VERTICAL DISTANCE MEASUREMENT BY RISE AND FALL METHOD

Date

: 13 March 2012

Time : 11.00 am 2.00 pm Place : Around Tasik Kejuruteraan, UKM Title : Surveying Practical

Introduction Levelling is the operation required in the determination or the comparison of heights of points on the surface of the earth. Levelling also is the procedure used when one is determining differences in elevation between points that are remote from each other .An elevation is a vertical distance above or below a reference datum. In land surveying , the reference datum is mean sea level (MSL) . Taping refers to the exercise of physically measuring horizontal distances. The equipment required in taping are, 30 meter tape, tension handle, tape grips ,plumb bobs and chaining pins .

Objective 1) to find out how surveying telescope / dumpy level works. 2) To find out the field procedures that are used for determining heights when leveling 3) To study land profile of Tasik Kejuruteraan, UKM.

Method For this field work, we used the rise and fall method.

Equipment Engineering level/ dumpy level 30 metre tape Levelling staff Tripod Bubble Log book consist of adjustable telescope use to measure the distance of two staff. to measure vertical distances The support dumpy level. to make sure the levelling staff straight vertically collect all the data

Area of Survey We choose the streets light as the temporary bench mark to make it easier because we didnt given specific bench mark. The survey are made it in circular direction so we can more easily study the profile of the Tasik. Since this is only practical of engineering level/dumpy level so were not the specified with horizontal distance and specified with vertical distance. The picture below show the region of survey.

Data Analysis

BS 1.375 1.23

FS 1.360 3.072

RISE 0.015

FALL

RL 100.015

ADJUST -0.2065 -0.413 -0.6195 -0.826

ADJ RL 99.8085 97.76 96.7805 100

MARK 100 A B C 100

1.842 0.773 3.426

98.173 97.400 100.826

0.557 1.330 4.850 1.424

Checking:

Backsight 8.012 Foresight 7.186

0.826

 Rise 3.441 Fall 2.615

0.826

LastRL 100.826 InitialRL 100.00

0.826

Discussion In surveying, three basic quantities are measured heights, angles, and distances - leveling is the name given to one of the methods available for determining heights. The equipment required to carry out leveling is an surveying telescope/dumpy which is normally mounted on a tripod and used in conjunction with a leveling staff. Leveling is used to find out the difference in level between points A and B. In leveling and for most field work, we have to have a starting point, which the heights is known and this point is called TBM which stands for Temporary Bench Mark. We were supposed to do close leveling, which indicates that our first and last points heights are same, which is 100m (approximate) . Procedure of Levelling. 1) Set off the temporary bench mark. We chose the streets light to be our temporary bench mark with the mean sea level of 100m. 2) Set up the equipment. i) The tripod was set up in the halfway of points that we were about to measure.

We were supposed to set up the tripod until the bubble is located at the center of the circle on the adjustable telescope. iii) When the tripod and the dumpy is levelled properly, this would help us to have a perfectly line of sight where we can rotate it around the horizon whithout messing out the bubble. 3) Lining in i) We were supposed to set up a parameter of more than 60 metres. ii) For this field work, we were supposed to do a close levelling. iii) Since the measurement tapes length is only for 30 metres, we have to break down the distance into few points. iv) The few points are the reference point that were marked so that well know our boundary. 4) Back sight (BS) and fore sight (FS). i) After we measured, marked the points and set up our dumpy level, the levelling staff was placed in a way that we can measure our back sight and fore sight. ii) Make sure the levelling staff is levelled correctly using the bubble staff. iii) The dumpy level is focused on the staff. iv) The reading was taken from the cross hair of the dumpy level.

ii)

5) Placing the instrument i) First off, we start at A (TBM), the first measurement is a back sight to A, and the second is fore sight to B. ii) Then, the dumpy level was moved in front of B, where the staff at B remain still( Back sight) , the other staff is placed in front of the dumpy level as the foresight iii) Next, the staff (just now fore sight, now back sight ) stand still, while the dumpy moved in front of it ( point C) , and the other staff is moved in front of the dumpy (fore sight) iv) The steps are repeated until, the end point, where the dumpy is placed between Z(back sight) and A( fore sight ) . 6) Recording the distance The total length must be reported and recorded correctly. 7) After the levelling, we were supposed to do a data analysis, where to check whether we get the correct value of our closed levelling. If we get the value which is higher or lower then what we were supposed to have which is 100m, we have to calculate the misclosure, to make sure that our value does not exceed the allowable misclosure. And if the summed of heights is not comparable with the temporary bench mark, and it exceed the allowable misclosure, the entire levelling must be repeated.

Misclosure If misclosure > allowable misclosure , the survey must be taken again. Allowable misclosure m n m = constant = 5 n = number of marking

Error The theoretical value for the TBM2 is 100m , while the TBM 2 value based on our calculation is 100.826m.since there is difference in the theoretical value, this might happen due to some error. 1) Instrument errors. 1.1) Adjustable telescope : Water and dust penetration. 1.2) Leveling staff : Zero error from leveling staff. The staff was broken. 2) Natural errors. 2.1) Unstable ground The leveling staff and tripod leg may sink into ground during the leveling process. 3) Collimation error. This occur if the sight lenths from one instrument positions are not equal. So, sight lengths should be kept equal, particularly back sights and fore sights and before using any level it is advisable to carry out a two peg test to ensure the collimation error is within acceptable limits.

3) Personal errors. Errors will arise from carelessness by the survey crew: 3.1) leveling staff is not vertical. The pond bubble was not center. A good procedure is to rock the staff slowly back and forth through vertical whenever possible and to note the lowest reading . 3.2) faulty reading of the tape Parallax error occur when the crews eyes is not perpendicular to the cross hair of the staff. 3.3) tripod is not vertical. The tripod also might be disturbed during the leveling. Do not disturb the tripod as in kick, touch and etc. while carry out leveling,

How to reduce the chance of errors occurring. When leveling, the following procedures should be used if many of the sources of error are to be avoided. Leveling should always start and finish at temporary bench mark, so that misclosure can be detected. Where possible, all sight lengths should be below 50 meters to enable the staff to be read accurately. The staff must be held vertically by suitable use of a circular bubble or hold by hand.

Conclusion From the objectives given: 1. Our group can handle the surveying telescope/dumping level properly and precisely like what have been told in the lecture and also from the practical. 2. We found out the procedure of field to do leveling. 3. We learn how profile of land at Tasik Kejuruteraan UKM.

DEPARTMENT COURSE TITLE : ASSIGNMENT

CIVIL ENGINEERING (STRUCURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL) SURVEYING ENGINEERING

SURVEY PRACTICAL ( ENGINEERING LEVEL/DUMPY LEVEL)

GROUP MEMBER: NAME FAIZAH BINTI OMAR AHMAD NAFEK BIN AUGUST FOUZY NURASYIKIN BINTI IBRAHIM CHUAH RUN EN MATRIC NO. A136019 A137389 A137754 A138030

NORAFIFAH BINTI JOHAR ARIFFIN NUR FARHANA NADIRA BINTI SAZALI CHONG CHUN WEN

A138205 A137818 A137672

LECTURER DATE

: :

DR. SHARIZAN BAHAROM 13 MARCH 2012