T1 and E1 Circuit

T-1 is a digital circuit that uses the DS-1 (Digital Signalling level 1) signaling format to transmit voice/data over the PSTN network at 1.544 Mbps. T-1 can carry up to 24 uncompressed digital channels of 64 Kbps (DS0) for voice or data. E-1 is the European equivalent of the T-1, except E-1 carries information at the rate of 2.048 Mbps. E-1 is used to transmit 30 64Kbps digital channels (DS0) for voice or data calls, plus a 64Kbps channel for signaling, and a 64Kbps channel for framing and maintenance. A T1/E1 circuit is a dedicated circuit and is always composed of two parts: the local loop and the carrier circuit. A T1/E1 circuit is the first multiplexed level of the digital signalling multiplexing scheme. T1s use what is called a Stratum 3 clock to maintain what is called clocking on the line. Within the communications network, copper twisted pairs are used. One pair for transmit, and another for receive making four wires for each T1. This allows T-carrier systems to transmit and receive simultaneously in both directions at full speed (full duplex). T1 trunk cables are made in bundles of 25 pairs of 22 AWG copper wires designed for carrying multiple T1's. A T1 uses a bipolar signalling method where voltage states range between +/- 12 volts. A binary zero is signaled with zero voltage; binary ones are signalled using either positive or negative voltage. A T1 service is provided by three ways: full T1/Bustable T1 Service, channelized T1 and fractional T1.

Full T1 Service - A full T1 service provides a complete circuit of up to 1.544Mbps total speed. This communications channel is often referred to as a digital trunk line. The full circuit can be either data or voice, but not both. Burstable T1 Service - This is a full T1 with some sort of measuring technology attached at the ISP's end. Customer gets an amount of bandwidth for each month and pays a premium when their T1 exceeds this level of data. Channelized T1 - A channelized T1 contains 24 individual DS0 channels, each capable of carrying voice or data. The full set of channels has the same speed as a full T1, but the individual channels may be split into voice lines or data lines using a device called a Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit or CSU/DSU. The CSU/DSU allows the voice channels to be connected to a phone system or PBX. The data lines are then connected to a router serial interface and often are used to provide Internet connectivity. Fractional T1 - A fractional T1 is one or more channels bundled together and sold to a customer as a set. This allows a consumer to purchase less than a full T1's bandwidth at a lower cost. Like the channelized T1, individual channels can be voice or data and a CSU/DSU is used to split the channels, however less than the full set of 24 channels is available to the customer for use.

E1 A 2.048 Mbps point-to-point dedicated, digital circuit provided by the telephone companies in Europe. E1 is the European counterpart of the North American T1 line, which transmits at 1.544 Mbps, and E1 and T1 lines can be interconnected for international use. E2 through E5 lines

provide multiple E1 channels. An E1 line uses two wire pairs (one for transmit, one for receive) and time division multiplexing (TDM) to interleave 32 64-Kbps voice or data channels.

T1
Type of broadband telecommunications connection (see broadband technology) used especially to connect Internet service providers to the Internet's infrastructure. Developed by Bell Labs in the 1960s, the T-carrier systems offer entirely digital, full-duplex exchange of data over traditional wire, coaxial cable, optical fibre, microwave relay, or other communications media. The T1 lines carry about 1.5 megabits of data per second, while the related T3 lines carry over 40. However, such systems are generally too expensive for individual network users, who turn instead to ISDN lines, cable modems, DSL connections, or some form of wireless or satellite system for high-speed Internet access. For more information on T1, visit Britannica.com. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Copyright 1994-2008 Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. T1

(3) A 1.544 Mbps point-to-point, dedicated, digital circuit provided by the telephone companies. With the monthly cost typically based on distance, T1 lines are widely used for connecting an organization's PBX to the telephone company or a local network (LAN) to an Internet provider (ISP). T1 lines were also widely used for connecting branch offices, but many have been supplanted by virtual private networks (VPNs) over the Internet. They Started in the 1960s The first T1 line was tariffed by AT&T in January 1983. However, in the early 1960s, AT&T started the move to digital transmission, and T1 lines were deployed in intercity trunks to improve signal quality and make more efficient use of the network. T1 Anatomy A T1 line uses two wire pairs (one for transmit, one for receive) and time division multiplexing (TDM) to interleave 24 64-Kbps voice or data channels. The standard T1 frame is 193 bits long, which holds 24 8-bit voice samples and one synchronization bit with 8,000 frames transmitted per second. T1 is not restricted to digital voice or to 64 Kbps data streams. Channels may be combined and the total 1.544 Mbps capacity can be broken up as required. See DS, T-carrier, bipolar transmission, D4 and ESF.

64 Kbps T-Carrier Total Speed Channels T1 T2 T3 1.544 Mbps 6.312 Mbps 44.736 Mbps 24 96 672

Computer Desktop Encyclopedia copyright 1981-2011 by The Computer Language Company Inc. All Right reserved. THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY. All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher. (communications) T1 - An AT&T term for a digital carrier facility used to transmit a DS1 formatted digital signal at 1.544 megabits per second. T1 transmission uses a bipolar Return To Zero alternate mark inversion line coding scheme to keep the DC carrier component from saturating the line. Although some consider T1 signaling obsolete, much equipment operates at the "T1 rate" and such signals are either combined for transmission via faster circuits, or demultiplexed into 64 kilobit per second circuits for distribution to individual subscribers. T1 signals can be transported on unshielded twisted pair telephone lines. The transmitted signal consists of pips of a few hundred nanoseconds width, each inverted with respect to the one preceding. At the sending end the signal is 1 volt, and as received, greater than 0.01 volts. This requires repeaters about every 6000 feet. The information is contained in the timing of the signals, not the polarity. When a long sequence of bits in the transmitted information would cause no pip to be sent, "bit stuffing" is used so the receiving apparatus will not lose track of the sending clock. A T1 circuit requires two twisted pair lines, one for each direction. Some newer equipment uses the two lines at half the T1 rate and in full-duplex mode; the sent and received signals are separated at each end by components collectively called a "hybrid". Although this technique requires more sophisticated equipment and lowers the line length, an advantage is that half the sent and half the received information is mixed on any one line, making low-tech wiretaps less a threat.

DS (1) A handheld game console from Nintendo (the Nintendo DS) that was introduced in 2004. It was superseded by the Nintendo DSi in 2008. (2) (Digital Signal) A classification of digital circuits. The DS technically refers to the rate and format of the signal, while the T designation refers to the equipment providing the signals. In practice, "DS" and "T" are used synonymously; for example, DS1 and T1, DS3 and T3. See OC. NORTH AMERICA, JAPAN, KOREA, ETC. Voice Service Channels Speed DS0 1 64 Kbps DS1 24 1.544 Mbps (T1) DS1C 48 3.152 Mbps (T1C) DS2 96 6.312 Mbps (T2) DS3 672 44.736 Mbps (T3) DS4 4032 274.176 Mbps (T4)

EUROPE (ITU) Voice Service Channels E1 30 E2 120 E3 480 E4 1920 E5 7680

Speed (Mbps) 2.048 8.448 34.368 139.264 565.148

SONET CIRCUITS Service STS-1 OC1 STS-3 OC3 STS-3c OC3c STS-12 OC12 STS-12c OC12c STS-48 OC48 Speed (Mbps) 51.84 (28 DS1s or 1 DS3) 155.52 (3 STS-1s) 155.52 (concatenated) 622.08 (12 STS-1s, 4 STS-3s) 622.08 (12 STS-1s, 4 STS-3c's) 2488.32 (48 STS-1s, 16 STS-3s)

Question: What Are T1 Lines and T3 Lines? Answer: T1 and T3 are two common types of leased lines used in telecommunications. Both T1 lines and T3 lines are reserved circuits that operate over either copper or fiber optic cables. T1 and T3 are typically rented by organizations at a monthly or yearly rate to connect geographically separated offices for private voice and/or data networking. The high cost of these lines prevents most individuals from leasing them.

About T1 Lines
The T1 standard for data communication was developed by AT&T in the 1960s. T1 leased lines offer the same data rate as symmetric DSL (1.544 Mbps). A T1 line typically costs $1000 USD or more per month. So-called fractional T1 lines, starting at 128 Kbps, reduce this cost somewhat and can be found in some apartment buildings and hotels where they provide residential Internet access.

About T3 Lines
T3 lines are a common aggregation of 28 T1 circuits that yields 44.736 Mbps total network bandwidth. Besides being used for long-distance traffic, T3 lines are also often used to build the core of a business network at its headquarters. A T3 line typically costs more than $3000 USD per month.

What is a dedicated circuit? (ie. T1 or T3) A dedicated circuit is a digital line that provides transmission speeds up to 1.544 Mbits/sec (T1) or a T3 line at 45 Mbits/sec. T1's can be purchased as a Full T1 (often called a digital trunk line or private line), channelized T1 or a fractional T1. The dedicated circuit is composed of two parts: the local loop and the carrier circuit. The local loop is provided by the telephone company because they are the ones that put the wire that is connected to the site into the ground. The other end of the circuit is routed to the telecommunications provider. What are the benefits of a T1? A T1 circuit is an 'always on' connection. It is a dedicated circuit in that it is never shared with anyone else. A T1 can integrate all your voice and data needs into a single bill and can handle up to 24 simultaneous external calls in most cases. If your business has more than five phone lines or more than $400 in telecom billing, you should consider T1 bandwidth. A T1 is: 1. Fast Internet Access up to 1.544 Mbits/sec 2. Flexible - Able to be used for both data and voice lines 3. Secure - It is not a shared line.

4. Reliable - With SLA's (Service Level Agreements) of 99.9% uptime, it is far superior than that of DSL or Cable Modems. What does a T1 cost? T1 costs can vary depending on your location. Prices can vary from $400-$600 per T1 depending on requirements. What's the difference between a T1 and a Business DSL connection? T1 vs. DSL Type T1 DSL

Main Advantage

Organizations that require Internet access as part of their daily activities. Examples include on-line purchase order processing, customer or client research, travel booking, electronic banking/bill paying or other financial information, file transfer, etc. Any organization with the potential for 6 or more simultaneous users.

Home and small companies wanting a cost-effective alternative for high-speed access that don't require guaranteed quality. Business that only use the Internet casually, and can switch to other work when speed is too slow.

Speed

Synchronous 1.544 Mbits/sec

Varies from 500Kbits/sec to as much as 7Mbits/sec. In most cases, the bandwidth varies throughtout the day and the synchronous transmission is not guaranteed. $50-$150/month Unregulated - There are no State and FCC regulations in place. Circuit cost escalations, defined quality levels, and customer service responsiveness are at the discretion of the DSL provider.

Price

$389-$500/month

Speed vs. Distance

Guaranteed fixed speeds, independent of distance.

Distance Limit

No limitations. T1's can generally be put in anywhere phone lines exist.

Limited to 3.5 miles. DSL availability is limited to certain areas in many cities including Colorado Springs. DSL is a relatively new technology utilizing an outdated infrastructure. DSL requires that the entire circuit be built using a nonredundant all copper path. In many parts of Colorado Springs telco providers have abandoned the existing copper network in favor of redundant fiberoptics. In order to provide DSL, telcos are forced to use old poorly maintained copper networks. Because of DSL's all copper path it has the tendency to drop frequently and is sensitive to weather conditions. DSL is made via a shared, switched ATM network. A number of customers are aggregated at multiple single connection points (DSLAM in each DSL CO). Each aggregation point is a potential point of failure and congestion. DSL installation is uncertain and can be problematic, ranging from 14 business days to 90 business days or more. Ten percent of all DSL orders will never be installed. Telcos have no regulations to require them to deliver the service even after they accept a customer order.

Reliability

Dedicated T1 connections are built for high availability and reliability. The majority of the circuit (most often the entire circuit) is carried on modern high speed redundant fiberoptic networks.

Connection

T1 service offers private point-to-pont dedicated connection between the customer and provider. There is no middleman.

Monthly

T1 circuit installation process is predictable, averaging 14 business days. Once a telco accepts an order for a T1 circuit, it must be delivered.

T3 line/ DS3 line

If a T1 service isn't enough to meet your needs, you can choose from the Tier 1 service providers' comprehensive T3 (DS3) service options. This high-speed line is offered in variables of up to 45 Mbps (from 3 Mbps to 45 Mbps or just 45 Mbps, depending on your needs) of continuous bandwidth so you can optimize the response time of your Web site, transfer large video files, or offer regional Internet access. Plus, there are many different service options to fit any budget or bandwidth needs. Back-up options are also available. A Dedicated Private T3 (DS-3) Circuit is the ideal solution for large companies, universities, and organizations that have a need for large amounts of bandwidth, such as an ISP (Internet Service Provider). A T3 circuit can normally be utilized by thousands of users simultaneously. A private dedicated full T3 circuit provides 45Mbps of bandwidth. A T3 circuit is made up of 28 T1s or 672 64Kbps channels. As with the T1, we can offer fractional portions of a T3 circuit. FACT T3 (DS3) - The 44.736 Mbps speed of a T3 is actually the result of the aggregate-multiplexed signal of 28 T1s. A T3 line is physically run from your company through the telephone company "valve" that determines the amount of information that is able to travel through the pipeline.

T3 and E3 Technologies
A T3 is a dedicated phone connection supporting data rates of about 43 Mbps. A T-3 line actually consists of 672 individual channels, each of which supports 64 Kbps. T-3 lines are used mainly by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone and for the backbone itself. T-3 lines are sometimes referred to as DS3 lines. An E3 is the European equivalent of a T3 circuit. It is a term for a digital facility used for transmitting data over a telephone network at 34 Mbps. It has smaller bandwidth and fewer subchannels than a T3. E3's are found in all countries other than the United States, Singapore, and Japan.

T3 - comprised of 28 T1 lines

A T3 line (also know as a DS-3) is an ultra high-speed connection capable of transmitting data at rates up to 45 Mbps. A T3 line is equal to approximately 672 regular voice-grade telephone lines, which is fast enough to transmit full-motion, real-time video, and very large databases over a busy network. A T3 line is typically installed as a major networking artery for large corporations and universities with high-volume network traffic. A T3 is the second fastest, non optical connection offered in North America. A T3 line is comprised of 28 T1 lines, each operating at total signaling rate of 1.544 Mbps.

What is the difference between T1 and T3 Lines?

The most significant differences between T1 lines and T3 lines are cost and speed. The typical T1 connection costs approximately $800 per month while a T3 connection can cost as much as $15,000 per month. T3 lines are extremely high bandwidth connections into a carrier's backbone. They typically include SLAs (Service Level Agreements) that guarantee uptime and performance. What is a fractional T3? Is it more bandwidth than a T1?

T3 Internet Access is the ideal solution for businesses that require high-bandwidth access at a reduced price. Whether you host high-traffic Web sites, support Web hosting or need high-capacity bandwidth on an as-needed basis, there's a level of T3 service (Full or fractional) that will meet your needs. Fractional to full DS3 or T3 circuits run from speeds of 3 Mbps up to 45 Mbps. For customers that require more bandwidth than a T1 line can provide but do not yet require the capacity of a full T3 line, a fractional T3 connection is the ideal solution. A fractional T3 is similar to a full T3, only with some of the channels turned off. This reduces the total monthly cost and provides additional capacity that can be turned up in a matter of days.

Pulse Technical Handbook Series - T1 Networking Made Easy

T1 Networking Made Easy

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THE T1 CARRIER

WHAT DOES A T1 LOOK LIKE? T1 B ANDWIDTH T1 P HYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS T1 F RAMING LINE CODE T1 NETWORKING TELCOS PSTN ACCESS WITH A T1 SUMMARY OF PSTN ACCESS WITH A T1 DATA NETWORKING WITH T1S VOICE AND DATA NETWORKING WITH T1 ACCESS

3 3 4 5 6 6 6 8 10 10 12

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The T1 Carrier
The T1 is what telephone companies have traditionally used to transport digitized telephone conversations between central offices. As early as the 1960s, a single T1 circuit made it possible for a telephone company to deliver 24 high quality voice conversations. Since a T1 is a fully digital service, there was no possibility of crosstalk, which is common in analog carrier networks where copper pairs pickup emissions from neighboring pairs. Significant increases in noise immunity were also achieved by adopting this new digital transmission standard. Since the early 1980s, T1 service has been available to private industry throughout the country. This document will discuss the various types of T1 services available, how to deploy them, implement them effectively and understand the general guidelines of T1 networking.

What Does a T1 Look Like?

T1 Bandwidth The bandwidth of a T1 is commonly known to be 1.544Mbps. This represents the maximum bit carrying ability of a T1. The overhead necessary to frame a T1 is 8Kbps. Therefore, the total usable bandwidth is 1.536Mbps, or the equivalent of 24 DS-0 channels. A single DS-0 has a bandwidth of 64Kbps and is designed to carry a digitized telephone call. Today, T1 technology is being used in private and public networks to carry both voice and data traffic.

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8 Kbps Overhead

DS-0 #1 64Kbps

1.536Mbps

1.544Mbps

DS-0 #24 64Kbps 24 64Kbps DS-0 Channels provide 1.536Mbps in usable bandwidth Total bandwidth = 1.536Mbps + 8Kbps (overhead) = 1.544Mbps

Figure 1: T1 Bandwidth T1 Physical Characteristics A T1 is physically made up of two balanced pairs of copper wire (commonly known as twisted pair). The pairs are used in a full duplex configuration where one pair transmits information and the other pair receives information. Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) typically terminate a T1 with a RJ-48C jack. The following illustration shows a typical T1 cable and interface.

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Cable Outer Jacket TX RX Twisted Pair RJ-48C

Pin 1,2 = TX Pin 3,4 = RX

Figure 2: Typical CPE T1 Cabling T1 Framing A T1 is framed to provide 24 logical 64Kbps channels (channels are referred to as a DS-0). Each channel is designed to carry a single digitized telephone call. Since telephone calls are digitized at a rate of 64Kbps, we can send a call over a single DS-0. Therefore, a T1 provides 24 X 64Kbps in usable bandwidth. This equates to 1.536Mbps. The total bandwidth of a T1 is actually 1.544Mbps, which includes 8Kbps in overhead. T1 framing is necessary to provide a common data format and to provide a means for synchronization on a network. There are two common framing standards currently in use. D4 framing is the principal framing method that was initially used with T1 networks. D4 describes a frame made up of 24 one byte samples from each of the 24 DS-0s (192 bits). A single framing bit is sent in front of every 192 bit structure ([24 X 8] + 1 = 193 bits per frame).

Framing Bit

192 Bits (24 X 1 Byte) Frame 1

Framing Bit

192 Bits (24 X 1 Byte) Frame 2

12 consecutive frames create a single D4 Super Frame (SF).

Figure 3: D4 Frame Format

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Pulse Technical Handbook Series - T1 Networking Made Easy Extended Super Frame (ESF) is a newer framing method used on T1s. It uses fewer framing bits than D4 and provides a means for gathering performance data from the T1. Line Code Two line codes are supported for T1 transmissions; Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) and Binary 8 Zero Substitution (B8ZS). Although line code is not directly associated with T1 framing, the following is generally true: A D4 SF T1 usually uses AMI line coding AN ESF T1 usually uses B8ZS line coding

T1 networking
TELCOs A general understanding of telephone company architecture is required in order to fully understand T1 networking and the various voice and data applications supported. The following explanation, along with the associated figures, provides a generalized (not so technical) view of public voice and data networks. In most cases, especially when long distance communications is required, a network connection is established through two carriers. A Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) is responsible for providing local connectivity to the customer premises and an Inter-Exchange Carrier (IXC) is responsible for carrying information between various LECs. If a person lives in Washington, DC and needs a telephone line, they would most likely deal with Bell Atlantic (the incumbent LEC). The following diagram shows the portion of the network connection that the LEC would provide.

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Local Loop Customer Premises Central Office

Figure 4: Local Network Connection The Central Office (CO) in this example is the LEC switching office that operates in this customers region. If this customer requires additional voice or data services, additional connections can be established in the same manner. This portion of the network only provides for local communication to the CO. If long distance communications are necessary, an IXC would carry the information to the destination CO. If a telephone call were to be made from Washington to Los Angeles, the network connection at the CO would be passed to a Point of Presence (POP) for the long distance carrier of choice. At the remote end of the connection, the IXC would pass the call from its local POP to the destination CO. This is depicted in the following diagram.

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POP CO National Long Distance Provider Network

POP

CO

Figure 5: Long Distance Network Connection PSTN Access With a T1 There are a number of ways in which to access the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). The most common way is to do so via a standard analog telephone line (figure 4), or whats commonly called Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS). Although this is a very simple solution to accessing the PSTN, it may not be the most economical or most feasible choice. Lets assume that a company has a requirement for 24 telephone lines into its headquarters. In order to fulfill this requirement, 24 POTS lines can be ordered from the local telephone company. If the monthly cost for each POTS line is $27.00 (not including long distance) this company would pay a total monthly fee of $648.00. The alternative to this scenario is to use a T1 access line for the voice requirement. Lets assume that a Channelized T1 LOOP for access to the PSTN (see figure 6) costs $500.00 per month. That would constitute a $148.00 monthly savings ($1,776.00 yearly).

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T1 Loop

Customer Premises

Central Office

Figure 6: T1 Access Line Since a T1 interface is now being presented to the user, one of the following would be required: Ensure that the Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) provides a T1 interface. Convert the T1 into 24 standard analog lines. This would require channel bank.

If the T1 is going to be used in a voice application and needs to be connected to a telephone system, a T1 interface is most likely going to be present on the telephone system. In this case all that would be required to terminate the T1 is a Channel Service Unit (CSU). A CSU is required anytime a T1 circuit is connected to CPE. It is the device responsible for isolating the public network from the end-user network and also serves as a test point that allows the carrier to run many standard tests. In some cases a CSU is built into the Customer Premises Equipment which provides for direct connection to the T1 (no external CSU required).

Telephone System (PBX)

T1 Circuit From Carrier CSU

Figure 7: T1 Circuit Terminated With a CSU

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Pulse Technical Handbook Series - T1 Networking Made Easy If the T1 is to be used in an analog application, a channel bank would be necessary in order to convert the 24 digital voice channels into 24 individual analog voice lines. Some devices that require analog interfaces are old telephone systems and modems. The following diagram shows a channel bank converting a T1 into 24 analog circuits for connecting a rack of modems.

CH 1 Channel Bank

CSU 24 Modems

T1

24

CH 24

Figure 8: T1 Channel Bank Application Summary of PSTN Access With a T1 Accessing the Public Switched Telephone Network with a T1 is similar in concept to accessing the PSTN over a standard analog telephone line. In both cases a local loop is deployed between the CO and the customers premises. In the case of T1 access, a T1 loop is used and in the case of a single analog line, an analog loop is used. With the connection in place, the CO is responsible for switching all local telephone calls and routing all long distance call to the IXC of choice. Data Networking With T1s T1 technology has been used in data networks since the 1980s. Serial data connectivity is the most common T1 data application. In most cases, T1 data circuits are deployed to provide a means for serial communications. The following diagram shows a typical T1 point to point data application:

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Pulse Technical Handbook Series - T1 Networking Made Easy

DSU/CSU

T1

DSU/CSU

ROUTER

ROUTER

Figure 9: Point-to-Point LAN Connectivity In the previous diagram, a T1 Channel Service Unit / Data Service Unit (CSU/DSU) is used to terminate the circuit at both ends. The CSU/DSU is responsible for terminating the T1 and converting the T1 signaling and channelization into the appropriate user serial interface such as RS-530, V.35 and RS-449. Multi-port CSU/DSUs are also available for applications supporting multiple data channels. The following diagram shows how these devices would be used in a Wide Area Network.

VIDEO CONFERENCING SYSTEM

384Kbps

VIDEO CONFERENCING SYSTEM

DSU/CSU

T1

DSU/CSU

1.152Mbps

ROUTER

ROUTER

Figure 10: Point-to-Point Network With Two Data Channels

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Pulse Technical Handbook Series - T1 Networking Made Easy The two-port CSU/DSUs used in Figure 10 allow the user to divide the T1 bandwidth between two applications. In this example the video application is given a total of 384Kbps (6 X DS0) and the router application is given 1.152Mbps (18 X DS0). A combination of single port and multi-port CSU/DSUs can also be used in applications that require connectivity to more than one remote location. These types of applications usually require a special circuit configuration provided by the local telephone company. The following diagram shows a single location communicating with two remote locations.

ROUTER DSU/CSU ROUTER ROUTER DSU/CSU T1 CENTRAL OFFICE DSU/CSU ROUTER

Figure 11: T1 Access With Multiple Remote Locations In figure 11, the CO is cross connecting the three circuits with a Digital Access Cross Connect System (DACS). This allows the central office to map the appropriate number of channels on the T1 at the central site to the remote locations. Voice and Data Networking With T1 Access

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Pulse Technical Handbook Series - T1 Networking Made Easy Utilizing a T1 for voice and data integration is a common practice. In many cases, the primary reason for combing two information mediums (voice and data) is to reduce the monthly cost for voice and data communications links. The following diagram shows the network configuration for an organization that is not integrating voice and data:

DSU/CSU

T1

DSU/CSU

ROUTER
Central Office

ROUTER

PBX

T1

Figure 12: Non-Integrated Voice and Data Application If the voice an data requirements in the previous diagram do not require the full T1 bandwidth that is available, both applications can be consolidated onto a single T1 circuit. This is shown in the following diagram:

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ROUTER DSU/CSU ROUTER DSU/CSU T1 CENTRAL OFFICE 384Kbps Fractional T1

PBX

DSX-1 Interface: 18 Voice Channels

Figure 13: T1 Access With Voice and Data Integration If the organization depicted in figures 12 and 13 required a total of 18 voice channels for a PBX connection and a single 384Kbps data connection to a remote site, the diagram shown in figure 13 would be the favored network configuration. In this example, the organization is paying for a single T1 loop from its premises to the central office. This eliminates the additional circuit shown in figure 12. If the monthly cost for the additional T1 loop were $500, this would provide a $6,000 saving per year. The CSU/DSU used in this application provides the user with a DSX-1 port that is used to pass the T1 circuit to the PBX. This is the same interface that is found on the subscriber side of a CSU (see figure 7).

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What is E1?
To see the relationship between the E-carrier system, the T-carrier system, and DS0 multiples, see digital signal X. E1 (or E-1) is a European digital transmission format devised by the ITU-TS and given the name by the Conference of European Postal and Telecommunication Administration (CEPT). It's the equivalent of the North American T-carrier system format. E2 through E5 are carriers in increasing multiples of the E1 format. The E1 signal format carries data at a rate of 2.048 million bits per second and can carry 32 channels of 64 Kbps* each. E1 carries at a somewhat higher data rate than T-1 (which carries 1.544 million bits per second) because, unlike T-1, it does not do bit-robbing and all eight bits per channel are used to code the signal. E1 and T-1 can be interconnected for international use. E2 (E-2) is a line that carries four multiplexed E1 signals with a data rate of 8.448 million bits per second. E3 (E-3) carries 16 E1 signals with a data rate of 34.368 million bits per second. E4 (E-4) carries four E3 channels with a data rate of 139.264 million bits per second. E5 (E-5) carries four E4 channels with a data rate of 565.148 million bits per second. * In international English outside the U.S., the equivalent usage is "kbps" or "kbits s-1."

What is E1 / T1 ?
The PDH (plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) has 2 primary communication systems as its foundation.
These are, T1 system based on 1544kbit/s that is recommended by ANSI & E1 system based on 2048kbit/s that is recommended by ITU-T. Common Characteristics :1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Both are having Same Sampling Frequency i.e. 8kHz. In both (E1 & T1) Number of samples/telephone signal = 8000/sec. In both (E1 & T1) Length of PCM Frame = 1/8000s = 125s. In both (E1 & T1) Number of Bits in each code word = 8. In both (E1 & T1) Telephone Channel Bit Rate = 8000/s x 8 Bit = 64 kbit/s.

Differing Characteristics :1. In E1 Encoding/Decoding is followed by A-Law while in T1 Encoding/Decoding is followed by -Law. 2. In E1 - 13 Number of Segments in Characteristics while in T1 - 15 Number of Segments in Characteristics. 3. In E1 - 32 Number of Timeslots / PCM Frame while in T1 - 24Number of Timeslots / PCM Frame. 4. In E1 - 8 x 32 = 256 number of bits / PCM Frame while in T1 - 8 x 24 + 1* = 193 number of bits / PCM Frame. (* Signifies an additional bit). 5. In E1 - (125s x 8)/256 = approx 3.9s is the length of an 8-bit Timeslot while in T1 - (125s x 8)/193 = approx 5.2s is the length of an 8-bit Timeslot. 6. In E1 - 8000/s x 256 bits = 2048kbit/s is the Bit Rate of Time-Division Multiplexed Signal while in T1 - 8000/s x 193 bits = 1544kbit/s is the Bit Rate of Time-Division Multiplexed Signal.

E1
E1
Similar to the North American T-1, E1 is the European format for digital transmission. E1 carries signals at 2 Mbps (32 channels at 64Kbps, with 2 channels reserved for signaling and controlling), versus the T1, which carries signals at 1.544 Mbps (24 channels at 64Kbps). E1 and T1 lines may be interconnected for international use.

E-carrier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

In digital telecommunications, where a single physical wire pair can be used to carry many simultaneous voice conversations by time-division multiplexing, worldwide standards have been created and deployed. The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) originally standardized the E-carrier system, which revised and improved the earlier American T-carrier technology, and this has now been adopted by the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). This is now widely used in almost all countries outside the USA, Canada and Japan.

Contents
[hide]

1 Presentation 2 E1 o 2.1 Special timeslots o 2.2 Glossary 3 E3 4 Hierarchy levels 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Presentation
The E-carrier standards [1][2] form part of the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) where groups of E1 circuits may be bundled onto higher capacity E3 links between telephone exchanges or countries. This allows a network operator to provide a private end-to-end E1 circuit between customers in different countries that share single high capacity links in between. In practice, only E1 and E3 versions are used. Physically E1 is transmitted as 32 timeslots and E3 512 timeslots, but one is used for framing and sometimes one allocated for signalling call setup and tear down. Unlike Internet data services, E-carrier systems permanently allocate capacity for a voice call for its entire duration. This ensures high call quality because the transmission arrives with the same short delay (latency) and capacity at all times. E1 circuits are very common in most telephone exchanges and are used to connect to medium and large companies, to remote exchanges and in many cases between exchanges. E3 lines are used between exchanges, operators and/or countries.

[edit] E1
An E1 link operates over two separate sets of wires, usually twisted pair cable. A nominal 3 volt peak signal is encoded with pulses using a method avoiding long periods without polarity changes. The line data rate is 2.048 Mbit/s (full duplex, i.e. 2.048 Mbit/s downstream and 2.048 Mbit/s upstream) which is split into 32 timeslots, each being allocated 8 bits in turn. Thus each timeslot sends and receives an 8-bit PCM sample, usually encoded according to A-law algorithm, 8000 times per second (8 x 8000 x 32 = 2,048,000). This is ideal for voice telephone calls where the voice is sampled at that data rate and reconstructed at the other end. The timeslots are numbered from 0 to 31. Unlike the earlier T-carrier systems developed in North America, all 8 bits of each sample are available for each call. This allows the E1 systems to be used equally well for circuit switch data calls, without risking the loss of any information.

While the original CEPT standard G.703 specifies several options for the physical transmission, almost exclusively HDB3 format is used.

[edit] Special timeslots

One timeslot (TS0) is reserved for framing purposes, and alternately transmits a fixed pattern. This allows the receiver to lock onto the start of each frame and match up each channel in turn. The standards allow for a full Cyclic Redundancy Check to be performed across all bits transmitted in each frame, to detect if the circuit is losing bits (information), but this is not always used. An alarm signal may also be transmitted using timeslot TS0. Finally, some bits are reserved for national use.[3]
TS0 timeslot structure bit number one frame every two frames the other frame 1 checksum (0) or international usage checksum (CRC4) or international usage 2 0 3 0 4 1 5 1 6 0 7 1 8 1

1 alarm

national usage

One timeslot (TS16) is often reserved for signalling purposes, to control call setup and teardown according to one of several standard telecommunications protocols. This includes channelassociated signaling (CAS) where a set of bits is used to replicate opening and closing the circuit (as if picking up the telephone receiver and pulsing digits on a rotary phone), or using tone signalling which is passed through on the voice circuits themselves. More recent systems use common-channel signaling (CCS) such Signalling System 7 (SS7) where no timeslot is reserved for signalling purposes, the signalling protocol being transmitted on a different physical channel.[4]

[edit] Glossary
Link An unidirectional channel residing in one timeslot of a E1 or T1 Line, carrying 64 kbit/s (64'000 bit/s) raw digital data. Line An unidirectional E1 or T1 physical connection. Trunk A bidirectional E1 or T1 physical connection.

[edit] E3
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it.

E3 lines have a transmission speed of 34.368 Mbit/s. They can be seen as 4 E2 lines, which are themselves made of 4 E1 lines.

[edit] Hierarchy levels

The PDH based on the E0 signal rate is designed so that each higher level can multiplex a set of lower level signals. Framed E1 is designed to carry 30 or 31 E0 data channels plus 1 or 2 special channels, all other levels are designed to carry 4 signals from the level below. Because of the necessity for overhead bits, and justification bits to account for rate differences between sections of the network, each subsequent level has a capacity greater than would be expected from simply multiplying the lower level signal rate (so for example E2 is 8.448 Mbit/s and not 8.192 Mbit/s as one might expect when multiplying the E1 rate by 4). Note, because bit interleaving is used, it is very difficult to demultiplex low level tributaries directly, requiring equipment to individually demultiplex every single level down to the one that is required.
T-carrier and E-carrier systems Level zero (channel data rate) First level (Intermediate level, Tcarrier hierarchy only) Second level North American Japanese European (CEPT)

64 kbit/s (DS0) 1.544 Mbit/s (DS1) (24 user channels) (T1)

64 kbit/s 1.544 Mbit/s (24 user channels)

64 kbit/s 2.048 Mbit/s (32 user channels) (E1) 8.448 Mbit/s (128 Ch.) (E2) 34.368 Mbit/s (512 Ch.) (E3) 139.264 Mbit/s (2048 Ch.) (E4) 565.148 Mbit/s (8192 Ch.) (E5)

3.152 Mbit/s (DS1C) (48 Ch.) 6.312 Mbit/s (DS2) (96 Ch.) (T2) 44.736 Mbit/s (DS3) (672 Ch.) (T3) 274.176 Mbit/s (DS4) (4032 Ch.) 400.352 Mbit/s (DS5) (5760 Ch.) 6.312 Mbit/s (96 Ch.), or 7.786 Mbit/s (120 Ch.) 32.064 Mbit/s (480 Ch.)

Third level

Fourth level

97.728 Mbit/s (1440 Ch.)

Fifth level

565.148 Mbit/s (8192 Ch.)

Note 1: The DS designations are used in connection with the North American hierarchy only. Strictly speaking, a DS1 is the data carried on a T1 circuit, and likewise for a DS3 and a T3, but in practice the terms are used interchangeably.

Note 2: There are other data rates in use, e.g., military systems that operate at six and eight times the DS1 rate. At least one manufacturer has a commercial system[citation needed] that operates at 90 Mbit/s, twice the DS3 rate. New systems, which take advantage of the high data rates offered by optical communications links, are also deployed or are under development. Higher data rates are now often achieved by using synchronous optical networking (SONET) or synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH). Note 3: A DS3 is delivered native on a copper trunk. DS3 may be converted to an optical fiber run when needing longer distances between termination points. When a DS3 is delivered over fiber it is still an analog type trunk connection at the termination points. When delivering data over an OC3 or greater SONET is used. A DS3 transported over SONET is encapsulated in a STS-1 SONET channel. An OC-3 SONET link contains three STS-1s, and therefore may carry three DS3s. Likewise, OC-12, OC-48, and OC-192 may carry 12, 48, and 192 DS3s respectively.[citation needed]

How To | Configure E1 links

Introduction
E1 is the European digital transmission format standard, traditionally used for inter-PBX traffic, where a large number of calls warrant a leased line between two corporate PBXs. Higher data bandwidth demands and reducing telecommunications charges have made 2Mbps circuits an affordable option for many smaller organisations.

What information will you find in this document?

This document provides information on:

E1 versus T1 links on page 2. unstructured versus structured E1 on page 2. configuring unstructured E1 on page 4. configuring structured E1 on page 7. configuring the data link layer protocol on page 10. configuring the network layer protocol on page 11. troubleshooting on page 12.

What product and software version does this information apply to?
The information provided here applies to:

AR390 and AR395 routers. AR020 E1/T1/PRA port interface card (PIC).

C613-16052-00 REV A

www.alliedtelesyn.com

Overview of E1
E1 versus T1 E1 is the European standard which carries data at a rate of 2048 kpbs. T1 is the United States standard, and is also used in Canada and Japan, and carries data at a rate of 1544 kbps. The AT-AR390 router supports unstructured E1 and structured E1 in point-to-point mode. Unstructured and structured E1 are described in the section below. The AT-AR395 router supports unstructured E1 and structured E1 in both point-to-point and point-to-multi-point mode. The router also supports Primary Rate Access ISDN. The AR020 E1/T1/PRA PIC supports unstructured E1 and structured E1 in both point-to-point and point-to-multi-point mode. The card also supports Primary Rate Access ISDN and T1.

Unstructured versus structured E1

You can purchase E1 lines from a telecommunications company in either of two forms, unstructured or structured E1. There are various terminologies for the same type of line or circuit, whether structured or unstructured. These are listed in the following table.

Unstructured E1 Unstructured G.703 Unchannelised E1 Unchannelised G.703 Clear Channel G.703 2048 kbps E1 Full 2 Mbps E1

Structured E1 Structured G.703/G.704 Channelised E1 Channelised G.703/G.704 G.703/G.704 TDM Time Division Multiplexed E1

Since most lines have been used for voice applications, it was necessary to break an unstructured line into 64kbps channels, since 64kbps is the basis of all voice telecommunications. 2048kbps can thus be broken into thirty-two 64kbps channels, however the structuring requires the use of the first time slot or Time Slot 0 (TS0) to 'keep time', leaving time slots 131 available for communications. This process is called Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) or G.704 framing.

Configure E1 links

Unstructured, structured and Primary Rate ISDN use the same physical interface, known as G.703. This is presented on either a 120 or 75 Ohm interface. It is easy to convert between the two using a G.703 balun. 120 Ohm is becoming the standard throughout most of the world, although 75 Ohm is still popular in the UK and Holland. 75 Ohm G.703 is terminated on a pair of BNC connectors, while 120 Ohm G.703 is terminated in an RJ-45 plug

Further differences between unstructured and structured E1 are described below. Line clocking In unstructured E1 circuits, one of the devices must generate the clock for synchronisation, the other must receive the clock from the line. If this is not set correctly, data communications may still occur but be unstable due to frame slippage. In structured E1, the clocking is always received from the telecommunications network so the equipment at each end of the circuit must be set to receive the clock from the line. Cyclic redundancy checksum (CRC) In unstructured E1, no provision is made for CRC multi-framing, so this should be turned off in the software. In structured E1, CRC provides a means of determining and reporting line failures to both the network and terminal equipment. It is necessary to check with your telecommunications provider the correct setting for CRC-4. If CRC is not set correctly, the equipment may assume that CRC synchronisation has been lost and attempt to resynchronise, disturbing data flow and possibly giving symptoms of temporary line failure. The available options for the terminal equipment are either: Off Checking No CRC Enables CRC-4

Reporting Enables CRC-4 and reports to the remote terminal equipment

An error threshold is set to allow a certain number of frames with CRC errors per second without forcing resynchronisation. In most countries, the ITU-T recommended standard of 914 error frames per second is acceptable without forcing resynchronisation. Line Encoding In E1 applications using the PPP protocol, HDB3 line encoding is used.

Configure E1 links

Configuring the E1 layer

Method 1 - Unstructured E1
System Configuration 1. Set the system name, territory, contact and location on each router It is important to set the territory since the defaults for items such as the acceptable CRC-4 error threshold are automatically changed to values appropriate for the territory the router is operating in.
set system territory=europe set system name="gateway4.mydomain.org" set system location="rack 14, comms room" set system contact=routeradmin@mydomain.org

2. Set the local time on the routers This is useful when troubleshooting and checking the router's log.
show time set time=10:55:00 set date=03-jun-2000

E1/PRI Interface Settings

1.

Confirm the current state of the E1/PRI interface

show pri=0 state

State for PRI instance 0: Interface type .......... ISDN interface type ..... HDLC controller type .... Mode .................... ISDN slots .............. State ................... Clock source ............ Termination impedance ... CRC-4 mode .............. CRC-4 error threshold ... Idle character .......... Interframe flags/slot ... E1 TE SCC ISDN 1-31 Local inbound fault line 120 ohms reporting 915 255 1

Interface type

Ensure that the interface type reports E1 rather than T1 and that there are 1-31 available TDM slots. If the interface reports T1 and only 1-23 TDM slots are available then you will need to change a jumper on the AR020 PIC in the router, as the AR390 and AR395 routers support E1 only. You can find details of the E1/T1 jumper settings in the PIC hardware reference manual, which is available from your Allied Telesyn reseller or distributor. Ensure this reads TE for Terminal Equipment. NT mode is only used for Primary Rate ISDN back-to-back testing using a crossover cable. If this reads NT then again, you will need to change a jumper on the AR020 PIC in the router.

ISDN interface type

Configure E1 links

Termination Impedance

On the AR390 and AR395 routers, the termination impedance is selectable using a toggle switch on the back of the unit. On the AR020 E1/T1 PICs, an external balun is required for connection to a 75 Ohm circuit, thus will always read 120 Ohms. 2. Set the mode Set the interface to operate in what is referred to as TDM mode, although it is acknowledged that an unstructured E1 link is not technically a TDM. To set the mode to TDM, use the command:
set pri=0 mode=tdm

3. Set the clock source One of the devices on the unstructured E1 circuit will need to provide a clock source internally rather than take the clocking from the line, so if an AR router is required to provide the clock then use the command:
set pri=0 clock=internal

4. Set the CRC-4 mode On unstructured links the CRC-4 mode should be set to off. You can set this using the command:
set pri=0 crc=off

The state of the E1/PRI Interface should then look something like this:

State for PRI instance 0: Interface type .......... ISDN interface type ..... HDLC controller type .... Mode .................... TDM slots ............... State ................... Clock source ............ Termination impedance ... CRC-4 mode .............. CRC-4 error threshold ... Idle character .......... Interframe flags/slot ... E1 TE SCC TDM 1-31 Operation internal 120 ohms off 915 255 1

Only the clock source should vary between two sites. Note that in unstructured TDM mode, slot 0 is used for data transmission.

Configure E1 links

5. Confirm the configuration of the E1/PRI interface To confirm the E1/PRI interface configuration, use the command:
show config dynamic=pri
Manager gateway4.mydomain.org> sho con dyn=pri # # PRI configuration # set pri=0 mode=tdm set pri=0 cl=int set pri=0 crc=off

TDM layer configuration

1.

Create an Unstructured TDM over the E1/PRI interface

Choose any name for the TDM group. In this case "foo" is used.
create tdm group=foo interface=pri0 unstructured

You can view the settings of the TDM using the command:
show tdm group=foo
Interface Group Name User Speed Slots --------------------------------------------------------------pri0 foo Yes 2048K unstructured ---------------------------------------------------------------

You can view the configuration of the TDM using the command;
show config dynamic=tdm
# # TDM configuration # create tdm group=foo interface=pri0 unstructured

Configure E1 links

Method 2 - Structured E1
System Configuration 1. Set the system name, territory, contact and location on each router It is important to set the territory since the defaults for items such as the acceptable CRC-4 error threshold are automatically changed to values appropriate for the territory the router is operating in.
set system territory=europe set system name="gateway4.mydomain.org" set system location="rack 14, comms room" set system contact=routeradmin@mydomain.org

2. Set the local time on the routers This is useful when troubleshooting and checking the router's log:
show time set time=10:55:00 set date=03-jun-2000

E1/PRI Interface Settings

1.

Confirm the current state of the E1/PRI interface

show pri=0 state
State for PRI instance 0: Interface type .......... ISDN interface type ..... HDLC controller type .... Mode .................... ISDN slots .............. State ................... Clock source ............ Termination impedance ... CRC-4 mode .............. CRC-4 error threshold ... Idle character .......... Interframe flags/slot ... E1 TE SCC ISDN 1-31 Local inbound fault line 120 ohms reporting 915 255 1

Interface Type

Ensure that the Interface Type reports E1 rather than T1 and that there are 1-31 available TDM slots. If the Interface reports T1 and only 1-23 TDM slots are available then you will need to change a jumper on the AR020 PIC in the router, as the AR390 and AR395 routers support E1 only. You can find details of the E1/T1 jumper settings in the PIC hardware reference manual, which is available from your Allied Telesyn reseller or distributor. Ensure this reads TE for Terminal Equipment. NT mode is only used for Primary Rate ISDN back-to-back testing using a crossover cable. If this reads NT then a jumper will require changing on the card. You can find details of the E1/T1 jumper settings in the PIC hardware reference manual, which is available from your Allied Telesyn reseller or distributor. 2. Set the interface to operate in TDM mode
set pri=0 mode=tdm

ISDN interface type

Configure E1 links

3. Set the clock source Since the clocking is provided by the CSU/DSU or modem, the router should be set to take the clock from the line.
set pri=0 clock=line

Termination Impedance

On the AR390 and AR395 routers, the termination impedance is selectable using a toggle switch on the back of the unit. On the AR020 E1/T1PIC an external balun is required for connection to a 75 Ohm circuit, and thus will always read 120 Ohms. 4. Set the CRC-4 mode After confirming with your carrier as to whether the structured E1 network supports CRC-4 multi-framing, configure the unit for either 'off' or 'reporting', using the command:
set pri=0 crc=[off|reporting]

Reporting monitors CRC-4 errors on the links and also informs the remote router of any errors, providing more detailed analysis of network problems. For a more detailed description of Remote Alarm indications refer to the show pri state command in the ISDN chapter of your AR Router reference manual. The state of the E1/PRI Interface should look something like this:
State for PRI instance 0: Interface type .......... ISDN interface type ..... HDLC controller type .... Mode .................... TDM slots ............... State ................... Clock source ............ Termination impedance ... CRC-4 mode .............. CRC-4 error threshold ... Idle character .......... Interframe flags/slot ... E1 TE SCC TDM 1-31 Operation line 120 ohms reporting 915 255 1

5. Set the CRC-4 error threshold Ensure the CRC-4 error threshold is set to about 915, the ITU-T recommended standard for the number of acceptable CRC-4 errors per second before CRC-4 and frame resynchronisation is attempted. Use the command:
set pri=0 error_threshold=915

Configure E1 links

6. Confirm the configuration of the E1/PRI interface To confirm the configuration of the E1/PRI interface, use the command:
show config dynamic=pri
# # PRI configuration # set pri=0 mode=tdm set pri=0 cl=int set pri=0 crc=reporting set pri=0 error_threshold=915

TDM layer configuration

1.

Create a structured TDM over the E1/PRI interface

Choose any name for the TDM group. In this case "foo" is used.
create tdm group=foo interface=pri0 slots=1-31

Note: In structured mode, Time Slot 0 is unavailable for data, since it is used for the G.704 framing.

2. Show the TDM settings You can view the settings of the TDM with
show tdm group=foo
Interface Group Name User Speed Slots --------------------------------------------------------------pri0 foo Yes 2048K 1-31 ---------------------------------------------------------------

You can view the configuration of the TDM with

show config dynamic=tdm

# # TDM configuration # create tdm group=foo interface=pri0 slots=1-31

Configure E1 links

Configuring the data link layer protocol

1. Configure a data-link layer protocol over the structured TDM In this case Point-to-Point protocol is used.
create ppp=0 over=tdm-foo

2. Ensure the Link Control Protocol has opened correctly Enter the command:
show ppp=0
Name Enabled ifIndex Over CP State ------------------------------------------------------------------ppp0 YES 03 tdm-foo LCP OPENED -------------------------------------------------------------------

If you are connecting to a CISCO router, ensure that the Cisco router is set for PPP encapsulation rather than the proprietary HDLC encapsulation. CISCO routers only support the ECHO method of Link Quality Reporting, so to ensure compatibility,
set ppp=0 over=tdm-foo echo=on lqr=off

CISCO routers also send out proprietary Router Discovery Protocol packets. These packets are often larger than standard packets and are treated as 'Unknown Packet types' by the AR router. Ensure this is function is turned off on the CISCO router to avoid unknown packets reaching the AR router.

Configure E1 links

10

Configuring the Network Layer Protocol

1. Configure a network layer protocol over the Point-to-Point-Protocol interface

In this case we have used IP.

enable ip add ip interface=ppp0 ip=192.168.1.1 mask=255.255.255.252

2. Configure the network layer protocol over the remote router

enable ip add ip interface=ppp0 ip=192.168.1.2 mask=255.255.255.252

It is possible to configure PPP links with Unnumbered IP, where 0.0.0.0 is specified instead of an IP address in the above commands. This simplifies network administration, but can make network troubleshooting a more complex process. 3. Configure TCP/IP over the Ethernet interface
add ip int=eth0 ip=172.16.1.1 mask=255.255.255.0

4. Configure TCP/IP on the remote router

add ip int=eth0 ip=172.16.2.1 mask=255.255.255.0

5. Enable routing over the link This could be either a static or a dynamic (RIP or OSPF) route. In this case a static route is configured
add ip route=172.16.2.0 mask=255.255.255.0 int=ppp0 next=192.168.1.2

Enable routing over the remote router

add ip route=172.16.1.0 mask=255.255.255.0 int=ppp0 next=192.168.1.1

6. Test the link It should now be possible to test the link from a host on the LAN to a host on the remote LAN using PING or perhaps an FTP file transfer. In this case the LANs are not yet configured, so the PING application on the AR router is used instead. It is important to ensure the source address of the ping is set to the Ethernet interface rather than the PPP interface, since this will give the same response as if it were a device on the LAN. Enter the command:
ping 172.16.2.1 sipaddess=172.16.1.1 number=50 length=64 pattern=12345678

The pattern parameter means the pings are stuffed with non-zero data, reducing the chances of the CSU/DSU modems losing synchronisation on large packets.

Configure E1 links

11

Troubleshooting
If no IP traffic is able to get through, try and determine whether PPP is opening at both Link Control Protocol and IP Control Protocol with the command:
sho ppp=0

The routers log will often help diagnose the cause of PPP establishment failure. Use the command:
show log

or to display the log in reverse order, use the command:

show log reverse

If PPP is opening correctly but is dropping, look in the router's log and try and determine whether it is dropping in a consistent time pattern, i.e. every two minutes, or dependent on data.
show log reverse

A consistent failure suggests configuration of link quality reporting between routers. An inconsistent failure suggests either line failure or configuration of clocking between devices. If the failure seems to be at line level, it is worth looking at the E1/PRI counters. Since the router has only just been configured, some of the counters may be misleading since they may have been incrementing before the interface was configured. Either restarting the router or resetting the counters and leaving the unit to run for five minutes will help determine problems more accurately. Enter the command:
restart router

or
reset pri=0 counters

To look at the E1/PRI counters, use the command:

show pri=0 counter

This displays pages of counters which are not all relevant to an Unstructured E1 circuit (D Channels is only relevant on an interface configured for ISDN) so only interface counters can be viewed with the command:
show pri=0 counter=interface

Configure E1 links

12

Interface unknown protocols, or 'ifInUnknownProtos' are often other manufacturer's router discovery protocols. Counters that relate to the structured channel (channel 0) can be viewed with
show pri=0 counter=pri

The state counters can be viewed with

show pri=0 state

Loss of signal counters occur when more than 32 contiguous zeros are received on an interface which is unlikely in normal data applications, although a large ping 'stuffed' with zeros or other non-realistic traffic can cause the CSU/DSU or modems to lose synchronisation. Frame slips & HDB3 code violations are indicative of incorrect clock settings between devices. You should check the clock settings.

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C613-16052-00 REV A

what you need to do is this: 1. make 100% sure its not your inside wiring thats causing the problem. go to the demarc and connect a loopback jack to the end of the cable (B on pic) that is going to your router, then check the interface on your router. you should see the alarm go away. if you see the interface up, then its definitely not your connections. but if you still can't see your interface up, then you probably have to troubleshoot your connections further, change the cables and/or change the ports on the patch panel. and test again. 2. if you tested ok on your inside wiring. call your provider again and tell them you doublechecked your insidewiring and you dont see a problem, ask if they can connect you to a tester.. once you are with the tester, tell them that your troubleshooting and you suspect there is a problem beyond the demarc, if you have a looping plug, tell them if you can give them a loop back at the demarc so they can check connectivity to the demarc. once the tester tells you to put the loopack, put it in the demarc jack (A on the picture). (not your wiring) two things will happen.. 1. the tester will see the loop, if they see it. ask them to test to it. send pasterns and test for like 2 minutes to see if they see any errors. if they test clean, remove the loopback and connect your router and see if it comes up. 2. if the tester says they can't see a loopback, they you've proved that there is a problem at the demarc.

ask them to dispatch a tech to the demarc (aka MPOE) to come and test this circuit because they can't see your loop. they will most likely agree with you. they will inform you that they will send a tech to the site, but if they test good, you will be charged.. they have to tell you about the charges by law. so if you agree, tell them ok. ofcourse, you wont be charge if there is a problem and they fix it, so if you've gotten to this point, its most likely that the problems are with the provider so you wont be charge.

Comparing Oc3, Oc12 & Oc48 Circuit Costs, Speeds, Advantages & Disadvantages

OC3 Circuit Speed & Description: An OC3 circuit is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 155.52 Mbps using fiber optics. Application: Large enterprises with significant bandwidth requirements or as an ISP backbone. Advantages: OC3 benefits include super fast connectivity for critical internet needs as well as burstable bandwidth up to 155.52 Mbps. Disadvantages: Very costly. Costs: The price for OC3 lines can vary greatly depending on the carrier, location of the service and which application is used. For service from a Tier 1 provider, prices can start around $10,000 to $30,000 per month. This doesn't include the local loop or the extensive setup. For any business considering a reliable OCx network, a Tier 1 provider (versus Tier 2 or Tier 3) is highly recommended. OC12 Circuit Speed & Description: An OC12 circuit is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 622.08 Mbps. Application: OC12s are commonly used by ISPs as WAN connections. Advantages: Bandwidth can be added as business grows without any major system overhauls. OC12 circuits also have a higher performance, lower latency, and increased reliability versus metropolitan Ethernet or long-haul waves. Disadvantages: Very costly. Costs: The price of OC12 circuits are based on the carrier, location of the service and which application is used. For service from a Tier 1 provider, prices can start around $100,000 to $300,000 per month, not including the setup costs which can add another several hundred thousand dollars. For any business considering a reliable OCx network, a Tier 1 provider (versus Tier 2 or Tier 3) is highly recommended.

OC48 Circuit Speed & Description: An OC48 circuit is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 2488.32 Mbps. Application: OC48 connections are used as the backbones of many regional ISPs. Advantages: OC48 circuits are faster than OC3 and OC12 connections, even surpassing gigabit Ethernet. Disadvantages: Incredibly high cost. Costs: As with OC3 and OC12 circuits, the price of OC48 circuits are based on the carrier, location of the service and which application is used. For service from a Tier 1 provider, costs can start around $300,000 to $500,000 per month, not including the setup costs which can add another several hundred thousand dollars. For any business considering a reliable OCx network, a Tier 1 provider (versus Tier 2 or Tier 3) is highly recommended.

Optical Carrier transmission rates

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Optical Carrier transmission rates are a standardized set of specifications of transmission bandwidth for digital signals that can be carried on Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) fiber optic networks.[1] Transmission rates are defined by rate of the bitstream of the digital signal and are designated by hyphenation of the acronym OC and an integer value of the multiple of the basic unit of rate, e.g., OC-48. The base unit is 51.84 Mbit/s.[2] Thus, the speed of optical-carrier-classified lines labeled as OC-n is n 51.84 Mbit/s.

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1 Optical Carrier specifications o 1.1 OC-1 o 1.2 OC-3 o 1.3 OC-3c / STM-1 o 1.4 OC-12 / STM-4 o 1.5 OC-24 o 1.6 OC-48 / STM-16 / 2.5G SONET o 1.7 OC-192 / STM-64 / 10G SONET o 1.8 OC-768 / STM-256 2 References

[edit] Optical Carrier specifications

Optical Carrier classifications are based on the abbreviation OC followed by a number specifying a multiple of 51.84 Mbit/s: n 51.84 Mbit/s => OC-n. For example, an OC-3 transmission medium has 3 times the transmission capacity of OC-1.
[edit] OC-1

OC-1 is a SONET line with transmission speeds of up to 51.84 Mbit/s (payload: 50.112 Mbit/s; overhead: 1.728 Mbit/s) using optical fiber.
[edit] OC-3

OC-3 is a network line with transmission data rate of up to 155.52 Mbit/s (payload: 148.608 Mbit/s; overhead: 6.912 Mbit/s, including path overhead) using fiber optics. Depending on the system OC-3 is also known as STS-3 (electrical level) and STM-1 (SDH).
[edit] OC-3c / STM-1

OC-3c ("c" stands for "concatenated") concatenates three STS-1 (OC-1) frames into a single OC3 look alike stream. The three STS-1 (OC-1) streams interleaved with each other such that the first column is from the first stream, the second column is from the second stream, and the third is from the third stream. Concatenated STS(OC) frames carry only one column of path overhead because they cannot be divided into finer granularity signals. Hence, OC-3c can transmit more payload to accommodate a CEPT-4 139.264 Mbit/s signal. The payload rate is 149.76 Mbit/s and overhead is 5.76 Mbit/s.

[edit] OC-12 / STM-4

OC-12 is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 622.08 Mbit/s (payload: 601.344 Mbit/s; overhead: 20.736 Mbit/s). OC-12 lines are commonly used by ISPs as Wide area network (WAN) connections. While a large ISP would not use an OC-12 as a backbone (main link), it would for smaller, regional or local connections. This connection speed is also often used by mid-sized (below Tier 2) internet customers, such as web hosting companies or smaller ISPs buying service from larger ones.
[edit] OC-24

OC-24 is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 1244.16 Mbit/s (payload: 1202.208 Mbit/s (1.202208 Gbit/s); overhead: 41.472 Mbit/s). Implementations of OC-24 in commercial deployments are rare.
[edit] OC-48 / STM-16 / 2.5G SONET

OC-48 is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 2488.32 Mbit/s (payload: 2405.376 Mbit/s (2.405376 Gbit/s); overhead: 82.944 Mbit/s). With relatively inexpensive interface prices, and being faster than OC-3, OC-12 connections, and even surpassing gigabit Ethernet, OC-48 connections are used as the backbones of many regional ISPs. Interconnections between large ISPs for purposes of peering or transit are quite common. As of 2005, the only connections in widespread use that surpass OC-48 speeds are OC-192 and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. OC-48 is also used as transmission speed for tributaries from OC-192 nodes in order to optimize card slot utilization where lower speed deployments are used. Dropping at OC-12, OC-3 or STS1 speeds are more commonly found on OC-48 terminals, where use of these cards on an OC-192 would not allow for full use of the available bandwidth.
[edit] OC-192 / STM-64 / 10G SONET

OC-192 is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 9953.28 Mbit/s (payload: 9621.504 Mbit/s (9.621504 Gbit/s); overhead: 331.776 Mbit/s). A standardized variant of 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE), called WAN-PHY, is designed to interoperate with OC-192 transport equipment while the common version of 10GbE is called LANPHY (which is not compatible with OC-192 transport equipment in its native form). The naming is somewhat misleading, because both variants can be used on a wide area network. As of 2005, OC-192 connections were most common for use on backbones of large ISPs.

[edit] OC-768 / STM-256

OC-768 is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 39,813.12 Mbit/s (payload: 38,486.016 Mbit/s (38.486016 Gbit/s); overhead: 1,327.104 Mbit/s (1.327104 Gbit/s)). On October 23, 2008, AT&T announced the completion of upgrades to OC-768 on 80,000 fiberoptic wavelength miles of their IP/MPLS backbone network.[3] OC-768 SONET interfaces have been available with short-reach optical interfaces from Cisco since 2006. Infinera made a field trial demonstration data transmission on a live production network involving the service transmission of a 40 Gbit/s OC-768/STM-256 service over a 1,969 km terrestrial network spanning Europe and the U.S. In November 2008, an OC-768 connection was successfully brought up on the TAT-14/SeaGirt transatlantic cable,[4] the longest hop being 7,500 km