FIG.

17-21

FIG. 17-22

Multiple Pipe Slug Catcher

Example Line Drip

IN

LE

GRADE

GAS FLOW

SL

OP

ED

DRIP
BELOW
LINE

V
OUAPO
TL R
ET

DRIP
VESSEL

DRIP LIQUID
DRIP
VALVE

NO

L
OUIQU
TL ID
ET

Note that this estimate is close to the HLf predicted in

Fig. 17-19 for elevation pressure drop determination. It also
coincides closely with the value of 0.16 from Fig. 17-18.
Calculate the pipeline segment liquid inventory from Eq 17- 57
IL = (7.853) (107) (0.14) (152.4 )2 (1200) = 3.064 m3
The pipeline segment contains 3.064 cubic m of liquid at any
instant.

Liquid Slugging
Purpose of Separators The slug flow regime is frequently encountered for pipe sizes and flow rates used in process and transmission piping. Liquid slugging introduces an
additional design and operational difficulty as liquid and vapor must generally be separated at the downstream end of the
two-phase flow line. The downstream separator serves both as
a liquid-vapor disengaging device and as a surge vessel to absorb the fluctuating liquid flow rates caused by slugging. In
order to size the separator or slug catcher, the length of the
incoming slugs must be determined. Slug length calculation
methods are not well developed, and there is large uncertainty
in slug length determination.
Mechanisms of Slug Generation Liquid slug lengths
are difficult to determine in part because there are at least
four identifiable mechanisms for liquid slug generation. Slugs
can form as the result of wave formation at the liquid-gas interface in a stratified flow. When the liquid waves grow large
enough to bridge the entire pipe diameter, the stratified flow
pattern breaks down and a slug flow is formed.
Slugs can also form due to terrain effects. Liquid collects at
a sag in the pipeline and blocks the gas flow. The pressure in
this blocked gas rises until it blows the accumulated liquid in
the sag out as a slug. Changes in pipeline inlet flow rate can
also cause slugs. When the inlet flow rate increases, the liquid
inventory in the pipeline decreases, and the excess liquid
forms a slug or series of slugs. Finally, pigging can cause very
large liquid slugs as the entire liquid inventory of the line is
swept ahead of the pig. Of the four mechanisms described,
wave growth normally produces the shortest slugs, followed
in length by terrain generated slugs. Methods for calculating

wave induced slugs were described by Greskovich and

Shrier22, and by Brill et al.23 A preliminary scheme for calculating terrain generated slugs was reported by Schmidt.24
Analytical methods for determining inlet flow rate generated
slugs were given by Cunliffe,25 and a method of analyzing pigging dynamics was given by McDonald and Baker.26
Slug Catchers Slug catchers are devices at the downstream end or other intermediate points of a pipeline to absorb
the fluctuating liquid inlet flow rates through liquid level fluctuation. Slug catchers may be either a vessel or constructed of
pipe. All size specifications discussed in Section 7 to provide
residence time for vapor-liquid disengagement also apply to
vessels used as slug catchers. In addition, sufficient volume
must be provided for liquid level fluctuation. Particularly for
high pressure service, vessel separators may require very
thick walls.
In order to avoid thick wall vessels, slug catchers are frequently made of pipe. Lengths of line pipe tens or hundreds of
feet long are used as long, slender horizontal separators. The
pipe is generally inclined from one to ten degrees and banks
of these slightly inclined pipes are frequently manifolded together. Pipe type slug catchers are frequently less expensive
than vessel type slug catchers of the same capacity due to thinner wall requirements of smaller diameter pipe. The manifold
nature of multiple pipe slug catchers also makes possible the
later addition of additional capacity by laying more parallel
pipes. A schematic of a multiple pipe (harp) slug catcher appears in Fig. 17-21. Different pipe inclinations and different
manifolding arrangements are favored by different designers.
An example of a line drip catcher is shown in Fig. 17-22. A
drip vessel is connected to the incoming pipeline and often laid
beneath it. A flow line from the drip vessel is used to blow the
liquids out to a storage or surge vessel as they accumulate.
Pigging Pipelines are pigged for several reasons. If water
is present in the line, it must be removed periodically in order to
minimize corrosion. This water accumulates in sags in the pipeline, and these low spots are particularly susceptible to corrosion.
Pipelines are also pigged to improve pressure drop-flow rate performance. Water or hydrocarbon liquids that settle in sags in the
pipeline constitute partial blockages that increase pressure drop.

17-21

Pigging can remove these liquids and improve pipeline efficiency. Pigging can also be used as a means of limiting the
required slug catcher size. By pigging at frequent intervals,
liquid inventory buildup in a pipeline can be reduced, and the
maximum slug size can be limited. The required downstream
slug catcher size must take into account pigging frequency.
Operational hazards are associated with pigging. The very
large slugs swept ahead of the pig may overwhelm inadequately sized downstream facilities. Pigs may also occasionally be destroyed in the pipeline and the resulting debris may
damage downstream fittings or equipment. Even worse, the
pig may become stuck in the line and require an expensive
shutdown for location and removal.

sure limits, ANSI B31.8. Refer to Fig. 17-24 for the calculation
method.
The designer is encouraged to refer to the latest ANSI B31.8
standard for comprehensive code description. A tabular compilation of maximum allowable working pressures computed
according to ANSI B31.8 appears in Fig. 17-27.
Fig. 17-28 provides pressure ratings for steel flanges and
flanged fittings.

FIG. 17-24

PIPE AND FLANGE DATA

Working Pressures Transmission Lines

The Petroleum Refinery Piping Code (ANSI B31.3) is used

to determine the allowable pressure limits for piping inside
refineries and other processing facilities. Refer to Fig. 17-23
for the calculation method.
The table of allowable stresses, Fig. 17-25, is extracted from
ANSI B31.3. The designer is strongly urged to consult the latest ANSI B31.3 publication for full description of the code. A
tabular compilation of maximum allowable working pressures
calculated according to ANSI B31.3 appears in Fig. 17-26.
For piping outside of refineries and other processing facilities, a separate code applies for determining allowable presFIG. 17-23
Working Pressures Refinery Piping
To determine allowable internal working pressure for
straight sections of pipe in accordance with ANSI B31.3,
Code for Pressure Piping, Petroleum Refinery Piping,
use the following:

To determine allowable internal working pressures for piping outside of refineries and other processing facilities in
accordance with ANSI B31.8-1992, Code of Pressure Piping, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping, use the
following:

Pi =
Where
Pi
S
do
t
F

=
=
=
=
=

2 S t
(F) (E) (T)
do
Design pressure, kPa (ga)
Specified minimum yield strength, kPa
Nominal outside diameter, mm
Nominal wall thickness, mm
Construction type design factor,
Table 841.114A and Par. 840.2 (see note)
Location

Class

Div 1

.80

Div 2

.72

tm = t + c
t =

Pido
2(SE + PiY)

or

Pi =

2 tSE
do 2 tY

where:
tm = minimum required thickness, satisfying
requirements for pressure, and mechanical,
corrosion, and erosion allowances, mm. (The
minimum thickness for the pipe selected, considering manufacturers minus tolerance,
shall not be less than tm).
t = pressure design thickness, mm
c = the sum of the mechanical allowances
(thread depth and groove depth), corrosion,
and erosion allowances, mm
Pi = internal design pressure, kPa (ga)
do = outside diameter of pipe, mm
S = allowable stresses, kPa
E = longitudinal weld joint factor:
Seamless = 1.000,
ERW = 0.85
Y = coefficient having values for ferritic steels
as follows:
0.4 up to and including 480C
0.5 for 510C
0.7 for 540C and above

Div 2

.60

Div 3

.50

Div 4

.40

Complete details are covered in Par. 841.

E = Longitudinal joint factor, Table 841.115A
Normally a factor of 1.0 is used for seamless
and welded pipe except for the following:
Fusion Welded A 134 and A 139
Spiral Welded A 211
Furnace Butt Welded ASTM-A53, API-5L

0.80
0.80
0.60

T = Temperature derating factor, Table 841.116A

Temp, C

Factor T

120 or less

1.000

150

0.967

175

0.933

200

0.900

230

0.867

For intermediate temperatures, interpolate for

derating factor.
Note: Factor reflecting location of line, proximity to roads,
public or private land, etc.

17-22

FIG. 17-25

17-23

Allowable Stresses in Tension for Materials (1)

(Excerpted from ANSI B31.3a-1985, Appendix A, Tables A-1, A-1B)

FIG. 17-26
Design Properties and Allowable Working Pressures for Piping
ASTM A106, grade B seamless pipePetroleum Refinery Piping Code
for Pressure Piping ANSI B31.3-1984Corrosion allowance = 0.05
Nom
pipe
size
in.

Allowable working pressures for temperatures (in C) not to exceed, Mpa (ga).
Sch.
No.

Weight
of pipe
kg/meter

O.D.
mm

Wall thk.
mm

I D mm
(d)

Flow
area
mm2

29 to 38

93

149

204

260

316

371

1/2

S40

1.27

21.3

2.8

15.8

196

15.57

15.57

15.57

15.57

14.72

13.47

12.85

3/4

S40

1.69

26.7

2.9

20.9

344

13.33

13.33

13.33

13.33

12.60

11.53

11.00

3.9

18.8

279

23.80

23.80

23.80

23.80

22.49

20.59

19.63

3.4

26.6

558

14.50

14.50

14.50

14.50

13.71

12.54

11.97

1-1/2

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

X80

2.20

S40

2.50

X80

3.24

4.5

24.3

464

23.92

23.92

23.92

23.92

22.60

20.69

19.73

160

4.24

6.4

20.7

337

39.45

39.45

39.45

39.45

37.28

34.12

32.54

XX

5.46

9.1

15.2

182

65.75

65.75

65.75

65.75

62.14

56.88

54.25

S40

4.05

3.7

40.9

1 313

11.53

11.53

11.53

11.53

10.90

9.97

9.51

X80

5.41

5.1

38.1

1 140

19.15

19.15

19.15

19.15

18.10

16.57

15.80

33.4

48.3

160

7.25

7.1

34.0

907

30.99

30.99

30.99

30.99

29.29

26.81

25.57

XX

9.56

10.2

27.9

613

49.85

49.85

49.85

49.85

47.11

43.12

41.12

S40

5.45

3.9

52.5

2 165

10.13

10.13

10.13

10.13

9.57

8.76

8.36

X80

7.49

5.5

49.3

1 905

17.16

17.16

17.16

17.16

16.21

14.84

14.16

160

11.10

8.7

42.8

1 442

31.72

31.72

31.72

31.72

29.98

27.44

26.17

XX

13.46

11.1

38.2

1 145

43.34

43.34

43.34

43.34

40.96

37.49

35.76

S40

11.30

5.5

77.9

4 769

11.31

11.31

11.31

11.31

10.69

9.79

9.33

X80

15.28

7.6

73.7

4 261

17.60

17.60

17.60

17.60

16.63

15.22

14.52

160

21.36

11.1

66.6

3 489

28.43

28.43

28.43

28.43

26.86

24.59

23.46

XX

27.70

15.2

58.4

2 680

41.99

41.99

41.99

41.99

39.68

36.32

34.65

S40

16.09

6.0

102.3

8 213

9.92

9.92

9.92

9.92

9.38

8.58

8.19

X80

22.35

8.6

97.2

7 417

15.69

15.69

15.69

15.69

14.83

13.57

12.94

160

33.56

13.5

87.3

5 989

27.43

27.43

27.43

27.43

25.93

23.73

22.63

XX

41.06

17.1

80.1

5 034

36.60

36.60

36.60

36.60

34.59

31.66

30.19

S40

28.30

7.1

154.1

18 639

8.31

8.31

8.31

8.31

7.86

7.19

6.86

X80

42.61

11.0

146.3

16 817

14.22

14.22

14.22

14.22

13.43

12.30

11.73

160

67.54

18.2

131.7

13 633

25.88

25.88

25.88

25.88

24.46

22.39

21.36

XX

79.27

21.9

124.4

12 151

32.13

32.13

32.13

32.13

30.37

27.79

26.51

S40

42.58

8.2

202.7

32 275

7.57

7.57

7.57

7.57

7.15

6.55

6.25

X80

64.71

12.7

193.7

29 460

12.86

12.86

12.86

12.86

12.14

11.12

10.60

60.3

88.9

114.3

168.3

219.1

XX

107.94

22.2

174.6

23 950

24.51

24.51

24.51

24.51

23.17

21.20

20.22

160

111.37

23.0

173.1

23 520

25.51

25.51

25.51

25.51

24.11

22.07

21.05

S40

60.38

9.3

254.5

50 874

7.05

7.05

7.05

7.05

6.66

6.10

5.81

X60

81.55

12.7

247.7

48 169

10.23

10.23

10.23

10.23

9.68

8.86

8.44

160

172.50

28.6

215.9

36 610

25.77

25.77

25.77

25.77

24.35

22.29

21.26

73.95

9.5

304.8

72 966

6.12

6.12

6.12

6.12

5.79

5.30

5.05

97.51

12.7

298.5

69 957

8.59

8.59

8.59

8.59

8.12

7.43

7.08

160

238.99

33.3

257.2

51 956

25.51

25.51

25.51

25.51

24.11

22.07

21.05

10

54.72

6.4

342.9

92 347

3.35

3.35

3.35

3.35

3.17

2.90

2.77

S30

81.40

9.5

336.6

88 959

5.57

5.57

5.57

5.57

5.26

4.81

4.59

12.7

330.2

85 634

7.81

7.81

7.81

7.81

7.37

6.75

6.44

6.4

393.7

121 736

2.93

2.93

2.93

2.93

2.77

2.54

2.42

9.5

387.4

117 841

4.86

4.86

4.86

4.86

4.59

4.20

4.01

12.7

381.0

114 009

6.81

6.81

6.81

6.81

6.43

5.89

5.62

6.4

444.5

155 179

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.46

2.25

2.14

9.5

438.2

150 777

4.31

4.31

4.31

4.31

4.08

3.73

3.56

12.7

431.8

146 438

6.04

6.04

6.04

6.04

5.71

5.22

4.98

6.4

495.3

192 676

2.34

2.34

2.34

2.34

2.21

2.02

1.93

9.5

489.0

187 767

3.88

3.88

3.88

3.88

3.66

3.35

3.20

12.7

472.6

182 921

5.43

5.43

5.43

5.43

5.12

4.69

4.48

6.4

596.9

279 829

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.84

1.68

1.61

107.49

10

62.77

S30

93.33

S40

123.45

10

70.67

105.26

273.1

323.9

355.6

406.4

457.2

139.40

10

78.57

S20

117.19

X30

155.20

10

94.52

S20

141.04

9.5

590.6

273 907

3.23

3.22

3.22

3.22

3.05

2.79

2.66

187.11

12.7

584.2

268 048

4.55

4.51

4.51

4.51

4.26

3.90

3.72

508.0

609.6

Note: The above allowable working pressures are calculated from Fig. 17-23 using a reduction in tm to 87.5% of the wall thickness shown above to recognize mill
wall tolerance of 12.5%.

17-24

FIG. 17-27
Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping
Code for Pressure Piping ANSI B31.8-1982
Carbon Steel and High Yield Strength Pipe
(Values apply to A106, API 5L and API 5LX pipe having the same specified minimum yield strength as shown)
Allowable Working Pressures up to 120C, in MPa (ga)
Nom
Pipe
Size
in.

O.D.
mm

Wall
Thk.
mm

Construction Type Design Factors

Type A, F = 0.72*
GR.B
241.4

(STD)
60.3

88.9
(STD)

114.3
(STD)

168.3
(STD)

219.1
(STD)

10

273.1

(STD)

12

323.9

(STD)

3.9
5.5
3.2
4.0
4.8
5.5
6.4
7.1
7.6
3.2
4.0
4.8
5.6
6.0
6.4
7.1
7.9
8.6
4.0
4.8
5.6
6.4
7.1
7.9
9.5
11.0
4.0
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.4
7.0
7.9
8.2
8.7
9.5
11.1
12.7
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.4
7.1
7.8
8.7
9.3
11.1
12.7
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.4
7.1
7.9
8.4
8.7
9.5
10.3
11.1
12.7

Type B, F = 0.60

22.5
31.9
12.4
15.5
18.7
21.4
24.8
27.9
29.8
9.7
12.0
14.5
16.9
18.3
19.3
21.7
24.1
26.0
8.2
9.9
11.5
13.1
14.7
16.4
19.7
22.7
6.3
7.6
8.2
8.8
10.1
11.2
12.6
13.0
13.9
15.1
17.7
20.2
6.1
6.6
7.1
8.1
9.0
9.9
11.1
11.8
14.2
16.2
5.1
5.5
6.0
6.8
7.7
8.5
9.0
9.4
10.2
11.1
11.9
13.6

Type C, F = 0.50

GR.B
289.7

317.2

358.6

413.8

241.4

Type D, F = 0.40

GR.B
289.7

317.2

358.6

413.8

241.4

GR.B
289.7

317.2

358.6

413.8

241.4

18.8
15.7
26.6
22.2
20.7
10.3
8.6
12.9
10.8
15.6
13.0
17.9
14.9
20.7
17.2
23.3
19.4
24.8
20.7
11.6
12.7
8.0
9.7
10.6
6.7
8.0
8.8
14.5
15.8
10.0
12.0
13.2
8.4
10.0
11.0
17.4
19.1
12.1
14.5
15.9
10.1
12.1
13.3
20.3
22.2
14.1
16.9
18.5
11.8
14.1
15.4
22.0
24.1
15.3
18.3
20.0
12.7
15.3
16.7
23.2
25.4
16.1
19.3
21.2
13.4
16.1
17.6
26.0
28.5
18.1
21.7
23.8
15.1
18.1
19.8
28.9
31.7
20.1
24.1
26.4
16.7
20.1
22.0
31.2
34.2
21.7
26.0
28.5
18.1
21.7
23.8
9.8
10.8
12.2
6.8
8.2
9.0
10.1
5.7
6.8
7.5
8.4
11.8
13.0
14.6
8.2
9.9
10.8
12.2
6.8
8.2
9.0
10.2
13.8
15.1
17.1
9.6
11.5
12.6
14.2
8.0
9.6
10.5
11.9
15.7
17.2
19.5
10.9
13.1
14.4
16.2
9.1
10.9
12.0
13.5
17.6
19.3
21.8
12.2
14.7
16.1
18.2
10.2
12.2
13.4
15.2
19.6
21.5
24.3
13.6
16.4
17.9
20.2
11.4
13.6
14.9
16.9
23.6
25.9
29.2
16.4
19.7
21.6
24.4
13.7
16.4
18.0
20.3
27.2
29.8
33.7
18.9
22.7
24.8
28.1
15.7
18.9
20.7
23.4
7.5
8.3
9.3
5.2
6.3
6.9
7.8
4.4
5.2
5.7
6.5
9.1
10.0
11.3
6.3
7.6
8.3
9.4
5.3
6.3
6.9
7.8
9.8
10.8
12.2
6.8
8.2
9.0
10.1
5.7
6.8
7.5
8.4
10.6
11.6
13.1
7.4
8.8
9.7
10.9
6.1
7.4
8.1
9.1
12.1
13.2
15.0
8.4
10.1
11.0
12.5
7.0
8.4
9.2
10.4
13.4
14.7
16.6
9.3
11.2
12.2
13.8
7.8
9.3
10.2
11.5
15.1
16.5
18.7
10.5
12.6
13.8
15.6
8.7
10.5
11.5
13.0
15.6
17.1
19.3
10.8
13.0
14.2
16.1
9.0
10.8
11.8
13.4
16.6
18.2
20.6
11.6
13.9
15.2
17.2
9.6
11.6
12.7
14.3
18.1
19.9
22.5
12.6
15.1
16.5
18.7
10.5
12.6
13.8
15.6
21.2
23.2
26.2
14.7
17.7
19.3
21.9
12.3
14.7
16.1
18.2
24.2
26.5
29.9
16.8
20.2
22.1
24.9
14.0
16.8
18.4
20.8
7.3
8.0
9.0
5.1
6.1
6.7
7.5
4.2
5.1
5.5
6.3
7.9
8.6
9.8
5.5
6.6
7.2
8.1
4.6
5.5
6.0
6.8
8.5
9.3
10.5
5.9
7.1
7.8
8.8
4.9
5.9
6.5
7.3
9.7
10.6
12.0
6.7
8.1
8.9
10.0
5.6
6.7
7.4
8.3
10.8
11.9
13.4
7.5
9.0
9.9
11.2
6.3
7.5
8.2
9.3
11.9
13.0
14.7
8.3
9.9
10.9
12.3
6.9
8.3
9.1
10.2
13.3
14.6
16.5
9.3
11.1
12.2
13.8
7.7
9.3
10.2
11.5
14.2
15.5
17.5
9.8
11.8
12.9
14.6
8.2
9.8
10.8
12.2
17.0
18.6
21.0
11.8
14.2
15.5
17.5
9.8
11.8
12.9
14.6
19.4
21.2
24.0
13.5
16.2
17.7
20.0
11.2
13.5
14.8
16.7
6.2
6.7
7.6
4.3
5.1
5.6
6.3
3.6
4.3
4.7
5.3
6.6
7.3
8.2
4.6
5.5
6.1
6.9
3.8
4.6
5.1
5.7
7.2
7.8
8.9
5.0
6.0
6.5
7.4
4.1
5.0
5.4
6.2
8.2
9.0
10.1
5.7
6.8
7.5
8.4
4.7
5.7
6.2
7.0
9.2
10.1
11.4
6.4
7.7
8.4
9.5
5.3
6.4
7.0
7.9
10.2
11.2
12.6
7.1
8.5
9.3
10.5
5.9
7.1
7.8
8.8
10.8
11.8
13.4
7.5
9.0
9.9
11.1
6.2
7.5
8.2
9.3
11.2
12.3
13.9
7.8
9.4
10.3
11.6
6.5
7.8
8.6
9.7
12.3
13.4
15.2
8.5
10.2
11.2
12.7
7.1
8.5
9.3
10.5
13.3
14.6
16.4
9.2
11.1
12.1
13.7
7.7
9.2
10.1
11.4
14.3
15.7
17.7
10.0
11.9
13.1
14.8
8.3
10.0
10.9
12.3
16.4
17.9
20.2
11.4
13.6
14.9
16.9
9.5
11.4
12.4
14.1
* Type A construction also applicable to "Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping Code," ANSI B31.4-1979

17-25

12.5
17.7
6.9
8.6
10.4
11.9
13.8
15.5
16.6
5.4
6.7
8.1
9.4
10.2
10.7
12.1
13.4
14.5
4.5
5.5
6.4
7.3
8.2
9.1
10.9
12.6
3.5
4.2
4.5
4.9
5.6
6.2
7.0
7.2
7.7
8.4
9.8
11.2
3.4
3.6
3.9
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.2
6.6
7.9
9.0
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.8
4.3
4.7
5.0
5.2
5.7
6.2
6.6
7.6

289.7

6.4
8.0
9.7
11.3
12.2
12.9
14.5
16.1
17.4
5.5
6.6
7.7
8.7
9.8
10.9
13.1
15.1
4.2
5.0
5.5
5.9
6.7
7.4
8.4
8.6
9.2
10.1
11.8
13.4
4.1
4.4
4.7
5.4
6.0
6.6
7.4
7.9
9.4
10.8
3.4
3.7
4.0
4.5
5.1
5.7
6.0
6.2
6.8
7.4
8.0
9.1

317.2

7.0
8.8
10.6
12.4
13.4
14.1
15.8
17.6
19.0
6.0
7.2
8.4
9.6
10.7
12.0
14.4
16.6
4.6
5.5
6.0
6.4
7.4
8.2
9.2
9.5
10.1
11.0
12.9
14.7
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.9
6.6
7.2
8.1
8.6
10.3
11.8
3.7
4.0
4.4
5.0
5.6
6.2
6.6
6.8
7.5
8.1
8.7
10.0

358.6

6.8
8.1
9.5
10.8
12.1
13.5
16.2
18.7
5.2
6.3
6.8
7.3
8.3
9.2
10.4
10.7
11.4
12.5
14.6
16.6
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.7
7.4
8.2
9.2
9.7
11.7
13.3
4.2
4.6
4.9
5.6
6.3
7.0
7.4
7.7
8.4
9.1
9.9
11.2

413.8

FIG. 17-27 (Contd.)

Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping
Allowable Working Pressures up to 120C, in MPa (ga)
Nom
Pipe
Size
in.

O.D.
mm

Wall
Thk.
mm

Construction Type Design Factors

Type A, F = 0.72*

Type B, F = 0.60

GR.B
241.4

289.7

317.2

358.6

413.8

241.4

Type D, F = 0.40

GR.B
289.7

317.2

358.6

5.6
4.8
5.7
6.2
7.1
8.2
4.0
4.8
5.2
6.4
5.4
6.5
7.1
8.1
9.3
4.5
5.4
6.0
7.1
6.1
7.3
8.0
9.1
10.5
5.1
6.1
6.7
7.9
6.8
8.1
8.9
10.1
11.6
5.6
6.8
7.4
16
406.4
8.7
7.5
9.0
9.8
11.1
12.8
6.2
7.5
8.2
(STD)
9.5
8.1
9.8
10.7
12.1
14.0
6.8
8.1
8.9
11.1
9.5
11.4
12.5
14.1
16.3
7.9
9.5
10.4
12.7
10.9
13.0
14.3
16.1
18.6
9.1
10.9
11.9
15.9
13.6
16.3
17.8
20.2
23.3
11.3
13.6
14.9
6.4
4.3
5.2
5.7
6.5
7.4
3.6
4.3
4.8
7.1
4.9
5.9
6.4
7.3
8.4
4.1
4.9
5.4
7.9
5.4
6.5
7.1
8.1
9.3
4.5
5.4
5.9
8.7
6.0
7.2
7.9
8.9
10.2
5.0
6.0
6.6
(STD)
9.5
6.5
7.8
8.6
9.7
11.2
5.4
6.5
7.1
20
508.0
10.3
7.1
8.5
9.3
10.5
12.1
5.9
7.1
7.7
11.1
7.6
9.1
10.0
11.3
13.0
6.3
7.6
8.3
12.7
8.7
10.4
11.4
12.9
14.9
7.2
8.7
9.5
15.9
10.9
13.0
14.3
16.1
18.6
9.1
10.9
11.9
19.1
13.0
15.6
17.1
19.4
22.3
10.9
13.0
14.3
7.1
4.1
4.9
5.4
6.0
7.0
3.4
4.1
4.5
7.9
4.5
5.4
5.9
6.7
7.7
3.8
4.5
5.0
8.7
5.0
6.0
6.5
7.4
8.5
4.2
5.0
5.5
(STD)
9.5
5.4
6.5
7.1
8.1
9.3
4.5
5.4
5.9
24
609.6
10.3
5.9
7.1
7.7
8.7
10.1
4.9
5.9
6.4
11.1
6.3
7.6
8.3
9.4
10.9
5.3
6.3
6.9
12.7
7.2
8.7
9.5
10.8
12.4
6.0
7.2
7.9
15.9
9.0
10.9
11.9
13.4
15.5
7.5
9.1
9.9
19.1
10.9
13.0
14.3
16.1
18.6
9.1
10.9
11.9
7.1
3.8
4.5
4.9
5.6
6.4
3.1
3.8
4.1
7.9
4.2
5.0
5.5
6.2
7.2
3.5
4.2
4.6
660.4
8.7
4.6
5.5
6.0
6.8
7.9
3.8
4.6
5.0
(STD)
9.5
5.0
6.0
6.6
7.4
8.6
4.2
5.0
5.5
26
10.3
5.4
6.5
7.1
8.1
9.3
4.5
5.4
6.0
11.1
5.8
7.0
7.7
8.7
10.0
4.9
5.8
6.4
12.7
6.7
8.0
8.8
9.9
11.5
5.6
6.7
7.3
15.9
8.4
10.0
11.0
12.4
14.3
7.0
8.4
9.2
19.1
10.0
12.0
13.2
14.9
17.2
8.4
10.0
11.0
7.9
3.6
4.3
4.8
5.4
6.2
3.0
3.6
4.0
8.7
4.0
4.8
5.2
5.9
6.8
3.3
4.0
4.4
(STD)
9.5
4.3
5.2
5.7
6.5
7.4
3.6
4.3
4.8
762.0
10.3
4.7
5.6
6.2
7.0
8.1
3.9
4.7
5.2
30
11.1
5.1
6.1
6.7
7.5
8.7
4.2
5.1
5.6
12.7
5.8
7.0
7.6
8.6
9.9
4.8
5.8
6.3
15.9
7.2
8.7
9.5
10.8
12.4
6.0
7.2
7.9
19.1
8.7
10.4
11.4
12.9
14.9
7.2
8.7
9.5
* Type A construction also applicable to "Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping Code,"
Notes:

Type C, F = 0.50

GR.B
413.8

241.4

5.9
6.8
3.3
6.7
7.8
3.8
7.6
8.7
4.2
8.4
9.7
4.7
9.2
10.7
5.2
10.1
11.6
5.7
11.8
13.6
6.6
13.4
15.5
7.5
16.8
19.4
9.4
5.4
6.2
3.0
6.1
7.0
3.4
6.7
7.7
3.8
7.4
8.5
4.2
8.1
9.3
4.5
8.7
10.1
4.9
9.4
10.9
5.3
10.8
12.4
6.0
13.4
15.5
7.5
16.1
18.6
9.1
5.0
5.8
2.8
5.6
6.5
3.1
6.2
7.1
3.5
6.7
7.8
3.8
7.3
8.4
4.1
7.8
9.1
4.4
9.0
10.3
5.0
11.2
12.9
6.3
13.4
15.5
7.5
4.7
5.4
2.6
5.2
6.0
2.9
5.7
6.6
3.2
6.2
7.2
3.5
6.7
7.8
3.8
7.2
8.4
4.1
8.3
9.6
4.6
10.3
11.9
5.8
12.4
14.3
7.0
4.5
5.2
2.5
4.9
5.7
2.8
5.4
6.2
3.0
5.8
6.7
3.3
6.3
7.2
3.5
7.2
8.3
4.0
9.0
10.3
5.0
10.8
12.4
6.0
ANSI B31.4-1979

1. All dimensions are as shown

2. See Fig 17-24

17-26

GR.B
289.7
4.0
4.5
5.1
5.6
6.2
6.8
7.9
9.1
11.3
3.6
4.1
4.5
5.0
5.4
5.9
6.3
7.2
9.1
10.9
3.4
3.8
4.2
4.5
4.9
5.3
6.0
7.5
9.1
3.1
3.5
3.8
4.2
4.5
4.9
5.6
7.0
8.4
3.0
3.3
3.6
3.9
4.2
4.8
6.0
7.2

317.2
4.3
5.0
5.6
6.2
6.8
7.4
8.7
9.9
12.4
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.4
6.9
7.9
9.9
11.9
3.7
4.1
4.5
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.6
8.3
9.9
3.4
3.8
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.3
6.1
7.6
9.2
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.3
4.6
5.3
6.6
7.9

358.6
4.9
5.6
6.3
7.0
7.7
8.4
9.8
11.2
14.0
4.5
5.0
5.6
6.2
6.7
7.3
7.8
9.0
11.2
13.4
4.2
4.7
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.5
7.5
9.3
11.2
3.9
4.3
4.7
5.2
5.6
6.0
6.9
8.6
10.3
3.7
4.1
4.5
4.9
5.2
6.0
7.5
9.0

413.8
5.7
6.5
7.3
8.1
8.9
9.7
11.3
12.9
16.2
5.2
5.8
6.5
7.1
7.8
8.4
9.1
10.3
12.9
15.5
4.8
5.4
5.9
6.5
7.0
7.6
8.6
10.8
12.9
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
8.0
9.9
11.9
4.3
4.7
5.2
5.6
6.0
6.9
8.6
10.3

241.4
2.6
3.0
3.4
3.8
4.2
4.5
5.3
6.0
7.5
2.4
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.6
3.9
4.2
4.8
6.0
7.2
2.3
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.3
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
2.1
2.3
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.7
4.6
5.6
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.2
4.0
4.8

289.7
3.2
3.6
4.1
4.5
5.0
5.4
6.3
7.2
9.1
2.9
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.3
4.7
5.1
5.8
7.2
8.7
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.6
3.9
4.2
4.8
6.0
7.2
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.6
3.9
4.5
5.6
6.7
2.4
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.4
3.9
4.8
5.8

317.2
3.5
4.0
4.5
4.9
5.5
6.0
6.9
7.9
9.9
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.3
7.9
9.5
3.0
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.3
4.6
5.3
6.6
7.9
2.7
3.0
3.4
3.7
4.0
4.3
4.9
6.1
7.3
2.6
2.9
3.2
3.4
3.7
4.2
5.3
6.3

358.6
3.9
4.5
5.0
5.6
6.2
6.7
7.8
9.0
11.2
3.6
4.0
4.5
4.9
5.4
5.8
6.3
7.2
9.0
10.8
3.4
3.7
4.1
4.5
4.9
5.2
6.0
7.5
9.0
3.1
3.4
3.8
4.1
4.5
4.8
5.5
6.9
8.3
3.0
3.3
3.6
3.9
4.2
4.8
6.0
7.2

413.8
4.5
5.2
5.8
6.5
7.1
7.8
9.1
10.3
12.9
4.1
4.6
5.2
5.7
6.2
6.7
7.2
8.3
10.3
12.4
3.9
4.3
4.7
5.2
5.6
6.0
6.9
8.6
10.3
3.6
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.4
8.0
9.6
3.4
3.8
4.1
4.5
4.8
5.5
6.9
8.3

FIG. 17-28
Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings from ANSI B16.5-1981
CLASS

150

300

Material Group 1.1

600

(Carbon Steel)

900

1500

2500

A105 (1)(3), A216WCB (1), A51570 (1)

A51670 (1)
A350LF2, A537C1.1

See Notes

(a) (h)
(a) (g)
(d)

Pressures are in MPa (ga)

29 to 38
93
149
204
260
316
343
371
399
427
454
482
510
538

1.97
1.79
1.59
1.38
1.17
0.97
0.86
0.76
0.66
0.55
0.45
0.34
0.24
0.14

5.10
4.66
4.52
4.38
4.14
3.79
3.69
3.69
3.48
2.83
1.86
1.17
0.72
0.34

Material Group 2.1

29 to 38
93
149
204
260
316
371
427
454
482
510
538
566
593
621
649
677
704
732
760
788
816
Notes:

400

(a)
(d)
(f)
(g)
(h)

1.90
1.62
1.41
1.24
1.17
0.97
0.76
0.55
0.45
0.34
0.24
0.14

6.83
6.21
6.03
5.83
5.52
5.03
4.93
4.90
4.62
3.79
2.45
1.59
0.97
0.48

10.21
9.31
9.07
8.76
8.28
7.55
7.41
7.34
6.97
5.69
3.69
2.38
1.41
0.72

15.31
13.97
13.59
13.10
12.38
11.31
11.10
11.03
10.41
8.52
5.55
3.55
2.14
1.07

(Type 304)
4.97
4.14
3.66
3.24
3.00
2.86
2.79
2.72
2.69
2.66
2.59
2.24
2.14
1.79
1.34
1.07
0.76
0.59
0.41
0.34
0.24
0.17

6.62
5.52
4.86
4.34
4.03
3.83
3.72
3.62
3.59
3.52
3.45
2.97
2.83
2.38
1.79
1.41
1.00
0.76
0.59
0.45
0.31
0.21

9.93
8.28
7.28
6.48
6.03
5.72
5.55
5.45
5.38
5.31
5.17
4.45
4.28
3.55
2.69
2.14
1.52
1.14
0.86
0.62
0.48
0.34

14.90
12.41
10.93
9.72
9.03
8.59
8.34
8.14
8.03
7.93
7.76
6.66
6.38
5.31
4.03
3.21
2.28
1.69
1.28
1.00
0.72
0.48

25.55
42.55
23.28
38.79
22.62
37.72
21.86
36.41
20.66
34.41
18.86
31.45
18.52
30.86
18.38
30.62
17.38
28.97
14.21
23.66
9.24
15.38
5.93
9.86
3.55
5.93
1.79
2.97
A182F304 (5), A182F304H

A240304 (5)(6), A351CF8 (5)

A351CF3

24.83
20.69
18.21
16.21
15.07
14.31
13.90
13.59
13.41
13.24
12.90
11.10
10.66
8.86
6.76
5.31
3.79
2.83
2.14
1.66
1.17
0.83

(f)

41.38
34.48
30.34
27.03
25.10
23.86
23.17
22.62
22.34
22.07
21.52
18.52
17.72
14.79
11.24
8.86
6.31
4.72
3.55
2.76
1.97
1.38

permissible but not recommended for prolonged use above 425C

not to be used over 343C
not to be used over 425C
not to be used over 455C
not to be used over 540C

Additional Notes:

(1)
(3)
(5)
(6)

Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above about 800F (425C), the carbide phase of carbon steel may
be converted to graphite
Only killed steel shall be used above 455C
At temperatures over 540C, use only when the carbon content is 0.04 percent or higher
For temperatures above 540C, use only if the material is heat treated by heating it to a temperature of at least 1040C and quenching in water or rapidly cooling by other means

17-27

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and

Distribution

Piping

Systems,

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Data for Isothermal Two-Phase, Two-Component Flow in Pipes
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17-28