Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solution 5.4-1
R Cylinder
From Eq. (5-4): y emax r d2 d R d 2 2R d Substitute numerical values: emax 1 16 in. 2(24 in.) 1 16 in. 1300 10
6
Problem 5.4-2 A copper wire having diameter d 3 mm is bent into a circle and held with the ends just touching (see figure). If the maximum permissible strain in the copper is max 0.0024, what is the shortest length L of wire that can be used?
d = diameter L = length
Solution 5.4-2
Copper wire
d
d L
3 mm 2 r r
max
0.0024
285
286
CHAPTER 5
Problem 5.4-3 A 4.5 in. outside diameter polyethylene pipe designed to carry chemical wastes is placed in a trench and bent around a quartercircular 90 bend (see figure). The bent section of the pipe is 46 ft long. Determine the maximum compressive strain max in the pipe.
90
Solution 5.4-3
Polyethylene pipe
d
Angle equals 90 or /2 radians, r radius of curvature L L d L length of 90 bend 46 ft 552 in. 4.5 in. 2 r 4 r 2 emax r L 2 d 4L 2L emax y r d2 2L 6400 10
6
r r
radius
Problem 5.4-4 A cantilever beam AB is loaded by a couple M0 at its free end (see figure). The length of the beam is L 1.5 m and the longitudinal normal strain at the top surface is 0.001. The distance from the top surface of the beam to the neutral surface is 75 mm. Calculate the radius of curvature , the curvature , and the vertical deflection at the end of the beam. Solution 5.4-4 Cantilever beam
L A C B M0
A B L M0
Assume that the deflection curve is nearly flat. Then the distance BC is the same as the length L of the beam. sin u L r 1.5 m 75 m 0.02
L L
0
arcsin 0.02 0.02 rad (1 cos ) (75 m)(1 cos (0.02 rad)) 15.0 mm L NOTE: 100, which confirms that the deflection curve is nearly flat.
SECTION 5.4
287
Problem 5.4-5 A thin strip of steel of length L 20 in. and thickness t 0.2 in. is bent by couples M0 (see figure). The deflection at the midpoint of the strip (measured from a line joining its end points) is found to be 0.25 in. Determine the longitudinal normal strain at the top surface of the strip.
M0
M0
t L 2 L 2
Solution 5.4-5
The deflection curve is very flat (note that L/ and therefore is a very small angle. sin u L2 r sin u (1 L2 ( is in radians) r cos )
80)
L 2
L 2
r 1
cos cos
L 2r
inches):
0.2 in.
Solve numerically:
200.0 in.
500
10
Problem 5.4-6 A bar of rectangular cross section is loaded and supported as shown in the figure. The distance between supports is L 1.2 m and the height of the bar is h 100 mm. The deflection at the midpoint is measured as 3.6 mm. What is the maximum normal strain at the top and bottom of the bar?
h P P
L 2
L 2
288
CHAPTER 5
Solution 5.4-6
L 2
L 2
1.2 m
100 mm
3.6 mm
meters):
Note that the deflection curve is nearly flat (L/ 333) and is a very small angle. sin u u L2 r
50.00 m
L2 (radians) r r (1 cos u)
50 mm 50,000 mm
1000
10
Copper strip bent into a circle L 80 in. t 3/32 in. Substitute numerical values: smax (16,400 ksi)(3 32 in.) 80 in. 60.4 ksi
increases.
SECTION 5.5
289
Problem 5.5-2 A steel wire (E 200 GPa) of diameter d 1.0 mm is bent around a pulley of radius R0 400 mm (see figure).
(a) What is the maximum stress max in the wire? (b) Does the stress increase or decrease if the radius of the pulley is increased?
R0 d
Steel wire bent around a pulley d 1.0 mm R0 400 mm From Eq. (5-7): smax 400.5 mm Ey r (200 GPa) (0.5 mm) 400.5 mm 250 MPa
0.5 mm
Problem 5.5-3 A thin, high-strength steel rule (E 30 106 psi) having thickness t 0.15 in. and length L 40 in. is bent by couples M0 into a circular arc subtending a central angle 45 (see figure). (a) What is the maximum bending stress max in the rule? (b) Does the stress increase or decrease if the central angle is increased?
L = length t M0 M0
Solution 5.5-3
L
Thin steel rule bent into an arc Substitute numerical values: smax E t L 30 106 psi 0.15 in. 40 in. 45 0.78540 rad (30 106 psi) (0.15 in.) (0.78540 rad) 2 (40 in.) 44,200 psi 44.2 ksi
290
CHAPTER 5
Problem 5.5-4 A simply supported wood beam AB with span length L 3.5 m carries a uniform load of intensity q 6.4 kN/m (see figure). Calculate the maximum bending stress max due to the load q if the beam has a rectangular cross section with width b 140 mm and height h 240 mm.
q A B h
Simple beam with uniform load Substitute numerical values: smax 3(6.4 kN m)(3.5 m) 2 4(140 mm)(240 mm) 2 7.29 MPa
bh 6 3qL2 4bh2
Mmax S
Problem 5.5-5 Each girder of the lift bridge (see figure) is 180 ft long and simply supported at the ends. The design load for each girder is a uniform load of intensity 1.6 k/ft. The girders are fabricated by welding three steel plates so as to form an I-shaped cross section (see figure) having section modulus S 3600 in3. What is the maximum bending stress max in a girder due to the uniform load?
Solution 5.5-5
Bridge girder
q
L S Mmax
L
1.6 k/ft
smax smax
SECTION 5.5
291
Problem 5.5-6 A freight-car axle AB is loaded approximately as shown in the figure, with the forces P representing the car loads (transmitted to the axle through the axle boxes) and the forces R representing the rail loads (transmitted to the axle through the wheels). The diameter of the axle is d 80 mm, the distance between centers of the rails is L, and the distance between the forces P and R is b 200 mm. Calculate the maximum bending stress max in the axle if P 47 kN.
P A d R b L R
P B d
Solution 5.5-6
Substitute numerical values: smax 32(47 kN)(200 mm) (80 mm) 3 187 MPa
Problem 5.5-7 A seesaw weighing 3 lb/ft of length is occupied by two children, each weighing 90 lb (see figure). The center of gravity of each child is 8 ft from the fulcrum. The board is 19 ft long, 8 in. wide, and 1.5 in. thick. What is the maximum bending stress in the board?
Solution 5.5-7
Seesaw b q
h b
9.5 ft
Mmax
10,264 lb-in.
d L
d L
3420 psi
292
CHAPTER 5
Problem 5.5-8 During construction of a highway bridge, the main girders are cantilevered outward from one pier toward the next (see figure). Each girder has a cantilever length of 46 m and an I-shaped cross section with dimensions as shown in the figure. The load on each girder (during construction) is assumed to be 11.0 kN/m, which includes the weight of the girder. Determine the maximum bending stress in a girder due to this load.
50 mm
2400 mm 25 mm
600 mm
Solution 5.5-8
Bridge girder Mmax qL2 2 Mmax c I b1h3 1 12 1 (11.0 kN m)(46 m) 2 2 c h 2 1200 mm 11,638 kN m
tf
smax
h1 tw L h2
bh3 12
1 1 (0.6 m)(2.4 m) 3 (0.575 m)(2.3 m) 3 12 12 0.6912 m4 0.5830 m4 0.1082 m4 smax Mmax c I (11,638 kN m)(1.2 m) 0.1082 m4 129 MPa
L q b tf h1 b1
Problem 5.5-9 The horizontal beam ABC of an oil-well pump has the cross section shown in the figure. If the vertical pumping force acting at end C is 8.8 k, and if the distance from the line of action of that force to point B is 14 ft, what is the maximum bending stress in the beam due to the pumping force?
C 0.875 in.
0.625 in.
20.0 in.
8.0 in.
SECTION 5.5
293
Solution 5.5-9
PL (8.8 k)(14 ft) 123,200 lb-ft 1,478,400 lb-in. Mmax c I b1h3 1 12 1 (7.375 in.)(18.25 in.) 3 12 1,597.7 in.4 c h 2 10.0 in.
smax
P L h1 tw h2
bh3 12
L P b tf h1 b1
14 ft 8.8 k 8.0 in. h 20.0 in. 0.875 in. tw 0.625 in. h 2tf 18.25 in. b tw 7.375 in.
smax
Mmax c I
9250 psi
Problem 5.5-10 A railroad tie (or sleeper) is subjected to two rail loads, each of magnitude P 175 kN, acting as shown in the figure. The reaction q of the ballast is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the length of the tie, which has cross-sectional dimensions b 300 mm and h 250 mm. Calculate the maximum bending stress max in the tie due to the loads P, assuming the distance L 1500 mm and the overhang length a 500 mm.
P a L
P a b h q
17,500 N m 21,875 N m
M2
21,875 N m
m3
Mmax
BENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAM
M1 0 M2 M1
7.0 MPa
M1 M2
q L 2 2 P
qa2 2
Pa2 L 2a a
2
L P (2a 4
L 2a 2 L)
PL 2
2
PL 2
294
CHAPTER 5
Problem 5.5-11 A fiberglass pipe is lifted by a sling, as shown in the figure. The outer diameter of the pipe is 6.0 in., its thickness is 0.25 in., and its weight density is 0.053 lb/in.3 The length of the pipe is L 36 ft and the distance between lifting points is s 11 ft. Determine the maximum bending stress in the pipe due to its own weight.
s L
Solution 5.5-11
s L
d1 d2
L s
36 ft 11 ft
d2 d1 4
6.0 in. d2 2t (d 2 2 d 2) 1
I q
0.23935 lb/in.
150 in.
BENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAM
0 M1 M2 M1
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS smax smax Mmax c I c d2 2 3.0 in. 432 psi
M1 M2 Mmax
2,692.7 lb-in.
qa2 2 qL L 4 2
(Tension on top)
SECTION 5.5
295
Problem 5.5-12 A small dam of height h 2.0 m is constructed of vertical wood beams AB of thickness t 120 mm, as shown in the figure. Consider the beams to be simply supported at the top and bottom. Determine the maximum bending stress max in the beams, assuming that the weight density of water is 9.81 kN/m3.
h t
Solution 5.5-12
h RA
x L
RA
B q0
q0 L 6
h t
Let b width of beam perpendicular to the plane of the figure Let q0 q0 gbh maximum intensity of distributed load S bt 6
2
Mmax
For the vertical wood beam: L Maximum bending stress smax Mmax S 2q0 h2
q0 L L 6 3
q0 L3 6L 3 3
q0 L2
h; Mmax
q0 h2
2gh3 3 3 t2
3 bt 2
2.10 MPa
NOTE: For b 1.0 m, we obtain q0 19,620 N/m, S 0.0024 m3, Mmax 5,034.5 N m, and Mmax/S 2.10 MPa max
296
CHAPTER 5
Problem 5.5-13 Determine the maximum tensile stress t (due to pure bending by positive bending moments M) for beams having cross sections as follows (see figure): (a) a semicircle of diameter d, and (b) an isosceles trapezoid with bases b1 b and b2 4b/3, and altitude h.
b1 C d (a) C b2 (b) h
64)r4
(9
72 2d 3 768M (9 2 64)d3
64)d 4 1152
4b 3 From Appendix D, Case 8: b1 b b2 IC h3 (b2 4b1b2 b2 ) 1 2 36(b1 b2 ) 73bh3 756 c st h(2b1 b2 ) 3(b1 b2 ) Mc IC 360M 73bh2 10h 21
30.93
M d3
Problem 5.5-14 Determine the maximum bending stress max (due to pure bending by a moment M) for a beam having a cross section in the form of a circular core (see figure). The circle has diameter d and the angle 60. (Hint: Use the formulas given in Appendix D, Cases 9 and 15.)
SECTION 5.5
297
Solution 5.5-14
Iy r d 2
r4 4
r4 2
ab r2 b
2 a
2ab3 r4
r sin b
d sin b 2
radians Iy d 64
4
d4 64 d4 64 d4 64
d 32 2
4
radians b b b b
r sin
sin b cos b
d4 32 2 d4 32 2
r cos
576M (8 3 9)d
10.96
M d3
d4 32 2
d4 (4b 128
sin 4b)
1 sin 4b 4
Problem 5.5-15 A simple beam AB of span length L 24 ft is subjected to two wheel loads acting at distance d 5 ft apart (see figure). Each wheel transmits a load P 3.0 k, and the carriage may occupy any position on the beam. Determine the maximum bending stress max due to the wheel loads if the beam is an I-beam having section modulus S 16.2 in.3
P C
Solution 5.5-15
P x A d
Substitute x into the equation for M: L d P S 24 ft 288 in. 5 ft 60 in. 3k 16.2 in.3 Mmax P L 2L d 2 2
RA
d 2 2 30 in.) 2
P (2Lx L d
2x2 ) 0 x L 2 d 4
P (2L L
298
CHAPTER 5
Problem 5.5-16 Determine the maximum tensile stress t and maximum compressive stress c due to the load P acting on the simple beam AB (see figure). Data are as follows: P 5.4 kN, L 3.0 m, d 1.2 m, b 75 mm, t 25 mm, h 100 mm, and h1 75 mm.
t P A d B h h1
Solution 5.5-16
c1 C
h1
P b d
5.4 kN 75 mm 1.2 m
L t h
3.0 m 25 mm 100 mm h1 75 mm
MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS st Mmax c2 IC 43.9 MPa MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS sc Mmax c1 IC 73.2 MPa (3888 N m)(0.0625 m) 3.3203 106 mm4
62.5 mm 3.3203
106 mm4
Problem 5.5-17 A cantilever beam AB, loaded by a uniform load and a concentrated load (see figure), is constructed of a channel section. Find the maximum tensile stress t and maximum compressive stress c if the cross section has the dimensions indicated and the moment of inertia about the z axis (the neutral axis) is I 2.81 in.4 (Note: The uniform load represents the weight of the beam.)
SECTION 5.5
299
Solution 5.5-17
2.81 in.4
c1
0.606 in.
20 lb/ft B
5.0 ft
Mmax
A 3.0 ft 8.0 ft
c2
2.133 in.
8.0 ft 2
y z C
MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS Mc1 (19,680 lb-in.)(0.606 in.) st I 2.81 in.4 4,240 psi MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS sc Mc2 I (19,680 lb-in.)(2.133 in.) 2.81 in.4
14,940 psi
Problem 5.5-18 A cantilever beam AB of triangular cross section has length L 0.8 m, width b 80 mm, and height h 120 mm (see figure). The beam is made of brass weighing 85 kN/m3. (a) Determine the maximum tensile stress t and maximum compressive stress c due to the beams own weight. (b) If the width b is doubled, what happens to the stresses? (c) If the height h is doubled, what happens to the stresses?
A B
b h L
Solution 5.5-18
Triangular beam
q y b z L h/3 2h h 3
0.8 m b 85 kN/m3 g bh 2
80 mm
120 mm
Compressive stress:
t t c
gbhL2 4
(b) WIDTH b IS DOUBLED No change in stresses. (c) HEIGHT h IS DOUBLED Stresses are reduced by half.
bh3 36
c1
Tensile stress: st
300
CHAPTER 5
Problem 5.5-19 A beam ABC with an overhang from B to C supports a uniform load of 160 lb/ft throughout its length (see figure). The beam is a channel section with dimensions as shown in the figure. The moment of inertia about the z axis (the neutral axis) equals 5.14 in.4 Calculate the maximum tensile stress t and maximum compressive stress c due to the uniform load.
160 lb/ft A B 10 ft C
5 ft
y z C
Solution 5.5-19
A L 10 ft
B b 5 ft
z C
st sc
M1c2 Iz M1c1 Iz
(13,500 lb-in.)(2.496 in.) 5.14 in.4 (13,500 lb-in.)(0.674 in.) 5.14 in.4
Iz c1 RA M1 M2
5.14 in.4 0.674 in. c2 2.496 in. 600 lb RB 1800 lb 1125 lb-ft 13,500 lb-in. 2000 lb-ft 24,000 lb-in.
st sc
M2c1 Iz M2c2 Iz
(24,000 lb-in.)(0.674 in.) 5.14 in.4 (24,000 lb-in.)(2.496 in.) 5.14 in.4
11,650 psi
Problem 5.5-20 A frame ABC travels horizontally with an acceleration a0 (see figure). Obtain a formula for the maximum stress max in the vertical arm AB, which has length L, thickness t, and mass density .
L
A t a0 = acceleration B C
SECTION 5.5
301
Solution 5.5-20 L t
length of vertical arm thickness of vertical arm mass density a0 acceleration Let b width of arm perpendicular to the plane of the figure Let q inertia force per unit distance along vertical arm VERTICAL ARM
t
N s2/m4
q q
rbta0 bt 2 6
Mmax smax
qL2 2 Mmax S
rbta0 L2 2 3rL2a0 t
USCS UNITS: L
max
ft
a0
Problem 5.5-21 A beam of T-section is supported and loaded as shown in the figure. The cross section has width b 2 1/2 in., height h 3 in., and thickness t 1/2 in. Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the beam.
P = 625 lb L1 = 4 ft q = 80 lb/ft
1
t = in. 2 t = in. 2
h= 3 in.
L2 = 8 ft
L3 = 5 ft
b = 2 in. 2
Solution 5.5-21
P L1 A
Beam of T-section
q B C qL2 3 2
BENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAM
M1 RA L1 9,000 lb in.
L2 RA
RB
L3
BENDING MOMENT
M2
12,000 lb in.
AT CROSS SECTION OF MAXIMUM POSITIVE 5 ft 60 in. st M1c2 IC 4,320 psi sc M1c1 IC 8,640 psi
L1 P
t b
c2
PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS SECTION b 2.5 in. h 3.0 in. t 0.5 in. A bt (h t)t 2.50 in.2 c1 2.0 in. c2 1.0 in. IC 25 4 in. 12 2.0833 in.4
st
M2c1 IC
11,520 psi
sc
M2c2 IC
5,760 psi
8,640 psi
302
CHAPTER 5
Problem 5.5-22 A cantilever beam AB with a rectangular cross section has a longitudinal hole drilled throughout its length (see figure). The beam supports a load P 600 N. The cross section is 25 mm wide and 50 mm high, and the hole has a diameter of 10 mm. Find the bending stresses at the top of the beam, at the top of the hole, and at the bottom of the beam.
10 mm A 50 mm B 12.5 mm
P = 600 N L = 0.4 m 25 mm
37.5 mm
Solution 5.5-22
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT THE NEUTRAL AXIS (THE z AXIS) All dimensions in millimeters. Rectangle: Iz Ic Ad 2 1 (25)(50) 3 (25)(50)(25 12 260,420 Hole: Iz Ic Ad 2 878 261,300 mm4 24.162) 2
24.162) 2
PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS SECTION A1 area of rectangle (25 mm)(50 mm) A2 area of hole (10 mm) 78.54 mm 4 area of cross section A1 A2 1171.5 mm2
2 2
1250 mm2
STRESS AT THE TOP OF THE BEAM Mc1 (240 N m)(25.838 mm) s1 I 246,800 mm4
25.1 MPa (tension) STRESS AT THE TOP OF THE HOLE My s2 y c1 7.5 mm 18.338 mm I s2 (240 N m)(18.338 mm) 246,800 mm4
Using line B-B as reference axis: Ai yi y A1(25 mm) A2(37.5 mm) 28,305 mm3
24.162 mm
c2 c1
24.162 mm c2 25.838 mm
50 mm
STRESS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE BEAM Mc2 (240 N m)(24.162 mm) s3 I 246,800 mm4
SECTION 5.5
303
Problem 5.5-23 A small dam of height h 6 ft is constructed of vertical wood beams AB, as shown in the figure. The wood beams, which have thickness t 2.5 in., are simply supported by horizontal steel beams at A and B. Construct a graph showing the maximum bending stress max in the wood beams versus the depth d of the water above the lower support at B. Plot the stress max (psi) as the ordinate and the depth d (ft) as the abscissa. (Note: The weight density of water equals 62.4 lb/ft3.)
Side view
Top view
Solution 5.5-23
A t
Vertical wood beam in a dam h t 6 ft 2.5 in. 62.4 lb/ft3 Let b width of beam (perpendicular to the figure) Let q0 intensity of load at depth d q0 bd MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS 1 2 Section modulus: S bt 6 smax q0 smax Mmax S bd gd 3 1 t2
h d B
q0
6 q0 d 2 B 1 6 bt 2 d L
d L
ANALYSIS OF BEAM
q0
L RA
RB x0 MC
RA L
RB
h 6 ft q0 d 2 6L q0 d 3 6 d d B 3L RA (L
d L d) q0 d 6
2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES: d depth of water (ft) (Max. d h 6 ft) L h 6 ft 62.4 lb/ft3 t 2.5 in. psi max smax (62.4)d 3 1 (2.5) 2 d 6 9d d d 9B 18 d
max
2d d 3LB 3L
2d d R 3LB 3L
0.1849d 3 (54
1
2d)
RA
d L
d (ft) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(psi)
x0 RB
Mmax MC
1000 750
830 psi
max (psi)
Mmax
q0 d 2 1 6
d L
2d d 3LB 3L
500 250 0 1 2 3
d (ft)