GII THIU

Tm s (Penaeus monodon) l i tng thu sn c gi tr thng phm cao v cng l i tng nui quan trng ca mt s nc ang pht trin Chu nh Trung Quc, n , Thi Lan, Philippines, Vit Nam... v Nam M (Ecuador). Ngh nui tm khng ch gp phn ln lm tng kim ngch xut khu thy sn cho cc nc nu trn m cn c tc ng tch cc n qu trnh pht trin kinh t x hi, ci thin i sng cho ngi nui thy sn. Hin nay, ngh nui tm nc l nhiu nc trn th gii v ang chu nh hng nghim trng do mi trng nui nhim v dch bnh pht sinh, c bit l m hnh nui tm s thm canh. Hu qu l c nhiu vng nui tm b tht bi lin tc b b hoang, gy nn nhng tc ng nghim trng v kinh t x hi. hn ch s xm nhp ca mm bnh vo ao nui, c bit l mm bnh virus m trng (WSSV) v virus u vng (YHV) cc nh khoa hc nghin cu xut m hnh nui tm t thay nc, m hnh ny ang c p dng ph bin hin nay. Tuy nhin, do t thay nc nn cht lng nc gim rt nhanh, vt cht dinh dng tch ly v cui v nui dn n hin tng to n hoa ca cc loi to Lam, to Gip. Khi to pht trin qu mc ( trong <25cm v chlorophyll-a >60g/L) thng dn n s bin ng ca mt s yu t cht lng nc (pH, O2, CO2, NH3...). Hn na, to thng b tn sau khi pht trin qu mc cng gy nn mt s tc ng xu n tm nh lm gim hm lng oxy, to nn kh c... Ngoi ra, thnh phn loi to cng c nh hng n tm, to Khu thng pht trin vo u v nui chng l thc n tt cho tm giai on nh, trong khi to Lam v to Gip thng pht trin mnh cui v nui, chng tit c t gy nh hng n sc khe v kh nng khng bnh ca tm. Vic khng ch s pht trin ca to trong m hnh nui tm t thay nc rt kh khn v cng c vai tr quyt nh n s thnh cng ca m hnh. khng ch s pht trin ca to, hin nay ngi nui s dng mt s bin php nh: dng cht c ch qu trnh trao i cht (CuSO4, Simazine...), cht oxy ha mnh (Chlorine, BKC, KMnO4...), cht nhum mu... Tuy nhin, vic dng ha cht dit to c th to nn nguy c nhim mi trng (kim loi nng Cu, Mn...) v cc ha cht c tn lu trong tm (BKC, Simazine...) c th nh hng n sc khe ca ngi tiu dng. Bin php c xem l c hiu qu lm gim cht thi v duy tr mu nc l bin php sinh hc (nui kt hp tm vi c r phi). Bin php ny c p dng trong vi nm gn y cc nc Philippines, Thi Lan, Ecuador vi cc hnh thc kt hp khc nhau nh: Th trc tip c r phi vo ao tm vi mt khong 0,1 con/m2; Nui c r phi trong lng t gia ao tm vi mt th 10
1

con/m2 lng; Nui c r phi trong ao lng tun hon nc vi ao tm (Fitzsimmon, 2001). ng Bng Sng Cu Long (BSCL) ngh nui tm s thm canh pht trin mnh mt s a phng nh: Sc Trng, Bc Liu, Bn Tre, Tin Giang, Kin Giang M hnh nui c p dng ph bin l m hnh nui t thay nc, hnh thc nui tm kt hp vi c r phi cng bt u c p dng. Cng tng t nh ngh nui tm thm canh trn th gii, vic lm gim vt cht dinh dng v khng ch s pht trin ca to cng l mi quan tm hng u i vi ngi nui tm Vit Nam ni chung v BSCL ni ring. S pht trin qu mc ca to dng nh c lin quan n s suy gim cht lng nc v qu trnh pht sinh dch bnh virus trn tm, cc bnh do virus m trng, u vng thng xut hin trong giai on sau 1-2 thng nui khi ngun vt cht dinh dng trong ao tng cao, to bt u pht trin mnh. Chnh v th, nghin cu ny tp trung nghin cu nghin cu mt s ni dung: (i) Kho st nh hng ca vic nui ghp c r phi i vi cht lng nc v cht thi trong ao nui; (ii) Kho st nh hng ca vic nui ghp c r phi i vi s pht sinh bnh tm trong ao nui; (iii) nh gi hiu qu ca cc phng php nui ghp tm - c r phi khc nhau hai mc nui cng nghip (khong 20-35 PL/m2); (iv) Xy dng m hnh nui ghp hiu qu nht v mt k thut-kinh t. Nghin cu ny cng nhm lm c s cho vic nghin cu tm bin php khng ch s pht trin ca phytoplankton, ci thin cht lng nc, gp phn lm gim ri ro do dch bnh cho ngh nui tm thm canh.

CHNG 1

TNG QUAN TI LIU

1 S LC CC HNH THC NUI TM.

Chu ngh nui tm He (Penaeidae) c t lu vi m hnh nui truyn thng, nng sut thp v ch tiu th ni a. Vic xut khu sn phm tm nui ch hnh thnh trong nhng nm gia thp k 70. Vi nhng tin b v k thut nui v cng ngh ch bin thc n thy sn th cng nghip nui thy sn bt u pht trin mnh nhng thp k tip theo. Nm 1975, sn lng tm nui cng nghip ch chim 2,5% tng sn lng tm ca th gii, trong nhng nm ca thp k 90 sn lng tm nui cng nghip tng ln 30%. Ngy nay, sn lng tm nui chim 3-4% tng sn lng thy sn nui nhng chim 15% tng gi tr ca th gii. Cc nc chu nh Thi Lan, Trung Quc, Indonesia, n , Vit Nam l nhng nc sn xut tm ch yu, sn xut 80% sn lng tm v Nam M (ch yu l Ecuador) sn xut khong 20% sn lng. Khong hn na sn lng tm l sn phm t Penaeus monodon, ngoi ra cn c sn phm ca cc loi tm khc nh: P. vannamei, P. indicus, P. merguiensis, P. chinensis. (Rnnbck, 2001). C 5 hnh thc nui vi mc u t khc nhau t qung canh truyn thng n siu thm canh, nhng v mt k thut c th chia thnh 3 mc chung l qung canh, bn thm canh v thm canh. Cch phn chia ny da vo mt nui, mc u t v trnh k thut. Hnh thc nui qung canh th con ging v thc n hon ton t t nhin, k thut thp. hnh thc nui bn thm canh, thm canh i hi ngi nui phi kim sot c cc thng s mi trng, u t cao, trnh k thut cao. V mt l thut, nng sut tim nng ca cc hnh thc nui qung canh, bn thm canh v thm canh ln lt l 0,6-1,5 tn/ha, 2-6 tn/ha v 7-15 tn/ha. Tuy nhin, nng sut thc thng thp hn nhiu do cht lng nc km, s bin ng ca yu t kh hu, thi tit v c bit l dch bnh. Nm 1999, nng sut nui tm trung bnh ca th gii l 0,65 tn/ha vi hnh thc nui bn thm canh l ch yu (Rnnbck, 2001). Qu trnh pht trin nui tm dn n mt s tc ng xu n mi trng v ti nguyn: (i) s dng khng hp l ngun ti nguyn t, nc, sinh vt; (ii) thi vt cht gy nhim mi trng (vt cht hu c v ha cht). Pht trin nui tm c tc ng n mi trng l gin tip lm mt mi trng sinh sng ca sinh vt. Theo Rnnbck (2001), pht trin nui tm cn din tch rng ngp mn 22 ln ln hn din tch nui tm lm sch lng cht thi thi ra t cc ao tm. Trong khi , hin nay hn 50% din tch rng ngp mn ca th gii b ph hy xy dng ao nui tm, y l nguyn nhn dn n nhng hu qu nghim trng trong ngh
3

nui tm. Hin tng pht trin bng n ngh nui tm sau ph sn din ra nh mt quy lut nhiu quc gia, u tin xy ra i Loan vo nm 1988, Trung Quc vo nm 1994 (Chanratchakool, 2003). Cc quc gia c ngh nui tm pht trin khc nh Thi Lan, Indonesia v Ecuador cng xy ra hin tng tng t 5-10 nm sau khi pht trin ngh nui tm thm canh. Cc nh nghin cu cho rng c hai hnh thc nui c xem l bn vng: (i) hnh thc nui qung canh, nui kt hp; (ii) nui thm canh, khp kn chu trnh nui t sn xut ging n nui tht. Hnh thc nui qung canh v kt hp do i tng nui a dng, t tc ng xu n mi trng nn t khi xy ra dch bnh. Nui thm canh vi quy trnh kn cho php ngi nui kim sot c dch bnh trong h thng nui v cht thi c x l trong h thng nui nn hn ch tc c nhim mi trng xung quanh do cht thi (Rnnbck, 2001). Trn c s cc m hnh kn nh m hnh nui t thay nc, m hnh tun hon hnh thnh v c gii thiu vo nm 1994 Thi Lan. Trong qu trnh pht trin nui tm Thi Lan, m rng din tch ngi nui xy dng ao nui su vo vng nc ngt (khong 100 km), ly nc l t cc con sng nui tm t hnh thnh nn m hnh nui tm mui thp. Qu trnh pht trin ca m hnh ny din ra mnh m vo nhng nm cui ca thp k 90. Nui tm mn thp cng trn c s t thay nc nhng do xa bin, hn ch v ngun nc mn nn mn rt thp. Theo c tnh Thi Lan c khong 18.530 ha nui tm mn thp, ng gp khong 40% sn lng tm ca Thi Lan (Szuster and Flaherty, 2002). Mt m hnh khc cng xut hin trong khong thi gian ny l m hnh nui tm thm canh kt hp vi nui c. K thut c th nghim u tin ti Philippines s dng hiu qu cc vng nui tm b b hoang l chuyn cc ao tm b hoang sang nui c r phi. T hnh thnh nn k thut nui kt hp gia c r phi vi tm nc l ti o Negros khong nm 1996, trc ht l nui lun canh tm v c, dn dn c thm cc hnh thc khc nh nui c trong lng t trong ao tm, hay nui c trong ao lng (ao cha nc cp cho ao tm). Trong vi nm gn y, c r phi cng c nui ph bin trong cc tri nui tm ti cc nc Ty bn cu (Mexico, Ecuado v Peru), nhm hn ch dch bnh tm v tn dng c s h tng ca cc tri tm nhm to ra sn phm xut khu (tht c r phi fillet) trong iu kin nui tm khng t hiu qu, chnh v th sn lng c r phi tng nhanh sau khi xy ra dch bnh tm Nam M (Hnh 1). Hnh thc nui ph bin l nui lun canh tm (tm th chn trng, Littopenaeus vannamei) vi c r phi, nui c r phi trong ao lng/cha nc v ao x l nc thi.

SN LNG C R PHI ECUADOR

30,000

Sn lng (ngn tn)

25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1990

IHHN
1991 1992 1993

Taura
1994 1995 1996

WSSV
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Nm

Hnh 1. Sn lng c r phi Ecuador tng khi dch bnh xy ra

Ti Thi Lan, theo kt qu iu tra ca d n PD/A CRSP nm 2002, vic nui kt hp tm nc l vi c r phi ang tr nn ph bin trong vi nm gn y (Yang Yi & K. Fitzsimmons, 2002). Cc hnh thc nui kt hp gm: nui c r phi trc tip trong ao tm; nui c r phi trong lng hay ng qung li trong ao tm; nui c r phi trong ao lng - cha nc cp cho ao nui tm; hnh thc nui tm lun canh vi c r phi sau khi dch bnh xy ra. L do m ngi nui tm p dng cc m hnh ny l nhm ci thin cht lng nc, gim cht thi, hn ch dch bnh cho tm nui v gim s dng thuc, ho cht. Khi so snh hiu qu kinh t, m hnh nui tm kt hp vi c r phi cho kt qu cao hn nui tm n v cng cao hn nui lun canh tm v c r phi. Vit Nam, ngh nui tm c t lu vi hnh thc nui qung canh truyn thng, ngun ging v thc n hon ton t t nhin. Tuy nhin, ngh nui lc ny cha pht trin, sn xut ch nhm tiu th gia nh v a phng. Ngh nui mi ch pht trin mnh vo cui nhng nm ca thp k 80 khi sn phm tm c xut khu ra th trng th gii. Cng vi s pht trin ca ngh nui tm, rng ngp mn b ph dn n ngun ging t nhin b gim st, lc ny ngi nui mi bt u s dng ging nhn to th b sung vo ao tm t hnh thnh hnh thc nui tm qung canh ci tin. Sau t dch bnh tm vo nm 19941995, hnh thc nui qung canh truyn thng khng cn hiu qu v gn nh c thay th hon ton bng hnh thc qung canh ci tin. T sau khi k thut nui tm t thay nc c gii thiu vo Vit Nam vo nm 1996 (Trng Quc Ph et al., 1997) th hnh thc nui bn thm canh v thm canh mi bt u pht trin, c bit l sau khi chnh sch chuyn i c cu sn xut ca Chnh ph c ban hnh. K thut nui tm mui thp cng c gii thiu vo Vit Nam cui
5

thp k 90, theo Nguyn Vn Vng (2003) nm 2001 Bc Liu c 2.099 ha nui tm mui thp (0-5%o). Ngoi Bc Liu, cc tnh khc nh Sc Trng, C Mau, Kin Giang chuyn t trng la trong vng nhim mn theo ma sang nui tm mui thp. Nui tm mui thp c ng dng BSCL vi cc m hnh nui lun canh Tm-La, bn thm canh v thm canh.

Hnh 2. Ao nui tm kt hp vi nui c r phi Thi Lan v Philipines

Trong thi gian gn y, mt s ngi nui tm thm canh Sc Trng, Tin Giang... p dng m hnh nui ghp c r phi trong ao nui tm thm canh. Do tnh c mt s c r phi t nhin sng st trong ao tm, ngi nui thy rng trong ao c c r phi th mu nc c duy tr n nh hn v t tm t b bnh hn v m hnh ny bt u c p dng (Yang Yi & K. Fitzsimmons, 2002).
2 VAI TR CA TO TRONG MI TRNG AO TM THM CANH

To l mt xch u tin trong chui thc n ca ng vt thu sn, mc pht trin ca thc vt ni l kt qu nh hng tng hp ca nhiu nhn t nh cng chiu sng, nhit , cc cht kh ho tan, hm lng mui dinh dng do s pht trin ca to gn lin vi hm lng v thnh phn mui dinh dng trong nc. Khi hm lng mui dinh dng cao th to s pht trin to iu kin cho cc nhm thc n khc pht trin, gia tng nng sut c tm. Trong giai on tm
6

cn nh, thc vt ni l ngun thc n t nhin c cht lng cao cho tm nui, cc ging to nh: Skeletonema, Chaetoceros, Tetraselmis, Isochrysis... v cc ging loi ng vt ni nh Rotatoria, Copepodal nhng thc n sn c trong ao. Theo Wyban v Sweeney (1992), sc tiu th thc n ca tm trong b c to gp hai ln trong b nc sch, thm vo t giai on ging tr i tm he khng bt c to, nhng chng cng l ngun cung cp carbon quan trng thng qua cc ng vt phiu sinh. Trong th nghim ca Anderson et al. (1987), trong ao nui tm th chn trng (Penaeus vannamei) vi mt th 20 con/m2 s dng 7 loi thc n c t l C13/C12 khc nhau xc nh c rng thc n nhn to ch cung cp c 23-47% lng carbon cho tng trng ca tm, 53-77% carbon cn li c ngun gc t thc n t nhin trong ao. Trong ao nui tm, mu nc c tc dng tch cc ti n tm nui. Khi to trong nc quang hp chng s cung cp oxy cho ao, lng oxy tng s gp phn lm gim kh c trong ao nui nh H2S, NH3, CO2gip tm n khe v lt xc nhanh hn. To pht trin tt cn c vai tr ngn cn nh sng xung ti y ao, hn ch s pht trin ca cc loi to y (Lab-lab v Macrophyte), loi to c hi cho ao tm. Tuy nhin, khi to n hoa l lc chng pht trin qu mc do bn phn qu liu v cho n qu d tha s gy nhiu bt li cho ao nui tm. Chng lm nng oxy ha tan gim rt thp vo ban m (Trng Quc Ph et al., 1997). Mt khc, khi chng cht i hng lot, gy ra hin tng to tn, lm cho cc yu t mi trng bin ng ln, qu trnh phn hy ca xc to lm tiu hao nhiu oxy ha tan, phng thch CO2 v gy ra nhiu kh c nh H2S, NH3 Hn na, mt s to c cha c t trong c th ca chng nh cc ging loi to thuc ngnh Pyrrophyta, CyanophytaKhi pht trin mnh hoc khi cht chng tng vic tit ra c t vo mi trng gy cht tm c v c con ngi. Cc nghin cu trn th gii cho thy mt s to lam nc ngt c nhiu c cht nh hng n gan (liver-toxic: hepatotoxic, microcystin), c cht microcystin c tm thy trong to Mycrocystis aeruginosa v M. virisis v h thn kinh (neurotoxic), c cht thn kinh anatoxin-a c tm thy Anabaena Flos aquae Canada v mt s loi ca ging Oscillatoria, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermum Scotland (Luuc et al., 1990). Chnh v nhng gi tr hu ch cng nh tc hi ca to nn vic theo di thng xuyn mu nc l ht sc quan trng. Kim sot c mt ca to l gp phn lm n nh cc yu t cht lng nc v c ngha quyt nh n thnh cng trong nui tm.

3 MT S NGHIN CU C LIN QUAN N TO

Trong cc ao c vng Nam M th nhm to Lc (Chlorophyta) v to Lam (Cyanophyta) thng pht trin u th (Boyd, 1973; Boyd & Scarsbrood, 1974; Boyd, Brown and Bayne, 1983; Tucker v Lloyd, 1984). Theo Boyd (1973), trong cc ao c bn phn v cho n trng i hc Auburn to Lc v to Lam chim hn 90% trong sut ma h, k n l to Vng v to Khu, cn to Mt, to Gip th t gp. Theo Lan et al. (2003), trong cc ao nui kt hp c bn phn x Tn Ph Thnh-Cn Th, to pht trin vi 4 nhm ngnh chnh: to Lc, to Mt (Euglenophyta), to Khu (Bacillariophyta) v to Lam trong to Lc (3338,4%) v to Mt (24,2-36,9%) chim u th. 3.1 S pht trin ni tip nhau ca qun th phytoplanton Theo Lewis (1978), nghin cu trn h Lanao Philippines thy rng, khi mi trng c dinh dng thp, thng thng to Khu v lp to Gip trn pht trin trc tin. Khi cc cht dinh dng tng, tip ni s l to Lc n to Lam v sau l lp to Gip hai roi (Hnh 3). S lng
Bacillariophyta Chlorophyta Cyanophyta Pyrrophyta (nc l) Euglenophyta (nc ngt)

Thi gian v mc dinh dng

Hnh 3: S pht trin k tip nhau ca cc qun th to

Theo nghin cu ca Sze (1981), trn sng Potomac, qun th to pht trin dc theo dng chy, to Khu c kch thc nh vi tc sinh trng nhanh pht trin u ngun ni c dng chy mnh c t cht dinh dng, k tip chng c thay th bi nhm to c tc sinh trng chm hn l to Khu kch thc ln hn v to Lc, cui cng ni c dng chy chm mang nhiu cht dinh dng th to Lam pht trin. Th nghim ng tm S trn b t ngoi tri cng cho thy trong sut 30 ngy s pht trin ca to theo trnh t to Khu, to Lc sau cng l to Lam. To Khu pht trin t ngy th 1 v t cc i ngy th 5 sau gim
8

dn v thp nht ngy th 9 ko di v sau; tip l s pht trin mnh ca to Lc, chng t cc i ngy th 8-9, qun th to sau c thay th bi to Lam sinh lng ca chng t cc i ngy th 10-11. ng thi th nghim trn cng cho thy hm lng ammonia v nitrite thp t ban u v c chiu hng tng dn v cui th nghim. 3.2 Tc pht trin ca cc nhm to Theo Hoogenhout & Amesz (1965); Reynolds (1984) tc pht trin ca to Lam lun lun km hn cc nhm to khc. nhit 20oC, nh sng bo ha, trong mt ngy phn ln to Lam c h s phn i t 0,3-1,4, trong khi to Khu l 0,8-1,9 v to Lc n bo l 1,3-2,3 Vi tc pht trin chm nn to Lam thng n hoa sau cc nhm to khc. Theo Reynolds (1997), vic hiu r v xc nh tc pht trin ca cc nhm to c bit l nhm to Lam vi cc iu kin thc nghim khc nhau th rt hu ch cho gii php kim sot s pht trin ca nhm ny. 3.3 S n nh mt ca qun th to Lam so vi cc to khc. Ngoi tr to Lam, cc nhm to khc b n bi cc nhm Copepoda, Daphnia v Protozoa, trong khi to Lam ch b tn cng bi virus, vi khun v antinomycetes m cc nhm ny c t v lun b hn ch trong cc thy vc nui. Nh vy, v c t k th v kh nng t phc hi qun th trnh s lng ng cao nn mc d to lam c tc pht trin chm nhng tc suy gim ca qun th thp v c s n nh mt qun th cao hn cc nhm to khc. Theo Robarts & Zohary (1987), nhit trn 25oC phn ln to Lam c tc pht trin cao nht, nhit ny cao hn nhit ti u ca nhm to Lc v to Khu. iu ny gii thch ti sao phn ln to Lam n hoa trong sut ma h. 3.4 nh hng ca cc yu t dinh dng ln s pht trin ca to. S n hoa ca to c th c kim sot thng qua vic xc nh cht dinh dng cn thit cho s pht trin ca chng. Thm vo , iu c bn cho s pht trin ca to Lam v cc loi to khc trong thy vc l s ph dng m ch yu l cc nhn t phospho, nit v nh sng. 3.4.1 Kh nng lu tr cht dinh dng ca to Kh nng lu tr cc cht dinh dng trong c th to c lin quan mt thit n kh nng duy tr sinh khi ca to trong thy vc. Cc yu t quyt nh n sinh khi v kh nng duy tr qun th to bao gm: - Hm lng nit (N) v phospho (P) cn bn sn c trong thy vc. - Cng nh sng chiu vo thy vc. - Kh nng lu tr ny cao hay thp.
9

Trong cng mt thi im, dng nh ch cn hn ch 1 trong 3 nhn t trn l c th gii hn sinh khi ca to. Cc yu t gii hn cho s pht trin ca to thng thay i theo theo v tr a l v theo thi gian, th d ni c v cao (vng n i, hn i) cng chiu sng vo nc thay i lin quan n gc ti v di ca ngy. vng nhit i cng chiu sng v nc thng thay i lin quan n c ca nc. Trong sut ma ng hoc trong vc nc c, nh sng lun l nhn t gii hn, trong lc ny hm lng nit v phospho lun y cho s pht trin ca thc vt. Khi cng nh sng gia tng trong ma xun hoc khi thy vc tr nn trong hn, cc nhm to bt u pht trin cho n khi cc ngun dinh dng hon ton cn kit. Nu hm lng cht dinh dng cao, to s pht trin mnh lm c gia tng v lc ny nh sng tr thnh nhn t gii hn s pht trin ca to. Theo Round (1975), bt k mt nhm ngnh to no pht trin chim u th u lin quan n kh nng d tr nit v phophorus. T l khi lng ca cc cht dinh dng trong c th to cng c Round xc nh trong iu kin thc nghim l C:H:O:N:P bng 42:8,5:57:7:1 3.4.2 Hydrogen, oxygen v Carbon Trong cc thnh phn nu trn, hydrogen v oxygen ng nhin khng th l nhn t gii hn cho s pht trin ca to trong thy vc. Hydrogen v oxygen sn c trong thy vc dng hp cht H2O, CO2 chng c tiu th bi qu trnh quang hp, s tiu th CO2 ha tan lm tng qu trnh khuch tn CO2 t khng kh vo trong nc b vo. Trong thy vc nc mm ( kim HCO3- thp) th hm lng CO2 thp nn hn ch s pht trin ca to. Tuy nhin, theo Reynolds (1997) mi trng vi iu kin nc mm ch tn ti tm thi cho nn khng th s dng yu t ny hn ch s pht trin ca to. Theo Schindler et al. (1972), carbon khng l nhn t gii hn s pht trin ca to. Tuy nhin, cng c nhiu kin ngc li cho rng to ch s dng khong 50% CO2 c trong khng kh cho qu trnh quang hp. Theo c tnh CO2 khuch tn t khng kh ch to pht trin vi tc 2mg trng lng kh/lt/ngy su 1,7m (King & Novak, 1974; Boyd, 1973). Theo Ball (1945); Moyle (1946); Reagan & Allen (1960); Turner (1960); Hayes & Anthony (1964) nghin cu cc thy vc t nhin khng c bn phn hoc khng b nhim do tc ng ca con ngi cho thy nng sut sinh hc s cp ca thy vc tng khi kim tng nhng khng c ngha l kim tng th dn ti nng carbon tng v v vy nng sut sinh hc s cp ca thy vc tng. Nng sut sinh hc s cp ca thy vc c mi tng quan cht ch i vi hm lng nit v phospho nhiu hn l s khc bit ca nng CO2 v kim. Theo Boyd
10

(1974) khng c mi tng quan gia kim vi nng sut sinh hc ca to trong ao c bn phn c kim t 20ppm-120ppm. Nhng cng nhng ao c c bn phn c kim t 0-20ppm th nng sut sinh hc s cp tng khi kim tng, iu ny c ngha l khi kim tng dn n 20ppm dn n tng ngun cung cp carbon cho vic quang hp ca to v thng qua vic bn phn lm tng phosphate sn c trong thy vc gip cho to pht trin. 3.4.3. Nit Nit c th i vo thy vc t t, hoc t s cho n qu d tha, v t vic phn hy cht thi hu c trong thy vc. To ly nit ha tan v c dng nitrate, nitrite v ammonia. Theo Reynolds (1997), trong nhng vng t acid, nit c xem l nhn t ch yu gii hn s pht trin ca to. Tuy nhin, cng c nhiu kin khng xem nit l yu t gii hn s pht trin ca to Lam v mt s ging loi to Lam (Anabaena, Aphanizomenon...) c th ly nit t khng kh b vo s thiu ht nit cho qu trnh pht trin ca chng, nhng nhng ging loi ny li ch xut hin khi mi trng d tha nit. Quan trng hn qu trnh c nh nit i hi nng lng nh sng cao v s khng c hiu qu khi thy vc b c do mt to qu dy bi hin tng n hoa. 3.4.4. Phospho Cng ging nit, phospho c t vic phn hy cht thi hu c nn y thy vc, dng phosphate sinh hc sn c n gn kt vi vi keo t cht hn nitrate. V vy, ngun phospho ch yu i vo thy vc l t t nh t b mt b ra tri v s xi mn. Mc d t l P:N cn thit cho sinh khi to pht trin ch l 1:7 nhng phospho cn hn nit v n l nhn t gii hn s pht trin ca to. To lam v nhiu ging loi to c kh nng thu nhn v d tr phosphate cho c th chng. Chng c th cha phophate cho 3-4 ln phn chia, kt qu l 1 t bo c th phn chia thnh 8-16 t bo m khng cn thu nhn phosphate v sinh khi ca chng c th tng gp 10 hoc hn na khi phosphate ha tan hu nh cn kit. V nguyn nhn ny, nn khng th da vo nng ln ha tan m d on s pht trin ca sinh khi to. Phospho trong cc thy vc t nhin c rt t, ch c nhiu mt s thy vc nh: cc vng t thp ca sng, mt vi h to ra bi ni la v mch nc ngm. Hn na, kim sot phospho i vo vc nc d dng hn l kim sot nit, bi v phng php hn ch phophorus t cht thi ni ti th n gin v tt hn kim sot nit thng qua qu trnh nitrate v kh nitrate. Hn na, vic hn ch nit li c th c n b bi qu trnh c nh nit t khng kh bi nhm to Lam trong khi khng c c ch n b phospho.

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Trong phn ln cc thy vc, phospho v nit l 2 nhn t dinh dng quan trng gii hn s pht trin ca to m trong phn ln ngi ta dng Phospho lm nhn t gii hn ch yu (Hutchison, 1967; Edmondson, 1969; Lee, 1970). Mt nghin cu v nhn t dinh dng gii hn s pht trin to trn 49 h M cho thy Phospho l nhn t gii hn 35 h trong khi nit l nhn t gii hn ch 8 h v cc yu t dinh dng khc th gii hn 6 h cn li. Cng trong nghin cu trn cho thy trong nc ngt, Phospho thng c dng nhiu hn nit gii hn s pht trin ca to, nhng c hai yu t dinh dng Phospho v Nit u c xem l nhn t gii hn to mi trng nc mn. Theo McVea & Boyd (1975), Phospho rt quan trng i vi cc ao nui c nc ngt. Nghin cu ca h cho thy, c mt mi tng quan cht ch gia nng orthophosphate v chlorophyll-a trong 12 ao nui c bn phn. Tng t, trn ao nui c bn phn cng cho thy mi tng quan thun gia nng orthophosphate v nng sut sinh hc s cp ca thy vc. To cc ao bn c hai loi phn phospho v nit pht trin t hn cc ao ch bn phospho. Phiu sinh thc vt ca 53 ao khng c bn phn Alabamagia tng khi nng orthophosphate gia tng nhng chng khng tng khi nng TAN v NO3 tng. C th nit v c c gii phng t s phn hy ca nit trong bn thn to lam l ngun cung cp nit cho cc to khc pht trin (Boyd, 1973). 3.4.5. T l N:P v to lam Theo Schindler (1977) v Smith (1983), vic xc nh t l nit:phospho l quan trng bit c khi no to Lc hoc to Lam pht trin vo ma h. Mt cch tng qut, t bo to i hi khong 10-15 nguyn t nit cho mi nguyn t phospho. Khi N:P cao, tc phospho ca mi trng thp, t bo i hi cung cp phospho, lc ny to lc chim u th hn cc nhm khc bi kh nng sinh trng cao hn ca chng. Khi t l N:P thp mt s to Lam c th pht trin mnh v chng c kh nng tng hp nit ca kh tri. Seymour (1980), ngh thay i t l nit:phospho ngn chn s pht trin ca to Lam. Tuy nhin theo Smith (1988), iu ny ch c tc ng n thnh phn ging loi ca to m t c tc ng ci thin tnh trng thiu oxy do s n hoa ca chng gy nn. To Lam dng nh cht t ngt nhiu hn v gy nn mi hi hn cc to khc, cho nn vic tm ra t l nit:phospho ngn chn s pht trin ca to Lam th cn thit. Theo bo co ca Shillo (1965) khi nghin cu h Canada cho thy khi bn nit t 7-18g/m3/tun, hon ton loi c to Lam, ng thi to Lc v to Khu s

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thay th. Tuy nhin, nhng ao nui thy sn lun c nng nit v c cao s c to Lam pht trin mnh. Theo Luuc et al. (1999), to Lam c mi lin h cht ch vi nng nit v phospho trong thy vc hn l cc loi to khc. iu ny c ngha l chng c th cnh tranh mnh hn cc nhm to khc iu kin mi trng phospho v nit b gii hn. Hn na, to Lam c kh nng d tr phospho mt cch ng k, chng c th cha lng phospho thc hin vic phn chia t 2 n 4 t bo, iu ny tng ng vi vic gia tng sinh khi ca chng gp 4-32 ln. T l nit:phospho thp c l thun li cho s n hoa ca to Lam. Theo Schreurs (1992), t l ti u N:P ca nhm to c nhn tht (16-23 phn t N:1 phn t P) vi t l ti u N:P ca nhm to tin nhn (10-16 phn t N: 1 phn t P ), t l ny cho to Lam l thp hn cc nhm to khc. 3.5 Mt s bin php khc hn ch s pht trin ca to Trong hu ht cc m hnh nui thy sn, c bit l cc m hnh nui thm canh th vn gy mu nc rt quan trng n gp phn quyt nh t l sng cng nh sc tng trng ca tm c. Tuy nhin, nu to pht trin qu mc cho ta bit ao nui bn phn qu nhiu hoc ch cho n cha hp l kt qu l cht lng nc ao gim do cc tr ngi bi s bng n ca to gy nn. Cho nn, mt s bin php k thut cn c t ra ci thin cht lng nc ao, hn ch s pht trin qu mc ca tov duy tr chng mc cho php. 3.5.1 Bin php vt l Dng co hoc li ko di chuyn to si, to y v ly vt cht hu c d tha lng ng ra khi ao. Vic ny gip hn ch s pht trin ca to cng nh hn ch qu trnh phn hy ca chng gy thiu oxy v gim cht lng nc trong ao. Mt khc vic ny cng lm ao su hn ngn cn s xm nhp ca nh sng ti y ao hn ch s pht trin ca to c bit l to y. 3.5.2 Bin php sinh hc S pht trin ca to cng b nh hng bi s pht trin ca thc vt thy sinh thng ng bi v nhng thc vt ny cnh tranh cht dinh dng vi to. Mt khc, thc vt thy sinh thng ng ni trn b mt ao nh bo, lc, rau mung ngn cn nh sng chiu vo ao lm hn ch s pht trin ca to. Lc bnh (Eichhornia crassipes) c th hp th 3,4 kg nit/ha/ngy v 0,43kg phospho/ha/ngy. Theo McVea v Boyd (1975), vi cc mc che ph b mt ao khc nhau ca lc bnh l 0-5-10 v 25%, do lc bnh cnh tranh nh sng v phospho vi to cho nn cc ao 10-25% to t n hoa hn cc ao 0-5%. Cc nghin cu khc trn lc bnh hoc cc thc vt thy sinh thng ng khc cng

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cho thy s cnh tranh cht dinh dng v nh sng lm to khng n hoa, iu ny c th ng dng nhiu cho cc ao nui vng nhit i. Mt bin php sinh hc khc l s dng c n thc vt hn ch s pht trin ca to. C th s dng c trm c gp phn hn ch s pht trin ca to si. Theo kt qu iu tra ca d n PD/A CRSP ca Thi Lan nm 2002 , vic nui tm kt hp vi c r phi ang ph bin nhm ci thin cht lng nc trong ao nui tm (Yang Yi & Fitzsimmons, 2002). Trong h thng nui kt hp ny c r phi lc thc n gm to, ng vt ph du v cc cht hu c l lng gip n nh qun th to trong ao nui tm. 3.5.3 Bin php ha hc Khi s dng bin php ny cn ch n loi ha cht s dng v liu lng, thi gian tn lu ca ha cht trong nc cng nh nhng nh hng ca n n thy sinh vt v con ngi. Mt s cc ha cht c dng hn ch s pht trin ca to l: thuc dit to, cht nhum mu nc v nhng hp cht kim hm s pht trin ca cc cht dinh dng ch yu l kt ta phospho. Cc cht kt ta phospho Theo Welch (1980) (c trch dn bi Boyd, 1990), hn ch s pht trin ca to cc thy vc nc mm c th s dng sulpht nhm (Al2(SO4)3) nhm kt ta phospho. Theo Wu v Boyd (1990) (c trch dn bi Boyd, 1990), sulpht canxi (CaSO4) cng c kh nng kt ta phospho. Ngoi ra, cc cht sau y u c th kt ta phophorus nh: Ca(OH)2, CaHCO3, CaCO3, CaSO4, FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3 (Prepas et al. 2001). Cc mui st: s dng cc mui st c tc dng kt ta tt phospho, nhng khng nn tip xc trc tip v chng c tnh acid rt mnh. Phc hp st-phospho ch bn vi iu kin c oxy, v vy khi s dng cc mui st phi sc kh lin tc trnh vic phospho tr li dng ha tan trong mi trng thiu oxy. Bi v tnh bin i ca cc ion Fe, cn phi dng thng xuyn v nh k. Mt khc trong mt vi h thng, st c l l nguyn t vi lng, trong trng hp nh vy s dng mui st li kch thch s pht trin ca to (Prepas et al. 2001). Al 2(SO4)3: l cht ha tan km iu kin pH mi trng trung tnh hoc cao, nhng n c th lm gim pH trong nc c h m thp iu ny dn n vic ha tan nhm v gy dc. Ca(OH)2 v CaCO3: c dng nh l cht dit to, chng lm ng li v kt ta to trong nc (Prepas et al. 2001). Chng khng c, gi r, khng gy sc pH nn s dng liu lng cn thn v thi gian gia hai ln dng phi di. Khng ging nh x l bng sulfate ng, vic kt ta t bo to Lam bng vi khng lm
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tiu hy t bo v khng gii phng cht c t to ra mi trng. Vi cng c nhim v l cht ngn cn s pht trin ca to trong thi gian di, lm gim qu trnh ph dng thc vt bng vic kt ta phospho, vai tr ny Ca(OH)2 c tc dng kt ta tt hn CaCO3. Dng vi hn ch to nn thc hin ao c dinh dng thch hp, nc cng c hiu qu hn mi trng nc mm. Cc cht dit to-algicides Khi s dng cc cht dit to cn ch n nhit nc >80oF (26,6oC) v vic lm gim oxy c kh nng gy cht tm c. Trong mt ln x l ch nn lm gim 1/3-1/4 lng to trong ao. Chu k s dng ti thiu 10 ngy n 2 tun v khng c s dng thng xuyn v ko di. Sulfate ng (CuSO4): Hin nay sulfate ng c s dng rng ri dit to rt hiu qu, tuy nhin n lm tiu t bo to v gii phng cht c t t bo to ra ngoi mi trng. Hn na, c cht ng c th lng ng tch ly trong bn y ao. Khi s dng lp li sulfate ng dit to, liu lng ngy cng phi tng mi c hiu qu v iu ny s to nn cc ging loi to khng ng, v d khi s dng CuSO4 dit to Oscillatoria spp.. Tc dng v liu lng ca sulfate ng ph thuc nhiu vo kim. Liu lng s dng CuSO4 (mg/L) = kim tng cng/100. kim thp, c ca chng gia tng, nu kim <20 ppm tuyt i khng dng sulphate ng. Ngoi ra cn c cc sn phm ng gc hu c nh cutrine, chelat t c hn cho tm v khng b nh hng bi kim ca nc. Simazine: C tc dng ch yu ngn cn qu trnh quang hp ca to nhm hn ch to n hoa, chng khng c vi c khi s dng vi liu lng nhm hn ch to (Mauck, 1974 c trch dn bi Boyd, 1990), c th dng simazine vi liu 0,25-0,5mg/L hn ch to Lam pht trin, oxy trong ao s st gim 3 ngy sau khi s dng simazine v ko di t nht l hai tun nhng nng oxy khng qu thp nh hng n c. Mt dng sn phm thng mi khc ca simazine l aquazine (80% simazine) c khuyn co s dng vi nng 0,63ppm trc khi nhit t trn 24oC vo u ma h v s dng lp li lc gia ma h (CibaGeigy Corp, 1976 c trch dn bi Boyd, 1990). Chlorine: L hp cht oxy ha mnh c tnh c i vi sinh vt, chlorine cng c tc dng dit to. Khng th th vt nui vo ao khi d lng chlorine trong ao cha ht di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri hoc s dng thiosulphate natri trung ha. Liu lng s dng rt bin ng ty thuc vo pH. Nng s dng trong ao c 0,1ppm v trong ao tm c th n 3ppm. Thuc tm (KMnO4): L cht c xem l tc nhn oxy ha mnh, khi s dng KMnO4 s lm gim ng k lng phiu sinh thc vt. Trong nc chng oxy ha nhanh cc cht hu c v v c ng thi lm gim nh COD ca nc.
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S dng KMnO4 nng thp (<4ppm) vo bui sng khng lm tng oxy ha tan. Benzalkonium chloride BKC: Sn phm thng mi ca BKC cn c tn l Physan, Cleaner, Bioquats chng cha t 50-80% BKC, l cht dit khun ph rng, dit c nm, to v c mt s protozoa. Thng s dng khi thi tit thay i t xut, to trong ao c biu hin tn hay tm c hin tng n yu. Phng bnh v x l ao, liu lng t 0,6-1 ppm (50% hot cht) v 0,3-0,6ppm (80% hot cht), c 7-10 ngy/ln. 3.5.4 Cc cht nhum mu nc ao Cc cht nhum mu ny c dng hn ch nh sng thm nhp vo ao nhm hn ch s pht trin ca to, chng c tnh tr, khng c i vi thu sinh vt, d ha tan trong nc v gim hon ton sau mt tun s dng (Eicher, 1947 c trch dn bi Boyd, 1990). Chng khng c tc dng tt i vi tng nc b mt t hn 1mt .
4 VAI TR CA C R PHI TRONG M HNH NUI GHP

4.1 c im dinh dng ca c r phi Trong t nhin, c r phi l loi n tp, bao gm sinh vt ph du, to si, rong c l, ng vt y, cc loi nhuyn th, tm c con v c mn b hu c. Tnh n mi ng vt ca c r phi tch cc giai on c con, giai on 1-9 cm c n mi sng rt mnh. Tuy nhin khi c ln, chng chuyn sang ch yu n thc vt (rong, to) gim bt mi ng vt. Cc r phi thng c xem l c n lc do kh nng lc to trong nc rt hiu qu. Hn na, c cng c th tng trng tt hon ton da vo ngun cht hu c l lng trong nc thi t h thng nui c chm (Lates calcarifer) thm canh (Appelbaun & Volvich, 2000). Tuy nhin, tnh n lc ca c r phi hon ton khc vi cc loi c n lc khc nh c m trng (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), m hoa (Aristichthys nobilis) do c r phi khng c cu to b rng lc trn mang lc nc. Mang ca c r phi tit ra nhiu cht nhy bt cc ht l lng to thnh cc cc nhy dnh y to, ng vt ph du, vt cht hu c v c c nut vo. C ch ny c th gip c bt c nhng t bo to nh n 5m. C r phi en Oreochromis mossambicus lc to km hiu qu hn cc loi c r phi i Loan, O. niloticus v c r phi xanh O. aureus. C r phi c th tiu ho 30-60% m trong to v to Lam c tiu ho tt hn to Lc (Popma v Lovshin, 1996). C r phi c th tiu ha rt hiu qu cc loi to, hai c ch gip c r phi c th tiu ha to ph du trong c to si v thc
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vt ln bao gm: (i) c ch nghin m thc vt nh vo nhiu rng mn hu, (ii) pH d dy ca c r phi thng di 2 gip cho nhng t bo ca to v vi khun v ra. Tnh n thc n t nhin l c im rt quan trng i vi sinh trng ca c r phi. Theo Popma v Lovshin (1996), trong nhng ao nui cng nghip, thc n t nhin trong ao ng gp 30-50% tng trng ca c r phi trong khi ch ng gp 5-10% tng trng ca c nheo M (Ictalurus punctatus). Nhn chung, c r phi s dng thc n t nhin hiu qu n mc mt ao c c bn phn y c th t c nng sut n hn 3 tn/ha m khng cn cho n g c. Nhn chung c r phi tiu th protein thc vt c hiu qu tng ng vi cc loi c nheo nhng c bit c hiu qu i vi protein c ngun gc thc vt nht l nhng nguyn liu c nhiu cht x. Nhu cu protein chim khong 26-30%. Hin nay nhiu m hnh nui ghp cc r phi vi tm nc l ang tr nn ph bin (Yang Yi & Fitzsimmons, 2002) . Vi m hnh nui ghp ny nng sut nui tm tng ln (Anggawa, 1999 trch bi Yang Yi & Fitzsimmons, 2002) nh vo kh nng hn ch dch bnh trong ao nui tm nh gim s pht trin ca Vibrio pht sng (Yap, 2001). Ngoi ra c r phi c bit l loi O. niloticus c th gip duy tr qun th to tt qua kh nng n v tiu ha cc loi to Lam (c to n bo v to si) tt hn to lc (Popma v Lovshin 1996). 4.2 Kh nng thch ng ca c r phi trong mi trng ao nui nc l Mc d c r phi l nhng loi c nc ngt, nhiu loi c r phi li c kh nng chu c khong mn rt rng. Tnh thch nghi mn ca c r phi khc bit rt ln gia cc loi khc nhau. Theo Baroiller et al. (2000), loi r phi Sarotherodon melanotheron c kh nng chu ng c mn n 120 , trong khi loi Oreochromis niloticus khng th chu c mn ln hn 20. Kt qu quan st ti khu vc nui Artemia Vnh Chu-Bc Liu trong nhiu nm cho thy, c r phi en (O. mossambicus) sng t nhin ven bin c kh nng sinh trng bnh thng trong nhng ao nui Artemia mn 80-100 nhng khng mang trng v con. C ln bt u cht khi mn tng cao hn 130 trong khi c nh ch cht khi mn tng hn 140. Theo Fitzsimmons (2001), hnh thc nui c r phi rt phong ph trong c ba vng nc bin, nc l v nc ngt. Vi mc ch s dng c r phi lm i tng nui thay th tm trong cc ao nc l Brasil, Ostrensky et al. (2000) (c trch dn bi Yang Yi & Fitzsimmons, 2002) tin hnh nhiu th nghim thun ha v nui c r phi O. niloticus cc mn khc nhau. Kt qu cho thy c khng c phn ng giy cht (lethal reaction) cho n mn 25. C bt u cht mn 30 v t l cht l 100% xy ra mn cao hn 35. Tc tng trng ca c nui mn 12-18 bng hoc
17

cao hn c nui vi iu kin tng t trong nc ngt hon ton (Ostrensky et al., 2000). Kt qu iu tra ca d n PD/A CRSP nm 2002 ti Thi Lan cho thy m hnh nui kt hp c r phi v tm s c thc hin trong khong mn t 0 30 v cc loi c thng nui l c r phi (O. spp.), r phi sc (O. niloticus) v r phi en (O. mossambicus) (Yang Yi & Fitzsimmons, 2002). C r phi en l loi nui thch hp trong nhng vng ven bin c mn cao (n 30) trong khi c r phi sc thng c nui trong nhng vng su trong ni a c mn thp. 4.3 C s sinh thi hc ca m hnh nui ghp c r phi vi tm nc l. Trong h thng nui ghp, tm v c r phi c th s dng cc tng nc khc nhau. Trong h thng nui qung canh, c r phi c th lc thc n gm to, ng vt ph du v cc cht hu c l lng (bao gm c tp on vi khun sng trn ) trong tng nc trn. Trong khi tm sng v kim n tng y. Tm n cc vi khun bm trn cc b mt y ao, cc ng vt y v xc b ng thc vt lng ng y trong c c cc cht thi (phn) ca c r phi. Trong h thng nui thm canh, tuy c r phi s n thc n nhn to (cnh tranh thc n ca tm) nhng thc n t nhin (to, ng vt ph du, mn b hu c) vn chim mt t l quan trng. iu quan trng l c r phi c th n thc n tha, cht thi t tm lm gim s tch t cht thi trong ao nui. Cc nghin cu trn m hnh nui ghp c r phi vi tm cng xanh cho thy nng sut tm trong m hnh nui ghp thp hn trong nui tm cng n nhng nng sut tng cng ca c tm cng v c th cao hn. Hin tng tng t cng quan st thy trn tm nc l Yap (2001). Vic s dng c ton c l cn thit hn ch vic sinh sn ca c. ng cng ngh mt th c l 2-5 con/10 m2 vi c c 50-100 g/con v th khi tm t c 3-6 g/con vi mt tm nui l 20-30 con/m2. Mc d tnh n ng vt ca c r phi gim dn khi c ln ln, nhng c r ph vn bt cc gip xc nh v tm yu v c tm cht. Cc nh nui tm Ecuador c nhn xt rng c r phi n nhng con tm cht hoc sp cht (mang mm bnh) nn hn ch c s ly lan mm bnh trong ao nui. C r phi cng n cc gip xc nh trong ao (ruc, tm tp nh) m cc loi gip xc ny c th lm k ch trung gian mang mm bnh cho tm nui Yang Yi & Fitzsimmon (2002). Nui tm chung vi c r phi hay lun canh tm v c r phi c th l phng cch hiu qu gim qun th gip xc nh trong ao nui. Qun th vi khun trong nc ao nui cng b nh hng do s hin din ca c r phi. Vi khun Vibrio v hu ht cc vi khun gy bnh khc trong ao tm l vi khun gram m trong khi qun th vi khun chim u th trong ao nui c li l vi khun gram dng. Vic s dng nc t ao c th c r phi c kh nng lm gim s pht trin ca vi khun Vibrio pht sng trong ao tm (Yap, 2001). Ngoi tnh n lc to hiu qu, c r phi cng gip gii
18

phng nhanh cc cht dinh dng trong ao, cung cp dinh dng cho s pht trin ca to, gip n nh qun th to trong ao nui. C r phi, c bit l loi O. niloticus c th gip duy tr qun th to tt qua kh nng n v tiu ho cc loi to Lam (c to n bo v dng si) tt hn to Lc (Popma v Lovshin, 1996). Cc nh nui tm Chu v Nam M u cho rng sn lng tm nui tng ln trong cc hnh thc nui kt hp do t l sng ca tm cao hn. Tuy nhin, nhng th nghim c s lp li cn c thc hin khng nh cc kt qu v hiu r hn cc h thng nui ht hp ny.

19

CHNG 2

PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

1 A IM V THI GIAN THC HIN

Thc nghim c tin hnh trong hai v: V 1: vo u ma ma 2004 (Thng 5-9/2004) c thc hin ti h Nguyn Minh Dng v Hunh Vn c, x Tham n, huyn M Xuyn, tnh Sc Trng. V 2: vo cui ma kh nm 2005 (Thng 4-8/2005) ti Tri thc nghim Artemia - Trng i hc Cn Th, x Vnh Phc, huyn Vnh Chu, tnh Sc Trng.
2 CHUN B AO

2.1 H thng ao thc nghim 2.1.1 V nui 1 H thng ao thc nghim c xy dng vng trn triu, c dng hnh vung vi 2 ao c din tch 3.000 m2 v su 2 m (ao 1 v ao 2). Hai ao con li (ao 3 v ao 4) c din tch 3.400m2, su 2,5 m. H thng cp v thot nc: Cc ao c h thng cp v thot nc ring bit, ngun nc cp t sng D Tho, nc t bin chy vo sng D Tho qua ca bin M Thanh. Ngun nc cp cng qua h thng knh th cp v chu nh hng ca ngun nc thi t cc ao tm trong vng. y ao c thit k nghing v pha cng thot, cng c thit k l cng xi-mng, khu 40cm. H thng qut nc: Cc ao c lp t theo h thng trc di, ao 1 v 2 c lp theo phng php o nh, mi bn 17 cnh qut. Khong cch cc cnh qut thay i t 60-90 cm t trong ra ngoi. Qut cch b 1,5 2m. Ao 3 v 4 c lp theo phng php o t, mi bn 11 cnh. H thng sc kh: Ao 1 v 2 c lp t h thng bao gm mo-t cng sut 2HP, mo-t hot ng s thi kh vo ng nha PVC, sau s phn tn u xung ao bi cc ng nha t cch y 20cm. Khong cch gia hai hng ng sc kh l 3m. Ao 3 v ao 4 khng c h thng thi kh t y ao ln, m ch s dng h thng qut nc. Ci to ao, x l nc: Qu trnh ci to ao v x l nc c tin hnh qua cc bc sau: - Sau khi cng trnh c o xong, phi ro t, sau trao i nc 10 ngy (nc ch ngp y ao), tip tc phi cho ro t tr li (khng cho nt n).
20

- Bn 400kg vi Ca(OH)2, kt hp bn 400kg ri xung quang b ao. Gi yn trong 3 ngy, sau cho nc vo v tip tc ngm trong 3 ngy na ri x b nc. - Bm nc vo n thang o 1,2m. Kim tra pH v mn nc. - Nng dn pH nc ln trong vng 7 ngy bng Super Canxi, Dolomite v pH Fixer. - Dng Fos 500 EC liu lng 2 mg/l dit gip xc. - S dng Saponin liu lng 10 mg/l dit c. - Dit khun bng KMnO4 nng 10mg/l. - Nh vy tnh n thi im ny, mi trng nc tm gi l x l trit mm bnh, nhng li l mi trng thiu h sinh vt, nc tr nn trong. - S dng Bloom plankton (thnh phn ch yu l v c) kt hp vi pH Fixer (thnh phn ch yu l cc enzym, h vi khun) n nh mi trng nc. Dng hai loi ha cht ny cho n khi nc c mu vng nu th ngng, kim tra pH, kim trc khi th ging. 2.1.2 V nui 2 H thng thc nghim gm 05 ao, c dng hnh ch nht vi din tch 200m2, su ao 1,5m; 01 ao lng x l nc din tch 400m2, su 2m. H thng cp v thot nc: Cc ao cng c h thng cp v thot nc ring bit. Nc cp c ly trc tip t bin vo knh cp sau cp vo ao nui. Nc thi t ao nui c thi ra knh thot ri ra bin. H thng sc kh: Do cc ao thc nghim c din tch nh nn khng s dng h thng qut nc m ch s dng h thng sc kh. H thng sc kh c lp t qua my thi kh cng sut 2HP, mi ao gm c 03 ng ng sc kh (ng PVC) t cch nhau 2m, t cch y 20cm, cc l thng kh cch nhau 80cm. Ci to ao, x l nc - Tin hnh tt cn ao, sn vt lp bn y nho, bn vi Ca(OH)2 liu lng 15kg/100m2, phi kh y ao. - Tin hnh ly nc vo ao lng, ao nui qua li lc, mc nc 1m (ao lng 2m). - X l nc bng chlorine nng 30 ppm, 3 ngy sau tin hnh cho chy sc kh hm lng chlorine trong nc bay hi nhanh. - 10 ngy sau tin hnh gy mu nc bng cch b sung Silic, Pond fish vi nng 2ppm, b sung vi dolomite 10ppm nhm tng h im gip mi trng nc n nh. - Khi nc c mu xanh nht tin hnh th ging. Ging tm s P15 khe mnh, kch c ng u. C r phi (2g/c) c th sau khi th tm 3 ngy. i vi nghim thc nui c r phi chung trong ao nui tm th c r phi c th sau 30 ngy

21

2.1.3 B tr thc nghim Cc ao thc nghim c thc hin theo kiu b tr khi hon ton ngu nhin (Randomized Complete Block) vi 4 nghim thc v 2 ln lp li. Mi ln lp li (mi khi) c tin hnh trong mt v nui. Cc nghim thc bao gm: - Nghim thc 1 (Tm-c chung): Nui c r phi chung vi tm s. Mt c th 0,1con/m2, s lng c th l 300 con. - Nghim thc 2 (Tm-c lng): Nui c r phi trong lng li t gia ao tm. Mt c th 10 con/m2. Din tch lng 64 m2, s lng c th vo lng l 640 con. - Nghim thc 3 (i chng): Nui tm n. - Nghim thc 4 (Tun hon): Nui c r phi c nui trong ao lng nc tun hon, mt 4,5 con/m2, din tch ao lng 1000m2. Tm ging c kim tra PCR (m trng, u vng) trc khi th, sau tip tc kim tra PCR nh k hng thng trong qu trnh nui. Mt th l 35 con/m2 cho c 4 ao thc nghim v nui 1 v 20 con/m2 cho v nui 2. C r phi c 3-4 g/con (250-300 con/kg) c th sau khi th tm 1 tun, ring nghim thc tm-c chung th c c gi trong vo n 30 ngy mi tin hnh th ra ao tm. C c th trong ao l c r phi (v nui 1) v c r phi vn (v nui 2). Khng cho c n thc n b sung trong sut qu trnh thc nghim.
3 CH CHM SC

3.1 V nui 1 3.1.1 X l nh k Trong 1,5 thng u, s dng Super VS 1 tun/ln vi liu 3 ppm, duy tr h vi khun Bacillus. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh nui, nu c hin tng bt thng xy ra th s ty vo mc nh hng m c cch x l ph hp. 3.1.2 Cho n Mi ngy cho n 4 ln: 7gi, 11gi, 17gi, 1gi m. S dng thc n CP. Cho n ng theo ch dn ca nh sn xut. Lc u cho trc tip xung ao, n ngy th 20 cho n trn sng v lun kim tra lng thc n trn sng iu chnh cho ph hp. 3.1.3 Qut nc Tm di 1 thng tui: Qut nc 1 ln/ngy vo bui tra. Tm trn 1 thng tui: Qut nc 2 ln/ ngy Tm t 3 thng tui tr ln: Qut nc lin tc, ch tt qut trc khi cho n khong 30 pht, sau khi cho n khong 60 pht th cho qut tip.

22

3.2 V nui 2 3.2.1 X l nh k nh k 15 ngy s dng Zeolite 20ppm, C mix tt u ao nui liu lng 1ppm. Trong qu trnh nui, ty theo tnh hung bin ng ch tiu mi trng nc, mc nh hng m c bin php x l c th: th d Kill algae, BKC vi liu lng 1 mg/L c x l khi to sp tn v mt to cao, dolomite c bn trc v sau khi ma nhm n nh mi trng nc... 3.2.2 Cho n S dng thc n Grobest cho tm trong sut qu trnh nui theo qui cch v ch dn ca nh sn xut. Thc n c iu chnh hng ngy ty theo biu hin ca tm, lng thc n cn li trn sng n. - Giai on n 1-3 thng tui: cho n ngy 04 ln vo 7gi, 11 gi, 17 gi, 23 gi - Giai on sau 3 thng tui: cho n ngy 03 ln vo 9gi, 17 gi, 23 gi. 3.2.3 Ch sc kh Ch sc kh c vn hnh theo nhu cu oxy ca tm nui, m bo khng c s phn tng v nhit , oxy, mn trong mi trng nc ao nui. C th, chy my thi kh lin tc, ch ngng vn hnh my thi kh trc khi cho n 15 pht n 45 pht sau khi cho n v trong nhng ngy nng tt tt my thi kh t 15:3017:45.
4 THEO DI CC THNG S MI TRNG V THY SINH

4.1 Vt liu, ha cht v dng c thu mu. - Li phiu sinh thc vt kch thc mt li l 27m. - Li phiu sinh ng vt kch thc mt li l 60m. - Chai nha 1 lt - Chai nha 110mL - Bung m phiu sinh Sedgewick-Rafter cell. - Formol 38%. - Knh hin vi - ng ong 100mL. - My o pH - My so mu DR 2000 - Nhit k thu ngn - a Sechi (=20 cm) - L nt mi - Ha cht c nh mu: MnSO4, KI-NaOH, H2SO4, CdCl2...
23

a Petri Mi trng agar cy vi khun Que cy, n cn Mt s vt dng khc

4.2 Phng php thu v phn tch mu mi trng Bng 1: Chu k theo di cc yu t mi trng Ch tiu DO Dng c My o Chu k thu mu Phng php phn tch Ly s liu trc tip t my o DO (oxy ha tan) o ly s liu trc tip. Ly s liu trc tip t my o pH o v ghi nhn kt qu trc tip . Ghi nhn kt qu trc tip Chun acid Indo-phenol blue Diazonium Salicylate Kjedalh Kjedalh Iodine

Nhit

pH

trong (cm) mn () kim TAN NO2NO3TKN TP COD (ppm)

Quan trc hng ngy Sng: 7 gi Chiu: 14 gi My o Quan trc hng ngy Sng: 7 gi Chiu: 14 gi My o pH Quan trc hng ngy Sng: 7 gi Chiu: 14 gi a Secchi ng 1 ln/ ngy knh 20 cm Khc x k 2 tun/ ln Chai nha 1 lt Chai nha 110ml Chai nha 110ml Chai nha 110ml Chai nha 1 lt Chai nha 1 lt L nt mi 125ml 3 ngy/ ln 2 tun/ ln 2 tun/ ln 2 tun/ ln 2 tun/ ln 2 tun/ ln 2 tun/ ln

4.3 Phng php thu v phn tch mu thc vt ni. 4.3.1 Phng php thu mu Mu thc vt ni c thu nh k 3 ngy/ln. - Thu mu nh tnh: Dng li phiu sinh kch thc mt li 27m thu dc theo b ao vi th tch nc qua ming li cng nhiu cng tt. Sau cho mu nc thu c vo bnh lu tr mu v c nh mu bng formol vi nng t 2-4%.
24

- Thu mu nh lng: Dng x nha 20 lt thu u cc im trong ao. Sau khuy u v cho vo bnh 1 lt, c nh mu bng formol vi nng tng t nh mu nh tnh (2-4%). 4.3.2 Phng php phn tch mu - Phn tch nh tnh: Mu sau khi thu, c quan st di knh hin vi. Sau da vo cc c im hnh thi, cu to xc nh tn ging hoc tn loi ca thc vt ni. Cc ti liu tham kho phn loi: Shirota (1966), Dng c Tin, V Hnh (1997). Trong qu trnh nh danh loi, nh du (+), (++) hoc (+++) xc nh tn s xut hin ca chng. - Phn tch nh lng: Dng bung m Sedgewick-Rafter m s c th thc vt ni . Tnh ton mt thc vt ni theo cng thc: X (c th/lt) = Trong :
T.1000 .Vcd .1000 A . N .VM

T: s c th m c theo ngnh A: din tch m N: s m Vcd: th tch mu c c VM : th tch thu mu

4.4 Phng php thu v phn tch mu ng vt ni. 4.4.1 Phng php thu mu Mu thc vt ni c thu nh k 3 ngy/ln. - Thu mu nh tnh: Dng li phiu sinh kch thc mt li 60m thu dc theo b ao vi th tch nc qua ming li cng nhiu cng tt. Sau cho mu nc thu c vo bnh lu tr mu v c nh mu bng formol vi nng t 4-8%. - Thu mu nh lng: Dng x nha 20 lt thu 5 im trong ao. Sau cho qua li lc c kch thc 60m, c c mu cn li khong 100 mL, c nh mu bng formol vi nng tng t nh mu nh tnh (4-8%). 4.4.2 Phng php phn tch mu - Phn tch nh tnh: Mu sau khi thu c quan st di knh hin vi, sau da vo cc c im hnh thi, cu to xc nh tn ging hoc tn loi ca ng vt ni. Cc ti liu tham kho phn loi: Shirota (1966), ng Ngc Thanh (1980), Nguyn Vn Khi (2001), Boltovskoy (1999). Trong qu trnh nh danh loi, nh du (+), (++) hoc (+++) xc nh tn s xut hin ca chng. - Phn tch nh lng: Dng bung m Sedgewick-Rafter m s c th ng vt ni. Tnh ton mt ng vt ni tng t nh cch tnh mt ca thc vt ni.

25

4.5 Phng php thu v phn tch mu vi sinh 4.5.1 Chun b cc dng c Falcon 50mL tit trng. ng nghim 10mL c cha 9mL nc mui sinh l tit trng. Mi trng NA cy tng vi khun. Mi trng TCBS cy tng vi khun Vibrio. Cc dng c khc: pipet 1.000L, pipet 100L, que trang, n cn a petri tit trng, cn 95%.

4.5.2 Chun b mi trng Mi trng tng vibrio (TCBS) Dng 88gram TCBS +1000mL nc ct. un si sau ngui. Cho mi trng vo a petri tit trng. (25mL cho mt a) Sau em trong t m (nhit 300C) trong 24h. Dng 28gram NA + 1.000mL nc ct. un si Sau cho vo ni p sut tit trng ( nhit 1210C, thi gian 20 pht) Cho mi trng vo a petri tit trng. (25mL cho mt a) Sau em trong t m (nhit 300C) trong 24h.

Mi trng tng vi khun: (NA)

Mi trng pht sng: (PQ) - NA: 28 gram - NaCl: 1% - KCl: 0,2% - MgCl: 0,4% Pha cc cht trn vi nc ct 1000mL, trn u v un si. Sau tit trng bng ni p sut. ( nhit 1210C, thI gian 20 pht). K n em trong t m (nhit 300C) trong 24h. 4.5.3 Thu mu ti hin trng: - Dng falcon tit trng thu 50mL nc ao nui tm, sau cy ngay ti hin trng 4.5.4 Cy mu vi khun: Cch pha long nng - Ly 1mL nc ao nui cho vo ng nghim c cha 9mL nc mui sinh l, ta c nng pha long l 10-1.

26

- Sau lc u v ly 1mL ng nghim c nng pha long 10-1 cho vo ng nghim c cha 9mL nc mui sinh l ta c c nng pha long l 10-2. - Ln lt nh th cho cc nng pha long k tip (tt c cc thao tc trn c thc hin trong iu kin v trng) nh trnh by Hnh 4.

1mL Nc ao nui

1mL

1mL

1mL

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-4

Hnh 4. Cc bc pha long mu

Cch cy mu nc vo mi trng thch NA, TCBS, PQ (Hnh 5) - Ly 100L mu c pha long trn cho vo a petri c cha mi trng thch c chun b sn (NA, TCBS, PQ). - Sau dng que trang trang u trn mi trng cho n khi kh hon ton. (cc thao tc c thc hin trong iu kin v trng) - Cc a ny c cho vo t m trong 24h sau c kt qu.
ly 100L Mu nc c pha long

a c cha mi trng thch Que trang

n cn a c cha mi trng thch

Hnh 5. Cch cy mu nc vo mi trng thch NA, TCBS, PQ

27

Kt qu c tnh theo cng thc sau:

X= A * K * 1000 V

Trong ,

X: s khun lc trong 1mL mu nc. A: s khun lc trung bnh mc trong mt a. K : h s pha long. V : th tch mu nc dng cy (mL).

4.6 Thu mu kim tra virus Hng thng thu mu tm kim tra mm bnh virus m trng (WSSV) v vi rus u vng (YHV). i vi tm nh (1-2 thng tui) thu t 20-30 con, i vi tm ln (hn 3 thng tui) th thu t 10-15 con. Mu thu c gi sng v mang v phng thc nghim phn tch, xc nh mm bnh virus bng k thut PCR 2 bc. 4.7 Phng php thu mu sinh trng tm S, c R phi nh k mi thng thu 30 mu tm, cn khi lng xc nh tc sinh trng tuyt i (DWG) v tc sinh trng tng i (SGR) ca tm. i vi c R phi th ch tin hnh cn v o trc khi th v kt thc thc nghim. Tc sinh trng c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau:
DWG ( g / ngy ) = SGR (% / ngy ) = W2 W1 t 2 t1

Ln(W2 ) Ln(W1 ) 100 t 2 t1

Trong :

W2 : Khi lng tm (c) khi thu hoch W1 : Khi lng tm (c) khi th ging t2 : Thi im thu hoch t1 : Thi im th ging

4.8 X l s liu S liu thc nghim c thng k theo tng l v tng t ly mu. S bin ng ca cc yu t c biu din bng cc biu th hin quy lut bin ng bng phn mm Excel. S khc bit gia cc nghim thc c phn tch theo phng php ANOVA (Analysis of Variances) bng phn mm SPSS.
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CHNG 3

KT QU V THO LUN
1 BIN NG CC YU T MI TRNG

1.1 Cc yu t vt l 1.1.1 Nhit S bin ng nhit tng i ging nhau gia cc ao trong mi v nui. Nhit trung bnh ca hai v nui bin ng t 28,4-29,4oC lc 7 gi sng v 31,132,1oC vo lc 14 gi chiu (Bng 2). Nhit gia sng v chiu khng chnh lch nhau nhiu, ch yu bin ng nhit xy ra do nh hng ca thi tit. Hai v nui u c tin hnh trong khong thi gian cui ma kh u ma ma y l thi gian c nhit cao nht trong nm nn nhit cc ao nui tng i cao vo bui chiu. Nhit cc ao v nui th hai hi cao hn so vi cc ao v nui th nht nhng s chnh lch ny cng khng ln (0,5-0,8oC). Bng 2: Bin ng nhit (oC) trong hai t thc nghim Nghim thc Thi gian o V nui 1 Trung bnh 29,4 1,0 Sng Cao nht 31,4 Thp nht 27,1 Tm-c chung Trung bnh 31,1 1,3 Chiu Cao nht 34,4 Thp nht 28,3 Trung bnh 29,8 1,4 Sng Cao nht 34,9 Thp nht 27,2 Tm-c lng Trung bnh 31,2 1,3 Chiu Cao nht 34,9 Thp nht 28,5 Trung bnh 29,4 0,9 Sng Cao nht 30,9 Thp nht 27,5 i chng Trung bnh 31,3 1,4 Chiu Cao nht 34,5 Thp nht 28,4 Trung bnh 29,4 0,9 Sng Cao nht 31,3 Thp nht 27,4 Tun hon Trung bnh 31,3 1,4 Chiu Cao nht 34,7 Thp nht 28,6 V nui 2 28,4 0,8 30,0 26,6 31,9 1,9 35,1 26,7 28,5 0,9 30,3 26,6 31,9 1,5 34,8 27,2 28,4 0,9 30,0 26,5 31,3 1,4 34,0 26,7 28,5 0,9 30,0 26,3 32,1 1,4 34,7 27,3

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Nhn chung, nhit cc ao trong thi gian u th nui kh cao do thi tit cn ang ma kh v trong giai on u mi th tm khng s dng qut nc nn nhit tng mt thng cao. Nhit c xu hng gim v cui v do c ma v c s dng qut nc. Theo Nguyn Anh Tun, 1994 khong nhit l tng cho cc loi tm l 2532oC, ngoi khong nhit ny c th nh hng n tng trng ca tm. Nhn chung trong sut thi gian nui, nhit nc nm trong khong thch hp cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca tm, mc d c nhng ngy nhit bui chiu vt cao hn 32oC nhng khng ko di v nhit cao ch xy ra trn tng mt nn cng khng nh hng n tm nui. 1.1.2 pH pH ca cc ao vo v nui th nht bin ng kh ln 6,6-8,8 vo bui sng v 7,19,5 vo bui chiu, s bin ng ny rt ln nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon (Bng 3). Nguyn nhn gy bin ng ln c lin quan n s pht trin ca to v mn ca nc trong cc ao nui thc nghim. Khi bt u v nui mn cc ao khong 18 sau gim dn xung 6 vo cui v nui, mn thp v dinh dng cao mt s loi to Lam v to Lc pht trin qu mc gy n hoa, hin tng ny thng xy ra trong nc c mn thp hoc nc ngt. Khi to pht trin mnh, qu trnh quang hp ca chng s hp thu CO2 v gii phng CO32- lm cho pH ca nc tng mnh. Khi to tn, qu trnh phn hy xc to gii phng CO2 lm gim pH ca nc, y l nguyn nhn chnh gy nn s bin ng pH trong sut v nui. Mt nguyn nhn khc gy bin ng pH l trong nc c mn thp thng kim cng thp nn h m (buffer system) cng thp lm cho pH dao ng ln (xem Mc 1.2.8). Khi so snh gia cc nghim thc v nui th nht cho thy nghim thc nui tm-c chung v tm-c lng th pH t bin ng hn so vi nghim thc i chng v nghim thc nc tun hon. Trong ao nui tm-c chung v tm-c lng to pht trin tng i n nh trong sut v nui (1-4 triu t bo/lt) nn pH tng i n nh hn. Trong khi nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon cc loi to Lam (Oscillatoria, Phormidium) v to Lc (Ankistrodesmus, Coenosystis) pht trin mnh (37-67 triu t bo/lt) lm pH dao ng mnh. i vi nghim thc tun hon , trong qu trnh thc nghim dch bnh tm xy ra khu vc xung quanh nn vic cung cp nc tun hon b hn ch trnh s ly lan mm bnh do pH bin ng tng t nh nghim thc i chng.

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Bng 3: Bin ng pH trong hai t thc nghim Nghim thc Thi gian o V nui 1 Trung bnh 7,560,37 Sng Cao nht 8,88 Thp nht 7,03 Tm-c chung Trung bnh 8,060,55 Chiu Cao nht 9,53 Thp nht 7,18 Trung bnh 7,510,23 Sng Cao nht 8,41 Thp nht 7,15 Tm-c lng Trung bnh 7,930,45 Chiu Cao nht 9,27 Thp nht 7,37 Trung bnh 7,490,27 Sng Cao nht 8,05 Thp nht 6,93 i chng Trung bnh 8,250,3 Chiu Cao nht 8,92 Thp nht 7,53 Trung bnh 7,470,42 Sng Cao nht 8,55 Thp nht 6,56 Tun hon Trung bnh 8,250,53 Chiu Cao nht 9,50 Thp nht 7,09

V nui 2 8,28 0,21 8,60 7,70 8,530,13 8,77 8,17 8,260,17 8,53 7,90 8,480,12 8,67 8,23 8,260,18 8,57 7,83 8,480,15 8,83 8,13 8,270,2 8,60 7,83 8,480,14 8,67 8,17

i vi v nui th 2 th pH t bin ng hn, pH dao ng trong khong 7,7-8,6 vo bui sng v khong 8,13-8,83 vo bui chiu. Khi so snh gia cc nghim thc cho thy pH khng c s khc bit ln (Bng 3). S d trong v nui th 2 pH trong cc ao nui t bin ng l do mn trong cc ao cao (25) nn cc loi to Lc v to Lam t khi t c mt cao, hn na kim ca nc rt cao (ln hn 150 mg/L) nn kh nng m ca nc rt tt lm pH t dao ng. Nhn chung, gi tr pH trong cc ao nui c hai v nui u nm trong khong thch hp i vi tm (6,5-9). Tuy nhin, v nui th 1 pH tng i cao v c vi thi im pH vt qu 9,0, c bit l nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon. Khi pH qu cao s nh hng trc tip n cc qu trnh sinh l ca tm v lm tng hm lng kh NH3 gy c cho tm. Khi xt n bin dao ng gia ngy v m th c s khc bit gia hai v nui v gia cc nghim thc. V nui th 1 bin dao ng pH rt ln, nghim thc i chng v nghim thc bin dao ng pH trong hu ht thi gian nui u vt qu 0,6, c nhng thi im vt qu 1. Trong khi , bin dao ng
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gia ngy v m ca hai nghim thc nui tm-c chung v tm-c lng hu nh thp hn 0,5, ch c mt s thi im vo cui v nui bin dao ng pH ln hn 5 nhng khng vt qu 1 (Hnh 6). Ngc li, v nui th 2 th pH t dao ng theo ngy m, bin dao ng pH ca cc nghim thc hu ht u thp hn 0,5, ch c thi im cui v th bin dao ng pH hi vt qu 0,5 (Hnh 7).
Bin dao ng pH v nui th 1
1.80 1.50 Bin 1.20 0.90 0.60 0.30 0.00
7 10 4 19 25 28 31 16 37 22 43
40

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t thu Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon

Hnh 6: Bin dao ng pH theo ngy m ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin dao ng pH v nui th 2
1.80 1.50 Bin 1.20 0.90 0.60 0.30 0.00
1 4 7 10 16 22 13 25 19 31 34 28

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t thu Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon

Hnh 7: Bin dao ng pH theo ngy m ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

Bin dao ng pH gia ngy v m ln hay nh ph thuc vo s pht trin ca thc vt v kim ca nc. Ban ngy to quang hp lm gim CO2 v tng CO32- lm tng pH nhng ban m to h hp thi nhiu kh CO2 lm cho pH gim.
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43

37

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 kim cao th kh nng m tt lm lm pH t bin ng theo ngy m. Theo Chanratchakool et al., (2003), bin dao ng thch hp cho tm S phi nh hn 0,5. Nh vy, trong thc nghim ny v nui th 2 pH dao ng theo ngy m t rt thch hp cho nui tm nhng v nui 1 th pH dao ng theo ngy m tng i ln khng thch hp cho tm. Gia cc nghim thc th nghim thc nui tm-c chung v tm-c lng pH t dao ng hn. T kt qu trn c th rt ra nhng nhn xt nh sau: mn thp th vic qun l pH s kh khn hn v c r phi trong m hnh nui kt hp c vai tr n nh s pht trin ca to trong iu kin mn thp. 1.1.3 mn Kt qu theo di mn ca cc ao thc nghim trong c hai v nui u c khuynh hng gim dn v cui v nui (Hnh 8, 9). Do cc v nui bt u vo cui ma kh nn mn ca nc t gi tr cao nht, khi bc sang ma ma mn ca cc ao nui gim dn v t gi tr thp nht vo cui v (Hnh 8, 9). Gia cc nghim thc gn nh khng c s khc bit ln v mn do cc ao thc nghim c iu kin tng i ng nht nh din tch tng ng li nm k cn nhau. Tuy nhin, c mt vi trng hp phi thay nc dn n s khc bit v mn gia cc nghim thc. Khi so snh mn gia hai v nui th c s khc bit kh ln. V nui th nht bt u vo thng 5/2004, lc ny bc sang ma ma nn mn gim (1719), hn na v nui th 1 c tin hnh ti Tham n - M Xuyn, cch xa bin nn mn thp. Trong khi , v nui th 2 c thc hin Vnh Phc Vnh Chu v bt u sm hn (4/2005) nn mn cc ao cao hn (26). Vo cui v nui th 1 mn cc ao gim thp (6) v v nui th 2 mn vn cn duy tr mc thch hp cho tm (16). Chnh s khc nhau v mn ca hai v nui dn n nhiu im khc nhau v cc yu t cht lng nc, thnh phn phiu sinh vt v nhng ri ro trong qu trnh nui. Theo Chanratchakool (2003), mn thch hp cho tm S nm trong khong 15-25, khi mn gim thp hn 7-8 th tm d b ci v mm v. mn thp th kh nng m ca nc thp lm pH d bin ng v cc loi to v rong nc ngt pht trin mnh gy suy gim cht lng nc. Nh vy, mn v nui th 2 lun nm trong khong thch hp cho nui tm nhng mn v nui th 1 vo cui v nui rt thp. iu ny dn n mt s s c cho cc ao nui vo cui v nui.

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Bin ng mn cc ao v nui th 1
24 mn () 18 12 6 0 May-04 Tm-c chung Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04

Tm-c lng

i chng

Tun hon

Hnh 8: Bin ng mn ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin ng mn cc ao v nui th 2
24 mn () 18 12 6 0 Apr-05 Tm-c chung May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Tun hon

Tm-c lng

i chng

Hnh 9: Bin ng mn ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

1.1.4 trong trong trung bnh cc nghim thc v nui th 1 bin ng t 22-39 cm, gi tr trong cao nht t l 80 cm v thp nht l 15 cm. Trong khi s bin ng trong trung bnh cc nghim thc v nui th 2 rt t, t 17-19cm, cao nht l 40 cm v thp nht l 8 cm (Hnh 10, 11). Nhn chung trong c hai v nui c khuynh hng gim dn v cui v nui do s tch ly dinh dng lm to pht trin mnh dn v cui v nui. trong ca cc nghim thc v nui th nht ch yu l do s pht trin ca to nn trong u v nui kh cao. Hn na, do din tch ao v nui th 1 kh ln (3.000-3.400m2) trong ca nc ao t b nh hng ca ca ph sa b ra tri t trn b ao sau cc cn ma. v nui th 2, trong ca nc chu nh hng ch yu ca ph sa ra tri sau cn ma do din
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tch ao nh (200m2) v do h thng sc kh y lm khuy ng nn y ao. y cng chnh l nguyn nhn lm cho trong ca v nui th 2 thp hn rt nhiu so vi v nui th 1(xem mc 2.2, Bng 10). Khi so snh trong gia cc nghim thc th cc nghim thc c nui kt hp vi c r phi (tm-c chung v tm-c lng) c trong cao hn, nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon th trong thp hn (Hnh 10). C th c r phi trong cc nghim thc nui kt hp ng vi tr lm n nh s pht trin ca to nn trong cao, trong khi nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon to pht trin mnh lm cho trong gim thp. v nui th 2 nc c do ph sa, to pht trin mc trung bnh nn trong t bin ng v t c s khc bit gia cc cc nghim thc.
Bin ng trong cc ao v nui th 1
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
37 40 34 28 16 13 10 22 19 25 31 46 43 1 4 7

trong (cm)

t thu Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon

Hnh 10: Bin ng trong ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin ng trong cc ao v nui th 2

90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0

trong (cm)

10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 t thu

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

i chng

Tun hon

Hnh 11: Bin ng trong ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

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Theo Chanratchakool et al. (2003) trong thch hp cho ao nui tm thm canh dao ng trong khong 30-40 cm, nu trong qu cao (ln hn 60 cm) th cc loi sinh vt lm thc n t nhin km pht trin v to y pht trin mnh khng c li cho tm. Khi trong qu thp (nh hn 20 cm) do to pht trin mnh th cht lng nc suy gim, cc yu t pH, oxy ha tan v CO2 bin ng ln gy bt li cho tm, trong thp do trong nc c nhiu ph sa th s cn tr qu trnh trao i kh ca tm. v nui th 1 cc nghim thc nui tm-c chung v tm-c lng c trong rt thch hp, ch c vi thi im cui v nui trong gim thp di gii hn cho php. nghim thc i chng th trong dao ng trong khong 20-30 cm vo na u v v trong gim xung di 20 cm vo na cui v, i vi nghim thc tun hon th c kt qu tng t nh nghim thc i chng do trong qu trnh nui vic tun hon t c thc hin nhm trnh nhim bnh. Nh gii thch, c th c r phi nui kt hp trong ao gip n nh thnh phn v mt to nn cc nghim thc tm-c chung v tm c lng duy tr c trong thch hp trong hu ht thi gian ca v nui. v nui th 2, trong kh thp khng thch hp cho tm. Nguyn nhn gy c l do cc ao thc nghim khng c h thng qut nc nn phi tng cng h thng sc kh y lm khuy ng nn y. Hn na, bn t b ra tri t trn b sau nhng cn ma lm gim trong ca nc. Tuy nhin, nc c do ph sa thng khng gy nn nhng bin ng ln v cc yu t cht lng nc, mc trong 15-20cm th cha gy nn nhng tc hi ln n tm, c th mc trong ny ch nh hng qu trnh h hp lm gim sinh trng ca tm. 1.2 Cc yu t ha hc ca nc 1.2.1 Oxy ho tan Hm lng oxy ha tan trung bnh v nui th 1 l 4,4 - 5,0 mg/L vo lc sng sm, 8,5 - 9,6 mg/L vo lc x chiu v khng chnh lch nhiu gia cc nghim thc. Hm lng oxy ha tan c xu hng gim dn vo cui v nui do s pht trin ca thc vt, cui v nui hm lng oxy ha tan tng i thp (2,19 mg/L) lm cho tm thng b ni u vo mi bui sng. Nguyn nhn lm cho hm lng oxy ha tan gim thp (vo sng sm) l do mt tm nui kh cao (35 con/m2) cng vi s pht trin mnh ca to vo cui v nui. Hm lng oxy ha tan trung bnh v nui th 2 l 4,24,8 mg/L vo sng sm, 8,9- 9,3 mg/L vo x chiu v cng khng c s chnh lch gia cc nghim thc. Hm lng oxy ha tan cc nghim thc hu nh t bin ng v lun cao hn 3 mg/L rt thch hp cho tm. Tuy nhin, tun nui th 6 thi tit lc ny t nng,
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c nhiu ma nn ngun oxy cung cp cho ao nui ch yu l do sc kh, ngun cung cp oxy t s quang hp ca to b hn ch nn hm lng oxy ha tan thp. Hm lng oxy ha tan cui v nui th 2 c khuynh hng tng do to pht trin tt, qu trnh quang hp ca to lm tng hm lng oxy ha tan cho ao nui. Trong cc ao nui thm canh, s bin ng hm lng oxy ha tan ph thuc rt ln vo mt ca to, khi mt to thp th hm lng oxy ha tan thp v n nh, to pht trin va phi th hm lng oxy cao, nu to pht trin qu mc th hm lng oxy rt cao vo ban ngy nhng s rt thp vo ban m v nh vy c th gy nh hng xu n tm.
Bin ng oxy ha tan v nui th 1
10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0

Oxy ha tan (mg/L)

34

13

19

25

10

16

t thu
Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon

Hnh 12: Bin ng hm lng oxy ha tan ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin ng oxy ha tan v nui th 2

10.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00

Oxy ha tan (mg/L)

22

28

31

31

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t thu Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon

Hnh 13: Bin ng hm lng oxy ha tan ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

37

34

37

10

13

16

19

22

25

28

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Theo Boyd (1990) hm lng thch hp cho ao nui tm c phi ln hn 3 mg/L v hm lng oxy ha tan ti u l t 5 mg/L n bo ha. Theo Chanratchakool (2003) tm tng trng tt khi hm lng oxy ho tan cn phi c duy tr ln hn 4 mg/L. Nu hm lng oxy khong 2-3 ppm th tm s bt mi yu. Hm lng oxy <2 ppm c th lm tm cht ngt. Nh vy, hm lng oxy ho tan trong cc nghim thc hu nh cao hn khong thch hp cho tm, ch c thi im cui v nui th 1 v gia v nui th 2 th hm lng oxy ha tan thp hn 3 mg/L khng tt cho s sinh trng ca tm. Tuy nhin, vo thi im hm lng oxy ha tan thp th khng thp hn 2 mg/L nn cha gy nn hin tng tm cht do thiu oxy. 1.2.2 TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) Hm lng TAN cc ao nui ca c hai v nui u c khuynh hng tng dn v cui v. Hm lng TAN trung bnh ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1 ln lt l 0,128 mg/L; 0,167 mg/L; 0,093 mg/L v 0,130 mg/L. Nhn chung, TAN cc ao nui t mc trung bnh u v nui nhng tng cao vo cui v (0,4 0,45 mg/L). Hm lng TAN bin ng tng i ng u cc nghim thc, ring nghim thc tm-c lng th hm lng TAN cao hn cc nghim thc khc vi gi tr cc i bng 0,45 mg/L. Nguyn nhn dn n hm lng TAN nghim thc tm-c lng cao c th l do s phn hy r da nc trong t y ao. Hm lng TAN v nui th 2 c gi tr trung bnh ln lt l 0,114 mg/L; 0,112 mg/L; 0,133 mg/L v 0,103 mg/L, hm lng TAN cao nht thi im cui v nui. Gia cc nghim thc khng khc bit nhau u v nhng cui v th hm lng TAN nghim thc i chng (nui tm n) cao hn cc nghim thc khc (0,293 mg/L). Nguyn nhn c th do c r phi s dng mt phn thc n d tha trong ao cng vi cc vt cht hu c tch t vo thi gian cui v nui. Nhn chung hm lng TAN v nui th 2 tng i thp hn hm lng TAN v nui th 1, do v nui th 2 c mt nui thp hn (20 con/m2) so vi mt nui v nui th 1 (35 con/m2) nn mc tch ly dinh dng thp hn. Trong sut v nui gi tr pH hu ht l thp hn 8,5 v nhit trung bnh khong vo bui tra khong 32oC, iu kin ny hm lng NH3 chim t l khong 22% ca TAN v hm lng NH3 ti a ch dao ng trong khong 0,049 - 0,099 mg/L. Theo Boyd (1998), Chanratchakool (2003), hm lng TAN thch hp cho ao nui tm l 0,2-2,0 mg/L v hm lng NH3 phi nh hn 0,1 mg/L, nh th hm lng NH3 trong cc ao nui thp hn gii hn cho php rt thch hp cho hot ng sng ca tm.
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Bin ng hm lng TAN v nui th 1

0.5 Hm lng (mg/L) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
1 2 3 4 6 5 t thu 7 8 9 10

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

i chng

Tun hon

Hnh 14: Bin ng hm lng TAN ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin ng hm lng TAN v nui th 2
0.5 Hm lng (mg/L) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t thu 7
i chng

10

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

Tun hon

Hnh 15: Bin ng hm lng TAN ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

i vi v nui th nht, giai on t 50-60 ngy nui, mc d pH nghim thc tm-c chung v nghim thc tun hon kh cao (>9), iu kin ny t l NH3 cha trong TAN c th t 48,5%, nhng lc ny hm lng TAN tng i thp 0,139 mg/L v 0,081 mg/L nn hm lng NH3 cng cha vt gii hn cho php. 1.2.3 Nitrite (NO2-) v nui th 1, hm lng NO2- trong cc nghim thc tng ln sau 2 tun v t gi tr cc i tun th su sau gim thp (Hnh 16), nghim thc tm-c chung v tm-c lng c hm lng NO2- bin ng ln sau 3 thng nui. Quy lut bin ng hm lng NO2- khng r rng, kh phn bit s khc bit gia cc nghim thc.

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 v nui th 2, hm lng NO2- ca cc nghim thc rt thp trong 2,5 thng nui u tin. Sau 3 thng nui (t thu mu th 6), hm lng ny tng cao t ngt v cao nht nghim thc tun hon (1,242 mg/L). Hm lng NO2- nghim thc tun hon t gi tr cc i khi v cui v nui (t thu mu th 10) (1,348 mg/L). Trong v nui ny cng rt kh xc nh s khc bit gia cc nghim thc. Khi so snh gia hai v nui th v nui th nht c hm lng NO2- cao hn, c th mt nui nh hng n s khc bit ca hm lng NO2-, mt nui cng cao th lng cht thi cng nhiu v hm lng NO2- cng cao.
Bin ng hm lng nitrite v nui th 1
Hm Lng (mg/L) 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
1 2 3 4 6 5 t thu 7
i chng

10

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

Tun hon

Hnh 16: Bin ng hm lng nitrite ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin ng hm lng nitrite v nui th 2
2.0 Hm lng (mg/L) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t thu 7 8 9 10

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

i chng

Tun hon

Hnh 17: Bin ng hm lng nitrite ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

NO2- c sinh ra t qu trnh oxy ha NH4+ di tc ng ca vi khun Nitrosomonas, nh vy NO2- ch tng ln khi c NH4+ v vi khun nitrite ha pht
40

trin trong ao. Sau khi kh trng nc, hu ht vi khun trong ao b dit mc d ao nui c cung cp phn bn (NH4+, bt c, bt u nnh) gy mu nc nhng lc ny vi khun Nitrosomonas cha pht trin cho nn NO2- tng i thp v c ngun gc t ngun nc cp. Sau 2 tun th nhm vi khun ny bt u pht trin mnh, nn hm lng NO2- tng ln. Tuy nhin, NO2- tip tc b oxy ha thnh NO3- dc tc ng ca vi khun Nitrobacter nn sau hm lng NO2- gim dn. Theo Boyd (1998) NO2- gy c cho tm c ph thuc vo hm lng Cl- (nc mn), c tnh ca NO2- i vi c mng (Chanos chanos) trong iu kin nc ngt ln hn 55 ln so vi iu kin nng mui 16. Gi tr LC50-24 gi v 96 gi ca NO2- i vi tm s v hu u trng l 204 v 45 mg/L (Chen &Chin, 1988), nng an ton ca NO2- i vi hu u trng tm s l 4,5 mg/L. Trong thc nghim, hu ht cc nghim thc u c hm lng NO2- nh hn 1,5 mg/L, hn na tm s c nui trong mi trng nc l (c cha Cl-) nn c tnh ca NO2- thp v khng nh hng n tm. 1.2.4 Nitrate (NO3-) Hm lng trung bnh ca cc nghim thc c hai v nui u mc thp (nh hn 2 mg/L) v c duy tr trong sut v nui, ch c duy nht trng hp vo thi im cui v nui th 1 hm lng NO3- tng cao (7,386 mg/L). Gia cc nghim thc th khng c s khc bit r rng. Tuy nhin, gia 2 v nui th c s khc bit r rng, v nui th 1 c hm lng NO3- kh cao so vi v nui th 2. Nh cp n cc phn trn, do v nui th nht c mt nui cao (35 con/m2) nn s tch ly dinh dng ln hn so vi v nui th 2. S bin ng hm lng NO3- trong cc ao nui thm canh c lin rt ln n mc tch ly vt cht dinh dng v s pht trin ca to. Trong ao nui thm canh, thc n cng nghip giu m c cung cp vo ao nui vi mt lng ln, qu trnh phn hy hu c (khong ha) to ra nhiu loi mui dinh dng trong c dng NO3-, lng thc n cung cp tng dn theo khi lng c tm nn hm lng NO3- tng dn v cui v nui. Bn cnh , hm lng NO3- trong cc ao nui cn chu nh hng ca mt to, khi to pht trin mnh to s hp th NO3- lm cho hm lng NO3- gim. Ngc li, khi to tn thng lm cho hm lng NO3- tng t ngt do NO3- khng c to hp th. Trong hai v nui, c mt vi thi im NO3- tng t ngt, thi im ny trng vi giai on to tn trong cc nghim thc.

41

Bin ng hm lng nitrate v nui th 1

8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
1 2 3 4
t thu

Hm lng (mg/L)

10

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

i chng

Tun hon

Hnh 18: Bin ng hm lng nitrate ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin ng hm lng nitrate v nui th 2
8.0 Hm lng (mg/L) 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t thu 7 i chng 8 9 10

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

Tun hon

Hnh 19: Bin ng hm lng nitrate ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

NO3- l mt loi mui dinh dng cn thit cho s pht trin ca thc vt v khng gy c cho tm c, nhng nu hm lng NO3- qu cao s lm cho to pht trin qu mc lm bin ng mt s yu t ha hc nh pH, oxy ha tan v CO2 gy bt li cho tm. Theo Boyd (1998) hm lng NO3- cho php trong ao nui thy sn l nh 10 mg/L, tt nht l nh hn 2 mg/L. Nh vy, hm lng NO3- trong cc nghim thc hu ht nh hn 2 mg/L nn rt thch hp cho nui tm. 1.2.5 Ln ha tan (PO43-) Hm lng ln ha tan trung bnh cc nghim thc v nui th 1 bin ng trong khong 0,085-0,173 mg/L v v nui th 2 l 0,111- 0,128 mg/L. Hm lng ln
42

ha tan nhn chung t bin ng v khng c s khc bit cc nghim thc. Gia hai v nui cng khng c s khc bit ln v hm lng ln ha tan (Hnh 20, 21).
Bin ng hm lng ln ha tan v nui th 1
0.5 Hm lng (mg/L) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
1 2 3 4 6 5 t thu 7 8 9 10

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

i chng

Tun hon

Hnh 20: Bin ng ln ha tan ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin ng hm lng ln ha tan v nui th 2
0.5
Hm lng (mg/L)

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

t thu

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

i chng

Tun hon

Hnh 21: Bin ng ln ha tan ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

Theo Boyd (1998) to pht trin tt khi hm lng ln bin ng trong khong 0,005-0,2 mg/L, to khng pht trin khi hm lng ln ha tan nh hn 0,005 mg/L v to s n hoa khi hm lng ln ha tan vt qu 0,2 mg/L. Nh vy, hm lng ln ha tan ca cc ao thc nghim trong hai u v nui u nh hn 0,2 mg/L thch hp cho s pht trin ca to, nhng ch mt vi thi im v nht l cui v hm lng ln ha tan tng cao (0,4 mg/L) c th gy nn hin tng to n hoa. Nhn chung, hm lng ln ha tan t bin ng trong sut v nui tt c cc ao thc nghim, s n nh ny c th c lin quan n vic s dng vi nh k nhm qun l pH trong ao nui. Cc loi Ca(OH)2 hoc CaCO3 c th lm kt ta dinh dng, CaCO3 s tc dng vi ln ha tan hnh thnh phosphate canxi
43

(apatite) v kt ta xung y ao (Prepas et al. 2001). Hn na, trong mi trng nc mn v l c nhiu ion Ca2+ cng c vai tr lm kt ta ln ha tan. 1.2.6 COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) Hm lng COD c khuynh hng tng dn v cui v. Hm lng COD trung bnh dao ng trong khong 11,012,4 mg/L v nui th 1 v trong khong 13,715,8 mg/L v nui th 2. Gia cc nghim thc khng c s khc bit ln v hm lng COD, kt qu x l thng k cng cho thy s khc bit gia cc nghim thc l khng c ngha (P>0,05). C th trong cc ao nui kt hp mt c r phi qu thp (0,1-0,2 con/m2) nn khng thc hin vai tr lm gim vt cht hu c. iu ny th hin rt r v nui th 2, hm lng COD tng cao v cui v nui, c nhng thi im COD>20 mg/L, nhng vn khng c s chnh lch gia cc ao nui (Hnh 23).
Bin ng hm lng COD v nui th 1
24.0 20.0 Hm Lng (mg/L) 16.0 12.0 8.0 4.0 0.0
1 2 3 4 5 t thu 6 7 8 9 10

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

i chng

Tun hon

Hnh 22: Bin ng hm lng COD ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin ng hm lng COD v nui th 2
24.0 Hm lng (mg/L) 20.0 16.0 12.0 8.0 4.0 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t thu 7 i chng 8 9 10

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

Tun hon

Hnh 23: Bin ng hm lng COD ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

44

Hm lng COD v nui th 2 hi cao hn v nui th 1 c lin quan n h thng sc kh y, do khng c h thng qut nc nn cc ao nui v nui th 2 c tng cng sc khi y lm khuy ng vt cht lng t ln tng nc. Nhn chung hm lng COD cc ao nui bin ng mc dinh dng trung bnh n giu dinh dng, mc ny rt thch hp cho ao nui thy sn. Theo tiu chun Vit Nam 5943-1995 th nc s dng cho nui trng thy sn phi c COD nh hn 35 mg/L v theo Boyd (1998) hm lng COD tt nht cho nui tm c phi nh hn 30 mg/L. Trong cc ao thc nghim th COD cao nht ch l 22 mg/L (t 2), cho thy iu kin ao nui tm rt tt, cha vt mc cho php. 1.2.7 Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) Hm lng H2S trung bnh ca cc nghim thc (Hnh 24, 25) bin ng trong khong 0,032-0,10 mg/L v nui th 1 v 0,018- 0,029 mg/L v nui th 2. V nui th 1, hm lng H2S nghim thc i chng thp nht t 0,032 mg/L, thp hn 3 ln so vi cc nghim thc cn li (0,10 mg/L, 0,097 mg/L v 0,099 mg/L). Nguyn nhn l do nghim thc tm-c chung v nghim thc tun hon c sinh lng tm cao (nng sut cao) nn lng thc n s dng nhiu hn, do s tch ly hu c cao hn so vi nghim thc i chng (xem Bng 4). Ring ao 2 do hin tng phn hy r da nc t y ao lm cho H2S cao. Hm lng H2S trong cc nghim thc v nui th 2 u thp v t bin ng, khng c s khc bit gia cc nghim thc (Hnh 25). Mt tm v nui th 2 thp hn so vi mt tm v nui th nht nn mc tch ly vt cht hu c y ao cng t hn, y chnh l l do lm hm lng H2S ca v nui th 2 thp hn v nui th 1.
Bin ng hm lng H2S v nui th 1
0.50 Hm lng (mg/L) 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 t thu 7 i chng 8 9 10

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

Tun hon

Hnh 24: Bin ng hm lng H2S ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

45

Bin ng hm lng H2S v nui th 2

0.50
Hm lng (mg/L)

0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

i chng

10

t thu Tm-c chung Tm-c lng Tun hon

Hnh 25: Bin ng hm lng H2S ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

Theo Boyd (1990) H2S l loi kh c i vi tm c, H2S s lin kt vi Fe ca hemoglobin hoc Cu ca hemocyanin lm cho t bo mu mt kh nng vn chuyn oxy dn n tm c sinh trng chm v t l sng thp do b thiu oxy. Theo Chanratchakool et al., (2003) th hm lng H2S thch hp cho ao tm phi nh hn 0,03 mg/L. Nh vy, ch c v nui th 2 l c hm lng H2S tng i thch hp cho tm. Ngc li, v nui th 1 hu ht cc nghim thc u c hm lng H2S cao hn gii hn cho php gy bt li cho tm. C th v l do ny m tm trong cc nghim thc b chm ln, phi ko di thi gian nui gn 5 thng tm mi t kch c thu hoch. 1.2.8 kim kim trung bnh ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1 bin ng t 72,5-102,5 mg/L. nghim thc tm-c chung v tm-c lng kim n nh trong sut v nui, trong khi nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon kim thp vo u v (45 mg/L), sau hn 2 thng nui kim tng dn t tng ng vi hai nghim thc tm-c chung v tm-c lng. S bin ng kim thng ph thuc vo mn v s pht trin ca to, mn cng cao th kim cng cao v to pht trin cng mnh th kim cng cao. Trong trng hp ny, c bn nghim thc c mn gn tng ng nhau nn s chnh lch kim gia cc nghim thc ch yu ph thuc vo s pht trin ca to. Do trong hai nghim thc c nui kt hp vi c r phi th to pht trin n nh nn kim cng n nh trong sut v nui. Trong khi nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon to pht trin km vo u v nn kim thp, vo cui v to pht trin mnh nn kim gia tng.

46

Bin ng kim v nui th 1

290 Hm lng (mg/L) 240 190 140 90 40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

t thu Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon

Hnh 26: Bin ng kim ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin ng kim v nui th 2
290 Hm lng (mg/L) 240 190 140 90 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 t thu 7 i chng 8 9 10

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

Tun hon

Hnh 27: Bin ng kim ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

v nui th 2, kim trung bnh bin ng t 212-229 mg/L. kim c khuynh hng cao vo u v v gim v cui v nui. Gia cc nghim thc khng c s khc bit r rng do khng c s chnh lch ln v mn cng nh mt to. Nhn chung, kim v nui th 2 kh cao so vi v nui th 1. V nui th 2 c tin hnh vo cui ma kh nn mn kh cao (26), trong khi v nui th 1 c thc hin vo u ma nn mn thp hn (18), y chnh l l do dn n s khc bit v kim ca hai v nui. Chanratchakool et al., (2003) cho rng kim l tng cho tng trng v pht trin ca tm l 80-120ppm. kim qu thp (nh hn 40 mg/L) th kh nng iu chnh pH km lm cho pH ca nc dao ng mnh theo ngy m nh hng khng tt n sc khe ca tm, hn na khi kim thp tm c th b bnh mm
47

v. Ngc li, khi kim qu cao tm s kh lt xc v chm ln. Trong v nui th 1, hai nghim thc i chng v tun hon c kim thp (45-55 mg/L) nn pH bin ng ln gy bt li cho tm. Ngc li, cc nghim thc v nui th 2 u c kim kh cao (ln hn 200 mg/L), y cng l iu kin khng thun li cho s sinh trng ca tm. 1.2.9 Tng m Kjeldahl (TKN-Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) Hm lng TKN trung bnh ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1 bin ng t 3,25 - 3,82 mg/L, hm lng TKN c khuynh hng tng dn v cui v nui do s tch ly vt cht hu c t thc n tha v cht thi ca tm. Hm lng TKN tng nhanh sau 2 thng nui (ln hn 4 mg/L), iu ny chng t vi mt nui 35 con/m2 th mc tch ly dinh dng rt ln. Cui v nui hm lng TKN ca cc nghim thc c khuynh hng gim do tc ng ca vic thay nc nhm gim s lng to v trnh s bin ng ca cc yu t pH, oxy ha tan... Hm lng TKN trung bnh ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2 bin ng trong khong 2,91- 4,46 mg/L. Quy lut bin ng hm lng TKN v nui th 2 cng c khuynh hng tng dn v cui v nui. Tuy nhin, hm lng TKN cc nghim thc tng i thp (khong 2 mg/L) v hm lng TKN ch tng cao sau 3 thng thc nghim (ln hn 4 mg/L), iu ny cho thy mt nui thp (20 con/m2) th mc tch ly dinh dng thp. Sau 3 thng nui hm lng TKN tng cao v duy tr n cui v. S khc bit gia cc nghim thc l khng ngha thng k (P>0,05). Mc d v nui th 2 c mt nui thp v mc tch ly vt cht dinh dng cng thp hn so vi v nui th nht nhng hm lng TKN trung bnh ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2 th tng ng vi hm lng TKN trung bnh ca cc nghim thc v nui th nht. iu ny c th c gii thch l h thng sc kh y lm khuy ng vt cht hu c y ao dn n s gia tng mt s yu t nh COD, TKN, c... Theo Hunh Trng Giang v ctv (2004) th hm lng TKN thch hp cho ao tm thm canh dao ng trong khong t 3,1-4,5 mg/L, nu TKN nh hn 3 mg/L th lc trong s ln hn 40 cm v nu TKN ln hn 5,5 th trong s nh hn 25 cm khng tt cho ao nui. Nh vy, c hai v nui th hm lng TKN u vt qu mc thch hp cho tm vo cui v nui. V nui th 1 c mc tch ly dinh dng cao hn nn hm lng TKN vt khi mc thch hp cho tm sau 2 thng nui v v nui th 2 c hm lng TKN vc qu mc thch hp cho tm sau 3 thng nui.

48

Bin ng hm lng TKN v nui th 1

10.0 Hm lng (mg/L) 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Tm-c chung

t thu Tm-c lng

i chng

Tun hon

Hnh 28: Bin ng hm lng TKN ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin ng hm lng TKN v nui th 2
10.0
Hm lng (mg/L)

8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 1 2 3 4 5

t thu

10

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

i chng

Tun hon

Hnh 29: Bin ng hm lng TKN ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

1.2.10 Tng ln (TP-Total Phosphorus) Hm lng TP trung bnh ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1 dao ng trong khong 0,044-0,54 mg/L. Vo u v hm lng TP rt thp, sau hai thng nui hm lng TP tng dn do s tch ly dinh dng trong qu trnh nui. Tuy nhin, t thu mu cui cng hm lng TP gim thp do cc ao nui c thay nc thng xuyn ci thin cht lng nc. V nui th 2, hm lng TP trung bnh ca cc nghim thc dao ng trong khong 0,37- 0,62 mg/L. Hm lng TP vo thi im bt u v nui kh cao, nguyn nhn c th do u v nui nc c cp trc tip t knh vo ao nui khng qua ao lng, trong ngun nc cp cha rt nhiu ph sa nn hm lng TP cao. Sau 1 thng nui, hm lng TP c khuynh hng suy gim v duy tr mc

49

thp cho n cui v nui. c hai v nui u khng th hin s khc bit v hm lng TP gia cc nghim th thc nghim (P>0,05).
Bin ng hm lng TP v nui th 1
2.5 2.0 Hm lng (mg/L) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
1 2 3 4 5 t thu 6 7 8 9

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

i chng

Tun hon

Hnh 30: Bin ng hm lng TP ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin ng hm lng TP v nui th 2

2.5 Hm lng (mg/L) 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t thu 7 8 9 10 Tun hon

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

i chng

Hnh 31: Bin ng hm lng TP ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

Theo Trng Quc Ph v Yang Yi (2005), hm lng tng ln cha trong ph sa rt cao v c th cao hn hm lng TKN nhiu ln nu trong nc xut hin nhiu ph sa. Trn sng Mekong hm lng TP c th t mc 7,48 mg/L trong khong thi gian t thng 5-7 hng nm, trong khi vo ma kh (thng 3-4) hm lng tng ln ch t 1,76 mg/L. Mc d sau khi kh trng nc mt phn ph sa lng t xung y ao nhng nc ao vn cn c, do hm lng TP rt cao

50

u v. Sau khi gy mu nc, to pht trin v ph sa lng t lm hm lng TP gim xung thp. 1.3 Cc yu t ha hc ca bn y ao 1.3.1 Tng m (TN-Total Nitrogen) Hm lng TN trong bn y ca cc nghim thc v nui v 1 bin thin trong khong 0,27-2,48 mg/g bn kh (trung bnh l 1,26-1,30 mg/g) (Bng 4). Hm lng TN c khuynh hng tng dn v vui v tt c cc nghim thc. Tuy nhin, gia cc nghim thc th khng c s chnh lch ln. v nui th 2, hm lng TN bin ng trong khong 0,78-6,85 mg/g bn kh (trung bnh l 2,7-3,15 mg/g) (Bng 4). Hm lng TN c s bin ng ln v c xu hng tng cao vo gia v nui. Gia cc nghim thc cng khng c s khc bit ln. Kt qu x l thng k cho thy s khc bit khng c ngha (P>0,05). Nhn chung hm lng TN trong bn y v nui th 2 cao hn TN v 1 khong 2,5-3 ln (Bng 4). V nui th 2, thc y s tng trng ca tm (do tm b chm ln) thc n cht lng cao (UP tng trng) c s dng, c th y l mt nguyn nhn dn n hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong bn cao v nui th 2 cao hn so vi v nui th 1. Hn na, khi phn tch vi sinh cho thy mt tng vi khun v nui th 1 cao hn so vi v nui th 2 t 3-4 ln, c th vi khun vai tr phn hy nn y lm gim cc cht hu c cha m v ln y ao (xem Hnh 35, 36). Bng 4: Hm lng mt s yu t dinh dng trong bn y ao Nghim thc Ch tiu Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng V nui th 1 TN (mg/g) 1,300,57 1,260,48 1,260,47 TP (mg/g) 0,690,26 0,670,14 0,730,26 Hu c (%) 11,474,89 9,302,10 8,051,56 V nui th 2 TN (mg/g) TP (mg/g) Hu c (%) 3,151,69 1,250,44 5,312,58 2,701,76 1,230,49 5,781,47 2,801,33 1,030,66 5,902,48

Tun hon 1,290,55 0,630,34 10,684,82 2,841,60 1,280,50 6,641,95

1.3.2 Tng ln (TP-Total Phosphorus) Hm lng TP trong bn y ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1 bin ng trong khong 0,24-1,27 mg/g bn kh (trung bnh l 0,63-0,73 mg/g) (Bng 4). Hm lng TP trong bn ca cc nghim thc c xu hng hi tng so vi thi im u v nhng sau n nh trong sut v nui.
51

V nui th 2, hm lng TP trong bn dao ng trong khong 0,357-2,45 mg/g bn kh (trung bnh l 1,03-1,28 mg/g) (Bng 4). Hm lng TP trong bn ca cc nghim thc kh cao vo u v, gim sau 1 thng nui v gi n nh trong thi gian cui v nui. Gia cc nghim thc th hm lng TP trong bn cng khng s s khc bit r rng, kt qu x l thng k cng cho kt qu s khc bit khng c ngha (P>0,05) Ln cha trong bn y ao c th hai dng, th nht l cha trong thc n tha v xc cht ca sinh vt (ch yu l xc to), th hai l dng ngng t nh Ca3(PO4)2, AlPO4, FePO4... Do to c kh nng tch ly P trong c th chng nn khi to cht lng xung y s lm tng t l P trong bn y (Hutchinson, 1967). Trong ao nui tm thm canh th phosphorus c th b ngng t do kt hp vi ion Ca2+, do bn vi nh k. Hn na, trong nc mn/l cng ca nc cao cng gp phn lm kt t P xung y ao (Boyd, 1990). C th u v nui mn cao, trong nc c nhiu ion cng lm cho PO43- b kt ta xung nn y di dng Ca3(PO4)2 lm cho hm lng TP trong bn cao. Hn na, nh trnh by khi ly nc vo sau ci to ao, nc mang theo nhiu ph sa cha nhiu ln, khi ph sa lng t lm tng hm lng ln cho bn y ao u v. Khi to pht trin s tiu th PO43- ha tan trong nc, lc ny cc dng ln kt ta y ao s b thy phn tr li PO43- cho mi trng nc lm gim hm lng TP bn y ao. Khi so snh hm lng TP trong bn gia 2 v nui cng cho kt qu tng t nh hm lng TN, v nui t 2 c hm lng TP trong bn cao hn so vi v nui th 1. Nh gii thch, c th do v nui th 2 c s dng thc n cht lng cao nn lm tng s tch ly cc yu t dinh dng trong bn y. 1.3.3 Tng vt cht hu c Tng vt cht hu c ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1 dao ng trong khong 5,39-23,34% (trung bnh l 8,05-11,47) (Bng 4). Nhn chung, bn y ao c t l vt cht hu c kh cao, theo Boyd (1990) th bn y ao nui trng thy sn thng c t l vt cht hu c khong 5%, t nng nghip khong 2% vt cht cht hu c, nh vy bn y ao nui thm canh trung bnh c mc tch ly vt cht hu c gp 2-2,5 ln so vi so vi ao nui thng thng v cao hn 5-6 ln so vi t nng nghip, c bit c nhng trng hp t l vt cht hu c cao hn 4 ln so vi ao nui thy sn thng thng v cao hn 10 ln so vi t nng nghip. V nui th 2 c t l tng vt cht hu c trong bn y thp v t bin ng hn so vi v nui th 1. T l vt cht hu c cc nghim thc dao ng trong khong 3,09-10,92% (trung bnh l 5,78-6,69%) (Bng 4). Nh vy, t l vt cht hu c trung bnh v nui th 2 ch hi cao so vi mt ao nui thy sn thng thng. V nui th 1 c mt nui cao (35 con/m2) nn mc tch ly vt cht
52

hu c cao, trong khi v nui th 2 mt nui ch mc trung bnh nn mc tch ly vt cht hu c thp hn. Gia cc nghim thc, s khc bit v t l vt cht hu c l khng c ngha thng k (P>0,05). Tm li, khi phn tch s nh hng ca vic nui ghp c r phi trong ao tm n cc yu t cht lng nc cho thy c r phi th ghp trong ao nui tm hu nh khng c vai tr trong vic ci thin cc yu t dinh dng ha tan trong nc cng nh cc yu t dinh dng trong bn y ao. iu ny c th gii thch rng sinh khi c r phi trong cc nghim thc nui ghp qu thp nn chng khng th tiu th mt lng qu ln vt cht hu c tch ly trong mt ao nui thm canh. c th lm gim lng cht hu c trong ao nui thm canh th cn tng mt c r phi ln cao, nhng vic tng mt c r phi ln ch ph hp vi m hnh nui tun hon v m hnh nui ghp c r phi trong lng, i vi m hnh nui ghp c r phi th chung vi tm th khng th tng mt c ln cao hn so vi mt c trong thc nghim ny. Nng mt c r phi nui ghp vi tm trong m hnh tun hon hay m hnh nui trong lng l mt hng nghin cu c trin vng lm gim cht thi cn c nghin cu thm, vn ny s c tho lun k hn phn sinh trng ca c r phi. Mc d c r phi trong cc nghim thc nui ghp khng c vai tr ci thin cc yu t dinh dng nhng c r phi c vai tr lm n nh pH, oxy ha tan v kim trong cc nghim thc nui ghp. y l iu c bit c ngha gip tm t b sc v hn ch s pht sinh dch bnh i vi tm. S bin ng cc yu t pH, kim, oxy ha tan, CO2... u c lin quan n s pht trin ca to, do c r phi c kh nng duy tr s n nh ca to nn chng gin tip gip n nh cc yu t trn. Phn tch s bin ng thnh phn v s lng thc vt ph du s khng nh thm vai tr ca c r phi trong vic ci thin cht lng nc ao nui tm.
2 THC VT PH DU (PHYTOPLANKTON)

2.1 c im thnh phn loi Kt qu phn tch nh tnh cho thy c 5 ngnh to c pht hin cc nghim thc qua hai v nui (Bng 5). Kt qu trn cho thy thnh phn loi ca v nui th 1 mang c tnh ca mt thy vc c mn thp, trong khi thnh phn loi v nui th 2 mang c tnh ca mt thy vc nc l in hnh. Theo cc nghin cu ca mt s tc gi trc y trong mt thy vc nc mn (bin) v thy vc nc l in hnh (nng mui 18-30%o) th thnh phn loi to ch yu l to Khu (Bacillariophyta) v To Gip, cc loi to Lc (Chlorophyta) v to Mt (Euglenophyta) c xut hin trong mi trng nc mn/l nhng mt thng rt thp. Theo Trng Quc Ph (1997), trong mi trng ao nui tm s bn thm canh theo m hnh t thay nc th to Khu chim 85,7% v to Lam
53

chim 14,3%. Mt nghin cu khc v thnh phn loi to ca h sinh thi ca sng Cu Long pht hin 278 loi to, trong to Khu chim 78,43%, to Gip chim 20% v phn cn li l to Lam (V Trung Tng, 1994). Nh vy, kt qu kho st thnh phn loi to ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1 cho thy thnh phn loi to Khu chim t l thp (42,27%), trong khi c s xut hin ca cc loi to c trng cho vng nc ngt nh to Lc (20,62%) v to Mt (15,46%). Ngc li, thnh phn loi to ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2 ch yu l to Khu (62,44%) v to Lam (15,28%), cc loi to Lc v to Mt chim t l thp (5,6 v 4%), y chnh l c tnh ca mt thy vc nc l in hnh. Bng 5: Bin ng thnh phn loi to trong 2 v nui V nui th 1 V nui th 2 Ngnh S loi T l (%) S loi T l (%) Bacillariophyta Chlorophyta Euglenophyta Cyanophyta Pyrrophyta Tng cng 41 12 20 15 9 97 42,27 12,37 20,62 15,46 9,28 78 7 5 19 16 125 62,44 5,60 4,01 15,28 12,83

Tnh a dng ca thnh phn to trong ao nui thm canh thp hn cc thy vc t nhin, thnh phn loi trong cc nghim thc l 97 loi (v nui th 1) v 125 loi (v nui th 2), trong khi cc thy vc t nhin ca cc h sinh thi ca sng Cu Long (bao gm cc thy vc nc l chu nh hng ca sng Cu Long) c n 278 loi to (V Trung Tng, 1994). Tnh a dng ca mt thy vc b chi phi bi quy lut u th, trong thy vc ngho dinh dng khng c loi u th nn thnh phn loi phong ph nhng s lng c th trong mt loi th ngho nn. Ngc li, thy vc giu dinh dng th mt s loi pht trin u th v s lng ln t cc loi khc nn thnh phn loi trong thy vc ny km phong ph. Trong cc ao nghin cu do c s tch ly dinh dng, hm lng NO3- v PO43- rt cao, trung bnh l 1,13 v 0,14 mg/L (gi tr cao nht t 7,39 v 0,42 mg/L). Gi tr ny vt qu gii hn cho php lm cho mt s loi to pht trin u th, iu ny gii thch ti sao tnh a dng ca cc ao nui tm thm canh thp hn cc thy vc t nhin. Khi so snh gia 2 v nui th tnh a dng ca v nui th 1 thp hn v nui th 2, iu ny chng t cc mi trng ca cc ao nui v nui th 1 giu dinh dng hn so vi v nui th 2. Khi xt n tnh a dng ca tng nghim thc cho thy v nui th 1 tnh a dng ca hai nghim thc tm-c chung (70 loi) v tm-c lng (62 loi) cao hn so vi nghim thc i chng (53 loi) v nghim thc tun hon (52 loi). iu ny chng t c r phi trong hai nghim thc nui ghp c vai tr gi n nh mt
54

 to, t xy ra hin tng u th nn tnh a dng cao. nghim thc tun hon do trong qu trnh nui vic tun hon khng thc hin nn tnh a dng thnh phn loi to tng t nh nghim thc i chng (Bng 6). v nui th 2, do mc tch ly dinh dng thp hn so vi v nui th 1, hin tng to pht trin u th t khi xy ra nn tnh a dng thnh phn loi to ca cc nghim thc tng ng nhau. Nh vy, mt nui va phi (20 con/m2), mc tch ly dinh dng trung bnh th vai tr lm n nh mt to ca c r phi cha th hin r. Bng 6: Thnh phn loi to ca cc nghim thc 2 v nui Ngnh Bacillariophyta Chlorophyta Euglenophyta Cyanophyta Pyrrophyta Tng cng Tm-c chung V 1 V 2 27 45 11 4 14 2 9 9 9 10 70 70 Tm-c lng V 1 V 2 28 49 9 0 9 3 10 9 6 11 62 72 i chng V 1 V 2 25 48 7 4 7 3 9 9 5 8 53 72 Tun hon V 1 V 2 24 51 7 2 6 2 10 8 5 8 52 71

Khi xt n tnh a dng thnh phn loi to ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1 qua tng t thu mu th nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon hu nh c s lng loi thp hn so vi nghim thc tm-c chung v tm-c lng, hin tng to pht trin u th cng thng xuyn xy ra nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon (Bng 7). Kt qu phn tnh thnh phn loi to qua tng t thu mu cng cho thy khi s loi to trong mt ao nui c s lng ln hn 10 thng t xy ra hin tng u th (to pht trin vi mt cao), nhng nu s loi nh hn 7 thng bt u c loi u th pht trin v c bit khi s loi to nh hn 5 th loi to u th s pht trin vi mt cao. S pht trin u th ca mt s loi to bt u xy ra sau 1 thng nui v ko di cho n cui v nui, c bit th hin rt r nht l t 26 (ngy th 78) v t 36 (ngy th 108), t 26 trong ao ch bt gp c 1 loi to Lam, Phormidium sp. nhng vi mt rt cao t khong 100 triu c th/L, t 36 cng ch bt gp 1 loi l Ankistrodesmus sp. vi mt trn 500 triu c th/L. Cc loi chim u th trong ao nui thm canh thng l nhng loi to si, kch thc rt nh khong 2-3 m nhng chng c th pht trin mnh v s lng t xp x mt trong b nui.

55

Bng 7: Bin ng thnh phn loi qua tng t thu mu

t thu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 NT1 10 8 8 8 9 15 11 18 17 20 15 11 20 14 10 17 10 12 10 15 10 12 9 10 8 9 8 9 6 12 12 12 9 10 10 10 13 15 12 12 11 13 13 12 12 15 15 16 NT2 7 9 9 9 8 13 16 15 13 8 14 16 13 12 11 12 9 10 8 7 8 5 8 8 9 7 15 10 7 11 7 11 8 8 9 10 17 12 12 13 12 11 16 16 16 15 15 13 NT3 9 10 11 13 12 15 11 11 7 11 6 7 10 7 11 7 6 7 9 6 8 5 7 2 6 1 4 4 8 7 4 5 8 4 5 7 9 4 6 5 5 3 4 4 7 6 8 6 NT4 8 12 8 11 14 9 11 11 8 10 12 17 11 8 6 9 6 5 9 4 4 5 11 3 6 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 2 4 6 1 6 2 3 3 2 4 6 3 5 3 13 9 Loi u th

NT3: Phormidium sp. ++ (to Lam) NT3: Phormidium sp. ++ (to Lam) NT3: Phormidium sp. ++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. ++ (to Lam) NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. ++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3 v NT3: Ankistrodesmus sp.+++ (to Lc) NT3: Ankistrodesmus sp.+++ (to Lc) NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3: Ankistrodesmus sp.+++ (to Lc) NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3: Ankistrodesmus sp.+++ (to Lc) NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3: Ankistrodesmus sp.+++ (to Lc) NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3: Ankistrodesmus sp.+++ (to Lc) NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3: Ankistrodesmus sp.+++ (to Lc) NT4: Phormidium sp. +++ (to Lam) NT3: Oscillatoria sp ++ (to Lam) NT4: Phormidium sp++ (to Lam) NT3, NT4: Oscillatoria formosa+++ (to Lam) NT3,NT4: Oscillatoria formosa+++ (to Lam) NT3, NT4: Oscillatoria formosa+++ (to Lam) NT3: Oscillatoria formosa+++ (to Lam) NT3:Oscillatoria formosa+++ (to Lam) NT3:Oscillatoria formosa+++ (to Lam) NT3:Oscillatoria formosa+++ (to Lam) NT4: Microcystis aeruginosa ++ (to Lam)

NT1: Tm-c chung NT2: Tm-c lng NT3: i chng NT4: Tun hon

56

Bng 8: Bin ng thnh phn loi qua tng t thu mu

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
t thu NT1

12 15 13 21 13 8 11 10 16 13 19 16 15 18 15 12 13 10 13 8 11 10 7 10 12 6 8 5 8 12 11 2 11 5 7 11 5 8 8 4 8 6 9

15 18 9 14 13 7 5 12 16 13 19 13 12 17 5 11 10 7 8 9 11 9 13 14 16 13 9 14 7 10 8 10 12 8 11 5 9 11 8 8 10 3 9

NT2

13 20 19 15 8 2 6 7 12 13 14 13 13 12 9 12 8 10 10 10 7 7 13 12 10 5 10 7 5 7 11 8 8 9 12 6 6 6 7 6 4 3 6

NT3

17 17 21 14 13 5 6 10 16 10 17 12 17 14 15 9 13 11 12 7 14 10 12 9 8 3 12 12 12 14 11 6 12 10 10 9 9 11 7 5 9 4 8

NT4

Loi u th

NT2, NT3, NT4: Lyngbya sp. ++ +(to Lam) NT2, NT3, NT4: Lyngbya sp. ++ +(to Lam)

NT3, NT4: Euglena sp. ++ (to Mt)

NT1: Rhizosolenia alata + ++ (to Khu)

NT2: Euglena sp. ++ (to Mt)

NT2, NT3, NT4: Euglena sp. ++ (to Mt)

NT1: Tm-c chung NT2: Tm-c lng NT3: i chng NT4: Tun hon

57

Loi pht trin u th gia v l loi Phormidium c ch s nhim thp (1), nhng loi pht trin u th cui v l loi Ankistrodesmus v Oscillatoria c ch s nhim cao (2 v 4), iu ny chng t mc tch ly dinh dng v nui th 1 l rt ln, gn t n mc nhim hu c vo cui v nui (xem Bng 9). v nui th 2, tnh a dng v thnh phn loi to qua tng t thu mu ca cc nghim thc cao vo 2 thng u ca v nui, a s trng hp u c s loi t 10-21 loi v t c hin tng to pht trin u th (Bng 8). Cui v nui, thnh phn loi to gim xung di 10 loi, c mt vi trng hp to pht trin u th, nhng do iu kin nc hi c cho nn cc loi ny cng khng pht trin mt cao. Gia cc nghim thc th khng c s khc bit ln v tnh a dng thnh phn loi to. Nh vy, v nui 2 mc tch ly dinh dng khng ln nn cha gy nn s pht trin qu mc ca to v vai tr lm n nh mt to ca c r phi cha c th hin r. Cc ging to xut hin trong cc nghim thc vi mt cao bao gm: Navicula, Nitzschia (to Khu); Ankistrodesmus, Scenedesmus, Coenosystis (to Lc); Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Microcystis (to Lam), Euglena (to Mt), Peridinium (to Gip). Hu ht cc loi xut hin trong cc nghim thc l nhng loi ch th cho mi trng giu dinh dng hoc nhim bn, iu ny cng ph hp vi thc t, do s tch ly dinh dng trong cc ao nui nn cc loi to thch ng vi iu kin dinh dng cao pht trin u th v s lng. Theo nghin cu ca Palmer (1969) (c trch dn bi Sastry, 1988) c 60 ging to c kh nng chu ng vi iu kin nhim (pht trin tt trong iu kin nhim) c sp th t t cao n thp nh sau: Euglena, Oscillatoria, Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Nitzschia, Navicula, Stigeoclonium, Synedra, Ankistrodesmus, Phacus, Phorminium, Melosira... cng theo Palmer (1969) cc ging to trn cng l c s tnh ch s nhim ca mt thy vc, theo cch tnh ch s nhim ca Palmer th cc ging to xut hin vi mt ln hn 50 c th/mL th c chm im theo thang o Bng 9. Khi tng ch s nhim ln hn 20 ch th cho mi trng nhim hu c, ch s nhim dao ng t 15-19 ch th cho mi trng giu dinh dng v ch s ny nh hn 15 ch th cho mi trng t cht hu c. Ch s nhim cho cc ao thc nghim bin thin t 10-18, kt qu ny cho thy cc ao thc nghim c mc tch ly hu c t trung bnh (v nui th 2) n cao (v nui th 1). Tuy nhin, ch s nhim cha vt qu 20 chng t mi trng cha b nhim hu c. Mc d mi trng cha t ti mc nhim bn nhng s xut hin ca cc loi to nu trn cng cho thy c xu hng tch ly vt cht hu c trong ao nui tm thm canh. y l iu cn lu i vi ngh nui tm hin nay, cn c bin php x l
58

cht thi hu c t cc ao nui tm m bo vn v mi trng nhm pht trin nui tm n nh. Bng 9: Ch s nhim ca cc ging to theo Palmer (1969) Ging to Microcystis Ankistrodesmus Chladomynas Chlorella Closterium Cyclotella Euglena Gomphonema Lepecinclis Melosira Ch s 1 2 4 3 1 1 5 1 1 1 Ging to
Micractinium

Navicula Nitzschia Oscillatoria Pandorina Phacus Phormidium Scenedesmus Stigeoclonium Synedra

Ch s 1 3 3 4 1 2 1 4 2 2

2.2 Bin ng s lng thc vt ph du v nui th 1, s lng to trong cc nghim thc bin ng rt ln, trung bnh mt to bin ng t 1,1-67,6 triu c th/L. Trong , c 3 ngnh to lun chim s lng ln l to Lam, to Lc v to Khu. Ngnh to c mt trung bnh cao nht v lun chim u th trong sut v nui l to Lam vi mt cao nht t 234 triu c th/L. Ngnh to Lc c mt trung bnh thp hn to Lam nhng mt ti a t rt cao, khong 467 triu c th/L cao gp 2 ln mt ti a ca to Lam. Mt to Khu thp hn nhiu so vi to Lam v to Lc, mt cao nht ch t 12 triu c th/L (Bng 10). Nh vy, mt to trong cc ao nui tm thm canh rt cao c th cao hn mt to trong cc thy vc t nhin khong 1.000 ln . Mt nghim thc tm-c chung v tm-c lng bin ng trong khong 1-4 triu c th/L nh hn nhiu so vi nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun han (37 v 67,5 triu c th/L). Kt qu trn cho thy c s khc bit r rng v mt to gia hai nghim thc nui tm kt hp vi c r phi v nghim thc i chng. Khi xt n s bin ng ca to tng nghim thc th mt trung bnh ca to Khu bin ng 258.319-1.072.240 c th/L, to Khu ch pht trin mnh nghim thc tm-c chung v tm-c lng trong khi nghim thc i chng v tun hon mt to Khu rt thp. To Lc c s bin ng s lng ln nht trong cc ngnh to, hu ht cc ao nui mt tung bnh ca to Lc bin ng trong khong 210.997-1.984.954 c th/L. Tuy nhin, trong khong thi gian t 108-114 ngy th to Lc c s pht trin mnh nghim thc i chng vi mt
59

 khong 460 triu c th/L. Ngc li, to Lam pht trin mnh nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon, chng bt u gia tng s lng sau khong 1 thng. Mt trung bnh bin ng trong khong 540.204-37.525.762 c th/L, cao nht t 234.791.667 c th/L. Kt qu ny cho thy ao nui tm kt hp vi c r phi c thnh phn s lng to ph hp hn so vi nui tm n. Nhm to Mt v to Gip mc d c xut hin trong cc ao nui nhng mt ca chng rt thp so vi cc ngnh to khc, to Mt v to Gip xut hin nhiu vo cui v nui. Mt to Mt ti a ch t 23.000 c th/L cn mt to Gip ch t 200.000 c th/L. Bng 10: Bin ng mt thc vt ph du (c th/L ) Nghim thc V nui th 1 Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon
V nui th 2

To Lam To Mt
892.405 540.204 37.525.762 36.531.040 60.348 12.625 10.589 44.797

To Lc To Khu To Gip

Tng

1.649 1.984.954 1.072.240 705 210.997 280.895 374 30.113.139 496.761 867 214.238 258.319 155.888 9.011 4.668 5.043 6.258 11.688 3.409 4.074

56.698 4.007.947 34.724 1.067.526 61.649 67.570.328 729 37.005.191 52.578 468 1.400 4.368 275.027 33.792 20.066 58.282

Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon

v nui th 2, s lng to trong cc nghim thc t bin ng so vi v nui th 1, trung bnh mt to bin ng t 20.066-275.027 c th/L. Trong , ngnh to lun chim s lng ln l to Mt v to Lam. Ngnh to c mt cao nht v lun chim u th trong sut v nui l to Mt vi mt trung bnh cao nht t hn 155.888 c th/L, k n l ngnh to Lam c mt ti a t 60.384 c th/L. Hai ngnh to c mt trung bnh thp l to Gip v to Khu, to Lc th hu nh khng tm thy trong mu nh lng mc d chng c xut hin trong mu nh tnh (Bng 10). Nh vy, mt to trong cc nghim thc km pht trin, mt ny ch tng ng vi mt to cc ao nui thy sn mc qung canh ci tin hoc bn thm canh v ch hi cao hn cc thy vc nc tnh t nhin. Nh cp cc phn trn, nc trong cc ao v nui ny kh c do ph sa v s khuy ng nn y nn to km pht trin, iu ny cng gii thch ti sao ngnh to Mt pht trin vi mt cao hn cc ngnh to khc. To mt l loi to va c kh nng t dng va c kh nng d dng, trong iu kin c nh sng (nc trong) chng hp th mui dinh dng v nh sng mt tri thc hin qu trnh quang hp nhng trong iu kin thiu nh sng (nc c) chng bt ly cc ht vt cht hu c l lng trong nc cung cp nng lng
60

cho hat ng sng ca chng. To Lc km pht trin l do mn trong cc nghim thc kh cao (16-26) trong khi to Lc ch thch ng vi thy vc nc ngt hoc nc l nht. Khi so snh mt to ca cc nghim thc th hu nh khng c s khc bit v mt to gia 4 nghim thc trong sut v nui. Tuy nhin, v cui v (ngy th 115) to Mt pht trin mnh nghim thc tm-c chung lm cho mt to trung bnh nghim thc ny ln hn so vi cc nghim thc cn li. C th c r phi th chung trong ao tm c tc ng lm khuy ng nn y khi chng tm mi lm tng lng vt cht hu c l lng trong tng nc nn to mt pht trin.
3 NG VT PH DU (ZOOPLANKTON)

3.1 c im thnh phn loi Kt qu kho st thnh phn loi ng vt ph du trong cc nghim thc pht hin c 61 loi v nui th 1 v 31 loi v nui th 2, cc loi ny phn b trong 5 nhm ngnh (Hnh 32).
Bin ng thnh phn loi ng vt ph du
70 60 50 S loi 40 30 20 10 0 V nui th 1 V nui th 2

Protozoa Copepoda

Rotifera Khc

Cladocera Tng cng

Hnh 32: Bin ng thnh phn loi ng vt ph du

Theo cc nghin cu trc y, thnh phn loi ng vt ph du trong ao nui thm canh bin ng rt ln, s bin ng ny b chi phi bi mt s yu t nh mn, mc dinh dng c trong mi trng... Theo Nguyn Hu Lc (2003) s lng loi ng vt ph du trong ao nui tm thm canh l 148 loi ( mn 510), trong khi theo Nguyn Minh Hin (1994) th thnh phn loi ng vt ph du trong ao nui tm s thm canh l 23 loi ( mn 15-25). iu ny cho thy c s bin ng ln v tnh a dng thnh phn loi ng vt ph cc ao nui tm s thm canh ph thuc vo mn, mn cng cao th tnh a dng cng gim. Nhn nh trn rt ph hp vi kt qu ca thc nghim trong nghin
61

cu ny, v nui th 1 c tin hnh trong iu kin mn thp (6-18) nn tnh a dng v thnh phn ng vt ph du cao, trong khi v nui th 2 c tin hnh mn cao (16-26) nn tnh a dng thnh phn loi ng vt ph du thp. Trong 5 nhm ngnh ng vt ph du th nhm Cladocera ch tn ti trong mi trng nc ngt v l nht, chng hu nh khng phn b trong vng nc l mn hay mn. Nhm Rotifera (Rotatoria) cng c c tnh tng t, trong thy vc nc ngt th Rotifera rt a dng, nhng trong thy vc nc l hay mn th tnh a dng ca nhm ny rt thp. y chnh l l do tnh a dng ca ng vt ph du gim khi mn tng. Hai nhm Protozoa v Copepoda l hai nhm pht trin c trong mi trng nc ngt ln mi trng nc l v mn nn chng lun chim u th trong mi trng nc l, mn (Bng 11). Bng 11: Thnh phn loi zooplankton cc ao qua hai t kho st. Ngnh Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon S loi T l % S loi T l % S loi T l % S loi T l % V nui th 1 Protozoa 19 40,4 14 34,1 15 36,6 11 33,3 Rotifera 9 19,1 7 17,1 9 22,0 7 21,2 Cladocera 2 4,3 2 4,9 1 2,4 1 3,0 Copepoda 13 27,7 15 36,6 13 31,7 11 33,3 4 8,5 3 7,3 3 7,3 3 9,1 Khc Tng 47 41 41 33 V nui th 2 Protozoa 7 36,8 3 18,8 5 26,3 4 23,5 Rotifera 2 10,5 4 25,0 2 10,5 1 5,9 Cladocera 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 Copepoda 8 42,1 8 50,0 9 47,4 9 52,9 Khc 2 10,5 1 6,3 3 15,8 3 17,6 16 19 17 Tng 19

v nui th 1, thnh phn loi ng vt ph du trong cc ao c ngun gc t nc l, mn v nc ngt nhng ch yu l cc loi c ngun gc nc ngt nh cc nhm ngnh Cladocera, Rotifera. Cc loi thng gp c ngun gc nc ngt hoc nhm Copepoda c ngun gc nc l mn nhng c kh nng sng nng mui thp nh: Hexathra, Ploeosoma, Polyarthra (Rotifera); Oithoina, Oncaea, Schmakeria (Copepoda) v Tintinopsis (Protozoa). v nui th 2, nng mui ca cc ao nui cao t (16-26) do nhm ngnh Cladocera ch yu sng nc ngt khng thy xut hin v cc ging loi thng gp c ngun gc
62

nc l mn nhiu nh: Acartia, Microsetella, Oithona, Schmakeria, (Copepoda), Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera) Khi so snh s khc bit gia cc nghim thc c 2 v nui u khng tm thy s khc bit v thnh phn loi, ch tm thy s khc bit v thnh phn loi ng vt ph du gia hai v nui. Nhn chung, cc nhm ng vt ph du xut hin trong cc ao nui l nhng loi ng vt lm thc n tt cho tm giai on nh, nhng s pht trin ca chng cng cho thy mi trng giu dinh dng (Rotifera), c bit s pht trin ca nhm Protozoa v Cladocera l du hiu ca s nhim bn hu c, cn c lu trong qu trnh qun l cht lng nc ao nui tm thm canh. 3.2. S lng v bin ng s lng Zooplankton S lng ng vt ph du c s bin ng ln, mt trung bnh ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1 bin ng t 1.509.525-8.173.386 c th/m3 (cao nht t 46.916.667 c th/m3). Nhm ngnh c mt cao l Protozoa v Rotifera, nhm pht trin mnh trong mi trng giu hu c. v nui th 2, mt ng vt ph du tng i thp hn so vi v nui th 1. Mt trung bnh t t 395.2411.931.072 c th/m3 (cao nht t 5.759.333 c th/m3). Nhm ngnh c mt cao l Rotifera v Copepoda, chng t mi trng c t cht hu c hn so vi v nui th 1 v Copepoda thng phn b trong cc thy vc sch n dinh dng trung bnh. Nhm ngnh Cladocera hon ton khng pht hin c trong mu nh lng ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2, do mn trong cc ao nui qu cao nn chng khng th pht trin c (Bng 12). Bng 12: Bin ng s lng ng vt ph du (c th/m3) trong cc ao thc nghim Nghim thc V nui th 1 Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon
V nui th 2

Protozoa

Rotifera Cladocera Copepoda

43,925 1.852 58.771 11.307 351.078 903.475 463.128 1.397.046 284.117 485.892 1.058.045 548.621

Khc
14301 2.407 23.311 620 -

Tng
7.490.253 1.509.524 8.173.386 2.059.399 395.241 543.443 1.931.072 1.775.968

6.013.028 1.923.797 418.479 444.084 8.554.679 2.408.385 453.759 196.667 51.610 59.514 34.289 23.262 25.317 847.710 43.027 1.184.320

Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon

Mt ng vt ph du trong nghin cu ny rt cao so vi mt s thy vc t nhin v cc ao nui tm qung canh ci tin ven bin ng Bng Sng Cu Long. Theo Trng Quc Ph et al. (2004) mt ng vt ph du cc thy vc
63

ca tnh C Mau bin ng trong khong 15.566-902.424 c th/m3, rung tm-la c mt ng vt ph du cao nht (198.703 c th/m3), k n l cc ao nui tm qung canh ci tin (169.238 c th/m3), knh (150.373 c th/m3), rung TmNng (115.389 c th/m3) v thp nht l Sng (105.407c th/m3. Nh vy, mt ng vt ph du v nui th 1 cao hn so vi thy vc sng t 15-70 ln. Mt ng vt ph du trong v nui th 2 cao hn so vi thy vc sng khong 420 ln v cao hn so vi cc m hnh nui tm qung canh ci tin 2-10 ln.
Bin ng s lng ng vt ph du v nui th 1
60,000,000
S lng (c th/m 3)

50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0

25 16 10 13 19 22

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

t thu i chng

28

31

34

Hnh 33. Bin ng mt ng vt ph du ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Bin ng s lng ng vt ni v nui th 2
7000000 S lng (c th/m 3) 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 1 Tm-c chung 8 15 Tm-c lng 22 29 t thu i chng 36 43 Tun hon

Hnh 34. Bin ng mt ng vt ph du ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

Khi xt s bin ng theo thi gian, kt qu cho thy mt ng vt ph du c xu hng tng v cui v v c nhiu thi im mt ng vt phu du tng t ngt. Gia cc nghim thc cng c mt s khc bit, nghim thc tm-c chung v
64

37

Tun hon

40

43

46

nghim thc tun hon v nui th 1 c mt ng vt ph du cao hn so vi hai nghim thc cn li. Tuy nhin, v nui th 2 mt ng vt ph du ca nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon li cao hn so vi nghim thc tm-c chung v tm- c lng. Nh vy, qua 2 v nui cho thy bin ng s lng ng vt ph du khng theo mt qui lut r rng cc m hnh nui, iu ny mt ln na cho thy khng c mi lin h trc tip gia cc nghim thc v s pht trin ca ng vt ph du cc ao nui. Mt khc, Protozoa v Rotifera chim u th chng t cc ao nui thm canh b tch t nhiu cht hu c.
4 VI KHUN

4.1 Tng vi khun Kt qu nghin cu v vi sinh vt v nui th 1 cho thy, mt tng vi khun trung bnh ca cc nghim thc t 87,3-106,5.103 CFU/mL nhng s bin ng th kh ln (19,5495.103 CFU/mL). S bin ng ny c lin quan nhiu n vic s dng cc ch phm sinh hc trong qu trnh nui. Khi so snh mt tng vi khun gia cc nghim thc th nghim thc tm-c lng v nghim thc i chng c mt tng vi khun trung bnh gn bng nhau nhng cao hn so vi nghim thc tm-c chung v nghim thc tun hon. Tuy nhin, do s bin ng v mt tng vi khun trong tng nghim thc rt ln nn rt kh xc nh s khc bit gia cc nghim thc. v nui th 2, mt tng vi khun trung bnh t 21,6-36,8.103 CFU/mL, s bin ng v mt tng vi khun cng rt ln (0,2-369,5.103 CFU/mL). Tng t nh v nui th 1, do c s bin ng rt ln v mt tng vi khun trong tng nghim thc nn khng tm thy s khc bit gia cc nghim thc. Nh vy, s bin ng ca mt tng vi khun hu nh khng c lin quan n c r phi nui ghp trong ao tm m c lin quan nhiu n vic s dng ch phm sinh hc. Thng th sau khi s dng ch phm sinh hc th mt tng vi khun tng nhanh dn n s bin ng mt tng vi khun. v nui th 1, do c s dng nhiu ch phm sinh hc nn c mt vi khun cao hn so vi v nui th 2 (Hnh 35, 36). Theo Anderson (1993) trong nc sch th mt tng vi khun nh hn 103 CFU/mL, nu mt tng vi khun vt 107 s c hi cho tm c nui v mi trng nui tr nn bn. Mt tng vi khun trung bnh v nui th 1 t khong 105 CFU/mL, thp hn gii hn cho php. Tuy nhin, gi tr cao nht ca mt tng vi khun gn t gi tr 106 CFU/mL chng t mi trng nc ao nui ang tin gn n gii hn cho php.

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Mt tng vi khun v nui th 1

600

Mt (10 3CFU/mL)

500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 t thu i chng Tun hon

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

Hnh 35: Bin ng mt tng vi khun ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Mt tng vi khun v nui th 2
600 Mt (10 3CFU/mL) 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 t thu Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon

Hnh 36: Bin ng mt tng vi khun ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

4.2 Tng vi khun Vibrio Mt tng vi khun Vibrio trung bnh ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1 l 3,26,5.103 CFU/mL v v nui th 2 l 0,8-2,1.103 CFU/mL. S bin ng mt tng vi khun Vibrio theo quy lut tng t nh mt tng vi khun nhng thp hn 20-30 ln. Mt vi khun Vibrio c hi v nui th 1 (khun lc mu xanh) l 290-749 CFU/mL (chim 9,2-16,0% ca tng Vibrio) v v nui th 2 l 277978 CFU/mL (chim 33-48% ca tng Vibrio). S khc bit gia cc nghim thc khng c ngha thng k (P>0,05). Theo Moriaty (1999) mt Vibrio c hi, c bit l vi khun pht sng vt qu 103 th gy tc hi n tm. Vi kt qu trn, mc d mt vi khun Vibrio c hi trung bnh cha vt mc cho php nhng vo thi im mt vi khun Vibrio c hi pht trin mnh xp x t ti gii hn trn.
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Mt tng vi khun Vibrio v nui th 1

30 Mt (10 3 CFU/ml) 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

t thu
Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon

Hnh 37: Bin ng mt tng vi khun Vibrio ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

Mt tng vi khun Vibrio v nui th 2

30 Mt (103 CFU/mL) 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 t thu Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon

Hnh 38: Bin ng mt tng vi khun Vibrio ca cc nghim thc v nui th 2

4.3 Vi khun pht sng Kt qu theo di qua 2 v nui cho thy, vi khun pht sng ch pht trin u v nui sau gim dn, n t thu th 11 tr v sau th vi khun pht sng khng thy xut hin na. Theo Moriarty (1999) mt vi khun pht sng tng ln 103104 CFU/mL sau khi gy mu nc 2-3 tun v sau gim dn vo cui v. Ao nui c s dng ch phm sinh hc mt vi khun pht sng thp hoc khng gy bnh cho tm ngay c trng hp c s hin din ca vi khun pht sng. Kt qu nghin cu ca Moriarty hon ton ph hp vi kt qu ca nghin cu ny, trong qu trnh thc hin thc nghim, ch phm sinh hc c s dng nh k nn hn ch s pht trin ca vi khun pht sng v cui v nui.

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Mt vi khun pht sng v nui th 1

25 Mt (10 3 CFU/mL) 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 t thu i chng Tun hon

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

Hnh 39: Bin ng mt vi khun pht sng ca cc nghim thc v nui th 1

250 Mt (CFU/ml) 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 t thu i chng Tun hon

Mt Vi khun pht sng v nui th 2

Tm-c chung

Tm-c lng

Hnh 40: Bin ng mt vi khun pht sng ca cc nghim thc v nui thc 2

V nui th 1 vi khun pht sng pht trin mnh t mt trung bnh 1,8-5,2.103 CFU/mL (cao nht l 21,5.103 CFU/ml), trong khi v nui th 2 mt vi khun pht sng rt thp vi mt trung bnh l 2,4-17,1 CFU/mL (cao nht t 235 CFU/mL). Khi so snh gia cc nghim thc, v nui th 1 mt vi khun pht sng ca nghim thc tm-c chung v tm-c lng cao hn 2 nghim thc cn li. Ngc li, mt vi khun pht sng ca nghim thc i chng cao hn so vi nghim thc cn li (Hnh 39, 40). Kt qu phn tch thng k cho thy s khc bit gia cc nghim thc l khng c ngha (P>0,05). Vi kt qu trn cho thy mt vi khun pht sng v nui th 1 vt qu gii hn cho php, trong khi mt vi khun pht sng v nui th 2 thp hn nhiu ln so vi gii hn.
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Kt qu theo di qun th vi sinh vt cho thy, mt vi khun gia cc nghim thc nui tm kt hp c r phi so vi ao nui tm n hu nh khng c s khc bit. Nh vy, kt qu trn cho thy qun th vi sinh vt trong cc nghim thc khng chu tc ng ca i tng nui ghp, hay ni cch khc c r phi nui ghp trong ao tm khng c vai tr lm thay i qun th vi sinh vt. 4.4 S xut hin mm bnh virus trn tm nui Kt qu kim tra mm bnh virus trn tm nui trong sut v nui th hin Bng 13: Bng 13: S xut hin mm bnh virus trn tm qua cc t kim bnh gia 2 ln thc nghim Ngy Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon V nui th 1 Th ging 11/6/2004 GAV + GAV + GAV + GAV + 25/6/2004 GAV + GAV + GAV + GAV + + + + 2/7/2004 GAV GAV GAV GAV + 12/7/2004 GAV + GAV + GAV + GAV + WSSV + 26/7/2004 GAV + GAV + GAV + GAV + + + + WSSV WSSV WSSV WSSV + V nui th 2 Th ging + + + WSSV WSSV WSSV + 29/05/05 WSSV + 30/05/05 WSSV + + + 29/06/05 WSSV WSSV WSSV WSSV + 29/07/05 WSSV + WSSV + WSSV + WSSV + Ngun tm ging trc khi th nui c kim tra l khng b nhim bnh nhng sau 1 thng nui th tt c iu b nhim mm bnh. v nui th 1, tt c 4 nghim thc u b nhim virus GAV (Gill Associated Virus) trong sut v nui v b nhim virus WSSV (White Spot Syndrome Virus) vo thng cui trc khi thu hoch. Tuy nhin, tm khng pht bnh v sinh trng bnh thng n cui v nui. Hin tng tm nhim mm bnh virus nhng khng pht bnh c th c gii thch nh sau: (i) tm khe, mi trng t bin ng; (ii) tm nhim mm bnh c c lc thp. Theo cc nh khoa hc ca CSIRO, virus GAV khi nhim vi mc thp tm khe th khng gy bnh nhng nu tm b sc, mi trng d bn hoc tm b mt bnh khc th chng gia tng nhanh v s lng v c th gy nn dch bnh trn tm (http://www.csiro.au/files/mediaRelease/mr2001/prprawnvirus.htm). Virus GAV thuc nhm virus u vng (yellowhead complex) gm c 6 kiu gen khc nhau (6 genotypes), trong kiu gen 1 (genotype 1) l dng duy nht gy bnh u vng, kiu gen 2 (genotype 2) l GAV. GAV v cc kiu gen cn li
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(genotype 3-6) gp rt ph bin trn tm s khe ng Phi, Chu v chu c, chng t khi hoc khng gy bnh cho tm (http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fmanual/A_00050.htm). Nh vy, tm v nui th 1 b nhim mm bnh nhng khng pht bnh mc d iu kin mi trng tng i xu, nht l nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon (to pht trin qu mc, pH bin ng...), cho nn tm khng pht bnh c th l do dng virus GAV m tm nhim phi c c lc thp hoc khng c. Vo cui v nui, tm ca c 4 nghim thc u nhim virus m trng (WSSV) nhng lc ny tm ln nn c kh nng khng bnh, hn na gn n thi gian thu hoch nn mm bnh khng c thi gian pht trin v bc pht bnh. V nui th 2, tm c 4 nghim thc u b nhim virus m trng sau 1 thng nui v mm bnh hu nh tn ti n cui v. Tng t nh v nui th 1, tm cng khng b pht bnh v tip tc sinh trng bnh thng cho n khi thu hoch. Trong trng hp ny tm khng pht bnh c th l do iu kin mi trng cc ao nui rt tt (to pht trin mc trung bnh, pH n nh, t b tch ly hu c...) cho d virus m trng c c lc cao. Vi kt qu trn cho thy c r phi nui ghp trong cc ao nui tm khng c vai tr hn ch mm bnh v cng khng c mi lin quan no vi s xut hin mm bnh trn tm. Kt qu trn cng cho thy hu nh kh c th hn ch s lan truyn mm bnh virus theo chiu ngang. Ngun nc ban u c x l, tm ging c kim tra l khng nhim bnh, mt s ao thc nghim khng thay nc trong sut v nui nhng mm bnh virus vn xut hin sau 1 thng nui. Do , nui tm thnh cng cn phi tp trung vo cc bin php qun l mi trng tt, tng cng sc khe ca tm mm bnh khng c iu kin bc pht hn l tp trung vo cc bin php chng s xm nhp ca mm bnh.
5 SINH TRNG V T L SNG

5.1 Sinh trng ca tm Qua 4 thng nui, khi lng ca tm khng chnh lch ln gia cc nghim thc, nhng c s khc nhau gia 2 v nui. Trong 3 thng u ca v nui th 1, tm ca nghim thc tm-c chung sinh trng nhanh nht, tm nghim thc tm-c lng v nghim thc tun hon sinh trng chm nht. Tuy nhin, cui v nui tm nghim thc tm-c lng v nghim thc tun hon sinh trng rt nhanh t kch thc tng ng vi tm nghim thc tm-c chung v nghim thc i chng, c bit tm nghim thc tun hon t kch thc to nht (25 g). Nguyn nhn lm cho tm ca 2 nghim thc tm-c lng v nghim thc tun hon sinh trng chm l do mi trng xu, r da nc y ao phn hy lm cho nc c
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mu nu en, tm b bnh ng rong. Sau khi mi trng c ci thin th tm bt u sinh trng bnh thng tr li, hn na do sau s c trn t l sng ca tm 2 nghim thc ny thp (mt thp) nn chng sinh trng nhanh vo thi gian cui v nui. Ngc li, do iu kin mi trng n nh nn tm ca nghim thc tm c chung sinh trng nhanh vo u v nhng v cui v do t l sng ca tm nghim thc ny qu cao (mt cao), tm thng xuyn b ni u vo sng sm nn chng sinh trng chm.
Sinh trng ca tm v nui th 1
Khi lng bnh qun (g) 25 20 15 10 5 0 30 Tm-c chung 60 Ngy tui Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon 90 145

Hnh 41: Sinh trng ca tm cc nghim thc trong v nui th 1

Sinh trng ca tm v nui th 2
Khi lng bnh qun (g) 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 30 Tm-c chung 60 Ngy tui Tm-c lng i chng Tun hon 90 120

Hnh 42: Sinh trng ca tm cc nghim thc trong v nui th 2

Trong v nui th 2, tm rt chm ln u v do mn ca nc cc nghim thc kh cao. Sau khi ma xung, mn gim dn v tm bt u sinh trng nhanh trong giai on gia v nui. Cui v do ma nhiu, nc b c do ph sa v tm cng bt mi km nn chm ln, c th nc c do ph sa gy cn tr
71

qu trnh h hp ca tm nn lm cho tm gim cng bt mi trong thi gian ny. Khi so snh v sinh trng ca tm gia cc nghim thc cho thy tc sinh trng tuyt i (DWG) v tc sinh trng tng i (SGR) ca cc nghim thc tng i ng u v khng c s khc bit ng k, kt qu so snh thng k cng cho s khc bit khng ngha (P>0,05). Tc sinh trng tuyt i ca tm v nui th 1 nhanh hn so vi v nui th 2, nh gii thch, c th mn cao l nguyn nhn chnh lm nh hng n tc sinh trng ca tm. Bng 14: Tc tng trng chiu di v trng lng ca tm nui Ch tiu Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng V nui th 1 4,27 4,25 4,24 SGR (%/ngy) 0,224 0,221 0,219 DWG (g/ngy) V nui th 2 4,60 4,59 4,60 SGR (%/ngy) 0,185 0,184 0,185 DWG (g/ngy) 5.2 T l sng v nng sut ca tm T l sng trung bnh ca tm qua 2 v nui 70,8-72,4%, t l sng ca nghim i chng cao nht l 77,7%. V nui th 1 t l sng ca tm nghim thc i chng l cao nht (77,7%), k n l nghim thc tm-c chung (74%), nghim thc tun hon v nghim thc tm-c lng c t l sng thp (62,8% v 68,6%). Nguyn nhn dn n t l sng ca tm nghim thc tm-c lng thp l do ao nui c xy dng trn nn da nc, qu trnh xy dng r da cn st li b phn hy lm cho nc b thi bn sau hn 1 thng nui, lc ny tm b bnh ng rong rt nhiu lm cho tm chm ln v t l sng thp. Mi trng nghim thc tun hon cng rt xu do hin tng n hoa ca to Lam sau 45 ngy nui v ko di n 100 ngy, iu ny lm nh hng n t l sng ca tm. Tuy nhin, nng sut thu hoch ca nghim thc tun hon v nghim thc tm-c chung cao hn so vi nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tm-c lng. Mc d t l sng ca tm nghim thc tun hon v nghim thc tm-c chung thp hn t l sng ca tm nghim thc i chng, nhng do tm sinh trng nhanh hn nn nng sut t c cao hn. Nh vy, nng sut thu hoch khng ch ph thuc vo t l sng m cn ph thuc v tc sinh trng ca tm. v nui th 2, t l sng ca tm nghim thc i chng t cao nht (77,01%) v t l sng ca tm nghim thc tm-c chung l thp nht (68,15%). Tng t, nng sut thu hoch tm cng t cao nht nghim thc i chng (3.020 kg/ha) v thp nht nghim thc tm-c chung (2.350 kg/ha). Nguyn nhn dn n t l
72

Tun hon
4,31 0,236 4,56 0,178

sng ca tm v nng sut thu hoch thp nghim thc tm-c chung l do c r phi thnh thc v sinh sn trong ao tm, khi c sinh sn chng lm t y ao gy xc ng nn y l nh hng n t l sng ca tm. Do , khi p dng m hnh nui tm kt hp vi c r phi th chung trong ao cn chn lc k ngun cung cp c r phi n tnh v nn th c c kch c ln (20-50g/con) c th loi b nhng c th ci trc khi th vo ao nui.
T l sng ca tm cc nghim thc th nghim
100.00
T l sng (%)
74.00 77.68 68.15 62.82 68.96 77.01 68.57 75.43

80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00

Tm-c chung Tm-c lng

V nui th 1

i chng
V nui th 2

Tun hon

Nghim thc

Hnh 43: T l sng ca tm cc nghim thc trong 2 v nui

Nng sut thu hoch ca cc nghim thc th nghim
7000 6000 Nng sut (kg/ha) 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Tm-c chung Tm-c lng i chng V nui th 2 Tun hon Nghim thc V nui th 1 2740 2350 3020 2710 6110 5150 6000 6544

Hnh 44: Nng sut thu hoch ca cc nghim thc trong 2 v nui

Mc d c nhng khc bit v t l sng v nng sut ca tm nhng kt qu x l thng k cho thy s khc bit gia cc nghim thc l khng c ngha thng k (P>0,05).

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5.3 Sinh trng v t l sng ca c Kt qu theo di sinh trng v t l sng ca c trong 3 nghim thc nui kt hp cho thy c r phi nghim thc tm-c chung cho tc sinh trng nhanh hn so vi nghim thc tm-c lng v nghim thc tun hon (Bng 15). Tc sinh trng ca c c lin quan n mt th v ngun thc n trong ao nui, nghim thc tm-c chung mt th c thp (0,1 con/m2) v c c th chung vi tm trong ao nn ngun thc n di do hn nn c ln nhanh hn. nghim thc tm-c lng, tuy ngun thc n di do nhng mt th kh cao (10 con/m2) nn tc sinh trng chm hn. C nghim thc tun hon c tc sinh trng chm nht do mt th kh cao (4,5 con/m2) v ngun thc n khng y . Qu trnh tun hon ch cung cp mui dinh dng lm cho to pht trin th cha cung cp thc n cho c, nu tn dng c lng cht thi hu c trong ao nui tm mi cung cp thc n cho c. Bng 15: Sinh trng v t l sng ca c r phi trong cc nghim thc nui ghp Ch tiu Tm-c chung Tm-c lng Tun hon V nui th 1 300 640 2.228 S lng th (con) 15,7 37,2 50,8 T l sng (%) 750 551 150 Khi lng bnh qun (g/con) 35,3 131,2 169,8 Sn lng (kg) 3,6 3,4 2,5 SGR (%/ngy) 5,14 3,77 1,01 DWG (g/ngy) V nui th 2 20 40 670 S lng th (con) 90 100 80 T l sng 383 337 150 Khi lng bnh qun (g/con) 6,9 13,5 81 Sn lng (kg) 3,8 3,7 3,0 SGR (%/ngy) 3,19 2,78 1,01 DWG (g/ngy) Khi so snh tc sinh trng ca c gia hai v nui cho thy c r phi v nui th 1 c tc sinh trng nhanh hn so vi c r phi vn v nui th 2. Ngc li, c r phi vn li c kh nng chu ng mn tt hn so vi c r phi cho nn t l sng ca c v nui th 2 cao hn so vi t l sng ca c v nui th 1. Ngoi ra, t l sng ca c nghim thc tm-c chung (v nui th 1) rt thp cn do hin tng cht r trong qu trnh nui khi c t khi lng c th trn 500g. y l hin tng thng xy ra i vi cc loi c r phi, c th hin tng ny c lin quan n tui th ca c.
74

T kt qu theo di tc sinh trng v t l sng ca tm v c c th rt ra mt s nhn xt sau: - C r phi ch c th nui ghp vi tm iu kin mn thp v c r phi vn thch hp cho vic nui ghp trong ao tm iu kin mn cao. - C r phi hai nghim thc tm-c chung v tm-c lng c tc sinh trng nhanh chng t mi trng nui c thc n di do, c th tng mt c i vi m hnh nui ghp th c trong lng lm gim cht thi trong ao nui tm. - i vi m hnh nui tun hon c th p dng bin php ht cht hu c tch t trong ao nui tm chuyn sang ao nui c cung cp thc n cho c v lm gim cht thi trong ao tm, ci thin cht lng nc cho ao tm. - i vi m hnh th c r phi chung trong ao nui tm cn ch khng th mt cao hn 0,1 con/m2 v trnh hin tng c trong ao tm.
6 HCH TON KINH T

Kt qu hch ton kinh t v nui th 1 cho thy nghim thc tun hon v nghim thc i chng cho kt qu tt nht vi mc li nhun ln lc l 227,2 v 216 triu ng/ha. Li nhun thu c t nghim thc tm c chung v tm-c lng rt thp 48,6 v 41,9 triu ng/ha. Tuy nhin, khi phn tch nguyn nhn dn n li nhun thp ca hai nghim thc trn khng phi l do tc ng ca vic nui ghp c r phi trong cc m hnh m do cc nguyn nhn ch quan v khch qua khc bao gm: (i) mt nguyn nhn ch quan l quy trnh nui hai nghim thc tm-c chung v tm-c lng hon ton khc vi quy trnh nui nghim thc i chng v tun hon, chnh s khc nhau v quy trnh nui dn n s khc nhau ng k v chi ph sn xut, nghim thc tm-c chung v tm-c lng chi ph cho qu trnh ci to ao, x l nc v chi ph cho ha cht, ch phm sinh hc qu ln lm cho tng chi ph sn xut cao hn 100 triu ng so vi chi ph sn xut nghim thc i chng v nghim thc tun hon (Bng 16). Nhng chi ph dng cho vic ci to ao, x l nc v cc ha cht ch phm sinh hc l qu cn thn v khng cn thit, nu tit kim khon ny c th lm tng li nhun gn 100 triu ng; (ii) mt l do khch quan l gi bn tm nghim thc tm-c chung l thp hn so vi gi bn tm ca cc nghim thc kh iu ny cng dn n lm gim li nhun, cn ch nng sut thu hoch v khi lng bnh qun ca tm nghim thc tm-c chung u cao hn so vi nghim thc i chng nhng do gi bn thp nn tng thu nhp nghim thc tm c chung thp hn so vi tng thu nhp nghim thc i chng khong 50 triu ng; (iii) mt nguyn nhn khch quan khc l ao nui nghim thc tm-c tun hon c xy dng trn bi da nc, do qu trnh xy dng khng lm sch r da nc y ao nn sau khong 1 thng nui r da nc phn hy lm ao nui b nhim bn hu c. iu ny lm tng chi ph x l v lm gim nng sut nui nn li nhun thu c rt thp.
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Bng 16: Hch ton knh k ca cc nghim thc thc nghim (triu ng) Tm-C Tm-C Ch tiu i chng Tun hon chung lng V nui th 1 Ci to ao 37,3 37,3 5,0 5,0 Con ging 13,1 13,1 14,4 14,4 Thc n 210,3 158,0 155,6 183,2 Thuc, vi sinh, ha cht khc 41,7 66,3 20,5 20,5 Nhin liu, in 16,9 16,9 10,3 10,3 Thu mn nhn cng 11,5 11,5 7,4 7,4 Tng u t 330,8 303,1 213,1 240,8 Doanh thu 379,3 345,0 429,1 467,9 Li nhun 48,6 41,9 216,0 227,2 V nui th 2 Ci to ao 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 Con ging 13,3 13,3 13,3 13,3 Thc n 66,7 80,0 86,7 80,0 Thuc, vi sinh, ha cht khc 14,2 14,2 14,2 14,2 Nhin liu, in 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 Thu mn nhn cng 26,7 26,7 26,7 26,7 Tng u t 175,8 189,2 195,8 189,2 Doanh thu 253,3 293,3 320,0 286,7 Li nhun 77,5 104,2 124,2 97,5 v nui th 2, nghim thc i chng cho li nhun cao nht (124,2 triu ng/ha), k n l nghim thc tm-c lng v nghim thc tun hon (104,2 v 79 triu ng/ha), nghim thc i chng cho li nhun thp nht (77,5 triu ng/ha). Nh trnh by phn trn, do c r phi thnh thc v trong ao tm lm gim t l sng v nng sut ca tm nn lm gim thu nhp cng nh li nhun. Mc d c s khc bit v nng sut v li nhun gia cc nghim thc nhng kt qu x l thng k th s khc bit ny l khng c ngha (P>0,05). Tm li, trong nhng nguyn nhn nh hng n nng sut v hiu qu sn xut th ch c mt trng hp duy nht l c s tc ng ca nghim thc, cc trng hp cn l u do iu kin thc nghim khng ng nht dn n kt qu thc nghim. Khi p dng vo sn xut cn ch iu chnh nhng tc ng trn lm tng hiu qu sn xut.
76

CHNG 4

KT LUN V XUT
1 KT LUN.

Cc yu t vt l nh nhit v mn khng chu tc ng bi c r phi nui ghp trong ao tm vi cc m hnh khc nhau (nghim thc th nghim) m chu tc ng ca kh hu v thi tit. C r phi trong cc m hnh nui ghp c tc ng lm n nh pH v trong ca nc thng qua vic lm n nh qun th to trong ao nui. Cc yu t dinh dng ca nc (TAN, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, COD, TKN, TP...) v bn y (TN, TP, hu c) c khuynh hng tng dn v cui v nui, khng c s khc bit gia cc m hnh nui ghp tm vi c r phi so vi m hnh nui tm n (i chng). C r phi trong cc m hnh nui ghp vi tm cha th hin vai tr ci thin cc yu t dinh dng ca nc v bn y ao. Hm lng kh c H2S v nui th 1 kh cao, c s tch ly hu c v phn hy ym kh y ao. C r phi trong cc m hnh nui ghp c tc dng lm n nh kim ca nc, c bit trong trng hp mn ca nc thp Tnh a dng ca thnh phn loi to trong m hnh nui tm n thp hn so vi cc m hnh nui ghp vi c r phi. Tnh a dnh thnh phn loi to cng gim dn v cui v nui. C r phi trong cc m hnh nui ghp c nh hng n thnh phn loi to, to Khu (Bacillariophyta) v to Lc (Chlorophyta) pht trin u th v to Lam (Cyanophyta) km pht trin trong cc m hnh nui ghp c r phi. Ngc li, to Lam pht trin mnh trong m hnh nui tm n (i chng). C r phi trong m hnh nui ghp tm-c chung v tm-c lng c vai tr duy tr mt to n nh. M hnh nui tm n c mt to bin ng ln v to pht trin qu mc vo cui v nui. Thnh phn ng vt ph du trong cc ao nui bao gm 3 nhm chnh: Protozoa, Copepoda v Rotifera. a s cc loi ng vt ph du xut hin trong cc ao nui u c c tnh ca nhng loi sng trong mi trng giu cht hu c l lng. Khng c s khc bit r rng v thnh phn loi ng vt phu du gia cc nghim thc. Mt ng vt ph du trong cc ao nui kh cao (1,5-8,1 triu c th/m3). Mt tng vi khun bin ng c lin quan vi vic s dng ch phm sinh hc. Mt vi khun Vibrio c hi (khun lc xanh) c mt thp hn gii hn cho
77

php (103 CFU/mL). Vi khun pht sng thng xut hin vo u v nui v chng bin mt vo gia v nui. Vic nui ghp c r phi trong ao nui tm khng c vai tr lm thay i qun th vi sinh vt trong ao nui. Cc bin php x l nc v kim tra mm bnh virus trn tm ging hu nh khng c hiu qu trong vic ngn chn s xm nhp ca mm bnh virus vo ao nui. C r phi trong cc m hnh nui ghp cng khng c vai tr hn ch s pht trin ca mm bnh virus trn tm. Mt c r phi th chung trong ao nui tm vi mt cao hn 0,1 con/m2 s nh hng n t l sng ca tm. C r phi trong cc m hnh nui ghp khng lm nh hng n tc sinh trng ca tm. Tc sinh trng ca c r phi trong m hnh nui tm-c chung v tm-c lng tng i nhanh, c r phi t 550-750 g sau 145 ngy nui v c r phi vn t 337-383 g sau 120 ngy nui. C r phi trong m hnh tun hon sinh trng chm t 150 g sau 120-145 ngy nui.
2 XUT

Nn th nui c r phi vn (Oreochromis niloticus) trong cc m hnh nui ghp vi tm s v c r phi vn c kh nng thch ng tt trong mi trng nc mn, l. C th th nui c r phi trong cc m hnh nui ghp khi nng mui thp. i vi m hnh nui ghp tm vi c th chung cn th c thp hn 0,1 con/m2. Th c r phi n tnh vi kch c t 20-50g/con v chn lc k trc khi th, trnh hin tng c thnh thc v sinh sn trong ao tm Cn nghin cu tng din tch lng v mt th c r phi trong m hnh nui tmc lng nhm tng cng kh nng x l cht thi ca c r phi. Cn nghin cu bin php chuyn cht thi tch t trong ao nui tm sang ao nui c r phi trong qu trnh tun hon nhm lm tng ngun thc n cho c v gim cht thi trong ao nui tm. Trong nui tm s thm canh, cn ch cc bin php ci thin cht lng nc v tng cng sc khe cho tm tm c kh nng khng bnh hn l ch n bin php ngn nga s xm nhp ca mm bnh. Cn ch gim cc chi ph khng cn thit lm tng li nhun.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

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