nations within a certain region form preferential arrangements, typically on international trade.2 From here we can see that to easily understand the idea of economic integration we should look into the term preferential3, because in an economic integration the member states are given elevated social status recognition and/or additional or enhanced products and services above and beyond standard firm value propositions and customer service practices4. According to most literature regional integration can be classified into two general categories: 1) modest regional integration and 2) deep regional integration 5 . Under the modest regional integration it wants to have an either preferential trade arrangement (PTA) or free trade area (FTA) 6. The ASEAN has with it a Free Trade Agreement, where in an FTA the trade taxes specifically tariffs of member states are should be lowered to zero.

Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "How Can Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Cope with Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?" ASIA-PACIFIC TAX BULLETIN, FEBRUARY 2003: p. 61. 2 Toshiyasu Kato, Chan Sophal & Long Vou Piseth.Regional Economic Integration for Sustainable Development in Cambodia. Cambodia: Challenges and Options of Regional Integration. Cambodia Development Resource Institute. September 1998: p. 2. 3 Ibid. 4 Lacey, Russell, Morgan, Robert, & Suh, Jaebeom. (February 2007). Differential Effects of Preferential Treatment Levels on Relational Outcomes. Journal of Service Research. pp. 242243. 5 Melo, Jaime de & Arvind Panagariya (eds.) (1993), New Dimensions in Regional Integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Notes: Modest integration seeks only a preferential trade arrangement (PTA) or free trade area (FTA). Under a PTA, lower tariffs are imposed on imports from member countries than on imports from the rest of the world. 6 Toshiyasu Kato, Chan Sophal & Long Vou Piseth.Regional Economic Integration for Sustainable Development in Cambodia. Cambodia: Challenges and Options of Regional Integration. Cambodia Development Resource Institute. September 1998: p. 2.
1

20

The AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Agreement) was a reaction to the growing emergence of regional grouping in North America and Europe in the late 1980s 7. According to Kato, Sophal & Vou Piseth 1998 with the growth of these regional grouping the ASEAN market feared that they might be left out and will not be entertained by these grouping since they are not members of these Integration. This fear of the ASEAN countries pushed for the creation of the intra-ASEAN trade. However according again to Kato, Sophal & Vou Piseth this intra-ASEAN trade was not that successful since it only involved only some of the ASEAN members. The failure of the intra-ASEAN trade paved the way for the creation of the AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Agreement) in 1992 summit 8. As stated by Tongzon and Khan the 1992 AFTA became a turning point as it provided ASEAN with significant policy changes among ASEAN countries 9 . The AFTAs main objective was to increase ASEAN's competitive edge as a production base geared for the world market10. With its objective one important step is the liberalization of trade in the region which can be done through the elimination of intra-regional tariffs and nontariff barriers11. As an effect of elimination of trade barrier among ASEAN member states, ASEAN's manufacturing sector will be more efficient and competitive in the global market and at the same time, consumers will demand more goods from these efficient producers in ASEAN thus an expansion of the intra-ASEAN trade12. AFTAs main mechanism for the elimination of trade barriers among ASEAN member states is the CEPT (Common Effective Preferential Tariff) scheme. Generally the CEPT scheme was created to reduce import tariffs to levels below 5 percent within 10 years, and to remove non-tariff barriers such as quotas and licences among ASEAN member states13. The CEPT was first implemented by the ASEAN 6 countries (Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Thailand) in January 1, 1993. The CEPT according to the Philippines Tariff Commission: Is a cooperative arrangement among ASEAN Member States that will reduce intra-regional tariffs and remove non-tariff barriers over a 10-year period commencing January 1, 1993. The goal of the Scheme is to reduce tariffs on all manufactured goods to 0-5%
7

Ibid. p. 3. Tongzon, Jose L., and Habibullah Khan. "The Challenge for Economic Integration for Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia Coping with Revenue Losses." ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 2005: pp. 267. 9 Ibid. p. 267. 10 Republic of the Philippines Tariff Commission. THE ASEAN COMMON EFFECTIVE PREFERENTIAL TARIFF SCHEME FOR THE ASEAN FREE TRADE AREA. http://www.tariffcommission.gov.ph/afta-cept.html. Accessed on March 1 2009. 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13 Toshiyasu Kato, Chan Sophal & Long Vou Piseth.Regional Economic Integration for Sustainable Development in Cambodia. Cambodia: Challenges and Options of Regional Integration. Cambodia Development Resource Institute. September 1998: p. 3.
8

21

by the year 2003. This will benefit Philippine exporters to ASEAN. The lower CEPT rates make the countrys products cheaper in these markets, thus stimulating greater demand. The increase in exports to ASEAN would depend on the price elasticity of demand14. In this definition of the CEPT we can see that it is a tool that will enable all member states to benefit from it. In this statement also we can see that it is something that will be asked from all member states which in turn will provide benefits for the member states. Another definition of the CEPT is that it seeks to reduce tariff on all commodities traded within the member countries from 5 to 0% ad valorem 15 and eliminate trade restriction 16 among member states. Under the CEPT we can see the rules on fair competition and identification of some measures to enhance and develop economic cooperation like harmonization of standards, macroeconomic consultations and improved reciprocal recognition of product testing and certification, coordination of foreign investment policies, joint investment promotion strategies and cooperation in transport system. 17 The CEPTs role in ASEAN and importance is that it will remove quantitative restrictions on products that are under the CEPT concessions and to eliminate other non-tariff barriers18 so as to facilitate freer and more open trade among the ASEAN member states. CMLV19 Countries Accession to ASEAN The CMLV countries, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam joined ASEAN on April 30, 1999, July 24, 1997 (for Laos & Myanmar) and July 28, 1995 respectively. But prior to the Accession of the CMLV (Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam) countries into ASEAN and embracing the AFTA with the CEPT scheme, their revenues are greatly generated by international trade taxes specifically tariff on imports20. As most literature would say Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam are ASEAN countries whose government revenues heavily relies on import taxes. Cambodian governments total revenue is made up of 58.1% trade taxes
14

Republic of the Philippines Tariff Commission. THE ASEAN COMMON EFFECTIVE PREFERENTIAL TARIFF SCHEME FOR THE ASEAN FREE TRADE AREA. http://www.tariffcommission.gov.ph/afta-cept.html. Accessed on March 1 2009. 15 Ad Valorem means the fixed percentage of the value of the traded commodity. 16 Tongzon, Jose L., and Habibullah Khan. "The Challenge for Economic Integration for Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia Coping with Revenue Losses." ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 2005: pp. 267. 17 Ibid. p. 267. 18 Tongzon, Jose L., and Habibullah Khan. "The Challenge for Economic Integration for Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia Coping with Revenue Losses." ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 2005: pp. 267. 19 The CMLV countries (Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam) is also known as the South East Asian Transitional Economies (SEATEs) 20 Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "HOW CAN CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, AND VIET NAM COPE WITH REVENUE LOST DUE TO AFTA TARIFF REDUCTIONS?" ERD Working Paper No. 29. Manila: Asian Development Bank, November 2002. p. 1.

22

which is the highest among other ASEAN members (Lao-Araya FEBRUARY 2003). And the other new ASEAN members Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam has 32.1% of their total revenue comes from trade tax21.

Given the table and the previous statement we can infer that these CMLV countries are utilizing tariff barriers to prevent the inflow of imported goods that can hamper and cause problems to their domestic industry22. Kanokpan also said that these CMLV countries from this graph can tell us how dependent these countries are to trade tax as a source of their revenue. The next part now is given their membership in ASEAN how will the CMLV countries be able to adhere to the CEPT scheme of the ASEAN if their major source of revenue is in jeopardy. As Tongzon and Khan would put it there is a real concern that, as they reduce their tariffs in accordance with the AFTA guidelines, they will suffer significant revenue losses with adverse economic and social implications. 23 These CMLV countries must adhere to the CEPT scheme and at the same time provide alternative sources of revenue for the government. As can be seen from this table:

21 22

Ibid. p. 1. Ibid. p. 3. 23 Tongzon, Jose L., and Habibullah Khan. "The Challenge for Economic Integration for Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia Coping with Revenue Losses." ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 2005: pp. 266.

23

TABLE 524 Revenue Impact Assessment for CMLV CMLV CEPT Customs Customs Total Revenue Schedule Revenue from Revenue from (US$ million) ASEAN non-ASEAN (US$ million) (US$ million) Cambodia 2002 123 122 427 2010 106 340 729 Laos 2002 43 14 233 2008 7 48 303 Myanmar 1999 72 115 18,371 2008 139 430 30,622 Vietnam 2001 376 1,867 5,582 2006 344 5,369 10,352 Note: Estimations based on regression analysis (price and income effects). We can say that the CMLV countries must adhere to the CEPT scheme of ASEAN given the long term benefits it can provide to the member states. For example in Cambodia their customs revenue from ASEAN states would decrease by $17 million however their customs revenue from non-ASEAN states would increase by $218 million. Here we can see the importance of the CEPT because of the revenues it can generate in the long run for the member states. However the revenues of these countries upon membership in ASEAN diminished due to the provision of the CEPT that tariff in intra-ASEAN trade should be reduced. The membership of the CMLV countries to ASEAN and AFTA found it inevitable to adopt the policies of the AFTA specifically the CEPT scheme. As a result of this the governments of the CMLV countries suffered losses in their revenues. The revenue losses of the CMLV countries manifests in this table where in the tariff rates of these countries greatly decreased after their participation in AFTA.

24

Ibid. p. 274

24

This table manifests the diminishing of tariff among CMLV countries, in Cambodia we can see that from a tariff of 58% in 1997 it was reduced to 38% in 2000, which is a 20% reduction in just three years. This reduction would be an indicator of the revenue losses of the CMLV countries. Another indicator of revenue loss for the CMLV countries can be seen from their falling ratio of total revenue to GDP25. The CMLV countries membership in ASEAN pushed their governments to adopt policies that will compensate for their revenue losses due to the CEPT scheme of AFTA, which according to most literature would provide them with long term revenue benefits. The CMLV countries adopted policies to address revenue losses but this paper will look at the mutual adjustments done by these countries in order to adhere to the CEPT scheme and at the same time compensate for the revenue losses. CMLV countries Mutual Adjustment Policies The phenomenon of the CMLV countries adopting policies to adhere to the CEPT scheme of AFTA can be better understood with Helen Milner and Robert Keohanes international cooperation. International Cooperation according to Robert Keohane is when States adjust their behavior to the actual and anticipated preference of others through a policy of coordination. 26 this means that for states to cooperate they adjust their behavior to be in accordance or not in conflict the other states. In relation to the issue we can see that the CMLV countries are adjusting their behavior and policies so as to adhere to ASEAN and the AFTA. Another important aspect in the definition of international cooperation is the idea of benefits
25

Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "HOW CAN CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, AND VIET NAM COPE WITH REVENUE LOST DUE TO AFTA TARIFF REDUCTIONS?" ERD Working Paper No. 29. Manila: Asian Development Bank, November 2002. p. 4. 26 Keohane, R. The Demand for International Regimes. 1982. p.467.

25

and losses that states get from cooperation. The gains and or losses here do not need to be necessarily the same for all actors, but as Milner said they should be mutual. From the idea of losses in the case of the CMLV countries we can look at how these countries mutually adjust their policies so as to adhere to AFTAs main provision, the CEPT. In this regard also we can look at the revenue gains that the CMLV countries would gain upon cooperation in the ASEAN and because of these the SEATEs mutually restructure their policies to compensate for their short run losses with the CEPT. For Keohane 1982 cooperation takes places only in situations where actors perceive that their policies are actually or potentially in conflict, not where there is harmony. Without the specter of conflict, there is no need to cooperate 27. With the notion of Keohane 1982 that cooperation takes place when the interests/policies dont coincide with the policies of different states and regimes, in the case of the CMLV countries, their interests are in conflict with the policy of the regime, ASEAN thus the need for the SEATEs to mutually adjust their policies. The definition of cooperation for Keohane 1982 has distinct characteristics. One of this characteristic is that each actor helps the other to realize their goals by adjusting its policies28 these means that they mutually adjust policies in order for them to attain their goals. They mutually adjust their policies because the gain from cooperation is also mutual. Milner heavily emphasizes the idea of mutual adjustment of states to facilitate cooperation. In relation to the CMLV countries they mutually restructure and adjust their policies to cooperate in ASEAN and AFTA. With regard to the policy adjustment that the CMLV countries I saw four policies some of which are already implemented by the CMLV countries, coming from different sources that can fit the current situation of the CMLV countries or the SEATEs. The SEATEs in choosing among the policy alternatives the CMLV countries must take into account the different demands of the domestic economy and weigh the outcome of each of the policy choice29. In relation to the CMLV countries we can see that they mutually adjust their policies to address the problem on revenue losses such examples of their mutual adjustment of policies can be seen in their tax reform programs. They had to adopt the VAT (Value-Added Tax) as an alternative source of revenue. 30

From the table we can see that two of the CMLV countries adopted the VAT to compensate for their revenue losses. The Value-Added Tax is usually adopted to compensate for the revenue that is often lost when a country reduces or
27 28

Ibid. p.467. Ibid. p.468. 29 Milner, Interests, Institutions, and Information: Domestic Politics and International Relations, p. 8. 30 Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "How Can Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Cope with Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?" ASIA-PACIFIC TAX BULLETIN, FEBRUARY 2003: p. 61.

26

eliminates import duties. The imposition of VAT will be primarily on a broad-based domestic consumption but effectively leaves a zero tax rate on exports 31 . The importation of VAT in Cambodia and Vietnam has been very successful as a matter of fact: From 1996 to 1998 the government of Vietnam collected an amount of revenue through turnover tax equivalent to 11.1 to 11.8% of its GDP. Since VAT replaced turnover tax in 1999 the government has collected through VAT revenue amounting to more than 17% of its GDP from 1999 to 2001 (IMF Country Report No. 02/5). In Cambodia, the sales tax-to-GDP ratio prior to the VAT introduction in 1999 was only 0.7 and 0.9% in 1997 and 1998. Since 1999, the ratio increased to 2.7-3.2% from 1999 to 200132 This policy adjustment is advantageous because as stated by Lao-Araya 2003, VAT discourages tax evasion because taxpayers themselves wish to pay and obtain receipts for VAT paid on inputs purchased in order to be able to claim credit against the VAT they themselves will be required to pay at the point of selling their end product or service.33 this means that there will be less likelihood of people avoiding to pay their taxes since it is directly imposed upon purchase. On the other hand the adoption of this policy would have repercussion on the lower class in society because it will give them more expenses and can be a consideration for them not to spend. Another example of the mutual adjustment in policies of the CMLV countries can be seen in the alternative to temporarily impose surcharges on luxuries and non-essentials in order to safeguard tariff revenue loss. 34 The benefit from this policy is that given that most luxury products are not locally produced in the new ASEAN member countries it will be beneficial for the CMLV countries to impose additional charges or tax on these luxury goods. The down side however this policy is only temporary, as stated by Lao-Araya 2002 This temporary revenue measure can compensate the tariff revenue loss without damaging local industries during the transitional period of greater liberalization. 35 The third manifestation of this mutuality is the police for the CMLV countries to refine and simplify their tax structure. According to Lao-Araya 2003, The governments of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam should simplify their tax structures and make them more transparent in order to improve the efficiency of tax administration and to make it easier for taxpayers to pay taxes. 36 if the CMLV
31

Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "HOW CAN CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, AND VIET NAM COPE WITH REVENUE LOST DUE TO AFTA TARIFF REDUCTIONS?" ERD Working Paper No. 29. Manila: Asian Development Bank, November 2002. p. 20. 32 Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "How Can Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Cope with Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?" ASIA-PACIFIC TAX BULLETIN, FEBRUARY 2003: p. 68. 33 Ibid. p.68. 34 Ibid. p.68. 35 Ibid. p.68. 36 Ibid. p.68.

27

countries will adopt this policy then there will be efficiency in tax collection and as a result more revenues for their government, as stated by Lao-Araya 2003. It was also stated by Lao-Araya that the governments of the CMLV countries collected low levels of revenue as a percentage to GDP prior to their ASEAN accessions which would mean that there is a need to improve their tax collection in order to compensate for revenue losses with the CEPT. Another mutual adjustment by the CMLV countries is that they can strategically allocate goods among the four CEPT scheme lists so as to minimize the tariffs that will be imposed on the goods that promote the production of goods that they most wish to export while simultaneously maximizing the amount of revenue that they are able to garner from imports. 37 this simply means that they can postpone the tariff reduction on certain goods for them not to be burden heavily by the sudden reduction on their revenues. This policy recommendation can be followed by the CMLV countries to postpone the tariff reduction in certain goods which can lessen the impact of revenue losses but also this will also prolong the reaping of the CMLV countries of their benefits in complying with the CEPT scheme of AFTA. The CMLV countries may opt to adopt these policy alternatives to compensate for their revenue losses but they also have the freedom not to adopt these policies and create their own ways to compensate for the revenue losses brought about by the tariff reduction. The CMLV countries can create their own policy based on their domestic activity to compensate for their losses. It is also important here to look at the fact that states adjust their policies so as to be able to enter regimes. With regard to the CMLV countries they had to mutually adjust their policies for example their tax policies, since the benefit is also mutual, for them to adhere with the provisions of AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Agreement). However it is also interesting to look at the other side of this argument where in the regime would adjust its policies for states to be a part of this regime. One example of this adjustment by ASEAN so as not to burden the CMLV countries with the CEPT scheme was to provide a longer period of implementation or adoption of the CEPT scheme. Vietnam will reduce tariffs on all manufactured goods to 0-5% by 2006, Laos and Myanmar by 2008 and Cambodia by 2010 38.

37 38

Ibid. p.69. Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "How Can Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Cope with Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?" ASIA-PACIFIC TAX BULLETIN, FEBRUARY 2003: p. 61. Notes: IL means Inclusion List. Products in this list are subject to tariff rate reduction of 05% in ten years. TEL means Temporary Exclusion List. Products in the TEL will be phased into the IL during the first five years in five equal annual instalments. SL means Sensitive List. This contains unprocessed agricultural products that will be phased in for tariff reduction in ten years. NT means Normal Track. Products classified under NT are subject to tariff rate reduction of 0-5% in ten years.

28

From this table we can see the different schedule for the tariff reduction under the CEPT agreement is different for the ASEAN-6 (Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei, and Indonesia) and the CMLV countries. The table also shows the longevity of time given to the CMLV countries so as to give them more time in adopting the CEPT. Another proof that regimes can adjust for states to enter these regimes can be seen in the ASEAN non exclusion despite the some longstanding member countries that has not fully complied with requirements of the CEPT scheme in spite of written deadlines 39. As such it disproves the argument that states adjust their policies so as to be able to enter regimes, because as can be seen from this, regime can also adjust their policies for states to enter regimes. The facts presented above would show the mutual adjustment alternatives that the CMLV countries can adopt for them to compensate for their revenue losses and at the same time comply with the CEPT scheme in AFTA. The presented data are also the answers the questions of what policy can use by the CMLV countries to compensate for their revenue losses. This issue of the CMLV countries or the SEATEs would exemplify a state that upon entering regimes doesnt only take into consideration individual interests but also national interests as well. Conclusion The introduction of ASEAN was essentially to initiate development and facilitate more income for the member states, but just like any organization the idea of gains and losses cannot be removed. The ASEAN created the AFTA to liberalize trade among ASEAN member states and under the AFTA its main liberalizing mechanism is the CEPT scheme where in it was created to reduce import tariffs to levels below 5 percent within 10 years, and to remove non-tariff barriers such as

FT means Fast Track. Products classified under FT are subject to tariff rate reduction of 0-5% in five to eight years. Source: www.moc.go.th/thai/dbe/ecoco/rt/asean/afta.htm. 39 Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "How Can Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Cope with Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?" ASIA-PACIFIC TAX BULLETIN, FEBRUARY 2003: p. 62.

29

quotas and licences among ASEAN member states 40. This was initially for ASEAN member states to benefit from the tariff free exchange of goods among ASEAN member states however the CMLV countries or the SEATEs saw that the CEPT doesnt go hand in hand with their national interest. The CEPTs aim of tariff removal on trade goods would be problematic for the CMLV countries since tariff taxes makes up a big chunk of their government revenue. This now challenges the SEATEs to adjust their policies to be aligned with the policies of ASEAN and AFTA. The policies that can be beneficial and can be mutually adopted by the SEATEs are the following: adoption of the VAT (Value-Added Tax) where in the governments of the SEATEs can directly tax the consumers. This can increase their government revenues while at the same time make the tax evaders pay taxes. But this can also be a problem on the low class in society because this will be a new burden to them. Second policy they can impose temporary surcharges luxury and non-essential goods as an alternative source of revenue. The third policy that they can mutually adopt is to simplify or refine their tax structure. In this way they can facilitate easier tax collection which can lead to increase in revenues. The last mutual adjustment is they can postpone goods to be included in the CEPT scheme. Through all of this policies the impacts in government revenue losses of the CMLV countries can cushioned and thus CMLV countries can engage themselves in participating in ASEAN and AFTA, with the CEPT scheme. References:
ASEAN. PROTOCOL TO PROVIDE SPECIAL CONSIDERATION. Singapore: SecretaryGeneral ASEAN , 2000. ASEAN, Secretary-General of. PROTOCOL REGARDING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CEPT SCHEME TEMPORARY EXCLUSION LIST. Singapore: ASEAN, 2000. Cambodia, Economic Institute of. Cambodias Trade in ASEAN: To What Extent Do Exports Benefit from Preferential Schemes? Economic report, Royal Government of Cambodia, April-June, 2006. CAMBODIA, ECONOMIC INSTITUTE of. ECONOMIC WATCH. Economic report, Royal Government of Cambodia, 2006. Chan Sophal, Toshiyasu Kato & Long Vou Piseth. "Cambodia: Challenges and Options of Regional Economic Integration." Cambodia Development Resource Institute. Phnom Penh, 1998. pp. i - 89. Chulalongkorn University. "Revisiting Southeast Asian Regionalism." FOCUS ON THE GLOBAL SOUTH. Bangkok: Cor-Asia, Inc., December __, 2006. Denoon, David B. H., and Evelyn Colbert. "Challenges for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)." Pacific Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 4, 1998-1999: pp. 505-523.
40

Toshiyasu Kato, Chan Sophal & Long Vou Piseth.Regional Economic Integration for Sustainable Development in Cambodia. Cambodia: Challenges and Options of Regional Integration. Cambodia Development Resource Institute. September 1998: p. 3.

30

Hapsari, Indira M., and Carlos Mangunsong. "Determinants of AFTA Members Trade Flows and Potential for Trade Diversion." Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade working papers. Bogor: Department of Economics Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) University of Indonesia, November 2008. pp. 1-28. ISERS. AFTA in the changing international economy. Singapore: ASEAN Economics Research Unit, 1996. Keohane, R. The Demand for International Regimes. 1982. Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "HOW CAN CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, AND VIET NAM COPE WITH REVENUE LOST DUE TO AFTA TARIFF REDUCTIONS?" ERD Working Paper No. 29. Manila: Asian Development Bank, November 2002. pp.123. Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "How Can Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Cope with Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?" ASIA-PACIFIC TAX BULLETIN, FEBRUARY 2003: pp.58-73. Milner, H. International Theories of Cooperation among Nations: Strength and Weaknesses.1992. Ni, Houming. "Economic Effects of Singapores Bilateral Free Trade Agreement with Japan on Other ASEAN Economies: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach." THE 5th IRSA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. Bandung: National University of Singapore, 2003. pp. 1-30. Oktaviani, Rina, and Eka Puspitawati Haryadi. "Impacts of ASEAN Agricultural Trade Liberalization on ASEAN-6 Economies and Income Distribution." Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade working papers. Bogor: Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Bogor University, January 2008. pp. 1-34. "Regional Economic Integration for Sustainable Development in Cambodia." Cambodia Development Resource Institute. Phnom Penh: CAMBODIA DEVELOPMENT RESOURCE INSTITUTE, September 1998. pp. 1-50. Sahara, Dedi Budiman Hakim, and Amzul Rifin. "The Impact of Trade Facilitation on ASEAN Intra-Regional Trade." UNDP/ESCAP ARTNeT Trade Facilitation Research Team Meeting. Bangkok: Faculty of Economics and Management Bogor Agricultural University , 15 March 2006. Tambuhan, Tulus. THE LIKELY IMPACT OF THE ASEAN PLUS CHINA IN THE INTRAASEAN TRADE. Paper, Beijing: University of Trisakti, 2006. Tongzon, Jose L., and Habibullah Khan. "The Challenge for Economic Integration for Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia Coping with Revenue Losses." ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 2005: pp. 266-283. Unit, East Asia Analytical. ASEAN FREE TRADE AREA. Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1994.

31

FACTORS INFLUENCING PHYSICIANS IN PRESCRIBING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS ERNESTO D. DIMACULANGAN, Ph.D.

Abstract The study examined the different factors that influence physicians in prescribing pharmaceutical products. The respondents consisted of 255 doctors from the cities of Las Pinas, Paranaque and Muntinlupa. The study found that marketing mix and social awareness were the primary factors that influenced physician in prescribing pharmaceutical products. For the marketing mix factor, availability of the product at the drugstore, product efficacy, product quality, cost to patients and promotional values have high influence among the physician-respondents in prescribing pharmaceutical products. For the social awareness factor, assistance to medical community, community/government service and social responsibility have high influence among the physician-respondents in prescribing pharmaceutical products. INTRODUCTION The health status of the Philippine population is still exemplifying the scenario of a severely underdeveloped country. The poor health of the people can easily be related to the country's poverty. But poverty itself is a mere symptom of the disease that is rooted in the economic problems of the country; rising unemployment which has reached to 2.9 million unemployed as of January 2011, foreign economic and political domination, and the financial crisis that presently besets the government Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics 2011) The crisis that is currently sweeping through Asia is illustrating once more that the economic policies of deregulation, liberalization and privatization are bringing more death and disease. The health problems of the country have remained essentially the same over the past decade. The comparison between the leading causes of death in 1997 and 2006 shows that some of the names have changed and some diseases have disappeared from the top 10, but the most important killer diseases are essentially the same. (Phil Health Statistics 2006) Table 1 shows the top ten leading causes of mortality in 1997 and in 2006. Topping the list in 1997 was diseases of the heart and diseases of the vascular system. By 2006, the diseases of the heart and the diseases of the vascular system were still the number 1 and 2 causes of death in the Philippines. This can be attributed to the sedentary lifestyle as well as improper food intake, lacks of exercise and lack of funds to buy maintenance drug. Communicable diseases, such as pneumonia and tuberculosis are the plagues of poverty. 32

Table 1 Top Ten Leading Causes of Mortality Phil. Health Statistics 2006) 1997 2006 1. Diseases of the Heart 1. Diseases of the Heart 2. Diseases of the Vascular System 2. Diseases of the Vascular System 3. Pneumonia 3. Cancer 4. Accidents 4. Accidents 5. Malignant Neoplasm 5. Pneumonia 6. Tuberculosis, all forms 6. Tuberculosis, all forms 7. Chronic Obstructive Pulmo. Dis. 7. Abnormal Clinical findings 8. Diarrheal diseases 8. Chronic Obstructive Pulmo. Dis. 9. Diabetes Mellitus 9. Diabetes 10. Nephritis and Nephrosis 10. Perinatal Conditions Table 2 shows the top ten (10) leading causes of morbidity in 2006. Acute lower respiratory diseases top the morbidity list in 2006. This can be easily related to the poor environmental sanitation and pollution. Diarrhea ranks second and can be attributed to poor water system and improper food handling. Bronchitis ranks third which is also a respiratory infection and communicable disease. All these communicable diseases have one thing in common: their upsurge or re-emergence is an indicator of worsening social and economic conditions of the majority of the people.
Table 2 Top Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity (Philippine Health Statistics 2006)

005-2006
1. Acute lower respiratory tract pneumonia 2. Diarrhea 3. Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis 4. Hypertension 5. Influenza 6. TB, respiratory 7. Diseases of the heart 8. Acute febrile illness 9. Malaria 10. Dengue Fever infection and

The fact that these communicable diseases are thriving indicates that too many people have no access to adequate sanitary services that their resistance is insufficient to withstand even the most common diseases, and that treatment is out of their reach. The prescription process starts with the patient who feels that there are some abnormalities in her body and feel some discomfort such as fever, headache, body malaise, sore throat, gastric or muscle pains. These abnormalities are some of the signs and symptoms of an infection or a disease. If the patient is moneyed, he/she will go to his/her private doctor, a specialist and seek treatment. On the other hand, other patients with no funds to pay for doctors professional fee will seek help from the government health physician. The medical doctor examines the patient and makes some diagnosis and recommendation. At this point, a 33

prescription is written by the doctor who will inform the patient on his/her findings, the drug he/she prescribes and for what type of disease or infection. The doctor instructs the patient on the correct dosage of the drug, the number of days that the medicine is to be taken and an instruction for the patient to come back after three days. The prescription will now be brought to the drugstore for filling and the last part of the process will be the patients compliance to take the prescribed medication. Based on the prescription process, there are different factors that will influence the doctor to prescribe a pharmaceutical product. The physician choice of a brand or a product will depend on so many factors. But what really influence the doctors to prescribe the product? Is it the brand name, the image of the company, the product quality, the product efficacy, the promotional value, the cost of the product or its availability in the drugstore? Another point to consider is what makes physicians prescribe medicines in either branded or generic forms of a particular drug company, local or multinational? Why do pharmacists, pharmacy aides, and salesclerks in drugstores recommend or endorse pharmaceutical products of one company over those of other brands with the same generic names of other drug companies? Is it because of a cheaper pricing scheme, established rapport, or due to the mix of promotion activities constantly bombarding the subconscious mind? According to Lao (1999), in todays highly volatile environment, it is not enough that those in marketing or in business are able to satisfy customers with their products unique features or better pricing schemes, or competitive placement or distribution strategies compared to other products in the marketplace. More importantly, there is need to deliver other services to delight them even after the sale is consummated. In this case, delighting customers is an important part of any business concern. It is not enough that marketing people excel in the marketing mix components of their program for their competitors are also doing the same. Delighting customers may be in the form of entertainment, fellowships, and other non-business or socially-oriented activities. Personalized delightful endeavors through gifts, cards, telegrams, etc., during birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, and special occasions of the year, are very much a part of the marketing strategy. The most important development within the national scene which has direct bearing on the Pharmaceutical Industry was the formulation of the Philippine National Drug Policy (PNDP), on April, 1987 and the signing into law of the Generic Drugs Act of 1988 now known as Republic Act 6675 by the former President, Corazon C. Aquino. The goal of the Philippine National Drug Policy (PNDP) is to make essential drugs available, accessible, and affordable to the people, a goal duly supported by the leaders in the drug industry and very much welcomed by health professionals and the general public. The PNDP is therefore anchored on four pillars which are as follows: 1) quality assurance, 2) rational drug use, 3) self-reliance and 4) tailored procurement. These four pillars are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Therefore, for optimum results, all four pillars must be pursued simultaneously. To achieve the goal of the policy, the PNDP Program was put in place with the objective of providing essential drugs to 34

the people. There were five strategies which have been identified and utilized, namely: a. Provide essential drugs to the people. b. Ensure quality of drugs. c. Promote rational use of drugs. d. Promote self-reliance in the local manufacture of strategic essential drugs. e. Assure tailored procurement and cost-effective supply management. The full implementation of the Generic Act of 1988 was covered by Administrative Orders only on 1) generic labeling, 2) generic advertising; 3) generic prescribing; and 4) generic dispensing for single active ingredient products and subsequently also for multiple active ingredient products. This law as pointed out by DOH improved equity or access to essential drugs, by simple expedient or requiring use of generic names and giving the patient or buyer informed choice and their option to buy cheaper alternatives. In May 1, 2008, in an effort to reduce the cost of medicine the President of the Philippines signed into law the Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicine Act otherwise known as Cheaper Medicine Law which would reduce the prices of the drugs in the country and assurance of quality medicines. Among the provisions of this Act are to provide a parallel importation where any company can import the same drug if it be found that another country is selling them cheaper, limit the patent protection of the multinational companies which will allow local companies to produce generic products of the expensive competing drug. The law also provides for a price monitoring and control mechanism to assure the government on the compliance. As Lao (1999), mentioned in his book, pharmaceutical marketing in the Philippine setting has never been formally documented and taught in colleges, universities and other institutions. There are more than 600 pharmaceutical companies operating in the Philippines. Planners and marketers need to know more about their target customer. They should be well informed on the behavior of the physicians relative to their promotional strategies and tactics. It is a waste of time and money on the part of the pharmaceutical company to undertake a certain program thinking that the program will be effective, but only to find out that the program is not suited for the doctor. Also, the researcher feels that this study is very much important simply because he would like to dig deeper on the influencing factors that makes a physician prescribe a particular product. It is imperative upon the marketer of pharmaceutical products to determine the promotions program.

35

Background Information The Philippine Pharmaceutical Industry contributed a share of 6.3% to the total Gross National Product (GNP) in 2002 or a total sales volume of P69.6 billion. This represents an increase of 8% over last years performance. The pharmaceutical market is divided into fifteen (15) major therapeutic segments and one hundred fifty-five (155) sub-segments (IMS-PPI-4th Qtr 2002). The single digit growth performance of the market can be attributed to rising cost of medicines which shrunk the entire pharmaceutical market. Average price increase is growing at 5% annually while unit growth was at a dismal 1% and new products growth was 2%. The total pharmaceutical market can be divided into the following categories: The drugstore market, the hospital market and other accounts such as Industrials and Dispensing MD market. In 2002, the Drugstore Market accounted for P56.7 billion or 81.5% share to the total pharmaceutical business. It grew by 8% over 2001 sales volume of P52.6 billion. Hospital market ranks second with P7.3 billion or 10.9% share of the market. However, the hospital market grew faster by as much as 12% versus their last year performance of P6.8 billion. Other accounts like Industrial and Dispensing MDs shares 7.6 % or P5.5 billion but grew only by 4% over last year. (IMS-PPI-4th Qtr 2002) Table 3 Total Pharmaceutical Market by Account i(IMS-PPI-4th Qtr 2002) In Billion Accounts Drugstore Hospital Total DS & Hosp Other Outlets Total Market 2001 52.60 6.80 59.40 5.10 64.50 % Share 81.6% 10.5% 92.1% 7.9% 100.0% In Billion 2002 56.70 7.60 64.30 5.30 69.60 % Share 81.5% 10.9% 92.4% 7.6% 100.0% Growth 8% 12% 8% 4% 8%

The pharmaceutical market can also be divided based on therapeutic classification or market segmentation. According to Kotlerii, market segmentation is the process of classifying customers into groups with different needs, characteristics or behavior. A market segment consists of a large identifiable group within a market with similar wants, purchasing power, geographical location, buying attitudes or buying habits. Shown below are the segments performance of the pharmaceutical market for the year 2001 and 2002.

36

Table 4 Total Pharmaceutical Market Based on Therapeutic Classification-(IMSPPI-4th Qtr 2002)

TOTAL PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETiii BY THERAPEUTIC SEGMENTS (In Millions) PESO SALES % SHARE 2002 100.0% 17.0% 14.4% 11.4% 10.7% 7.0% 6.3% 6.2% 6.8% 4.7% 4.6% 3.3% 2.5% 2.0% 1.9% 1.2% 69,600 11,623 10,718 7,934 7,447 5,081 4,594 4,106 4,106 3,132 2,993 2,436 1,810 1,322 1,392 905 % SHARE 100.0% 16.7% 15.4% 11.4% 10.7% 7.3% 6.6% 5.9% 5.9% 4.5% 4.3% 3.5% 2.6% 1.9% 2.0% 1.3%

2001 SEGMENTS Anti Infectives Cardiovascular Vitamins and Minerals Somatics Cough-Colds Endocrine/Metabolic GIT Dietetics Anti-Asthma Dermatologics CNS Women Health Anti TB Anti Cancer Eye and Ear 64,500 10,965 9,288 7,353 6,902 4,515 4,064 3,999 4,386 3,032 2,967 2,129 1,613 1,290 1,226 774

GROWTH 8% 6% 15% 8% 8% 13% 13% 3% -6% 3% 1% 14% 12% 3% 14% 17%

The Anti-Infective market is the biggest sub-segment in the pharmaceutical market shares 16.7% with a volume of P11.6 billion in 2002. The segment grew by 6% which is lower as compared to the market growth of 8%. However, the cardio vascular segment ranks second with a market share of 15.4% and a volume of P10.7 billion, but posted a growth of 15% over 2001. The third biggest segment was the Vitamins and Mineral market with a volume of P7.9 billion and a share of 11.4%, and grew by 8%. Other segments which were noticeable were the Eye and Ear market, with a market growth of 17% over last year, and the CNS segment with a growth of 14% on the same period. (IMS-PPI-4th Qtr 2002)

37

Conceptual Framework Everyday, the medical doctor is faced with a decision on what to prescribe to his/her patient. This decision is based on his/her diagnosis, the training he/she received, the severity of the infection of the patient, and other factors that may influence his/her prescriptions. The first brand that comes to his/her mind will be written and will form part of the total management of the patient. This study is anchored on the medical doctors who are being bombarded by 20 30 medical representatives every day, visited by Medical Representatives (Med Rep) for 3 4 products, receive samples and medical literatures, attend meetings and conferences on new products launches, treated to a lunch or dinner, all of which activities are to capture his/her prescriptions. Figure 1 illustrates the research paradigm of the study. The research paradigm starts with the factors that influence medical doctors in prescribing pharmaceutical products. The research paradigm is divided into the following factors: a) marketing mix, and b) social awareness. Under the marketing mix, the influencing factors include product quality, product efficacy, promotional values, cost to patient and availability of product in the drugstore. Kotler 2000 iv mentioned that marketers use numerous tools to elicit desired response from their target market. These tools constitute a marketing mix.
Factors InfluencingPhysicians in Prescribing Pharmaceutical Products

Marketing Mix
Product Quality Product Efficacy Promotional Values Cost to the Patient Availability of the Product at the Drugstore

Social Awareness
Social Responsibility Assistance to Medical Community Community/Govt. Service

Figure 1Research Paradigm

38

Marketing mix is the set of marketing tools that the firms use to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market. These tools are classified into four broad groups that he called the four Ps of marketing: product, promotion, price and place. The product quality in this study refers to whether the product is of original molecule, has a better taste than competitors, specifically for suspension/drops formats, has an attractive packaging, and has a convenient dosage. Product efficacy refers to an early improvement of the well being of the patient after taking the medication and an absence of fever after 48 hours. Promotional values include the frequency of visit and detailing of the medical representative, medrep service and pakikisama to the doctors, the regularity of doctors attendance in medical symposia sponsored by the pharmaceutical companies, the travel grants being offered to doctors whether overseas or local, the number of giveaways, samples and literature the doctors receive. Other promotional values include the discount coupon which is given to the physician and patient in order to encourage prescription and for the patients benefit of reduced cost of medicines. The research paradigm shows two groups of respondents: the general practitioners and the specialists group. The doctor-respondents were divided in order to find out their significant difference in terms of their perception on the above-mentioned variables. The Specialists have different training in terms of their chosen specialties and practices while the General Practitioners have a different training program designed for a community based practice. The behavior and reaction of these doctors will definitely affect their choice of a pharmaceutical product to prescribe. In terms of cost to patient, this refers to the worthiness of the product vis-vis its price, the affordability of the product, and other promotional tools which will reduce the price of the medicine. Another factor to consider is the availability of the product in the drugstore. Suppose that the product is promoted to the doctor consistently, however if the product is always out of stock at the drugstore, the doctor will be discouraged to prescribe the product. It is important that the product should be always available at the right time and at the right place. Also, the researcher would like to find out the social awareness of the doctor-respondents to pharmaceutical companies. This study will help determine the level of awareness of the medical profession to pharmaceutical companies in terms of social responsibility, assistance to medical community, and community/government service. This study could enhance the knowledge of the drugstore owners, hospital pharmacy, and marketers of pharmaceutical products as they could be provided with relevant information on the factors that influence medical doctors in prescribing pharmaceutical products.

39

METHOD Population, Sample and Sampling Technique The population of the study consisted of medical doctors from the cities of Las Pinas (110) Paranaque (79) and Muntinlupa (66) totaling. These doctors were selected because of the compactness of the area and researchers rapport with the members of the medical profession. To set the research in a more reliable perspective, a stratified sampling technique was used in the conduct of the study. This method was used since total samples drawn from the population should be represented proportionately from each group or city. Questionnaire The highlights of the questionnaire dealt with the factors that influence physician in prescribing pharmaceutical products. The factors assessed were the levels of social awareness and marketing mix. RESULTS 1. Respondents Assessment of Prescribed Pharmaceutical Products as Influenced by Marketing Mix The two (2) groups of respondents namely the General Practitioners and Specialists assessed the pharmaceutical products from three (3) pharmaceutical companies based on the two factors such as marketing mix as indicated by: product quality, product efficacy, promotional values, cost to patients, availability of the product at the drugstore and on social awareness based on social responsibility, assistance to medical community, and community/government support. Table 5 Extent of the Factors that Influence the Physicians in Prescribing Pharmaceutical Products in Terms of Marketing Mix
General Practitioners Mean 3.00 3.01 Int. HI HI Specialists Mean 3.01 2.99 Int. HI HI Total Mean 3.00 3.00 Int. HI HI

Factors Marketing Mix Product Quality

Product Efficacy 3.00 HI 3.02 HI 3.01 HI Promotional Values 2.86 HI 2.88 HI 2.87 HI Cost to Patients 2.97 HI 2.96 HI 2.97 HI Availability of the Product 3.17 HI 3.18 HI 3.17 HI At the Drugstore Legend: 3.51-4.00 Very High Influence (VHI); 2.51-3.50 High Influence (HI); 1.51-2.50 Slight Influence (SI); 1.00-1.50 No Influence (NI)

40

Table 5 shows the data on the assessment of the two groups of respondents regarding the influence of marketing mix on the physicians in prescribing pharmaceutical products Among the General Practitioners, based on marketing mix the pharmaceutical products were assessed as follows: Product quality has a mean value of 3.01 interpreted to mean High Influence. This means that products could be packaged attractively, better tasting and in original molecule. Availability of the product at the drugstore has the highest mean value of 3.17 interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggests that products are always available. In terms of product efficacy the mean value obtained is 3.00 interpreted to mean High Influence. This means that products can make the patient free from fever after forty eight (48) hours and improved the patient wellbeing. Cost to patients has the mean value of 2.97 interpreted to mean High Influence. This means that products price is worth is value, affordable price, offered discount coupon to reduce patients cost and the company adopted a socialized pricing policy. Promotional values has the mean value of 2.86 interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggests that products are frequently being detailed or communicated to doctors, the medical representative has the best pakikisama and service, the company offered travel grants abroad to attend medical symposia or convention, the product has the clearest product message, giveaway or product samples and literatures are given during their visit and journal advertisement is provided for increased product awareness. An overall mean value of 3.00 for the General Practitioners on marketing mix interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggests that all the indicators in the marketing mix have a high influence on the General Practitioners in prescribing pharmaceutical products. Among the Specialists, based on marketing mix, the pharmaceutical products were assessed as follows: Availability of the Product at Drugstore has the highest mean value of 3.18 interpreted to mean High Influence. This means that the products should always be available. Product Efficacy followed with a mean value of 3.02 interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggests that products should improve their patients well being and that their patient is fever-free after 48 hours. Product quality ranks third with a mean value of 2.99 interpreted to mean High Influence. This means that the product is an original molecule of the manufacturer, has a convenient dosage form, better tasting especially for the suspension and drops format and has an attractive packaging. Cost to patients ranks fourth with 2.96 mean value interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggest that the product is affordable to doctors patient, it is worth is value, and the price is reasonable. The last indicator is Promotional Values with a mean value of 2.88 interpreted to mean High Influence. This means that the product has the clearest product message, samples and literatures are given during their call, and manufacturer offered a travel grant for medical convention and medical symposia rare held regularly for the benefit of the doctors. An overall mean value of 3.01 for the Specialist on marketing mix interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggests that all the indicators in the marketing mix have a high influence on the Specialists in prescribing pharmaceutical products.

41

Table 6 Extent of the Factors that Influence the Physicians in Prescribing Pharmaceutical Products in Terms of Social Awareness General Practitioners Factors Social Awareness Social Responsibility Assistance to Medical Community
Community/Gov't Service

Specialists Mean 2.99 2.95 3.05 2.98 3.00 Int. HI HI HI HI HI

Total Mean 2.98 2.93 3.02 3.00 3.00 Int. HI HI HI HI HI

Mean 2.97 2.90 2.99 3.02 2.99

Int. HI HI HI HI HI

Over-all

Legend: 3.51-4.00 Very High Influence (VHI); 2.51-3.50 High Influence (HI); 1.51-2.50 Slight Influence (SI); 1.00-1.50 No Influence (NI)

Table 6 shows the data on the assessment of the two (2) groups of respondents regarding the influence of social awareness on the physicians in prescribing pharmaceutical products. Among the General Practitioners, based on social awareness, the pharmaceutical products were assessed as follows: The highest is Community/Government Service with a mean value of 3.02 interpreted to mean that the company aid in medical mission and subscribe to governmental regulations. Assistance to Medical Community ranks second with a mean value of 2.99 interpreted to mean that the company had made some research assistance to training hospital, made assistance with the PMA (Philippine Medical Association) and other specialty societies. Social Responsibilities has a mean value of 2.90 interpreted to mean that the company has concern for its employees, environment and a helping hand during calamities. An overall mean value of 2.97 for the General Practitioners on social awareness interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggests that all the indicators in the social awareness have a high influence on the General Practitioners in prescribing pharmaceutical products. Among the Specialists, Assistance to Medical Community has the highest mean value of 3.05 interpreted to mean High Influence. This suggests that the company has made research assistance to training hospital and gave assistance to PMA and other specialty societies. Community/Government Service ranks second with a mean value of 2.98 interpreted to mean High Influence which suggests that the pharmaceutical companies had given aids to medical societies during medical mission and subscribed to governmental regulations. For Social Responsibility a mean value of 2.95 interpreted to mean High Influence. It means 42

that the company has concern for their employees welfare, an environmental concern and a helping hand during calamities. An overall mean value of 2.99 for the Specialist on social awareness interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggests that all the indicators of social awareness have a high influence on the Specialists in prescribing pharmaceutical products. 2. Implications of the Findings The present study is relevant to agencies or institutions which are dependent on pharmaceutical products. The following are the implications of the findings to: 2.1 Drugstore Owners

The findings on the marketing mix factor as indicated by high influence on availability of the product at drugstore and its promotional values, imply that pharmaceutical companies will be enhanced by multiple location of drugstores and efficient delivery system to accord the time, place and possession utilities that distribution can provide the clients of physicians. It suggests the pharmaceutical companies can make scheduling more compatible with the client needs. These factors such as availability of the products should imply for drugstore owners to consider multiple locations where medical clinics are located, to have proper storage of pharmaceutical products. Multiple locations of drugstores branches near hospital or clinics will make prescription products more available. The findings further relate to retail patronage motivation through promotional values among drugstore owners which include parking convenience, hour of operations, and dcor or store lay-out of the drugstore. These can be manipulated to increase consumer satisfaction stemming from distribution and availability of products. The drugstore owners could tie-up with the medical doctors whose patients/clients frequent their drugstores. 2.2 Hospital Pharmacy As part of the marketing mix, promotions and publicity could play a major role in promotional strategy of pharmaceutical companies in hospitals to disseminate their messages. Product samples could be provided to pediatric wards, through its pharmacy. In placement strategy, hospital pharmacist should ensure their doctors on the availability of the pharmaceutical products at their pharmacy in order to serve the patients in the hospital. The high influence of social awareness in order to create high level of customer satisfaction through collaboration with hospital pharmacy and suppliers for the benefit of the indigent hospital patients can have a humanitarian appeal.

43

2.3

Pharmaceutical Companies Among the specialists, they value most the promotional impact of the pharmaceutical companies and the availability of the product in the drugstore. Pharmaceutical companies should engage more in promotions program and assure the specialists of the availability of their products at the drugstore. On the aspect of social awareness, specialists preferred pharmaceutical companies who had shown their concern on their social responsibility, assistance to medical community and community/government service. All age groups among the specialists showed favorable response towards pharmaceutical companies that support social awareness programs. Pharmaceutical companies should highlight product quality and product efficacy in their communication program among the female specialists. Specialists, who had longer years in practice, support products that have promotional values and assured them on the availability of the product at the drugstore. Pharmaceutical companies should dealt more on this aspect of the marketing mix and also be aware that specialists in the private sector prefer product quality, product efficacy, promotional values and availability of the product at the drugstore as factors in the marketing mix that influenced their prescription. Promotional programs should answer the needs of the specialists. Physicians who had specialty practice prefer product quality, product efficacy and availability of the products at the drugstore as the factors that influence their prescription. This suggests that the company needs experienced managers to help propel growth and meet the growing demands for quality product. Pharmaceutical companies could search out, train and utilized reputable medical distributors to ensure efficient delivery system. Pharmaceutical companies should consider their mission into a targeted level of performance. Clients /customers are the reasons the company exists, their perceptions and actions are of vital importance. Therefore, their satisfaction can be measured through frequency of customer complaints. Their over-all welfare must be met to serve consumers with the greatest efficiency and at the least cost. CONCLUSIONS The physician-respondents perceived the extent of the factors influencing them in prescribing pharmaceutical products as high influence. Such factors include marketing mix and social awareness. a. On marketing mix, both groups of respondents perceived that product quality, product efficacy, promotional values, cost to patients and availability of the product at the drugstores have a high influence on their choice of pharmaceutical products. b. On social awareness, the physician-respondents perceived that social awareness has a high influence in prescribing pharmaceutical products such as on social responsibility, 44

assistance to medical community and community and government service. Based on the findings of this study, the researcher arrived at the following conclusions: 1. The marketing mix and social awareness were perceived to have influence highly the physicians in prescribing pharmaceutical products. 2. The implication of the findings to pharmaceutical companies suggest that since the specialists who value most the promotional impact of the pharmaceutical companies and the availability of the product in the drugstore, pharmaceutical companies should engage more in promotion programs and assure the specialists of the availability of their products at the drugstores. 3. On the aspect of social awareness, specialists preferred pharmaceutical companies who had shown their concern on the factors of social awareness like social responsibility, assistance to medical community and community/ government service. All age groups among the specialists showed favorable response towards pharmaceutical companies that support social awareness programs. 4. Pharmaceutical companies should highlight product quality and product efficacy in their communication program among the female specialists. Specialists, who had longer years in practice, support products with promotional values together with the assurance on the availability of the product at the drugstore. Pharmaceutical companies should deal more on this aspect of the marketing mix and also be aware that specialists in the private sector prefer product quality, product efficacy, promotional values and availability of the product at the drugstore as factors in the marketing mix that influence their prescription. Promotional programs should answer the needs of the specialists. 5. Physicians who are in specialty practice prefer product quality, product efficacy and availability of the products at the drugstore as the factors that influence their prescription. This suggests that the company needs experienced managers to help propel the growth and meet the growing demands for quality product. Pharmaceutical companies could search out, train and utilize reputable medical distributors to ensure efficient delivery system. 6. Pharmaceutical companies should consider their mission into a targeted level of performance. Clients/customers are the reasons the company exists, their perception and actions are of vital importance. Therefore, their satisfaction can be measured through frequency of customer complaints. Their over-all welfare must be met to serve consumers with the greatest efficiency and at the least cost. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the aforementioned findings and conclusions, the researcher recommends the following: 1. Drugstore owners should provide more value-adding activities to their customers by providing extended hours of operation, better 45

store lay-out and completeness of their stocks and parking convenience. 2. Drugstore owners should consider multiple locations of their branches to cater to the needs of the patients. Ideal setting will be near the hospitals or clinics of doctors. Multiple locations of drugstores near hospitals or clinics will make prescription products more available. Pharmaceutical companies should enhance the delivery system to hospital pharmacy and drugstores in order to maximize the time, place and possession utilities that distribution often can provide the clients of medical doctors. Pharmaceutical companies should make scheduling more compatible with client needs particularly in the hospital setting. Factors such as availability of the products should imply better and efficient customer service. The drugstore owners could tie up with the medical doctors whose patients/clients frequent their drugstores. Promotions strategy of pharmaceutical companies in hospitals should not only provide for better and quality products but should touch the heart of the physicians through the social awareness program. Product samples of pharmaceutical companies could be provided to pediatric wards through the help of the hospital pharmacy which will create a high level of influence among the patients and consequently create a humanitarian appeal on the part of the hospital. Hospital pharmacy should collaborate with the pharmaceutical suppliers for lower price of their medicines that will benefit the hospital indigent patients. REFERENCES Anderson, Eric and Simester, Duncan, Mind Your Pricing Cues. Business Review, September, 2003. Harvard

3.

4.

5. 6.

7.

8.

Bartol, Kathryn M. and Martin, David C., Management, 3rd Edition. Boston: Irwin/McGraw Hill, 1998 Belch, George E. and Belch, Michael A., Advertising and Promotions, 4th Edition. Boston: McGraw Hill Companies, 1998. Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics, 2011 Diehl, L. R., & Gay, P.L, Research Methods for Business and Management, New York: McMillan, 1992. 46

Fitzsimmons, James A., Fitzsimmons, Mona J. Service Management, Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology, 2ndEdition. Boston:

Irwin/McGraw Hill, 1997.

Go, Josiah L. Marketing Shift: From Basics to Breakthrough, Philippine

Marketing Association, Design Plus, 2001.

Ibanez, Rodolfo G., Bayanihan: The Many Great Lessons of United Laboratories, Inc. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing Inc., 2002. IMS Philippine Pharmaceutical Index, (PPI) 4th Quarter, 2002 IMS Philippine Medical Data Index, (PMDI), Volume 2, 2002 Kotler, Philip, Marketing Management. The Millennium Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc., 2000 Kumar, Nirmalya, Kill a Brand, Keep a Customer. Harvard Business Review, December, 2003. Lamb, Charles W., Hair, Joseph F., McDaniel, Carl, Essentials of Marketing, 2nd Edition. Ohio: South Western College Publishing, 2001 Lao, Felix M., Marketing Management. 1st Edition, Manila: Rex Book Store, 1998. Lao, Felix M., Pharmaceutical Marketing In the Philippine Setting. 3rd Edition, Pasig City: Anvil Publishing Inc., 1999. McKenna, Regis, Relationship Marketing. London: Company, 1992. Addison Wesley Publishing

NDP Report, Philippine National Drug Policy, 1987-1992 Pagoso, Cristobal M. and Dela Cruz, Manuel M. Principles of Marketing Philippine Setting. Paranaque, Metro Manila: Nelson Publishing, 2000. Philippine Health Statistics Report, 2005-2006 Reich, Allen Z., Marketing Management for the Hospitality Industry. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1997. The Generic Drugs Act of 1988 Visto, Cecile S. More than one out 10 Jobless Last Year. Business World, February 5, 2004

47

LANGUAGE ANXIETY IN ORAL COMMUNICATION OF SAN BEDA COLLEGE ALABANG STAFF AND EMPLOYEES JEAN A. ARIOLA, MA Ed.
Abstract The study investigated the factors that language anxiety can possibly stem from, both within the workplace environment and out of classroom in the wider social context, and has recommended a variety of strategies to cope with it. The past researchers, considering it a complex and multi-faceted psychological phenomenon, have suggested using a variety of perspectives and approaches to investigate the subject. This study used a qualitative semi-structured interview format and survey questionnaires to investigate this language phenomenon. A total of twenty five staff and employees participated. The findings suggested that language anxiety can originate from employees self- perception, their selfrelated cognitions, language learning difficulties, and target language cultures, interlocutors and from fear of negative criticism. Feelings of anxiety, apprehension and nervousness are commonly expressed by practitioners in speaking the second/foreign language. These feelings are considered to exert a potentially negative and detrimental effect on communication in the target language. The use of modern communicative language teaching approaches in the language classrooms and the wide-spread use of English Language have increased the demand to learn good communication skills but existence of such feelings among staff as well as professionals may prevent them from achieving the desired goal. In the workplace, the ability to communicate effectively strongly influences ones personal advancement and success. Thus, in the global marketplace of today, many employers believe that the ability to communicate orally is the most important job- related skill. Regardless of language, country, education level, effective communicators should be developed in the workplace particularly in the school setting which is the seat of dynamic social interaction. The research was conducted to discover the factors affecting the language proficiency of selected staff and employees of San Beda College Alabang (AY 2009- 2010) College Department. Problems:
48

1. What factors, in order of priority, act as filters among San Beda College Alabang employees in the use of the English language in the workplace? 2. In what situations do staff of San Beda College Alabang feel anxious or uneasy using the English language? 3. What measures can be taken to ease language anxiety in the workplace? METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted using qualitative, descriptive and quantitative methods of research. A total of twenty five staff and employees participated. Three instruments were used for this study, a background questionnaire, the modified 35- item English Language Workplace Anxiety Scale (ELWAS) and an essay/ interview. The background questionnaire contained questions about the participants age, position, and field of study. The modified 35- item (FLCAS) Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale. (FLCAS) designed by Horwitz et al. (1986) was modified in order to make the questionnaire suitable to the school- based setting . The yes-no answers in the trial survey were tallied. The answers to the last two questions were strictly categorized for the common reasons why the staffers were afraid to speak in English in their workstation. Then, all common responses were summed up. The responses of the staffers to the ELWAS were tabulated. Points were assigned for each scale. The scores were interpreted as follows: Strongly Agree 5, Agree 4, Sometimes 3, Disagree 2, and Strongly Disagree 1. The percentage was computed for each scale. The 35 statements were categorized into five different filters. The items were also tallied according to the following: lack of self-confidence (LSC), limited vocabulary (LV), mispronouncing words (MP), humiliation (H) and negative criticism (NC). The categorized statements or filters were tabulated. The mean for each statement was computed. Finally, a range with descriptions for each mean was created. The scores of the mean in the Likert- scale were assigned by using the midpoint between two consecutive numbers. The midpoint was applied because there were equal distances between two points so as so have fair answers (Ex. 1.5 is the midpoint between 1 and 2).
1.0 1.500 Strongly Disagree native speaker of English (LI) 1.501 2.500 Disagree filter down (confident) 2.501 3.500 Sometimes filter up (mental block) 3.501 4.500 Agree (Victim) 4.501 5.00 Strongly Agree (Language anxiety disorder) (LAD)

49

For the multiple-choice survey questionnaire, the number of responses for each letter was listed in a frequency table. Then, the percentage was computed and the result was rounded off. The percentages were represented in a bar graph. For the survey-questionnaire and multiplechoice type with a provision for their own responses- the number of responses per letter was listed in a frequency table. The respondents response were read and categorized. The results were counted based on the three given choices, which were whether they will respond to the party in English, Filipino or Taglish. The contents of the mini-essays were carefully read and analyzed. The similarities of the responses were also noted. Similar responses were combined. A group or category for each response was created and tabulated. Additional findings from books, journals and the internet were used to supplement the staffs response. All related materials were then summarized. FINDINGS: Surveys and interviews clearly presented the factors that act as filters to language anxiety among staff and employees. One of the prominent factors noted in this study is the lack of self- confidence of the respondents in speaking the English language towards their superiors, colleagues and in public speaking situations. This filter is shown and understood to be caused by lack of exposure and practice of the language. The statements provided by the respondents revealed that employees seldom had any exposure to the language since they are more at ease with Taglish in dealing with their peers and superiors as well as in public speaking situations. This was likewise shown in the statements provided by the participants as well as the interview administered by the researcher in this study. As a result, the respondents are also having problems about the lack of facility of the language .Furthermore, many researchers have pointed out that the skill producing most anxiety is speaking (MacIntyre and Gardner 1991) This anxiety comes in part from a lack of confidence in o general linguistic knowledge but if only this factor were involved, all skills would be affected equally. What distinguishes speaking is the public nature of the skill, the embarrassment suffered from exposing language imperfections in front of others (Arnold, 2000: 3). Hence, a survey showed that though San Beda staff and employees are fluent in the English language, they experience some kind of anxiety when it comes to speaking that is public in nature. Past researchers have posited that anxiety in oral communication is produced by cognitive interferences based on self-related cognitions, e.g. their self-perceptions, self- esteem, perceived scholastic competence, beliefs about language learning, etc. (Krashen, 1985; Onwuegbuzie et al., 1999: 228; Horwitz et al., 1986: 128-129). In this light, the background profile of
50

the participants revealed that some of the respondents may have experienced some kind of language anxiety even before they have started in their respective workplaces. Furthermore, the results of the interview also reflected the trend of communication today which is the use of Taglish in transacting business or communicating with their colleagues and students. Most of the twenty five (25) respondents, answered that they communicate or transact business using Taglish instead of English or Tagalog. It is a noted fact that even in the academe, students, teachers and members of the administration are now constantly using Taglish in spite of the implementation of the English Speaking campaign between and among the students and employees as a medium of communication in the workplace. Indeed, the speakers of these mixed codes are mostly young and urban, frequently highly educated, and always multilingual. (Paper presented, Edgar W. Schneider, 2008). Majority of the respondents expressed their inability and sometimes even acknowledged their language anxiety problem. These staff and employees may be good at other skills but, when it comes to speaking the English language, they claim to have a mental block against it (Horwitz et al., 1986: 125). Hence, summarizing the results of the survey and interview .The Following conclusions are cited: 1. Most of the respondents manifest debilitating anxiety that leaves the respondents with low self- image. Fear of being embarrassed is also a noted cause of anxiety among the employees. 2. Most of the staff and employees although well versed in the language are apprehensive in using the target language due to fear of negative evaluation and sometimes the pressure on the part of the employee that English proficiency may affect their performance in the workplace. 3. The language anxiety among the employees was found to be the result, as well as, the cause of insufficient command of the target language. It may be experienced due to linguistics difficulties employees face in using the target language. 4. Descriptive statistics showed that the level of anxiety among the employees is relatively high. This is shown in the analyses of responses, which was indicated by an overall weighted mean of
51

3.570 which means, Victim of Language Anxiety Disorder (LAD). Many practitioners claim that they have a mental block against speaking a foreign language in their workplace (Horwitz et al., 1986). 5. To sum up, the most outstanding causes of this language phenomenon are the following: anxiety in committing mistakes, (negative criticism) lack of self- confidence, grammar and pronunciation, and lack of English vocabulary. Other causes are, poor self- perceptions, and the preference of the employees to the Taglish language. 6. The situations where employees most comfortable with are: speaking English to their superiors through the telephone and speaking in Taglish with their colleagues and superiors. Suggestions and Recommendations: How to Reduce Second Language Anxiety ( SLA) Staff- Support Services such as: 1. Measure Second Language Anxiety and language proficiency of incoming staff and employees. 2. Set- up a Second Language Support Office which can be used for intrapersonal reflection on the language application and practice, to track feelings of apprehension and to arrive at a more realistic, positive sense of their progress. Finally, to develop realistic communication goals. ( Cope- Powell, 1991) 3. Oral Skills Training that will provide seminar/ workshop outside the workplace in speaking skills and effective attitudes towards the English Language. Thus, these should provide training and learning opportunities to ensure effective employee performance, quality of work life, and professional growth of all employees. 4. Staff and employees exposure to language by implementing a policy of using English as medium of communication in the workplace. Speaking good English comes as a result of using the language in natural situations on top of formally learning it.( Krashens Theory of second language acquisition) 5. Implement a regular English proficiency workshop to the staff and employees, where activities offer them the chance to gain confidence in their own skills.
52

REFERENCES Adler, R.B., & Elmhorst, J.M. (1996). Communicating at work: principles and practices for business and the professions (2 nd ed). New York: Random House. Ang, J.G.( 2008) Speech Com 101 ( Content Based and Learning Centered Manual in Oral Communication). Katha Publishing Co., Inc. Bayham, M. (1995). Literacy practices: Investigating literacy in social contexts. London: Longman. Brantley,C.P. &Miller M. G. ( 2007). Effective colleges .Thomson Learning Asia, Singapore. communication for

Cohen, Y. and Norst, M.J. (1989) Fear, dependence and loss of self-esteem: affective barriers in second language learning and adults. RELC Journal 20.2 Fulton, C., Patsy, & Hanks, J. D. (2000). Procedures for the office professional. Ohio: South-Western. Javillonar, M. K. (2002).Language Anxiety in Makati telecommunications Company. Thesis, De La Salle University. Jibrin, C. (1989). A study on the effect of teacher feedback using video on oral communication classes at DLSU. Thesis, De La Salle University. Kleinknecth, R. H. (1986). The anxious self: diagnosis and treatment of fears and phobias. NY: Human Sciences Press. Krashen, S. D. (1988). Second language acquisition and second language learning. UK: prentice-Hall. Krashen, S. D. (1987). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. UK: Prentice-Hall. Krashen, S. D., & Terrel, T. D. (1983). The natural approach: language acquisition in the classroom. C.A: Pergamon. Levine, G.S. (2003). Student and instructor beliefs and attitudes about target language use, first language use, and anxiety: Report of a questionnaire study. The Modern language Journal, 87(3), Lightbrown, P. M., & Spada, N. (1999). How languages are learned. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford. 53

Mawer, G., & Lee, F. (1997). Language and literacy in workplace education: learning at work. New York Addison Wesley Longman Inc. Nunan, D. (1992). Research methods in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge. Shrtz, Ricardo. ( 2005) "Stephen Krashen's Theory of second language acquisition." English Made in Brazil <http://www.sk.com.br/sk-krash.html>. Wood, J. T. (2002). Interpersonal communication: everyday encounters. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

54

PREDICTORS OF SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL READINESS AMONG PRESCHOOLERS IN SELECTED SCHOOLS IN DASMARIAS, CAVITE MA. FATIMA V. BULLECER
Abstract The study attempts to explore the predictors of social and intellectual readiness evolved from the personal and family characteristics among preschoolers. The main sources of data came primarily from the responses of a total 114 respondents from three schools. Other background data were gathered from their parents. The findings reveal that the analysis shows that the better predictor of intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents was their age. On the other hand, the presence of relatives in the family is the only personal and family characteristic, which is significantly related to their social readiness. The study concludes that among the variables reviewed, age is the only personal characteristic that significantly predicts intellectual readiness. The presence of relatives in the family is the only personal and family characteristic which is significantly related to social readiness. This present study thereby recommends parents should continuously provide their children positive social experiences that will improve their readiness. The preschool years are the prime physical, emotional, and intellectual learning years of life (Wyckoff and Unell in 2002). This period is said to be between the end of infancy and entry of child to school, which is the age of six. This is described as the dark age of childhood, a great stress in the childs existence (Scott, 1985). This stage of life is considered to be the most crucial period in the childs life. At this age, the child is in his discovery and in the stage of exploratory that is why parents should not be surprised to see a preschooler destroying a newly bought toy. This is the age of never-ending questions of whys and the child always asks and wonders how things are done and made (Briley and Gray, 1994 in Belardo, 1997). Furthermore, Erickson believed that at their best they are energetic learner, curious, inventive, eager and independent. At their worst, they are obstinate inhibited and clinging. Readiness is commonly used to mean readiness to learn to read. However, childrens general social development and intellectual backgrounds should also be taken into account in any consideration of ways to help children prepare for school. 55

There are many contributing factors to childs readiness. Moreover, age, gender, grade level and sibling positions were put together as variables that would describe the personal characteristics of the child. Personal characteristics of the child like age, gender and grade level in and of itself do not appear to constitute an accurate determinant of readiness but these were taken into account because through quick assessment done by school personnel by simply looking at these factors, these where problems begin. (Alberts and others, 1997) Within families there are also differences in the experiences of individual children that affect readiness. Being the oldest of a large family is a very different experience from being the youngest or being in the middle; being the only girl in a family of boys is different from being a girl with only sisters. Thus far, have been looking mostly at fairly obvious differences, like how many children in a family, or the childs position within the family, both of which seem to be at least slightly related to the childs readiness. On average, the more children in the family, the lower the average IQ of the children. And on average, firstborn children have the highest IQs, with average IQs declining steadily as you go down the birth order. (Bee, 1995) The oldest child initially interacts only with his parents and thus has a maximally complex and enriching environment. Second-or later-born children, in contrast, experience a lower average intellectual level in the family simply because they interact with both other children and adults. A later born child may have an advantage if the children are very widely spaced, since then he is interacting entirely with others who are intellectually advanced, including both parents and much older siblings. (Adler in Isaacson and Radish, 2002) The family characteristics of the child such as parents educational attainment, occupation, position, parenting style, number of siblings and presence of significant others were also group together because the childs continuous and progressive development are because of the people who guide, influence and teach them. The family is where an individual starts to live with one another in an intimate interpersonal relationship and develops the feeling of belongingness. This is the primary agent of socialization--the context in which from parents, older siblings and extended family members children begin to acquire the beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors considered appropriate in their society. According to Baumrind in Barber 1996, parenting style provides a robust indicator of parenting functioning that predicts child well-being across a wide spectrum of environments and across diverse communities of children. Both parental responsiveness and parental demandingness are important components of good parenting. Parenting in all societies includes ensuring the childs survival, preparing the child for economic self-sufficiency, and encouraging the child to maximize other cultural values such as morality, religion and achievement. Generally speaking, children with warm and restrictive (authoritative) parents who appeal to reason in order to enforce their demands are likely to raise highly competent and well-adjusted children. However, outcomes of other parenting styles are not as favorable; indeed, children of hostile and permissive (uninvolved) parents are often deficient in virtually all aspects of psychological functioning. Moreover, it is also important in the development of the preschool children the 56

presence of immediate family members or guardian in the absence of their parents and other older siblings because they are the ones who will be of help to cope with the demands of the environment. Looking beyond primary attachments, for children of working parents (particularly daughters) tend to be more independent, to enjoy higher self-esteem, and to hold higher educational and occupational aspirations and less stereotyped views of men and women. This study delved on the predictors of social and intellectual readiness in relation to personal and family characteristics of the preschoolers. The aim of this study was to be able to determine what greatly affects their readiness related to social and intellectual by taking into account not only their personal differences but also their familys characteristics and its uniqueness. Specifically, the study asks the following questions: What are the social and intellectual readinesses of the respondents? Is there a significant relationship between the personal characteristics of the respondents and the social and intellectual readiness of preschoolers? Is there a significant relationship between the family characteristics of the respondents and the social and intellectual readiness of the preschoolers? What were the predictors of social and intellectual readiness of the preschoolers? METHOD Research Design The descriptive correlational method was used in this study. The descriptive method is designed to gather information about the present existing condition. The principal aim is to describe the nature of the situation as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the causes of specific phenomena (Traverse in Sevilla, 1984 in Belardo, 1997). This study focused on the predictors of social and intellectual readiness in relation to personal and family characteristics of the preschoolers in selected schools in Dasmarias, Cavite S.Y. 2007 2008. Likewise, this study employed correlational method, which establishes relationship between demographic variables used in this study such as age, gender, grade level and sibling position as the personal characteristics with the social and intellectual readiness of the respondents. According to Davis, 1997 correlational research investigates relationships among variables. Moreover, it is primarily concerned with finding out whether a relationship exists and with determining its magnitude and direction (Pagano, 2001). In addition, the familys characteristics which includes parents educational attainment, occupation, position, parenting style, number of siblings and presence of significant others are of great help to further understand the childs development. Thus, with the nature of the study presented descriptive correlational method were described appropriate to be used.

57

Population/Subject of the Study The researcher used three preschool levels as participants; nursery, kindergarten and preparatory ranges from 5 years of age and up which came from three (3) selected schools in Dasmarias, Cavite. Table 1. Distribution of Subjects Grade Level Nursery Kindergarten Preparatory Total School A 0 10 24 34 B 0 21 14 35 C 5 23 17 55 5 54 45 114 Total

Parents of these preschoolers were included in the study to know the pupils family profile that contributes a great factor why these children at a certain grade have this kind of social and intellectual readiness level. Research Instruments In this study, four instruments were utilized; three self-made instruments and achievement test were used to answer the specific problems raised in this study, namely: (a) the personal information sheet, (b) the parenting style inventory, (c) the social readiness inventory of the pupils and (d) Wide Range Achievement Test 3 or WRAT3. Personal Information Sheet. This contain statements which was filled up by the parents such as name, age educational attainment, name of sibling/s, number and age of siblings according to birth order, nature of work and position, type of worker categorize as full time or part time employee, owning a business and not working or stay in the house are present. In addition, husband or wifes nature of work and positions are included and the last pertains to having housemaids or have extended family members who live with them and their relationship to the family per se. Parenting Style Inventory. This instrument was designed by the researcher to know the kind of parenting these parents employ to their children inside or outside the home. This was administered to the parents wherein they encircled the number that corresponds to their answer. This is a forty (40) item test where the respondents were asked to indicate how often he/she does the behavior to his/her child/ren. For positive item, the higher the frequency of behavior described, the higher the score. Thus, items rated never are scored 1; rarely 2; sometimes 3; often 4; and always 5. For negative items the less the behavior to be, the higher the score. Thus, scoring is reversed. The highest total possible score for every parenting style is 50. Since the inventory covers four parenting styles the researcher got the raw score for each parenting style. The highest score gained among the four styles of parenting mean the type of parenting they employ towards their children. 58

According to Baumrind, 1991 (in Shafter, 1996) where parenting style inventory was derived, four parenting styles were cited and these are being an authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved parent. From the meanings that were cited the researcher was able to formulate ten statements for each parenting style and was able to make an inventory. Each parenting style contains five positive items and five negative items. Items of Authoritative Style of Parenting were 1,2,5,13,17,18,19,21,22 and 38. These were considered to be on this type because the parent encourages verbal give and take, and shares with the child the reasoning behind their policies. The parents value both expressive and instrumental attributes and both autonomous self will and disciplined conformity. The parents recognize their own special rights as an adult but also the childs present qualities they set standards for future conduct. A parent uses reasoning as well as power to achieve their objectives. Items of Authoritarian Style of Parenting were 6,9,10,14,20,25,26,30,34 and 37. These were considered to be on this type because the act to shape, control, and evaluate the behavior, attitudes of the child in accordance with a set of standards of conduct, are usually an absolute standard, theologically motivated, and formulated by higher authority. The parents values obedience as a virtue and favor punitive, forceful measures to curb self will at points where the childs actions of beliefs conflict of what they think is right. They believe that they are the ones who only know what is best for their children. Items of Permissive Style of Parenting were 3, 15, 16, 23, 27, 28, 31, 35, 36 and 39. These were considered to be on this type because parents allow their children to reason out and express themselves, to raise questions, think for themselves, and plan their own future. The parents consult with the child about policy decisions and gives explanations for family rules and regulation. Also, parents make few demands for household responsibility and orderly behavior. Items of Uninvolved Style of Parenting were 4, 7,8, 11, 12, 24, 29, 32, 33 and 40. These were considered to be on this type because parents are low in both responsiveness and demandingness. Social Readiness Inventory. This instrument measures the preschool social readiness. This test was derived from the Theory of Alfred Adler which is Individual Psychology and Developmental Task by Robert Havighurst. This self made test was answered by their parents wherein they indicated the name of their child, grade level, age and sibling position. In here they were asked to encircle the number that corresponds to the behavior manifested by their child. This is a thirtyitem (30) inventory, which consists of 15 positive items and 15 negative items where the parent were asked to indicate how often his/her child manifests this kind of behaviors. For positive item, the higher the frequency of behavior described, the higher the score. Thus, items rated never are scored 1; rarely 2; sometimes 3; often 4; and always 5. For negative items the less the behavior to be, the higher the score. Thus, scoring is reversed. The highest total possible score is 150. Items of social readiness described the attitude, behavior of the child through play, how he/she interacts to his/her playmates, older people and to his/her environment, to himself and his/her developing interest. 59

In terms of interpreting the scores, the total score reflected the overall level of the childs social readiness. The researcher got the raw score by adding the scores on each item answered and the following range is given to categorize whether the child is socially ready for school or not. Those who will get a raw score within 53 and below this considered Very Low, 54 77 Low, 78 101 Moderate, 102 125 High and 126 150 being Very High in terms of social readiness. Wide Range Achievement Test 3 or WRAT3. This test was developed in 1993 by Gary S. Wilkinson, which can be used with all individuals, aged 5 75. WRAT3 has been designed so that an examiner can make choices in the content of the examination. There were two equated forms (BLUE and TAN) each subtest may be used singularly or in conjunction with one another. When both the blue and tan forms were used this is considered the COMBINED form. Whether a single form or both forms are used, the examiner can measure the respective academic skills and convert the resulting raw scores to absolute scores, standard scores, grade scores and percentiles. Both forms consist of three subtests such as Reading, Spelling and Arithmetic. This takes 15 to 30 minutes to complete. Length of administration will vary with the skill level and behavioral style of the individual being tested. The researcher followed the standard procedure in the administration of the test. Of all these, since blue and tan forms are equated and counterbalanced to factor out any differences that might be associated with the order of administration, the researcher decided to make used of the Tan Form for this study. The researcher made use of the standard scores. Standard scores were the type of scores used for comparisons within individuals and between them. These interval data were a higher level of information than the raw scores or grade equivalents. The ratings of standard scores were classified as those who will get a raw score of 69 and below this considered Deficient, 70 79 Borderline, 80 89 Low Average, 90 109 Average, 110 119 High Average, 120 129 Superior and 130 and up being Very Superior in terms of intellectual readiness.

Validation of the Instruments The self-made instruments made by the researcher such as personal information sheet, parenting style inventory and social readiness inventory which was used in this study undergone content validity by the assigned validators/professors of the Graduate Studies. Parenting Style Inventory and Social Readiness Inventory were the two instruments that have undergone test-retest for reliability in Charis Child Tutorial Learning Center. There were 10 parents who were involved, five (5) from kindergarten and five (5) from preparatory level. These inventories were revised based on the recommendations. After the appropriate corrections the inventories was reproduced for the final and actual data gathering activity. Data Gathering Procedure The researcher included three selected schools in Dasmarias, Cavite. The participants were nursery, kindergarten and preparatory pupils with an age range of 60

five (5) years old and up. After obtaining the principals consent, the researcher asked the teachers consent and participation to obtain the participants to participate in the study. The researcher together with the help of the teachers attached and distributed the inventories. WRAT3, a measure for Intellectual Readiness was administered during class hours, but since this test is for individual, testing participant was placed in a vacant room to take the test. The researcher provided a pencil with eraser and WRAT3 test form. Then, the examiner gave the WRAT3 test form following the standard procedures. Statistical Treatment The following statistical treatments were used to answer specific problems in the study. Descriptive statistics i.e. relative frequency and mean, point biserial correlation, Spearman Rho correlation, Chi-Square and multiple regression. Point biserial correlation coefficient was used in Problems 2 and 5 in determining the significant relationship between the family characteristics of the respondents and the social and intellectual readiness of the preschoolers. The spearmans rho coefficient of correlation was used in Problems 1 and 4 to determine the significant relationship between the personal characteristics of the respondents and the social and intellectual readiness of preschoolers. Chi-square was used in Problem 2 in determining the family characteristics particularly the occupation. Finally, multiple regression was used in Problem 6 in determining the predictors of social and intellectual readiness of the preschoolers.

61

RESULTS Personal characteristic of the respondents in terms of age is shown in the following table. Table 2. Age Profile of the Respondents Age School A F 5 to 5 and 11 months 6 to 6 and 11 months 7 to 7 and 11 months 8 to 8 and 11 months Total 34 100 10 20 4 % 29.4 58.8 11.8 B F 8 17 9 1 35 % 22.9 48.6 25.7 2.9 100 C F 20 18 6 1 45 % 44.4 40 13.3 2.2 100 Total F 38 55 19 2 114 % 33.3 48.2 16.7 1.8 100

Table 2 shows that there were 34 pupils in school A, 35 in school B, and 45 pupils in school C. Overall there were 114 preschoolers in the three schools. There were almost 50 percent of the pupil respondents who fell under 6 to 6 and 11 months. However, 8 to 8 and 11 months had 1.8 percent. These findings show that in terms of age most of the preschoolers in the three schools were within 6 years old to 6 years and 11 months The data revealed that about 50 percent of the pupil respondents fell under 6 to 6 and 11 months because 6 years old is the ideal age of school entry. Table 3. Gender Profile of the Respondents Gender School A F Male Female Total 17 17 34 % 50 50 100 B F 17 18 35 % 48.6 51.4 100 C F 18 27 45 % 40 60 100 Total F 52 62 114 % 45.6 54.4 100

Table 3 presents the gender profile of the respondents. There were 62 or 54.4 percent of the respondents were female and 52 or 45.6 percent were male. These findings show that in terms of gender most of the preschoolers in the three schools were female. The data revealed that almost 55 percent of the pupil respondents were female compared to male.

62

Table 4. Grade Level Profile of the Respondents Grade Level School A F % 10 24 34 29.4 70.6 100 Total B F 21 14 35 % 60 40 100 C F 5 23 17 45 % 11.1 51.1 37.8 100 F 5 54 55 114 % 4.4 47.4 48.2 100

Nursery Kindergarten Preparatory Total

Table 4 shows that grade levels in the preschool were nursery, kinder and preparatory. There were 55 or 48.2 percent of the respondents were in the preparatory level, 54 or 47.4 percent were in the kinder level and 5 or 4.4 percent were in the nursery level. These findings show that in terms of grade level most of the preschoolers in the three schools were in the preparatory level. This revealed that aged six (6) were in the preparatory level.

Table 5. Sibling Position Profile of the Respondents Sibling Position School A F First Second Third Fourth Fifth Total 34 100 18 12 2 2 % 52.9 35.3 5.9 5.9 B F 23 4 6 1 1 35 % 65.7 11.4 17.1 2.9 2.9 100 C F 14 13 13 4 1 45 % 31.1 28.9 28.9 8.9 2.2 100 F 55 29 21 7 2 114 % 48.2 25.4 18.4 6.1 1.8 100 Total

Table 5 shows that sibling positions were classified as first, second, third, fourth and fifth child in the preschool. There were almost 50 percent of the pupil respondents who were first born or eldest in the family. However, 1.8 percent was fifth born. These findings show that in terms of sibling position most of the preschoolers in the three schools were first born or eldest sibling in the family. The data revealed that many were first born because parents were married less than ten (10) years.

63

Table 6. Parents Educational Attainment Profile Parents' Educational Attainment Postgraduate College Secondary Total 34 100 A F 3 31 % 8.8 91.2 B F 1 33 1 35 % 2.9 94.3 2.9 100 45 100 C F 5 40 % 11.1 88.9 F 9 104 1 114 % 7.9 91.2 0.9 100 School Total

Table 6 presents the parents educational attainment profile. This was categorized as secondary, college and postgraduate studies. There was 91.2 percent who attained college while 0.9 percent attained secondary. Table 7. Parents Occupation Profile Mothers' Occupation Employed Own a Business None Total Fathers' Occupation Employed Own a Business None Total School A F 16 4 14 34 % 47.1 11.8 41.2 100 B F 18 6 11 35 % 51.4 17.1 31.4 100 C F 20 6 19 45 % 44.4 13.3 42.2 100 F 54 16 44 114 Total B % 88.2 8.8 2.9 100 F 26 2 3 35 % 83.9 6.5 9.7 100 C F 40 1 2 43 % 93 2.3 4.7 100 F 96 6 6 108 % 88.9 5.6 5.6 100 % 47.4 14 38.6 100 Total

School A F 30 3 1 34

64

Table 7 presents parents occupation. There were 47.4 percent mothers who were employed while 14 percent own a business. However, 88.9 percent of the fathers were employed, 5.6 percent stayed at home and the other 5.6 percent own a business. These findings show that in terms of parents occupation majority of parents were employed. The data indicates that because of the educational attainment of the parents many were employed and parents work together in order to sustain the needs of the family. In addition, fathers can still be considered as breadwinners in the family. Table 8. Parents job status Profile Mothers' job status Full time Part time None Total Fathers' job status Full time Part time None Total School A F 17 13 14 34 % 50 8.8 41.2 100 B F 20 6 9 35 % 57.1 17.1 25.7 100 C F 21 5 19 45 % 46.7 11.1 42.2 100 F 58 14 42 114 Total B % 91.2 5.9 2.9 100 F 26 2 3 35 % 83.9 6.5 9.7 100 2 43 4.7 100 C F 41 % 95.3 F 98 4 6 108 % 90.7 3.7 5.6 100 % 50.9 12.3 36.8 100 Total

School A F 31 2 1 34

Table 8 presents parents job status. It shows that in terms of mothers job status almost 60 percent work as full time employee while 12.3 percent of them work as part time employee. However, concerning the fathers job status , about 90.7 percent work as full time employee 3.7 percent work as part time employee. These findings show that in terms of parents job status majority of parents were full time employees. The researcher believed that both parents need to work full time together for their children to meet their needs. It also revealed that still fathers were considered the boss who earns a living.

65

Table 9. Parenting Style Profile Parenting Styles Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Uninvolved Total School A F 21 4 7 2 34 % 61.8 11.8 20.6 5.9 100 Total B F 21 5 7 2 35 % 60 14.3 20 5.7 100 C F 31 4 7 3 45 % 68.9 8.9 15.6 6.7 100 F 73 13 21 7 114 % 64 11.4 18.4 6.1 100

Table 9 presents the parenting style profile. It shows that 64 percent of the pupils parents used authoritative style of parenting. However, there was about 6 percent who used uninvolved style of parenting. These findings show that in terms of parenting styles majority of the parents used authoritative style of parenting. The data indicates that almost 64 percent of the pupils parents employed authoritative style of parenting because they directs the childs activities but in a rational, issue-oriented way. The parent encourages verbal give and take, and shares with the child the reasoning behind the policies. They value both expressive and instrumental attributes and both autonomous self-will and disciplined conformity. Therefore, parents exert firm control at points of parent-child divergence, but not hem the child in with restrictions. According to Steifert (2000), authoritative parents set clear standards for mature and responsible behavior and expect their children to meet their standards. Enforcement of roles is firm but parents unduly restrict their childrens activities and issues, and give reasons for limits. Learning to take responsibility is a high priority. Table 10. Number of Siblings Profile of the Respondents Number of Siblings 1 to 2 3 to 4 5 to 6 Total 34 100 School A F 26 8 % 76.5 23.5 B F 19 14 2 35 % 54.3 40 5.7 100 C F 22 20 3 43 % 48.9 44.4 6.7 100 F 67 42 5 114 % 58.8 36.8 4.4 100 Total

66

Table 10 shows that numbers of siblings were enclose in the 1 to 2, 3 to 4 and 5 to 6 bracket. There were almost 60 percent pupil respondents who were under 1 to 2 bracket number of siblings while 4.4 percent were in the 5 to 6 bracket number of siblings. These findings show that in terms of number of siblings most of them are in the 1 to 2 bracket number of siblings. The data shows that almost 60 percent of the parents prefer to have 1 to 2 children only maybe because of the reason that nowadays it is hard to have more children to take care of and to be responsible with many things especially parents who are employed. According to Meltz (2007), some of the reasons why parents raised only 1 to 2 children because it is easy to overlook things, fewer distractions in the family, bond between 1 to 2 child and his/her parents tends to be stronger and tighter than in bigger families. Table 11. Housemaid Profile of the Respondents Presence of Housemaid Yes None Total School A F 16 18 34 % 47.1 52.9 100 B F 7 28 35 % 20 80 100 C F 17 28 45 % 37.8 62.2 100 F 40 74 114 % 35.1 64.9 100 Total

Extended Family Profile of the Respondents

Is Family Extended Yes None Total

School A F 15 19 34 % 44.1 55.9 100 B F 6 29 35 % 17.1 82.9 100 C F 19 26 45 % 42.2 57.8 100

Total F 40 74 114 % 35.1 64.9 100

Table 11 presents the presence of housemaid of the respondents. It indicates that among 114 respondents there were almost 65 percent who does not have housemaid while 35.1 percent have maids at home. However, concerning the extended family as to have or not to have extension, it shows that there were almost 65 percent who does not have extended family while 35.1 percent whose families were extended. These findings show that many of the families can manage the tasks at home therefore need not to have housemaids and as to the family whether extended or not, most of the families were not extended. 67

In addition, instead of having housemaids if there were relatives in the family who are capable enough and can be trusted to take care of the children then parents would rather choose it. Table 12. Relatives in the Family Who lives with the Family Grandparents Parents Brothers / Sisters Tito / Tita Nieces / Nephew Total School A F 1 8 4 1 14 % 7.1 57.1 28.6 7.1 100 6 100 Total B F 4 2 % 66.7 33.3 C F 2 11 4 2 1 20 % 10 55 20 10 5 100 F 3 23 10 2 2 40 % 7.5 57.5 25 5 5 100

Table 12 presents the presence of relative in the family. This was categorized as grandparents, parents, brothers or sisters, tito or tita, and nephews or nieces. There were almost 60 percent whose parents were living with the family while 5 percent were tito / tita, nieces and nephew. These findings show that in terms of the presence of relative in the family, the pupils were mostly with their parents parents or so called grandparents. In the Philippines, Filipinos are said to be family oriented people. In that case, when a child becomes adult and decides to marry his/her parents will reside and assist him in building the family and in the absence of the parents for work grandparents are there to help and they take the responsibility of their children.

68

Table 13. Social Readiness of the respondents Social Readiness Low Moderate High Total 16 18 34 47.1 52.9 100 School A F % B F 1 23 11 35 % 2.9 65.7 31.4 100 20 25 45 44.4 55.6 100 C F % F 1 59 54 114 % 0.9 51.8 47.4 100 Total

Mean Verbal Interpretation

103.62 High

99.46 Moderate

102 High

101.7 Moderate

Legend 53 and below 54 77 78 101 102 125 126 150 Very Low Low Moderate High Very High

Table 13 presents social readiness of the pupils. About 51.8 percent of the pupil had a moderate social readiness and 47.4 percent of them had high social readiness. As regards to school, both A and C had high social readiness with a mean of 103.62 for school A and 102 for school C. These findings show that social readiness of pupil respondents with an overall mean of 101.7 were interpreted moderate in their social readiness. The data indicates that they were moderate in social readiness maybe because at times they tend to become brat, bossy and not a good follower. They enjoy playing alone, like to put things in the mouth, does not begin true give and take and understand values such as telling the truth, being honest and showing responsibility. More so, they do not want his/her parents to be out of sight and needs to get clear and consistent rules and to understand the consequences of breaking them. According to Belen (1997), one area of significant development during childhood is the socialization of the child. To become socialized, the child needs social experiences. Parents and preschool teachers can contribute to readiness by offering children positive experiences in group settings outside of the home, and by helping children strengthen their social skills and understanding. 69

Table 14. Intellectual Readiness of Respondents in Reading Reading School A F Deficient Borderline Low Average Average High Average Superior Very Superior Total 1 2 10 5 3 13 34 2.9 5.9 29.4 14.7 8.8 38.2 100 7 7 9 11 35 20 20 25.7 31.4 100 1 7 5 11 19 45 2.2 15.6 11.1 24.4 42.2 100 % B F 1 % 2.9 C F 2 % 4.4 F 3 1 3 24 17 23 43 114 % 2.6 0.9 2.6 21.1 14.9 20.2 37.7 100 Total

Mean Verbal Interpretation Legend

118.71 High Average

120.63 Superior

126.13 Superior

122.23 Superior

69 and below 70 79 80 89 90 109 110 119 120 129 130 and above

Deficient Borderline Low Average Average High Average Superior Very Superior

Table 14 shows the intellectual readiness of the pupils in reading. There were almost 60 percent whose reading readiness was considered very superior and superior. However, there were 3.5 percent who were deficient and in borderline in intellectual reading readiness. These findings show that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents in reading had a mean of 122.23 which was verbally interpreted as superior. The data revealed that about 60 percent of the pupil respondents were superior and very superior in their reading intellectual readiness and they can read words applied for Grade 1 and 2 levels. However, it also revealed that there were 3.5 percent of the pupil respondents who were under deficient and borderline. Hence, these were the children who had problems in their reading readiness because 70

they cannot relate to the topics discussed by their teachers, cannot even recognized letters neither produced sounds of the alphabets, blends and three-letter words. Children are more likely to feel competent in school if they can understand and use the language of the peers and the adults they meet in school. They are also more likely to have confidence in their own ability to cope with school if they can relate to the ideas and topics introduced by the teacher and other children in class discussion and activities (Katz & McClellan, 1991). Table 15. Intellectual Readiness of Respondents in Spelling Spelling School A F Deficient Borderline Low Average Average High Average Superior Very Superior Total Mean Verbal Interpretation Legend 69 and below 70 79 80 89 90 109 110 119 120 129 130 and above Deficient Borderline Low Average Average High Average Superior Very Superior 1 11 10 3 9 34 116.26 High Average 2.9 32.4 29.4 8.8 26.5 100 1 6 8 10 9 35 119.69 High Average 2.9 17.1 22.9 28.6 25.7 100 3 7 7 7 19 45 122.53 Superior 6.7 15.6 15.6 15.6 42.2 100 % B F % C F 2 % 4.4 F 2 1 5 24 25 20 37 114 119.79 High Average % 1.8 0.9 4.4 21.1 21.9 17.5 32.5 100 Total

Table 15 shows the intellectual readiness of the pupils in spelling. There were 50 percent whose spelling readiness was very superior and superior. However, there were almost 3 percent who were deficient and in borderline. These findings show that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents in spelling had a mean of 119.79 and thus verbally interpreted with high average in the spelling readiness.

71

The data indicates that about 50 percent of the pupil respondents were superior and very superior in their spelling intellectual readiness and they can spell words applied for Grade 1 and 2 levels. However, it also revealed that there were almost 3 percent of the pupil respondents who were under deficient and borderline. Hence, these were the children who had problems in their spelling readiness because of the reason that they could hardly read so they could not write words through dictation. According to Billman & Sherman (1997), as children develop more concepts and vocabulary, their causal reasoning becomes more advanced and they are able to offer reasonable cause-and-effect explanations. When you observe preschoolers, you will notice that when they do not know the reason for something, they will invent one. Table 16.Intellectual Readiness of Respondents in Arithmetic Arithmetic School A F Deficient Borderline Low Average Average High Average Superior Very Superior Total 5 12 6 11 34 14.7 35.3 17.6 32.4 100 1 2 7 4 6 15 35 2.9 5.7 20 11.4 17.1 42.9 100 1 11 7 6 18 45 2.2 24.4 15.6 13.3 40 100 % B F % C F 2 % 4.4 F 2 1 3 23 23 18 44 114 % 1.8 0.9 2.6 20.2 20.2 15.8 38.6 100 Total

Mean Verbal Interpretation

124.29 Superior

121.14 Superior

121.47 Superior

122.21 Superior

Legend 69 and below 70 79 80 89 90 109 110 119 120 129 130 and above 72 Deficient Borderline Low Average Average High Average Superior Very Superior

Table 16 shows the intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents in arithmetic. There were 44 or 38.6 percent whose arithmetic readiness were very superior, 23 or 20.2 percent were high average and average, 18 or 15.8 percent were superior, 3 or 2.6 percent were low average, 2 or 1.8 percent were deficient and 1 or .9 percent were under borderline. As regards to school, all got superior in terms of intellectual readiness in arithmetic. These findings show that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents in arithmetic had a mean of 122.21 and thus verbally interpreted with superior in the arithmetic intellectual readiness. The data indicates that about 60 percent of the pupil respondents were superior and very superior in their arithmetic intellectual readiness and they can do counting and do simple calculations that are to add and subtract numbers applied for Grade 1 and 2 levels. However, it also revealed that there were almost 3 percent of the pupil respondents who were under deficient and borderline. Hence, these were the children who had problems in their arithmetic readiness because they could hardly identify and write numbers correctly, cannot count consistently especially the process of addition and subtraction. According to Belen (1997) cognition or understanding of concepts is dependent on the childs readiness to understand himself, his ability and his environment. This comes from the level of maturation of the brain and the rest of nervous system and of his sense organs. Table 17. Summary Table of Intellectual Readiness Intellectual Readiness Deficient Borderline Low Average Average High Average Superior Very Superior Total Mean Verbal Interpretation School A F % Total B F 1 1 4 8 12 9 35 120.49 Superior % 2.9 2.9 11.4 22.9 34.3 25.7 100 C F 2 1 7 9 7 19 45 123.38 Superior % 4.4 2.2 15.6 20 15.6 42.2 100 F 2 1 3 21 25 25 37 114 121.41 Superior % 1.8 0.9 2.6 18.4 21.9 21.9 32.5 100

1 10 8 6 9 34 119.75 High

2.9 29.4 23.5 17.6 26.5 100

Average

73

Table 17 presents the summary table of intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents. About 50 percent of the pupil had a superior and very superior intellectual readiness and 3 percent of them had deficient and borderline intellectual readiness. As regards to school, both B and C had superior intellectual readiness with a mean of 120.49 for school B and 123.38 for school C. These findings show that intellectual readiness of pupil respondents with an overall mean of 121.41 were interpreted superior in their intellectual readiness. The data indicates that they were superior in intellectual readiness because they can do simple calculations like adding and subtracting numbers, they can read words and spell it out correctly, they can follow simple instructions as to how something is to be done, they can relate to the ideas and topics introduced by their teacher and other children in class discussion and activities. According to Berger (1999) parents who provide active support of their children contribute more to their childs success in school than those who provide passive support. The least effective parents in terms of the childs ability to succeed are those who are non-supportive. Parents must actively help their children as well as encourage them to achieve. Parents behaviors that support the childs cognitive include teaching of specific skills, opportunities for the child to explore and try out skills, conversations and play with the child, high expectations for achievement, and knowledge about childs development. The Spearman rank and point biserial correlation coefficient were used to determine the degree of relationship between personal characteristics of pupils and their level of intellectual and social readiness at 0.05 level of significance. Table 18.Age of the pupil and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness Intellectual and Social Readiness Social Intellectual * Spearman Rank Social Readiness. It can be gleaned from Table 18 that the computed spearman rank correlation coefficient between age of the pupil respondents at their level of social readiness was -0.127 with a probability value of 0.178 which is not significant at 5 percent level. Hence, the null hypothesis of no significant relationship between age of the pupil respondents at their level of social readiness was accepted. This indicates that age of the pupil respondents does not affect their level of social readiness. The data also revealed that regardless of the age of pupil respondents their level of social readiness were the same. 74 Correlation* Coefficient -0.127 -0.646 0.178 0.000 Accept Ho Reject Ho Significance Decision

The data indicates that age does not affect the social readiness of the pupil respondents maybe because the attachment process continues to be formative and helps to shape the internal working model of social relationships the child creates. They develop the ability to share, to read others cues well and to respond positively to others. Intellectual Readiness. As shown in Table 18, the computed correlation coefficient of -0.646 indicates that age is significantly related to the intellectual readiness of pupils. The hypothesis of no significant relationship between age of the pupil and their level of intellectual readiness was rejected. This means that the intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents could be affected by their age. It further shows that younger pupil respondents were more intellectually ready than those older pupil respondents. This finding is supported by Katz, et al. (1990) that age is one of the biggest factors that determine whether a child is intellectually ready or not for school. If the child with his age does not actively construct meaning as he/she explores the world around him/her, do not add concepts, vocabulary, and representation to the process therefore may affect his/her intellectual readiness. However, data resulted that younger pupils were more intellectually ready than those older pupils probably because as they grow older they begin to explore and become aware of the social and physical reality, achieve personal independence and develop attitudes toward social group and institutions, that is why they become more playful and do not give so much importance on the academic areas. Table 19. Gender of the pupil and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness Intellectual and Social Readiness Social Intellectual * Point Biserial Critical value of t-test = 1.96 Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between gender and their level of social readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was -0.007 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between gender and social readiness was accepted. This implies that social readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by their gender maybe because both male and female have already had some positive experience in group settings outside of the home. Correlation* Coefficient -0.007 -0.235 -0.0719 -2.5566 Accept Ho Reject Ho Significance Decision

75

Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between gender and their level of intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was -0.235 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between gender and intellectual readiness was rejected. This implies that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents was affected by their gender. It also shows that intellectual readiness of female pupil respondents were statistically higher than those male respondents. This finding is supported by Wyckoff & Unell (2002) that boys brains develop more slowly than girls. In boys, the left half of the brain, which controls thinking, develops more slowly than the right half, which controls spatial relationships. As a result, the connection between the two hemispheres is not as fully formed in boys, who generally enjoy greater ability in math and reasoning, but lesser ability in language and reading. However, girls brains develop more evenly, giving them the ability to use both hemispheres for such activities as reading and emotional awareness. The female brain is at work most of the time, allowing girls to be more skilled at multi-tasking. Table 20. Grade level of the pupil and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness Intellectual Social Readiness Social Intellectual * Point Biserial Critical value of t-test = 1.96 Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between grade level and their level of social readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was -0.005 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between grade level and social readiness was accepted. This implies that the social readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by their grade level maybe because the childs social skills were strengthened. Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between grade level and their level of intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was 0.142 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between grade level and intellectual readiness was accepted. This implies that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by their grade level maybe because at certain grade level they can relate to the ideas and topics introduced by the teacher and other children in class discussions and activities. 76 and Correlation* Coefficient -0.005 0.142 -0.0493 1.5206 Accept Ho Accept Ho Significance Decision

Table 21. Sibling position of the pupil and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness Intellectual Social Readiness Social Intellectual * Spearman Rank Social Readiness. It can be gleaned from Table 21 that the computed spearman rank correlation coefficient between sibling position of the pupil respondents and their level of social readiness was 0.095 with a probability value of 0.314 which is not significant at 5 percent level. Hence, the null hypothesis of no significant relationship between sibling position of the pupil respondents and their level of social readiness was accepted. The data indicates that each child regardless of his/her sibling position in the family developed his/her own coping strategies well. Intellectual Readiness. As shown in Table 21, the computed spearman rank correlation coefficient was -0.129 with a probability value (significant value) of 0.173 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between sibling position of the pupil and their level of intellectual readiness was accepted. This means that the intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents was not affected by their sibling position. The data indicates that the childs intellectual readiness is not dependent on his/her sibling position. But the childs ability to learn affects both genetic make up and the reactions a child has to his/her environment (Billman & Sherman, 1997) and Correlation* Coefficient 0.095 -0.129 0.314 0.173 Accept Ho Accept Ho Significance Decision

77

Table 22 Parents Educational Attainment and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness Intellectual and Social Readiness Social Intellectual * Point Biserial Critical value of t-test = 1.96 Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between parents educational attainment and their level of social readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was -0.089 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between parents educational attainment and social readiness was accepted. This implies that the social readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by their parents educational attainment. The data indicates that social readiness is not dependent to parents educational attainment maybe because the child has nothing to do with what his/her parents achievements. Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between parents educational attainment and their level of intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was 0.059 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between parents educational attainment and intellectual readiness was accepted. This implies that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by their parents educational attainment maybe because what is important is the amount of care that they were going to receive. Table 23 Mothers Occupation and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness Intellectual and Social Readiness Social Intellectual Chi Square Computed 0.694 5.055 Degrees Of Freedom 2 4 78 0.078 0.206 0.707 0.282 Accept Ho Accept Ho Contingency Coefficient Significance Decision Correlation* Coefficient 0.089 0.059 0.9426 0.6265 Accept Ho Accept Ho Significance Decision

Social Readiness. The chi-square statistics was used to detect significant relationship/association between social readiness and mothers occupation of pupil respondents while the contingency coefficient was used to measure the degree of their association. As presented in Table 23 the computed chi-square value between mothers occupation and social readiness was 0.694 with a probability (significant) value of 0.707 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between mothers occupation and social readiness was accepted. Hence, the level of social readiness of the pupils is not significantly influenced by their mothers occupation maybe because the child tends to be more independent in the absence of his/her parents for work. Intellectual Readiness. The chi-square statistics was used to detect significant relationship/association between intellectual readiness and mothers occupation of pupil respondents while the contingency coefficient was used to measure the degree of their association. As presented in Table 23 the computed chi-square value between mothers occupation and intellectual readiness was 5.055 with a probability (significant) value of 0.282 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between mothers occupation and intellectual readiness was accepted. Hence, the level of intellectual readiness of the pupils is not significantly influenced by their mothers occupation maybe because the child and his/her early experiences and the genetic endowment shape the childs intellect. Table 24 Mothers Position and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness Decisio Significance n

Intellectual and Social Readiness Social

Chi Square Compute d 0.135

Degrees of Freedom 2 4

Contingency Coefficient

0.034 0.161

0.935 0.555

Intellectual 3.015 * Chi-Square Test

Accept Ho Accept Ho

Social Readiness. The chi-square statistics was used to detect significant relationship/association between social readiness and mothers job status of pupil respondents while the contingency coefficient was used to measure the degree of their association. As shown in Table 24 the computed chi-square value between mothers job status and social readiness was 0.135 with a probability (significant) value of 0.935 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between mothers job status and social readiness was accepted. Hence, 79

the level of social readiness of the pupils is not significantly influenced by their mothers job status maybe because parents regardless of their job status at work tend to be the caregiver at home. Intellectual Readiness. The chi-square statistics was used to detect significant relationship/association between intellectual readiness and mothers job status of pupil respondents while the contingency coefficient was used to measure the degree of their association. As shown in Table 24 the computed chi-square value between mothers job status and intellectual readiness was 3.015 with a probability (significant) value of 0.555 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between mothers job status and intellectual readiness was accepted. Hence, the level of intellectual readiness of the pupils is not significantly influenced by their mothers job status maybe because parents regardless of his/her job status do his/her ultimate goal to mold their children to become a better citizen of the world as they grow old. Table 25. Fathers Occupation and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness Intellectual Social Readiness Social Intellectual * Point Biserial Critical value of t-test = 1.96 Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between fathers occupation and their level of social readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was 0.081 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between fathers occupation and social readiness was accepted. This implies that the social readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by their fathers occupation. Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between fathers occupation and their level of intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was 0.060 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between fathers occupation and intellectual readiness was accepted. This implies that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by their fathers occupation. and Correlation* Coefficient 0.081 0.060 0.8586 0.6310 Accept Ho Accept Ho Significance Decision

80

The data indicates that social and intellectual readiness had nothing to do with fathers occupation because this is the time when the peer group tends to become more important to the child than his family. Table 26 Fathers Job status Readiness Intellectual and Social Readiness Social Intellectual * Point Biserial Critical value of t-test = 1.96 Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between fathers job status and their level of social readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was 0.122 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between fathers occupation and social readiness was accepted. This implies that the social readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by their fathers job status . Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between fathers job status and their level of intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was 0.076 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between fathers job status and intellectual readiness was accepted. This implies that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by their fathers job status . Table 27 Parenting Styles and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness Significanc e Decision and its relationship to Social and Intellectual

Correlation* Coefficient 0.122 0.076

t-computed 1.2959 0.8037

Decision Accept Ho Accept Ho

Intellectual and Social Readiness Social

Chi Square Computed 0.055

Degrees of Freedom 2 4

Contingency Coefficient

0.022 0.147

0.973 0.640

Intellectual 2.525 * Chi-Square Test

Accept Ho Accept Ho

81

Social Readiness. The chi-square statistics was used to detect significant relationship/association between social readiness and parenting styles of pupil respondents while the contingency coefficient was used to measure the degree of their association. . As shown in Table 27 the computed chi-square value between parenting styles and social readiness was 0.055 with a probability (significant) value of 0.973 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between parenting styles and social readiness was accepted. Hence, the level of social readiness of the pupils is not significantly influenced by their parenting styles. Intellectual Readiness. The chi-square statistics was used to detect significant relationship/association between intellectual readiness and parenting styles of pupil respondents while the contingency coefficient was used to measure the degree of their association. As shown in Table 27 the computed chi-square value between parenting styles and intellectual readiness was 2.525 with a probability (significant) value of 0.640 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between parenting styles and intellectual readiness was accepted. Hence, the level of intellectual readiness of the pupils is not significantly influenced by their parenting styles. The data indicates that parenting style had nothing to do with the social and intellectual readiness of the child maybe because the amount of care given is much more important than the styles of parenting. Table 28. Number of Siblings and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness Intellectual and Social Readiness Social Intellectual * Spearman Rank Social Readiness. It can be gleaned from Table 28 that the computed spearman rank correlation coefficient between number of siblings of pupil respondents at their level of social readiness was 0.027 with a probability value of 0.776 which is not significant at 5 percent level. Hence, the null hypothesis of no significant relationship between number of siblings of the pupil respondents at their level of social readiness was accepted. This indicates that number of siblings of the pupil respondents does not affect their level of social readiness. The data also revealed that regardless of the number of siblings of pupil respondents their level of social readiness were the same. 82 Correlation* Coefficient 0.027 -0.061 0.776 0.518 Accept Ho Accept Ho Significance Decision

Intellectual Readiness. As shown in Table 28 the computed spearman rank correlation coefficient was -0.061 with a probability value (significant value) of 0.518 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The hypothesis of no significant relationship between number of siblings and their level of intellectual readiness was accepted. This means that the intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents was not affected by the number of siblings. The data indicates that number of siblings had nothing to do with the social and intellectual readiness of the child maybe because the child individually received the amount of attention needed to their development. Table 29 Presence of Housemaid and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness Intellectual and Social Readiness Social Intellectual * Point Biserial Critical value of t-test = 1.96 Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between presence of housemaid and their level of social readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was 0.077 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between presence of significant others and social readiness was accepted. This implies that the social readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by the presence of housemaid. Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between presence of housemaid and their level of intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was 0.051 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between presence of housemaid and intellectual readiness was accepted. This implies that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by the presence of housemaid. The data indicates that presence of housemaid had nothing to do with social and intellectual readiness of the child may be because children do not merely listen to the housemaids. Correlation* Coefficient 0.077 0.051 0.8176 0.5408 Accept Ho Accept Ho t-computed Decision

83

Table 30. Presence of Relative in the family and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness Intellectual and Social Readiness Social Intellectual * Point Biserial , Critical value of t-test = 1.96 Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between presence of relative in the family and their level of social readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was 0.185 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between presence of relative in the family and social readiness was rejected. This implies that the social readiness of pupil respondents was affected by the relative in the family. The data indicates that presence of relative in the family affects the social readiness of the pupil respondents maybe because in the absence of the pupils parents grandparents are of help to develop/increase their social readiness. They also teach, advise, guide and support their grandchildren as to how to behave and handle different situations. Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of relationship between presence of relative in the family and their level of intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient was -0.072 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between presence of relative in the family and intellectual readiness was accepted. This implies that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by the relative in the family. The data indicates that the presence of relative in the family had nothing to do with the intellectual readiness of the child maybe because the child wants to discover, invent and develop on his own. What are the predictors of social and intellectual readiness of the preschoolers? The multiple regression analysis was used to determine significant predictors of social and intellectual readiness of pupil respondent. The family and personal characteristics of the pupil respondents which were significantly related to social and intellectual readiness were considered as the predictors. The stepwise regression analysis was also applied to determine the best of social and intellectual readiness. 84 Correlation* Coefficient 0.185 -0.072 1.9883 -0.7674 Accept Ho Reject Ho t-computed Decision

Table 31. Predictors of Intellectual Readiness of the Respondents Variables Constant Age child Coefficient 226.465 -16.580 Standard Error 10.563 1.654 21.440 -10.022 .000 s .000 s t-computed Significance

ns not significant at 5% level , S significant at 5% level, Multiple r = 0.688 Adjusted r square = 0.468 Intellectual Readiness. The personal and family characteristics of pupil respondents which significantly related to the intellectual readiness were the age and gender of the pupil. Hence, they were considered as the predictors of intellectual readiness. Result of the stepwise regression analysis shows that the better predictor of intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents was their age as shown in Table 30. It further shows that the value of multiple correlation coefficient was 0.688 which is significant at 5 percent level. It also shows that the adjusted r square was 0.468 which implies that 46.8 percent of the variability of intellectual readiness can be explained by the variability of the pupils age. The regression equation was Y = 226. 465 16.580X1 Where

Y Intellectual Readiness X1 Age of child

The regression equation above shows that if the age of the pupil is five (5) years old then it can be expected that the level of intellectual readiness of the pupil will be 143.55 which can be interpreted as very superior, while if the age of the pupil is seven (7) years old, then it can be expected that their level of intellectual readiness was 109.79 which can be interpreted as High Average. Hence, it can be concluded that the older the pupil the lower is their level of intellectual readiness and the younger the pupil the higher is the level of intellectual readiness. The data indicates that age is the better predictor of intellectual readiness. According to Morrison (1997) in determining school readiness age does not appear to constitute an accurate determinant of intellectual readiness but actually involves number of factors, such as specific skills, health and nutritional status, social competence, psychological preparedness and other background such as social class, parental education, and child-care experience are more influential than the childs age. In addition, the data revealed that younger pupil had the higher level of intellectual readiness than the older ones maybe because as the child progresses priorities regarding academics had been continuously changing they tend to focus more on play and social interactions.

85

Table 32. Predictors of Social Readiness of the Respondents Variables Coefficient Standard Error Constant 100.473 1.039 96.743 .000 s Presence of 3.502 1.753 1.997 .000 s relatives in the family ns not significant at 5% level, S significant at 5% level Multiple r = 0.185 , Adjusted r square = 0.026 Y = 100.473 + 3.502X1 Where Y - Social Readiness X1 - Presence of Relatives in the Family Social Readiness. The presence of relatives in the family is the only personal and family characteristic which is significantly related to their social readiness. Result of the regression analysis was shown in Table 31. It further shows that the value of multiple r was 0.185 and the adjusted rsquare was 0.026 which are significant at 5 percent level. The regression equation was Y = 100.473 + 3.502X1 Where Y - Social Readiness X1 - Presence of Relatives in the Family The regression equation above can be expected that if the pupil does not have a relative in the family the social readiness of the pupil will be 100.473 which can be interpreted as moderate .On the other hand, if there is a presence of relative in the family the expected level of social readiness will be 103.975 which can be interpreted as high level of social readiness. The data indicates that presence of relative in the family had something to do with social readiness of the child maybe because the child does not feel alone and even feels complete even in the absence of their parents, also because they have grandparents who care. t-computed Significance

86

Findings Based on the data gathered, the following results have been obtained. The personal characteristic of the pupil respondents were as follows: Most of the preschoolers age in the three schools was within 6 years old to 6 years and 11 months with a percentage of 48.2 percent and with an overall mean of 6.34. Concerning gender, most of them were female with a percentage of 54.5 percent. A little less than the majority of the preschoolers were in the preparatory level with a percentage of 48.2 percent. The data under sibling position revealed that most of the preschoolers were first born or eldest sibling in the family with a percentage of 48.2 percent and with an overall mean of 1.88. The family characteristic of the pupil respondents were as follows: About parents educational attainment, majority were college level with a percentage of 91.2 percent. In terms of parents occupation, data revealed that majority of parents were employed. To further, mothers occupation had a little less than the majority with a percentage of 47.4 percent while fathers occupation had the majority with a percentage of 88.9 percent. Parents job status revealed that many were full time employee. Mothers had a percentage of 50.9 while fathers had a percentage of 90.7. The parenting style inventory showed that the most frequent parenting style used by the parents was the Authoritative Parenting Style with a percentage of 64 percent. Number of siblings profile of the respondents also revealed that most of the pupil respondents were in the 1 to 2 bracket with a percentage of 58.8 percent. Profile of the presence of housemaid showed that majority of the families can work without housemaids with a percentage of 64.9 percent. However, presence of relative in the family marked that majority of the grandparents live in the family with a percentage of 57.5 percent. The social readiness inventory showed that pupil respondents had a moderate social readiness with a percentage of 51.8 percent and had an overall mean of 87

101.7. However, the intellectual readiness showed that pupil respondents had a superior intellectual readiness with a mean of 121.41. The relationship between the personal characteristics of the respondents in terms of age, gender, grade level and sibling position and the social and intellectual readiness of preschoolers were as follows: The relationship of age and social readiness with the computed spearman rank correlation coefficient of -.127) with a probability value of .178 at 5 percent level of significance was accepted. More so, relationship of age and intellectual readiness with the computed spearman rank correlation coefficient of -0.646 with a probability value of .000 at 5 percent level of significance was rejected. The relationship of gender and social readiness with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient of -.007 at 5 percent level of significance was accepted. The relationship of gender and intellectual readiness with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient of -0.235 at 5 percent level of significance was rejected. The relationship of grade level and social readiness with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient of -.005 at 5 percent level of significance was accepted. The relationship of grade level and intellectual readiness with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient of 0.142 at 5 percent level of significance was accepted. The relationship of sibling position and social readiness with the computed spearman rank correlation of 0.095 with a probability value of 0.314 at 5 percent level of significance was accepted. The relationship of sibling position and intellectual readiness with the computed spearman rank correlation of -0.129 with a probability value of 0.173 at 5 percent level of significance was accepted. The relationship between the family characteristics of the respondents and the social and intellectual readiness of the preschoolers are as follows: The relationship of their parents educational attainment to social readiness with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient of 0.089 at 5 percent level of significance was accepted. The relationship of their parents educational attainment to intellectual readiness with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient of 0.059 at 5 percent level of significance was accepted. The relationship of their mothers occupation to social readiness with computed chi-square value of 0.694 was accepted. The relationship of their mothers occupation to intellectual readiness with computed chi-square value of 5.055 with probability value of 0.282 was accepted. However, the relationship of their fathers occupation to social readiness with computed point biserial correlation coefficient of 0.081 was accepted. More so, the relationship of their fathers occupation and intellectual readiness with the computed correlation coefficient of 0.060 was accepted.

88

The relationship of their mothers job status to social readiness with computed chi-square value of 3.015 was accepted. The relationship of mothers job status and intellectual readiness with the computed chi-square value of 3.015 was accepted. On the other hand, the relationship of their fathers job status to social readiness with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient of 0.122 was accepted. The relationship of fathers job status and intellectual readiness with the point biserial correlation coefficient of 0.076 was accepted. The relationship of parenting style and social readiness with the computed chisquare value of 0.055 with a probability value of 0.973 was accepted. The relationship of parenting style and intellectual readiness with the computed chisquare value of 2.525 with a probability value of 0.640 was accepted. The relationship of number of siblings and social readiness with a computed spearman rank correlation coefficient of 0.027 with a probability value of 0.776 was accepted. The relationship of number of siblings and intellectual readiness with a computed spearman rank correlation coefficient of -0.061 with a probability value of 0.518 was accepted. The relationship of the presence of housemaid and social readiness with the computed correlation coefficient of 0.077 was accepted. The relationship of presence of housemaid and intellectual readiness with the computed correlation coefficient of 0.051 was accepted. Moreover, the relationship of relatives in the family and social readiness with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient of -.072 which is not significant at 5 percent level, was rejected. On the other hand, the relationship of the relatives in the family and intellectual readiness with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient of .072 which is not significant at 5 percent level was accepted. Based on the result the of the multiple regression analysis the personal and family characteristics of pupil respondents which is significantly related to intellectual readiness were the age and gender of the pupil. Hence, they were considered as the predictors of intellectual readiness. However, the result of the stepwise regression analysis shows that the better predictor of intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents was their age. On the other hand, the presence of relatives in the family is the only personal and family characteristic, which is significantly related to their social readiness. Recommendations In the light of the foregoing data, here are some ideas that the researcher wanted to recommend: 1. Since the social readiness of the pupil respondents was moderate, parents should continuously provide their children positive social experiences that will improve their readiness. School Administrators should make and design programs for the preschoolers to improve their level of social readiness. Teachers should also be aware and work 89

hand in hand with the school and parents in facilitating the said programs. 2. Since the intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents were superior, school administrators should set and make programs to improve the intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents and avoid its decline but to improve more. Also, parents should be aware to continuously provide ample time to educate their children as to the best they can.

3.

Age is the better predictor of the intellectual readiness. The school administrators should consider the age of the child who will enter preschool before they will admit him/her. Teachers should be aware of this result to further help the young ones. Parents should also take into consideration the age of their children before entering school. Relative in the family is the only predictor of the social readiness. Parents of the pupil respondents should encourage their parents to continuously give support for the family. To further, there should be seminars or trainings as to how grandparents will educate their grandchildren to become more socially ready. Further studies can be conducted on the predictors of social and intellectual readiness in order to validate the result of this study.

4.

5.

90

REFERENCES Bee, H. (1995). The developing child. Seventh Edition. Belardo, M.J.P. (1997). Factors affecting the nutritional status of preschoolers of Blessed Christ Academy Dasmarias, Cavite SY 1996 - 1997. De La Salle University Dasmarias, Cavite. Belen, L..M. (1997). Early childhood experiences program (ECEP): Success or Failure?. De La Salle University Dasmarias, Cavite. Billman, J. and Sherman, J. (1997). Observation and participation in early childhood settings. A practicum guide. Second Edition. Alexander: e-magazine.adoption.com/articles/462/the-world-of-the%20adoptedchild.php. http://ceep.crc.uiuc.edu/eecearchive/digests/191/kats91.html http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/hstein/birthord.htm http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/psychosoci al_2.htm

http://www.visualstatistics.net/web%20Visual%20Statistics/Visual% 20Statistics%20Multimedia/point biserial_coefficient_of_correlation http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9219/readiness.htm Lally: hsnrc.org/CDI/rlally1.cfm Knitzer & Leftkowitz: nccp.org/publications/pdf/text_648.pdf Sweeney, T. (1998). Adlerian Counseling: A practitioners Edition. approach. Fourth

91

ABOUT THE AUTHORS Prof. Ma. Teresita Lunar Ingles penchant for history dates back during her collegiate years in St. Scholaticas College where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree major in History in 1993. She graduated in 2010 from the University of the Philippines in Diliman with her MA in History. In November 2010, she was elected to serve a three-year term as Auditor of the Asosasyon ng mga Dalubhasa, may Hilig at Interes sa Kasaysayan (ADHIKA) ng Pilipinas, Inc., a national organization on history and culture. She is currently the Research & Planning Assistant of SBCA- CAS, and a full time professor for the International Studies Department. Prof. Jhino B. Ilano completed his Master of Arts in Political Economy with Specialization in International Relations and Development from the University of Asia and the Pacific in 2010. The author has presented in a number of conferences both here and abroad. Currently he is a full time assistant professor in the College of Arts and Sciences International Studies Department and at the same time the moderator for the SBCA CAS Debate Society. Dr. Ernesto D. Dimaculangan earned his PhD in Management, from Adamson University, where he graduated with distinction- Benemeritus/Magna Cum Laude. Formerly, he was the Deputy Academic Director of SIC College of Business and Technology in Singapore where he taught for three years. He had distinguished himself in the field of marketing and management in the biggest pharmaceutical company in the Philippines for more than three decades. He is a part-time Associate Professorial Lecturer 4 at the Business Administration and Entrepreneurship Department.

92

ABOUT THE AUTHORS Prof. Jean A. Ariola finished her Master of Arts in Education Major in English from the University of Perpetual Help Rizal. She is currently a full time assistant professor for the Languages Department. She is also the current Prefect of Student Formation. Prof. Fatima V. Bullecer completed her Master of Arts in Education Major in Guidance and Counseling from the De La Salle University Dasmarinas. She is at present completing her doctoral degree in Counseling Psychology from the same university. She is a full time assistant professor for the Psychology Department

93

94

95