wg-td~

~""~l).)

-en . "" P.

~~~ .... ~Sli6(!)

tto..C:fa

~ ~[ ~~~ ,....,....(1)
~'tJ~
0\ 0_ 0(")

00

S' 'n
e+ p>

-<
~

N.

. S·Z'Sl.
~s::!;

-Z.... ~~
'1jPJ

(1) -e i::!

~~~ !it .. ~ ' ...... i~ e c ....

~:3!1)

'-"'::

0\ .....

Pl ~.
0' .....

""
....

(3 ~

r::tI t!l
"d
rIl

c:
Z

Q:J

\-\
~ ~

:-V

III ,

r-

....

-¥-

~~;~ ~,.gj .... ., s

Pl .:: 0.(1) (1) Pl

r+ ......

.a ~: !I),
!I)'S' ai
~

§c~

~'r~
..,8.:3 S'UI
e+ l).)<~

s=2. .....1) (
,3
>-;(1)

~ :So
"d >-I

r-

.>-1 'ii(1) .... ~~ ._ ....

g[
.::
i::!

t!l

00. ....(1) 0.(")

-'0 t:I t:I

£:.e.~
F~(!)
~l).)<~

UlC~

::l.~ ~

!"1;:t

'" -.-~ ... g

Z .... ~ t!l

::=

I ...
n' .... ....
\Q \Q QI

N;:
00 ~. i::!

c: '"
XJ

(')['1 (')Sl)(')
N

z_z

Z'"
i::! •

~~t
~
,

~{~;>i:;

.,\-~~~.''':.

,~.

",

..

.0 Z

?j t:I .....

~~ ~ rn ... "CI ~ o (')

II)

....

-o: .....

rn

= .. s...
e-

=~ = ~
~ ~

... -

N' ?j~ II) t"r1l:O ...... C')t"r1 CL t"'"(j t"r1~ ~> t"r1(j
(b

t:I

<:

>

~ ~ g"
II)

II)

... s... ....

C Z

II)

8". .,
......

t"r1 ~

.(fl

~t:I

< t"r1
?j
ir:

CL
(b

..

~h =:0
~.~

~=
~~

~a::
~O

if:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~.

Zo

?j~ _t:I

;;,0 0

== ~ "I:j
~

-1-JZ t"r1> ~~ zt:i

('")('")

OQ

.C!ll

s· .... = ~.

t"r1t:i ~
~('")

a. s· ~ ~. .... .=
~
~1lQ

II)

~.0
(')

> ......j t:i >

('")~

......j

.....

t"r1?j C')t:i t"'"(j t:i~ > t:i('")

Zo ......jO

Z ~

11:1

t:it:i z~
......j~

~a::
11:1< ::::to (') 11:1 PJ<
<II)

~>

Ct"r1 Cz t:i('") ~
('")

~0 z (fl
• ......j

td......j

= .... =<

~~ ~~

....

(')

~~

=n
~

O~

~t:I

>~
~,~
~.~

?;j

~> ~~ zt:i

......jZ

.....t:I

~ ~

= =

~~
~.

('")('")

~;. ~<
;).

~O

~t:i

c:
o=:l

... ~
11:1

n~ I ~-oo ~

t:itrl ~ ~(l t:it%j

~e

>c

('").(fl

~. ~

i,1>
,~

~ a'
~

~~ -=
~

Z(flZ
......j~

~>,

c::::l ('")('")

~-

~ C (j

......j

~I i
2: ::

~s.1 ~~
c:~
(j~ ~~

e~ ~= ~~ ~~
O"l:j
~(")

~ ~

-rj'J

(flli

.q>
I-C I-C

~~ C:(=l

......j~

>-.. >.
=:d'

~ ~

'",'

~ ~

= -

.... .... e

co

...... ::;s

'1

ro

S ~.

p.l ri-

ro' .....

o _.
ri-

Ul

n' .....
p.l<

::!. ..-

...... o

..(")

a·

>

. =....

•
I
~

.= ...

.g ....
c::

(")

...,

!I)

s· ....

.,..

......

--~

0'1 (') I"

'1:j

I~I~I"'INI_
"d
til

....

S'

"d

S'
:::

.,.. .....
;::>..

::I '" ~ .... '"

::s

2~,

t'"' .... ri'

'"

to ....

--"
-e
Ul

C.~
(")

~~~

'" ~ ....
til

(J(l

'"

!l> 0.

r::

o '" ;'

PX-C. (t ~ ~...... ?> ::l "0 ....,<:

~pj;~a:::

....

-..]

-..]

1~1~1~lgI5VI 0 0

'"
0 0

h~
E.
o

(,.,..:I

00

c '" ---

';}'

I')

is:
I')

..
<
0 fo"

.... 8::l0 r.l "0 (") E"' (fl 0''"10 9 '"'" ::::::l E"' r.l ~ /=i' ...... '"1 r.l' 0 N~~"O t""'

a:::

. ~

~-~ e ::::a
~. '"1 ::l o ~ (tr.l"O _'"1'"1 '"1
rJ> ~

> >< -<

a::: .....
C

Ig 1* Igl~
0

:'
oq 0

N 1::101",1001-..] o Ul ::g "d ~

'" -z ....
'"
>Tj !l> Oti Ul
'1:j

;}'

=9
'0 CJQ

o ~ ....
0.. ~ .... ~ "0

>(

(j'

'"

... r::

""
S

'1:j

~ '" ....
S'
til

';?

'PX

'" o
!l>

'8 .s

::s

'" 'iJ' ...

~ .- ~ 000 .- 0 0'I1-..]1"'1~10'I10'I~ 0 0 0

'" S"
o

....r.l (")r.l_ o ~ ::l .... rJ> ::l '"'" tJl '"1 (")"0 ~0~ s;.::lrJ'l ..... .....

....
~

o..~~ ....'"1
:;:1

.... e.
e; 9
.....

--0
-0 0

......~r.l

~
.-,l fo' <:1'

.... e ...... r.l ~ '"1

:;:1

'"
-0

00 0

-..]

1~1~lglglg

''""
g,

=-

..

hi

rJ> "0 ::;':;:1

~ ~e
'"I'"

tJl r.l .......... tJlr.l ...... .... 0' ~ '"'" 0 r.l TJl

~~---'----

Tabelul Rezlstentele caracteristice ale lemnului natural (N ImmS)

2.:\

Molid, brad, Iarice, pin

...;

... o
...: 1

Natura solicitar ii

Simbol

I
III

Plop

Clase de calitate

I
I

Stejar , gorun, cer , salcam

I
III

Fag, mesteacan , frasin, carpen

I
Incovoiere

II

I
\

II

III

.II

.1

I·

II

III

statica
Intindere in lungul f ibrelor Compresiune in lungul fibrelor CornpresiuIle in plan normal pe directia fibrelor Forfecare in lungul fibrelor

Rt

24,0. 16,8 --- --14,4 8,6 --- ---

9,6

--- --21,0. 12,6 --- ---

20.,0.

14,0.

8,0.

40.,0

28,0.

31,S 18,0. 16,0. 45,0. --- --- --- --27,9 6,8 --- --- --- --16,7 8A

--ReI!

R,

4,3

6,3

22,5

13,5

15,0.

---

12,0.

4,5

13,8

11,0.

4,1

19,8

15,8

5,9

19,2 24,0. --- -_.- --7,2

Rel

---

3,3

...,--

3,0.

~-

--2,7

3,2

2,9 10,4 --- --- --2,5

9,4

--- --- --- --11,2 10.,0.

Rfll

Forfecare
in plan normal ' Rfl

3,0. 2,7 --- --- --12,0. 10.,8

---

6,4

5,7

---

5,0.
,

4,5

---

10.,4

9,4

24,0.

21,6

16,0.

14,'1

.... c.>

r .... o

•••

•
s
o
\0

0\

'-, o

DC

,.,. 0

o o o

0 0

'-'

o o o

:0

VI 0 0 0

;....

'

-..J

bl
::I

S ~

M-

~ "1

.... .::
~

o
N N

~go ..... ~.~ .., '" ..... ~'" c, .... '" '" .........
po '"

Sa:: () 0

I
~>tj
~(f)

0\

VI

I
()

......
'0(')

<H

.::;'0 ~::l. .,...g

~'po ~ .., .... l:l ..... '0 o po .., .....

.., .... o '" ~ ..,

I:j (JQ

>tj 0

~8 ~.'O
po

0" ~.

&l<~

Io-'.~

'"

'"

5: .....

.I:j

l:l 0

8
'0

..,

..... po

e..

& ..,

s· c: e. ....

.,...~. '"c:: '" ~'

til

.., ..,
t:S
~(1)

'" 0

g'S'l ~S 0'0 .., ..,

tn

tv
>-<>

(")~-

..... l:l

'" ;;. '" S·

t:S t:S

.., '"
t:S

S· ~

I:l .....

....
-e P>
0'
n
0

crlbS'

§~

::I

[3

~ g'~ S .....

<:

"d::l.::iv $I) ~ _.
"1' ~ "1 '

'" S·

..,
po

0 ;.

ONQ
0...U1 ~
..... ~

0" ~•

g ;;l:l 0 ... 8 e. t:S

~ l:l ..... '0

(JQ

c: e.
~

e. ....
& ..,

c:

§;

..... '" ....

'"

..
:1.

e.~ - (:i" .:: (") ::I ....

8.5l
-0

= ..8
>tj::>:J po

" I.....
>tj::>:J po '" '"

'"

5-..,

~ 0

.., ::.
:3

;;

" ::!!

.....

N':: .... o . (") 0 ~ N ...... ::I 0..0..

~q-~""

g.fr.
-C-. .....

==
l» ~

s "
I:l 0 l»

I
tIl

" f:..
po '"

:3

I, I I
:3 ~
>tj::>:J

~ :3 ~
>tj::>:J po '"

~~
0..
(fJ

....

Sirobo!

0' ...
(')

-'0

::I

l'b(")"1

~o
~

S' ~. '" '" '"

I:l 0 l»
io

S. ox
o ~.
I:l 0 l» til

'T.::>:J

5'~
~

>tj::>:J

5'~
t:S 0 l»

8,~
l»

>r; ::>:J

'"

'"

~ ~. l:l ~- 0 po
til

5' ~~ Ei'
Pl

6'~ ::s
til

f:
0' ...

t:I

::I ~ ~
(")~~.(fJ

S::+o..

"1 .... (")

~

'"
o o

'"

'" 0 '" l» til

'"

0 po

'" '"

.....
o o o
.'C)

"" " an ... .: e :;,

~
P>

~ 0..8
(fJ

~ (") L ~

8 [5.
....~

~ ~~
$I)

$I)

1t 0.. <
e, Eo
tv

\0

.,.

$I)(~

$I)

~ o~
~$I)~ .... $1)

0.. "d :::.: ::I .....

M-"1 .....

>.:

......
"1

0 _'-...J
lJ,

~~

~~~

S.~

§ ~
::I .....

s· ......
(j N

~S s'S. it<'~ :3(')(')::~Q ....."::: ..e."g.c:t t"O";'. ~~ ~ ~

~ ::1.:1.
.P>

I '0 .Q'

S'a (ta

t:I

....,

,.
.9
'0 (') 0 >tj' ....,

.....

eo
~

~ ..,

s·

'"
/

.., '" '" E'

t:I

o t:I .., ~o
()

o <:

~ ~.

'" :P ..,
8 po
t:I

'" ., '" '" \£

rfl

g.

§:
Po .., Po

.....

'" 0 '" P> po

C,;>

r: ~ ~
P;
......~

a-so i' ]< ;. ..... '" '" '" '" '" (') Qt '" '" a g~.a '" c::
00 po I:l

....

P>

...

g.

Po

~ ~. ';'
0

~
,

'"
p:I

o-l

~
p:I

'" C
'"

u: ~ ..,
()

\;'
~ po< ~ ~ .., ~ po<

po<

.....

:P ..,
8 p:I
t:I

in
()

c:: .., ..... po<

~ ~ ~
.: ..,
PO' t:I

U'l
()

~ ..,
eo!-

r
OQ p:I

"d

t:I

... '"
9
Po t:S

Po

~~
n IJ'<~

tn

....
~(

~ "1 ~

::I ......

~. .... '" t:S = t:S () c::- ~ ~ til '" "~' .. ~ 'E..

() .....

r+

t+

... s· c: '"

.....
(')

CD

'"

..
I

~ ~ .., ~ po<

'"

t:I ...,_

c,

'"

c:: .., p:I ..... po<

'" a

'"

~ ~ ... ~ po<

c,

.: ..,

~ po,

t:I '" .....

g.~
~~
o Po ........po<
po
I

'"

-=-

2: "g p;' e. '" '" c:: e. ~. 9

o
po I:l ...
(JQ

.., ~.g ..,

I:l
()

'" "g

'"

..

... ..8

!:'

I
\0
0 0

8 ... ...

I
0 '00 0

!'

Sirobo!

< .... .., e:.. o

0
'0\ VI

\0

<

~ ...... ~

.....
~

.... 0.. .... ::I

.....
If

e.
r-

., '" c::

.?0" ., ~ .?~ ..,

t::

""

"00
VI

0
'VI VI

~. po< po ·tIl ~.

:1.

.....
'0 0

"0
0

.....

o·

's
.....

"0

.....
0

g
\0
0 0

\0
VI

"00
VI

'" t:I go '" 0

'0

9 r6 o·

.,.

....
0 Po

'" ~§ p~
gl~

..
..,
8 ~

•...:.J .
0

0 '0\ 0

s.
'"
Po

'" '" ss
.. 0

tn o ~ '" ......

'" PO. >;'~

ill.

'"

'" .....

..,. ...

N c

--0'0'0'

~~~ ~~~ 1/\ -~I W'

zzz --... t-.?

SSS SSS
N

....... .......

~ ~~ II II II
000

I
,

.......

00

-in (l)

CD

-.
.......-~.t--, :::r.'

.....
('")

2. .....

:::

5'

~=t
n

Vl

.Nr. crt.

:;...

>I

...-+-

.... ::s ....

....

!IX III

e.
~.

+ + ;:...
;...

>-

II

.... ....

~~~ 00
00

......

~~ ",tv
OVI

00

~~ 00
00

............

... " --W-~

00

......
VI

-;::;; .....
Q"q'

~ tv

-----o o

-;::
0
VI

"

~ ....
::So 111<
I

sCi:: "'tv
00

VI

t\:)

00

(1)

~ ~. .... .... ~ ~ ....... 0.. N .... S· ~

>-1
(;J

s< ~ ....
p)

0
(1)

"'iNiu: t"' p
P i:l ::"CJQ
?l'Ill
("J

("J

" ;+~

....

(1)

Si

p)

e+

cr'
(1)

.... .... ~ .... S

(1)

tj
0
p)

0- 0- (1l p P ::l -+ III (> -+ P" Ill'

.., '" 3 ~ i:l

"d

p),
III

" ~

..,

0(>

'"

c.
P ..,
?l

(;J (;J

.......

,.. "" III

5' Ill' ..,
("J

~.
0..

... >

::l ~ ....... crq .... >-1

(") (1) (1)

.... s· ~
::l

""

("J

--.0 0 .0

;:1. 0..,

0..

(1)

>-1

(1).p)

>8'
~
p)(

....
(1)

~ rl,_. ::l

cN
0
U1

U1

~~ .
tv

- '"
til CD

0 III
PCD

IlX
p)

>< '0

.... ::l
>-1

:=':<l:l p)(
0
>-1 -til

g. .....
>-1
p)

... >

'" ..,
"o"u. "0
00 0

0MIII

?l

'"

....
.... p)

0..(1)'-+,

.... ....
cp
>-1

.0

("J

0 ::l til e+

p
("J

..,

5' 8 ~ o ~

"

0..-

-2": 0..,

J:' {

t"

5:
\V
N

c,

(Jl

<E
~U1

P-

t" ..
tv

"0

a a

§
;:J

... ,

""

\II

.,..

10loi

...

r NRCRl.
_.

[
go
-g.
Il)

!.
I:!I

3'
a.
I"i'

e
I»'

! f
CD

iii

I ~~

-t- _1_+
~~

~C\t
.....
II

fT1:::r :::roo
~r-

~Vl N-'

J i
I

>0

a eo

..... II

....
N
II

....

!'V

II ...... ~

.s;

..:;;

.
~

......

II

" -

..:;;
co
p
II

-n. r '.

c::>

c::>

I e: ~H~~ ,.
c:
rCD

~ ~.

:::r S2 ~ -.

.,..

~ ~

"

z:
-c: -e

c."

il '=;
ro

.... s
<0'

s. ..,
t: p

- 3= ~ .-

...

;. :z
~
0
CC

r=;
::!: to

~
:0 0-

~~

3 cr-

b:>

- - .s:

~':1
II

o
u.

N 0

0--1

N_
Ou.

'"

Co)

..a..

1
I
-G
()

1->11-> 1-·

()Z ;:'!'I

i;'
1:1

tog

o'Q'

~_ S. ... ;:r ~ d aq ~ ~~~ ;:1. ... ~ ~ 5: ~

til

Sqe:1:I 8;~Sq e: _~

1:1

~.I;' ~ I;'

aa

1:1

1:1

n' s ~ ... ::;: .~ po. ~ p;.... ~ 1:1 t.> p,. ..

~. ~'<

~ e+ o~ ~ ... ~~ S S· ~ 'U El oq S ... ~ '" 0 to

0<+
<1l
in

~,
0 () G

~
d p,.
C>
.-+

... ~ ~ ... ~
0 ~
p>

'U

<1l

ic
0

0
'--1

-0

ic
0

~.
N

p,.
<1l

'0 '0
0 0

--

~
<1l

<1l

- ft ..,
()

0' p>

~
0

ic 00 u.
0

ic

u.

... '" ... d

-e+
()

§:

s>
o pJ,
(1)

'"1

..'-l
II
~

'-lo.. ........

- ::s

"S'"

.... ~.

.... "' N
....

z,.f·-·-·-·-·~t-Oi!=z

·L.I __ ·

-=-_.~~.-_. 1~
.

"",-------

._'\;"

t:l
(") ('1)

~
(")

P'
(")

~ ~ ...... til ..... ...... ...... ~

("),

.....

-e
"

>'I~o

., 0

II
o
00

til

>' V
-.]

<
~ ...... .......
('1)

Ul

,.1>.'

N ....... O-Doo 000 000 '0'0'0 -...J001O -...JO\O\ 00 ·0'0 00 10 l.hlJ. 00 '0'0 0010

I'
I I

joooI.~'"""
• 0.0.0

-4"''''
000

I
I

!it........ ........ ",-c"JN ... O-D

000 000

o Nt:: -...J_oo

W~"_N

l.h10_ ijOWl.h

I I

000

I
I
t

00-4'"
000

I
I

",,,,-c,,J

000

N .... 000 00_ ·10'10'0 0\100 oor-:o ioioa 0\100 l.h00

>-'

~"W'

Q
0

000 ~N~W "w l.h_ 00 O\ow 000

N';",.l~..;N

000 ..... .-...J 0\ 000_ ...00 l"

<000 00'00'10 O-...JN ONOO 000 "....100 io, IOO\N NO\N

I I I I

.. O??

owe:; 0\00\

......

.0.0.0

0:':;::
.0.0.0

00 'ca 00 -0 w:.,.} 00 '0'0 00 10 NN 00 '00 00 10 00 '0'0 0010 _0

--

I --I --- I _I I
o-w ...-...IN .0.0.0

l.h00'"

I I I

000 .. .......... _ w l.h00_ o\_N

'"_'"_'"l"-J

coo
l.h-...Jo ...0000

I I
I I I I

l.h0-...J N ...... 000 ·N·NW ,.,.,100\ 00000\ 000 '"N-N"w ...1Ol.h wNOO 000 "t-JN"~ IO-...J_ 000 ·N·N·W woo ... ..._w 000 'N'NW
W-....JW c.,.JOCUl

......"u."....I

000

I.
I
\

~.
Ii'

-...JIOO N-...JN

I
I I I

000 "'.A l.n "'0\ 0\ 00 10 _l.hW

.....
'JI

'"_"_'"N Vl......JO

000

I I
I
I

bo-

-w t.)

"',
C;'

s ...

.a

~.
S ., ..." "' ....,
Er S
e-

'"-..J00 \0
000

000

OC1Jl ,..... ~ \0 o:

00_ ·10io a 0\::>00

_,xo

000

l.h '0\ -...J

Nl.hl.h

0'"

cc

.......)'00

-\0

~)

-...Jl.h_ l.hNW

I
I I

oco '10'-0io l.hoo-o 000\-0 000 io'lO io

l....1loo"o

~.
'6

o_(".J

N VI_

000 "'_,"-"'tv .A. -...J 0 ION_ .0.05='

..... "u. "01

IONN 000
'"lob.
(.,J

000

0'1-..1

oco "....1·00 io
CI...tl.O -...lU'l:;.t::l

I ....... '"
000 ioioio ONOO 000
lJIOOI.O

....
l.h

"

S'

...,
~
(')

.0.0.0 O_N _"'10 000

.....

~::jtO

-...JOOO

Nl.'lO'\ lOON 000

'Ln ~

I
I

000 "....100·-0 Vowo OOOON 000 "....10000

"::"WI.O

ii'

I
I

O~N ON-...J
'O.._ .......
IO_N \0_0\ 000 "0"'_'"_ \O_l'>,,) 00 0 lJT 000

I
I

.0.0.0

~o::;; l.h-...JC\ ~~G

V-.lU!<..N

00\0\ 000 NNw N-...JN 0\_10 000 ·N·NW NO\N wO\w 000 N'NW _ 0\_ ",_0\

~'"c..n~
000

_Wl.h 10 -...J_

i.e 'ia
O',\O-..J

10_0\

...-...JIO 0\

'"\0

... "'"
e ... ~
(')

00 '00 0000 010 00 00 -...J 00 10 00

I
~

.0.0.0

00 00 -...Joo OO-...J

'0",.....'"_

000

lOON -...JIOW

I --- I I ~~~ I
.0.0.0 ...0100 _ W 10 05='

.~ t.n "" ON ...

\0 W-

I
I I

000 "....10000 ...NIO 0w_ 000 '-...J 00'00 w-oo VI _ 0\ 000 "....10000 NO-...J l'V 00 00

5O.

000\

I I

....... ;.0\ u
OOw 0100 000
c..J~"O'\

000

1010_ _0\",

I I I

000 ioioa .... 10 -...J N-...JO> 000 io'lO '10

(".)---..]\0

-...J

~.

= §:
..." "'
<:
N

00

~
<:r '" ...

-....J~VI

000 ioioio w_w

<.".)

-....,J \0

10

:!.. ..[

[
"'iN

...

l-----r

~~

"

<l
'fl

cO"

+~
'fl to

Ft

5~
<l

"

Ft

Ii.
r:""O

-..I>00

.--. I
~.

Ft

cO

"

I
\

" II

1 "-

"

'"Ii

"

II ~

5> ~ S ..... 0 >-1 S -.-+ .....

('D

Po
('D

..... 0
>-1 .....
('D

o
('D

~ >-1

....>

::l

Po
('D

...... ~.
('D

..... ~,
rn

::l sr o

....>

~ ..... ~

.....

0 0
>-1

<:

..... 5: ~
C"l

xr

('D

Po

C"l

(0'
('D

::l

.... >

~ .....

tr:

rl'-

C"l

:::;.

~, ~

Z
(i

......

C"l

<:
~ ~
rn

<:

o ......

~ .....
0
('l)

::0

::!. .....

.....

-.

rn "'d
('D

>I>-

~ ......
('D

(i'

8. .....

B:
e-+
('D

o .....

IS··
1Iol'

e;

t r +
..

~'

l:.>
...

>

,-en

....

,.

-fJl

......

-en

.....

......

S :::
11\

S
'0

....

&; ...... <:

en

g.
o ......
e+

......
I»
e-+

('p

~J .
......
o.

Ii)

[
~
o

<: o! ......

..,t.. .j :'_'::,j

~J~

~.

,...

H,~

.. ~ ..

1I\

'-'

.". 00

II

'"
'•.

e:

....

"'!.

..

...

-l'--::-:

....
~-

...

!"

~ .... c:
(j

r
1'+

::s

t"-I ......
-e

--~

..

:.co.

o·

....
(')

1'+

tn

....

,....
III
(1)

UI

"" .
::l
.... >

Z
n

'I-d

.__..

S "g
I

~ ~

~ I-d ~ ~

(j

..
0 It

=. 11
ir

..
it

f'\

g
ra

1
c

-r: .j

X_

tit- i

:aT
J
II

j
t

= "

.£1'
!!"

It'

~ ~.
(II

fJ

§.

..(/l

....

"Pl
s::
Pl

'i

n
(II

.q, til
(II

Pl ......

.... .... .... .... ....

(II

_ ..
n~

Pl

S
n

Pl

.... ~
""1 (II

Pl ..... Pl

:....

OJ

gt.

--

:....
UI

Co

.. ~ ., _~a .... .. ...

-oOo
...
",

1,.;(")

I Nr. crt~1
-I

,...,

... I:S
0

tj

;:l.

=
(1)

1:1 51 o I:S orl-P

e:tj

.....

::So ;r..

Ul
(t)

1'1
I

..... 1=
~.

tn

G'
I"tj

~.

~. ...

g~

~p.
.",

-Ul

...
P P

g.
::1.
"~. 0'

I:

c[ ....
P

e..

.....
(t)

(t)

...... Ul

(t)

..... (t)

::1.

e.. 0
~. S' S S
:

0' ...

'"
(1)

<: ~
;'

1=

1:1

6' ::1.
n e

~;>J-

II

...
(t)

0...

I,

...

- - -s
.... ....
0..
lJ1

....

....
to

o 0
'"0
(1) Ul

'io

v.>

0..

...
(1)

e. 0 ...
n
0

<:

ri

+
0-

S .£:. Sl ~
(t)

...>'. .
>'

8'
1:1

~ ...... ... 0

"""tv

'"-< ;;:.~

'"1

~
I.'l

._--

ri'

a
0;'

'"

<: (t)
(t) (t)

......
~
o

e-e-.

......

.... 0..

:;

"lJ1

.... ....

(:j;

....

0...

'io

..

o 0 [ 5' 8 n'"O I><' o@

.... P
::l

~.

0"'

~.
0

.... ~ ~ .....
::l

<: '" o ~.
~'p

'"0
(1)

~.

'g
.'
tn

........

U1

_(t)

;~

o
·c__
'-,*"," ~'"' -....

0..

Ii)

r:

p,

'\1
VJ

1/\
P
0-

VI

cr

\V
P

n' ........

!T1

C·
:z;

=
(") (")

g.~. ro c.::J "\ Ch 3' c _. c 0...

ft

_.
I .....

;.

~ -!!'·3

2 ..,

>~ s.,
to

II

It

>'

+ NI~
~t-.)

>'

(')

S 'g
~
til

." 'o-~.

::1
(") p) ('1)

...,
"1

s:
~ ~ ~ <::7" ~. ~
t'-<

( ... J(J .....

..

- ...
.....
,,(J ( ...J I+- '"

......

~ ~ ~ "\:'>

,,~ ..........
_,,,

~ -e
I:?

.~

~
<:>

""" ~.

......

11\ """ n
~
"1 ',Pl

,i

,
I

e, ....... ....
1')

,.

s, -....
I

U1 "-'

.~. ~ ~ .(") _.(")

(") III III '"1 <'0

.......... _ ......

....

-+......
'-'

__;.'I
.#\\~

..... ~
III

00

+'

r:r

[
::s

('j
0\

'"C

... .... ::I

nI

(")

(l)

>-f tr.

~)

'"d a'
(1) (")

.... _.
IlJ >-f 1lJ< >-f >-f

5'

... .... ...

t:r'
nI II) II)

(')

PJ
~(l)

>-'

'"C
til

(;.
nI
II)

0-0~'"d

o >-f
(")

>-f

(l)

'"C
til

::l1JQ (f> ......

0 ::l

8"

PJ

.,..,. b ...... <!

(l)

(")

:::r
(")

M-PJ

(")

,..,.>-f >-f (1)

>-'

'"C

~''"d

......

p.l

11
(1)

(D'
tr: (1) (1)

C1Q

=~ = ... ...
nI

....
II)

S
II)

...
nI

t:!

0, l

Ac

r:

Ac

,]

h,

_ a.

b.

c.

Fig. 6.2. tmbiniri de prelungire prin ehertare solidarizate cu : a) eclise ; b) buloane; e) zbanturt.

oEe: n·..·
I
~'N 00

! S·
I I til S;
(.,I,)

a.

= Jt

til

';..; 0 = ;:l.
l'loo

Cl.~'" !:( Pl( .... '"

5'S'~
.... =
I
(") <II

" 0'
'1

"
(")

I
(")

"" " ::l..... """ 00 ~ .... ~p!(

0
~~tI'l
~"(")

-e

= '"
0

I ~:::: 0' ~.
~o(")

" '"

.0S g
I
0'
1.:><.11

"~ .. (t
(")

'1

...

,...... C' ~(

N ..· .. ~

Pi
0

E.

II
p:I(

::l ~ ... ..;'~~

,......fo)c I;ol

0 ......

"" 0 "
'1

""

Er
'1

n~ I

= (;'0'
° ~

'"
tI'l

;(~&

..... "
3

= " "" ... " "" " l'loo =

'" i:

r;o

-.l

= Pi '1 ~,
It

;":' I

""

o....l

~'i.'_".-._--._-----

..

.[fl

_.

II

,,<:

.3

>-

'"i <"D
I

'"
I

'"i

\I
,,~

...-.
0'\

--_

II
~ .N
t--<
;0

;_1

~ ~: ......
~(

5'

-1-h Ct-1 --i~h. ~--l

-+>

N o
o .... c:..>

0-

•
....

~'"

+
t'"-t

2= ill... ...

t'"-t

~. '"

..

.....

00

CI
N

..

l,

\
~ ... ... ~
a.
ro
.

'--'

'"d
(!>

.....
•

..

~.
01

"1

~
P>

::

_
"",. -._ ~ "'='l~~ -~ ¢<"" • ~ ~ ~ -

'"'. t:I
~ ~
(")

~ ~
lit

....,
::;

r.... ..... a.9._

('1) ('1) IJl

('0

0'1

'8

a
C C
"1

~ e;
('1) ('1)

('1)

sC
~

..... -::s
('1) -.

se:

_Ill

('!)

::;

g
('1)

8
-< 0

e;
.....

(")

('1) U'I ('1)'0

-.

...

~ $:l ~~ e; ~ ~ /I ~ ~ ;t ~ I:l, r.... ~ <l ~ ::; £ t:::; ~ .~..,. 0:. ~ ..... ~

('1) IJl '0

::; ('1) n

~.Cr;
('0

f
I:l

c...
~

~ I:l .....

~ ::; .....
('1)

'OJ

e; .....
C

e;
('1) (')

(")

sAIll'
(")
('!) ::;

.... '"
'OJ

r....

to ...

;t

0:.

~.

"-

(j

0'1

C1q

('1)

s·
III

..... c ::;

::;
('1) Ul '0

.....
"1

.....

('1) IJl

III

IJl '0

III

('1)

.....
<0 ... l'--<

...

III ......

~. III
('1)

('1)

('1)

...

'0 ('1)

IJl ('1) IJl

i'

II

..... ·1Jl .....

('1) ('1) (')

..... ~ .....

(I>

~ ~

'" '"
('0

..... ::; S
S

~.

::;

5' .....
('1) ('1)

A"1

s·

"1

III

C
('1)

A-

.....

::; A('1)

"1

.....
('1).

.....
('1)

A('1)
"1

III "1 Ill' A- ('1)

..... "1 ..... -< (S. III ;;;. ,_ S ..... 0 ::;

0

m,

nn C0 ('1)

~. ,-, ;" ~g.

_I\,)

.... ",'"
=-01

~.

"fl

1'\/ '-':1 N,\ ~

5'

$:l

Ill(~ • III
C1q

-.::; . l ..... :

g. .....
('1)

('1)

"1

00 .¢l1

,.

~gI

S'~ .....

...... ~.
III

'<-l

..-..

0'1 00

... ~ ~. ..... ~ ...

(I>

::;
('!) ('1)

('!)

.....

::r ~ .....
III
"1
.('1)

'0 ('1) .('1)

::;
.... >

('1)

d ::;

'e ..-..

III
('1) ('1)

n
"1

::;

..... S
.... >

.....

::;

->

..... n .....
('1) (') ('1)

...... 'ti

~
-...J

...~

" "

n C 0"'0 C•
('1)

5'

.....

"a ;rp>
§'~

... ...

III

('1)

A-

+ ......
III

p;'~ ciii'
0'1
'-'

"1

0\0
::;

C n "1 C
III

.....

== ""n...
~.
n"

~n ~.~

;;'p>

- 11-

I rri, .r
r
.

"'('>1'" ~.;-,
,.
,d

I~'

.....
C ..... 0 0'"

= ... ...,-0' ... =

Q..Q..

;[

~r
e; ...... o·
(')

->

S·
III .....
.('1)

S 0'"

::;

r -.

C ..... C

::;

5' 5'
I:'

..... :l
....>

-~ "= ag
I:'
tt

III

~
(')

Ii'

r '\I
JJ ft

""'/'"e,,; tt-r'I,S"

I I~n-"I
P
(J-

jP- , v"Fj ~c!? \J fl,v'

< ~Cf
h

........

~.

::s
('1)

;:l

->

III N
~(

0\

III
('1)

"1

N .....,..

IJl

"1 ('1)

S ::s III

0'" .....

..... g.
Pl(
'"!

....

t:.c; " o.S

~,

c;

0.(Jl

.,: _::l
~

"
U'J

-e 2' .,: ::l ~. :::.:

0(1)

'" en
·W

S'

~p
~

g:

::l

'1j

2'
S,
P

.., S
S'

S'

0:
S:,
1'> ..., 0
tn

"
3~ ,....

PO' .w " S .;:..

::l .,:

po " ::l

e+ po <+ (1) po
'1j

0 "d .., .., ..,. 0 ::l " en -e+ ~ ::l

') (1)

.....

(j

3 '" S' S' S' .., ..... <+ ..,

(1)

S·

=_)
"
P ..., P

I:IID

S
(1)

,P

(1)

..., g:
0.

(')

::l

" cr
:0;-

'1j

S'

::l

$,

2"

(1)

-o (1)

"S P
S'
<+ (1)

o
<+

"'" '"
-e

'::l

P ,.... P'

:;: aq .., "...

0

"

.,: .,:

." ~ yo yo ""
S S S S S S

S' S' S'

w

'1j

~ ..,

S S

...
S S

§:

$,
o-

't)

0' . ...,
't)l>.

..,

E ;:.
t:l " ~. ",
>'fj

(')

aq

.,:. ...,
P

S S

[
'1j

. S S

" :3, ,....

tn

B:
'1j
(1)

" ::l

"'" ..... ~
.~
53 Q"
"d ;' t:l <:

?'

>'!J Pl' <+ . ..., .,:

P e+

.,: w

0 0.

P'

I'" N 0

N 0 0

00

.....

0\

.-

..... ~ 0

I~ l~I~lg'l~ I·; I~ I~ I~ :.0 1~1~lg I~1. Ig IWIWI~ I~ I~Ii I~ I~ IwIt; 'I~'.. " I~ I~I~ Ii 1~\~lwlt;l~ " Ig I~ I I'~ \:§ I~ l~[w I~ 8 ..
00

'" '" '" s· .C;. '" .., p; ...

... " '"" '" "'
(')

t:l s· ~

...

0 !:V1"V.OO

'"

:.0
"1J ....

'1j

::1

'" ...

:3,

.,:

'" .a

s: ;'
r1

p;-

~, ,

,
'\

0.

'1j
(l)

"1J .... to

::l

'" "'
Q"

§' '" 9'

Q"

/
5._'"
a

s·
... "

00

~,O

"1J ....

'" §:
0\

...

'"

"

w <>

~\

I:I
I,

/'1\

I
I,

I II J I
I

:, Ii J

:J J
II

"-

~
fI:

s:
I

.... ;;.
2:
i

Eo ....

.. .. ...
N

6" n II>

Ii'

a ....

Ii'

ee

!'!: ~.

,~.

o o Ul

.....

c.P.

Po"'"

••

••

'0

.....

0 10

tv
0

.J>.

·~t
0
0\
0

10

~
,

-+-n

On

IJJI ;\
I

iS

I 1"1
_f.

II
,I

iii

it- I' i-i. :J

'I

--I I

n ,,

'I
1

El
~(

C"

'"I

S·

....

_I

(")

ft ....
(") (l)

I:'

.... ....

-_ - _,
_ _".,... ~ j;~ ~.. .. ~ ::~ ~~,:; ~

~
-.-

!'"

,
;....i

.~ a ; 0.• , ~?_-+-=---.~

f"I

P-

tool

. ....
('I) t")

x
~

+
I
X

.... ......
.,..

-· S ....
E;'
t") ('I)

('I) fIl

..... 0\ ....
t"). ('I){JJ

>

0''"1
-e

,_ I

...... "'< 0'1

;:!~ ::s-~ ~~
>

~ ~ Vi'

~~tj

5>~
....00

~~pj
00

~ ..... .., ::;

~

::; aq

>:: .... >::- ~

II
0

-I

::s.("l

~ ::: ...... ..... ~ ~

.:t'
I<..>

a.S 'tj S· ~ ~.

....

po ::;

o ..,
00

a ~

.~ ::;
.
..... (tl 'tj '""1

~S ~~.

S· ~
po

'" ....
....
,

O"'

-0 ~

~~ti ..... ~ .... ::;

;J

1E":t;" ~ e+
....

........ o~

1%

C'D

.....

""1- ~
"
f""'t.....

oS' -0 .... ~ ~
......
I-oQ

a::;

t:I
",","0

,_.,
I

O::s ~ .., q ,;-C'D

c-

~{J;.
~
-rn

CD

;:1• o

~
.: ..

to' ~ ~ 1% ..... '" ~:t. .... aq

'" [
~

......

)<i

po
)<i

~ '§:
7'

sc: Po' Cb'

~ po

'"

p.>

1-

01.N 01.N 01lJI lJI

_
0lJI

.N

.\~ I~ I~ I; l~·1~ \~ l~ 1& If !g~ \& I~I~ l~ Ii lk. l~ 1~I~-'" I

I

..... 6'~
)<i

~ ~

?'

C:

... ~ a .:
0

... ...

e ...

::;8tc
",'00

~c-e.

"'" = ...

:'

0..::1.1»

~. .: 0
~

~ ... ~
'd

' 0 ~~
I

1 ~-

'" r;
t:I

g-~ ~ ", ~ . t:I .:

....

.:

~ ~

.1 r

pol' ....

.... rt3. ,

.0

o,

"g1.

Ul (1)

.....

0..

'J>

'7

..... ...... ...... .....

(l) (l)

..

.o ...
o

....

o '"....J o

,'-..l

o o

••

vi II> P.

1J.

8:

IV

..

"" 8.
8.
IV

ID

0-

W 0

oq

~
1\
W. W.
0-

...

::l ryq ::l"

.c::
[

'0
0

- 18
VI

'0
o

00

-<

"

0::1. ::;

0
'--J VI

0
'--J

0 0
0

00
'VI VI

W. o

l~l~Ig I~I~ Ig l'~l-~jg I~l~19 I~I~ Ig l~ l~ Ig

0 '00
0

8 Ii 1

00

~ 2.:
,")

...;

(") i'5

'"

S
LV 0\
N

~~ ;:J.. s.

I" ... ::l "

-. '"
~ :=

5"[ :::..". ~
3'1;1

.. ;3 '" ... -"

~2
.. =-. -;;.
0..

N VI

-0

'" ... S-

'00

o o

00
0

'0
0

'0

o..!j

'" ~.:;~
'"1 ....

'" ... rl-"

'" 0

i-=::r"-+' "'0

-'

+ 3 :3

w .'"" ..

.... ;,~,
="0'1 -..l

••••

• •••
•

[ ...
('D.

="0'1

....

-u.
0'1

e11), '"I

5f
~

s'

...

~ ro

}
1

.1

a. ~
~ ro
Vl

::l n

....,

8. ......
n
...-+
(b

~.

PJ

~.

S". ~

r
PJ

-Vl

~.

~,
·0

ro
PJ

a ~.

::l

~~----~~~~~-==-~~~~~~~~~~~
.....
o

-,

.,.

\V
tv

~
\V
+~~,
'\

t-Y,.
--- ......~,. -"-

v.... ~

.1,

'

5'

tr: ..... ~

.....

s ....
t')

~ 0

o·

'"
00 CD

~ px '"s· '"
0 oo

t"rl
00

'" "

...t-

::s "

'"

tv

'~.

'""

-N

'~.
'-'

" '" ..... t-~ ~. S"

til

::s ..... ...

(')

'" '" '"

Po>

0 0.. >l

d",

-,

..,

'"
-< e..,
O

.
(")

.....

0 "".....J

0 "Ul

(D'

:::;

--

'" " ;;;'!:t1

1-1 ~()

!:t1 " .,,"

[
S'

..S
~>::1 ::l r.n

(1)

.....
o

V.

c
.",

d .., d d

c:r

::1.

sS
"
to

Z~ 5:
(fJ

~(1)

~
Ul I

~
(1) ~

r- ,.. ~

'":l I\>

'"

~~
CL
(1) (1)

s
>1

::;

....,.,

('i >1

::> o o

....,.,

I\>
1-1

(1)

...
I\> 'rj
(1)

I\>
1j

•••
S
5'
o o

Q~
"')

~
.... c,
::>

3
0 ,_,

0"

(,~,

[
'J>

'":l 1\><

.~

~ ,.,.
....
:"D

,_,

tJ<

'"'

§' ,_,
(1)

<r.

r:;'
0' ... 5'

!l>

::> til o

2:

...
Ill<

3' e'
0' ...

1\><

s·
::l.

(JJ

(l)

..,.

~- - .

~-~

~-

~,,_~

'"-'_

f:7' ~3:

.~

..... w

.....

'"l'.
~

ru

I~~

n
r\~ ~
i\

~ ~
Ul

..... "1 ..... •

:>~'~,T·· ,JJ.~~~~;t'f~"'?]S;~~~t·.7"~f ••••.

..
,"
"'.

.~.

»,

..,

~. -«. .
...'-~-

"r·
-

"

UM IOITATEA RHATIVA A AERULUI .INTERioR· %

·~.-',~~~~~HrlHrt~

= ~.
UI

-'~N
~CI:)=

~~~ o0

'JHIDITATEA

HIGROS(OPICA FrNALA 'WA

LEMNUlUI

oNr~~~~~~~~~~~~~W#$
I

I-'

a:
ffl

PJ

PJ

-<

[ ... n
PJ<

~ ~ N
{Il

*i
~

...

... ....
"1
{Il

... ~.

PJ

r=
~

...

'0

'0

00

'0

'0

"'"
~.8. <'D .:,
o;'z
~(")

W 'E,.: ~ 0;'

;1, '1:l ~, <'DOl:! po ~

'E,<'D t:I'1:l PX<'D

~~
~8

to-'.t:1 <: ~,.: "'" " .;. Pl V -2 .g:- .g:.g:.g: " .: 8 ~'1:l wPO ~8 wW"," 0. Po

~,Sl ~

rl- ..... ~ rl-

~~

- .. §'~ '1:l <'D

0 po

"d

...

" 0.9,
8.

po

~,,,

...._.._<:

.g:g. w~,
~.<'D

.:

11,
o

;;' po
t:I'1:l

tn

8·<'D <'D t:I S>-

8 ""","<'DPO 0." <'D .<'D

c" 0' ~,

~Pl

"
N

::tl

jij

E.

.. o
rJl

"
n

...

;'

.:

2
0.
00
.0 W

.:

~'" - 0.>8 <'D ~, " 9

po

S' <'D
;;'
8,
NW -..ltv t:I

0.

<'D

s:

po <'D '1:l ~,-

S'
o.

..
s-

.. 5'

5' g

.. ..

Pl<

0I_1.J1

_NN

~""';.!.

c'io

<'D
Pl

.".

? ~

"S.

.?

....
W

'0

'1.J1

- -NOOO

'-'IN","

!on??
'0'0'0
0I-..l00

??

w"'"
_'0

" '"

" ..
'0

5'
0.

....

NN

5-

'0'0

I.J1N

..,....

S·

'0
10

.0

N
N

;"'NN

000

-..lW-..l

NW

00

....

>+,
Pl

e-

001.J1

~
C"l

"'" ~~

N !"

•
Llt11TA

DE REZIS1ENTA
, I

(")

~ .... ~
(")

~ ., ....

.... =

=,
;:I

(j tv
",.

N.

.... ~ -= ..... .... ....

('")

....
III

~ o ~ .....

.... ...... .... ....

Q..

0' '"I ~

r
~

..~. ..~.
0-

~.

N .___..

......

o ..... w

.....

o o
U1

CD ........

>;

Pol CD

~O.

~a.S ("') _. '"0

P ...... ::l '"

rJ)

("')

-.

.......

_.

§.
::l ........
e-eCD CD
tr:

......

>;

>;

o
0\ U1

'"0. Pol

.::

CD >; CD

e+ CD >;

Ill' ......
'"0

u:

s
("')

CD

V)

t--< t--<

V)

II II

""'0 0'1

.++

.... S' ::s _

\0

VI

'('1)

0..

o
"d
tr: p.l<

......
p.l<

~
.."

--. ~ ....
p.l "1

II

...

+ ~

o .......
I

[fJ

....

~ _... y ~ ~ y - __ _",.... ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ,_ -_.. ~ ~ -

-. =
IJ
(")

o
(0

~~ (")-.

o.

-.

(")

0 (be

-~
p) ~.

ro tr:

~
<,

e-t(t)

II

.-+ -. P' p) >; (")

.... --..
~ ~
III

ro .....

o >;

..........

==

.:.

..rn

...
8
~
(")

..-..

S:
Ul

(")

p)<

0-

~ p:I
'

. = --..
~

... ...

(")

p:I<

... ..... ..... ... ...

Ul

.:

s ..... =
,

o
(")

('")

..... .....

~ .....

S.

;:.....

1\

("I)

o ""1

Pol

cr'
""1

t::I:l

~ ~

CIl

(")"

.....
""1

~ iii ~ .....
< .....

g.
.....
(")

~<

F~

--+

Ul

o
(") ('1)

.... ....
~
II)

l
I

-.... ..... ....

~

s ~ ....

rJl

Ill'

11)< "1

s· ....

0' "1

(')-

-e
o u:

,.
~

.(fl

.....

~ ~ .....
Pl

(") C' ~

"1

III

~.

~.
CI"'
"1

.....

s·
$'

Pl<

.....
o
"1

"-'. t't

.....

o
VI

s· .... '" ~
'"

..

..'"

CI"' Pl'
"1

s·
-::::J~
n

$'

.....
0' "1

"-'.

-.....
~

+
VI

o
(fl

(fl

.....
::s

"" 0' g g --en ... . f.? _

...

= o

"

. _.

I/~·
.

~~

(1)' tI'I-.

C_,_ :J ~.

~.p

;::.:p a -,

-"
..... o ~
.0 ......
to)

.....

a .... ~.

.... s=
('D

~
I")

;-

-1
I

.3
o
::;

,,'

'"
p:'

~.. .....
0..'
"I.

;+.
(I)

"

-.

I,
~::
to

....

f;:

12to

'I.

(=i'

-~
to to

"0

::;:

~ .... ~

p;--

a ro
~'

...,
('l)

- ........
000

"'''''''"