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k|:tfjgfM
eujfg a'4sf] hGd g]kfnsf] t/fO{+ e"efusf] n'lDjgL ufpFdf @^ ;o aif{ klxn]
ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] #% jif{sf] pd]/df 5 aif{sf] cys k|of;kZrft af]lw1fg k|fKt
u/L a'4 x'g'ePsf lyP . a'4Tj k|flKt kl5 pxfFn] ljleGg ufpF gu/df wd{k|rf/ ub}{
*) jif{sf] pd]/df dxfkl/lgAafg x'g' ePsf] lyof] . oL eujfg a'4sf] hGd,
1fgk|flKt / dxfkl/lgAafgsf] lq;+of]usf] lbg eP/ g} a}zfv k"l0f{df Ps dxTjk"0f{
lbgsf] ?kdf ;f/f af}4x? xiff{]pNnf;n] dgfpg] ub{5g\ . To;}n] g]kfndf
hGdg'ePsf ljZjs} lbof] x'g'ePsf g]kfnsf] ct'nlgo lje"ltsf] dxTjk"0f{ lbg of]
a}zfv k"l0f{df xfdL g]kfnLx?sf] nflu dfq geO{ ;f/f ;+;f/sf] nflu g} Ps dxTj
k"0f{ lbg xf] . pxfFsf] k|d'v ;Gb]z g} zflGt ePsf] sf/0faf6 of] lbgnfO{ ;+o'St
/fi6;+3 4f/fklg x/]s aif{ o:sf ljleGg sfo{nodf dgfpg] ul/G5 . t/ g]kfndf
of] lbg w]/} ;dosf] nflu cGwsf/df afFlwg k'Uof] . clxn] klg hlt c? b]zn] of]
lbgnfO{ dxTj lbPsf 5g\ / dgfpg] ul/G5 Toltsf] g]kfndf ePsf] b]lvb}g .

ljifo k|j]z
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf kGgfx?nfO{ kN6fP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] a'4wd{n] g]kfnsf] ;+:s[lt,
cfrf/, ljrf/ tyf Jojxf/df eujfg a'4sf] hLjgLsfn b]lv g} w]/} k|efj kf/]sf]
b]lvG5 . Ps t eujfg :jo+ g]kfndf hGdg'ePsf] lyof] eg] csf]{ tkm{ pxfF klg
g]kfndf w]/} k6s cfpg'ePsf pbfx/0fx? af}4 u|Gyx?df k|;:t} kfp5f}+ .ii To;}u/L
pxfFsf >fjsx? klg cfpg' ePsf pbfx/0fx? k|z:t 5g\ .iii a'4wd{sf] k|efj
ef/tsf ;d|f6 c;f]ssf] o'u;Dd g]kfndf s]lx sdhf]/ ePsf] b]lvPtf klg pxfFsf]
/fHosfndf k7fPsf wd{b'tx? dWo]sf Ps g]kfndf klg cfP/ wd{k|rf/ u/]sf]
lyof] . To;}u/L g]kfnsf] j+zfjnLsf cg';f/ pxfF :jo+ klg g]kfndf cfpg'ePsf]
lyof] .iv To;}n] g]kfnsf] d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL ;Dd / lxdfn b]lv t/fO{;Dd d}
a'4wd{n] klxn] b]lv g} k|efj kf/]sf] kfpg]5f}+ .
g]kfnsf] lxdfnL e]udf xfd|f l5d]sLx? tfdf, u'?, z]kf{ cflb ToxfF a:g'x'g]
ljleGg hfltsf ;Dk|bfox? klxn] b]lv g} a'4wd{nfO{ cfk\mgf] b}lgs lhjgdf
cEof; u/]sf] kfO{G5 . pxfFx?sf] d'n wd{sf] ?kdf a'4wd{ klxn] b]lv g} /x]sf] /
/lxcfPsf] 5 .v To;}u/L t/fO{lt/sf] Oltxf;sf kGgfx?nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ToxfF a:g'
x'g] xfd|f l5d]sLx? du/, yf? cflb ;a} ;Dk|bfox?df klg a'4wd{sf] k|efj g} lyof]
/ a'4wd{ g} pxfFx?sf] cfk\mgf] ;f+:s[lts wd{ lyof] . To;}u/L kxf8L e]udf klg
xfd|f l5d]sL ;Dk|bfox? /fO{, lnDa', ysfnL, g]jf/ cflbsf Jojxf/Ls wd{ eGg' g}
a'4 wd{ /x]sf] / x'g] ub{Yof] . t/ ;do / /fhg}lts kl/jt{gsf] kl/l:ytL ;+u}
2

pxfFx?n] cfk\mgf] cl:tTjnfO{ u'dfpg' eof] / cfk\mgf] cl:tTj s] xf] eg]/ kms]{/ x]g{
g;s]sf]n] a'4wd{sf] of] 5q5fofFaf6 6flwb} uPsf] lyof] . cGtdf cfk\mgf]
cl:tTjnfO{ e'n]/ csf]{ ;:s[tLnfO{ c+ufNg' kof]{ .

vi

g]jf/ ;Dk|bfodf dfq hflto

wd{sf] ?kdf cEof; ePsf] b]lvG5 .vii o:s} ;fydf xfd|f] g]kfnaf6 cfk\mg} ;"k'q
4f/f b]lzt wd{ ;f/f ;+;f/df g} km}lnof] . ;tflKb b]lv g} pxfFsf] wd{nfO{ c+ufn]/
cfkm'nfO{ af}4 tyf af}4 b]z eg]/ lrgfpg ue{ ug]{ u/Lof] t/ g]kfndf cfkm\g} wd{
w]/} ;tflKb ;Ddsf] nflu cfk\mg} w/ftnsf] ue{df n's]/ a:g' kof]{ .
h;/L a'4wd{ g]kfndf cGwsf/df n's]/ a:g'kof]{, of] a}zfv k"l0f{df klg w]/}
;do ;Ddsf] nflu g]kfnsf] w/ftndf g} n'Sg' kof]{ . of] lbgsf] dxTj / dgfpg]
sfo{qmdx? g]kfnsf] ;+:s[ltaf6 x/fP/ uPsf lyP . of] a}zfv k"l0f{sf] cfudgsf]
;fydf g]kfndf a'4wd{sf] k'gMhfu/0f / k'g?Tyfg ePsf]df lg;Gb]x g} 5 .
g]kfndf of] a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] k'g?Tyfg tyf ljsf;df /fHo:y/af6 ljleGg
;d:ofx? e]mNg'kof]{ . hlt aGb]h nufof] Tolt g} pTtfpnf] x'b}+ cfpg] eg] em}
a'4wd{sf] k'gM pTyfgdf nfUg' ePsfx?nfO{ hltklg aGb]hx? tyf ;d:ofx?
pxfFx?sf] cuf8L cfO{k/] lt ;d:ofx?sf] xnsf] dfu{df nfUb}df of] a}zfv k"l0f{df
dgfpg] / a'4wd{sf] k'gMpTyfg sfo{df pxfFx? ;kmntfsf] r'r'/f]df k'Ug ;kmn g}
x'g'eof] . g]kfndf lzIffsf] hfu/0f, hftkftsf] lj/f]w, ln+u e]8 lj/f]w, ;flxTosf]
ljsf; cflbdf klg a'4 wd{sf] k'ghfu/0fn] w]/} g} k|efj kf/]sf lyP / b]zsf]
:jtGqtfsf] cleofgdf klg w]/} g} k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] g} ha lxGb'wd{sf]
3

afx'Notfdf, lxGb' wd{sf] cfwf/df ;f/f b]zjf;LnfO{ cGwsf/df b'afP/ ;f;g

u/L/x]sf /f0ff ;f;gsf] cGTo x'g] ljlQSs} /fi6lktf >L % dxf/fhflw/fh lqe"jgn]
a'4wd{nfO{ :jtGqtf lbg'sf ;fy} pxfFn] a'4wd{nfO{ c+ufNg' ePsf] lyof] . t/ klxn]
b]lv g} k5f8L vfg] afgL eO{;s]sf / csf{nfO{ b'Mvdf /fv]/ df]h ug]{ ef/bf/x?sf]
sf/0f k'gMlxGb' wd{sf] afx'Notf cuf8L cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy ;fy} g]kfndf k'gM
klxn] em} cGwsf/sf] e'd/Ldf ufleg' k/]sf] lyof] . t/h]xf];\, k|hftGqsf] cleofg
;+u} /fHo:y/af6 lbO{Psf :jtGqdfdf a'4wd{n] klg cfk\mg} wlt{df :jtGqtfsf]
:jf; km]of]{ . ;fydf /fHo:t/sf] ;xof]uaf6 g} cfh of] a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg
g]kfnsf] nflu Ps dxTkk"0f{ lbgsf] ?kdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 .

af}4 Oltxf;sf kGgfx?

g]kfnnfO{ ef}uf]lns ?kn] tLgefudf ljefhg u/LP em} g]kfndf a'4wd{sf]
kl/l:yltnfO{ klg o;/L g} tLg efudf ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] lxdfnL e]udf a'4wd{sf] afx'Notf ePsf] Toxfsf] /xg ;xg, ;:s[tL tyf
cfrf/ Jojxf/af6 k|it?kdf k|:t't x'G5 . k/Dk/f b]lv g} lxdfnL e]udf a:g'x'g]
xfd|f l5d]lsx? a'4wd{nfO{ g} c+ufn]sf] / a'4wd{nfO{ g} cfwf/zLnfsf] ?kdf b}lgs
hLjgdf cEof; ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L kxf8L e]udf clns ldl>t
b]lvG5 . oxfF hftkftsf] Joj:yf, pmr / gLrsf] Joj:yf w]/} g} ePsf] b]lvG5 .
of] k|yf vfnL lxGb' cjnlDax?df dfq geO{ xfdL af}4x?df klg km}lnPsf] lyof] .
4

To;}n] af}4 hfltsf] ?kdf lrlgg] g]jf/ hghftLdf klg of] hftkft / pmrgLrsf]
k|efj k/]sf] 5 . t/ klg g]jf/ hfltx?df a'4wd{sf] k|efj / a'4wd{nfO{ Ps k|d'v
wd{sf] ?kdf k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L kxf8L e]udf g} xfd|f /fO{ lnDa' cflb
;Dk|bfox?n] k"0f{ ?kn] g} a'4wd{nfO{ 5f]8]sf] b]lvG5 . pxfFx?sf] Oltxf; / ;Dkbf
tyf ;+:s[ltnfO{ ljrf/k"j{s x]g]{ xf] eg] af}4wdf{g';f/ g} ub}{ /xg' ePsf] b]lvG5 .
pxfFx?sf] b}lgs hLjgdf klg w]/} g} k|efj k/]sf] 5 . t/ sf/0fj; pxfFx?n]
cfk\mgf] wd{ / ;Do]s ;EotfnfO{ u'dfP/ a:g' kof]{ . To;}u/L t/fO{sf] e"efudf x]g]{
xf]eg] ToxfFsf cflbaf;Lx? xfd|f yf?, du/ cflb hfltsf l5d]sLx? klg a'4wd{sf
cg'ofoL g} lyP t/ cfk\mgf] cl:tTjnfO{ u'dfpg' kof]{ / k/fO{ wd{nfO{ cfk\mgf] eGb}
c+ufNg' kof]{ . o;/L g]kfnsf] k|d'v hghftLx?nfO{ Ps Ps u/]/ x]g]{ xf] eg]
g]kfndf a'4wd{n] w]/} g} k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . pxfFsf] k'vf}{nfx?sf] k|d'v wd{ g} a'4 wd{
lyof] . g]kfnsf] dWosflng o'u b]lv g} s]lx sf/0fjz oL ;Dk|bfoLs wd{sf] ?kdf
k|:t't ePsf] / To;} :j?k a'4wd{ klg ;fwf/0f ?kdf af}4 hgtfdf k"hfcfhf /
sd{sf08df g} ;Lldt /xg afWo eof] / k'Uof] . lxdfnL e]udf tfdf, u'? cflb
hfltx?n] cfk\mg} ?kdf k"hfcfhf ug{lt/ nfu] eg] g]kfnsf] g]kfnd08ndf klg
a'4wd{ jh|frfo{, zfSo / pbfo u/L tLgj6f hftdf dfq ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] .
g]kfndf /f0ff zf;gsfndf ljb]zdf cfjt hfjt k"0f{?kn] aGb lyof] . To:s}
kmntM ljb]zdf s] eO{ /fv]sf] 5 / sltsf] xnrn ePsf] 5 eGg] ljifodf
hfgsf/L kfpg' w]/} g} slygsf] s'/f lyof] . g]kfnaf6 aflx/ hfg ;Sg]x? eGg' g}
5

/fHosf] sfo{df jf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx? dfq hfg kfpg] Joj:yf lyof] . To;n]
af}4wd{sf] k'g?Tyfg ug{df emg uf/f] ePsf] lyof] . /f0ffsfnsf] z'?jft ;+u} lxGb'
wd{n] afx'Notf kfPsf] / c?wd{nfO{ bdg ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . a'4wd{ t emg
k"0f{?kn] g} bdgsf kfq ePsf lyP . a'4wd{df kl/jt{g x'g' klg b]zsf] lgod
ljkl/t x'g] u/L lgodx?sf] lgdf{0f klg ePsf Oltxf; xfdL ;fd' 5 . To;}n] g 6
lxdfnL e]usf] a'4wd{n] af}4 ;+:s[ltnfO{ k'/f g]kfndf km}nfpg] df}sf kfP g t
sf7df08f}+sf g]jf/ hfltsf] a'4wd{n] g} km}nfpg] df}sf kfP . TotLdfq geO{
cfk'mnfO{ g} af}4 eg]/ klg v'Nnf :jf; km]g{ kfpg] l:ylt lyPg . csf]{ tkm{ x]g]{ xf]
eg] lxdfnL e]usf] a'4wd{ pxfFsf] hfltjfb wd{sf] ?kdf h6g ePsf] / cEof;
u/]sf] lyof] / clxn] klg To;/L g} cEof; ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L g]jf/ hftLdf
klg jh|ofgL a'4wd{sf] ?kdf ToxL If]qdf dfq l;dLt ePsf lyP . ljz]iftM zfSo,
jh|frfo{ cflb d} a'4wd{sf] afx'Notf ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] To;a]nfsf] a'4wd{sf]
kl/l:ytLnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] of] s'g} Ps ;Dk|bfosf] wd{sf] ?kdf dfq g]kfndf k|:t't
ePsf] lyof] .

b]zdf af}4 hfu/0f

g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] hfu/0f ;lxt b]zdf cfPsf] gful/s tyf z}lIfs
:jtGqtfn] ;a} ;Dk|bfox?df gofF hfu/0f p7]sf] b]lvG5 . a'4 wd{sf] k'g?Tyfgsf]
;fydf cfof]lht af}4 /fli6o tyf cGt/fli6o ;Dd]ngn] klg of] wd{qmflGtnfO{
6

hufpg w]/} g} e'ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . tL ;Dd]ngaf6 ljif]z?kdf tfdf, z]kf{, u'?,

du/, yf?x?sf aLr gf}nf] hfu/0f NofPsf] lyof] . ;fydf cfk\mgf] wd{, :jwd{sf]
klxrfgaf/] ;';"lrt u/L a'4f]kb]znfO{ k|rf/ k|zf/df Nofpg /lrPsf sfo{qmdx?n]
;kmntf kfPsf 5g\ . tL sfo{x?sf] z'?jf6df klxn] b]lv g} cu|;/ eO{ sfd ub}{
/x]sf] >LsLlt{ af}4 ;+3 cfhklg sfo{/t ePsf] b]lvG5 . olx ;+u7gaf6 oL
;Dk|bfosf aRrfx?nfO{ y]/jfb a'4wd{df ;a{k|yd af}4 k/Dk/f cg';f/ k|j|lht u/L
pxfFx?sf] cfkm\gf] klxrfgnfO{ ulx/f] ?kn] g} hfu/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L s]lx dlxgf klxn] Pshgf yf? ;dfhsf lj4fgn] pxfFx?sf] k"vf{
vfnL af}4dfq ePsf] geO{ eujfg a'4 g} pxfFsf] ;Dk|bfosf lyP eg]/ Pp6f
k':ts k|sfzg ug{' ePsf] lyof] . ;fob of] tYo l;4 gx'g ;Snf t/ pxfFsf] k|of;
/ vf]hnfO{ cg'df]bg ug{ of]Uo 5 . h:n] xfd|f] yf? ;dfhdf Ps k|sf/sf] xf};nf /
cfk\mgf] Oltxf;nfO{ vf]tn]/ x]g{ afWo agfO{ lbof] / cfk\mgf] wd{sf] cl:tTjnfO{
lrGg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L cfk'mnfO{ g]kfnsf zfSo tyf ah|frfo{x?sf] s]
s:tf] ts{ / ljts{x? 5g\ < pxfFx?n] klg a'4 pxfFx?sf] ;Dk|bfosf] x'g' ePsf]
bfjL ug'{x'G5 . o:af6 s] hgfpF5 eg] g]kfndf a'4wd{sf] k|efj w]/} klxn] b]lv g]
lyof] . g]kfnsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] klg af}4wd{;+u g} ;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvG5
t/ ;dosf] kl/l:ytL ;+u} a'4wd{nfO{ lj;{g afWo eof] / cl:tTjnfO{ u'dfpg' kof]{
. To;}n] ;f/f g]kfndf of] a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] dxTjnfO{ a'em\g ;s]g tyf a'4nfO{ klg
lrGg ;s]g . of] lbg a'4wd{sf ;+:yfks, ;+;f/nfO{ zflGtsf] ;Gb]z lbg'x'g],
7

g]kfnsf c;fdfGo lje"lt, of] ;f+;fl/s ej ;+;f/sf] b'Mvaf6 lg:sg] af6f] b]vfO{
lbg'x'g] pxfF dxfs?0fflws u'0fn] o'St g]kfnsf] ;'k'q eujfg l;4fy{ uf}tdsf] hGd,
pxfFn] 1fg k|fKt ug{'ePsf] tyf pxfF dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g'ePsf] lq;+of]usf] lbg a}zfv
k"l0f{dfnfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhaf6 w]/} ;tflKbsf] nfuL g]kfns} w/ftndf ufleg k'Uof] .

a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] z'?jft tyf a'4wd{sf] k'g?Tyfg

1920 sf] z'?jf6 ;+u} g]kfndf gofF o'usf] z'?jf6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;} sfn
b]lv cfw'lgs o'usf] z'?jft ePsf] xf] . b]zdf lzIffsf] hfu/0f z'? eO;sf]sf
lyP . aflx/L d'n'sx? ljif]z?kdf ef/t tyf c+u]|h b'tx? ;+usf] ;Dks{ Jofks
x'b}+ cfPsf] lyof] . ef/taf6 klg lzIfsx?sf] cfk"lt{sf ;fydf gofF :jtGqtfsf]
hfu/0f klg z'? ePsf] lyof] . lzIffsf] Joj:yf ePtfklg ;/sf/L ;Gtfgx?sf
nflu algPsf ljBfno lyP . tL ljBfnodf klg pRr lzIffsf] ;'netf gePsf]
sf/0f ef/tdf uP/ cWoog ug]{ sfo{ z'? x'b}+ cfPsf] lyof] . To;}sf] ;fydf
k/Dk/f b]lv g} af}4x?df af}4u|Gy cWoog cWoofkgsf] sfo{ x'b}+ cfPsf] sf/0f
nlntlj:t/ u|Gy g]jf/Ldf cg'jfb eP/ k|sfzg ePsf] lyof] . t/ /fhg}lts /
cfly{s sl7gfO{n] ubf{ l;dLt kl/lwdf g} o:sf] k|rf/ k|zf/ eof] . To;}sf] ;fydf
k/Dk/f b]lv g} af}4 x'g'ePsf wdf{lbTo wdf{rfo{nfO{ ef/tdf uP/ cWoog ug]{
df}sf kfPsf] lyof] . ef/tdf k'u]kl5 af}4x?sf] ;Dks{df cfpg'ePsf lyP eg]
a'4wd{sf] z'4tf / ;+:s[tLnfO{ b]v]/ pxfFnfO{ klg o:sf] cWoog ug]{ clenfzfx?
8

a[l4 x'b}+ uPsf] lyof] . To;}n] pxfFn] vfnL cfkm\gf] cWoogsf] dfq sfo{ gu/L
a'4wd{sf] klg cWoog cWofkg ug{' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] a'4uof d'lStdf nfUg'
ePsf >Ln+sfsf cgfufl/s wd{kfn ;+u a'4wd{sf] cWoog ug{' eof] . dxfaf]lw
;f];fO{tLsf] ;kmntf / a'4wd{sf] k'g?Tyfgsf] /x/n] pxfFnfO{ klg g]kfndf z'4
a'4wd{sf] kl/ro lbg] hfu/0f a9]sf] lyof] . To;} hf]; / hfu/0fsf] ;fydf pxfFn]
a'4wd{sf] k'g?Tyfgsf] sfo{nfO{ z'? ug{' eof] . ;fydf g]kfn a'4wd{ p4f/ ;+3sf]
:yfkgf u/]/ k|rf/ k|zf/ tyf g]kfndf k'g a'4wd{nfO{ ;dfg?kn] ;a}n] hfGg
kfj;\ tyf cEof; ug{ ldnf];\ eGg] ljrf/n] k'gMpTyfgsf] cleofgnfO{ ;+rfng
ug{'ePsf] lyof] . pSt ;+:yfsf] k|d'v pb]Zo g} g]kfndf a'4wd{sf] k'g?Tyfg tyf
k|rf/ k|zf/ ePsf] lyof] . p;} ;+:yfsf] k|of;af6 g} ;g !(@^ df g]kfndf
k|ydjf/ a}zfv k"l0f{df dgfpg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . pSt a}zfv k"l0f{df g} g]kfndf
a'4wd{sf] k'g?Tyfgsf] nflu qmflGtsf/L sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf kl/gt eof] . af}4wd{sf]
rl/q ;'wf/sf wd{x? h:t} k~rzLn, ci7zLn tyf 3/u[x:ysf] nflu cfjZos
wd{x?df l;ufnf]jfb ;'qnfO{ k|rf/df Nofpg' ePsf] lyof] . ;fydf pxfFn] a'4wd{
gfds n3'klqsfsf] klg k|sfzg ug{' ePsf] lyof] . pSt k|sfzgaf6 a'4wd{sf
k|d'v wd{x?sf ;fy} a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] dxTjsf] ljifodf g} w]/} hf]8 lbg' ePsf]
lyof] . pxfFsf] of] qmflGtsf/L af}4 hfu/0fdf NofPsf] lg/Gt/fsf] kmntM g]kfndf
:jtGqtfsf] :jf; km]g{ kfPsf] lyof] .

g]jf/Ldf cg'jfb eP/ k|sflzt nlntlj:t/ / ef/taf6 wdf{lbTo wdf{rfo{sf]

a'4wd{ k'g?Tyfgsf] cleofg ;+u} ltAataf6 klg s]lx wd{u'? g]kfndf cfpb}
ug{'ePsf] / wd{k|rf/ ub}{ /xg'ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L If]qaf6 af}4x?nfO{ dfq
b]zgf ug{ ;Sg] aGb]hx? ePsf] x'Fbf w]/} h;f] lxdfnL hghftL tyf g]jf/L
af}4x?df g} w]/} h;f] ;Lldt ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ oL qL;+of]uLs cleofgaf6
k|efljt eP/ g} Ps af}4 leIf'sf] pTklt ePsf] lyof] . y]/jfbL af}4 leIf'sf] pTktL
g} g]kfndf af}4 :jtGqtfsf] nflu cGwsf/df w]/} g} zlStzfnL lbof]sf] ?kdf
k|:t't eof] . To;}af6 g]kfndf a'4wd{n] :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf] :jf; km]g]{ df}sf
kfPsf] lyof] .
of] :jtGqtfsf] cfef;df wd{flbTo wdf{rfo{af6 z'? u/LPsf sfo{x? w]/} g}
dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . pxfFs} c6n k|of; / b]gnfO{ y]/jfbL af}4x?n] lbPsf] lg/Gttf
qmddf a}zfv k"l0f{df af}4x?sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs kj{sf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFn] a'4 holGtnfO{ g]kfndf dgfpg] qmddf n'lDjgL hxfF eujfg a'4sf] hGd
ePsf] :yfg xf] ToxfF lx+zf aGb u/fpg klg ;kmn x'g' ePsf] lyof] . o;/L
g]kfndf a'4wd{sf] k'g?Tyfg sfo{sf] nflu a}zfv k"l0f{df slxNo} ga'e\mg] lbof]
?kdf g]kfndf k|j]z uof]{ . oL sfo{x?nfO{ olb lg/Gt/tf glbO{Psf] ePdf a'4wd{n]
:jtGqtfsf] :jf; km]g]{ df}sf kfpg] lyPg . To;}n] ha kfFr hgf g]jf/L ;dfhaf6
hj ltAatL af}4 nfdf leIf'sf] b]zgf ;'g]/ nfdf leIf' x'g'ePsf ;a}nfO{ b]z
lgsfnfsf] ;hfo lbO{Psf] lyof] . o; ;d'xdf leIf' dxfk|1f k|d'v lyP . olx af}4
10

leIf'nfO{ b]zaf6 lg:sfzg u/L lbPsf] kmntM a'4wd{sf] qmflGtsf/L k'gMhfu/0f

;]nfP/ uPg . To;n] ;sf/fTds ?k wf/0f uof]{ . lg:sflzt af}4 nfdf leIf'x?sf]
;Dks{ ef/tdf a:b} x'g'ePsf y]/jfbL af}4 leIf'x?;+u eof] . pxfFx?sf] ;Dks{
wd{flbTo wdf{rfo{;+u klg x'g k'Uof] . kmntM pxfFx?df a'4wd{sf] nflu sfd ug]{
c? hfu/0f ldn]sf lyof] . a'4wd{sf] k'gM?Tyfgsf] Oltxf;n] leIf' dxfk|1fsf]
ljifodf w]/} hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 eg] c? rf/ hgfsf] ljifodf zfGt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o;sf] ljifodf klg hfgsf/L jf vf]h ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 . pxfFx?n] sltsf]
of]ubfg lbg'ePsf] 5 / slt ;do ;Ddsf] nflu af}4 leIf' x'g' ePsf lyP cflb
ljifodf vf]h ug{' h?/L b]lvG5 . o;/L !(@* df af}4 nfdf leIf'TjnfO{ Tofu]/
y]/jfb a'4wd{df k'gMaf}4 leIf' eP/ g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;df gofF kGgfx?sf]
z'?jf6 ug{' ePsf] lyof] . To;}sf] ;fydf !(#) df leIf' k|1fgGb -sd{zLn_ af6
y]/jfbdf k|j|lht lng' ePsf] lyof] / g]kfndf af}4 wd{b'tsf] ?kdf klxn] k6s
k|j]z ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . o;/L lj:tf/} g]kfndf af}4 hfu/0f / k'gM?Tyfgsf] sfo{
z'? x'b}+ cfPsf] lyof] . x/]s aif{ a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO{ cfwf/ u/]/ af}4 ultljwLx?
cuf8L a9]sf lyP .
g]kfndf af}4 leIf'x?sf] a[l4b/ a9\b} uPsf] lyof] . t/ To;} ;dodf a'4wd{sf]
a[l4b/ b]lv 8/fPsf a|fXd0fx?sf] ;8oGqsf] sf/0f k'gM Ps k6s g]kfnsf ;a}
leIf'x?nfO{ b]zaf6 lg:sf;g u/Lof] . !($@ df u/LPsf] of] lg:sf;gn] k'gM
Psk6s gofF df]8 lnof] . leIf' cd[tfgGbsf] ;lqmotfdf wdf]{bo ;efsf] :yfkgf

11

eof] / g]kfndf a'4wd{ k|rf/ k|zf/sf] nflu sfd hf]8tf]8n] x'g yfNof] . To;}sf]
;fydf !($^ df wdf]{bo ;efsf] ;lqmotfdf >Ln+sfaf6 y]/jfbL af}4 leIf' d}qLk"0f{
wd{b't leIf' gf/bsf] cWoIftfdf g]kfn cfudgsf] ;fydf k'gM y]/jfb af}4
leIf'x?nfO{ b]z lgZsf;gaf6 d'St ePsf] lyof] . o;} ;dodf leIf' cd[tfgGbsf]
cg'/f]wdf leIf' gf/b dxf:ylj/n] >L # dxf/fh ;dIf a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] Ps lbg
labf u/fO{lbg'x'g /flvPsf] k|Ztfjdf af}4x?sf] nflu dfq b]zJoflk ljbf lbO{Psf]
lyof] . o;/L a'4wd{n] lj:tf/} :jtGqtfsf] :jf; km]g]{ df}sf kfPsf] lyof] . To;}a]nf
b]lv g} k/Dk/f b]lv g} af}4 x'g' ePsf xfd|f g]kfnsf hghftLx?n] cfk'm af}4 x'F
eg]/ zL/ 7f8f] ug{ kfPsf lyP .
o;/L lj:tf/} g]kfndf af}4 hfu/0f tyf k'gM g]kfn cfudgsf] sfo{
hf]8tf]8n] ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;g\ !(%! >L % dxf/fhflw/fh lqe'jgsf]
g]t[Tjdf kfPsf] k|hftGqsf] ;fydf pxfFn] a'4wd{nfO{ w]/} g} dxTj lbg' ePsf] lyof]
. To;}n] g]kfndf k|hftGq cfO;s]kl5 cfgGbs'lt ljxf/df a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg
dgfpg cfpg' ePsf] ;dodf of] lbgnfO{ g]kfnsf] g} Ps ;fj{hlgs kj{sf] ?kdf
3f]lif6 ug{'ePsf] lyof] . o;/L a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] k'gM?Tyfgsf] ;fydf g]kfndf a'4
wd{n] klg ulx/f] ?kn] h/f km}nfpg kfPsf] lyof] . To;}sf] kmntM ;f/f af}4x?n]
:jtGq?kdf a'4sf] zflGt ;Gb]znfO{ km}nfpg] df}sf kfPsf] lyof] . To;} u/L
g]kfndf lx+zf tyf alnsf] nflu s'g} lbg vfnL lyPg . ;w}+ em}+ b]jtfsf] gfddf
lx+zf / aln lbg] k|yf lyof] . of] k|yfnfO{ a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO{ g} s]Gb|ljGb' u/]/ >L %
12

dxf/fhflw/fh dx]Gb|af6 of] lbgdf ;f/f b]zdf lx+;f lgif]wsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof] .
To;}sf] kmntM kl5 cfP/ g]kfndf k"l0f{dfsf] lbg lx+zf aGb x'g yfNof] / clxn] of]
Ps gofF ;Eotf em} ePsf] 5 . o;/L g]kfndf a}zfv k"l0f{dfn] kfPsf] :jtGqtf /
/fli6o kj{sf] ?kdf kfPsf] ue{tfsf] ;fydf a'4wd{n] klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf /fd|f]
:yfg kfpb} uPsf] / ljleGg ;Dk|bfox?n] klg o:sf] kmn / cfk\mgf] cl:tTjnfO{
v'Nnf ?kdf k|:t't ug]{ df}sf kfpFb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . a}zfv k"l0f{dfn] km]/]sf] v'Nnf
:jtGqtfsf] cfef;af6 g} a'4wd{n] g]kfn clw/fHoJofkL g} of] lbgnfO{ ljleGg
?kn] dgfpg yflnof] .

;d:of tyf ;kmntfsf kGgfx?

g]kfnsf] k/Dk/fut ?kdf rNb} cfPsf] a'4wd{x?df dxfofgL tyf jh|ofgL
a'4wd{df xf] . o;df ePsf ljleGg aGb]hx?sf] sf/0faf6 g]kfndf Jofks ?k lng
;s]sf] lyPg cyjf hftLjfb wd{sf] ?kdf g} ;Gro ub}{ cfPsf lyP . a}zfv
k"l0f{dfsf] pbo g} y]/jfb a'4wd{sf] pbo g]kfndf ePsf] xf] . To;}n] y]/jfb
a'4wd{sf] k'gM g]kfn cfudgn] tL aGb]hx?nfO{ tf]8]sf] / ;/sf/L If]qaf6 klg
a'4wd{nfO{ dfGotf lbg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . y]/jfb a'4wd{sf] pbo ;+u} g]kfndf
k/Dk/f b]lv g} rNb} cfPsf] a'4wd{nfO{ klg v'Nnf g]kfnsf] :jf; km]g]{ df}sf kfPsf]
eGbf klg gldNg] b]lvb}g . y]/jfb a'4wd{sf] k'gMhfu/0f g]kfndf a'4wd{sf]
:jtGqtfsf] nflu algPsf] Ps ljif]z k|sf/sf] cf}hf/sf] ?kdf k|:t't eof] .
13

g]kfnsf] k"j{ d]rL b]lv klZrd dxfsfnL ;Dd af}4wd{sf] k|rf/k|zf/ / nx/
km}nfpg ;kmn eP . g]kfnsf] nflu cfwf/e"t af}4 lzIffx? h:t} zLn, ;dfwL
k|1fsf] ;/n Pj+ ;'netf lbgdf ;kmntf, g]kfndf ePsf] ljs[lt / lj;+ultsf]
klxrfg lbgdf klg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . tL ljs[tL / lj;+ultdf ;'wf/x? Nofpg]
sfo{x?sf] ;+rfngdf klg y]/jfbL af}4x? g} cuf8L ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ h]xf];\,
a'4wd{sf] k'gMhfu/0fsf] ;dodf ;a} k/Dk/fut af}4x?sf] klg w]/} g} b]g 5 .
pxfFx?sf] k|efj / cys k|of;sf] kmn g} cfh y]/jfb a'4wd{ Pp6f lbof]sf] ?kdf
k|:t't eP/ ;f/f g]kfnLsf] nflu g} dfu{bz{ssf] ?kdf k|:t't eof] .
a'4wd{sf] ljifodf k':tsx?sf] k|sfzgn] klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5
. of] sfo{df klg y]/jfb a'4wd{n] 7'nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . To;}sf/0f g]kfnefiff,
g]kfnL, lxGbL tyf c+u|hL efiffdf klg a'4wd{ ;DjlGw cToGt u|Gyx? k9\g] ;'netf
x'b} cfof] . kfln / ;+:s[t efiff g} hfGg' kb{5 eGg] geO{ ;fwf/0f hgefiffdf g}
a'4wd{sf] k':tsx? k|sfzg ug{ klg y]/jfb a'4wd{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;/L
a'4wd{sf k':tsx? ;/n hgefiffdf kfpg] ;'netfsf] sf/0f a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ k|zf/
Jofks ?kdf x'g ;s]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L Ps dxTjk"0f{ sfd eGg' g} a'4wd{nfO{
/fli6o If]qdf dfq a'4wd{nfO{ dfGotf lbnfpg ;kmn ePsf] geO{ cGt/fli6o
If]qdf klg ;DaGw ulx/f] tyf g]kfndf klg a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ k|zf/ ePsf]
;Gb]znfO{ cGt/fli6o If]qdf k'of{pg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . y]/jfb a'4wd{n] g]kfnJofkL
g} kfPsf] k|rf/ k|zf/df Ps dxTjk"0f{ tTj g} ;a} hftnfO{ ;dfg ?kn] Jojxf/
14

u/]sf] / ;a}nfO{ v'Nnf /fv]sf] jf hfltjfbsf] k"0f{?kn] alx:sf/ u/]sf]n] xf] .

To;}u/L ;fwf/0f ?kn] g} a'4k"hf ug{ ;Sg] csf]{ ;/ntf tyf sd{ sf08x?df klg
s'g} emGemt gePsf] ;fwf/0f tyf ;lhnf]kg g} csf]{ y]/jfbL wd{sf] k|d'v cfsif{0f
xf] . To;} u/L csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ c+u eGg' g} s'g} klg wfld{s sfdx? ug{ ef]s}
a:g'kg]{ jf wd{ JofSVofg jf >j0f ug{ klg ef]s} a:g'k5{ eGg] klg 5}g . To;}u/L
s'g} klg wfld{s JolSt jfrs g/fvL ;a}nfO{ v'Nnf /fv]/ y]/jfb a'4wd{n] NofPsf]
Wofg cleofgn] klg y]/jfb a'4wd{sf] n]fslk|otf a9]sf] b]lvG5 . oL tTjx?sf]
sf/0faf6 klg y]/jfb a'4wd{n] l56\6} g} g]kfndf Jofks?kn] k|rf/df cfPsf] xf] .
o;/L y]/jfb a'4wd{df k|rf/ k|zf/sf sfd ltj|?kn] ePsf] sf/0f nf]slk|o
klg aGb} uof] . o;sf] ck/f]If k|efj dxfofgL / jh|ofgL a'4wd{df klg kg{ yfNof]
. o;} kmntM dxfofgL tyf jh|ofgL af}4x?af6 klg hgefiffdf k':tsx? k|sfzg
ug{' tyf klxn] k"hfcfhfdf ;Lldt ePsf u|Gyx? klg hgefiff g]kfnefiff tyf
g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/L k|sfzg ug{ yflnof] . ;fydf a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ k|zf/klg
ug{df cu|;/ ePsf] 5 . a'44f/f b]lzt zflGt ;Gb]znfO{ vfnL af}4x?sf] nflu
dfq geO{ ;f/f g]kfn b]zjf;Ln] g} of] a'4dfu{nfO{ a'e\mg cfhsf] xfd|f] b]zdf
h?/L ePsf] 5 . xfd|f /fhg}lts g]tfx?df klg of] a'4 holGtsf] pknIodf a'4n]
lbg' ePsf zflGtsf lz4fGtx?nfO{ /fd|/L cWoog cWofkg u/L /fi6df ;'v zflGt
Nofpg] tL/ nfUg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfhef]ln xfd|f] g]kfndf a'af gePsf] b]z em} ePsf]
5 . hgtfx? s:sf] cfzf ug]{ / s:nfO{ gug]{, s:sf] e/f];fdf a:g] s:nfO{
15

cfkm\gf] ;/0f eg]/ hfg] l:yltdf a:g' k/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn zflGt gfos uf}tda'4sf]
hGd ePsf] b]z eP/ klg b]zdf zflGtsf aftf{ ;d]t Nofpg klg uf/f] x'g] u/]sf
pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . To;}n] a'4 holGtsf] pknIodf olb ;f/f g]kfndf h;/L
cfhef]ln of] lbgnfO{ ;f/f af}4x? zflGt /ofnL u/]/, ;Dd]ngx? ;+rfng u/]/,
hfqf u/]/ of] lbgnfO{ dgfpg] u/LG5 . To;}u/L olb ;f/f b]zjf;Ln] g} of] lbgsf]
dxTj / cy{nfO{ a'em]/ dgfpg] xf] eg] cjZo g} h;/L a'4wd{sf] :jtGq
cleofgsf] ;fydf g]kfnn] :jtGq kfPsf] lyof] To;}u/L ;f/f g]kfndf klg zflGt
kfpg] cfzf ub{5' .
lat]sf] jif{df g]kfndf zflGt xf]; eGb} Ps !^ aif]{ gofF a'4sf] pTklt x'g
nfu]sf] lyof] t/ ck;f]h pxfFsf] ;Gb]zsf] kl5 gnfuL pxfFnfO{ g} cK7\of/f]df
kf/Llbof] / pxfF To; :yfgaf6 efUg afWo kof]{ . pxfFsf] Tof] cleofg c;kmn t
eP t/ pxfFn] lbPsf ;Gb]zx? klg xfd|f] nflu ljrf/0fLo 5 . pxfFs} sf/0f Tof]
:yfgsf] cf;kf;df k~rzLnsf] kfngf ug{ yflnof] . hfF8 /lS; cflb nfUg]
kbfy{x? 5f]8]sf ;dfrf/x? klg 5g\ . To;}n] cfzf u/f}+ sL pxfF h:t} c? klg
a'4x?sf] g]kfndf pTklt xf]; tfsL g]kfndf l56\6} g} Ps /fd|f] g]tfsf] ;fydf
zflGt 5fj;\ .

16

lgZsif{,
y]/jfb a'4wd{sf] k'g?Tyfgsf] sfn ;Dd lxdfnL e]udf cfk\mg} ?kn] a'4wd{sf]
cEof; ug]{ u/]sf] / Ps ;Dk|bfoLs wd{sf] ?kdf kfng u/]sf lyP . of] k|yf
cfhklg xfdL ;fd' g} 5 . To;}ul/ kxf8L e]udf ljif]ztM sf7df08f}+df g]jf/
;dfhdf klg cfk\mg} ?kn] a'4wd{sf] kfng ug{ yfn] . hftLjfbsf] wd{sf] ?kdf
k|:t't ePsf lyP . t/fO{ e]uaf6 eg] a'4wd{nfO{ h/f b]lv pv]n]/ k\mofs]sf] lyof] .
To;}n] g]kfndf y]/jfb a'4wd{sf] pTyfgsf] cleofg klxn] cfcfkm\g} ;Dk|bfoLs
tyf hftLo wd{sf] ?kdf g} of] a'4wd{ ;Lldt lyof] . To:t} a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf]
ljifodf klg oL af}4 ;Dk|bfox? cglj1 g} ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] g]kfndf a}zfv
k"l0f{dfsf] k'g?Tyfg ;+u} g]kfnsf] a'4wd{ klg x/fe/f x'b}+ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . cfh of]
a}zfv k"l0f{df ;a} af}4 ;Dk|bfosf] g} Ps ;fd'lxs /fli6o kj{sf] ?kdf k|:t't
ePsf] / ;f/f b]zdf g} a8f] xiff]{Nnf;n] dgfpg] u/LG5 . h;/L of] a}zfv k"l0f{df
;f/f af}4 ;Dk|bfosf] ;femf kj{sf] ?kdf ePsf] 5 To;/L g} ;f/f ;Dk|bfox?df
klg ;femf a'4ofgsf] hfu/0fsf ;fy Pscfk;df ldnL hgtfdf a'4wd{nfO{
nf]slk|o agfpg cuf8L a9fpg] of]hgfx?sf] cfjZostf 5 . ;/n / j}1flgs wd{
g} cfhsf] o'usf] dfu ePsf] x'Fbf a'4wd{ g} g]kfnsf] nflu cfjZos wd{ ePsf] 5 .
a'4wd{ g]kfnsf] n'lDagLdf ;fwf/0f k'?ifsf] ?kdf hGd eP/ ;f/f b]jtf / dg'iosf
zfZtf eO{ ;f/f ;+;f/nfO{ zflGt / b'Mv d'lStsf] af6f] b]vfP/ hfg' eof] . cfh
Tolx pxfFsf] wd{ g]kfndf k'gM x/fe/f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 / x/fe/f x'b} hfj;\ eGg]
17

cfzf u/f}+ tyf ;f/f g]kfnLn] zflGtsf] :jf; km]g{ kfj;\ . of] a}zfv k"l0f{df zflGt
gfos a'4sf] hGd, 1fgk|fKt / dxf kl/lgAafgsf] lbgnfO{ vfln wfld{s ?kdf
gdgfO{ g]kfndf klg hlt ;Sof] l56f] b]zdf zflGt xf];\, b]zsf ;f/f hgtfx?n]
;'v zflGt kfj;\ elg k|fy{gf tyf zflGtsf of]hgfx?sf] sfo{Gjg ug]{ tkm{ nfUg
;sf];\ .
ejt' ;Aa d+un+

k|:t't sfo{kq n'lDagL g]kfn a'4wd{ ;dfh o"=s]=4f/f cfof]lht n+8gdf !# dO{ @))& df ePsf] a}zfv
k"l0f{df sfo{qmdsf] nflu tof/ u/LPsf] sfo{kqsf] c+z xf] .
i

ii

Triratna Manandher, Presence of Buddhism in Nepal, Lumbini: A Journal of the LNBDS UK, Vol. 8, May
2005, p. 15; G.P. Malalasekera, Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Vol. 1 (New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint
Cop. 1983), p. 516
iii
Bhuwan Lal Pradhan, The Sakyas of Nepal, (Kath: Sri Kirti Vihar, 1985) pp.6-7
iv
Bhikkhu Sudarshan, Nepal Upatyakama Ashoka Ki Chori Carumati, The Carumati Voice, (Kath: Carumati
Buddhist Mission, 2001), p. 20; Harishchandra Lal Singha, Buddhism in Nepal: A Brief Historical Introduction,
(Kath: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1999), p. 7
v
Bhikkhu Sugandha, Himalayan Buddhism;
vi
Bhikkhu Sugandha, Himalayan Buddhism;
vii
Gellner, David N., Monk, House Holder and Tantric Priest, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992),
pp. 20ff

18