2011 Profesiuli Unarebis Damxmare Saxelmdzgvanelo

gamocdebis erovnuli centri
rogor movemzadoT
pedagogTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisaTvis

profesiuli unarebi

Tbilisi 2008
2

krebuli momzadebulia gamocdebis erovnuli centris
kvlevis departamentis mier

rogor movemzadoT pedagogTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisaTvis

profesiuli unarebi

sakonsultacio sabWo:
naTela imedaZe, iaTamze kotetiSvili, dali farjanaZe, Tamar kerZaia,
ramaz sayvareliZe, qeTevan mayaSvili, simon janaSia, nino gordelaZe,
sofio gorgoZe, naTia nacvliSvili, qeTevan Ciqovani

redaqtori: Tamar oTxmezuri
3
Zvirfaso maswavleblebo,
rogorc TqvenTvis cnobilia, dRes saqarTveloSi pedagogiuri
ganaTleba regulirebad dargad aris gamocxadebuli saxelmwifos mier. am
dargis specialistma, kanoniT dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad, unda Caabaros
sasertifikacio gamocdebi da moipovos mowmoba, romelic profesiiT
muSaobis uflebas mianiWebs. saxelmwifos amgvari midgoma maswavleblis
profesiisadmi xazs usvams am dargis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
qveynisaTvis. YyvelasTvis kargad aris cnobili, rom saganmanaTleblo
reformis sayrdens maswavlebeli warmoadgens. maswavlebeli Tavisi
urTulesi da umniSvnelovanesi saqmianobiT zrdis qveynis momavals. amitom
maswavleblis maRali kvalifikacia da profesionalizmi nebismieri qveynis
upirvelesi sazrunavia, magram verc erTi saxelmwifo uwyeba, veranairi kanoni
am mxriv verafers miaRwevs, Tu Tavad maswavlebelma ar moindoma da ar
izruna sakuTari kvalifikaciis mudmiv zrdasa da daxvewaze. realoba
mudmivad icvleba da axal moTxovnebs gviyenebs, rac Cvengan axali
pedagogiuri midgomebis aTvisebasa da sakuTar profesiul ganaTlebaze
mudmiv zrunvas moiTxovs.
sasertifikacio gamocdis mizans maswavleblis codnisa da
profesionalizmis gamovlena da aRiareba warmoadgens. Tqveni gamocdileba
dagexmarebaT, warmatebiT gaarTvaT Tavi am Teoriul gamocdas, miT ufro,
rom yoveldRiur praqtikaSi amaze rTuli da moulodneli ,,gamocdebis
Cabareba gixdebaT.
maswavleblis sasertifikacio testebs profesiuli standartis mixedviT
amzadebs gamocdebis erovnuli centri. Cven aqtiurad vTanamSromlobT
pedagogebTan _ saqarTvelos yvela regionSi tardeba sacdeli testirebebi,
Sexvedrebi sasertifikacio gamocdebis Taobaze, pedagogTaTvis informaciis
miwodebisa da maTi mosazrebebis Seswavlis mizniT. pedagogTa rekomendaciebi
aris ZiriTadi orientiri Cvens muSaobaSi.
gamocdebis erovnuli centris mier specialurad TqvenTvis Sedgenili es
krebuli mogawvdiT detalur informacias profesiuli unarebis testis
Sesaxeb, romelic sasertifikacio gamocdis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia.
sasertifikacio gamocdebSi monawileoba nebayofilobiTia, Tumca skola
valdebulia, upiratesoba mianiWos sertificirebul maswavleblebs. Tqven
SesaZlebloba geZlevaT, iyoT pirvelebi.
gisurvebT warmatebas!
4
Sinaarsi

I Tavi
maswavlebelTa sertificireba ______________________________________
gv
7
maswavleblis profesiuli standarti da sasertifikacio gamocdebi______ 8
sasertifikacio gamocdebis ucxouri modelebi _______________________ 10
maswavlebelTa sertificireba saqarTveloSi ________________________ 15
profesiuli unarebis testi. rogor unda movemzadoT testirebisaTvis ______ 17

II Tavi
19 testur davalebaTa tipebi ________________________________________

1. davalebebi arCeviTi pasuxiT ___________________________________ 20

rekomendaciebi arCeviTpasuxiani davalebebis Sesasruleblad -______ 25

2. Sesabamisobis davalebebi _______________________________________ 26

rekomendaciebi Sesabamisobis davalebebis Sesasruleblad ___________ 27

3. davalebebi pasuxiT `WeSmaritia-mcdaria~ __________________________ 28

rekomendaciebi ,,WeSmaritia/mcdaria tipis davalebebis Sesasruleblad 29

4. davalebebi Ria daboloebiT ____________________________________ 30

rekomendaciebi Ria davalebebis Sesasruleblad __________________ 31

III Tavi
profesiuli unarebis testur davalebaTa Sefasebis nimuSebi ___________ 33

danarTi N 1
maswavleblis profesiuli standarti ________________________________ 79

danarTi N 2
ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi _________________________________ 86
Jan piaJe ________________________________________________________ 87
abraham maslou __________________________________________________ 93
devid perkinsi __________________________________________________ 96
hovard gardneri ________________________________________________ 99
lorens kolbergi _______________________________________________ 102
beras frederik skineri ___________________________________________ 105
albert bandura _________________________________________________
111

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lev vigotski ____________________________________________________ 116
jon diui _______________________________________________________ 119
jerom bruneri __________________________________________________ 121
karl rojersi ___________________________________________________ 125
dimitri uznaZe __________________________________________________ 128
benjamen blumi __________________________________________________ 131
maria montesori _________________________________________________ 137

gamoyenebuli literatura _____________________________________ 141

6
I Tavi

maswavlebelTa sertificireba

saqarTvelos zogadi ganaTlebis sistemaSi mimdinare reformis mizani
swavlebisa da swavlis maRali xarisxis uzrunvelyofaa. am cvlilebebis
konteqstSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba maswavlebelTa
sertificirebis sistemas, romelic maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis
mniSvnelovani winapiroba unda gaxdes.
skolaSi saswavlo procesis efeqturi warmarTva da swavlebis xarisxi
mniSvnelovnadaa dakavSirebuli maswavlebelTa momzadebisa da
sertificirebis efeqtur sistemasTan. kvalificiuri maswavlebeli aris kargi
ganaTlebisa da moswavlis srulfasovan pirovnebad Camoyalibebis myari
garantia.
mravali kvleva adasturebs im faqts, rom sertificirebuli
maswavleblis moswavleebs mniSvnelovnad ufro maRali miRwevebi aqvT im
moswavleebTan SedarebiT, visac arasertificirebuli maswavlebeli aswavlis
1
.
gansakuTrebiT efeqturia im maswavlebelTa muSaobis Sedegebi, visac
standartul sertificirebamde intensiuri treningisa Tu kvalifikaciis
amaRlebis programa aqvs gavlili
2
. amitom saskolo ganaTlebis sistemaSi
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba maswavlebelTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa da
universitetis Semdgomi momzadebis programebs.
saqarTveloSi profesiuli sertificirebis sistemis danergva efeqturi
saSualeba iqneba saSualo ganaTlebis sistemaSi swavlebis maRali xarisxis
misaRwevad. is xels Seuwyobs maswavlebelTa dasaqmebasa da Sefasebis
politikis racionalizacias, skolebSi maRali klasis profesionalTa nakadis
zrdasa da profesionalTa gadinebis SeCerebas, maswavlebelTa profesiuli
srulyofis programebis SemuSavebis stimulirebasa da profesiul
ganviTarebas, maswavleblis avtoritetis zrdasa da skolebis mimarT
sazogadoebrivi ndobis ganmtkicebas
3
.

1
amgvar kvlevebSi, Cveulebriv, gaTvaliswinebulia maswavleblis gamocdileba da akademiuri
xarisxi (L. Darling-Hammond, 2000; L. Darling-Hammond, D. Holtzman et al., 2002; F. Masci, E. Stotko, 2008).
2
L. Darling-Hammond, D. Holtzman et al., 2003.
3
sertificireba daukavSirdeba xelfasis mniSvnelovan zrdas.
7
maswavleblis profesiuli standarti da sasertifikacio
gamocdebi

maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio tests safuZvlad udevs maswavleblis
profesiuli standarti, romelic Seiqmna saqarTvelos zogadsaganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebis maswavleblebTan, aseve ganaTlebis specialistebTan mWidro
da xangrZlivi TanamSromlobiT. Pmaswavleblis profesiuli standarti
warmoadgens profesiuli codnis, profesiuli unarebis, ZiriTadi
Rirebulebebis erTobliobas, romelsac unda flobdes zogadsaganmanaTleblo
skolis maRalkvalificiuri maswavlebeli.
standarti ori nawilisagan Sedgeba _ zogadi profesiuli da
sagnobrivi.

sagnobrivi codna
sagnobriv nawilSi gaerTianebulia calkeuli sagnisa da sagnis
swavlebis meTodikis sakiTxebi. Sesabamisad, sagnobrivi codnis testi afasebs
codnas im saganSi, romelsac Tqven aswavliT an gsurT, rom aswavloT. sagnis
swavlebis meTodikis nawiliT ki fasdeba, ramdenad flobT moswavleebisTvis
sagnobrivi codnis gadacemis sxvadasxva efeqtur meTodebs.

zogadi profesiuli unarebi
profesiuli unarebis testiT izomeba kompleqsuri unarebi, romelebic
mniSvnelovania pedagoguri saqmianobisaTvis.
profesiuli (pedagogiuri) unarebis Sesafasebeli testis Sinaarsi
mTlianad efuZneba maswavleblis profesiul standarts.
profesiuli unarebis testireba imis winapirobaa, rom saSualo skolaSi
imuSaon iseTma pedagogebma, romlebsac ara marto Sesabamisi sagnis
safuZvliani codna eqnebaT, aramed ecodinebaT, rogor unda aswavlon, rogor
Seuwyon xeli bavSvebs, Tavad gamoikvlion problemebi da moiZion maTi
gadaWris gzebi; romlebsac SeeZlebaT moswavleTa individualuri
Taviseburebebisa da SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi swavlis
waxaliseba da saswavlo procesSi aqtiurad CarTva; romlebic xels Seuwyoben
moswavleebs Soris jansaRi urTierTobebis da klasSi eTikuri Rirebulebebis
damkvidrebas; daamyareben pozitiur da TanamSromlobiT urTierTobebs
skolas, ojaxsa da sazogadoebas Soris.
8

mzadeba profesiuli unarebis sasertifikacio gamocdebisaTvis daiwyeT
maswavleblis profesiuli standartis SeswavliT (danarTi 1). pirvel rigSi
yuradRebiT gaecaniT proeqtSi mocemul TiToeul sakiTxs da Semdeg testuri
davalebebis nimuSebs, romlebic am standartis mixedviT momzadda.
maswavleblis profesiuli standarti maswavleblis kompetenciebisa da
codnis detaluri aRweraa. masSi asaxulia, Tu ras moveliT kargi
maswavleblisgan. maswavleblebi am dokumentis safuZvelze ecnobian sakuTari
profesiis ZiriTad da mniSvnelovan moTxovnebs.
maswavleblis profesiul standartSi aRwerili kompetenciebi,
Cveulebriv, efuZneba swavla-aRzrdasTan dakavSirebul iseT mniSvnelovan
principebs, rogoricaa:
N zrunva moswavlis swavlasa da ganviTarebaze;
N sagnisa da sagnis swavlebis meTodikis codna;
N pasuxismgebloba moswavlis swavlis organizebasa da monitoringze;
N zrunva sakuTar profesiul zrdasa da gamocdilebis miRebaze;
N aqtiuroba saskolo sazogadoebaSi
4
.
aucilebeli pedagogiuri unarebi aRwerilia maswavlebelTa
profesiuli standartis sam (II, III da IV) nawilSi:

ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi
ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebis nawili asaxavs bavSvis asakobrivi
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebsa da swavlis Teoriebs, romelTa codna saswavlo
procesis sworad warmarTvisaTvis aris aucilebeli.
swavleba da Sefaseba
swavlebisa da Sefasebis nawili aRwers pedagogiuri saqmianobisaTvis
aucilebel meTodebsa da strategiebs, romlebic efeqturi swavlisa da
swavlebisTvis aris aucilebeli.
profesiuli garemo
profesiuli garemos nawili asaxavs profesiul valdebulebebsa da
Rirebulebebs, romlebic maswavlebels exmareba kolegebTan urTierTobaSi,
sakuTari praqtikis daxvewasa da samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moqcevaSi.
am saxelmZRvanelos danarTis saxiT erTvis maswavleblis profesiuli
standartis proeqti. yuradRebiT gaecaniT standarts. masSi asaxulia
pedagogis profesiis ZiriTadi da mniSvnelovani moTxovnebi, romelic
qarTveli pedagogebisa da ganaTlebis eqspertebis monawileobiT aris
gansazRvruli.

.

4
National Board for Professional Teaching Standards What Teachers Should Know and Be Able to Do Five
core propositions (www. nbpts.org) (aSS).
9
sasertifikacio gamocdebis ucxouri modelebi

sertificirebis procesi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia.
gansxvavebulobas ganapirobebs ganaTlebis sxvadasxva sistemaSi
damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra unarebi da codna unda
hqondes ,,karg maswavlebels. am mizniT gamoiyeneba maswavlebelTa
licenzirebisa da sertificirebis sistemebi. licenzireba gulisxmobs
minimaluri, sabaziso standartis dakmayofilebiT maswavleblobis uflebis
mopovebas. umetes SemTxvevaSi licenzia igivea, rac maswavleblis umaRlesi
ganaTlebis diplomi. sertificireba ki gulisxmobs maswavleblis maRali
kvalifikaciis dadasturebas. magaliTad, kanadasa da safrangeTSi
sasertifikacio gamocdis gareSe maswavlebels ara aqvs ufleba aswavlos
dawyebiT da saSualo skolaSi. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi maswavlebelTa
profesiuli donis Sefasebisadmi gansxvavebuli midgomebia, kerZod, zogierTi
afasebs mxolod sagnis da sagnis swavlebis meTodologiis safuZvlian codnas,
zogierTi ki amasTan erTad _ pedagogiur unarebsac.

TqvenTvis albaT sainteresoa, rogor tardeba sasertifikacio
gamocdebi sxva qveynebSi, ra gansxvaveba da msgavsebaa sasertifikacio
gamocdebis ucxour da qarTul modelebs Soris. erTi ram cxadia,
maswavlebelTa sertificireba yvelgan swavlebis da swavlis procesis
xelSewyobas isaxavs miznad.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

erT-erTi pirveli qveyana, romelSic pedagogad muSaobis uflebis
mosapoveblad Sesabamisi umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg sasertifikacio
gamocdis Cabareba gaxda aucilebeli, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia.
sasertifikacio gamocdebisaTvis tests profesionaluri organizaciebi
amzadeben. esa Tu is Stati Tavad gansazRvravs, Tu romeli organizaciis mier
momzadebuli testis Cabareba mouwevs aplikants maswavleblad muSaobis
uflebis mosapoveblad. erT-erTi yvelaze didi organizacia, romlis mier
momzadebul testebsac Statebis didi nawili irCevs rogorc aucilebel
sasertifikacio gamocdas, aris ETS (Educational Testing Servises _
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saganmanaTlebo testirebis samsaxuri). ETS-is mier momzadebuli testebi
pirobiTad iyofa sam nawilad _ PRAXIS 1, PRAXIS 2 da PRAXIS 3.
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT PRAXISis seriis maswavlebelTa
sasertifikacio testebi.

N PRAXIS 1 - Sedgeba sami - kiTxvis, weris da maTematikis qvetestisagan.
igi iTvleba sasertifikacio testis yvelaze martiv nawilad, vinaidan
misi meSveobiT izomeba elementaruli unarebi da codna, romelsac
TiToeuli moqalaqe iRebs zogadi ganaTlebis procesSi.
N PRAXIS 2 - moicavs pedagogis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul aspeqtebs:
sagnis da misi swavlebis meTodologiis codnasa da zogadi profesiuli
unarebis Sefasebas.

e. w. profesiuli unarebis komponenti amerikis sxvadasxva StatSi erTmaneTisgan
met-naklebad gansxvavdeba, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi is moicavs Semdeg ZiriTad
elementebs:
_ swavlisa da swavlebis ZiriTadi principebi, swavlebis safuZvlebi (ganaTlebis
fsiqologia, bavSvis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi, klasis marTva, informaciis
miwodebis teqnologiebi, Sefaseba da sxv.).
zogadi pedagogiuri unarebi fasdeba oTxi ZiriTadi safexuris mixedviT:
skolamdeli (adreuli ganaTlebis safexuri),
1-6 klasebi
5-9 klasebi
7-12 klasebi
Sesabamisad, PRAXIS 2-is Sinaarsi icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu romel
kategoriaSi surs aplikants pedagogad muSaoba.

N PRAXIS 3 moicavs pedagogis samuSao procesze uSualo dakvirvebas da
or formalur intervius (gasaubrebas) pedagogTan, pirveli tardeba
samuSao procesze dakvirvebis dawyebamde, xolo meore _ dakvirvebis
Semdgeg.

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inglisi
maswavleblad muSaobis uflebis mosapoveblad inglisSi ramdenime
programaa SemuSavebuli. Y maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulia testireba da
specializebuli treningebi.
specializebuli treningis mizania, aplikantebs maqsimalurad
ganuviTaros yvela is unari, romlebic mniSvnelovania pedagogiuri
praqtikisTvis. aseTi trening-programebi, rogorc wesi, moicavs rogorc
Teoriul swavlebas, ise klasSi praqtikul muSaobas. umetes SemTxvevaSi aseT
treningebs gadian adamianebi, romlebsac umaRlesi pedagogiuri ganaTleba
aqvT miRebuli, Tumca programa, SesaZloa, modificirebul iqnas sxva
relevanturi specialobis adamianebisTvis, agreTve ukve momuSave
pedagogebisa da maTTvis, visac ucxo qveynebSi aqvT pedagogiuri ganaTleba
miRebuli.
trening-programis farglebSi aplikantebi ecnobian Semdeg sakiTxebs:
erovnuli saswavlo gegma;
gakveTilis dagegmva da saswavlo miznebis dasaxva;
klasis marTva;
sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis efeqturi gamoyeneba;
maswavleblis profesiuli Rirebulebebi, qcevis normebi,
damokidebulebebi da urTierTobebi (kolegebTan, moswavleebTan,
mSoblebTan).
Mmxolod treningis warmatebiT gavla ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom
aplikantma pedagogad muSaobis ufleba moipovos. inglisSic, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad, standartisadmi Sesatyvisobis dadgenisTvis,
treningis gavlis Semdeg, aplikantma unda gaiaros testireba weriTi
metyvelebisa da wakiTxulis gaazrebis, maTematikuri azrovnebis da
informaciul-sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebis unarebSi. es testi
Tavisi formiT Seesabameba amerikaSi gamoyenebuli PRAXIS 1-is tests.
unarebi, romelic testiT mowmdeba, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
pedagogis saqmianobasTan. testi ar amowmebs specifikur sagnobriv codnas
(mag. maTematikaSi, informatikaSi da a. S.). is zogadia da aerTianebs nebismieri
sagnis pedagogisTvis saWiro codnasa da unarebs.
sagnisa da misi swavlebis meTodologiis codna testebis saSualebiT ar
mowmdeba (sakmarisia, aplikants hqondes Sesabamisi umaRlesi ganaTlebis
damadasturebeli mowmoba).
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germania
germaniaSi pedagogad muSaobis uflebis mosapoveblad ori etapis
gavlaa aucilebeli.
I etapi
umaRlesi pedagogiuri universitetis damTavrebisas momavali
aplikanti abarebs pirvel saxelmwifo sasertifikacio gamocdas, romelic
moicavs Semdeg sferoebs:
werilobiTi gamocda im saganSi, romlis swavlebis survili aqvs kandidats;
werilobiTi gamocda ganaTlebis sakiTxebze;
werilobiTi da zepiri gamocda yvela im saganSi, romelsac kandidati
swavlobda rogorc ZiriTads (Major) universitetSi swavlis dros, maT
Soris aris zogadi pedagogika, sagnis swavlebis meTodika da ganaTlebis
istoria;
zepiri gamocda zogierT araZiriTad (Minor) saganSi;
praqtikuli muSaobis Sefaseba.

II etapi
pirveli sasertifikacio gamocdis warmatebiT Cabarebis Semdeg
studentma unda gaiaros meore etapi - uSualo swavleba anu praqtika. ori
wlis ganmavlobaSi pedagogobis msurvels SesaZlebloba eZleva xelmZRvanlis
meTvalyureobiTa da daxmarebiT skolaSi imuSaos. muSaobis paralelurad
gaTvaliswinebulia Teoriuli mecadineobebic (seminarebi, sesiebi da a. S.).
praqtikuli muSaobis periodis dasrulebis Semdeg pedagogad muSaobis
uflebis miRebis msurvelTaTvis savaldebuloa meore etapis gamocdis
Cabareba (meore saxelmwifo sasertifikacio gamocda). mxolod am gamocdis
warmatebiT Cabarebis Semdeg iRebs aplikanti maswavleblis sertifikats (anu
damoukideblad muSaobis uflebas). meore saxelmwifo sasertifikacio
gamocdas ibarebs specialuri sagamocdo komisia
5
. maswavleblis sertifikatis
miniWebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros komisia xelmZRvanelobs
Semdegi oTxi ZiriTadi kriteriumiT:
1. wina sagamocdo Sefaseba, romelSic gaerTianebulia aplikantis
mentoris (xelmZRvanlis) da skolis sxva pedagogebis, maT Soris Teoriuli

5
komisia 6 wevrisgan Sedgeba: aplikantis muSaobis damkvirveblebi, im skolis direqciis
warmomadgenlebi, sadac aplikantma gaiara meore etapi, imave skolis pedagogiuri sabWos
Tavmjdomare da erTi pedagogi, romelsac Tavad konkursanti irCevs. komisias
xelmZRvanelobs ganaTlebis saministros oficialuri piri.
13
kursis leqtorebis Sefasebebi da angariSebi aplikantis mier meore fazis
ganmavlobaSi gaweuli samuSaos Sesaxeb;
2. meore fazaSi aplikantisTvis savaldebuloa Tavis saganSi
specialuri Tezisis momzadeba, romelSic unda aisaxos informacia meore fazis
ganmavlobaSi mis mier momzadebuli gakveTilebis Sesaxeb (sakiTxebi, maTi
miwodebis Tanmimdevroba, meTodologia da a. S). Tezisis Sefaseba xdeba amave
sagnis specialistis mier.
3. aplikanti zepir gamocdas abarebs zogadi pedagogikis, swavlebis
meTodologiis, saswavlo disciplinis, agreTve, ganaTlebis sferoSi moqmedi
kanonmdeblobis, pedagogis profesiasTan dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo da
skolis maregulirebeli normatiuli aqtebis codnis donis dasadgenad.
4. praqtikuli muSaobis (gakveTilis) Sefaseba. gakveTilis
Catarebamde aplikanti awvdis damkvirvebels mis mier momzadebul gegmas da
gakveTilis miznebs. damkvirveblebis amocanaa, daakvirdnen sagakveTilo
process da Seafason aplikantis mier gaweuli samuSao mis mier momzadebul
gegmasTan mimarTebaSi.
miRebuli ganaTlebis, gavlili treningebisa da Cabarebuli gamocdebis
mixedviT, germaniaSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben maswavlebelTa Semdeg
kategoriebs:
N dawyebiTi safexuris (1 _ 4 klasebi) maswavlebeli;
N sabazo safexuris (5 10 klasebi) maswavlebeli;
N saSualo safexuris (11 13 klasebi) konkretuli sagnis maswavlebeli;
N saSualo profesiuli ganaTlebis (konkretuli sagnis) (11 13 klasebi)
maswavlebeli;
N specialuri (specializebuli skolebis yvela safexurze gansakuTrebuli
saWiroebebis mqone moswavleebTan momuSave) maswavlebeli.
garda zemoT aRwerili etapebisa, germaniaSi pedagogebi yovel 4 6
weliwadSi erTxel gadian specialur Sualedur Sefasebas. es Sefaseba, wina
gamocdebisgan gansxvavebiT, ZiriTadad, praqtikul muSaobas efuZneba.
inspeqtori, romelic eswreba gakveTilebs, ecnoba gakveTilis Catarebis gegmas
da Sedegebs, agreTve afasebs pedagogis urTierTobebs kolegebTan,
moswavleebTan da mis sxva profesiul unarebs. pedagogis piradi saqme moicavs
am Sualedur Sefasebebs da warmoadgens pedagogis dawinaurebis, an misTvis
raime saxis finansuri waxalisebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZvels.
14
maswavlebelTa sertificireba saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis sistemaSi mimdinare reformis farglebSi
mravali cvlileba ganxorcielda. Seicvala maswavleblad muSaobis uflebis
mopovebis wesic: nebismier adamians, visac survili aqvs imuSaos pedagogad,
aucileblad unda hqondes miRebuli umaRlesi ganaTleba. swavlebis TiToeuli
safexurisTvis gansazRvrulia umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi
dasagrovebeli kreditebis gansxvavebuli raodenoba. ase magaliTad,
skolamdeli ganaTlebis da dawyebiTi ganaTlebis safexurze samuSaod
sakmarisia bakalavris xarisxi. sabazo da saSualo skolis maswavleblobis
msurvelebi ki unda flobdnen bakalavris xarisxs konkretuli specialobiT
(mag: humanitaruli, sabunebismetyvelo an Tundac dawyebiTi klasebis
maswavleblis), amasTanave maT unda gaiaron magistraturis kursi ganaTlebaSi.
es sakvalifikacio moTxovnebi ar aris aucilebeli gardamaval periodSi.
gardamavali periodi grZeldeba serticirebis dawyebidan oTxi wlis
ganmavlobaSi.
maswavleblis profesiuli momzadebisa da ganviTarebis axal sqemaSi
centraluri adgili uWiravs sasertifikacio gamocdas. maswavleblobis
msurvelma Sesabamisi umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis da skolaSi erTi wlis
muSaobis Semdeg unda Caabaros sasertifikacio gamocda da am gziT
daadasturos sakuTari codnisa da profesiuli unarebis Sesabamisoba
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis da maswavlebelTa profesiuli standartis
moTxovnebTan.
sertificirebis procesSi CarTulia ramdenime organizacia.
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri dargis eqspertebTan erTad
gansazRvravs maswavleblis profesiul standarts, xolo erovnuli saswavlo
gegmebis da Sefasebis centri _ sagnobriv standartebs da uzrunvelyofs maT
Sesabamisobas erovnul saswavlo gegmebTan. am standartebis safuZvelze ki
gamocdebis erovnuli centri amzadebs Sesabamis testebs da pasuxismgebelia
sasertifikacio gamocdis administrirebis procedurazec.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sasertifikacio gamocda moicavs ori tipis
tests, romelTa Cabareba savaldebuloa maswavleblad muSaobis nebismieri
msurvelisTvis. es testebia:
15
zogadi profesiuli unarebis testi eyrdnoba maswavleblis profesiul
standarts da moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa bavSvis ganviTarebisa da
swavlis Teoriebi, efeqturi swavlisa da swavlebis meTodebi da maswavleblis
profesiuli valdebulebebi da Rirebulebebi, romelTa codnac aucilebelia
nebismieri sagnis maswavleblisTvis.
sagnobrivi testi amowmebs konkretuli sagnis an sagnobrivi jgufis
swavlebisaTvis saWiro da am sagnis/saganTa jgufis swavlebis specifikuri
meTodikis codnas. sagnobrivi testireba tardeba erovnuli saswavlo
gegmebiT gaTvaliswinebul yvela savaldebulo saganSi.
sasertifikacio gamocda zogad profesiul unarebSi erTnairi iqneba
yvela sagnisa da safexuris maswavleblebisaTvis. rac Seexeba gamocdas
konkretul sagansa Tu saganTa jgufSi, igi Catardeba calke sabazo-saSualo
safexuris maswavleblebisaTvis da calke _ dawyebiTi safexuris
maswavleblebisaTvis.
sasertifikacio gamocdis warmatebiT Cabareba, anu sertifikatis
mopoveba TavisTavad ar niSnavs maswavleblobis uflebis mopovebas mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze. sertifikatis ganaxleba rva weliwadSi erTxel
savaldebuloa yvela maswavleblisTvis.
sertifikatis ganaxleba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva akreditebuli trening -
programebis gavlis Tu profesiuli ganviTarebis RonisZiebebSi
monawileobiT. am gziT dagrovebuli qulebis (kreditebis) raodenoba jamdeba
da gamoarCevs sertificirebul pedagogebs kolegebisagan, rac zrdis maTi
Semdgomi dasaqmebis, dawinaurebis Tu ufro maRali anazRaurebis miRebis
SesaZleblobas. sertifikatis ganaxleba SesaZlebelia sasertifikacio
gamocdis xelaxali CabarebiT.

16
profesiuli unarebis testi

rogor unda movemzadoT testirebisaTvis?

gamocdebis erovnulma centrma specialurad TqvenTvis moamzada es
krebuli, romelic tipur testur davalebebs Seicavs. mocemul testuri
davalebebis nimuSebs axlavs swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi. profesiuli
unarebis krebulSi testuri davalebebis garda danarTis saxiT
warmodgenilia standartiT gansazRvruli swavlebisa da ganviTarebis
Teoriebis ZiriTadi debulebebi da informacia im avtorTa Sesaxeb,
romlebmac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes pedagogikisa da pedagogiuri
fsiqologiis sferoSi. krebulze muSaobisas danarTSi mocemuli informacia
dagexmarebaT, ukeT gaerkveT testur davalebaTa zogierT nimuSSi.
krebulSi mocemulia aseve Sesrulebuli davalebebis nimuSebi sacdeli
testirebidan, romelTa safuZvelzec gaecnobiT, Tu ra principiT fasdeba esa
Tu is davaleba. aq moyvanilia testuri davalebebis tipuri nimuSebi da maTi
gadawyvetis strategiebi, rekomendaciebi, rogor unda vimuSaoT e. w. Ria an
daxurul kiTxvebze, ras unda mivaqcioT yuradReba im davalebebSi, romlebic
msjelobebisa da debulebebis WeSmaritoba/mcdarobis mixedviT Sefasebas
moiTxovs da a. S.

yuradRebiT gaecaniT maswavleblis profesiul standarts. maswavleblis
profesiuli standarti am bukletSi danarTi 1-is saxiT aris mocemuli.
SeafaseT, ramdenad kargad iciT standartSi mocemuli sakiTxebi. bevr kiTxvaze
pasuxis gacemaSi Tqveni praqtikuli gamocdileba dagexmarebaT; amasTan erTad,
SeagroveT TqvenTvis xelmisawvdomi literatura.
bunebrivia, Tqven ufro met dros dauTmobT profesiul
TviTganviTarebas, vidre konkretuli testisTvis mzadebas. yuradRebiT
waikiTxeT ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier mowodebuli
literatura, gaecaniT swavlebis axal midgomebsa da modelebs, gadaxedeT
TqvenTvis xelmisawvdom sxva profesiul literaturas. profesiul
TviTganviTarebaze orientirebuli amgvari midgoma profesiuli unarebis
testis warmatebiT Cabarebis winapiroba iqneba.
sasertifikacio gamocdebisaTvis mzadebis procesSi, am krebulTan erTad,
did daxmarebas gagiwevT specialurad TqvenTvis momzadebuli literatura:
17

1. damxmare saxelmZRvanelo - I ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi
II swavleba da Sefaseba
III saswavlo da profesiuli garemo
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri, 2008
2. ,,efeqturi swavleba (Effective teaching. Daniel Muijs and David Reynolds.
adaptirebuli Targmani, Sage Publications 2005),
3. s. janaSia, et. al., ,,rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs azrovneba", erovnuli
saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri, Tbilisi, 2007.
4. s. janaSia, et. al., ,,problemaze dafuZnebuli swavla", erovnuli saswavlo
gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri, Tbilisi, 2008.
5. T. paWkoria (red.), ,,viswavloT erTad, inkluziuri ganaTleba",
erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri, Tbilisi, 2008.
6. s. janaSia, et. al., ,,ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ganaTlebis
specialistebisTvis", erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri,
Tbilisi, 2007.
7. ,,sasargeblo resursebi maswavleblebisTvis, erovnuli saswavlo
gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri, Tbilisi, 2007.
8. filmebi (DVD _ ,,moswavleze orientirebuli swavleba), erovnuli
9. filmebi (CD _ ,,moswavleze orientirebuli swavleba), erovnuli
10. filmebi (Video _ ,,moswavleze orientirebuli swavleba), erovnuli
18

II Tavi

testur davalebaTa tipebi

am TavSi aRwerilia testur davalebaTa sxvadasxva tipi,
sailustraciod warmodgenilia TiToeuli tipis davalebis nimuSi da
zogadi rekomndaciebi maTze samuSaod. aq ganxiluli testuri
davalebebis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis principebi detalurad
ganxilulia III TavSi. gv. 33.

profesiuli unarebis testSi SegxvdebaT oTxi tipis testuri davaleba:
1. davaleba arCeviTi pasuxiT
2. Sesabamisobis davaleba
3. davaleba pasuxiT ,,WeSmaritia-mcdaria
4. davaleba Ria daboloebiT.

19
1. davalebebi arCeviTi pasuxiT

davalebebi arCeviTi pasuxiT Sedgeba mocemulobis, pirobis an kiTxvisa da
savaraudo pasuxebisagan. profesiuli unarebis testSi amgvar davalebebs oTxi
savaraudo pasuxi aqvs, sadac sworia mxolod erTi pasuxi. es davalebebi
fasdeba 1 quliT.

arsebobs arCeviTpasuxiani davalebis ramdenime saxe:
N situacia-stimuli
N kiTxvis formiT mocemuli davaleba
N arasruli mocemuloba
N ilustrirebuli mocemuloba
N ramdenime pasuxis moTxovna
N negatiurad formulirebuli davaleba
N mizani da miznis misaRwevad gansaxorcielebeli aqtivobebi.

1.1. situacia-stimuli. pirobaSi aRwerilia situacia, an moyvanilia
faqtebi, romlis gacnobis Semdegac unda upasuxoT kiTxvas.

nimuSi

levani hiperaqtiuli moswavlea. gakveTilze SeiZleba wamoxtes,
Tanaklaselebis nivTebi aiRos da iatakze dayaros, ris gamoc gakveTilis msvleloba
seriozulad ferxdeba.
qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romelia maswavleblis yvelaze adekvaturi qmedeba
aseTi hiperaqtiuri moswavlis qcevis marTvisaTvis:

a) moswavlis qcevis ignorireba da gakveTilis gagrZeleba.
b) Sexseneba imisa, rom moswavlebma unda daicvan wesi da mSvidad isxdnen.
g) moswavlesTan misvla da mkafio miTiTebis micema, konkretulad ra unda
gaakeTos.
d) gakveTilis Semdeg moswavlesTan gasaubreba TxovniT, rom xeli ar SeuSalos sxva
moswavleebs.
20
1.2. kiTxvis formiT mocemuli davaleba. davalebis es forma martivia,
SekiTxva pirdapiraa dasmuli da advilad gasagebia.

nimuSi

1.3. arasruli mocemuloba. aseT davalebaSi kiTxva calke gamoyofili
ar aris. pirobaSi mocemulia msjeloba, romelic unda daasruloT savaraudo
pasuxebidan erT-erTis arCeviT.
nimuSi

swavlebis bihevioristuli modelis mixedviT, saswavlo procesSi

a) moswavle maswavlebelTan erTad irCevs saswavlo aqtivobebs da maTi
Sesrulebis temps.
b) moswavle maswavlebelTan erTad irCevs saswavlo aqtivobebs, xolo maTi
Sesrulebis tempi winaswaraa gansazRvruli maswavleblis mier.
g) moswavle TviTon irCevs saswavlo aqtivobebis ganxorcielebis temps,
xolo aqtivobebi winaswar aris gansazRvruli maswavleblis mier.
d) saswavlo aqtivobebi da maTi ganxorcielebis tempi winaswar
gansazRvrulia maswavleblis mier.

zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis farglebSi skolaSi funqcionirebs
pedagogiuri sabWo. ra periodiT irCeven pedagogiuri sabWos Tavmjdomares?
a) 1 wliT
b) 2 wliT
g) 3 wliT
d) 4 wliT

21

1.4. ilustrirebuli mocemuloba. davaleba moiTxovs problemis gadawyvetas
ilustrirebuli mocemulobis gaazrebis safuZvelze.
nimuSi

maTematikis maswavlebeli amCnevs, rom sibejiTis miuxedavad, Tamunas UuWirs
wiladebze amocanebis gadawyveta.
qvemoT mocemuli oTxi davalebidan romeli ori unda misces Tavdapirvelad
pedagogma Tamunas, rom mas wiladebis gageba gauadvildes?

a) jer davaleba N 4, Semdeg davaleba N N 2;
b) jer davaleba N N 1, Semdeg davaleba N N 3;
g) jer davaleba N N 3, Semdeg davaleba N N 2;
d) jer davaleba N N 1, Semdeg davaleba N N 4.

davaleba N1

naxatze gamoxatulia 12 yvavili.
Semoxaze Yyvavilebis 2/3 nawili.
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =

davaleba N3

giam namcxvris 1/2 nawili SeWama,
daTom ki namcxvris 1/4 nawili. ra
nawili darCa namcxvridan?
davaleba N4

kvadratis erT-erTi naxevari
misi 1/2 nawilia.
gaaferade kvadratis naxevari.

A

davaleba N2

gayavi wre sam tol nawilad.

gaaferade wris 1/3 nawili.

22
1.5. ramdenime pasuxis moTxovna (CamonaTvali romauli cifrebiT).
aseTi formatis davalebebi im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca CamonaTvalSi
erTi an erTze meti swori pasuxia. aseTi tipis davalebebSi savaraudo
pasuxebi ase SeiZleba iyos formulirebuli: mag. sworia I da II, sworia II da III
da a. S.
nimuSi

1.6. negatiurad formulirebuli arCeviTkiTxviani davaleba.
(davalebebi, sadac kiTxvaSi figurirebs sityvebi: ar aris SesaZlebeli, ar
gamomdinareobs, ar Seesabameba da a. S.).
nimuSi

CamoTvlilTagan saklaso menejmentis romeli strategia ar Seesabameba rojersis
humanistur models?
a) moswavleTa mier sakuTari qcevis da warmatebis Sefaseba.
b) moswavleebSi TviTaqtualizaciis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.
g) moswavleebSi sxvadasxva warmatebuli qcevis ganmtkiceba garegan faqtorebze
dayrdnobiT.
d) moswavleebis upirobo mxardaWera, maTi azris pativiscema.

kolbergis Teoriis mixedviT, CamoTvlilTagan romeli ori faqtori udevs
safuZvlad adamianis moralur ganviTarebas:

I. misi genetika _ Tandayolili unarebi da ganviTarebisadmi mzaoba.
II. socialuri garemo, romelSic is viTardeba da kanonmorCileba.
III. azrovneba da gansja sxvadasxva moralur sakiTxebze.
IV. dasja dajildoebis saxiT miRebuli ukukavSiri.

a) I da II.
b) III da IV.
g) II da III.
d) I da IV.

23
1.7. mizani-aqtivoba. testSi aseve SeiZleba SegxvdeT arCeviTpasuxiani
davaleba, romelSic aRwerilia mizani da miznis misaRwevad
gansaxorcielebeli aqtivobebi. aplikantma unda gaanalizos, riTi uwyobs an
ar uwyobs xels aRwerili aqtivoba dasaxuli miznis miRwevas.

nimuSi
qvemoT mocemulia gakveTilis mizani, romlis miRwevac surs maswavlebels da
maswavleblis konkretuli aqtivoba. gaecaniT orive maTgans da SeafaseT, ramdenad
adekvaturia mocemuli aqtivoba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.

dawyebiTi klasis maswavlebelma SeniSna, rom ramdenime pirvel klaselis azriT,
,,sagani rac ufro didia, miT ufro mZimea.
mizani: moswavleebisaTvis sagnis moculobasa da wonas Soris mimarTebis axsna.
aqtivoba: maswavlebelma moswavleebs sTxova magidaze moculobis klebis
mixedviT moTavsebuli sagnebis (rogorc es naxatzea naCvenebi) dalageba wonis zrdis
mixedviT.

aRwerili aqtivoba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad

a) adekvaturia, radgan am asakSi bavSvebs SeuZliaT gaiazron da gadaWran hipoTeturi
problemebi.
b) ar aris adekvaturi, radgan am asakSi moswavles TvalsaCinoebis miuxedavad mainc
gauWirdeba moculobasa da wonas Soris mimarTebebis dadgena.
g) adekvaturia, radgan am asakSi moswavles SeuZlia TvalsaCinoebis daxmarebiT codna
sakuTari aRmoCenebis safuZvelze aagos.
d) ar aris adekvaturi, radgan am asakSi bavSvs SeuZlia ganzogadebuli cnebebiT
operireba da Tu mimarTebebs kargad axsnis, pedagogi mizans isedac miaRwevs.

bamba aguri vaSli
24
rekomendaciebi arCeviTpasuxiani davalebebis Sesasruleblad:

N yuradRebiT waikiTxeT davalebis piroba.
N moniSneT sakvanZo sityvebi da frazebi davalebaSi.
N yuradRebiT waikiTxeT SekiTxva.
N upasuxeT SekiTxvas manam, sanam savaraudo pasuxebs waikiTxavT. es
dagexmarebaT, Tavidan aiciloT dabneuloba.
N davalebebs upasuxeT mxolod im informaciaze dayrdnobiT, romelic
mocemulia pirobaSi.
N aucileblad waikiTxeT pasuxis yvela varianti, vidre swor variants
SearCevdeT. SesaZloa, savaraudo pasuxebis CamonaTvalSi iyos ori
msgavsi varianti, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi mxolod erTia swori.
N gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcieT im sityvebs, romlebic gamuqebuli an
gaxazulia.. mag: `CamoTvlilTagan romeli ar aris, ,,yvelaze
adekvaturi da a. S.
N Tu pasuxi ar iciT, Tavi aarideT im savaraudo pasuxebze fiqrs, romlebic
iciT, an varaudobT, rom mcdaria. amiT Tqven gadawyvetilebis miReba
gagimartivdebaT.
miaqcieT yuradReba:
pasuxebis araswori variantebi Zalian xSirad Seicavs iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa:
yovelTvis, arasdros, yvela, arc erTi.
pasuxebis swori variantebi Zalian xSirad Seicavs iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa:
umetesad, iSviaTad, xandaxan, xSirad.
N rodesac erT-erT savaraudo pasuxad weria `sworia yvela
zemoTCamoTvlili~ da oTxi SesaZlo variantidan iciT, rom ori sworia,
Zalian didia albaToba imisa, rom pasuxi `yvela zemoTCamoTvlili~ iyos
swori.
N SekiTxvebi, romlebSic aris sityvebi: ,,Yyvelaze naklebad, garda, an
ar,,,gvaiZulebs, iseTi pasuxi vipovnoT, romelic ar aris swori. aseTi
SekiTxvebi maSin daismeba, roca CamonaTvalSi yvela pasuxi sworia, garda
erTisa.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom rekomendaciebi 1-3 zogadi xasiaTisaa, isini sxva tipis
testur davalebebze muSaobis drosac gamogadgebaT.

25
2. Sesabamisobis davalebebi
Sesabamisobis davaleba cxrilis saxiTaa mocemuli. cxrili ori
svetisgan Sedgeba. erT svetSi mocemulia piroba (movlenebi, frazebi...), meore
svetSi savaraudo pasuxebi (terminebi, cnebebi, avtorebi...). aplikants evaleba
svetebSi mocemuli informacia erTmaneTs Seusabamos.
aseTi tipis davalebebSi dasaSvebia:
N meore (pasuxebis) svetSi warmodgenili alternativebidan erT-erTi
pasuxi iyos swori pirvel svetSi mocemuli ori pirobisaTvis (ori
piroba, erTi swori pasuxi)
N alternativebidan romelime savaraudo pasuxi ar Seesabamebodes
arc erT msjelobas I svetidan.
N erT-erTi svetSi CamonaTvali iyos erTiT naklebi.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom Sesabamisobis davalebebs SesaZloa hqondes
Tanabari an araTanabari variantebi TiToeul svetSi.
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT ufro rTuli varianti: Sesabamisobis
davaleba araTanabari svetebiT.

26
Sesabamisobis davalebebi _ araTanabari svetebi
nimuSi

moswavleebs swavlis gansxvavebuli stili aqvT. zogi ukeTesad igebs da
imaxsovrebs vizualurad miwodebul informacias, zogi weris dros ukeTesad igebs da
iazrebs axal masalas da a. S. yuradRebiT waikiTxeT marcxena svetSi moswavleebis
Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia da SeusabameT marjvena svetSi mocemul swavlis stils.
informacia moswavlis Sesaxeb swavlis stili
(I) giorgim maswavlebels sakmaod kargad upasuxa, magram SedarebiT
dabali Sefaseba miiRo. maswavlebelma es ase auxsna: `saxlSi ar
wagikiTxavs, rac aq moismine _ is moyevi~.
giorgi: `ra vqna, masw, Tqven ise kargad yvebiT, maSinve
mamaxsovrdeba...~
a. swavla SexebiT
b. swavla keTebiT
(II) maris akademiuri miRwevebi bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi
sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda da mSobelTa krebaze klasis damrigebelma
xazgasmiT aRniSna es ambavi. maris dedam kmayofilebiT Cailaparaka:
`vurCie, mecadineobisas mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi amoewera da
damijera...~
g. swavla kiTxviT
(III) daTos Zalian uWirs moqmedebebi wiladebsa da aTwiladebze. amis
gamo sakontroloSi oriani miiRo. gigam qurTukis jibidan mandarini
amoiRo da daTos miawoda. ès aris erTi mandarini. daanawile
lebnebad. ai, Sexede, 16 lebania. e.i. erTi lebani mandarinis 1/16-ia. 8
cali rom aviRoT, mandarinis naxevari gamova~. saxlSi dabrunebulma
daTom Tavisuflad amoxsna davaleba wiladebze.
d. swavla mosmeniT
e. swavla weriT

a) (I) -s Seesabameba a. b. g. d. e.
b) (II) -s Seesabameba a. b. g. d. e.
g) (III) -s Seesabameba a. b. g. d. e.

rekomendaciebi Sesabamisobis davalebebis Sesasruleblad:
N yuradRebiT waikiTxeT I svetSi mocemuli msjelobebi.
N moniSneT is msjeloba/faqti, romelic TqvenTvis nacnobia.
N yuradRebiT waikiTxeT II svetSi mocemuli savaraudo pasuxis alternativebi.
N pirvel rigSi moniSneT is Sesabamisoba, romlis sisworeSic darwmunebuli
xarT (davalebaze muSaobisas SeiZleba gamoiyenoT isrebi Sesabamisobis
aRsaniSnavad). sabolood, swori pasuxi unda Semoixazos pasuxebis variantebSi.
N aucileblad waikiTxeT pasuxis yvela varianti. ar dagaviwydeT, rom romelime
maTgani SeiZleba or pirobas Seesabamebodes an ar Seesabamebodes arc erTs.
N Tu Sesabamisobis dadgena giWirT, Tavi aarideT im savaraudo pasuxebze fiqrs,
romlebic iciT, an varaudobT, rom mcdaria. amiT Tqven gadawyvetilebis miReba
gagimartivdebaT.
27
3. davalebebi pasuxiT WeSmaritia-mcdaria
am tipis davaleba aplikantisagan moiTxovs mocemuli msjelobis WeSmaritebis
an mcdarobis gansazRvras/dadgenas.
nimuSi
yuradRebiT gaecaniT qvemoT aRweril situacias da moqmed kanonmdeblobaze
dayrdnobiT imsjeleT TandarTuli debulebebis sisworis Sesaxeb. Tu CaTvliT, rom
debuleba mcdaria, qvemoT sagangebod gamoyofil adgilas CawereT swori pasuxi.
erT-erT sajaro skolaSi sakmaod daZabuli fsiqologiuri klimati Seiqmna.
koleqtivis nawilisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda direqtoris zogierTi gadawyvetileba
saswavlo procesis modernizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, ris gamoc xSiri iyo konfliqti
rogorc koleqtivis wevrebsa da direqtors Soris, ise direqtoris mxardamWer da
maTTan dapirispirebul pedagogebs Soris. viTareba imdenad gamwvavda, rom
dapirispirebulma pedagogebma moawyves gaficva, amis gamo skolaSi saswavlo procesi
faqtobrivad moiSala. gaficulma pedagogebma Seityves, rom direqtorma maT xelfasidan
dauqviTa gaficvis gamo gacdenili dReebis anazRaureba da rom yvela daTxovnilia
samsaxuridan saswavlo procesis CaSlisa da ukanono gaficvis gamo.
1.1 direqtoris qmedeba (xelfasis daqviTva) ukanonoa, vinaidan pedagogebs aqvT kanonieri
ufleba gaificon, xolo xelfasis daqviTva gaficvis procesSi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas maTze
zewolisa da am kanonieri uflebis SezRudvis mcdelobad.
WeSmaritia E mcdaria E
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------
1.2 direqtoris qmedeba (maswavleblebis daTxovna samsaxuridan) ukanonoa, vinaidan
pedagogebs aqvT kanonieri ufleba gaificon, xolo samsaxuridan daTxovnis muqara, an
Tavad faqti SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas maTze zewolisa da am kanonieri uflebis SezRudvis
mcdelobad.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------
1.3 ganTavisuflebul pedagogebs direqtoris gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba SeuZliaT
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosTan arsebul maswavlebelTa profesiuli
ganviTarebis centrSi.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------

ar dagaviwydeT, rom instruqciis mixedviT, Tqven gevalebaT Tqvens mier mcdarad
Sefasebuli msjeloba CaweroT swori formiT.

28

rekomendaciebi ,,WeSmaritia/mcdaria tipis davalebebis Sesasruleblad:

N yuradRebiT waikiTxeT debulebebi, romelTa WeSmaritoba/mcdarobac
unda SeafasoT.
N daakvirdiT savaraudo pasuxebSi mocemul sityvebs. yvela, mxolod,
arasodes da yovelTvis _ am tipis davalebebi umetesad mcdaria. rogorc
wesi, xSirad, Cveulebriv, da xandaxan _ umetes SemTxvevaSi WeSmaritia.
N WeSmariti msjelobis yvela fraza WeSmariti unda iyos.
N Tu debulebis romelime nawili mcdaria, maSin mTliani debulebac
mcdaria. Tu winadadebis romelime nawili mcdaria, maSin is mTlianad
mcdaria, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi nawili WeSmaritia.
N Tu debuleba mcdaria, specialurad gamoyofil adgilas is unda
Caiweros koreqtuli formiT.
N Tu debuleba mcdaria da aplikanti adekvaturad moiuTiTebs pasuxs
,,mcdaria, magram ar Cawers imas, Tu ra formiT iqneboda debuleba
WeSmariti, igi ver miiRebs am konkretul davalebaSi qulas.

29
4. davalebebi Ria daboloebiT
am tipis davalebebSi SekiTxvas savaraudo pasuxebi ar axlavs. pasuxi
Tqven unda daweroT, imsjeloT, daasabuToT da a.S. aseTi davalebebi
testSi SedarebiT cotaa.

nimuSi

gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, rac ufro niWieria bavSvi, miT
ufro advilia masTan saswavlo procesis warmarTva. Tumca, praqtika
aCvenebs, rom pedagogebs uWirT iseTi klasis marTva, sadac gansakuTrebiT
niWieri bavSvebi arian.
daasaxeleT ori sirTule, romlebmac SeiZleba iCinos Tavi, roca
klasSi gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildoebuli moswavlea da aRwereT
TiToeuli maTganis daZlevis gza.
CawereT:

1. sirTule:

daZlevis gza:

2. sirTule:

daZlevis gza:

30

rekomendaciebi Ria davalebebis Sesasruleblad:

aseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi rCevebi:
N yuradRebiT waikiTxeT davalebis piroba, daakvirdiT, ra faqtebi an
problemebia mocemuli davalebaSi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac unda
upasuxoT kiTxvas.
N moniSneT sakvanZo sityvebi da frazebi, rom TvalsaCinod dainaxoT,
raze unda gaamaxviloT yuradReba pasuxis gacemis dros.
N yuradRebiT waikiTxeT SekiTxva, upasuxeT imas, rasac gekiTxebian. mag Tu
kiTxva aseTia: ,,ra gansxvavebaa X-sa da Y-s Soris? _ unda upasuxoT, ra
gansxvavebaa da ara ra msagavsebaa X-sa da Y-s Soris. msgavsebis aRweris
SemTxvevaSi aplikanti qulas ver miiRebs.
N nu gacdebiT davalebis pirobas, an kiTxvaSi mocemul sakiTxs. qula
iwereba konkretul pasuxebSi da ara zogad msjelobaSi.
N gaxsovdeT, Tu gTxoven daasaxeloT da daasabuToT mag. problemis
gadaWris ori gza, Sefasdeba Tqvens mier dawerili pirveli ori pasuxi.
mesame an meti gzis moyvanis SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi qulebi ar iwereba.
N upasuxeT SekiTxvis yvela nawils.
N yuradReba miaqcieT, ramdeni sakiTxis ganxilvas iTxovs Tqvengan
davaleba.
N wereT mkafiod.
N sasurvelia, Tqvenma nawerma Seavsos pasuxisaTvis gankuTvnili adgili.
6

N dazogeT dro, raTa gqondeT saSualeba, gadaxedoT Tqvens nawers.

6
cxadia, SeiZleba Tqven Zalian mokled, magram adekvaturad upasuxoT kiTxvas.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia, yuradReba ar eqceva, Sevsebulia Tu ara pasuxisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli adgili. aplikanti miiRebs damsaxurebul qulas. ubralod
gaiTvaliswineT, rom pasuxisTvis gamoyofili adgili optimaluria
argumentirebuli swori pasuxisaTvis.

31

III Tavi

profesiuli unarebis testur davalebaTa Sefasebis
nimuSebi

am TavSi Tqven gaecnobiT profesiuli unarebis testis
davalebaTa Sefasebis nimuSebs. gamocdebis erovnulma centrma
araerTi sacdeli testireba Caatara saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi
da Tu Tqven sacdel testirebebSi monawileobdiT, zogierTi davaleba
SeiZleba TqvenTvis nacnobic aRmoCndes. TandarTuli komentarebi
dagexmarebaT, ukeT gaerkveT davalebis arsSi, swori da araswori
pasuxebis interpretaciaSi. imisaTvis, rom Tqven gaecnoT Ria
davalebebis Sefasebis kriteriumebs, am TavSi sacdeli testirebebidan
aRebuli Sesrulebuli davalebebis nimuSebsac GgTavazobT.
davalebaTa calkeul jgufs win uZRvis amonaridi
maswavleblis profesiuli standartis Sesatyvisi Tavidan, aseve
gansazRvrulia, ris Semowmebas emsaxureba davaleba. mocemulia
testuri davalebis analizi da Sefasebis sqema (swori pasuxebi).

32
nimuSi N 1

kolbergis mixedviT, CamoTvlilTagan romeli ori faqtori udevs
safuZvlad adamianis moralur ganviTarebas:

I. misi genetika _ Tandayolili unarebi da ganviTarebisadmi mzaoba.
II. socialuri garemo, romelSic igi viTardeba da kanonmorCileba.
III. fiqri da msjeloba sxvadasxva moralur sakiTxze.
IV. dasja dajildoebis saxiT miRebuli ukukavSiri.

a) I da II.
b) III da IV.
g) II da III.
d) I da IV.

mizani: bavSvis moraluri ganviTarebis Teoriis codnis Sefaseba
maswavleblis profesiuli standarti. Tavi II. muxli 5. sakiTxi 1. danarTi N2, 2.
ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebis avtorebi, (3) lorens kolbergi.

swori pasuxi: (g)

romauli cifrebiT aRniSnulia oTxi sxvadasxva faqtori, romelTagan
unda airCioT is ori, romelic, kolbergis Teoriis mixedviT, safuZvlad
udevs adamianis moralur ganviTarebas. mocemulia am faqtorebisgan
Semdgari oTxi savaraudo wyvili, anu oTxi savaraudo pasuxi _ (a), (b), (g), (d),
romelTaganac unda SearCioT swori pasuxi.

komentari
kolbergis Teoriis mixedviT (ix. danarTi #2, l. kolbergi gv. 102),
adamianis moralur ganviTarebas ganapirobebs is socialuri garemo,
romelSic igi viTardeba da misi kanonisadmi damokidebuleba,
kanonmorCileba (II), agreTve azrovneba da gansja sxvadasxva moralur
sakiTxebze (III). Sesabamisad, CamoTvlilTagan unda SeirCes is varianti, sadac
dawyvilebulia II da III faqtorebi. aseTia (g) varianti.

33

nimuSi N 2

swavlebis bihevioristuli modelis mixedviT, saswavlo procesSi:

a) moswavle maswavlebelTan erTad irCevs saswavlo aqtivobebs da maTi
Sesrulebis temps.
b) moswavle maswavlebelTan erTad irCevs saswavlo aqtivobebs, xolo maTi
Sesrulebis tempi winaswaraa gansazRvruli maswavleblis mier.
g) moswavle TviTon irCevs saswavlo aqtivobebis ganxorcielebis temps,
xolo aqtivobebi winaswar aris gansazRvruli maswavleblis mier.
d) saswavlo aqtivobebi da maTi ganxorcielebis tempi winaswar
gansazRvrulia maswavleblis mier.

mizani: swavlebis Teoriis codnis Sefaseba
ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi, (1) biheviorizmi.

swori pasuxi: (d)

komentari

swavlebis sxvadasxva modeli eyrdnoba sxvadasxva Teoriul safuZvels.
swavlebis bihevioristuli modeli gulisxmobs, rom maswavlebeli Tavad
gansazRvravs swavlebis process, marTavs moswavlis qcevas da moswavle
ZiriTadad maswavleblis instruqciebis, miTiTebebis Semsruleblis rolSia.
Sesabamisad, swori pasuxia (d).
(a), (b) da (g) pasuxebi ar aris swori, radgan, am pasuxebis mixedviT,
swavlis procesis dagegmvaSi monawileobs moswavlis aqtivobac, rasac
gamoricxavs bihevioristuli swavlebis modeli.

34
nimuSi N 3

istoriis maswavlebelma me-6 klasis moswavleebi eqskursiaze
waiyvana. gzad bavSvebma avtobusis fanjridan nangrevi SeniSnes da
maswavlebels hkiTxes:
_ aq eklesia iyo?
_ amis garkveva TqvenTvis momindia, _ upasuxa man.
maswavlebelma moswavleebs nangrevis suraTebi gadaaRebina,
soflis saxeli Caawerina da misca davaleba: ori kviris vadaSi Tqven
unda moamzadoT narkvevi am istoriuli Zeglis Sesaxeb. SegiZliaT,
isargebloT skolis biblioTekiTa da ufrosebis daxmarebiT.
ori kviris Semdeg yvela moswavlem klasSi warmoadgina
dasuraTebuli naSromi, romelSic Zeglis Sesaxeb amomwuravi informacia
iyo mocemuli. moswavleebi kmayofilebi iyvnen rogorc TavianTi
namuSevriT, aseve maswavleblis SefasebiT.
qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli mecnieris Teoria Seesabameba
yvelaze metad swavlebis procesSi istoriis maswavleblis mier
gamoyenebul meTods:

a) uznaZis;
b) skineris;
g) bruneris;
d) rojersis.

mizani: bruneris Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebis codnis Sefaseba
ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi, (10) jerom bruneri.

swori pasuxi: (g)

komentari
bruneris Teoria (ix. danarTi #2, j. bruneri gv. 121) gulisxmobs
swavlas aRmoCenebis gziT, rodesac moswavleebs masala dausrulebeli saxiT
miewodebaT, rac maTSi aRZravs survils, TviTon aRmoaCinon
urTierTkavSirebi informaciis elementebs Soris da miRebul codnas miscen
organizebuli forma.
davalebaSi moyvanilia swavlebis magaliTi aRmoCenebis gziT, amitom (g)
swori pasuxia.
35

nimuSi N 4
maTematikis maswavlebeli amCnevs, rom sibejiTis miuxedavad, Tamunas
UuWirs wiladebze amocanebis gadawyveta.
qvemoT mocemuli oTxi davalebidan romeli ori unda misces
Tavdapirvelad pedagogma Tamunas, rom mas wiladebis gageba gauadvildes?

a) jer davaleba N 4, Semdeg davaleba N N 2;
b) jer davaleba N N 1, Semdeg davaleba N N 3;
g) jer davaleba N N 3, Semdeg davaleba N N 2;
d) jer davaleba N N 1, Semdeg davaleba N N 4.

mizani: piaJes Teoriis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba
ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi, (1) Jan piaJe.

swori pasuxia a).

davaleba N1

naxatze gamoxatulia 12 yvavili.
Semoxaze Yyvavilebis 2/3 nawili.
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =

davaleba N3

giam namcxvris 1/2 nawili SeWama,
daTom ki namcxvris 1/4 nawili. ra
nawili darCa namcxvridan?
davaleba N4

kvadratis erT-erTi naxevari
misi 1/2 nawilia.
gaaferade kvadratis naxevari.

A

davaleba N2

gayavi wre sam tol nawilad.

gaaferade wris 1/3 nawili.

36
komentari

davalebis piroba moiTxovs bavSvis kognituri ganviTarebis zogadi
kanonzomierebis codnas. kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi dagexmarebaT amave
saxelmZRvanelos danarTSi mocemuli piaJes Teoriis mokle aRwera (ix.
danarTi N#2, J. piaJe gv.87). Tumca pedagogi praqtikuli gamocdilebiTac
martivad upasuxebs amgvar kiTxvas.
bavSvis kognituri (SemecnebiTi) ganviTarebis zogadi kanonzomiereba,
piaJes mixedviT, Semdegia: bavSvi jer konkretul moqmedebaSi axerxebs
problemis gadawyvetas (inteleqtis ganviTarebis senso-motoruli stadia);
Semdeg etapze bavSvs axasiaTebs TvalsaCino xatovani azrovneba, Sesabamisad,
ukve SeuZlia TvalsaCino masalaze dayrdnobiT amocanis gadawyveta
(inteleqtis ganviTarebis operaciamdeli stadia); momdevno etapze
bavSvisaTvis ukve misawvdomia amocanis TvalsaCino sayrdenis gareSe
gadawyveta, Tumca konkretuli moqmedebebis ganxorcielebiT (inteleqtis
ganviTarebis konkretuli operaciebis stadia). mxolod Semdgom etapze,
mozardobis xanaSia SesaZlebeli ganzogadebuli, abstraqtuli informaciis
gageba da iseTi amocanebis gadawyveta, rasac logikuri operaciebis
ganxorcieleba esaWiroeba (inteleqtis ganviTarebis formaluri operaciebis
stadia).
rodesac bavSvs uWirs wiladebis gageba, adeqvaturia swavlebis procesSi
SevuqmnaT TvalsaCino moqmedebiTi safuZveli. swored amitom maswavlebelma
bavSvs pirvelad iseTi davalebebi unda misces (davaleba #4 da davaleba #2),
romlebSic mas evaleba obieqtze konkretuli moqmedebis Sesruleba. ase
daexmareba pirvel etapze pedagogi moswavles nawilis da mTelis mimarTebis
gagebaSi.
rac Seexeba sxva davalebebs: pirveli davalebac konkretul moqmedebaSi
moiTxovs problemis gadwyvetas, Tumca gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre me-3
da me-4 davaleba. mesame davaleba moiTxovs wiladebze araTvalsaCinod
mocemuli informaciis gaanalizebas, rac moswavlisTvis, romelsac uWirs
wiladebze martivi amocanebis gadawyvetac, swavlebis sawyis etapze
araadekvatur davalebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

37
nimuSi N 5
qvemoT mocemulia gakveTilis mizani, romlis miRwevac surs maswavlebels
da maswavleblis konkretuli aqtivoba. gaecaniT orive maTgans da SeafaseT,
ramdenad adekvaturia mocemuli aqtivoba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.

dawyebiTi klasis maswavlebelma SeniSna, rom ramdenime pirvelklaselis
azriT _ ,,sagani rac ufo didia, miT ufro mZimea.
mizani: moswavleebisaTvis sagnis moculobasa da wonas Soris mimarTebis
axsna.
aqtivoba: maswavlebelma moswavleebs sTxova magidaze moculobis klebis
mixedviT moTavsebuli sagnebis (rogorc es naxatzea naCvenebi) dalageba wonis
zrdis mixedviT.

aRwerili aqtivoba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad:

a) adekvaturia, radgan am asakSi bavSvebs SeuZliaT gaiazron da gadaWran
hipoTeturi problemebi.
b) ar aris adekvaturi, radgan am asakSi moswavles, TvalsaCinoebis miuxedavad,
mainc gauWirdeba moculobasa da wonas Soris mimarTebebis dadgena.
g) adekvaturia, radgan am asakSi moswavles SeuZlia TvalsaCinoebis daxmarebiT
codna sakuTari aRmoCenebis safuZvelze aagos.
d) ar aris adekvaturi, radgan am asakSi bavSvs SeuZlia ganzogadebuli cnebebiT
operireba da Tu mimarTebebs kargad axsnis, pedagogi mizans isedac miaRwevs.

mizani: piaJes Teoriis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba.
ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi, (1) Jan piaJe.

swori pasuxia g).

bamba aguri vaSli
38
komentari:

testSi aseve SeiZleba SegxvdeT davaleba arCeviTi pasuxiT, romelSic,
iseve rogor wina davalebaSi, mowmdeba ramdenad Seswevs pedagogs unari,
praqtikaSi gamoiyenos bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb Teoriuli codna.
aplikantis amocanaa, Seafasos, ramdenad uwyobs xels maswavleblis mier
ganxorcielebuli aqtivoba dasaxuli miznis miRwevas.
savaraudo pasuxebidan ori formulirebulia dadebiTad (,,adekvaturia),
ori _ uaryofiTad (,,ar aris adekvaturi). ar aris aucilebeli swori pasuxi
dadebiTad iyos formulirebuli, mniSvnelovania msjeloba iyos myarad
argumentitrebuli. piaJes Teoriis mixedviT (ix. danarTi #2, J. piaJe gv. 87),
pirvel klaseli bavSvisTvis (operaciamdeli stadia) damaxasiaTebelia
TvalsaCino xatovani azrovneba, rac imas niSnavs, rom amocanis gadawyvetis,
obieqtebis dajgufebis Tu sinamdvilis ganzogadebis dros misTvis
aucilebelia TvalsaCino sayrdeni. Sesabamisad, CamoTvlili msjelobebidan
maswavleblis aqtivobas sworad afasebs (g) _ adekvaturia, radgan am asakSi
moswavles SeuZlia TvalsaCinoebis daxmarebiT codna sakuTari aRmoCenebis
safuZvelze aagos.

39
nimuSi N 6
moswavleebs swavlis gansxvavebuli stili aqvT. zogi ukeTesad
igebs da imaxsovrebs vizualurad miwodebul informacias, zogi weris
dros ukeTesad igebs da iazrebs axal masalas da a. S. yuradRebiT
waikiTxeT marcxena svetSi moswavleebis Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia
da SeusabameT marjvena svetSi mocemul swavlis stils.
informacia moswavlis Sesaxeb swavlis stili
(I) giorgim maswavlebels sakmaod kargad upasuxa, magram
SedarebiT dabali Sefaseba miiRo. maswavlebelma es ase auxsna:
`saxlSi ar wagikiTxavs, rac aq moismine _ is moyevi~.
giorgi: `ra vqna, masw, Tqven ise kargad yvebiT, maSinve
mamaxsovrdeba...~
a. swavla
SexebiT
b. swavla
keTebiT
(II) maris akademiuri miRwevebi bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi
sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda da mSobelTa krebaze klasis
damrigebelma xazgasmiT aRniSna es ambavi. maris dedam
kmayofilebiT Cailaparaka: `vurCie, mecadineobisas
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi amoewera da damijera...~
g. swavla
kiTxviT
(III) daTos Zalian uWirs moqmedebebi wiladebsa da aTwiladebze.
amis gamo sakontroloSi oriani miiRo. gigam qurTukis jibidan
mandarini amoiRo da daTos miawoda. ès aris erTi mandarini.
daanawile lebnebad. ai, Sexede, 16 lebania. e. i. erTi lebani
mandarinis 1/16-ia. 8 cali rom aviRoT, mandarinis naxevari
gamova~. saxlSi dabrunebulma daTom Tavisuflad amoxsna
davaleba wiladebze.
d. swavla
mosmeniT
e. swavla
weriT

a) (I) -s Seesabameba a. b. g. d. e.
b) (II) -s Seesabameba a. b. g. d. e.
g) (III) -s Seesabameba a. b. g. d. e.

mizani: gansxvavebuli swavlis stilis codnis Sefaseba.

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti. Tavi II. muxli 5. sakiTxi 2. danarTi N1.
ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi.

40
komentari:

am tipis davalebaze muSaobisas SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT isrebi, ise,
rogorc nimuSzea mocemuli. es gagiadvilebT pasuxis gacemas.
cxrilis marcxena svetSi aRwerili (I) situaciis mixedviT, giorgi
saxelmZRvanelos ar kiTxulobs, saxlSi ar mecadineobs da maswavleblis mier
axsnil masalas mosmeniT imaxsovrebs. e. i. moswavles axali masalis aTviseba
uadvildeba mosmeniT da ara, magaliTad, saxelmZRvanelos damoukideblad
damuSavebiT. giorgis swavlis stili aris swavla mosmeniT, anu I situacias
Seesabameba pasuxis (d) varianti. savaraudo pasuxebSi unda SemovxazoT pasuxis
(d) varianti.
(II) situaciidan vigebT, rom mSoblis rCeviT, moswavlem werilobiT
CainiSna gakveTilis mniSnelovani sakiTxebi da Sedegad ukeT aiTvisa masala
e.i. am moswavlisaTvis sagnis Seswavlis yvelaze efeqturi gza aris swavla
weriT, anu (II) situacias Seesabameba pasuxis (e) varianti. savaraudo pasuxebSi
unda SemovxazoT pasuxis (e) varianti.
(III) SemTxvevaSi aRwerilia, rogor daexmara Tanaklaseli daTos,
gaeazrebina, ras niSnavs wiladi da rogor xorcieldeba ariTmetikuli
moqmedebebi wiladebze. moswavleebma konkretuli sagani daanawiles da
amgvarad TvalnaTliv dainaxes sakiTxis ZiriTadi arsi. aqedan gamomdinare
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom amgvari moswavlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia swavla
keTebiT, anu (III) situacias Seesabameba pasuxis (b) varianti. savaraudo
pasuxebSi swori pasuxia (b) varianti.
amgvarad, pasuxebisaTvis gankuTvnil adgilas pirvel SemTxvevaSi unda
Semoixazos (d) varianti, II SemTxvevaSi _ (e) varianti, xolo III SemTxvevaSi
(b) varianti.

41
nimuSi N 7

levani hiperaqtiuri moswavlea. gakveTilze SeiZleba wamoxtes,
Tanaklaselebis nivTebi iatakze dayaros, ris gamoc gakveTilis msvleloba
seriozulad ferxdeba.

qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romelia maswavleblis yvelaze adekvaturi
qmedeba aseTi hiperaqtiuri moswavlis qcevis marTvisaTvis:

a) moswavlis qcevis ignorireba da gakveTilis gagrZeleba.
b) Sexseneba imisa, rom moswavleebma wesi unda daicvan da mSvidad isxdnen.
g) moswavlesTan miaxloeba da mkafio miTiTebis micema, konkretulad ra unda
gaakeTos.
d) gakveTilis Semdeg moswavlesTan gasaubreba imis Taobaze, rom xeli ar
SeuSalos sxva moswavleebs.

mizani: icis Tu ara pedagogma, ra gavlenas axdens ganviTarebis
individualuri Taviseburebebi swavlisa da swavlebis procesze. SeuZlia Tu
ara ,,rTul moswavleTa aqtiuri CarTulobis uzrunvelyofa da maTi qcevis
marTva.

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti. Tavi II. muxli 5. sakiTxi 2. acnobierebs
moswavleebis ganviTarebis asakobriv da individualur Taviseburebebs da maT gavlenas
swavlebasa da swavlaze.
Tavi III. muxli 7. sakiTxi 2. icnobs inkluziuri ganaTlebis principebs da iyenebs mas
sakuTari praqtikis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi.

swori pasuxi: (g).

komentari
mocemuli davaleba exeba hiperaqtiuri bavSvis qcevis marTvas.
davalebaSi aRwerilia moswavlis qceva da savaraudo pasuxebis saxiT
mocemulia maswavleblis aqtivobebi. Tqveni mizania, CamoTvlilTagan
SearCioT is varianti, romelSic warmodgenilia maswavleblis adekvaturi
reaqcia aRweril situaciaSi. amasTan, unda miaqcioT yuradReba im garemoebas,
rom SekiTxvaSi xazgasmiTaa gamoyofili Semdegi sityvebi yvelaze adekvaturi,
rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom SesaZloa, savaraudo pasuxebSic figurirebdes
maswavleblis aqtivobis zogadad misaRebi variantebi, magram Tqven unda
SearCioT maT Soris yvelaze metad adekvaturi.
42
rogorc cnobilia, hiperaqtiuri bavSvi gansakuTrebul midgomas
saWiroebs. aseTi moswavle, rogorc wesi, ar reagirebs zogadi xasiaTis
SeniSvnebze, igi impulsuria da uWirs didi xniT yuradRebis koncentrireba
erT sakiTxze, ar ukvirdeba sakuTar qcevas, ar fiqrobs, risi gakeTeba
SeiZleba da risi ara, ver axerxebs moqmedebis dagegmvas da uSualo
miTiTebebi esaWiroeba. amitom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis qcevas uyuradRebod
davtovebT, igi ver mixvdeba, rom cudad, arasworad moiqca (a); arc zogadi
wesebis Sexsenebas eqneba Sedegi, radgan mas uWirs damoukideblad Secvalos
konkretuli qceva (b); gakveTilis dasrulebis Semdeg moswavlesTan gasaubreba
zogadad SesaZloa efeqturi iyos, magram ara hiperaqtiuri moswavlis
SemTxvevaSi (d). moswavlem uSualod araswori qcevis dros unda miiRos
maswavleblisagan mkacri miTiTeba mSvidi toniT: ra evaleba, misgan
konkretulad ras moelian. (g).
amitom mocemul davalebaSi swori pasuxia: moswavlesTan miaxloeba da
mkafio miTiTebis micema, Tu ra ar unda gaakeTos (g varianti).

nimuSi N 8

qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli msjeloba asaxavs yvelaze srulad
inkluziuri ganaTlebis arss:

a) inkluziuri ganaTleba gulisxmobs mxolod SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone
bavSvebis swavlebas.
b) inkluziuri ganaTleba aris moswavleTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis
daZlevis saSualeba.
g) inkluziuri ganaTleba aris gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebisa da saWiroebebis
mqone moswavleTa saswavlo procesSi CarTuloba da monawileoba.
d) inkluziuri ganaTleba aris saswavlo gegmis adaptacia moswavlis
individualuri unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

mizani: inkluziuri ganaTlebis ZiriTadi principebis codnis Sefaseba

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti. Tavi III. muxli 7. sakiTxi 2. icnobs inkluziuri
ganaTlebis principebs da iyenebs mas sakuTari praqtikis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi.

swori pasuxi: (g).

43
komentari
SekiTxvaSi gamokveTilia sityvebi yvelaze srulad, rac imaze miuTiTebs,
rom SesaZloa pasuxis romelime variantSi mocemulia inkluziuri ganaTlebis
nawilobrivi ganmarteba, Tumca Tqven is varianti unda SearCioT, romelic
yvelaze srulad gamoxatavs inkluziuri ganaTlebis arss.
inkluziuri ganaTleba gulisxmobs, sxva moswavleebTan erTad
specialuri saganmanaTleblo saWiroebis moswavleebis CarTvas saswavlo
procesSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, mocemuli davalebis swori pasuxia (g) varianti.
(a) varianti mcdaria, radgan igi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone
bavSvebis Tanatolebisagan gancalkevebiT swavlebas gulisxmobs.
aseve mcdaria (b) variantic _ inkluziuri ganaTleba ara moswavleTa
Soris gansxvavebebis daZlevas, aramed gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone
moswavleTa erTobliv swavlebas, SezRuduli unarebis mqone bavSvebis
socialur adaptacias gulisxmobs.
(d) varianti _ SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavlis
individualuri unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT saswavlo gegmis adaptacia
SesaZloa iyos inkluziuri swavlebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili. Tumca es
debuleba srulyofilad ar gamoxatavs inkluziuri ganaTlebis arss.

44
nimuSi N 9

maswavlebelma Sesvenebaze SeniSna, rom meoTxe klaselebi Tako da
nino cxared kamaToben. maswavlebeli maTi saubris fragmentebidan xvdeba,
rom Tako Tanaklaselis raRac saqcielma gaanawyena.
moswavleebSi konfliqtis mogvarebis unaris gasaviTareblad
CamoTvlilTagan romeli iqneba am situaciaSi maswavleblis yvelaze
mizanSewonili qceva?

a) dauyovnebiliv Caerios moswavleebis kamaTSi da auxsnas qcevis eTikuri
normebi.
b) klasSi ganixilos gogonebis qceva, raTa am magaliTze aswavlos mTel
klass eTikuri normebis mniSvneloba da konfliqtis mogvarebis SesaZlo
gzebi.
g) CaerTos moswavleebis kamaTSi, raTa Semdgomi adekvaturi
reagirebisaTvis gaarkvios, vin aris maT Soris damnaSave.
d) daakvirdes, ramdenad axerxeben bavSvebi sadavo sakiTxis
damoukideblad mogvarebas da amis Semdgom dagegmos Sesabamisi qmedeba.

mizani: moswavleebSi konfliqturi situaciebis marTvis unaris
ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.
maswavleblis profesiuli standarti. Tavi III. muxli 7. sakiTxi 5. icis, rogor
Seuwyos xeli moswavleebs Soris pozitiuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas, moagvaros
konfliqtebi mSvidobiani gziT da xeli Seuwyos moswavleebSi eTikuri Rirebulebebis
Camoyalibebas.

swori pasuxia: d.

komentari:
kiTxvaSi gamuqebulia sakvanZo sityvebi _ konfliqtis mogvarebis unaris
gasaviTareblad _ rac imas niSnavs, rom kiTxva ar aris mimarTuli am
konkretul situaciaSi konfliqtis daregulirebaze. am davalebiT fasdeba,
icis Tu ara pedagogma, rogor Seuwyos xeli bavSvebSi konfliqtis mogvarebis
unaris ganviTarebas.
(a) da (g) pasuxebi ar aris swori, vinaidan orive dabalefeqturia
moswavleebSi konfliqtis mogvarebis unaris gasaviTareblad.
dabalefeqturoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gulisxmobs maswavleblis
45
dauyovnebliv Carevas gogonebis kamaTSi, rac ar aZlevs saSualebas bavSvebs,
Tavad, sakuTari ZalebiT daZlion problema.
(b) pasuxi ar aris swori, radgan klasSi gogonebis konfliqtis sajaro
ganxilviT SeiZleba maswavlebelma daarRvios eTikuri normebi, maTi
uflebebi. SeiZleba, es bavSvebisaTvis travmis wyaro gaxdes.
konfliqtis mogvarebis unaris gasaviTareblad ufro mniSvnelovania,
maswavlebeli daakvirdes moswavleebs, ramdenad axerxeben konfliqtis
damoukideblad daZlevas, ra strategias irCeven. Tu xedavs, rom moswavleebs
SeswevT Zala ipovon gamosavali Seqmnili mdgomareobidan, unda misces maT
amis saSualeba. Caerios mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi strategia
dapirispirebaze, gamwvavebazea orientirebuli, dagegmos Sesabamisi qmedebebi.

46
nimuSi N 10

inkluziur ganaTlebaze, anu gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebisa da
unaris mqone bavSvebisa da Cveulebrivi bavSvebis erTad swavlebaze
Cvens sazogadoebaSi mwvave diskusiebi mimdinareobs.
daasaxeleT TiTo argumenti, ratom aris mniSvnelovani SezRuduli
SesaZleblobebis mqone (SSm) bavSvebis swavla danarCen bavSvebTan
erTad, erTi mxriv, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis,
meore mxriv, Cveulebrivi moswavleebisaTvis?

CawereT:
1.

2.

mizani: inkluziuri ganaTlebis ZiriTadi principebis codnis Sefaseba

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti. Tavi III. muxli 7. sakiTxi 2 icnobs inkluziuri
ganaTlebis principebs da iyenebs mas sakuTari praqtikis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi.

davalebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi.
maqsimaluri qula 2.
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone (SSm) bavSvebze inkluziuri swavlebis
dadebiTi gavlenis damadasturebuli Aadekvaturi argumenti _ 1 qula da
danarCen bavSvebze inkluziuri swavlebis dadebiTi gavlenis
damadasturebuli Aadekvaturi argumenti aseve 1 qula.

gagacnobT nimuSebs sacdel testirebebze Sesrulebuli naSromebidan.

Sesrulebuli davalebis nimuSi

47
komentari
es namuSevari fasdeba 0 quliT, radgan ar pasuxobs kiTxvas ra aris
inkluziuri swavlebis dadebiTi mxare SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone da
Cveulebrivi bavSvebisaTvis. ar aris moyvanili arc erTi argumenti. Aamis
nacvlad aplikanti wers maswavleblis valdebulebebis Sesaxeb.


komentari
es pasuxic fasdeba 0 quliT, radgan ar pasuxobs davalebis kiTxvas ratom
aris inkluziuri swavleba efeqturi klasSi SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone
bavSvebis yofnisas. Aamis nacvlad aplikanti gvTavazobs Tavis ,,Sefasebas
sazogadoebaSi arsebul mwvave diskusiis Sesaxeb (I fraza). meore fraza aseve
ar pasuxobs kiTxvas.


komentari
davalebis am nimuSSi aplikantis pasuxi formalurad akmayofilebs Sefasebis
kriteriumebs, igi asaxelebs TiTo arguments orive komponentidan
inkluziuri swavleba dadebiT Sedegs iZleva rogorc SezRuduli
SesaZleblobis mqone, aseve Cveulebrivi bavSvebis pirovnuli
ganviTarebisaTvis. naSromi fasdeba 2 quliT, Tumca, sasurvelia, pasuxi ufro
srulyofilad iyos Camoyalibebuli.
48
nimuSi N11

Tqvenma kolegam gadawyvita, jgufuri muSaobis meTodi gamoiyenos,
magram amis gamocdileba ara aqvs da SiSobs, rom jgufebis muSaobis dros
gauWirdeba klasSi wesrigis SenarCuneba. daxmarebisaTvis Tqven mogmarTaT.
rogor rCevebs miscemdiT mas?
daasaxeleT sami rCeva, romelic daexmareba gamoucdel pedagogs
jgufuri muSaobis sworad warmarTvaSi.

mizani. davaleba afasebs, ramdenad aqvs unari maswavlebels, dagegmos
da warmarTos klasSi jgufuri muSaoba.

marTos moswavleebis qceva wyvilebSi, did da mcire jgufebSi, rogor aswavlos
TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobebi da xeli Seuwyos amgvar viTarebaSi moswavleTa azris
gabedulad gamoxatvas.

maqsimaluri qula _ 3
davalebis pirobis mixedviT, aplikantma unda Camoayalibos sami rCeva.
pasuxebi SeiZleba exebodes jgufuri muSaobis dagegmvas, an dagegmili
muSaobis ganxorcielebas. aplikantis mier dasaxelebuli TiTo adekvaturi
rCeva fasdeba TiTo quliT.

sailustraciod ganvixilavT ramdenime nimuSs:

CawereT:
1.

2.

3.

49

komentari
aplikanti zogadi frazebiT aRwers samuSao process. am pasuxSi ar aris
mocemuli rCeva, romelic daexmareboda axalgazrda pedagogs. mxolod
zedapirulad aris naxsenebi ,,dro, magram aseT konteqstSi SeuZlebelia
daadgino, ras gulisxmobs avtori _ jgufisTvis samuSao drois winaswar
gansazRvras, Tu jgufisTvis samuSaod sakmarisi drois micemas. amasTan,
davaleba moiTxovs sami rCevis dasaxelebas. am konkretul nimuSSi arc erTi
rCeva ar aris mocemuli. Sesabamisad, aseTi naSromi fasdeba 0 quliT.


komentari
aseve Zalian zogadia mocemuli pasuxic, Tumca avtori mzadyofnas gamoxatavs,
sakuTari gamocdileba gauziaros axalgazrda pedagogs, Tumca igi ar
asaxelebs arcerT rCevas.
aseTi naSromi Sefasdeba 0 quliT.

50

komentari
aplikantis pasuxi sworia. is moicavs im aspeqtebs, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac
mniSvnelovania jgufuri muSaobis sworad dagegmvisa da organizebisaTvis.
marTalia, avtori CamoTvlis oTx rCevas, magram CamoTvlilTagan pirveli da
meore rCeva erTi da igive Sinaarsisaa. naSromi 3 quliTaa Sefasebuli.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom rodesac davalebis piroba moiTxovs sami rCevis
dasaxelebas, xolo aplikanti asaxelebs oTx an met rCevas, miuxedavad misi
adekvaturobisa, fasdeba CamoTvlili rCevebidan mxolod pirveli sami.


51
komentari
pasuxidan Cans, rom aplikanti icnobs jgufuri muSaobis specifikas da iZleva
adekvatur rCevebs, rogoricaa winaswar davalebebis momzadeba, miznis
Sesabamisad jgufebis dakompleqteba da jgufebSi lideris gamoyofa.
naSromi Sefasebulia 3 quliT.


komentari
aplikanti Tavis pasuxSi exeba rogorc jgufuri muSaobis winaswar dagegmvas
(davalebebis SerCeva da jgufSi muSaobis wesebis erToblivad SemuSaveba),
aseve jgufuri muSaobis organizebas (erToblivad SemuSavebuli wesebis dacva,
maswavleblis perioduli Careva jgufis muSaobaSi). naSromi Sefasebulia 3
quliT.

52
nimuSi 12

gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, rac ufro niWieria bavSvi, miT ufro
advilia masTan saswavlo procesis warmarTva. Tumca, praqtika aCvenebs, rom
maRalkvalificiur pedagogebsac uWirT iseTi klasis marTva, sadac gansakuTrebiT
niWieri bavSvebi arian.
daasaxeleT ori sirTule, romlebmac SeiZleba iCinos Tavi, roca klasSi
gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildoebuli moswavlea da aRwereT TiToeuli maTganis
daZlevis gza.
CawereT:
1. sirTule:

daZlevis meqanizmi:

2. sirTule:

daZlevis meqanizmi:

mizani: fasdeba, ramdenad esmis da SeuZlia maswavlebels swavlisaTvis
mimzidveli, usafrTxo garemos Seqmna gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone
bavSvebisaTvis.

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti. Tavi III. muxli 7. sakiTxi 2. icnobs inkluziuri
ganaTlebis principebs da iyenebs mas sakuTari praqtikis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi;

pasuxi fasdeba ori komponentis mixedviT: problemis identifikacia da
problemis gadaWris gza.
komponeneti 1 - problemis identifikacia
dasaxelebuli 1 problema _ 1 qula, 2 problema - 2 qula

komponeneti 2 - problemis gadaWris gza
problemis daZlevis 1 gza _ 1 qula, 2 gza - 2 qula

53


komentari
aplikanti Tvlis, rom gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildoebul bavSvebTan
unda imuSaos damatebiT. am pasuxiT Cven ver vigebT, esmis Tu ara pedagogs,
ra sirTuleebma SeiZleba iCinos Tavi im klasis marTvisas, romelSic
gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildoebuli moswavlea. Sesabamisad, gaugebaria,
konkretulad ra problemis daZlevaSi gvexmareba aplikantis mier
SemoTavazebuli problemis gadaWris gza (damatebiTi muSaoba). amgvari
pasuxebi, Cveulebriv, fasdeba 0 quliT.


komentari
amgvari maRalfardovani, zogadi msjeloba fasdeba 0 quliT, radgan
davalebaSi dasmul arc erT kiTxvaze ar iZleva pasuxs. garda amisa,
davalebis pirobaSive miniSnebulia, rom maswavlebeli maRalkvalificiuria,
xolo pasuxSi meordeba mocemuloba.
analogiur Sefasebas imsaxurebs qvemoTmoyvanili pasuxic (nimuSi #3).
kiTxva moiTxovda ara sakuTari gamocdilebis gaziarebas, aramed aRniSnuli
problemis gaazrebas. avtorma kiTxva arasworad gaigo, Sesabamisad, pasuxi
araadekvaturia.

54


ganvixiloT pasuxebi, romlebic 1, 2, an 3 qulas imsaxurebs:


am pasuxSi mocemulia problema, romelic Tavs iCens klasis marTvisas
niWieri bavSvis uyuradReboba. marTlac, niWieri bavSvebi iTviseben ufro
swrafad, ician ufro meti, vidre Tanaklaselebma da amitom maTTvis
gakveTilebi ufro mosawyenia da xSirad isini uyuradReboni arian. am
problemis gadaWris gzad aplikants niWieri moswavlisTvis individualuri
davalebebis micema (1), sust bavSvebTan muSaobaSi niWieri bavSvis CarTva (2)
da moswavlisTvis gakveTilze sapasuximgeblo rolis miniWeba (3) miaCnia.
amgvarad, aplikantma moiyvana erTi problema da problemis gadaWris sami gza.
aq yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze: Tumca aplikanti
iZleva problemis gadaWris sam gzas, es komponenti mainc fasdeba 2 quliT,
radgan, davalebis pirobis mixedviT, aplikants moeTxoveba 2 gzis dasaxeleba.
anu, aucilebelia gaiTvaliswinoT, rom imaze meti problemis, an misi gadaWris
gzis dasaxeleba, vidre amas davalebis piroba moiTxovs, ar aris meti qulis
miRebis garantia. Sefasdeba mxolod is raodenoba, rac dasaxelebulia
davalebis pirobaSi.

SedarebiT sruli pasuxebi mocemulia qvemoT warmodgenil nimuSSi:
55


am pasuxSi mocmulia ori problema, romelic Tavs iCens klasis
marTvisas:
1. uyuradReboba, naklebi interesi sagakveTilo procesisadmi.
2. niWieri bavSvis e. w. ,,inteleqtualuri zewola _ is, rac mas
ainteresebTs xSirad gaugebaria sxva moswavleebisTvis.
marTlac, niWieri bavSvebma ician ufro meti, vidre Tanaklaselebma da
amitom maTTvis gakveTilebi ufro mosawyenia, xSirad isini uyuradReboni
arian da Sesabamisad, nakleb interess iCenen sagakveTilo procesisadmi.
aplikanti gvTavazobs am problemebis gadaWris gzas: pedagogis
specialuri momzadeba aseT moswavlesTan samuSaod _ niWieri moswavlisTvis
individualuri davalebebis micema.
pasuxidan Cans, rom aplikants esmis is sirTuleebi, romelmac SeiZleba
iCinos Tavi im klasis marTvisas, romelSic gansakuTrebuli niWiT
dajildoebuli bavSvebi arian da gvTavazobs am problemebis gadaWris
adekvatur gzebs. aseTi pasuxi imsaxurebs 3 qulas (aRwers or problemas da
problemis gadaWris erT adekvatur gzas).
56
nimuSi N13
gamoucdeli pedagogi pirvelad Sevida meeqvse klasSi. man moswavleTa
qcevis wesebi Camoayaliba da klasSi TvalsaCino adgilze gamoakra. wesebSi
naTlad iyo xazgasmuli, risi ufleba ara aqvT moswavleebs da ris gamo
daisjebian mkacrad. miuxedavad amisa, moswavleebi xSirad arRvevdnen
wesebs.

CamoTvlilTagan romelia is arsebiTi Secdoma, romelic dauSva
axalgazrda pedagogma qcevis wesebis SemuSavebisas:

I. pedagogma ar gaiTvaliswina, rom moswavleebis aqtiuri Tanamonawileoba
qcevis wesebis SemuSavebis procesSi ufro gazrdida maT pasuxismgeblobas.
II. pedagogma ar SeaTanxma winaswar qcevis wesebis TiToeuli punqti skolis
TviTmarTvelobasa da mSoblebTan.
III. pedagogma qcevis wesebSi yuradReba gaamaxvila ZirTadad uflebebis
SezRudvasa da sadamsjelo RonisZiebebze.

a) I da II erTad
b) I da III erTad
g) II da III erTad
d) arc erTi

mizani: afasebs, icis Tu ara pedagogma, rogor Seqmnas moswavleTa
ganviTarebis safexuris Sesabamisi yoveldRiuri qcevis wesebi.

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti : Tavi III. muxli 7. maswavlebelma icis, rogor
Seqmnas usafrTxo, mzrunveli, efeqturi, organizebuli da keTilganwyobili saswavlo
garemo
.

komentari
romauli cifrebiT CamoTvlilia pedagogis mier daSvebuli sami
SesaZlo Secdoma, qvemoT mocemulia oTxi savaraudo pasuxi (a), (b), (g) da (d),
romelTagan unda airCioT erT-erTi.
imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma qcevis wesebi daicvan, sasurvelia, maTi
SemuSavebis dros gaiTvaliswinoT moswavleTa mosazrebebic da naklebad
gaamaxviloT yuradReba dasjis meqanizmebze.
savaraudo pasuxebidan mxolod (b) moicavs srulad gamoucdeli
pedagogis Secdomebs (I da II erTad). Sesabamisad, swori pasuxia (b). (a) da (g)
pasuxebi nawilobriv sworia, (d) _ araswori.
57
nimuSi N14

maTematikis maswavlebelma moswavleebs farTobis
gamoTvlis xerxebi auxsna. Semdeg moswavleebi or jgufad dayo da
sTxova, moefiqrebinaT praqtikaSi am codnis gamoyenebis
magaliTebi.
ramdenad adekvaturia saklaso oTaxSi merxebis standartuli
ganlageba (mwkrivebad ganlagebuli merxebi, TiTo bavSvi TiTo
merxze) konkretuli sakiTxis axsnisa da jgufuri muSaobisaTvis?
I aqtivoba _ sakiTxis axsna.
a) adekvaturia
b) araadekvaturia
II aqtivoba _ jgufebSi muSaoba.
a) adekvaturia
b) araadekvaturia
Tu romelime aqtivobisaTvis merxebis standartul ganlagebas
araadekvaturad miiCnevT, CawereT, ra iqneba optimaluri am
aqtivobisaTvis.
CawereT:

mizani: davaleba afasebs, icis Tu ara pedagogma, rogor moawyos saswavlo
fizikuri garemo efeqturi swavlebisaTvis.

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti: Tavi III. muxli 7. sakiTxi 6. icis, rogor moawyos
saswavlo fizikuri garemo efeqturi swavlebisaTvis.

davalebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi:
swori pasuxebi: I aqtivoba _ swori pasuxi (a)
II aqtivoba _ swori pasuxi (b)
orive swori pasuxisaTvis aplikanti iRebs 1 qulas.

+ 1 qula iwereba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pasuxisTvis gankuTvnil adgilas
aplikants mohyavs swori argumentacia, ratom aris araadekvaturi merxebis
standartuli ganlageba jgufuri muSaobisTvis.
58


komentari
naSromi Sefasebulia 0 quliT, radgan aplikants naSromSi ar aqvs moniSnuli
arc erTi swori pasuxi. komentaric ar aris adekvaturi, radgan davaleba
gvTxovs aRvweroT, ra SemTxvevaSi iqneba merxebis standartuli ganlageba
optimaluri, xolo aplikanti ki miuTiTebs adgils da ara aqtivobas.


naSromi Sefasebulia 0 quliT, radgan aplikants naSromSi ar aqvs moniSnuli
arc erTi pasuxi da misi komentaridan calsaxad ar Cans, ra tipis standartul
ganlagebas gulisxmobs igi.

59


aplikants ara aqvs moniSnuli arc erTi pasuxi, misi komentariT ki
irkveva, rom man arasworad gaigo davalebis piroba, yuradReba gaamaxvila
ara imaze, rom maswavlebeli atarebs jgufur muSaobas, aramed maswavleblis
mier moswavleTaTvis micemuli davalebis Sinaaarsze, ris gamoc is
Sefasebulia 0 quliT.


naSromi Sefasebulia maqsimaluri _ 2 quliT. avtorma swori pasuxi gasca
orive kiTxvas da misi pasuxic adekvaturad aris argumentirebuli.
60
nimuSi N15

qeTi maswavlebeli cdilobs meore klasis moswavleebis motivirebas da
xSirad aqebs patarebs. ninom kargadDSeasrula davaleba, lamazad da
uSecdomod gamowera sityvebi da qeTi maswavleblis Seqebac daimsaxura. vatos
saSinao davaleba ar dauweria, saklaso samuSaoc sakmaod daudevrad
Seasrula. qeTi maswavlebelma vatos waxaliseba gadawyvita da amitom isic
Seaqo.
Seqebis miuxedavad, vato isev agrZelebs daudevrad muSaobas. mas ninom
da moswavleTa nawilmac mibaZa.

gaaanalizeT aRwerili situacia. ram gamoiwvia moswavleebSi swavlis
xalisis Semcireba?
CawereT

mizani: konkretul situaciaSi motivirebis strategiebis SesaZlo Sedegis
analizis unaris Sefaseba. swavlis mimarT pasuxismgeblobiTi
damokidebulebebis Camoyalibebis xerxebis codna.

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti. Tavi III. muxli 8. sakiTxi 1. icis swavlis motivaciis
amaRlebis strategiebi da aanalizebs maT SesaZlo Sedegs konkretul situaciaSi;

maqsimaluri qula 2.
aplikantis pasuxSi unda Candes, rom mas esmis waxalisebis mniSvneloba,
icnobs motivaciis meqanizmebs da SeuZlia maTi adekvaturad gamoyeneba
klasSi muSobisas. amasTanave pasuxSi unda Candes, rom is iTvaliswinebs erTi
moswavlis mimarT gamoTqmuli Seqebis, waxalisebis gavlenas rogorc am
moswavleze, aseve danarCenebze (ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes vatos
Seqebas rogorc vatosTvis, aseve ninosa da danarCeni moswavleebisaTvis).
namuSevari fasdeba 2 quliT, Tu aplikantis pasuxSi Cans aRniSnuli
orive mxare. 1 quliT _ Tu aplikanti iZleva arasrul pasuxs. naSromSi
iwereba 0 qula, Tu pasuxi gaurkvevelia, araadekvaturia.
61

komentari
aplikanti ar pasuxobs kiTxvas arsebiTad. misi pasuxi motivaciis Sesusteba
gamoiwveulia qeTi maswavleblis mier zedapirulia. davalebis SekiTxvis
arsi swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom avxsnaT, rogor, ratom gamoiwvia qeTi
maswavleblis qcevam motivaciis Sesusteba.
amgvari pasuxi fasdeba 0 quliT.


62
komentari

miuxedavad vrceli teqstisa, aplikantis namuSevari ar pasuxobs ZiriTad
kiTxvas, Tu ram gamoiwvia moswavleebis motivaciis Sesusteba; aplikanti ar
ganixilavs davalebaSi mocemul faqtebs, ar mohyavs argumentebi. misi
naSromidan ar Cans, Tu rogor iyenebs qeTi maswavlebeli waxalisebis
meqanizms gakveTilze. igi gvTavazobs zogadad moswavleebTan muSaobis
strategiebs, saubrobs Tavis warmatebaze am mimarTulebiT, damatebiT
gakveTilebsa da moswaleebTan klasgareSe urTierTobaze.

amgvari pasuxi fasdeba 0 quliT.


komentari
aplikanti mxolod nawilobriv pasuxobs kiTxvas, anu asaxelebs da ganixilavs
qeTi maswavleblis mcdar qmedebas Seqebis, waxalisebis arasaswori
gamoyenebis magaliTs. magram ar ganixilavs, waxalisebis am formam ra gavlena
iqonia ninoze da danarCen moswavleebze. amgvari pasuxi fasdeba 1 quliT.

63

komentari
amgvari naSromi fasdeba 2 quliT, radgan pasuxSi Cans, rom aplikanti kargad
icnobs motivaciis meqanizms; aanalizebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens erTi
moswavlis misamarTiT gamoTqmuli Seqeba danarCen moswavleebze.

64
nimuSi N16

rogor unda moiqces maswavlebeli, Tu klasis did nawils
araseriozuli damokidebuleba aqvs misi sagnis mimarT, radgan umaRles
saswavlebelSi misaRebi gamocdebis Casabareblad es sagani ar sWirdeba?
aRwereT ori gza, romelic xels Seuwyobs moswavleTa dainteresebas
am sagniT:
CawereT:
1.

2.

mizani: afasebs, ramdenad icis pedagogma motivaciisa da komunikaciis
strategiebi da rogor iyenebs am codnas moswavleTa saswavlo procesSi
CarTvis mizniT.

gauRvivos moswavleebs SemecnebiTi interesi da swavlis Rirebulebis mimarT gacnobierebuli
damokidebuleba;

problemis daZlevis 2 gza, Tu msjeloba kargad aris argumentirebuli _ 2
qula.
problemas daZlevis 1 gza, Tu msjeloba kargad aris argumentirebuli _ 1
qula.


65

komentari
naSromi 0 quliT aris Sefasebuli, radgan avtori dasmul SekiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemis nacvlad, gamoTqvams sakuTar gulistkivils davalebaSi dasmuli
problemis Sesaxeb.

komentari
naSromi 0 quliT aris Sefasebuli. pasuxi Zalian zogadia, ar aris sakmarisi
mxolod imis aRniSvna, rom moswavleebs sagani unda Seayvaro, aucilebelia,
mocemuli iyos am miznis misaRwevad dasaxuli konkretuli gzebi, strategiebi,
Tu rogor Seayvaro sagani.


66

komentari
naSromi Sefasebulia 1 quliT. Tumca avtors mohyavs ramdenime magaliTi,
romelTa meSveobiTac is gamoiwvevda moswavleebis dainteresebas
(sabunebismetyvelo sagnis konkretuli Temis Seswavla), avtoris bolo fraza
_ ,,Sevuqmnidi ganwyobas _ bundovania, araferia naTqvami imaze, ,,ganwyobis
Seqmnis ra strategiebs mimarTavda Tavad am konkretul SemTxvevaSi.


komentari
mocemuli naSromi Sefasebulia maqsimaluri 2 quliT. avtori
argumentirebulad ayalibebs sagnisadmi araseriozulad ganwyobili
moswavleebis swavliT dainteresebis konkretul gzebs: cvlis gakveTilis
formats moswavleTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, miznobrivad gegmavs
jgufur muSaobas, riTac zrdis moswavleTa CarTulobas da, motivaciis
gazrdis mizniT, xazs usvams codnis praqtikul mniSvnelobas cxovrebaSi.

67
nimuSi N17

CamoTvlilTagan romeli asaxavs gakveTilis dagegmvis yvelaze efeqtur
models?
a) gakveTilis dagegmvisas aqcenti yovelTvis unda gakeTdes axali masalis
miwodebaze, vinaidan es xels uwyobs moswavlis codnis gaRrmavebas.
b) gakveTilis dagegmvisas aqcenti unda gakeTdes rogorc Zvelis gameorebaze, aseve
axali masalis miwodebaze. ase SesaZlebeli xdeba masalis erTmaneTTan
azrobrivad dakavSireba da moswavleTa codnis kontroli.
g) gakveTilis dagegmvisas ufro didi aqcenti unda gakeTdes Zveli masalis
gamokiTxvaze. maswavlebeli unda darwmundes, rom yvela moswavlem icis wina
masala, radgan azri ara aqvs axlis axsnas, Tu moswavleebs jer ar auTvisebiaT
ganvlili masala.
d) klasi cocxali organizmia, kargi maswavlebeli gakveTils unda agebdes
situaciidan gamomdinare, ase gakveTili ufro saintereso iqneba
moswavleebisaTvis.

mizani: davaleba afasebs, ramdenad icis pedagogma saswavlo procesis
dagegmvis ZiriTadi principebi.

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti. Tavi III. muxli 9. sakiTxi 1: icis saswavlo procesis
dagegmva erovnuli da saskolo saswavlo gegmebis moTxovnebis, moswavleTa individualuri
Taviseburebebis, droiTi da saswavlo resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

swori pasuxi (b)

mocemul davalebaSi CamoTvlilia gakveTilis dagegmvis konkretuli
magaliTebi. aRweril modelTagan unda airCioT yvelaze efeqturi.
Sesabamisad, davaleba amowmebs, Tu ramdenad aqvs maswavlebels sagakveTilo
drois racionalurad dagegmvis unari.
(a) pasuxSi mocemulia, rom maswavlebelma gakveTilze meti dro unda
dauTmos axali masalis axsnas, vinaidan es xels uwyobs moswavlis codnis
gaRrmavebas. aRniSnuli pasuxi ar aris swori, radgan axali masalis axsna
araefeqturia, Tu maswavlebeli ar aris darwmunebuli imaSi, rom
moswavleebma Zveli masala ukve SeiTvises da mzad arian axlis Sesaswavlad.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas (g) variantzec - Tu maswavlebeli mxolod Zveli
masalis gamokiTxvaze gaamaxvilebs yuradRebas da dauTmobs sagakveTilo
drois umetes nawils, mas aRar darCeba dro axlis asaxsnelad, rac
dauSvebelia da sruliad araproduqtiuls xdis swavlebis process.
(d) pasuxSi naTqvamia, rom maswavlebeli saerTod ar unda gegmavdes
winaswar gakveTilis mimdinareobas. es pasuxic mcdaria, radgan winaswar
dagegmili gakveTili bevrad ufro nayofieri da efeqturia, vidre stiqiurad
68
warmarTuli. bunebrivia, am SemTxvevaSi ar igulisxmeba is, rom maswavlebeli
yovelTvis zustad unda mihyves winaswar dagegmili gakveTilis mimdinareobas
da ar Seitanos cvlilebebi konkretuli situaciidan da moswavleTa
moTxovnebidan gamomdinare.
swori pasuxia (b), sadac aRniSnulia, rom ganvlili masalis gamokiTxva
da axlis axsna sagakveTilo procesis Tanabrad mniSvnelovani aqtivobebia.
gakveTili yvelaze efeqturia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maswavlebels Tanabrad aqvs
gadanawilebuli dro Zveli masalis mimoxilvasa da axlis axsnaze. Zveli da
axali masalis dakavSirebiT swavlis procesi xdeba saintereso da efeqturi.

nimuSi N18

skolebSi moswavleTa Sefasebis sxvadasxva meTodi/tipi gamoiyeneba. maT pirobiTad
or kategoriad yofen ganmsazRvreli da ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, or qvetipad aris dayofili - mimdinare da Semajamebeli Sefaseba.

VI-VIII saukuneebis istoriuli epoqis Seswavlis dasrulebisas, moswavleTa codnis
donis Sefasebis mizniT, maswavlebelma gadawyvita testirebis Catareba. man
gaafrTxila bavSvebi, rom am testirebis Sedegebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneboda
trimestruli Sefasebis dros.
Sefasebis romel meTods mimarTa pedagogma?
a) mimdinare ganmsazRvreli.
b) Semajamebeli ganmaviTarebeli.
g) mimdinare ganmaviTarebeli.
d) Semajamebeli ganmsazRvreli.

mizani: Sefasebis sxvadasxva formebis codnis Sefaseba

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti. Tavi III. muxli 10. sakiTxi 1. icis da iyenebs erovnuli
saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebul moswavleTa Sefasebis sxvadasxva formas.
swori pasuxi: (d)

komentari
testSi mocemuli situaciis mixedviT, maswavlebelma daasrula VI-VIII
saukuneebis istoriuli epoqis Seswavla, e. i. maswavlebeli Sefasebas iyenebs
Sejamebis mizniT; amasTanave is afrTxilebs moswavleebs, rom am testirebis
ganmsazRvreli ganmaviTarebeli
mimdinare Semajamebeli Semajamebeli mimdinare
69
Sedegebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneba trimestruli Sefasebis dros, e. i.
Sefaseba ganmsazRvrelicaa. savaraudo pasuxebidan am situaciis Sesatyvisi
aris _ d. Semajamebeli ganmsazRvreli.
nimuSi N19

yuradRebiT gaecaniT qvemoT aRweril situacias da moqmed kanonmdeblobaze
dayrdnobiT imsjeleT TandarTuli debulebebis sisworis Sesaxeb. Tu migaCniaT,
rom debuleba mcdaria, sagangebod gamoyofil adgilas miuTiTeT swori pasuxi.
erT-erT sajaro skolaSi sakmaod daZabuli fsiqologiuri klimati Seiqmna.
koleqtivis nawilisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda direqtoris zogierTi
gadawyvetileba saswavlo procesis modernizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, ris gamoc
xSiri iyo konfliqti rogorc koleqtivis wevrebsa da direqtors Soris, ise
direqtoris mxardamWer da maTTan dapirispirebul pedagogebs Soris. viTareba
imdenad gamwvavda, rom dapirispirebulma pedagogebma moawyves gaficva, amis gamo
skolaSi saswavlo procesi faqtobrivad moiSala. gaficulma pedagogebma Seityves,
rom direqtorma maT xelfasidan dauqviTa gaficvis gamo gacdenili dReebis
anazRaureba da rom yvela daTxovnilia samsaxuridan saswavlo procesis CaSlisa
da ukanono gaficvis gamo.
1.1. direqtoris qmedeba (xelfasis daqviTva) ukanonoa, vinaidan pedagogebs aqvT
kanonieri ufleba gaificon, xolo xelfasis daqviTva gaficvis procesSi SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnas maTze zewolisa da am kanonieri uflebis SezRudvis mcdelobad.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.2. direqtoris qmedeba (maswavleblebis daTxovna samsaxuridan) ukanonoa, vinaidan
pedagogebs aqvT kanonieri ufleba gaificon, xolo samsaxuridan daTxovnis muqara,
an Tavad faqti SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas maTze zewolisa da am kanonieri uflebis
SezRudvis mcdelobad.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
1.3. ganTavisuflebul pedagogebs direqtoris gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba SeuZliaT
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosTan arsebul maswavlebelTa profesiuli
ganviTarebis centrSi.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

davalebis mizani:
msgavsi tipis davalebebi miznad isaxavs imis gamovlenas, Tu ramdenad icnobs
pedagogi im samarTlebriv dokumentebs (kanonebs), romlebic aregulirebs
ganaTlebis sistemis funqcionirebas. ase magaliTad, mocemuli davaleba
70
efuZneba saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqss, romelic asaxavs nebismieri
dasaqmebuli adamianis (maT Soris pedagogis) ZiriTad uflebebs da
movaleobebs.

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti: Tavi IV. muxli 14. sakiTxi 1. icnobs da
xelmZRvanelobs maswavleblis profesiuli standartis pedagogiuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb
arsebuli danarTi #2-iT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi erovnuli da saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi dokumentebiT.

komentari:
davalebaSi aRwerilia pedagogiur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli
garkveuli situacia, Semdeg mocemulia ramdenime debuleba. aplikantis
mizania, upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebiT gaecnos situacias da moqmed
kanonmdeblobaze dayrdnobiT imsjelos situaciasTan dakavSirebuli
debulebebis WeSmariteba/mcdarobaze. TiToeul debulebaze pasuxis gacemis
dros aplikants ar unda daaviwydes mocemuli situaciis detalebi da
sakuTari pasuxi unda daafuZnos swored mocemul informaciasa da moqmed
kanonmdeblobaze, da ara zogadad sakuTar gamocdilebaze.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aplikanti mocemul debulebas mcdarad miiCnevs, mas
moeTxoveba swori pasuxis Cawera sagangebod gamoyofil adgilas.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu debuleba WeSmaritia, aplikants moeTxoveba mxolod
Sesabamisi pasuxis moniSvna dasabuTebis an komentarebis gakeTebis gareSe.
gaxsovdeT, Tu aplikantis mier moniSnuli iqneba pasuxi mcdaria,
magram ar iqneba gakeTebuli komentari, is Sefasdeba 0 quliT. aseve ar
CaiTvleba pasuxebi, romlebSic ar iqneba moniSnuli konkretuli pasuxi
(WeSmaritia an mcdaria) da mxolod komentarebi iqneba mocemuli.
bunebrivia, aseve 0 quliT Sefasdeba pasuxebi, romlebSic moniSnuli iqneba
orive SesaZlo varianti.
TiToeuli swori pasuxi fasdeba erTi quliT.

71

komentarebi

1. 1 saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis 49-e muxlis me-9 punqtis
Sesabamisad, gaficvis dros damsaqmebeli ar aris valdebuli, misces
dasaqmebuls Sromis anazRaureba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi garemoeba mZimdeba im
faqtiTac, rom pedagogebis gaficva. ar akmayofilebda moqmedi kanonmdeblobis
moTxovnebs, anu iyo ukanono, rac aseve metyvelebs direqtoris mier miRebuli
gadawyvetilebis sasargeblod. Sesabamisad, am debulebaze swori pasuxi aris
mcdaria.
rogorc xedavT, aplikantma sworad miuTiTa pasuxi, Tumca aplikants
evaleboda ara mxolod swori pasuxis moniSvna, aramed debulebis mcdarobis
SemTxvevaSi swori pasuxis miTiTebac, ris gamoc pasuxi fasdeba 0 quliT.

1. 2 am SemTxvevaSic swori pasuxia mcdaria _ marTalia, zogadad
gaficva ar warmoadgens samsaxuridan daTxovnis safuZvels, Tumca im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaficva arakanonieria (an moxda dadgenili normebis
darRveviT) da zians ayenebs dawesebulebis interesebs, damsaqmebeli
72
uflebamosilia, miiRos aseTi radikaluri gadawyvetileba, miT ufro, rom
mocemul SemTxvevaSi saubari aris moswavleTa ganaTlebis miRebis kanonieri
uflebisa da maTi interesebis Selaxvaze pedagogebis arakanonieri qmedebis
gamo.
aplikantma am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar gasca, Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli pasuxic 0
quliT Sefasdeba.

1. 3 debuleba mcdaria, vinaidan raime saxis davebis ganxilva ar Sedis
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centris kompetenciaSi. aplikanti
sworad miuTiTebs imas, rom debuleba mcdaria, magram is sakuTari pasuxis
dasabuTebisas aRniSnavs, rom swori pasuxi iqneboda ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministroSi sakiTxis gasaCivreba, rac aseve ar aris swori.
amdenad, aplikantis pasuxi mTlianobaSi mcdaria da 0 quliT fasdeba.


komentari

rogorc xedavT, aplikantis mier daculia davalebis instruqcia, yvela
kiTxvaze gacemulia amomwuravi pasuxi. Tu daveyrdnobiT zemoT mocemul
1.2.
1.1.
1.3.
73
ganmartebebs, davrwmundebiT, rom mocemul nimuSSi or kiTxvaze (1. 1 _ 1. 2)
swori pasuxia gacemuli, ris gamoc aplikanti 2 quliT fasdeba. me-3 debuleba
marTlac mcdaria, magram aplikantma igi ar Cawera koreqtuli formiT, anu ar
miuTiTa, sad SeuZlia pedagogs direqtoris gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba.
marTalia, aplikants uweria, rom maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis
centris kompetenciaSi ar Sedis msgavsi sakiTxebis ganxilva, magram ar aqvs
miTiTebuli is, Tu konkretulad visi kompetenciaa msgavsi problemebis
mogvareba.


komentari
aplikantis mier faqtobrivad ignorirebulia davalebis rogorc instruqcia,
ise ZiriTadi Sinaarsi _ moniSnulia pasuxi WeSmaritia, magram aplikanti
mainc akeTebs komentars da cdilobs, daasabuTos sakuTari pozicia (ix. 1. 1 da
1. 3 debulebebi), rac ewinaaRmdegeba davalebis pirobas. amdenad sasurvelia,
rom aplikantma testze muSaobisTvis gankuTvnili dro ufro gonivrulad da
efeqturad gamoiyenos da Tavi Seikavos zedmeti komentarebisgan.

1.2.
1.1.

1.3.
74
daimaxsovreT

N yovelTvis ecadeT, pasuxi gasceT yvela kiTxvas, maSinac ki, rodesac
bolomde ar xarT darwmunebuli pasuxis sisworeSi;
N yovel konkretul debulebaze pasuxis gacemis dros moniSneT mxolod
erTi mocemuli ori (WeSmaritia mcdaria) variantidan;
N Tu miiCnevT, rom debuleba mcdaria, qvemoT sagangebod gamoyofil
adgilas miuTiTeT swori pasuxi.
N swori pasuxis (komentaris) daweris dros gamoyenebuli argumentebi
unda efuZnebodes mxolod moqmed kanonmdeblobas da miuTiTebdes im
Seusabamobebze, romlebic aris mocemul debulebaSi, da ara zogadad
aplikantis Sefasebebze da mis pirad gamocdilebasa Tu Sexedulebebze;
N koreqtuli pasuxis daweris dros aplikants ar moeTxoveba aRniSnuli
kanonis Sesabamisi muxlebis an konkretuli punqtebis citireba. sruliad
sakmarisia, aplikantma gamoavlinos, rom misTvis cnobili da gasagebia
kanonis Sesabamisi nawili.

Tqven gaecaniT profesiuli unarebis testis davalebaTa tipur
nimuSebs, romlebic dagexmarebaT sasertifikacio gamocdebisaTvis
mzadebis procesSi.
detalur informacias testis formatis, davalebaTa raodenobis,
testirebisaTvis gansazRvruli droisa da TqvenTvis saintereso sxva
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb damatebiT mogawvdiT.

75

proeqti
maswavleblis profesiuli standarti

76
77
proeqti

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris
brZaneba N...
2008 wlis ....... q. Tbilisi

maswavleblis profesiuli standartis damtkicebis Sesaxeb

zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 21-e muxlis me-2 punqtis me-2
qvepunqtis, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros debulebis
damtkicebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2004 wlis 21 maisis N37 dadgenilebiT
damtkicebuli debulebis me-3 muxlis me-2 punqtis a da m qvepunqtebis safuZvelze,
vbrZaneb:
1. damtkicdes winamdebare brZanebis danarTi #1-iT gaTvaliswinebuli
maswavleblis profesiuli standarti;
2. brZaneba amoqmeddes gamoqveynebisTanave.

ministri

danarTi #1

maswavleblis profesiuli standarti

Tavi I. zogadi debulebani

muxli 1. maswavleblis profesiuli standartis cneba

1. maswavleblis profesiuli standarti ( SemdgomSi standarti) aris profesiuli
codnis, profesiuli unar-Cvevebis, ZiriTadi Rirebulebebisa da valdebulebebis
erToblioba, romelsac unda flobdes zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis
maRalkvalificiuri maswavlebeli.

2. winamdebare standarti moicavs profesiul standarts zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos kanonis 212-e muxlis 1-li punqtiT gansazRvruli yvela saxis
maswavleblisaTvis.

muxli 2. standartis regulirebis sfero

1. standarti gamoiyeneba maswavleblis, iseve rogorc maZieblis Teoriuli codnisa
da praqtikuli saqmianobis SefasebisaTvis. standarti maswavlebelTa
sertificirebis, skolebis akreditaciis, Sesabamisi profesiuli literaturis,
maswavleblis momzadebisa da profesiuli ganviTarebis saganmanaTleblo
programebis Seqmnis safuZvelia. maswavlebeli standarts sakuTari codnisa da
praqtikis dasaxvewad iyenebs.

muxli 3. standartis Seqmna da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi

1. standarti Seiqmna saqarTvelos zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis
maswavleblebTan, ganaTlebis specialistebTan mWidro da xangrZlivi
TanamSromlobiT.
78
2. standarti Seesabameba zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi,
zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
mTavrobis 2004 wlis 18 oqtombris #84 dadgenilebaSi saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa
da mecnierebis ministris 2006 wlis 28 seqtembris #841 brZanebiT damtkicebul
erovnuli saswavlo gegmasa (SemdgomSi, erovnuli saswavlo gegmis) da
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2006 wlis 9 Tebervlis #29 dadgenilebiT damtkicebul
maswavleblis momzadebisa da profesiuli ganviTarebis koncefciaSi asaxul
ZiriTad principebs.

muxli 4. standartis struqtura

1. standarti dayofilia sam nawilad:

a) ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebis nawili asaxavs bavSvis asakobrivi
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebsa da swavlis Teoriebs, romelTa codna saswavlo
procesis sworad warmarTvisaTvis aris aucilebeli.

b) swavlebisa da Sefasebis nawili aRwers pedagogiuri saqmianobisaTvis aucilebel
meTodebsa da strategiebs, romlebic efeqturi swavlisa da swavlebisaTvisaa
aucilebeli.

g) profesiuli garemos nawili asaxavs profesiul valdebulebebsa da Rirebulebebs,
romlebic maswavlebels exmareba kolegebTan urTierTobaSi, sakuTari praqtikis
daxvewasa da samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moqcevaSi.

Tavi II. ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi

muxli 5. ganviTarebis Teoriebi

maswavlebelma icis bavSvis asakobrivi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi kanonzomierebebi;
icnobs im faqtorebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen bavSvis ganviTarebaze da icis,
rogor gamoiyenos es codna moswavlis swavlis xelSesawyobad.

1. avlens danarTi #2-iT gaTvaliswinebuli bavSvis inteleqtualuri da socialuri
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Teoriebisa da fizikuri ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis
codnas saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT saqmianobaSi;
2. acnobierebs moswavleebis ganviTarebis asakobriv da individualur
Taviseburebebs da maT gavlenas swavlebasa da swavlaze;
3. icis da iTvaliswinebs ojaxuri, sazogadoebrivi da sxva faqtorebis gavlenas
moswavlis ganviTarebasa da swavlaze.

muxli 6. swavlis Teoriebi

maswavlebelma icis swavlis ZiriTadi Teoriebi; icnobs im faqtorebs, romlebic
gavlenas axdenen swavlaze da icis, rogor gamoiyenos es codna moswavlis swavlisa
da ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad.

1. avlens danarTi #2-iT gaTvaliswinebuli swavlis ZiriTadi Teoriebis codnas;
2. icis, Tu rogor swavlobs moswavle sxvadasxva strategiis gamoyenebiT da
acnobierebs maT mniSvnelobas moswavlis swavlis xelSesawyobad;
3. icis, rogor daexmaros moswavles codnis agebaSi;
4. icis, rogor daexmaros moswavleebs damoukideblad swavlisa da damoukidebeli
azrovnebis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaSi.
79

Tavi III. swavleba da Sefaseba

muxli 7. saswavlo garemo

maswavlebelma icis, rogor Seqmnas usafrTxo, mzrunveli, efeqturi, organizebuli
da keTilganwyobili saswavlo garemo.

1. acnobierebs pasuxismgeblobas TiToeuli moswavlis pirovnul da socialur
ganviTarebaze;
2. icnobs inkluziuri ganaTlebis principebs da iyenebs mas sakuTari praqtikis
dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi;
3. icnobs multikulturul da multilingvur midgomebsa da principebs da iyenebs
maT swavlebis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi.
4. acnobierebs klasis struqturaSi moswavleTa araformaluri rolebis
mniSvnelobas da xels uwyobs saklaso erTobis Seqmnas;
5. icis, rogor Camoayalibos moswavleebs Soris pozitiuri urTierTobebi,
moagvaros konfliqtebi mSvidobiani gziT da xeli Seuwyos moswavleebSi eTikuri
Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebas;
6. icis, rogor moawyos saswavlo fizikuri garemo efeqturi swavlebisaTvis;
7. icis, rogor daexmaros moswavleebs jansaRi cxovrebis wesisaTvis aucilebeli
Rirebulebebisa da unar-Cvevebis CamoyalibebaSi;
8. icis, rogor imoqmedos ubeduri SemTxvevis dros an aRmouCinos moswavles an
kolegas pirveladi samedicino daxmareba.
9. icis, rogor daexmaros moswavleebs ekologiuri cnobierebis CamoyalibebaSi;
10. icis gakveTilis drois marTvis efeqtiani strategiebi;
11. acnobierebs klasis marTvis stilis gavlenas moswavlis ganwyobaze, qcevasa da
swavlis Sedegebze;
12. icis, rogor marTos moswavleebis qceva wyvilebSi, did da mcire jgufebSi,
rogor aswavlos TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobebi da xeli Seuwyos azris
gabedulad gamoxatvas;
13. icis, rogor daexmaros moswavles sakuTari qcevis damoukideblad Sefasebisa da
marTvis unaris CamoyalibebaSi;
14. SeuZlia informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba sagnis
efeqturad swavlebis mizniT.
15. profesiulad flobs swavlebis enas.

muxli 8. motivacia da komunikacia

maswavlebelma icis motivaciisa da komunikaciis sxvadasxva strategia da iyenebs am
codnas sakuTar praqtikaSi.

1. icis swavlis motivaciis amaRlebis strategiebi da aanalizebs maT SesaZlo Sedegs
konkretul situaciaSi;
2. icis, rogor gauRvivos moswavleebs SemecnebiTi interesi da swavlis
Rirebulebis mimarT gacnobierebuli damokidebuleba ;
3. icis da iTvaliswinebs, ra gavlenas axdens komunikaciaze moswavleTa
Taviseburebebi;
4. icis da iyenebs komunikaciis sxvadasxva strategias moswavleebTan urTierTobis
dros konkretuli saswavlo miznebis misaRwevad;
5. icis, rogor gamoiyenos komunikaciis sxvadasxva xerxi kolegebTan, mSoblebTan da
saswavlo procesTan dakavSirebul sxva pirebTan keTilganwyobili
urTierTobebisTvis;
6. icis, rogor ganuviTaros moswavles efeqturi komunikaciis unar-Cveva.
80

muxli 9. saswavlo procesi

maswavlebelma icis saswavlo procesis dagegmva erovnuli da saskolo saswavlo
gegmebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

1. icis saswavlo procesis dagegmva erovnuli da saskolo saswavlo gegmebis
moTxovnebis, moswavleTa individualuri Taviseburebebis, droiTi da saswavlo
resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT;
2. icis, rogor gamoiyenos Sefasebis Sedegad mopovebuli informacia da SeuZlia
grZelvadiani da moklevadiani saswavlo gegmebis Sedgena;
3. icis, rogor daamyaros saganTa Soris kavSiri erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli misaRwevi Sedegebis da programebis doneze;
4. icis, rogor dagegmos swavleba kolegebTan erTad;
5. SeuZlia individualuri saswavlo gegmis Seqmna da am gegmis mixedviT swavleba da
Sefaseba.

muxli 10. Sefasebis meTodebi

maswavlebelma icis Sefasebis sxvadasxva forma; acnobierebs urTierTkavSirs
saswavlo mizans, Sefasebas, swavlebasa da swavlas Soris; icis, rogor gamoiyenos
Sefasebis sxvadasxva meTodi Sedegze da moswavleze orientirebuli swavlebisaTvis.

1. icis da iyenebs erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebul moswavleTa
Sefasebis sxvadasxva formas;
2. acnobierebs Sefasebis ZiriTad principebs da icavs maT sakuTar praqtikaSi;
3. icis da iyenebs Sefasebis Sedegebidan miRebul monacemebs swavlebis
gasaumjobeseblad;
4. exmareba moswavleebs, gamoiyenon maswavleblis Sefaseba, Tanatolebis Sefaseba
da TviTSefaseba sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmenis CamoyalibebaSi, sxvaTa
SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba/aRiarebasa da sakuTari Sedegebis gaumjobesebaSi.

muxli 11. swavlebis strategia da meTodebi

maswavlebels SeuZlia swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodisa da strategiis gamoyeneba
TiToeuli moswavlis efeqtiani swavlisa da winsvlisaTvis.

1. avlens swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodis codnas da SeuZlia maTi gamoyeneba
saswavlo konteqstis Sesabamisad;
2. avlens swavlebis im meTodebis codnas, romelic daexmareba yvela moswavles
SesaZleblobebis maqsimalur gamovlenasa da saswavlo miznebis miRwevaSi;
3. icis, rogor gamoiyenos swavlebis procesSi sxvadasxva meTodi moswavleebSi
SemecnebiTi da socialuri unarebis gasaviTareblad.

81
Tavi IV. profesiuli garemo

muxli 12. kolegebTan urTierToba

maswavlebelma icis kolegebTan efeqturi TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobis formebi.

1. icis saskolo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebTan produqtiuli TanamSromlobis
meTodebi sakuTari profesiuli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis mizniT;
2. TanamSromlobs kolegebTan moswavleTa swavlis gasaumjobeseblada da
aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad;
3. icis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis formebi saswavlo resursebis moZiebis
mizniT;
4. xels uwyobs kolegebs profesiul ganviTarebaSi;
5. icis, rogor Seuwyos xeli axalbeda maswavlebels praqtikuli saqmianobis
dawyebaSi.

muxli 13. TviTSefaseba da profesiul ganviTarebaze zrunva

maswavlebelma icis, rogor Seafasos sakuTari gamocdileba, ganaaxlos profesiuli
codna da gaaumjobesos profesiuli saqmianoba.

1. SeuZlia kritikulad Seafasos sakuTari samuSao gamocdileba da izrunos mis
ganviTarebasa da gaumjobesebaze;
2. SeuZlia sakuTari praqtikis kvleva, pedagogiuri saqmianobis efeqturobis
gazrdis mizniT.
3. icis, rogor gamoiyenos profesiuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva saSualeba da
resursi profesiuli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis gasaviTareblad;
4. SeuZlia gaaanalizos profesiuli literatura da gamoiyenos is sakuTari
pedagogiuri praqtikis Sefasebisa da gaumjobesebisaTvis.

muxli 14. samarTlebrivi aqtebis codna

maswavlebeli icnobs pedagogiur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv
bazas.

1. icnobs da xelmZRvanelobs pedagogiuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb arsebuli danarTi
#2-iT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi erovnuli da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi
dokumentebiT;
2. icis da icavs moswavlis, maswavleblisa da mSoblebis uflebebsa da
movaleobebs;
3. icnobs da icavs eTikis normebs moswavleebTan, kolegebTan, mSoblebTan da
sazogadoebis sxva warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobis dros;
4. acnobierebs samarTlebriv da eTikis moTxovnebs saswavlo resursebis
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT;
5. SeuZlia saxelmwifo enaze saswavlo procesTan dakavSirebuli dokumentebisa
da literaturis gageba.

82
danarTi #2
1. ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi:

1. biheviorizmi
2. kognituri ganviTarebis Teoria
3. socialuri daswavlis Teoria
4. socio-kulturuli Teoria
5. moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria
6. konstruqtivizmi
7. humanisturi Teoria
8. mravalmxrivi inteleqtis Teoria
9. ganwyobis Teoria

2. ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebis avtorebi:

1. Jan piaJe
2. lev vigocki
3. lorens kolbergi
4. albert bandura
5. burus f. skineri
6. abraam maslou
7. dimitri uznaZe
8. devid perkinsi
9. hovard gardneri
10. jerom bruneri
11. jon diui
12. karl rojersi
13. maria montesori
14. benJamin blumi

3. erovnuli da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebi:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia;
2. zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb 2005 wlis 8 aprilis saqarTvelos kanoni;
3. zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2004 wlis 18 oqtombris #84 dadgenileba;
4. maswavleblis profesiuli standarti;
5. maswavleblis profesiuli eTikis kodeqsi;
6. erovnuli saswavlo gegmis damtkicebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2006 wlis 28 seqtembris #841
brZaneba;
7. 2006 wlis 25 maisis saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi;
8. gaerTianebuli erebis generaluri asambleis 1989 wlis 20 noembris
#44/25 rezoluciiT miRebuli bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia.
83

ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi

mokle informacia im avtorebis Sesaxeb, romelTa naazrevis codnac
maswavleblis profesiuli standartiT aris gansazRvruli

84

maswavleblis profesiuli standartisa da krebulSi mocemuli
nimuSebis gacnobam albaT dagarwmunaT, rom sasertifikacio testi bevr
iseT davalebas moicavs, romelsac Tqveni praqtikuli gamocdilebis
safuZvelzec SeiZleba upasuxoT. Tumca maswavleblis profesiuli
standartiT gansazRvruli zogierTi sakiTxi (ganviTarebis Teoriebi,
swavlisa da swavlebis Teoriebi) SedarebiT ucxoa pedagogTa
garkveuli nawilisaTvis. am sakiTxebis Seswavlasa da daZlevaSi
dagexmarebaT maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centris, aseve
Sefasebisa da saswavlo gegmebis centris mier specialurad TqvenTvis
Sedgenili samuSao masala, romelic yvela pedagogisaTvis
xelmisawvdomi iqneba.
amjerad gawvdiT mokle informacias yvela im avtoris Sesaxeb,
romlis Teoriebis codnac standartiTaa gansazRvruli. vfiqrobT, Cvens
mier momzadebuli masala dagexmarebaT rogorc am bukletze muSaobis
dros, aseve momavali sasertifikacio gamocdebisaTvis mzadebis
procesSi.

85

Sveicarieli fsiqologi, inteleqtis ganviTarebis Teoriis avtori. 1929
wlidan iyo Jenevis universitetSi pedagogiuri da fsiqologiuri
laboratoriis direqtori. piaJem Seqmna bavSvis azrovnebis ganviTarebis
eqsperimentuli kvlevis skola. man ramdenime weli imuSava cnobili
fsiqologis, alfred bines laboratoriaSi. swored am laboratoriaSi
muSaobis dros piaJe pirvelad dainteresda adamianis inteleqtis da misi
ganviTarebis sakiTxebis SeswavliT. bines laboratoriis muSaobis ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba iyo standartuli testebis SemuSaveba, romelTa daxmarebiTac
SesaZlebeli iqneboda inteleqtis ganviTarebis donis dadgena. am sakiTxebze
muSaobis procesSi Caeyara safuZveli piaJes Teorias. kvlevebma aCvena, rom
erTi asakis bavSvebi testebze muSaobis dros xSirad uSvebdnen erTsa da imave
tipis Secdomebs da am Secdomis arsiT, isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodnen
sxva asakis bavSvebisagan. am dakvirvebam ubiZga piaJes im faqtorebis
kvlevisaken, romlebsac gavlena aqvT azrovnebis procesze. misi kvlevis
Sedegebi asaxulia kognituri ganviTarebis TeoriaSi, romelic Tavis droze
eqspertebis mier Sefasebuli iyo unikalur da revoluciur nabijad
fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi.
piaJes TeoriaSi ZiriTadi adgili ukavia e. w. kognituri sqemebis cnebas.
kognituri sqema warmoadgens erTgvar CarCos, romelSic mocemulia ama Tu im
qcevis ganxorcielebis monaxazi, SesaZlebloba. ase magaliTad, axalSobil
bavSvs ganviTarebuli aqvs tacebis, wovis instinqti (refleqsuri qcevebi). am
qcevebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas piaJe uwodebs sqemas. piaJes Teoriis
Tanaxmad, adamians dabadebidan aqvs mocemuli martivi sqemebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac mas eZleva SesaZlebloba, ganaxorcielos martivi qmedebebi,
qcevebi. asakTan erTad ki sqemebi rTuldeba, rogorc struqturulad
(myardeba axali kavSirebi, iqmneba axali, rTuli sqemebi) ise Sinaarsobrivad
(yalibdeba rTuli qcevebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba). piaJe yovelTvis
xazs usvamda biologiuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelobas kognituri sqemebis

Jan piaJe

(1896-1980)

inteleqtis ganviTarebis Teoria

86
ganviTrebaSi. igi SeuZleblad miiCnevda kognituri sqemebis ganviTrebas
Sesabamisi biologiuri aparatis (tvini, smena, mxedveloba da a. S.)
ganviTarebis gareSe. Tumca misi azriT, kognituri sqemebis ganviTarebisTvis
ar aris sakmarisi mxolod fizikuri/biologiuri mowifuloba/ganviTareba. am
procesis asaxsnelad mas Semoaqvs ori mniSvnelovani cneba - asimilacia da
akomodacia.
asimilacia gulisxmobs adamianis gamocdilebaSi ukve arsebuli
informaciis (sqemis) farglebSi garemosTan urTierTobis process. adamians
dabadebidan aqvs garkveuli sqemebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian mis
interaqcias (urTierTqmedebas) garemosTan. garemosTan urTierTqmedebis
dros adamiani adarebs garemodan miRebul inforamcias mis gamocdilebaSi
arsebul sqemebs da axdens am axali informaciis asimilacias (aTvisebas) am
sqemebis farglebSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, aZlevs mas SesaZleblobas
ganaxorcielos sapasuxo qmedeba yovel konkretul situaciaSi. asimilacia
aris erTgvari prizma, filtri, romelic yalibdeba arsebuli gamocdilebis
safuZvelze da romelSic tardeba yvelaferi is, rac xvdeba adamianis
yuradRebis centrSi. bunebrivia, raki asimilaciis procesi mTlianad efuZneba
adamianis gamocdilebas da am gamocdilebis safuZvelze ukve Camoyalibebul
sqemebs, mxolod am procesiT Zneli, xSir SemTxvevaSi ki sruliad SeuZlebeli
iqneboda iseTi informaciis miReba da gageba, romelic ver eqceva ukve
arsebuli gamocdilebis farglebSi, anu sruliad axalia Tavisi SinaarsiT da
formiT. swored aseT SemTxvevaSi erTveba akomodaciis procesi, romelic
iZleva arsebuli gamocdilebis/sqemebis garTulebis, maTi modificirebis,
gamdidrebis SesaZleblobas axali informaciiT. piaJes azriT, swored
akomodaciis procesi aris gadamwyveti komponenti inteleqtualuri
ganviTarebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki bavSvebSi, rodesac garemoSi bevri
siaxlea, romelic ar Seesabameba ukve arsebul kognitur sqemebs.
orive procesi aucilebelia ganviTarebisTvis, Tumca sxvadasxva asakSi
asimilacias da akomodacias gansxvavebuli roli da mniSvneloba eniWeba. es
procesebi ufro urTierTSemavsebelia, vidre urTierTgamomricxavi. axal
garemo pirobebTan Sexebis dros adekvaturi reagirebisaTvis irTveba
orive procesi. asimilaciis saSualebiT xdeba im informaciis gaTaviseba,
arsebul sqemebsa da gamocdilebaze morgeba. akomodaciis procesis Sedegad ki
xdeba arsebuli sqemebis gamdidreba, gamravalferovneba da garTuleba, rac
SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamians adekvaturi reagireba moaxdinos ara mxolod
87
am konkretul SemTxvevaSi masze moqmed stimulze, aramed msgavs situaciaTa
mTel speqtrze. piaJes Teoriis mixedviT, daswavla am ori procesis
safuZvelze mimdinareobs.
ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalad (stimulad) piaJe organizmis
wonasworobisaken (adaptaciisaken) swrafvas miiCnevs. misi azriT, adamians
Tandayolilad mohyveba garemosTan komfortuli, harmoniuli
urTierTmimarTebis Camoyalibebis survili, swrafva, romlis miRwevasac igi
garemosadmi adaptaciis gziT (asimilaciis da akomodacis procesebiT)
axerxebs.
adaptaciisaken swrafva, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs interiorizaciis
(gaTavisebis) process. es termini gulisxmobs adaptaciis procesSi
gamdidrebuli da gamravalferovnebuli kognituri sqemebis safuZvelze
uSualod moqmedi garemo faqtorebisadmi damokidebulebis xarisxis
Semcirebas. kerZod ki, Tu adreul asakSi bavSvis sqemebi (Sesabamisad qcevebic)
Zalian konkretulia da mibmulia konkretul garemo faqtorebTan (am
faqtorebis zemoqmedebasTan), asakTan erTad garemo faqtorebze
damokidebuleba mcirdeba gamocdilebaSi arsebuli kognituri sqemebis
saSualebiT. interiorizaciis ganviTarebis procesSi bavSvis qmedebebic sul
ufro da ufro damoukidebeli xdeba garemo faqtorebisagan da xSirad ufro
Sinagan saxes iZenen, vidre gare gamoxatuli reaqciebis formas. aseT Sinagan
reaqciebs piaJem operaciebi uwoda, romlebic Tavisi arsiT azrovnebis
process Seesabameba. Tavis TeoriaSi piaJe miuTiTebs operaciebis e.w.
Seqcevadobis Tvisebaze. qvemoT moyvanilia operaciis Seqcevadobis nimuSi,
romelic ufro naTels gaxdis am cnebas.

piaJes TeoriaSi aseve mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia kognituri
ganviTarebis etapebis ideas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, jer kidev bines
laboratoriaSi muSaobis dros piaJem aRmoaCina, rom inteleqtis testebze
muSaobis procesSi, erTi da igive asakis bavSvebi xSirad erTsa da imave, an
Zalian msgavs Secdomebs uSveben, romlebic Tavisi SinaarsiT da formiT
sruliad gansxvavdebian sxva asakis bavSvebis Secdomebisagan. swored es
dakvirveba daedo safuZvlad mis Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela adamiani
ganviTarebis procesSi gadis kognituri ganviTarebis erTsa da imave
: 5+3=8
: 8-5=3 8-3=5
88
safexurebs. magram am safexurebis gavlis tempi da forma individualurad
gansxvavebulia.
piaJe gamoyofs ganviTarebis oTx safexurs:
1. senso-motoruli stadia (dabadebidan 2 wlamde), roca bavSvi garemosTan
urTierTobas iwyebs Tandayolili refleqsebis meSveobiT. SemdgomSi bavSvi
ukve SeZenili gamocdilebiT, sakuTari SegrZnebebisa da motoruli
moqmedebebis safuZvelze cdilobs garemosTan asimilacias da aseve garemos
moTxovnebis mixedviT axdens Tavisi SegrZnebebis, aRqmis da motoruli
qmedebebis koordinirebasa da akomodacias. am stadiaze bavSvis mier garemos
SemecnebaSi wamyvania ara metyveeleba, aramed misi sensoruli da motoruli
gamocdileba. mag., bavSvisTvis am safexurze burTi aris is, rac mrgvalia,
moZravi, moxtunave, romelsac SeiZleba xeli an fexi daartya da Seucvalo
mdebareoba. mas aqvs specifikuri faqtura, gansxvavebuli sirbile da
sxvadasxva ferisaa. bavSvi aqtiurad iTvisebs garemos da Seimecnebs obieqtebs
Tavisi SegrZnebebis, moZraobebisa da aRqmis koordinirebis safuZvelze.
yovelive es ki mis mexsierebaSi inaxeba sqemis saxiT. SemdgomSi bavSvs aRar
sWirdeba, burTs mohkidos xeli imisaTvis, rom gaigos misi Tvisebebi. erTi
SexedviTac ki man ukve icis, rom burTi mrgvalia, gluvi da daxtis. es mis
mexsierebaSi Senaxuli sqemis Sedegia, romelSic warmodgenilia obieqtis
Tvisebebi, masTan dakavSirebuli manipulaciebi.
2. operaciamdeli stadia (2-dan 7 wlamde). am stadiaze ukve yalibdeba
metyveleba. bavSvi Tavis garSemo samyaros mxolod sensoruli da motoruli
moqmedebebiT ki ar Seimecnebs, aramed sityvis saSualebiTac. am etapidan
viTardeba simboluri funqcia: sityva TavisTavad moqmedeba an obieqti ar
aris, is misi aRmniSvnelia.
es stadia moicavs or periods:pirveli periodi grZeldeba 2-dan 4
wlamde, rodesac bavSvs SeuZlia sagnebis dajgufeba maTi raime niSniT. amave
dros es moqmedebebi jer kidev Seuqcevadia da operaciisgan Sorsaa. mag.
bavSvs SeuZlia sididis da feris mixedviT daajgufos obieqtebi, magram
mxolod erTi niSniT _ an sididis, an feris mixedviT. magaliTisTvis, am asakis
bavSvis logika aseTia: ,,Zroxa aris didi oTxfexa cxoveli, romelsac aqvs
rqebi. Tu cxoveli didia, oTxi fexi aqvs da rqebi, e. i. is Zroxaa.
meore periodi 4-dan 7 wlamde grZeldeba da misTvis damaxasiaTebelia
TvalsaCino-xatovani azrovneba. bavSvisaTvis obieqtebis dajgufeba
SesaZlebelia ukve ramdenime TvalsaCino niSnis mixedviT; sinamdvilis
89
ganzogadebac TvalsaCino xatebs eyrdnoba da garegan, sagnobriv
moqmedebebzea damokidebuli. logikis wesebi aq jer kidev ar moqmedebs.
momdevno stadiisgan gansxvavebiT, am asakis bavSvis azrovnebas jer
kidev ara aqvs ,,raodenobis Senaxvis unari. mag., Tu bavSvis Tvalwin wyals
ganieridan ufro viwro WurWelSi gadavasxamT, is aucileblad ityvis, rom
viwro WurWelSi ufro meti wyali asxia, imitom, rom ganierTan SedarebiT
wylis done iq ufro maRalia. Tumca es yvelaferi mis Tvalwin xdeboda da man
icis, rom wylis raodenoba ar Secvlila. am SemTxvevaSi mis daskvnas
TvalsaCino xati gansazRvravs.
aRniSnul stadias imitomac hqvia operaciamdeli stadia, rom bavSvis
sagnobriv moqmedebebs, Tundac saazrovno moqmdebebs problemur situaciaSi
jer kidev ara aqvs namdvili operaciis xasiaTi. is Seuqcevadia da
izolirebuli.
3. konkretuli operaciebis stadia (7-dan 11-12 wlamde); am stadiaze bavSvi
namdvil operaciebs iyenebs situaciuri amocanis gadawyvetisas. mis
azrovnebaSi ukve formirebulia rogorc Senaxvis, aseve sxvadasxva niSniT
klasificirebis unarebi. mas aseve SeuZlia ricxvebiT operireba da saganTa
dalageba zrdadobis an klebadobis mixedviT, aseve movlenebis gansxvavebuli
principiT dajgufeba, Tumca am asakis bavSvis azrovnebisTvis jer kidev
SeuZlebelia abstraqtuli amocanebis gadaWra. operaciebi am etapze ufro
konkretuli xasiaTisaa da ufro TvalsaCino-moqmedebiTi safuZveli aqvs. am
etapze bavSvebi advilad arTmeven Tavs qvemoT moyvanil amocanas.
piroba: yuradRebiT gaecaniT warmodgenil cxrils, ecadeT amoicnoT ra
principiT aris ganlagebuli masSi ricxvebi da anbanis asoebi da SeavseT
carieli ujrebi

konkretuli operaciebis stadiaze bavSvebs rogorc wesi ar uWirT
mocemuli (anu maT Tvalswin, TvalsaCinod arsebuli) informaciis gaanalizeba
da kanonzomierebis amokiTxva. Sesabamisad, am stadiaze bavSvebis umetesoba
unda mixvdes, rom cxrilis qveda rigSi mocemuli romauli ricxvebi asaxavs
zeda rigSi mocemul asoTa rigiTobas anbanSi, rac SesaZleblobas miscems
martivad Seavson darCenili ori carieli ujra.
4. formaluri operaciebis stadia (11-12-dan 14-15 wlamde), roca bavSvebs
SeuZliaT, gaiazron da gadaWran hipoTeturi problemebi da maTi saazrovno

90
procesebi ukve aRar aris mijaWvuli TvalsaCino masalaze. mag. aseTi
logikuri amocanis gadaWra: _,,ninos ufro Ria feris Tma aqvs, vidre maris,
ninos ufro muqi feris Tma aqvs, vidre ekas. am sami gogonadan romels aqvs
ufro muqi feris Tma?_ am asakis bavSvisTvis ukve aRar warmoadgens
sirTules. bavSvisaTvis am stadiaze ukve daZlevadia formaluri logikuri
operaciebi, rac aRar moiTxovs TvalsaCino sayrdens.
bavSvis inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze saubris dros piaJe xazs usvams
socialuri faqtorebis rolsac. socialuri garemo individze zegavlenas
axdens misi ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisad; aqedan gamomdinare, es
zemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos sruliad gansxvavebuli. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva
asakobriv safexurze asimilacia-akomodaciis procesebi gansxvavebuli
sirTulis SeiZleba aRmoCndes.
piaJe miiCnevs, rom aucilebelia moswavlis asakis Sesabamisi
(SemecnebiTi) struqturis donis dadgena, anu im SemecnebiTi procesebis donis
gansazRvra, romlebic gamoiyeneba garemodan Semosuli informaciis
asimilaciisa da sakuTari gamocdilebis akomodaciisaTvis; saWiroa nabij-
nabij mis ganviTarebaze zrunva.
imisaTvis, rom mivaRwioT optimalur daswavlas, aucilebelia,
miwodebulma informaciam ganicados asimilacia moswavlis kognitur
struqturaSi da, amasTan, is imdenad unda gansxvavdebodes arsebuli
gamocdilebisagan, informaciisagan, rom gamoiwvios sistemis reorganizacia.
Tu informacia ver ganicdis asimilacias, is gaugebari iqneba; Tu is mTlianad
gasagebia, maSin aranairi daswavla aRar aris saWiro. Tuki arsebuli codna
asimilaciisTvis sakmarisi ar aris, CaerTveba akomodacia, anu axali codnis
aTvisebis procesi. piaJe Tvlis, rom gadasamuSavebeli informacia zomierad
biZgis mimcemi unda iyos, raTa stimuli misces gonebriv ganviTarebas.
J. piaJe konstruqtivisti iyo.
7
Tvlida, rom subieqti aqtiurad Seimecnebs
garemos _ cvlis mas (asimilacia) da sakuTar gamocdilebas (akomodacia), anu
subieqti pasiurad ki ar iTvisebs codnas, aramed garemosTan aqtiuri
urTierTqmedebis procesSi agebs mas.

7
konstruqtivizmi _ Semecnebis Teoria, romlis mixedviT, individi TviTon axdens codnis konstruirebas
garemosTan da sxva adamianebTan urTierTobis safuZvelze, ris Sedegadac misi gamocdilebac icvleba. am Teoriis
mixedviT, swavla aqtiuri procesia, bavSvi TviTon iZiebs problemas, maswavlebeli ki moswavlis damxmarea.
gamoyofen kognitur konstruqtivizms, romlis warmomadgeneli piaJea da socialur konstruqtivizms, romlis
warmomadgeneli vigotskia. pirveli yuradRebas aqcevs imas, Tu ASemecnebis ra meqanizmiT, ra procesebiT xdeba axali
codnis konstruireba da gamocdilebasTan dakavSireba, meore ki aqcents akeTebs swavlis socialur xasiaTsa da
moswavle-maswavleblis urTierTobaze codnis agebisas.
91

amerikeli fsiqologi. adamianis motivaciisa da qcevis asaxsnelad me-20
saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi Seqmna moTxovnilebaTa ierarqiis modeli.
adamianis qcevas moTxovnileba gansazRvravs. maslou ganasxvavebs
Tandayolil (biologiur) da SeZenil (socialur da pirovnul)
moTxovnilebebs. socialuri da pirovnebis ganviTarebis moTxovnilebebi
adamianis ganviTarebasTan erTad yalibdeba. maslous moTxovnilebaTa
ierarqiul modelSi biologiuri, anu sabaziso moTxovnilebebi yvelaze
dabal safexurzea, xolo pirovnebis ganviTarebisa da sakuTari Tavis
realizaciis moTxovnileba _ yvelaze maRal safexurze.

maslous Teoriis mixedviT, adamiani moTxovnilebebs am ierarqiaSi
mocemuli TanmimdevrobiT ikmayofilebs _ mas gadarCenisaTvis jer
biologiuri da fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba esaWiroeba, amis
Semdeg uCndeba mas usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba; roca dakmayofilebulia
biologiuri da fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebi

kveba, wyurvili, Zili, gamravleba da a.S.
usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba

stabiluroba, dacva, wesrigi, usafrTxoeba
mikuTvnebulobisa da siyvarulis moTxovnileba

ojaxi, jgufi, urTierTobebi, zrunva, Tanagancda
TviT-pativiscemis moTxovnileba

miRweva, statusi, pasuxismgebloba, reputacia
TviT-aqtualizacia

pirovnebis ganviTareba da
realizacia

realizacia
abraham maslou

(1908-1970)

motivaciis ierarqiuli Teoria

92
usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba, adamians mikuTvnebulobisa da siyvarulis
moTxovnileba uCndeba da a. S. yoveli safexuri moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebis Semdeg aqtualuri xdeba momdevno safexuris moTxovnileba.
anu adamians maRali donis moTxovnilebebi gauCndeba maSin, rodesac
dakmayofilebuli aqvs dabali donis fizikuri da emociuri
keTildReobisaTvis saWiro moTxovnilebebi. TviT-aqtualizaciis done sxva
doneebisgan gansxvavebiT danaklisis Sevsebaze ki ar aris mimarTuli, aramed
pirovnebis ganviTarebasa da misi SesaZleblobebis realizaciaze. miuxedavad
maslous modelis ierarqiulobisa, garkveul SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia,
adamianis qcevas warmarTavdes zeda safexuris moTxovnileba ise, rom ar iyos
dakmayofilebuli qveda safexuris moTxovnileba.
adamianis qceva rTuli fenomenia da garegnulad erTsa da imave qcevas
SeiZleba gansxvavebuli motivacia
8
edos safuZvlad. magaliTad, moswavlis
qceva _ kargad swavla _ SeiZleba sxvadasxva motiviT iyos ganpirobebuli.
zogisTvis kargad swavlis motivia dasjis SiSi, zogisTvis interesi, zogisTvis
ki aRiarebis moTxovnileba. motivaciis fsiqologiaSi ganasxvaveben garegan da
Sinagan motivacias. maslous ierarqiul modelSi garegani stumulebi
(garegani motivacia) qcevas aRZravs pirveli or _ fiziologiur da
usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebis _ doneze, danarCen sam doneze ki adaminis
qcevas Sinagani stimulebi (Sinagani motivacia) udevs safuZvlad.
efeqturi swavleba moswavleTa motivaciis donezea damokidebuli.
maslous ierarqiis mixedviT, swavlis moTxovnilebis aRmZvreli SeiZleba
iyos gansxvavebuli donis motivacia. es damokidebulia bavSvis asaksa da
individualur Taviseburebazec. dawyebiT klasebSi moswavlisaTvis metad
mniSvnelovania jer usafrTxoebis da Semdeg mikuTvnebulobis moTxovnilebis
dakmayofileba, xolo mozardebisTvis wamyvani ukve TviT-pativiscemis
moTxovnileba xdeba. dawyebiT klasebSi bavSvis efeqturi swavlebisaTvis
metad mniSvnelovania stabiluroba, wesrigi da a. S. amave dros
mniSvnelovania jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobis gancda. Tu moswavle Tavs
izolirebulad an gariyulad grZnobs, ver axerxebs imis aTvisebasac ki, rac
SeuZlia. am doneze bavSvisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania imis gancda, rom is
jgufis srulfasovani wevria. amis safuZvelze yalibdeba TviT-pativiscemis

8
motivacia adamianis Sinagani mdgomareobaa, romelic aRZravs qcevas garkveuli
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.
93
moTxovnileba, miRwevaze orientacia, jgufSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebasa
da statusze zrunva.
maslous motivaciis ierarqiuli Teoriis codna saSualebas aZlevs
praqtikos maswavleblebs, daadginon ierarqiis romel safexurzea moswavle,
gansazRvron, ra motivebi udevs safuZvlad swavlas, ris Sedegadac
SesaZlebelia swavlis adekvaturi strategiebis SemuSaveba da moswavlis
saswavlo procesSi CarTulobis uzrunvelyofa.

94

amerikeli mecnieri, ganaTlebis specialisti da kognituri mecnierebis
9

warmomadgeneli. devid perkinss 1970 wels sadoqtoro xarisxi mieniWa
maTematikisa da xelovnuri inteleqtis specialobiT masaCusetsis
teqnologiur universitetSi. amJamad is harvardis universitetis ganaTlebis
skolis profesoria.
devid perkinsi avtoria Teoriisa swavleba gagebisaTvis.
am Teoriis mixedviT, romelic ,,Teoria erTis saxeliTaa cnobili,
swavla CaRrmavebuli azrovnebis, gagebis Sedegia.
maswavleblis mTavari amocanaa moswavleTa azrovnebisa da msjelobis
unaris ganviTareba, rac gulisxmobs miRebuli codnis moqnil da aqtiur
gamoyenebas. maswavleblis ZiriTadi saswavlo mizania klasSi azrovnebis
kulturis damkvidreba.
perkinsis Teoriis centraluri cnebebia gageba da generaciuli anu
produqtuli codna.
perkinsis azriT, codna da unarebi TavisTavad ar ganapirobebs gagebas.
adamianma SeiZleba daagrovos codna da ganiviTaros unarebi miRebuli
informaciis Rrma gaazrebis gareSec. gageba, perkinsis mixedviT, mxolod
Sinaarsis gagebas ar gulisxmobs, gagebaSi moqmedebis perspeqtivac
igulisxmeba. kerZod, moaxerxebs Tu ara adamiani misTvis axal situaciaSi
konkretuli codnis gaxsenebasa da gamoyenebas. raimes gageba niSnavs ara
mxolod Temis Sinaarsis gaazrebas, aramed am TemasTan dakavSirebiT maRali
donis saazrovno procesebis ganxorcielebasac, rogoricaa axsna, magaliTebis
moyvana, ganzogadeba, analogiis mixedviT daskvnis gamotana, cnebebis sxva

9
kognitivizmi _ fsiqologiuri Teoria, romelic warmoiSva me-20 saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi.
Seiswavlis, Tu rogor xdeba codnis miReba, Senaxva da gamoyeneba SemecnebiTi procesebis fsiqologiuri
struqturis analizis safuZvelze. ZiriTadi debuleba: adamianis fsiqikis Sesaswavlad ar aris sakmarisi qcevaze
dakvirveba, saWiroa adamianis gonebrivi procesebis Seswavlac. adamianis swavlis procesi, codnis dagroveba da
gamoyeneba mis mier informaciis gadamuSavebis Sedegia. Sesabamisad, individis SemecnebiTi procesebis (aRqmis,
mexsierebis, azrovnebis) Seswavla SesaZlebelia mxolod informaciis miRebis, Senaxvisa da gamoyenebis gonebrivi
meqanizmebis garkvevis safuZvelze konkretuli davalebis Sesrulebisas.

devid perkinsi

ganaTlebis Teoria

95
konteqstSi gamoyeneba da a.S. amrigad, gageba iseT procesebs moicavs,
romlebic miRebuli codnis axal situaciaSi gamoyenebis saSualebas miscems
moswavles. perkinsi maT gagebis moqmedebebs uwodebs. konkretuli sakiTxis
gageba niSnavs am gagebis moqmedebebis ganxorcielebas sakiTxis garSemo. mag.:
aseTi gagebis moqmedebebia konkretuli sakiTxis sxvadasxva kuTxiT
ganxilva, kategoriebis gamoyofa, kiTxvebis dasma, am kiTxvebze Sesabamisi
informaciis mopoveba, winaaRmdegobrivi faqtebisa da debulebebis gamoyofa,
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mcdeloba arsebuli informaciis saufZvelze da a. S.
Cveulebriv, saskolo aqtivobebis umravlesoba ar moicavs gagebis
moqmedebebs. isini, ZiriTadad, codnis dagrovebisa da Cvevebis ganviTarebis
saSualebebia. es orive mniSvnelovani, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa maTi
sasargeblo gamoyenebisTvis momaval, pirovnebisaTvis axal situaciebSi.
produqtuli codna sami ZiriTadi moqmedebis Sedegia:
1. codnis Senaxva xangrZliv mexsierebaSi;
2. miRebuli codnis gageba;
3. codnis aqtiuri gamoyeneba skolis gareT.
perkinsi miiCnevs, rom es sami aqtivoba ganaTlebis sistemis ZiriTadi mizani
unda iyos.
swavlebis strategia, perkinsis Teoriis mixedviT, unda iyos yuradRebis
gamaxvileba ara saswavlo sagnis Sinaarsze, aramed moswavlis mier
Seswavlili masalis Rrma gaazrebaze, mis kavSirze moswavlis
gamocdilebasTan da sxva saswavlo sagnebSi miRebul codnasTan.
perkinsis upiratesi swavlebis meTodia: 1. sakiTxis garSemo kavSirebisa
da mimarTebebis damyareba, rasac perkinsi dakavSirebas uwodebs da 2.
problemuri situaciis Seqmna, rodesac moswavles mza codna ki ara aqvs,
aramed problemuri situaciis wvdomis procesSi iZens am codnas. mas perkinsi
gzis miyolas uwodebs.
am meTodiT SeZenili codna ufro moqnili da ukeT organizebulia
moswavlis mexsierebaSi. momavalSi moswavle advilad SeZlebs mis gamoyenebas
misTvis ucnob situaciaSi.
rogor SeiZleba vaswavloT gageba, anu rogor mivceT moswavleebs
produqtiuli codna? perkinsma gamoyo eqvsi komponenti, romlebic
aucilebelia gagebis warmatebuli swavlebisaTvis.
1. swavleba, rogorc azrovnebaze fokusirebuli xangrZlivi procesi.
maswavlebelma unda uzrunvelyos iseTi saswavlo situacia, sadac
96
moswavleebi sakiTxze ifiqreben da kidev bevrjer daubrundebian mas
sxvadasxva situaciaSi.
2. mimdinare Sefasebis aucilebloba. moswavleebs sWirdebaT ukukavSiri
da kriteriumebi, ris mixedviTac Seafaseben, Tu rogor arian
dauflebulni gagebis moqmedebebs, ra aqvT kidev gasakeTebeli
imisaTvis, rom kargad gaigon sakiTxi.
3. ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis gaTvaliswineba. masalis miwodebisas
maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos misi sirTule bavSvis fsiqikuri
ganviTarebis donesTan mimarTebaSi. gagebis moqmedebebis
ganxorcieleba sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufSi gansxvavebulia da,
Sesabamisad, gansxvavebuli swavlebis meTodebs moiTxovs.
4. swavlis uzrunvelyofa informacias ise warmodgeniT, rac xels
Seuwyobs gagebis procesebis aRZvras. informaciis struqturirebisa da
warmodgenis wesi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens miRebuli informaciis
gagebaze. kerZod, diagramebi, sqemebi xels uwyobs cnebebisa Tu
sakiTxis Rrma gagebas.
5. moswavleTaTvis saswavlo sagnis gacnoba. Sesaswavli sagnis sakiTxebis
gageba SeuZlebelia mecnierebis am dargis Sesaxeb zogadi warmodgenis
gareSe. cnebisa da principis gageba aucileblad gulisxmobs imas, Tu
ra adgili ukavia da rogor funqcionirebs is Sesaswavl disciplinaSi.
konkretuli sagnis maswavlebeli valdebulia, gaacnos moswavleebs am
saswavlo disciplinis struqtura da logika.
6. swavleba transferisTvis (gadatanisTvis). mravali kvleva adasturebs,
rom moswavleebs uWirT erT konteqstSi aTvisebuli principebisa da
Seswavlili faqtebis sxva situaciaSi gamoyeneba. mag. is, rac aiTvises
maTematikaSi, ver gadaaqvT sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis gakveTilebze.
imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma SeZlon erT saganSi aTvisebuli codnis
sxva konteqstSi, sxva disciplinaSi gamoyeneba, maT unda iswavlon
kavSirebis damyareba dakavSireba. es ki gagebis aucilebeli
safuZvelia.

97

amerikeli fsiqologi, harvardis ganaTlebis skolis profesori. misi
cnobili Teoria mravlobiTi inteleqtis Sesaxeb pirvelad gamoqveynda 1943
wels. Teoria aRwers, Tu rogor Seimecnebs adamiani samyaros.
gardneris Teoriis centraluri cnebebia: inteleqtis tipi da daswavlis
stili.
gardneris mixedviT, adamianis inteleqti anu zogadi goniereba, erTi
unari ar aris da ver gaizomeba erTi sazomiT _ inteleqtis Sesafasebeli
skaliT. dabali, saSualo da maRali inteleqtis mixedviT adamianebis Sefaseba,
miuRebelia, radgan adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gasxvavdebian daswavlis stiliT,
unarebiTa da midrekilebebiT. gardneri miiCnevs, rom inteleqti sxvadasxva
unarebis erTobliobaa da maTgan garemos Sesamecneblad yvela
mniSvnelovania; Tumca yvela adamians es unarebi erTnairad ganviTarebuli
ara aqvs. adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebi mravalmxrivia da Sesabamisad,
inteleqtis modelic amas unda asaxavdes. gardnerma Svidi ZiriTadi tipis
inteleqti gamoyo:
N lingvisturi
N logikur-maTematikuri
N musikaluri
N sxeulebriv-kinesTetikuri
N vizualur-sivrciTi
N interpersonaluri
N intrapersonaluri
garkveuli periodis Semdeg am CamonaTvals gardnerma daamata
naturalisturi (bunebasTan urTierToba), sulieri/egzistenciuri (religiuri)
da moraluri (eTikuri Rirebulebebi da sxv.) inteleqti.
gardneri Tvlis, rom adamianebi codnas upiratesad im gzebiTa da
saSualebebiT iZenen, ra tipis inteleqtic ufro aqvT ganviTarebuli.
Sesabamisad, adamianis daswavlis stilic inteleqtis romelime tipis

hovard gardneri
1943

mravalmxrivi inteleqtis Teoria

98
upiratesobiT aris ganpirobebuli. zogierTi adamiani problemas ukeT wyvets
da codnas iZens sityvieri an logikuri da ricxviTi saSualebebiT
(lingvisturi da logikur-maTematikuri tipi), zogierTs aucileblad
mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi warmodgenebi esaWiroeba informaciis
gadasamuSaveblad da problemis gadasawyvetad; zogisTvis sinamdvilis
musikaluri da ritmuli aspeqtebia mniSvnelovani dasaswavlad, zogisTvis ki
Sexeba da sxeulebriv-motoruli saSualebebia ufro informaciuli. amiT
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan mag., literatori, mecnieri, musikosi da gimnasti.
inteleqtis yovel tips Seesabameba is operaciebi, rasac am tipis
inteleqtis adamiani upiratesad iyenebs garemos Sesamecneblad, informaciis
gadasamuSaveblad da codnis misaRebad. garda amisa, yovel tips Seesabameba
Tavisi daswavlis saSualebebi da stili. gardneris mixedviT, SesaZlebelia
Svidive tipis inteleqtis Sefaseba da Semecnebis individualuri stilis
aRwera.
qvemoT cxrilSi moyvanilia Svidi tipis inteleqtis aRwera, maTi
Sesatyvisi operaciebi da daswavlis saSualebebi.

inteleqtis tipi aRweriloba Sesatyvisi aqtivobebi
daswavlis
saSualebebi

lingvisturi
verbaluri unari
enobrivi informacia;
weriTi da zepiri
metyvleba;
informaciis Senaxva,
interpretacia da axsna
enobrivi saSualebebiT
_ cnebebiT, sityvaTa
mniSvnelobebiT.

sakiTxis Sesaxeb saubari;
teqstis analizi;
teqstis redaqtireba;
sxvadasxva tipis teqstis
Seqmna, komentaris
gakeTeba movlenaze.

sityvebi,
enobrivi
saSualebebi

logikur-
maTematikuri
logikuri azrovneba
mecnieruli msjeloba
da deduqcia;
problemis analizi,
maTematikuri
gamoTvlebi,
mizez-Sedegobrivi
mimarTebebis dadgena.
ariTmetikuli
operaciebi,
sxvadasxva gazomvebi,
raime moqmedebis
strategiis SemuSaveba,
raimes Rirebulebis da
Sedegebis Sefaseba,
procesis dagegmva da
marTva.

cifrebi,
logikuri
kavSirebi

musikaluri
musikaluri unari
musikaluri JReradobis
gamoyeneba da
siamovnebis miReba;
tonaluri da ritmuli
nimuSebis cnoba;
grZnobasa da bgerebs
Soris kavSiris xedva.

musikaluri Sesruleba.
musikis SeTxzva; simRera;
musikis Sefaseba;
instrumentze dakvris
swavla da swavleba.

musika,
ritmi

99

sxeulebriv-
kinesTetikuri
sxeulis zusti
moZraobebis kontroli
TiTebis moqniloba,
xelis da Tvalis
koordinacia,
motoruli moqniloba,
wonasworoba da
koordinacia.

sportis sxvadasxva
saxeobis teqnikis
daufleba; Jestebis da
mimikis gamoyeneba.

fizikuri
gamocdileba,
moZraoba,
Sexeba.

mxedvelobiT-
sivrciTi
mxedevelobiTi da
sivrciTi aRqma
vizualuri xatebis
Seqmna da interpretacia;
xatovani warmosaxva da
eqspresia; xatsa da
mniSvnelobas Soris
mimarTebis xedva.

xatva, dizaini,
mxatvrobis interpretacia,
gamosaxulebis Seqmna
ideis mixedviT, logo.

suraTebi,
formebi,
samganzomilebia
ni xatebi.

interpersonaluri
sxvaTa grZnobebis aRqma
da gageba
sxva adamianebTan
urTierTobis unari,
qcevisa da
urTierTobis
interpretaciis unari,
adamianebsa da
situacias Soris
kavSiris xedva.

sxvisi guneba-ganwyobis
interpretacia saxis
gamometyvelebis mixedviT;
sxeulis eniT grZnobebis
gamoxatva,
sxvis grZnobebze
dagegmili zemoqmedeba.

socialuri
urTierToba,
komunikacia
TanamSromloba
gunduri
muSaoba

intrapersonaluri
TviTcnobiereba
sakuTari Tavis gageba,
sakuTari Tavis
mimarTeba sxvebTan da
samyarosTan,
cvlilebebis saWiroebis
gancda,
reagireba cvlilebaze.

pirovnul zrda-
ganviTarebaze zrunva;
sakuTari poziciisa da
Sexedulebebis
Camoyalibeba.

TviTaRqma,
TviTanalizi,
TviTgaxsna.

gardneris Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebi gansxvavebulad iReben da
inaxaven erTsa da imave informacias, amitom maTi swavleba individualuri
daswavlis stilze unda iyos morgebuli.
100

amerikeli fsiqologi. iyo Cikagos da Semdeg harvardis universitetebis
profesori.
kolbergis moraluri Teoria xsnis, rogor iTvisebs bavSvi
sazogadoebaSi miRebul eTikur normebs, karg da cud, swor da araswor
Rirebulebebs. bavSvis fsiqikuri ganviTarebis SesabamisadYkolbergi gamoyofs
moraluri ganviTarebis 3 dones (winakonvenciuri, konvenciuri,
postkonvenciuri) da TiToeulSi kidev ramdenime safexurs.
I done - winakonvenciuri morali. am doneze bavSvi swori da
araswori qcevebis Sesaxeb msjelobs imis mixedviT, Tu ra Sedegi mohyveba
mis qmedebas _ dasja, waxaliseba Tu dajildoeba. am doneze myofi bavSvisTvis
morali mis gareT arsebuli ram aris, rasac unda daemorCilos. ganviTarebis
am doneze bavSvi fiqrobs, rom sworia is, razec avtoriteti ambobs, rom
sworia. es done kolbergma sam safexurad dayo.
nulovani safexuri:. ganviTarebis am doneze bavSvis Sexedulebebi
swori, kargi da araswori, cudi qcevis Sesaxeb ganpirobebulia imiT,
Tu ra aniWebs mas siamovnebas an usiamovnebas. am safexurze bavSvs jer kidev
ara aqvs Tavisi survilebisgan damoukidebeli moTxovnebisa Tu wesebis
gagebis unari. magaliTad, me Sokoladis Wama msiamovnebs da moviTxov mas,
radac ar unda damijdes.
1 safexuri. morCileba da dasja. am safexurze bavSvi Tvlis, rom wesebi
avtoritetebma Seqmnes da maT unda daemorCilos, Tu daarRvevs _ daisjeba.
moqmedebis Sedegi ganapirobebs mis siswores. mag., Tu me gavtexe finjani,
dedam dainaxa da davisaje _ es cudi saqcielia. Tu aravin mxedavs, rogor
gavtexe da ar davisaje, maSin es ar aris cudi saqcieli.
2 safexuri. instrumentuli fardobiToba. ganviTarebis am safexurze
swori da kargi qceva aris is, rac akmayofilebs individis moTxovnilebebs da
zogjer garSemomyofebis moTxovnilebebsac. am safexurze bavSvi acnobierebs,
rom SeiZleba arsebobdes dawesebuli wesisgan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebac.
adamianebs SeiZleba gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi hqondeT da isini

lorens kolbergi
(1927-1987)

moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria

101
individualuri interesidan gamomdinare iqceodnen. es ukve
urTierTgaziarebis elementebia, magram misi interpretacia yovelTvis
fizikuri, pragmatuli xasiaTisaa. magaliTad, Tu Sen momcem kanfets, mec
mogcem.
II done _ konvenciuri morali. am doneze myofi individisTvis misi
ojaxis, sazogadoebis molodinebis gamarTleba mniSvnelovani Rirebulebaa.
individi sakuTar Tavs aRiqvams am sazogadoebis Tu jgufis nawilad. individi
emorCileba da iRebs sazogadeobaSi damkvidrebul normebsa da molodinebs,
is ara Tu icavs, aramed mxars uWers da ganamtkicebs arsebul normebs. es done
Tavis mxriv, ori safexurisgan Sedgeba.
1. (me-3) safexuri. interpersonaluri Tanxmoba: kargi biWi _ kargi
gogo. ganviTarebis am safexurze bavSvi fiqrobs, rom kargi qceva aris is, rac
sxvebs aniWebs siamovnebas, gulisxmobs sxvis daxmarebas da imsaxurebs
sazogadoebis mowonebas. mag., Cems megobars vaTxove saTamaSo, radgan kargi
biWi var da gavaxare megobari. aseTi Sexeduleba kargi interpersonaluri
urTierTobebis ganviTarebisa da SenarCunebis saSualebaa.
2. (me-4) safexuri. kanoni da wesrigi. am safexurze individi Tvlis, rom
kargi da swori qceva avtoritetis pativiscema, movaleobis Sesruleba da
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvaa.
III done _ post-konvenciuri morali. am doneze pirovneba cdilobs,
avtoritetuli Rirebulebebisgan damoukideblad Camoayalibos sakuTari
RirebulebaTa sistema da principebi. am SemTxvevaSi eTikuri principebi
pirovnebis ganuyofeli nawilia da ar aRiqmeba arc Tavs moxveulad da arc
avtoritetis pativiscemis niSnad. is pirovnebis Tavisufali arCevania.
kolbergi am donezec or safexurs gamoyofs:
1. (me-5) safexuri: socialuri kontraqti. am safexurze swori da misaRebi
moqmedeba, qceva ganisazRvreba individis im uflebebisa da standartebis
mixedviT, rac miRebulia sazogadoebaSi kritikuli Sefasebisa da SeTanxmebis
Sedegad. am safexurze individi acnobierebs, rom pirovnuli Rirebulebebi da
Sexedulebebi fardobiTia, sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva jgufs SeiZleba
gansxvavebuli eTikuri Sexedulebebi hqondes; amitom saWiroa sazogadoebrivi
Tanxmoba imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris swori da misaRebi, rac konkretul
sazogadoebaSi uflebebisa da movaleobebis WrilSi aRiwereba. es safexuri
ufro sazogadoebriv poziciazea orientirebuli eTikuria (anu sworia) is
qcevebi, romlebic sazogadoebis wevrebis uflebebs ar arRvevs.
102
2. (me-6) safexuri: universaluri eTikuri orientacia. pirovneba sakuTar
sindisTan TanxmobiT irCevs im universalur eTikur principebs, romlebic
Tavisufalia pragmatulobisa da formaluri kanonierebisagan. es principebi
exeba zogadad samarTlianobas, Tanasworobasa da pirovnebis pativiscemas.
adamianis moraluri ganviTarebis done dgindeba imis mixedviT, Tu rogor
afasebs igi ama Tu im movlenas moraluri TvalsazrisiT.
TeoriaSi ukeT gasarkvevad gTavazobT kolbergis magaliTs: ,,eqimis varaudiT,
simsivnis iSviaTi formiT daavadebuli qalbatonis gadarCena SeeZlo axal samedicino
preparats. es medikamenti erTma farmacevtma Seqmna sakuTar afTiaqSi. garda imisa, rom
preparatis momzadeba sakmaod Zviri jdeboda, farmaceftma gadawyvita, kidev ufro gaezarda
sakuTari gamogonebis safasuri da wamlis TviTRirebulebaze 10-jer meti Tanxa moiTxova.
avadmyofi qalis meuRlem mxolod Tanxis naxevaris Segroveba SeZlo da farmacevts sTxova,
an fasi Seemcirebina, an Tanxis nawilis momavalSi gadaxdis saSualeba mieca. farmacevtma uari
uTxra. gamouval mdgomareobaSi myofma meuRlem RamiT afTiaqis kari gatexa da colisaTvis
wamali moipara.
imis mixedviT, Tu rogor da ra argumentaciiT afasebs individi amgvar moralur
sakiTxebs, SegviZlia vimsjeloT misi moraluri ganviTarebis doneze.
moraluri
ganviTarebis
done
safexuri Sefaseba/msjeloba
prekonvenciuri
done
1. safexuri morCilebasa da
dasjaze orientacia
`qurdoba ar SeiZleba. SeiZleba cixeSi
moxvdes. (dasja)
2. safexuri
instrumentuli
fardobiTobis orientacia
`man SeiZleba moiparos wamali, romelic
gadaarCens avadmyof cols. roca cixidan
gamova, isev colTan erTad iqneba
(hedonisturi motivi).
konvenciuri
done
3. safexuri
interpersonaluri
Tanxmoba _ orientacia
SeTanxmebaze `kargi biWi,
kargi gogo
sazogadoeba gaugebs mas, Tu avadmyofi
colis gadasarCenad wamals moiparavs da
gakicxavs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ase ar
moiqceva.
(sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvnelovneba).
4. safexuri.
kanoni da wesrigi
qmris movaleoba colis gadarCenaa, Tundac
amisaTvis qurdoba gaxdes saWiro.
(kanoni Rirseba, movaleoba, danaSaulis
grZnoba gansazRvraven qcevas)
postkonvenciuri
done
5. safexuri
zneoba
qmars ufleba aqvs miiRos wamali, Tundac
misi safasuris gadaxdis saSualeba ar
hqondes. Tu afTiaqari amas ver
acnobierebs, saxelmwifom unda
daareguliros msgavsi situaciebi.
(demokratiuli kanoni, pirovnebis
uflebebis dacvis garantiebi)
6. safexuri
universaluri eTikuri
principebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom qurdoba isjeba
kanoniT, araswori iqneba, Tu qmari ar
moiparavs wamals. sicocxle ufro
Rirebulia, vidre afTiaqaris Semosavali.
(kanonebi socialurad sasargeblo unda
iyos da ara wminda da daurRveveli, sindisi
individualuria).

103

amerikeli fsiqologi beras frederik skineri, filosofiur
mecnierebaTa doqtori, 1945-1948 wlebSi iyo indianas unversitetis
fsiqologiis fakultetis dekani. 1948 wlidan gardacvalebamde moRvaweobda
harvardSi. mis gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre amerikaSi fsiqologiis
istorikosebs Soris Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegad skinerma yvela drois
fsiqologTa Soris merve, xolo Tanamedrove fsiqologTa Soris pirveli
adgili daikava.
skineri ,,radikaluri biheviorizmis
10
mimdevari da ganmaviTarebeli
iyo. am mecnieruli midgomis mixedviT, fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli axsna
da zusti interpretacia SeuZlebelia, vinaidan isini adamianis ,,SigniT
mimdinareobs da xandaxan TviTon adamiansac ar ZaluZs bolomde
gaacnobieros maTi arsi. mecnierebisaTvis SesaZlebelia iseTi fenomenis axsna,
razec dakvirveba da risi Semowmebac SesaZlebelia. aseTad skiners qceva
miaCnia. Sesabamisad, fsiqologiam unda Seiswavlos organizmis qceva da am
qcevis Sedegebi. Tu bihevioristuli daswavlis zogierTi Teoretikosi
adamianis an cxovelis qcevis asaxsnelad xSirad iyenebs terminebs, rogoricaa
,,moTxovnileba, ,,motivacia, anu iseT fenomenebs, romlebzec pirdapir
dakvirveba SeuZlebelia, is ar aris mniSvnelovani radikaluri
biheviorizmisTvis.
qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi skineris terminia da asaxavs qcevasTan
dakavSirebuli sami cvladis analizs. es cvladebia:
N organizmis qceva;
N pirobebi, romelSic mimdinareobs qceva;

10
qcevaTmecniereba aRmocenda aSS-Si me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi. ZiriTadi debuleba: fsiqologiam
unda Seiswavlos individis fsiqikis is gamovlinebebi, rac dakvirvebadi da gazomvadia. amitom SeiZleba
obieqturad da mecnierulad SeviswavloT da gavzomoT mxolod ra zemoqmedebs (stimuli) individze
garedan (stimuli) da individis reaqcia stimulze (qceva).

beras frederik skineri
(1904_1990)

operantuli ganpirobebulobis Teoria

104
N qcevis Sedegebi (meordeba Tu ara qceva Tanmxvedri garemoebebis
SemTxvevaSi).
qcevis axsna am sami cvladis analizis safuZvelze xdeba. bavSvis
problemur qcevas yovelTvis raRac mizezi aqvs, rac mocemul momentSi ar
Cans. amitom aucilebelia imaze dakvirveba da aRwera, Tu ra uswrebs win
problemur qcevas, TviTon am qcevis aRwera (rogori intensivobisaa da ras
akeTebs bavSvi) da ra mosdevs Sedegad am problemur qcevas. skineri, iseve
rogorc sxva bihevioristebi, Tvlis, rom qcevis pirobebis, TviT qcevisa da
misi Sedegebis aRwera unda iyos detaluri, zusti, obieqturi, yovelgvari
subieqturi Sefasebis gareSe.
skineri qcevis or tips gamoyofs: respondentuls _ reaqcia specifikur
stimulze (mag. cemineba, Tvalebis xamxami, SimSili da sxv.) da operantuls _
stimulis gareSe organizmis mier spontanurad Sesrulebuli garkveuli qceva
(mag. werilis wera, manqanis tareba, wignis kiTxva da sxv.). operantuli qceva
sapasuxo reaqcia ar aris, is SeiZleba gakontroldes adamianis mier da
emorCileba operantuli ganpirobebulobis kanonebs. operantuli
ganpirobebuloba es aris daswavlis tipi, roca romelime reaqciis gaCenis
albaToba izrdeba, Tuki mas mosdevs ganmamtkicebeli (mag. Tu moswavle
yuradRebiT usmens maswavlebels da maswavlebeli mis aseT qcevas RimiliT an
SeqebiT aRniSnavs, Zalian didia imis albaToba, rom moswavle momavalSic
aseTive yuradRebiani iqneba). amrigad, ganmamtkicebeli Sedegia, Semdgomi
movlenaa, rac pasuxad maSinve moyveba individis moqmedebas, qcevas. is
aZlierebs qcevis aRmocenebis albaTobas.
Tavis mxriv, ganmamtkicebeli stimuli SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi
ganmamtkicebeli _ dajildoeba (mag. yovelTvis, roca maswavlebeli aqebs
moswavles, uwers mas maRal Sefasebas an eubneba mSobels, ra niWieria misi
Svili, is iyenebs pozitiur ganmamtkicebels) da uaryofiTi ganmamtkicebeli _
Sveba (usiamovno stimulis gaqroba qcevis gamosworebisTanave, mag. yuris
aweva; rogorc ki arasasurveli qceva gamoswordeba, yurze xels uSveben).
orive SemTxvevaSi ganmamtkicebeli zrdis momavalSi sasurveli qcevis
aRmocenebis albaTobas.
aseve dadebiTi da uaryofiTi SeiZleba iyos dasjac. dasja iseTi
qmedebaa, romelic amcirebs momavlaSi qcevis aRmocenebis albaTobas.
dadebiTi dasja (sasjeli) Tanamedrove skolebSi naklebad gamoiyeneba (mag.
moswavle cudi qcevisTvis isjeba saklaso oTaxis dalagebiT). ufro xSiria
105
uaryofiTi dasjis (jarima) gamoyenebis magaliTebi (mag. imis gamo, rom patara
das awvaleb, televizors gamogirTav da dRes Sens sayvarel films ver naxav!).
unda aRiniSnos, rom xSirad erTmaneTSi erevaT uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
da dadebiTi dasja, imitom, rom orive Seicavs usiamovno, e. w. aversiul
stimulebs. Tumca maTi garCeva advilia qcevaze TiToeulis zegavlenis
meSveobiT, radgan es zegavlena mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia. skineris
mixedviT operantuli swavlis dros momavalSi qcevis ganmeorebis albaTobas
zrdis ganmtkiceba (Tavisi ori formiT), xolo am qcevis ganmeorebis
albaTobas amcirebs dasja (Tavisi ori formiT).
Tavad skiners dasjis sawinaaRmdegod mravali argumenti mohyavs. is
Tvlis, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi dasja araefeqturi xdeba, is mxolod axSobs
arasasurvel qcevas; roca dasjis SiSi gaivlis, qcevis intensivoba ubrundeba
pirvandel dones, anu efeqti droebiTia.
mniSvnelovan argumentad unda CaiTvalos isic, rom dasja miuTiTebs
mxolod imaze, Tu ra ar unda gaakeTo, da ara imaze, risi gakeTeba iqneboda
misaRebi da kargi. agreTve dasja amarTlebs sxva adamianisTvis tkivilis
miyenebas (bavSvs, romelic dedam mityipa, erTaderTi daskvnis gamotana
SeuZlia, rom arsebobs situaciebi, roca tkivilis miyeneba daSvebulia) da
iwvevs agresias damsjelis an sxvebis mimarT.
skineris azriT, dasjas aqvs araerTi alternativa da maTi gamoyeneba
ufro efeqturia. magaliTad, situaciis cvlileba arasasurveli qcevis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT (winaswar movaciloT Zvirfasi larnaki bavSvisTvis
xelmisawvdomi adgilidan), anda ubralod ignorireba, rac karg Sedegs iZleva
arasasurveli, problemuri qcevis SemTxvevaSi (mag., rodesac bavSvi brazobs
da tiris, radgan Sokolads sadilamde ar aZleven, efeqturia ignorireba. am
dros ufrosi ar aqcevs yuradRebas bavSvis moTxovnebsa da tirils, TiTqos
arc esmis misi; skineris mixedviT, am strategiis ramdenjerme gameoreba
aqrobs qcevas, radgan ar mtkicdeba da bavSvi xvdeba, rom am gziT is sasurvels
ver miiRebs). sasurveli Tu arasasurveli qceva aucileblad Caqreba, Tu
mivagnebT mis ganmamtkicebels da gamovricxavT. mag. gakveTilze, rodesac
bavSvma icis, rom misi gamokiTxvis jeri mova, manamde iqceva ise, rom klasidan
gauSvan, radgan aseTi qcevisaTvis maswavlebeli yovelTvis klasidan uSvebs
xolme bavSvs. am gziT, moswavlis mizani miRweulia man klasSi Tavidan
aicila davalebis Sesruleba. Tu maswavlebeli gaaanalizebs bavSvis qcevas da
aRmoaCens, rom mis amrev qcevas win uswrebs sakiTxavi davalebis Sesruleba,
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maSin is mixvdeba problemuri qcevis mizezs da aRar ganamtkicebs mis survils
klasidan gareT gaSvebiT.
skineris azriT, adamianis qcevis Sesaswavlad aucilebeli araa rTuli
Teoriebis Camoyalibeba. is ZiriTad amocanad miiCnevs stimulis tipebsa da
reaqciis tipebs Soris urTierTzemoqmedebis safuZvlebis Seswavlas. es
gulisxmobs mastimulirebel movlenasa da gazomvad qcevas Soris
funqcionalur analizs. is Tvlida, rom funqcionaluri analizi saSualebas
iZleva, sruli warmodgena viqonioT organizmze, rogorc qceviT sistemaze, anu
imaze, Tu raze reagirebs an ar reagirebs individi, ra pirobebSi mimdinareobs
qceva da ra Sedegi aqvs mas.

skineri dainteresebuli iyo ganaTlebis sistemaSi sakuTari Teoriis
gamoyenebiT. is Tvlida, rom daswavla efeqturia, roca:
1. asaTvisebeli masalis miwodeba xdeba TandaTanobiT;
2. moswavleebi iReben dauyovnebel ukukavSirs, ramdenad sworad
daiswavles miwodebuli masala;
3. daswavla mimdinareobs moswavleTaTvis misaReb tempSi.
am midgomis mixedviT, maswavlebeli informaciis, codnis gadamcemia. is
qmnis pirobebs am codnis gadacemisaTvis da aseve arCevs masalas. moswavleebi
ki am codnas nabij-nabij iTviseben.

biheviorizmis (qcevaTmecenierebis) gavlena saswavlo gegmasa da swavlebaze

biheviorizmma ramdenime mimarTulebiT moaxdina mniSvnelovani gavlena
saganmanaTleblo programebsa da teqnologiebze. kerZod:
N qceviTi miznebisa da amocanebis gansazRvra saswavlo gegmaSi.
biheviorizmis gavleniT saswavlo gegmaSi 40-iani wlebidan daiwyes
saswavlo miznebis specifikuri formulirebis principebis danergva.
saswavlo miznebi da swavlebis Sedegebi ise unda iyos formulirebuli,
rom SeiZlebodes maTze dakvirveba da raodenobrivi Sefaseba. me-20
saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolosTvis aSS maswavleblebis umravleosoba
iyenebda saswavlo miznebisa da swavlebis Sedegebis formulirebis
wesebs.
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qcevis miznebisa da Sedegebis specifikuri gansazRvris moTxovnam misca
biZgi gavarjiSebiT daswavlis midgomas. kerZod, morisonma me-20
saukunis 30-ian wlebSi skolaSi Seitana e. w. daostatebis formula:
winatestireba, swavleba, Semdgomi testireba, adaptaciisa da daxmarebis
procedura saWiroebis mixedviT, swavleba da Semdgomi testireba.
morisonis gegma gulisxmobs, rom klasSi yvela moswavlem unda
aiTvisos gakveTilze gaTvaliswinebuli masala.
N swavlebisadmi individualuri midgoma. aSS ganaTlebis sistemaSi es idea
dainerga me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan da dakavSirebulia keleris
gegmasTan. am gegmis mixedviT, swavleba unda ganxorcieldes moswavlis
individualuri saWiroebebis gansazRvris safuZvelze. am tipis saswavlo
gegmis specifikaa swavlis individualuri tempis gaTvaliswineba,
daostatebis teqnikis gamoyeneba, saswavlo motivaciis gaZliereba,
masalis nawilebad dayofa da maTi aTvisebisaTvis saWiro etapebis
gamoyofa, yoveli nawilis aTvisebis Sefaseba. am gegmis safuZvelze me-20
saukunis 70-ian wlebSi pitsburgis universitetSi Seiqmna swavlebis
individualuri gegma da flanaganis saswavlo gegma, romelSic
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo moswavleTa daxmareba da damatebiTi swavleba
konkretuli saWiroebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
N kompiuteris daxmarebiT swavleba. aSS-Si gavrcelda me-20 saukunis 50-
iani wlebidan da ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo Cvevebis gavarjiSebaze da
meqanikur daswavlaze. swavlebis principi bihevioristul midgomaze iyo
dafuZnebuli: miznis gansazRvra, davalebis nawilebad dayofa, yovel
nawilze muSaoba konkretuli algoriTmis safuZvelze da Sedegis
Sefaseba. dRes kompiuteris gamoyeneba saswavlo procesSi
mravalmxrivia ara mxolod saswavlo kompiuteruli programebis saxiT,
aramed saswavlo procesSi davalebis Sesrulebis dros kompiuteris
gamoyenebis saxiTac.
N swavlebisadmi sistemuri midgoma. me-20 saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi
Camoyalibda da kompiuteruli metafora daedo safuZvlad. Sesabamisad,
swavlebis sistemis dizaini gulisxmobs moswavlis saWiroebebis
Sefasebas, grZelvadiani miznebis dadgenas, maT safuZvelze moklevadiani
miznebis Camoyalibebas, Sefasebis strategiis gansazRvras, swavlebis
meTodis SemuSavebas, masalebis SerCevas, mimdinare da Semajamebel
Sefasebas.
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Teoriis Zlieri mxare. bihevioristuli midgomis gamoyeneba efeqturia
Cvevebis asaTviseblad, masalis Sinaarsis dasaswavlad, qcevis marTvisTvis,
sasurveli qcevis misaRwevad da qcevis Sesacvlelad.

swavlebis meTodologia:
N davalebis analizi da komponentebis gamoyofa.
N moswavleTa misaRebi qcevebis gansazRvra da maTi ganmtkiceba.
N swavlebis meTodika damyarebulia xSir asociaciur kavSirebze,
Sesrulebasa da misaRwev mizans Soris mkafio ukukavSirze. davalebebi
iyofa mcire komponentebad da maT asaTviseblad saWiro etapebad,
Semdeg ki xdeba gamTlianeba. aseve gamoiyofa daxmarebis xarisxebi:
fizikuri daxmareba, erToblivad keTeba, sityvieri, miTiTebiT
daxmareba da damoukidebeli Sesruleba. davalebebis miwodeba xdeba
martividan rTulisken da moswavle ostatdeba konkretuli davalebis
damoukideblad SesrulebaSi.

109

albert bandura daibada 1925 wels, kanadaSi. albert bandura
stenfordis d. jordanis saxelobis universitetis socialuri mecnierebebis
kaTedris profesori da amerikel fsiqologTa asociaciis Tavmjdomare iyo.
banduram Tavis Teorias socialur-kognituri daswavlis Teoria uwoda,
radgan, misive ganmartebiT, ,,socialuri xazs usvams adamianis Semecnebisa da
qcevis socialur warmomavlobas, xolo ,,kognituri _ adamianis emociaze,
motivaciasa da qmedebebze SemecnebiTi procesebis zemoqmedebas.
banduras Teoriis ZiriTadi Tema aris dakvirvebis gziT daswavla. mis
TeoriaSi xazgasmulia, rom adamianma SeiZleba SeiZinos axali gamocdileba,
axali qceva, ara mxolod uSualod am qcevis ganxorcielebis gziT, aramed sxva
adamianebis (e. w. modelebis) qcevaze dakvirvebiT da mibaZviT. es principulad
axali midgoma gamoarCevs banduras Teorias daswavlis sxva Teoriebisgan.
bandura miiCnevs, rom daswavla SesaZlebelia maSinac ki, rodesac adamiani
pirdapir ar imeorebs ,,modelis qcevas. Tavisi poziciis gasamyareblad mas
Semdegi magaliTi mohyavs:
,,warmoidgineT, rom avtomobiliT midixarT gzaze da SeamCnieT, rom Tqvens win
mimavali avtomobili Cavarda patara ormoSi da dazianda. aseT situaciaSi adamianTa
umravlesoba gaiTvaliswinebs wina manqanis SemTxvevas da avtomobils ise waiyvans, rom
ormos Tavi aaridos. mocemuli SemTxveva socialuri daswavlis tipuri magaliTia, Tumca,
rogorc xedavT, aq daswavla moxda ara imitaciis (gameorebis, mibaZvis), aramed sxvisi
gamocdilebis gaziarebis gziT. es adasturebs, rom socialuri daswavlis unari ar aris
ubralod mibaZvis unari, socialuri daswavla bevrad ufro kompleqsuri da farToa, vidre
amas fiqrobda fsiqologTa umetesoba.
kidev erTi pozicia, riTac bandura gansxvavdeba Tavisi drois
kolegebisgan, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom banduras Teoriis Tanaxmad, daswavla
dakvirvebis meSveobiT (anu socialuri daswavla) ar saWiroebs arc gare
reaqcias da arc e. w. ganmamtkicebels (waxalisebas, jildos da a. S.). misi
azriT, daswavla uwyveti procesia, romelic yovelTvis ar aris damokidebuli
garemo faqtorebze. es daskvna efuZneba banduras mier Catarebul

albert bandura
1925

socialur-kognituri daswavlis Teoria

110
eqsperimentTa mTel cikls. erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli eqsperimenti aseTi
iyo:
,,daaxloebiT erTi da imave asakis bavSvebi sam jgufad gaanawiles cal-calke oTaxebSi.
sxvadasxva jgufis wevrebs ar hqondaT erTmaneTTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba. TiToeul
jgufs aCvenes patara filmi, romelSic adamiani (SemdgomSi mas vuwodebT ,,models) cems did
Tojinas. filmis pirveli nawili sruliad identuri iyo, magram misi bolo nawili, anu
dasasruli gansxvavebuli iyo TiToeuli jgufisTvis. pirveli jgufis SemTxvevaSi filmi
dasrulda imiT, rom ,,modeli dajildovda Tavisi agresiuli qmedebisTvis (dadebiTi
ganmtkiceba). meore filmi dasrulda imiT, rom ,,modeli daisaja agresiuli qmedebisTvis
(negatiuri ganmtkiceba), xolo mesame jgufisTvis gankuTvnil filmSi ,,modeli qcevas ar
mohyolia aranairi reaqcia, igi arc daisaja da arc dajildovda.
eqsperimentis meore nawilSi samive jgufs misces zustad is Tojina, romelic naCvenebi
iyo filmSi. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, bavSvebma gaimeores ,,modelis qceva, gamoavlines
agresiuloba Tojinis mimarT. eqsperimentis arsi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom dadgeniliyo
iqneboda Tu ara gansxvaveba reagirebis formaSi an intensiobaSi imis mixedviT, Tu romeli
filmi naxes bavSvebma. eqsperimentis Sedegebis gaanalizebam cxadyo, rom pirveli jgufi, sadac
filmSi ,,modeli waxalisebuli iyo Tavisi agresiuli qcevisTvis, gansakuTrebuli sisatikiT
eqceoda Tojinas da gansakuTrebulad maRal agresiis dones iCenda danarCen or jgufTan
SedarebiT. yvelaze naklebi agresiuloba gamoavlina meore jgufma, mesame jgufis
maCveneblebi ki meryeobda pirvelsa da meores Soris. am eqsperimentma aCvena: miuxedavad
imisa, rom arc erTi jgufis arc erT wevrs uSualod ar miuRia qcevis ganmamtkicebeli (anu
wamaxalisebeli) da arc dasjila, maT mier gacnobierebuli, gaTavisebuli iyo ,,modelis qceva
da is reaqcia (Sedegi), romelic mohyva am qcevas TiToeul filmSi.
amdenad, banduras azriT, socialuri daswavla xdeba yovelTvis, es
mudmivi procesia, romelic ar saWiroebs arc qcevis wina pirobas da arc
qcevis Semdgom ganmtkicebas, waxalisebas, dasjas an nebismier garegan
reagirebas _ daswavlas adgili eqneba yvela SemTxvevaSi, ganurCevlad garemo
faqtorebisa.
magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom daswavlaze saerTod ar moqmedebs
aranairi faqtori. bandura aRwers oTx process, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen
dakvirvebiT daswavlaze:

1. yuradRebis procesebi
imisaTvis, rom ,,modelisgan raime iswavlo, mas aucileblad unda miaqcio
yuradReba, unda dainaxo is. Tu oTxi wlis bavSvi dainaxavs, rom mis
Tanatols TamaSis dros ZaRlma ukbina, is SemdgomSi Tavadac moerideba
ZaRls. magram Tu am dros misi yuradReba mipyrobili iyo meore
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Tanatolisaken, romelmac daniT xeli gaiWra, maSin is SemdgomSi moerideba
ara ZaRls, aramed danis xelSi aRebas.
2. mnemuri procesebi
imisaTvis, rom miRebuli informacia momavalSi gamoviyenoT, aucilebelia
misi damaxsovreba. mexsierebaSi informaciis Senaxva xatovani an verbaluri
simboloebis saxiT xdeba. bandura Tvlis, rom raime movlenis mexsierebaSi
asaxvis dros verbaluri da xatovani simboloebi Tanabrad monawileobs.
SeuZlebelia, sityvis gaxsenebam ar gamoiwvios Sesabamis xatis warmodgena
da piriqiT, suraTis Sexedvam _ misi Sesatyvisi sityvis amotivtiveba.
3. qcevis formirebis procesebi
es procesebi gansazRvravs, ramdenad Sesrulebadia CvenTvis is, rac
dakvirvebiT viswavleT. adamiani SeiZleba yuradRebiT akvirdebodes
maimunis xtunvas xidan xeze, zustad daixsomos misi moZraobebi, magram
warmoudgenelia, rom SeZlos es qceva daiswavlos da gaimeoros, vinaidan
adamianis fizikuri monacemebi ar iZleva amis SesaZleblobas. Sesabamisad,
daswavlisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom adamians fizikurad SeeZlos qcevis
ganxorcieleba.
4. motivaciuri procesebi
marTalia, banduras mier ganmtkiceba (anu qcevis Sedegad miRebuli
reagireba) ar aris gagebuli, rogorc qcevis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli
faqtori (rogorc es warmoedgina bevr mecniers), igi mainc mniSvnelovnad
miiCnevs mas da yuradRebas uTmobs Tavis TeoriaSi. banduras TeoriaSi
ganmtkiceba or mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebs. jer erTi, mis safuZvelze
damkvirvebels (anu mas, vinc swavlobs) uCndeba molodini, rom
waxalisebuli qcevis gameorebis SemTxvevaSi masac daajildoeben da meore
_ motivaciuri procesebis safuZvelze aRiZvreba naswavlis gamoyenebis
moTxovnileba.

banduras koncefcia, romelic urTierTdeterminizmis saxeliTaa
cnobili, mdgomareobs adamianis, garemosa da adamianis qcevis Tanabar
urTierTzemoqmedebaSi, e. i. adamians SeuZlia, garkveuli qceviT zemoqmedeba
moaxdinos garemoze. Tavis mxriv, garemoc zemoqmedebs adamianze da iwvevs
misi qcevis cvlilebas.

112
sqematurad es ase gamoisaxeba:
adamianis qceva

adamiani garemo

bandura aRniSnavs, rom adamianis qceva TviTregulirebadia. sxva
adamianebis qcevis dakvirvebis da sakuTari gamocdilebis Sedegad, adamians
uyalibdeba e. w. qcevis standartebi, romlebic qmnis TviTregulaciis da sxva
adamianebis qcevis Sefasebis ZiriTad bazas. Tuki sxva adamianis qceva aRemateba
sakuTari TavisTvis dasaxul qcevis standartebs, qceva fasdeba dadebiTad,
xolo Tu is standartze bevrad ufro naklebia an Seusabamoa, maSin
uaryofiTad. analogiuria viTareba sakuTari qcevebis Sefasebis
TvalsazrisiTac. qceva, romelic adamianis mier Sefasebulia, rogorc
standartis Sesatyvisi, ufro Tavdajerebuls xdis mas. da piriqiT, qcevam,
romelic ar Seesabameba adamianis moralur principebs, standartebs, SeiZleba
gamoiwvios upativcemuloba sakuTari Tavis mimarT; am ideis ganviTarebis
procesSi bandura aRniSnavs, rom adamianis qceva situaciuri bunebisaa,
garkveuli meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT adamiani advilad axerxebs aaridos Tavi
am usiamovno gancdas. bandura asaxelebs Svid aseT meqanizms:
1. moraluri gamarTleba (imitom movipare, rom Cems Svils Sioda);
2. warmodgenebis Secvla (Tu situacias TamaSis, xumrobis saxe aqvs, maSin
sazogadoebaSi agresiis gamovlena miuRebel qcevad ar CaiTvleba);
3. momgebiani Sedareba (me cudad moviqeci, magram man uaresi Caidina, ase
rom, Cemi qceva amis fonze sruliad uwyinaria);
4. pasuxismgeblobis sxvisTvis gadabareba (imitom gavakeTe, rom ase
mibrZanes, damavales da a. S.);
5. pasuxismgeblobis ganawileba (gadawyvetileba jgufma miiRo da ara me,
me davemorCile);
6. Sedegebis ignorireba an damaxinjeba (me mxolod fexi davude, is daeca,
magram araferi ar utkenia, wamoxta da gaiqca);
7. dehumanizacia (Tu adamians ganixilav adamianuri Tvisebebis armqoned,
anu uRirsad, maSin mis mimarT nebismieri danaSaulis Cadena ufro
martivi xdeba);
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8. danaSaulis sxvaze miwera (marTalia davartyi, magram misi brali iyo,
TviTon gamomiwvia, me sulac ar vapirebdi mis cemas).
qcevis TviTregulaciaSi standartebTan erTad mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs momTxovnelobis done. adamiani, romelsac momTxovnelobis maRali
done aqvs, ufro Tavdajerebuli da mizanswrafulia. bandura miiCnevs, rom
aucilebelia, momTxovnelobis done Seesabamebodes qcevis realur Sedegs,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adamiani ganicdis imedgacruebas da SeiZleba miatovos
yvelanairi saqmianoba.
advili SesaZlebelia, qcevis standartebi da adamianis SesaZleblobebi
erTmaneTs ar emTxveodes. Tu standarti ufro maRalia, adamians, SesaZloa,
Camouyalibdes depresia, arasrulfasovnebis gancda an qronikuli gaubedaoba.
bandura Tvlis, rom adamianis qceva ufro kargad ganmtkicdeba, Tu is
dadebiTad fasdeba ara gareSe piris, aramed Tavad am adamianis mier. e. i.
TviTSefasebiT miRebuli ganmtkiceba garegan ganmamtkicebelze ufro Zlieria.
114

lev vigotski, rusi fsiqologi, moskovis fsiqologiis institutis
profesori. misi dafuZnebulia defeqtologiis instituti moskovSi. vigotskis
ekuTvnis umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis kulturul-istoriuli Teoria, aseve,
Tavis tvinSi fsiqikuri funqciebis sistemuri lokalizaciis Teoria. manve
Camoayaliba bavSvis ganviTarebis socialur-kulturuli Teoria. vigotskim
misca dasabami metyvelebisa da azrovnebis urTierTmimarTebis eqsperimentul
kvlevas ganviTarebis WrilSi.
radgan bavSvi konkretul socialur da kulturul garemoSi ibadeba, mis
fsiqikur ganviTarebas gansazRvravs socialuri urTierTobebi da kulturuli
monapovari, mag. damwerloba, ricxviTi sistema da sxv. Sesabamisad, bavSvis
azrovnebisa da zogadad, SemecnebiTi (kognituri) sferos ganviTarebac
konkretul socialur-kulturul garemoSi xdeba, bavSvisaTvis mniSvnelovani
ufrosis (avtoritetis) saSualebiT. bavSvis fsiqikuri ganviTarebisaTvis
socialuri urTierTobebi wamyvan rols asrulebs. vigotski bavSvis
ganviTarebaSi yovel fsiqikur funqcias or doneze ganixilavs: pirvelia
socialur-interfsiqologiuri done, rac niSnavs imas, rom bavSvis fsiqika
sxvebTan socialur urTierTobebSi yalibdeba; meorea individualuri done
intrafsiqologiuri, anu am etapze bavSvis garemosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli
gamocdileba Sida planze gadadis, raSic wamyvan rols metyveleba asrulebs.
vigotskis Teoria oTx ZiriTad princips efuZneba:
1. ganviTareba socialur-kulturul konteqstSi unda ganixilebodes;
2. bavSvi codnas agebs da ara pasiurad iTvisebs;
3. swavla win unda uswrebdes ganviTarebas;
4. fsiqikur ganviTarebaSi centraluri adgili metyvelebas ukavia.
kulturas ornairi gavlena aqvs bavSvis inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze:
(a) kulturis saSualebiT bavSvi iTvisebs am kulturaSi dagrovil codnas, (b)
kultura uzrunvelyofs bavSvs azrovnebis saSualebebiT, ,,iaraRebiT.
lev vigotski

(1896-1934)

ganviTarebis socialur-kulturuli Teoria

115
metyveleba is iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac ufrosi gadascems codnasa da
gamocdilebas bavSvs.
bavSvis inteleqtualuri ganviTareba mis mier problemis gadawyvetis
Sedegad miRebuli gamocdilebis Sedegia, romelsac bavSvi swavlobs da iZens
ZiriTadad misTvis mniSvnelovani ufrosis saSualebiT. dasawyisSi ufrosi
exmareba bavSvs da warmarTavs mas problemis gadawyvetis procesSi. Semdeg ki,
TandaTanobiT, bavSvs aZlevs damoukideblad gadawyvetilebis miRebis
saSualebas. Sesabamisad, ganviTarebis Sefasebisas, didi mniSvneloba aqvs imis
gamijvnas, Tu risi gakeTeba SeuZlia bavSvs damoukideblad da risi _ sxvisi
daxmarebiT. amis gasamijnad vigotskis Semoaqvs ,,ganviTarebis uaxloesi zonis
cneba: bavSvis ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba iseTia, rom bavSvis unarebi
garkveul periodSi mwifdeba da is am unarebs srulfasovnad iyenebs. meore
mxriv, SesaZlebelia, rom mas romelime fsiqikuri unari ukve aqvs, magram es
unari ganviTarebis stadiaSia, Sesabamisad, bavSvs misi srulad gamoyeneba jer
ar SeuZlia. am SemTxvevaSi bavSvi damoukideblad ver SeZlebs amocanisaTvis
Tavis garTmevas, magram sxvisi daxmarebiT advilad wyvets mas. Tu ufrosma e.
w. ,,xaraCoebi SeaSvela, zogierTi bavSvi warmatebiT moaxerxebs problemis
gadaWras. imave asakis sxva bavSvs SeiZleba jer kidev ar hqondes es unari,
amitom ufrosis daxmarebiTac ki is problemur situacias ver gaumklavdeba. es
ori bavSvi swored ganviTarebis uaxloesi zoniT gansxvavdeba.
damoukideblad vercerTi ver wyvets problemas, magram erTi bevrad ufro
winaa, radgan mas ufrosis daxmarebiT SeuZlia problemur situaciaSi
garkveva. vigotskis mixedviT, es bavSvi ganviTarebis uaxloes zonaSi
imyofeba. misi Teoriis mixedviT, swavleba ise unda iyos agebuli, rom
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos bavSvis ,,ganviTarebis uaxloesi zona, anu swavleba
odnav win unda uswrebdes ganviTarebas.
bavSvis ganviTarebasTan erTad da ufrosTan urTierTobis procesSi
wamyvani xdeba metyveleba. metyveleba xdeba rogorc sakuTari moqmedebis
dagegmvisa da regulaciis, aseve sxvebze zemoqmedebis iaraRi. piaJes cnobil
interiorizaciis, anu ,,garegani moqmedebis gaTavisebis process, vigotskis
mixedviT, metyveleba udevs safuZvlad.
vigotskis TeoriaSi aseve mniSvnelovania umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciis
cneba. misi saSualebiT is xsnis, Tu ra fsiqologiur cvlilebebsa da
gardaqmnebs iwvevs ganviTarebaSi metyvelebis daufleba da misi iaraRad
gamoyeneba. vigotskis mixedviT, umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqcia (mag. metyveleba)
116
imiT gansxvavdeba elementarulisgan (mag. sakvebis miReba), rom is socialuri
urTierTobis safuZvelzea SeZenili, niSniT an damxmare saSualebebiT aris
gaSualebuli, mas nebeloba akontroldebs da is sxva funqciebTan aris mWidro
kavSirSi. mag., metyveleba umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciaa, romelsac bavSvi
socialuri urTierTobis safuZvelze eufleba; is gaSualebulia eniT (rogorc
iaraRiT) da kulturuli konteqstiT; mas nebeloba akontroldebs da is
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli aRqmasTan, mexsierebasa da azrovnebasTan.
vigotskis ganviTarebis socialur-kulturuli Teoriis mixedviT,
maswavlebeli codnis gadamcemi, xolo moswavle codnis pasiuri mimRebi ar
aris, swavlebis procesi TanamSromlobaa moswavlesa da maswavlebels
Soris, rodesac maswavlebeli exmareba moswavles codnis konstruirebaSi.
maswavlebeli moswavleTa ,,ganviTarebis uaxloesi zonis gaTvaliswinebiT
individualur midgomas arCevs, raTa daexmaros maT da amiT xels uwyobs maTi
unarebis ganviTarebis stimulirebas. moswavle swavlobs ufrosTan da
TanatolebTan interaqciis (urTierTobis) safuZvelze. moswavleTa Sefasebisas
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos rogorc maTi ganviTarebis aqtualuri done,
aseve ganviTarebis uaxloesi zonac.
vigotski sakuTari Teoriis asaxsnelad aseT magaliTs gvTavazobs: ori
bavSvis inteleqtis testirebis Sedegad dadginda, rom orive maTganis
gonebrivi ganviTareba Seesabameboda 7 wlis asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
dones. erTi maTgani mimaniSnebeli kiTxvebisa da TvalsaCino masalebis
daxmarebiT advilad Wrida Tavis aqtualur gonebriv ganviTarebaze ori wliT
ufrosi bavSvisTvis gankuTvnil testur davalebebs, xolo meore bavSvi
ufrosebis xelmZRvanelobiTa da TvalsaCino masalebis gamoyenebiT
axerxebda, gadaeWra Tavisi ganviTarebis aqtualur donesTan SedarebiT
mxolod 6 TviT ufrosi bavSvisTvis gankuTvnili davalebebi. aqedan
gamomdinare, swavlebis dros pedagogma unda gaiTvaliswinos, ra ician
bavSvebma, ra doneze arian da risi gagebisa da Seswavlis SesaZlebloba aqvT
mocemuli momentisaTvis. anu, maT unda gaiTvaliswinon moswavleebis
ganviTarebis aqtualuri done da ,,ganviTarebis uaxloesi zona.

117

jon diui _ amerikeli filosofosi, fsiqologi da ganaTlebis
reformatori. diui amerikuli pragmatizmis
11
warmomadgeneli da
instrumentalizmis
12
fuZemdebelia. is aris avtori cnobili naSromisa
demokratia da ganaTleba (1916). diui Tvlida, rom kargi ganaTleba aris is,
rac exmareba adamians sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo wevrad CamoyalibebaSi.
diuis ar Seuqmnia swavlebis Teoria, magram misma Sexedulebebma
mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina ganaTlebis miznisa da principebis
Tanamedrove midgomebze.
diuis mixedviT, ganaTlebis principebi gamocdilebis Teorias unda
eyrdnobodes. misi gamocdilebis TeoriaSi ori centraluri cnebaa: 1.
uwyvetoba, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamiani dabadebidan gamocdilebis miRebis
saSualebiT swavlobs, rac gavlenas axdens mis Semdgom qcevaze. uwyvetoba
gulisxmobs wina gamocdilebiT adamianis Semdgomi gamocdilebisa da codnis
ganpirobebulobas.
2. interaqcia aRwers da xsnis imas, Tu rogor urTierTqmedebs warsuli
gamocdileba awmyo situaciaze axali gamocdilebis SesamuSaveblad. diuis
hipoTezis mixedviT, Cveni awmyo gamocdileba warsuli, Senaxuli
gamocdilebis funqciaa, romelic zemoqmedebs mimdinare situaciaze da axali
gamocdilebis safuZveli xdeba.
Sesabamisad, swavlebis procesSi metad mniSvnelovania moswavleTa
warsuli gamocdilebis codna da misi dakavSireba axal masalasTan. am gziT

11
me-19 saukunis II naxevris amerikuli filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic efuZneba C. pirsis
pragmatul maqsimas. mis mixedviT, Teoria da idea WeSmaritia, Tu is praqtikulia da
Sedegiani.
12
instrumentalizmi, igive eqsperimentalizmi _ amerikuli filosofiuri mimdinareoba,
romlis ZiriTadi debuleba SemdegSi mdgomareobs: mecnieruli cnebisa da Teoriis
Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba ara maTi WeSmariteba-mcdarobis mixedviT, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu
ramdenad efeqturi da sasargebloa sinamdvilis axsnisa da winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis. obieqti
da idea Rirebulia, Tu SesaZlebelia maTi moqmedebis instrumentad gamoyeneba.

jon diui
(1859-1952)

progresuli ganaTleba da swavla
gamocdilebiT

118
maswavlebeli azrians da moswavlisaTvis mniSvnelovans xdis axal
informacias da amiT xels uwyobs mis efeqtur daswavlas.
diuis SexedulebiT, codna obieqtis im kavSirebis gacnobierebaa, rac
misi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas mogvcems konkretul situaciaSi. swavla
aqtiuri procesia, rac aucileblad praqtikul moqmedebebs moicavs, radgan
subieqti swavlobs Tavisi moqmedebebis saSualebiT. swavleba ki aqtiuri
procesia, romlis drosac maswavlebeli exmareba moswavles sakuTar
gamocdilebasTan daakavSiros axali codna da gamoiyenos is Sesabamis
situaciaSi.
diuis Sexedulebis mixedviT, ganaTlebis mizania ara mxolod faqtebis
swavleba da codnis aTviseba, aramed pirovnebis codnisa da unarebis
integrireba misi moqalaqed da pirovnebad Camoyalibebis mizniT. diui Tvlis,
rom swavleba praqtikuli elementis gareSe araefeqturia, amitom swavla
keTebiT swavlebis mniSvnelovani principi unda iyos.
diuis mixedviT, swavleba efeqturia, Tu ZiriTadi yuradReba eqceva
problemis gadaWrisa da kritikuli azrovnebis unaris Camoyalibebas da ara
masalis, faqtebis damaxsovrebas.

119

jerom seimur bruneri amerikeli fsiqologi, kognituri fsiqologiis
erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. 1952-72 wlebSi iyo harvardis
universitetis profesori, 1972-1980 wlebSi ki _ oqsfordis universitetis
profesori. misi ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoria konstruqtivizmis
principebs efuZneba. bruneris mixedviT, swavla aqtiuri socialuri procesia,
rodesac bavSvi Tavisi gamocdilebis safuZvelze axali codnis konstruirebas
axdens. am TvalsazrisiT codnac procesia da ara produqti. mis Teoriaze
mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina l. vigotskis ideebma.
bruneris aRmoCenebiT swavlis Teoria kognitur Teoriebs miekuTvneba.
kognituri Teoriebis mizani SemecnebiTi procesebis (gadawyvetilebis miReba,
problemis gadaWra, analizi, sinTezi, Sefaseba, daxsomeba) struqturisa da
fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis aRweraa. zogierTi kognituri Teoria
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ganaTlebisaTvis, radgan isini naTel da
TvalsaCino pedagogiur meTodebsa da modelebs gvTavazoben.
kognituri fsiqologia ikvlevs, rogor iRebs moswavle informacias
garemodan, rogor axdens am informaciis organizebasa da interpretacias,
rogor iyenebs codnas.
bruneris mixedviT, swavla gulisxmobs bavSvis mier informaciis
SerCevas, hipoTezebis Seqmnas da am gziT axali masalis integrirebas mis
codnasTan. swavla uwyveti procesia da bavSvi ganviTarebis sam safexurs
gaivlis: praqtikuli am safexurze bavSvi konkretul gamocdilebas iRebs
garemos Sesaxeb (obieqtebiT manipulacia), praqtikuli qmedebebi; xatovani am
safexurze bavSvs SeuZlia obieqtis TvalsaCino xatiT manipulireba da ara
mxolod obieqtiT; simboluri bavSvs ukve SeuZlia logikisa da simboluri
sistemebis gamoyeneba. Cvevebisa da codnis aTviseba ukeT xdeba, Tu bavSvi
garemosTan aqtiuri urTierTqmedebis, eqsperimentirebis procesSi aRmoaCens
raime mimarTebas, fenomens Tu cnebas.

jerom bruneri
1915

aRmoCenebiT swavlis Teoria

120
garemos Secnobisas Cven gamovyofT saerTo elementebs (abstrahireba)
rogorc movlenebidan, aseve Cveni gamocdilebidan. am abstraqciebis
safuZvelze SevimuSavebT wesebs, romlebic gare samyaros klasificirebis
saSualebas gvaZleven. am procesSi Cven aRmovaCenT da Tavadac vqmniT cnebaTa
Soris uamrav urTierTkavSirs. bruners ,,cnebis nacvlad Semoaqvs termini _
kategoria, romelsac is iyenebs movlenebis an obieqtebis monaTesave jgufebis
aRweris dros. am mosazrebiT kategoria SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc cneba
(koncepti) da rogorc aRqmis obieqti (percepti). bruneri kategorias uwodebs
agreTve obieqtebis erTi klasisTvis mikuTvnebis wess.
bruneris azriT, cnebaTa Soris damokidebulebebs kodirebis sistema
gansazRvravs. kodirebis sistemis meSveobiT xdeba arsebuli ganzogadebuli
cnebebis ierarqiuli mowesrigeba. amiT Cveni xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Cveni
SedarebiT mudmivi codnis, unarebis, STabeWdilebebis da a. S. yulaba)
SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc kategoriebis struqturireba kodirebis
sistemis safuZvelze. yvela saskolo sagans, masSi Semavali TiToeuli TemiT,
msgavsi struqtura aqvs. sagnis struqtura, bruneris azriT, im sferos
fundamentur urTierTkavSirebsa da ideebs asaxavs, romelsac es sagani
miekuTvneba. swored amitom, imisaTvis, rom moswavlem sagani namdvilad
kargad Seiswavlos da gaiazros, man aucileblad unda Seqmnas sakuTari
kodirebis sistema _ sakuTari gonebrivi warmodgenebi am mniSvnelovan
ideebsa da damokidebulebebze.
kodirebis sistemis grafikuli ilustracia aseTia:

121
umjobesia, kodirebis sistema Tavad Seqmnas moswavlem, vidre
dasrulebuli saxiT miiRos is maswavleblisgan. bruneri Tvlis, rom moswavle
Tavad qmnis sakuTar versias realobis Sesaxeb, arsis Sesaxeb, skolebis
daniSnuleba ki unda iyos saamisod iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic
gauadvileben moswavleebs am damokidebulebebis aRmoCenas. aRmoCenebiT
swavla daswavlis iseTi saxea, rodesac moswavleebs masala dausrulebeli
saxiT miewodebaT da maT am masalis organizeba moeTxovebaT. es moswavleebs
aiZulebs, monaxon is urTierTkavSirebi, romlebic am masalis elementebs
Soris aris. bruneris TeoriaSi aRmoCena kategoriis formirebaa, an ufro
xSirad kodirebis sistemis formireba, rac xSirad obieqtebs an movlenebs
Soris mimarTebis (msgavsi da gansxvavebuli) terminebSi gamoisaxeba.
aRmoCenebiT swavla maswavleblis mxridan bevrad ufro nakleb
monawileobas da xelmZRvanelobas moiTxovs, vidre swavlebis sxva meTodebi;
Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs, rom maswavlebeli aRar aZlevs moswavles
miTiTebebs mas Semdeg, rac sawyisi amocana dausaxa. amasTan, miTiTebebi unda
iyos zomieri, garkveuli intervalebiT, raTa ar SezRudos moswavlis
damoukidebloba, anda moswavle ar aRmoCndes dauZleveli problemis winaSe.
aRmoCenebiT swavlebis midgomis upiratesoba isaa, rom is aiolebs
informaciis gadatanasa da daxsomebas, aviTarebs problemis gadaWris unars
da zrdis motivacias. Zalian xSirad aRmoCenebi klasSi iseve mimdinareobs,
rogorc es mecnieruli kvlevis dros xdeba _ moswavleebi ganzogadebuli
daskvnebis ZiebaSi sistemurad dgamen logikur nabijebs. maswavleblis,
rogorc am procesis warmmarTvelis, daswavlis xelSemwyobis roli swored
imaSia, rom daexmaros moswavleebs, SeimuSaon hipoTezebi, imsjelon, gaakeTon
daskvnebi. bruneri mokled aRwers aRmoCenebiT swavlebis safexurebs:
N amocanis an kiTxvis formulireba da axsna;
N magaliTebis SerCeva, Sesatyvisi dakvirvebebis warmoeba;
N hipoTezebis (dakvirvebebze dafuZnebuli inteleqtualuri mignebebi)
wamoWra;
N hipoTezebis damtkicebis an uaryofis mizniT eqsperimentebis, an raime
sxva dakvirvebebis SemuSaveba da Catareba;
N axali informaciis gamoyeneba, gafarToeba, ganzogadeba an ,,misi
sazRvrebidan gamosvla.
bruneri Tvlis, rom efeqturi swavlebisaTvis yvelaze adekvaturia e. w.
spiraluri kurikulumi- saswavlo gegma ise unda iyos organizebuli, rom
122
yoveli axali cneba winaT daswavlilsa da wina gamocdilebas unda
efuZnebodes.
bruneri gamoyofs aRmoCenebiT swavlebis xelSemwyobi an
xelisSemSleli faqtorebis oTx jgufs:
ganwyoba _ moswavle ganwyobili unda iyos gansazRvruli formiT
reagirebisTvis. ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba gezis micema, romelic
SeiZleba iyos ,,zedapiruli, roca yuradReba gamaxvilebulia mxolod
informaciis elementebis daswavlaze da ,,CaRrmavebuli, roca moswavleebs
moeTxovebaT am elementebs Soris damokidebulebebis Zieba. swavlebisas
mTavaria faqtebs, movlenebs Soris urTierTmimarTebebis, struqturis
Camoyalibeba da misi gageba.
swavlisadmi mzaoba _ moswavle dainteresdeba axali informaciiT da ar
dafrTxeba misi sirTuliT, Tu axali masala wina gamocdilebas da winaT
aTvisebul masalas eyrdnoba.
swavlebis mravalferovneba _ es cvladi metad mniSvnelovania aRmoCenebiT
daswavlis gasaadvileblad. moswavle, romelic informacias iRebs sruliad
gansxvavebul pirobebSi, ufro swrafad agebs kodirebis sistemas da axerxebs
informaciis organizebas. swored amitom bruneri iZleva rCevas, rom
erTidaigive sagani swavlebis sxvadasxva safexurze iswavlebodes, magram
gansxvavebuli sizustisa da abstrahirebis xarisxiT, imisda mixedviT, Tu
rogor icvleba moswavleebis interesebi, unarebi da sabazo codna.
spiraluri kurikulumi uzrunvelyofs swavlebisadmi mzaobasa da mis
mravalferovnebas.
konkretuli Sinaarsebis floba _ bruneris azriT, aRmoCenebs ufro xSirad is
adamiani akeTebs, vinc saamisod kargadaa momzadebuli. Tu moswavlem ar icis
informaciis saganTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli aspeqtebi, is ver
daakavSirebs informaciis elementebs erTmaneTTan da verc ganazogadebs mas.

123

amerikelma fsiqologma da fsiqoTerapevtma, karl rensom rojersma,
romelic humanisturi fsiqologiis fuZemdebeli iyo, fsiqologiuri
ganaTleba miiRo viskonsinisa da kolumbiis universitetebSi. rojersi
samedicino fsiqologiis profesori iyo ohaios universitetSi, 1945-46 wlebSi
_ gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis amerikuli asociaciis prezidenti, xolo 1956-58
wlebSi _ fsiqoTerapevtTa akademiis prezidenti.
rojersis pirovnebis Teoriis ZiriTadi cnebebia: ,,me-koncefcia,
,,fenomenologia da ,,TviT-aqtualizaciis tendencia.
rojersi miiCnevda, rom adamianis qceva garegan stimulze _ garemo
realobaze, ufro metad subieqtur gamocdilebaze _ subieqtur realobazea
damokidebuli. organisms, garemosTan urTierTqmedebis sakuTari
gamocdilebis safuZvelze, TandaTanobiT uyalibdeba me-s cnobiereba, me-
koncefcia, anu sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgena. me-koncefcia adamianis
grZnobebisa da Sexedulebebis erTobliobaa sakuTar Tavze, sakuTar fizikur
da fsiqikur SesaZleblobebsa da Tvisebebze, sxva adamianebsa da maT
damokidebulebebze. me-s cnobierebis Camoyalibeba bavSvis ganviTarebis erT-
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia. mis safuZvelze afasebs pirovneba
sakuTar Tavs, garemos, sxva adamianebis misdami damokidebulebas da a. S.
rojersi mniSvnelobas aniWebs urTierTmimarTebas organizmis
aqtualur gancdasa da me-koncefcias, TviT-aRqmas Soris. rodesac
cnobierebaSi asaxuli gancdebi, anu me-s Sesaxeb warmodgenebi realurad
asaxavs organizmis mdgomareobas (gancdebi, STabeWdilebebi), pirovneba kargad
adaptirebulia da srulad funqcionirebs. aseTi adamianis azrovneba
realisturia, is grZnobebsa da gancdebs SiSisa da SfoTvis gareSe iRebs. Tu
winaaRmdegobaa me-koncefciasa da organizmis gancdebs Soris, aseT SemTxvevaSi
pirovnebas uCndeba SfoTva da SiSi, misi qceva TavdacviTi xasiaTisaa, xolo
azrovneba _ SezRuduli da rigiduli.
karl rojersi

(1902-1987)

humanisturi fsiqologia da swavla gamocdilebiT

124
TviT-aqtualizaciis tendencia adamianis me-sa da organizmis
Tandayolili unaria. is gulismobs adamianis ganviTarebasa da sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis srulad gamovlenas. pirovnuli zrda da ganviTareba
winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvis, problemis gadawyvetis gamocdilebis Sedegia.
marTalia, TviT-aqtualizacia adamianis Tandayolili unaria, magram
rojersis mixedviT, is aRzrdis Sedegad yalibdeba. ufrosebis bavSvisadmi
damokidebuleba gansazRvravs mis TviT-aRqmas, Sexedulebas sakuTar Tavze da
TviT-aqtualizacias. kerZod, rojersi Tvlis, rom upirobo pozitiuri
damokidebuleba TviT-aqtualizaciis aucilebeli pirobaa. aseTi
damokidebuleba adamians TviT-pativiscemisa da Rirsebis grZnobas uyalibebs.
bavSvs unarebis ganviTarebisa da SesaZleblobebis realizaciis
moTxovnileba uaxloes socialur garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi
uyalibdeba. ufrosebis Sefasebebi da mis qcevaze reagireba mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens me-koncefciis Camoyalibebasa da pirovnebis TviTSefasebaze.
swored ufrosis mxridan upirobo pozitiuri damokidebuleba, gulwrfeloba,
mimRebloba da gagebaa is mniSvnelovani faqtorebi, rac kongruentuli
pirovnebis formirebasa da misi TviT-aqtualizaciis moTxovnilebis (anu
ganviTarebisa da sakuTari Tavis realizebis moTxovnilebis) Camoyalibebas
uwyobs xels.
rojersi miiCnevs, rom samyaro fenomenaluri, piradulia TiToeuli
adamianisTvis. es imas niSnavs, rom adamiani garemoze reagirebs sakuTari
individualuri aRqmisa da SegrZnebebis safuZvelze. misi garemosTan
urTierTobis gamocdileba imdenad unikaluria, rom SeuZlebelia mis
gancdebs bolomde Cawvdes meore adamiani. swored amitom rojersi Zalian
did mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianur urTierTobebSi empaTiis gamovlenas.
rojersi swavlebis humanisturi modelis mimdevaria. is gamoyofs ori
saxis swavlas: kogniturs (rac moklebulia mniSvnelobas, radgan upirovnoa)
da gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuls (miznobrivs, mniSvnelovans, pirovnuls).
pirveli saxisaa iseTi codnis aTviseba, rogoricaa mag. leqsikonis
gamoyenebis, gamravlebis tabulis swavla. meorea iseTi codnis SeZena,
rogoricaa mag. Zravebis Seswavla manqanis SekeTebis mizniT. maT Soris
gansxvaveba is aris, rom gamocdilebiT swavleba moswavlis moTxovnilebebsa
da interesebs akmayofilebs.
gamocdilebiT swavlebis maxasiaTeblebia: pirovnuli CarTuloba,
moswavlis iniciativa, swavlis Sedegebis TviTSefaseba. Sesabamisad,
125
maswavlebeli informaciis gadamcemi ki ar aris, aramed swavlis
fasilitatori, xelis Semwyobia. maswavlebeli moswavles uqmnis iseT garemos,
romelic komfortulia da safrTxes ar uqmnis mis me-s, mis TviT-aRqmas da
kargi pirobaa TviT-aqtualizaciisTvis. moswavle mowadinebulia, gaigos
axali, ganviTardes, sakuTari SesaZleblobebi maqsimalurad gamoavlinos,
radgan mas pativs scemen, afaseben, gulwrfelad mxars uWeren, upirobo
dadebiTi damokidebuleba aqvT misdami. am situaciaSi moswavles ara aqvs
eqsperimentirebis, Secdomis daSvebis SiSi da advilad SeZlebs qcevis TviT-
marTvis Cvevebis dauflebas.
gamocdilebiT swavlebis ZiriTadi principebia:
1. swavla mniSvnelovani xdeba moswavlisTvis, Tu is mis pirovnul interesebs
Seesatyviseba.
2. swavlebis procesi miuRebeli da saSiSia moswavlisaTvis, rodesac mis me-
koncefcias safrTxe eqmneba (rTuli masala, axali tipis davalebebi, axali
moTxovnebi). am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia moswavlis SiSisa da SfoTvis
minimumamde dayvana.
3. swavla swrafi da produqtulia, Tu is saSiSi ar aris TviT-aRqmisa da me-sTvis.
4. swavlaSi moswavlis mxridan gamovlenil iniciativas xangrZlivi da myari
efeqti aqvs.

,,xelis Semwyobi, fasilitatori maswavlebeli:
N moqnilia Tavis Sexedulebebsa da damokidebulebebSi;
N SeuZlia moswavleTa mosmena da maTi gancdebis gageba;
N sagnis swavlebasTan erTad mniSvnelovan yuradRebas aqcevs moswavleTa
Soris damokidebulebebs da moswavle-maswavleblis urTierTobas;
N Riaa rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi ukukavSiris misaRebad, sakuTari
Tavisa da qcevis Rrmad gasaazreblad.

gamocdilebiT swavlebis SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi:
N pasuxismgeblobas iReben daswavlis procesze da swavloben
damoukideblad swavlas;
N TavianTi wvlili SeaqvT swavlebis procesSi hipoTezebis Camoyalibebis,
cdisa da daskvnebis saSualebiT;
N eCvevian sakuTari miRwevebis, swavlis Sedegebis Sefasebas, miznebis
dasaxvasa da iseTi strategiebis damoukideblad gamoyenebas, romlebic
daexmareba maT problemis gadaWraSi da axali masalis ukeT gagebaSi.
126

dimitri uznaZe qarTuli fsiqologiuri skolis fuZemdebeli da
,,ganwyobis Teoriis avtoria. man Cauyara safuZveli saqarTveloSi bavSvis
fsiqologiis mecnierul kvlevas. misi Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexuris Taviseburebebis SeswavlisaTvis didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba qcevis Seswavlas im TvalsazrisiT, rom swored qcevis
forma aniWebs yovel asakobriv safexurs mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel
garkveul elfers.
qceva aqtivobaa da niSnavs subieqtis garemosTan, gare sinamdvilesTan
urTierTobas. qceva ganisazRvreba moTxovnilebiT da im sagniT, romelmac es
moTxovnileba unda daakmayofilos. magram sagani uSualod rodi
gansazRvravs ama Tu im qcevis aqts. uznaZe qcevis process ase aRwers: cocxali
organizmi garkveuli moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad mimarTavs gare
sagnobriv sinamdviles, garemo uSualod moqmedebs masze da im sagnis
Sesatyvisi moqmedebisken ganawyobs, romelmac es moTxovnileba unda
daakmayofilos.
uznaZe qcevis or ZiriTad kategorias gamoyofs, esenia: eqsterogenuri
qceva da introgenuri qceva.
eqsterogenuria qceva, rodesac is impulss iRebs garedan (sagnisgan) da
warimarTeba garedan gansazRvruli ganwyobiT. magram rodesac organizms ara
aqvs raime sagnobrivi, praqtikuli moTxovnileba, is pasiur, umoqmedo
mdgomareobaSi ki ar aris, aramed mas Tavad aqtivobis, moqmedebis
moTxovnilebac aqvs. moTxovnilebas, romelic cocxal organizms uCndeba
maSin, rodesac misi Zalebi umoqmedod rCeba da is aRaraa iZulebuli
garkveuli praqtikuli moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad amoqmeddes, uznaZe
funqcionalur tendencias uwodebs. am SemTxvevaSi qceva (aqtivoba) garedan ki
ar aris gansazRvruli, aramed Sinagani impulsidan gamomdinareobs da im
ganwyobiT warimarTeba, romelic garkveuli saxiT subieqtis gamocdilebidan
dimitri uznaZe
(1886-1950)

ganwyobis Teoria
127
momdinareobs. es qceva Tavisufalia gare iZulebisgan, is organizmis Signidan
warmoiSoba, amitom mas uznaZe introgenur qcevas uwodebs.

uznaZis klasifikaciis mixedviT,
eqsterogenuri qcevis formebia:
N moxmareba
N momsaxureba
N Sroma
N saqme
introgenuri qcevis formebia:
N esTeturi tkboba
N xelovneba, Semoqmedeba
N TamaSi
N sporti

TamaSs uznaZe miiCnevs bavSvis qcevis specifikur formad. adreuli
bavSvobis asakSi TamaSis garda qcevis sxva formebi, gansakuTrebiT
eqsterogenuri, an saerTod ar SeiniSneba, an Zalian iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
Tumca TamaSi damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod adreuli bavSvobis an
skolamdeli asakisaTvis, aramed saskolo (8-10 wlis) da mozrdili
asakisTvisac. TamaSs, rogorc qcevas, safuZvlad udevs funqciis siamovneba,
anu TamaSis ZiriTadi motivi bavSvisTvis aris TviT aqtivobisgan
siamovnebis miReba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania swavla, rogorc qcevis
forma.
uznaZe miiCnevs, rom qcevis formebi adamianis cxovrebaSi ise
mWidrod ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, rom xSirad rTulia esa Tu is
konkretuli qceva romelime aRniSnul formas miakuTvno. swored aseTi
qcevis formaa swavla. Tu CavTvliT, rom swavla Sromis, kerZod ki
gonebrivi Sromis erT-erTi saxeobaa, maSin is qcevis eqsterogenuri forma
unda iyos. magram es ase araa. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT, aris Tu ara
msgavsebasTan erTad gansxvavebac swavlasa da Sromas Soris, erTmaneTs
unda SevadaroT am ori qcevis produqti. rodesac SromasTan gvaqvs saqme,
mxedvelobaSi yovelTvis is garkveuli produqti gvaqvs, romlis
Sesaqmneladac SromiTi energia davxarjeT. Sromis cneba, garda am
produqtis Seqmnisa, aranairi sxva efeqtis mocemas ar gulisxmobs. rac
Seexeba swavlas, aq saqme sul sxvagvaradaa. magaliTad, bavSvs vaswavliT
weras. man ukve iswavla asoebis wera, Semdeg ori sityvis dawera SeZlo. am
procesSi is swavlobs ara mxolod im konkretuli asoebis an sityvebis
weras, aramed iZens Tavisi kunTebis gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT aqtiurad
amoqmedebis unars, rac exmareba sxva asoebis, sxva sityvebis advilad
128
daweraSi. amitomaa, rom aRar aris aucilebeli bavSvs vaswavloT saTiTaod
yvela sityvis dawera. wera-kiTxvis mcodnes Tavisuflad SeuZlia iseTi
sityvis dawerac, romelic araTu arasodes dauweria, aramed arc arasdros
gaugia.
swavlis cneba Zalian farToa. ar arsebobs arcerTi eqsterogenuri
qcevis forma, romlis swavlis sagnad gadaqcevac ar SeiZleba. uznaZe amas
swavlis generalur xasiaTs uwodebs da imiT xsnis, rom swavlis dros
mniSvnelovania, ara mxolod im Cvevebis, unarebisa da codnis SeZena, rasac
am dros bavSvi iRebs, aramed mozardis Zalebis ganviTareba gansazRvruli
mimarTulebiT. swored am TvisebiT hgavs swavla TamaSs, anu mozardis
ZalTa ganviTareba iseTive specifikuria swavlisTvis, rogorc
TamaSisaTvis. TamaSic, Tavis mxriv, qcevis iseTive generaluri formaa,
rogoric swavla. aqedan TiTqos unda gamomdinareobdes daskvna, rom
TamaSi da swavla qcevis erTsa da imave formas warmoadgens, magram es ase
ar aris. TamaSis dros qcevis impulsi funqcionaluri tendenciaa, anu am
asakis bavSvis qcevas warmarTavs funqciuri siamovneba. amitom, rodesac
bavSvi Sedis skolaSi da iwyebs swavlas, misi inteleqtualuri funqciebis
asamoqmedeblad ufro efeqturi iqneba, Tu TamaSs gamoviyenebT, anu Tu
swavla warimarTeba TamaSiT.
rodesac swavlis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT, Znelia imis Tqma, rom qcevis
impulsi aqac funqcionaluri tendenciaa. swavla yovelTvis gulisxmobs
imas, rac iswavleba, anu moswavles vawvdiT sagans garedan, garedan
avamoqmedebT mis Zalebs, e. i. swavla, rogorc qceva igeba garegan impulsze.
rodesac bavSvs garkveul asakSi metyvelebis funqcia moumwifdeba, uCndeba
Sinagani impulsi _ metyvelebis funqciis amoqmedebis tendencia, magram Tu
Cven mas garedan ar mivawodeT garkveuli enobrivi masala, SeuZlebelia,
dakmayofildes misi funqcionaluri tendencia.
amrigad, swavla aris qcevis sruliad Taviseburi forma, romelic ar
SeiZleba iyos gaigivebuli TamaSTan, SromasTan Tu qcevis romelime sxva
formasTan. swavla Seicavs rogorc eqsterogenuri, aseve introgenuri
qcevis formebis elementebs da amasTanave gansxvavdeba TiToeuli
maTganisgan.
129

benjamen blumi, doqtori ganaTlebis dargSi, 1940 wlidan
moRvaweobda Cikagos universitetis ganaTlebis fakultetze. 1948 wlidan
blumi xelmZRvanelobda ganaTlebis fsiqologiis komitets, romlis mizani
iyo saswavlo qcevebis kategoriebis identifikaciis sistemis SemuSaveba.
swored am periodSi daiwyo blumma muSaoba swavlis miznebisa da swavlebis
Sedegebis klasifikaciis iseTi sistemis Seqmnaze, romelic gamodgeboda
saswavlo procesis dagegmvisa da obieqturi SefasebisaTvis. es sistema
blumis taqsonomiis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili da Camoyalibebulia
blumis da misis Tanamoazreebis cnobil samtomeul naSromSi: ,,ganaTlebis
miznebis taqsonomia (1956; 1964; 1970).
taqsonomia aris klasifikaciis principebis safuZvelze jgufebis,
kategoriebis gamoyofis sistema. blumis taqsonomia gulisxmobs swavlis
meTodisa da Sefasebis klasikur struqturas: codnas, ganwyobas, Cvevebs. es
modeli saswavlo miznebis, swavlebisa da swavlebis Sedegebis gazomvis
efeqturi saSualebaa. blumis taqsonomia iZleva detalur struqturas
swavlebis dagegmvis, saswavlo meTodebisa da treningis efeqturobis
SefasebisaTvis. blumis mixedviT, ganaTlebis mizani unda iyos ara mxolod
codnis dagroveba, aramed _ maRali donis azrovnebis formebis
Camoyalibeba.
blumis taqsonomia adamianis aqtivobis sam sferos aRwers:
N kogniturs (SemecnebiTs): intelqtualuri SesaZleblobebi, codna,
azrovneba.
N afeqturs (emociurs): grZnobebi, emociebi, ganwyobebi.
N fsiqomotoruls: fizikuri unarebi da Cvevebi.
samive sferoSi kategoriebi ierarqiuladaa ganlagebuli sirTulis
mixedviT. blumis taqsonomiis mixedviT yovel Semdeg kategoriaze gadasvla
SesaZlebelia mxolod wina kategoriis Sesabamisi Cvevebis dauflebis
Semdeg. amgvarad, yoveli sferos farglebSi gamoiyofa ganviTarebis
doneebi martividan rTulisken.
benjamen blumi
(1913-1999)

ganaTlebis miznebis taqsonomia

130
keZod, blumi Tavisi taqsonomiis sferoebs Semdegnairad aRwers:
kognituri afeqturi fsiqomotoruli
codna ganwyoba Cvevebi
1. fatebis gaxseneba 1. miReba (gacnobiereba) 1. imitacia
2. gageba 2. reagireba
2. manipulacia
(miTiTebebis
mixedviT)
3. gamoyeneba 3. Rirebulebis gaazreba
3. zusti Sesruleba
(miRweva)
4. analizi
4. pirovnebis Rirebule-
baTa sistemis organizeba
4. Cvevebis
integrireba,
kombinireba
5. sinTezi
5. RirebulebaTa sistemis
gaTaviseba
5. naturalizacia
(avtomatizacia,
eqspertad
,,Camoyalibeba)
6. Sefaseba _ _

blumis taqsonomiis kognituri, anu SemecnebiTi sfero moicavs eqvs
dones, rac Seesabameba azrovnebis, inteleqtualuri moqmedebis
gansxvavebul doneebs martividan rTulisken.

kognituri, anu SemecnebiTi sfero
done kategoria
qcevis
aRweriloba
dasaostatebeli
moqmedebis/
Sesafasebeli Sedegis
aRwera
sityvebi,
romlebic ukeT
aRweren sferos

1.

codna informaciis
cnoba an
gaxseneba
faqtis, cnebis,
ganmartebis, wesis,
Sinaarsis gaxseneba,
proceduris an wesis
motana
daalage, aRwere,
gansazRvre,
gaixsene, SearCie,
daakavSire.

2.

gageba
azris gageba,
sakuTari
sityvebiT
faqtis
gadmocema
msjelobis, cnebis an
koncefciis azris axsna
da interpretacia,
samoqmedo gzis an
problemis gadawyvetis
dasaxva
axseni, Seajame,
gansaje, moiyvane
magaliTi,
ilustracia,
daajgufe (gaakeTe
klasifikacia),
Seni sityvebiT
Camoayalibe.

3.

gamoyeneba
codnis,
Teoriis
praqtikaSi da
realur
situaciaSi
gamoyeneba
Teoriis gamoyeneba
praqtikuli Sedegis
misaRebad, amocanis
gadawyveta, moqmedebis
ganxorcieleba
gamoiyene,
gadawyvite,
ganaxorciele,
moamzade, Secvale,
aage
131

4.

analizi elementebis,
struqturis,
agebulebis,
organizaciuli
principebis,
Sinagani
mimarTebebis
interpretacia
procesis an cnebis
nawilebis gamorCeva,
funqciebis,
meTodologiis an
procesis funqciebis
analizi, elementebis
mimarTebis, maTi
funqcionirebis
Sedegebis Tvisebrivi
analizi;
gaaanalize,
Seadare, gazome,
Seamowme, Caatare
eqsperimenti,
gamosaxe
grafikulad, aage
diagrama, Seafase.

5.

sinTezi
axali,
unikaluri
struqturis,
sistemis
modelis Seqmna,
axali ideis,
axali midgomis
Camoyalibeba
gegmisa da
procedurebis
SemuSaveba,
gadawyvetis
algoriTmis Seqmna,
ideebis, saSualebebisa
da meTodebis
integrireba; axali
midgomebis SemuSaveba.
SeimuSave gegma,
Seqmeni, aage,
gadaamowme,
gardaqmeni,
aawyve, Secvale,
SeimuSave
hipoTeza da
Seamowme.

6.

Sefaseba
modelis,
koncefciis
efeqturobis
Sefaseba misi
Sedegianobis,
gamoyenebis
TvalsazrisiT,
kritikuli
analizi
strategiuli
variantebisa da
gegmebis, maTi
Sedegianobis Sefaseba
xarjTefeqturobisa da
praqtikulobis
TvalsazrisiT;
gegmis an strategiis
efeqturobis Sefaseba,
riskebis Sefaseba.
Seafase,
daasabuTe,
gamoikvlie,
moiyvane
argumentebi.

am klasifikaciis mixedviT, informaciis Senaxva da gaxseneba
intelqtualuri aqtivobis yvelaze dabali safexuria, rac swavlisaTvis
aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa. imisaTvis, rom miRebuli
informacia ganzogaddes da SemdgomSi adekvaturad iqnes gamoyenebuli,
aucilebelia misi gageba da saTanado analizi; axali produqtis
Sesaqmnelad, axali codnis misaRebad ki aucilebelia sinTezisa da
Sefasebis moqmedebebis, procesebis ganviTareba.
blumis taqsonomiis kognituri sferos doneebi SeiZleba warmatebiT
iqnas gamoyenebuli konkretuli gakveTilis dagegmvisas rogorc Temis
axsnis, aseve _ davalebisa da SefasebisaTvis testuri kiTxvebis SemuSavebis
dros. mag., konkretuli Temis axsnisas maswavlebeli ganmartavs axal
wesebs, cnebas, an miawvdis axal faqtebs moswavleebs. es aris, blumis
mixedviT, I _ codnis done.
II done _ gageba: blumis koncefciis Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rom
moswavleebma aiTvison konkretuli Tema, codna ar aris sakmarisi.
132
maswavlebelma unda axsnas cneba, wesi an faqti, gacnos maT Sesabamisi
TvalsaCino masala da moswavleebisaTvis gasagebi eniT Seajamos axali
informacia.
III done _ gamoyeneba: maswavlebeli avalebs moswavleebs, moiZion is
realuri situaciebi, romelTa dros isini gamoiyeneben gakveTilze
miRebul Teoriul codnas;
IV done _ analizi: mas Semdeg, rac miwodebulia axali informacia,
maswavlebelma konkretul Temaze msjelobisas SeiZleba gamoyos sakiTxis
sxvadasxva mxare da erTmaneTs Seadaros isini, an procesi daSalos
elementebad, an kidev _ moswavleebs Caatarebinos eqsperimenti. aseve,
maswavlebeli avalebs moswavleebs moiZion da Seadaron sakiTxTan
dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva faqti, Sexeduleba, daafiqsiron maT Soris
gansxvaveba, msgavseba, gaaanalizon maTi susti da Zlieri mxareebi.
V done _ sinTezi: maswavlebeli avalebs moswavleebs Seswavlili
faqtebis, wesebisa Tu Teoriis safuZvelze moifiqron konkretuli
problemis gadawyvetis gzebi, SeimuSavon hipoTezebi da dasaxon maTi
Semowmebis gzebi.
VI done _ Sefaseba: axali masalis axsnis Semdeg maswavlebeli gegmavs
diskusias, sadac moswavleebTan erTad ganixilavs Seswavlili Teoriis an
midgomis praqtikul da Teoriul mxareebs da sTxovs maT moiyvanon
argumentebi am Teoriis Tu midgomis Sedegianobis, praqtikuli gamoyenebis,
winaaRmdegobrivi faqtebis Sesafaseblad.
blumma taqsonomiis meore, afeqturi sferos doneebi SeimuSava
kraTvolsa da masiasTan erTad (1964). blumis modelis mixedviT ganwyobis
Camoyalibebis struqturis, adamianis Rirebulebebis sistemis
Camoyalibebisa da emociuri damokidebulebebis codna mniSvnelovania
gakveTilis, treningis dagegmvis, Catarebisa da SefasebisaTvis.
blumis taqsonimiis mesame sferoSi (fsiqomotoruli) gamoyofilia
fizikuri Cvevebis Camoyalibebis doneebi. am sferos doneebi blumis ideebze
dayrdnobiT aRwera r. deivma (1970).

133
fsiqomotoruli sfero
done kategoria
qcevis
aRweriloba
dasaostatebeli
moqmedebis/
Sesafasebeli
Sedegis aRwera
sityvebi,
romlebic ukeT
aRweren sferos

1

imitacia
sxvisi
moqmedebis
mibaZva da
gameoreba.
maswavleblis
moqmedebaze,
dakvirveba da
gameoreba
Tvali miadevne,
gaimeore

2

manipulacia
miTiTebis
mixedviT an
mexsierebiT
moqmedebis
aRdgena
moqmedebis
Sesruleba
werilobiTi an
verbaluri
miTiTebis mixedviT
Seasrule,
ganaxorciele,
aage

3

sizuste
Cvevis
damoukideblad
ganxorcieleba
moqmedebis
Sesruleba
miTiTebis da
daxmarebis gareSe;
sxvisTvis
moqmedebis Cveneba
aCvene, daasrule,
Seamowme, zustad
Seasrule

4

Cvevebis
kombinireba
axali,
arastandartuli
miznis
misaRwevad
Cvevis
integrireba
sxvadasxva
moqmedebebis
dakavSireba axali
moTxovnebis
Sesabamisi axali
meTodis
SesamuSaveblad
SeimuSave,
Seajere,
gadawyvite,
gaaerTiane,
Sdeitane
cvlileba,
ivarjiSe

5

naturalizacia
avtomatizeba,
cnobierebis
monawileobis
gareSe
saWiroebisamebr
moqmedebis
ganxorcieleba
miznis, strategiisa
da midgomis
gansazRvra
strategiuli
saWiroebis mixedviT
gaakeTe, daazuste,
Seqmeni

zemoaRniSnuli safexurebis codna metad mniSvnelovania Cvevis
swavlebisa da avtomatizaciisaTvis. es exeba ara mxolod motorul Cvevebs,
aramed iseTi kognituri unarebis ganviTarebasac, romlebic Cvevad
yalibdeba da avtomatizdeba, kerZod, wera-kiTxvas. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba
ganvixiloT velosipedis tarebis Cvevis aTvisebis safexurebi:
imitacia: bavSvi uyurebs sxvis moqmedebas da cdilobs gaimeoros is
velosipedze dajdoma, saWis sworad daWera, pedlebis triali;
manipulacia: bavSvi ixsenebs, rogor unda dajdes velosipedze,
rogor unda mohkidos xelebi saWes, maswavleblis daxmarebiT cdilobs
velosipedis marTvas. Semdeg maswavlebeli sityvieri miTiTebiT exmareba:
saWe sworad geWiros, fexi cota ganze gawie da a.S.
134
sizuste: bavSvi ukve damoukideblad, Tumca mouqnelad atarebs
velosipeds, xSirad vardeba da cdilobs gaavarjiSos naswavli moZraobebi.
Cvevebis kombinacia: bavSvi cdilobs iswavlos aRmarTze da
daRmarTze siaruli, rodesac xelebis, fexebis da tanis korpusis
SeTanxmebuli moZraobebi sxvagvar koordinacias saWiroebs, vidre swor
gzaze moZraoba;
naturalizacia: bavSvi velosipeds atarebs avtomaturad, ise, rom ar
fiqrobs sakuTari sxeulis moZraobebze da paralelurad sxva moqmedebebis
ganxorcielebac ki SeuZlia, mag., SeuZlia xelebi dakavebuli hqondes da ise
ataros velosipedi.
blumis taqsonomias warmatebiT iyeneben ganaTlebis sistemaSi
saswavlo gegmebis Seqmnis, saswavlo programebis SemuSavebis da maTi
Sedegebis Sefasebis, gakveTilis dagegmvisa da testuri davalebebis
Sedgenisas. amave dros, blumis taqsonomias iyeneben organizaciebSi
TanamSromlebis treningis dagegmvis, treningis programis SemuSavebisa da
treningis Sedegebis SefasebaSi.

135

maria montesori, italieli humanisti, pedagogi, pirveli eqimi qali
me-19 saukunis italiaSi, cnobilia, rogorc axali pedagogiuri meTodikis
avtori.. 1898 wlidan montesori gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone bavSvebis
skolis direqtori iyo. am periodSi daiwyo man Tavisi Teoriis praqtikaSi
danergva da swavlebis meTodebis SemuSaveba, romelic dRes cnobilia
montesoris Teoriis saxeliT. am periodis moRvaweobis Sedegi iyo is, rom
gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone 8 wlis moswavleebma warmatebiT Caabares
gamocdebi wera-kiTxvaSi da saSualoze maRali qulebic miiRes. maSin
montesoris saswaulze mTeli italia alaparakda. 1907 wels montesorim
romSi daaarsa skola bavSvebis saxli yvela tipis bavSvisaTvis.
montesoris samjer mianiWes nobelis premia pedagogikaSi gansakuTrebuli
wvlilisa da msoflioSi bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis gamo. dRes montesoris
skola da misi meTodi mTels msoflioSia gavrcelebuli.
montesoris miaCnda, rom swavlebam xeli unda Seuwyos bavSvis
spontanur TviTganviTarebas. es SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT bavSvis fsiqikuri ganviTarebis e.w. senzitiur periodebs,
romlebic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ama Tu im unaris
CamoyalibebisaTvis. mag.: metyvelebis ganviTarebis senzitiuri periodia 1-3
weli, rodesac bavSvi iwyebs calkeuli sityvebis warmoTqmas, Semdeg ki
sityvebis frazaSi gaerTianebas. montesoris mixedviT, pedagogma unda
icodes bavSvis bunebrivi ganviTarebis senzitiuri periodebis
Taviseburebani. es aucilebelia swavlisaTvis bavSvis motivirebisa da misi
ganviTarebis stimulirebisaTvis. 3-dan 6 wlamde asaki ki gansakuTrebuli
periodia bavSvis cxovrebaSi. am dros bavSvi swavlobs damoukideblobas
da Seicnobs mis garSemo arsebul samyaros.
swavlebis principia bavSvis potenciuri SesaZleblobebis gageba, misi
ganviTarebis stimulireba da damoukideblobis xelSewyoba _ bavSvis
cnobismoyvareobis, interesisa da damoukideblobis waxaliseba.
maria montesori
(1870-1952)

montesoris skola
136
bavSvebs bunebrivi swrafva aqvT axlis swavlisa da garemos
Semecnebisadmi. maswavleblis daniSnulebaa iseTi saklaso garemos Seqmna,
romelic xels Seuwyobs da waaxalisebs bavSvis am bunebriv moTxovnilebas
da swavlas xalisians gaxdis.
montesoris saswavlo programa bavSvebis saxli gankuTvnilia 3-dan
6 wlamde bavSvebis adreuli ganviTarebis stimulirebisaTvis. sxvadasxva
asakis bavSvebi erT saklaso sivrceSi imyofebian, romlis mowyobasac
montesori did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. misi SexedulebiT, TavisTavad ar
arsebobs zarmaci, interesebis armqone, miuRebeli da gamomwvevi qcevis
mqone bavSvi. es problemebi Cndeba maSin, roca garemo ar iTvaliswinebs
bavSvis saWiroebebs.

montesoris swavlebis meTodi gulisxmobs:
N bavSvze dakvirvebas winaswar mowyobil garemoSi; winaswar
mowyobil saswavlo garemoSi igulisxmeba saswavlo oTaxi, romlis
sivrcis reorganizacia adviladaa SesaZlebeli saswavlo miznebidan
gamomdinare. aseve mowesrigebuladaa ganlagebuli mravalferovani
samuSao masalebi sxvadasxva sirTulis davalebebis Sesasruleblad.
N dakvirvebis safuZvelze bavSvisaTvis saswavlo gegmis SemuSavebas
ganviTarebis senzitiuri periodis gaTvalsiwinebiT.
N swavlebaSi SegrZnebis yvela arxis gamoyenebas: mxedveloba, smena,
ynosva, Sexeba, kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebi.
N bavSvisaTvis misawvdomi swavlebis tempis SerCevasa da portfolios
gamoyenebas miRwevebis SefasebisaTvis.
N sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufis bavSvebis erT klasSi swavlebas mag. 3-6
wlis, 7-9 wlis da a.S.

montesoris swavlebis principebia:

N moswavlis damoukidebloba da iniciativa. montesoris programa isea
agebuli, rom centraluria moswavlis interesi da potenciuri
SesaZlebloba. saswavlo gegmis mixedviT winaswar momzadebuli
sxvadasxva sirTulis davalebebidan da gansxvavebuli masalebidan
moswavle TviTon, Tavisi iniciativiT irCevs davalebas. davalebebi
isea agebuli, rom aucileblad axlavs Tan vizualuri an sityvieri
137
miniSnebebi, rac bavSvs saSualebas aZlevs, TviTon Seamowmos
gadawyvetis siswore, ipovos Secdoma da gaasworos. amas montesori
TviTmakoregirebel masalebs uwodebs. maswavleblis roli klasSi
aris ara mza codnis gadacema, aramed bavSvebis warmarTva, maTi
interesebis stimulireba da daxmareba davalebis Sesrulebis
procesSi.
N problemis gadawyvetaze orientirebuli swavleba. saswavlo gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebulia iseTi davalebebi, romlebic moiTxovs
gadawyvetis gzis povnas an sxva masalis gamoyenebas problemis
gadasawyvetad.
N sensoruli swavleba gulisxmobs saswavlo procesSi iseTi masalebis
gamoyenebas, romlebsac sWirdeba moswavlis mxridan ara mxolod
mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi SegrZnebebisa da aRqmis gamoyeneba, aramed
Sexebis, kunTebis da myesebis, ynosvis SegrZenebebisac. davalebebi
isea awyobili, rom saWiroebs sxvadasxva SegrZnebis monawileobas,
xolo masalebi gansxvavebuli feris, formis, sididisa da faqturisaa.
SegrZnebebis erTdrouli monawileoba problemis gadawyvetisas
mniSvnelovania garemos Sesamecneblad, gansakuTrebiT 3-dan 6 wlamde
asakSi.
N moZraobis Tavisufleba. montesoris klasis sivrce isea
organizebuli, rom bavSvebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT moZraoba
davalebis arCevisas, davalebisaTvis saWiro masalebis SesarCevad,
jgufuri aqtivobebisaTvis. klasSi advilad gadasaadgilebeli
magidebi da skamebia, kedlebTan ki magidebi da dabali, Ria
karadebia, sadac awyvia yvela saWiro masala. klasi isea mowyobili,
rom bavSvebisaTvis SesaZlebelia individualuri da jgufuri
muSaoba. 3-6 wlis bavSvebisaTvis saklaso sivrce ufro Riaa da
ZiriTadi aqtivobebi xaliCaze xorcieldeba.

138
139
gamoyenebuli literatura

1 dimitri uznaZe. bavSvis fsiqologia. Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1947w. gv. 405 adamianis
qcevis formebi
2 Salva CxartiSvili. eqvswlianTa saskolo swavlebis sakiTxebi, gam-ba `ganaTleba~,
Tbilisi 1980w., gv59 swavlebis ZiriTadi motivaciuri formebi
3

4 ganaTleba gansxvavebuli saWiroebis pirTa ganaTleba, Sesavali kursi. berit h.
ionsenisa da miriam d. Sternis redaqciiT; gam-ba `saqarTvelos macne~, 2007w.
5 +]E)) C4])O :-] )=-C)] ` +]_]EC- e
EE W)4] _ W-.. 4l: - >C
)C]
6 )EEE_)O C=+)4)O- l-] )=-C)] -] C_ W
)4] .
7 )gC-CO ]-C_E_)]gCO )EEE_)O -) ]C
4C-Wep~ OCO-V^L-
W- 4: - E_)4)+E] C=+)4)] E+E] )
-]) )C] -_ 4.. - O]C4E] Ep4
E+)+C)] eg)]C -_ 4..l - eE])CE
-gE_)4)+CO 4]E)O `C-4E -: 4.:. -
+]E)O `4]C~ C4])] O44]O E4gE4) -:
4.: - Ê-])CgCO _4OC)4)]gCO 4]E
)O
8 >C )C]- =pCE] O])EEE_]g)] 44-E W=-
E+]+])] .:
9 ]+ VE_E4g)- eEpC)] E)]))- 4_- ]4gCO
)EEE_)O eEg+C- ]-C_E_)gC .__
10. Daniel Muijs and David Reynolds, Effective Teaching; Sage Publications, 2005
11 About Carl Rogers; http://www.mythosandlogos.com
12 Ausabel, David; http://www.coe.ufl.edu
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14 Biography of Howard Gardner; http://www.howardganrdner.com
15 Blooms taxonomy-learning domains. http://www.businessballs.com
16 Bruner Jerome and the process of education; http://www.infed.org.thinkers/bruner.htm
17 Bruner, Jerome. A Web Overview;http://geocities.com/vanunoo/Humannature/bruner.html
18 Bruners Educational Theory Analyst: Nicole Flores
http://www.newfoundations.com
19 Citation: Huitt (W); Motivation to Learn: An Overview. (2001). Education Psychology Interactive.
Valdotain, GA. http://wwwchiron.valdosta.edu
20 Dewey, John: Philosophy of Education; http://wilderdom.com
21 Dewey, John: The Modern Father of Experimental Education:
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22 Gallagher, Cristina. Lev Semyonovich Vygots. (May 1999) http://www.muskingum.edu
23 Gardners Multiple Intelligence; http://www.businessballs.com
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School Journal 82.1 (Oct 1998);P35(1
25 Kohlberg Lawrence: Stages of Moral Development ; http://www.xenodochy.org
26 Kohlbergs Moral Stages;http://www.haverford.edu
27 Maslows hierarchy of needs:http://www.businessballs_Space
28 Miller M. Suzanne: Vygotsky and education: The sociocultural genesis of dialogic thinking in classroom
contexts for open-forum , State University of New York at Buffalo, Graduate School of Education, 368
Baldy Hall, Buffalo, New York 14260 USAhttp://psych.hanover.edu
29 Montessori, Maria. Notes From the Work of Maria Montessori. http://eqi.org/maria.htm
http://www.montessorilive. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Montessori
30 Perkins, David: Teaching for Understanding.
The professional Journal of the American Federation of Teachers; v17 n3,pp.8,28-35, Fall 1993
http://www.pz.harvard.edu/Pls.DP.htm
31 Perkins, David: Making Thinking Visible http://www.ewhorizons.org
32 Pescitelli Dagmar; An Analysis of Carl Rogers Theory of Personality.
Online books, journals for academic research plus bibliography tools. www.Questia.com/Carl_Rogers
33 Ratner, Carl. Historical and Contemporary Significance of Vygotskys Sociohistorical Psychology
http://www.humboldt1.com
34 Rogers, Carl. Experimental Learning http://tip.psychology.org
35 Skinner: Theories of learning: Sensory Stimulation Theory. http://www.brookes.ac.uk
36 Subbotsky Eugene: Vygosty's Distinction Between Lower and Higher Mental Functions and Recent
Studies on Infant Cognitive Development ; Psychology Department, University of Lancaster
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37 The Educational Theory of David Perkins http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Perkins.html.
38 The Educational Theory of Jerome Bruner http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Bruner.html
39 The Educational Theory of John Dewey
Analyst: N.I. Emarnd; Analyst: Sarah Fraser (DE2) http://www.newfoundations.com
40 The Humanistic Theories of Carl Rogers http://www.facultyfp.salisbury.edu
41 Theories of Development. Prentice-Hall.pp.118- Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development
http://faculty.plts.edu
42 Vygotsky: Social Development Theory http://i-psy.ru
43 Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia: John Dewey http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey

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