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6.1 INTRODUCTION
The substructure or foundation is the part of a structure that is usually placed below
the surface of the ground.
Footings and other foundation units transfer the loads from the structure to the soil or
rock supporting the structure.
Because the soil is generally much weaker than the concrete columns & walls that
must be supported, the contact area between the soil & the footing is much larger than
that between the supported member & the footing.
The more common types of footings are illustrated in figure (6.1). Strip footings or
wall footings display essentially one-dimensional action, cantilevering out on each side of
the wall. Spread Footings are pads that distribute the column load to an area of soil
around the column. These distribute the load in two directions. Sometimes spread footing
have pedestals, are stepped, or are tapered to save materials. A pile cap transmits the
column load to a series of piles, which in turn, transmit the load to a strong layer at some
depth below the surface hard strata. Combined footings transmit the loads from two or
more columns to the soil. Such a footing is often used when one column is close to a
property line. A mat or raft foundation transfers the loads from all the columns in a
building to the underlying soil. Mat foundations are used when very weak soils are
encountered.
The choice of foundation type is selected in consultation with the geotechnical
engineer. Factors to be considered are:
The soil strength,
The soil type,
The variability of the soil type over the area and with increasing depth, and
The susceptibility of the soil and the building to deflections.
The most basic and most common types are strip, spread, combined footings.
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 80
Figure6.1:(Types of Footings)
The two essential requirements in the design of foundation are that the total settlement
of the structure be limited to a tolerably small amount and that differential settlement of
the various parts of the structure be eliminated as nearly as possible. With respect to
possible structural damage, the elimination of differential settlement, i.e., different
amounts of settlement within the same structure, is even more important than limitations
on uniform overall settlement.
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 81
9 The structural loads are erratic, and thus increase the likelihood of
excessive differential settlement. Again, the structural continuity and
flexural strength of the mat will absorb these irregularities,
9 Lateral loads are not uniformly distributed through the structure and thus
may cause differential horizontal movement in spread footing or pile caps.
The continuity of a mat will resist such movements,
9 The uplift loads are larger than spread footings can accommodate. The
greater weight and continuity of a mat may provide sufficient resistance,
and
9 The bottom of the structure is located below the ground table, so
waterproofing is an important concern. Because mats are monolithic, they
are much easier to waterproof. The weight of the mat also helps resist
hydrostatic uplift forces from the groundwater.
In this project; due to the heavy load, earthquake design, and some of the
previous provisions the mat foundation might be used.
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 82
Many buildings are supported on mat foundations, as are soils, chimneys, and other
types of tower structures. Mats are also to support storage tanks and large machines.
Typically, the thickness, (T), is 1-2 m (3-6 ft), so mats are massive structural elements.
Although most mat foundation are directly supported on soil, sometimes engineers use
pile or shaft- supported mats, these foundation are often called piled rafts, and they are
hybrid foundations that combine features of both mat and deep foundations.
Figure6.2:(aMatFoundationSupportedDirectlyonSoil)
Figure6.3:(APileorShaftSupportedMatFoundation)
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 83
Portions of a mat beneath columns and bearing walls settle more than the portions
with loss load, which means the bearing pressure will be greater beneath the heavily-
loaded zones, as shown in figure (6.5).
Figure6.5:(ThedistributionofSoilBearingPressure)
This redistribution of bearing pressure is most pronounced when the ground is stiff
compared to the mat as shown in figure (6.6), but is present to some degree in all soils.
Figure6.6:(ThedistributionofBearingPressureunderaMatFoundation)
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 85
Because the rigid method does not consider this redistribution of bearing pressure, it
doesn't produce reliable estimates of the shear, moments, and deformations in the mat. In
addition, even if the mat was perfectly rigid, the simplified bearing pressure distribution
in figure (6.6) are not correct-in reality; the bearing pressure is greater on the edges and
smaller in the center than shown in this figure.
6.2.2 Non-Rigid methods:
To become the in accuracies of the rigid method by using analyses that consider
deformations in the mat and their influence on the bearing pressure distribution. These
are called non-rigid methods, and produce more accurate values of mat deformations and
stresses, unfortunately non-rigid analyses also are more difficult to implement because
they require consideration of soil-structure interaction and because the bearing pressure
distribution is not as simple.
Coefficient of subgrade reaction:
Because non-rigid method consider the effects of local mat deformations on the
distribution of bearing pressure, it is necessary to define the relation slip between
settlement & bearing pressure. This is usually done using the coefficient of subgrade
reaction, Ks (also known as the modulus of subgrade reaction, or the subgrade modulus).
K
s
=
q
6
Where:
K
s
= coefficient of subgrade reaction.
q = Bearing pressure.
= Settlement.
The coefficient K
s
has units of force length cubed. Although we use the same units to
wt., K
s
is not the same as the same as the unit wt. and they are not numerically equal.
The interaction between the mat and the underlying soil may there be represented as a
"bed of springs" each with a stiffness K
s
per unit area, as shown in fig (6.7). Portions of
the mat that experience more settlement produce more compression in the "springs,"
which represents the higher bearing pressure, whereas portions that settle less don't
compress the springs as for and thus have less bearing pressure. The sum of these spring
forces must equal the applied structural loads plus the wt. of the mat:
p + W
- u
D
=]q dA=]6 k
x
dA
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 86
Where:
P= sum of structural loads acting on the mat.
W
f
= Pore of the mat.
u
D
= Bearing pressure between mat & soil.
A = mat-soil contact Area.
= settlement at a point on the mat.
Figure6.7:(TheCoefficientofSubgradeReactionbedofsprings)
This method of describing bearing pressure is called a soil-structure interaction
analysis because the bearing pressure depends on the mat deformations, and the mat
deformations depends on the bearing pressure.
Methods in non-rigid:
1. Winkler method.
2. Coupled method.
3. Pseudo-coupled method.
4. Multiple-parameter method.
5. Finite element method.
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 87
Figure6.9:(DeformedShapeofRaftFoundationforUltimateCombination)
Figure6.10:(BearingPressureforSoilbeneaththeRaftFoundationforServiceCombination)
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 92
Figure6.11:(PunchingShearRatiosunderInteriorColumnsforUltimateCombination)
Figure6.12:(PunchingShearRatiosunderallColumnsforUltimateCombination)
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 93
Figure6.13:(BendingMomentDiagramsforGivenXStrips)
Figure6.14:(BendingMomentDiagramsforGivenYStrips)
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 94
Figure6.15:(ShearDiagramsforGivenXStrips)
Figure6.16:(ShearDiagramsforGivenYStrips)
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 95
For X-strip:
F M
u
,
bottom
= 2150 kN.m / m
h = 1300mm
d = 1150mm
R
u
=
Mu - 10
6
0.9 - b - d
2
=
2150 - 10
6
0.9 - 1000 - 1150
2
= 1.806
=
0.85 - Ic
Iy
( 1 _1 -
2 Ru
0.85 -Ic
)
=
0.85 - 28
420
(1 _1 -
2- 1.806
0.85 - 28
)
= 0.0045
A
s, required
= * b * d = 0.0045 * 1000 * 1150 = 5175 mm
2
Use 525 + 532
F M
u
,
Top
= - 250 kN.m / m
h= 700mm
d= 575mm
R
u
=
Mu - 10
6
0.9 - b - d
2
=
250 - 10
6
0.9 - 1000 - 575
2
= 0.840
=
0.85 - Ic
Iy
( 1 _1 -
2 Ru
0.85 -Ic
)
=
0.85 - 28
420
( 1 _1 -
2- 0.840
0.85 - 28
)
= 0.0020
A
s req
= * b * d = 0.0020 * 1000 * 575 = 1150 mm
2
A
s req
< A
s min
Use A
s,min
= 1272 mm
2
Use 518
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 97
For Y-strip:
F M
u
,
bottom
= 1686 kN.m / m
h= 1300mm
d= 1150mm
R
u
=
Mu - 10
6
0.9 - b - d
2
=
1686 - 10
6
0.9 - 1000 - 1150
2
= 1.416
=
0.85 - Ic
Iy
( 1 _1 -
2 Ru
0.85 -Ic
)
=
0.85 - 28
420
( 1 _1 -
2- 1.416
0.85 - 28
)
= 0.0035
A
s req
= * b * d = 0.00348 * 1000 * 1150 = 4025 mm
2
Use 525+ 525
F M
u
,
Top
= - 490 kN.m / m
h = 700mm
d = 575mm
R
u
=
Mu - 10
6
0.9 - b - d
2
=
490 - 10
6
0.9 - 1000 - 575
2
= 1.647
=
0.85 - Ic
Iy
( 1 _1 -
2 Ru
0.85 -Ic
)
=
0.85 - 28
420
( 1 _1 -
2- 1.647
0.85 - 28
)
= 0.00406
A
s req
= * b * d = 0.00406 * 1000 * 575 = 2338 mm
2
Use 518 + 518
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 98
= (0.75)
1
3
(19Su)(11Su)28 = 3955.4 kN
F Punching Shear Ratio =
v
uc
Vc
= 0.78 "OK"
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 99
Figure6.17:(RaftFoundationDetails)
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi
Chapter6:DesignofFoundations 100
Figure6.18:(SectionsinRaft)
Eng Ahmad Al Omari Eng Essam Ghaith Eng Qutaiba Hameedi