53416490 PHẦN I

PHN I
GII THIU TI
Chng I
TNG QUAN V TI IU KHIN V GIM ST TO NH BNG VI X L 89C51
I. Yu cu ca ti: Trong cuc sng hin ti, khoa hc k thut pht trin rt nhanh, nhng cng c ra i s gip gii phng s lao ng tr c: nghin cu, ci tin, sng to. Ch tiu ca khoa hc k thut l lm sao nng cao c cht lng v hiu sut cng vic, hu nh cng ngh t ng ra i l p ng nhu cu . Cho nn, em nghin cu v ti iu khin gim st nh cao tng dng vi x l 89C51 qua mng RS-485. Cc kt vi x l ny c th hot ng hon ton c lp theo mt chng trnh lp sn. Bn cnh , chng cn c th c gim st v iu khin cc thit b trong tng phng thng qua gi lnh n ng kt vi x l cn iu khin thi hnh lnh . Ngoi vic iu khin cc thit b dng in trong phng, ta cn c th m bo an ninh cho tng phng bng h thng pht hin chy, pht hin trm bng cm bin quang. Mt chuyn gia v cng ngh nh thng minh ( Home Automation ) Kenne P.Wacks vit mt bi bo gii thiu v ngi nh thng minh nh sau: Hn 6 nm qua, mt cng ngh mi gi l cng ngh nh thng minh c nghin cu v pht trin. Cng ngh ny s to nn mt th h mi ca cc thit b cung cp cho ngi dng chng. Nhng cng ngh trc cng vi khi nim ngi nh thng minh sau ny s to nn nhng sn phm v loi hnh dch v mi m trong tng lai. Mt s t cc cng ty ang gii thiu v ngi nh t ng. Mt vi cng ty ln v cc vin nghin cu ang thm d cng ngh mi nhng y tim nng ny. Mng truyn thng trong nh s cung cp nhng c s h tng lin kt cc thit b cm bin, b iu khin v bng iu khin trong nh. iu ny s tr nn kh thi bng cch to ra s pht trin cng ngh truyn thng trong nhng ngi nh t ng. Trong ngi nh thng minh t thit b khng ch cp n cc dng c trong nh bp, thit b video/audio, cc h thng c th dch chuyn , cc thit b chiu sng, thit b si m, lm lnh, h thng an ninh... Cng ngh ny s bt n xanh cho cc cng ty nghin cu cho ra i nhng sn phm v hnh thc dch v mi. Cc sn phm ny s c chung im tng ng no hay l nhng thuc tnh tng t nhau. Cc thuc tnh l: Vai tr ca cc thit b trong nh thng minh: hu ht cc thit b trong nh u c v bng nha hay kim loi. Mt vi thit b vn hnh c lp vi cc thit b khc. Tuy nhin cng c nhng dng c cn c mt thit b khc iu khin n. Cc thit b trong ngi nh thng minh u c th truyn d liu. Ta s nhm cc thit b ny li chung mt nhm. V d: h thng an
ninh, h thng Audio/Video. Trong tng lai cc h thng ny c th cho php my git hay my ra chn yu cu b phn nung nng nc, chun b nc nng khi chng cn n. S hp nht cc chun truyn thng: cc thit b trong tng lai u c mt chun truyn thng chung, c cng dy ni c bit. Tiu chun ca ngi nh thng minh l s lm nh bt i cng vic ca cc nh sn xut v vic phi sng ch ra giao thc truyn thng v cung cp cc ng dy dn d liu. Yu cu ca ti m em c giao: Thit k phn cng mch bo chy t ng. Mch ng lc iu khin thit b dng in bng vi x l. Mch pht hin trm bng cm bin: dng LED hng ngoi. Mch giao tip my tnh ca tng vi x l. Lp trnh giao tip bng ngn ng visual basic. II. Hng thc hin ti thc hin c phn cng m bo yu cu nh trn, em thit k mch m phng cm bin quang pht hin trm v cm bin quang m ngi ra vo phng. Do mch cm bin chy c gi tr rt cao nn em dng mt IC o nhit m phng. l IC nhit LM 335. Dng vi x l 89C51 iu khin mch ng lc ng tt cc thit b. Chun truyn thng ni tip thng dng hin nay l RS-232C, tuy nhin chun truyn thng ny ch dng truyn s liu trn khong cch ngn (15m). Nn c th truyn d liu t kit vi x l v my tnh khong cch xa hn ta dng chun RS-485. chuyn i t chun RS-232C sang chun RS-485 ta cn phi c mt mch in chuyn i.
3 TXD RTS RXD Max 232 75176 Kit vi x l II Kit vi x l I
PC
7 2
S khi mch kt ni gia my tnh v cc kit vi x l S khi mch chuyn i nh sau:
( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Trang 2
Kit vi x l em thit k c nhng chc nng sau: o nhit hin ti trong phng hin th ln LED 7 on, ngoi chc nng o nhit , mch ny cn thay th cho cm bin chy. Khi nhit trn IC LM335 tng ln, ty theo tng mc c lp sn trong chng trnh m n s bo chung, hay s gi d liu v my tnh cho bit trng thi hin ti trong phng theo giao thc truyn d liu theo kiu hi vng. Ngoi ra, mch cn c chc nng m s ngi i ra hay vo phng. Trong phng m bo tnh t ng hon ton s khng c cng tc in ca nhng thit b m vi x l c th iu khin. Nu s ngi trong phng ln hn hay bng 1 th vi x l s gi mt tn hiu n mch ng lc kch ng cc thit b nh qut, my lnh, n. Nu ngi trong phng l khng th vi x l s gi mt tn hiu n mch ng lc tt cc thit b trong phng. Tuy nhin, trn mch c hai nt nhn hay mt s nt nhn ngi trong phng c th iu khin c tn hiu hi tip v cho nn vi x l s nhn bit cc thit b ang ng hay m. Khi ngi dng nhn nt tng ng th ty vo trng thi ca thit b m vi x l s kch ng hay ngt thit b . Phn ny s lm cho mch c linh ng, khng tun theo chng trnh phn mm ci sn mt cch cng ngt. Gi s khi nhit ngoi tri gim xung khong 15oC th cng khng cn bt my lnh lm g . Tuy nhin, vi x l c nhn thy c ngi trong phng l n s ng ngun cho my lnh hot ng. Ngi trong phng c th tt my lnh bng nt nhn trn mch vi x l. Ta c th khc phc c nhc im ny bng cch vit chng trnh cho vi x l so snh nhit hin ti trong phng vi nhit chun ( 15oC chng hn ). Nu nhit o c b hn 15oC th s tt my lnh i. Do mch s dng ADC 0809 sai s tng i khng nhiu, tuy nhin do mch gia cng tn hiu ra ca IC nhit LM335 cho nn nhit cng thp th p ra cng nh v ADC s i ra sai s tng i cao. Sai s ny l do mch gia cng gy ra ng thi cng thm sai s ca chnh bn thn ADC 0809. Cho nn khng m bo rng mch hot ng ng nh thit k nhit nh hn 15oC. Mch cm bin quang dng pht hin trm t nhng thit b hay dng c cn gn gi. III. Vn kt ni mng Thut ng mng tr nn rt quen thuc khi mng thng tin Internet ngy cng tr nn rt gn gi vi con ngi chng ta. Nu qun l thit b trong phng theo phng php thng thng s khng kinh t v tit kim. Ta
cn phi lm sao tit kim cho c cng nhiu cng tt. Cho nn trnh lng ph ta nn iu khin cc thit b bng my tnh. Ch cn mt nhn vin cng c th tt hay m thit b trong tng phng. Nu ta tt cc thit b bng tay th s khng kinh t, khi khch ra khi phng m qun tt cc thit b th s lng ph rt nhiu nng lng in. Tit kim c phn nng lng hao ph ta s gip cho vic gim gi thnh khi kinh doanh cho thu phng chng hn. My tnh c kh nng ng tt cc thit b thng qua vi x l, ng lu tr trng thi cc thit b trc .
PC
RXD RTS TXD
Khi chuyn i RS-485 sang R-232 B A
Khi chuyn i Khi chuyn i mc TTL sang RSmc TTL sang RS485 485 iu RXD iu RXD TXD TXD khin khin Kit vi x l phng 1 Kit vi x l phng 2
Khi chuyn i mc TTL sang RS485 iu RXD TXD khin Kit vi x l phng 3
S khi mch kt ni gia my tnh v cc kit vi x l

Chng II
GII THIU V CC MCH BO CHY
Cm bin da vo cc c tnh vt l ca vt liu, cc hin tng vt l chuyn i cc i lng phi in thnh cc tn hiu in n gin trong qu trnh o lng v tnh ton. M t ton hc ca cc cm bin l mt hm truyn c k hiu l H. Phng trnh m t cm bin c biu din nh sau: i lng ra (in)=H x i lng vo (phi in) Cc c tnh chun ca cm bin: _ nhy. _ n nh _ Nhiu (c kh nng hot ng trong mi trng c tn hiu gy nhiu hay nhiu do chnh cm bin sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng). _ Tm o . _ tuyn tnh (cm bin c tuyn tnh cng cao cng tt). H thng bo chy thng gm 3 loi mch bo chy thng dng: _ Mch bo chy nhit. _ Mch bo chy khi. _ Mch bo chy la. Hu ht cc linh kin in t u c c tnh nhit thay i theo nhit . Nhng lm cm bin ta ch chn vt liu c nhy cao v hm truyn tt m thi. y l loi cm bin tng i phc tp v tinh vi, s dng cc linh kin in t chuyn dng. Cc linh kin in t ny c kh nhiu trn th trng linh, kin Vit Nam hin nay. N s dung nguyn tc dng hay p trn cc linh, kin ny s thay i khi nhit ti ni t thit b thay i. Ty theo loi m c th s tng hay gim cc i lng in theo nhit . Loi cm bin ny rt nhy nhng n s rt gy ra tnh trng bo ng nhm khi c mt ngun nhit gn cm bin. V d nh thn nhit con ngi chng hn.
I.
Chuyn i nhit in :
Chuyn i nhit in l nhng chuyn i da trn cc qu trnh nhit nh t nng, lm lnh, trao i nhit Thc t khi o lng cc i lng khng in theo phng php in thng dng hai hin tng, ( l hiu ng nhit in v hiu ng thay i nhit tr ca dy dn hay cht bn dn khi nhit thay i. Tng ng vi hai hin tng trn, ngi ta phn thnh hai loi: chuyn i cp nhit in v chuyn i nhit in tr.
1. Chuyn i cp nhit in:
a. Nguyn l lm vic ca cp nhit in : ch yu da trn

hai hin tng sau: Nu hai dy dn khc nhau ni vi nhau ti hai im 1 v 2, v mt trong hai im ( v d ta ly ti im 1) c t nng th trong mch s xut hin mt dng in gy bi sc in ng gi l sc in ng nhit in, l hiu s cc hm s nhit ET = f(t1)- f(t2) Mch in nh cn gi l cp nhit in hay cp in ngu. im c t nng gi l u cng tc ( im 1 ), im cn li gi l u t do( im th 2 ) l hng s f(t2)=const th: ET = f(t1) C Biu thc trn l c s ca php o nhit bng cp nhit in. Theo phng php ny, vic o nhit t1 s dn n vic o sc in ng ca cp nhit in khi gi c nh nhit u t do ca n. Vt liu dng ch to cp nhit in ngu cn m bo cc yu cu sau: quan h gia sc in ng nhit in vi nhit l mt hm n tr, tnh cht nhit in khng thay i, bn ha hc v c hc phi cao, dn nhit tt, c tr s sut in ng nhit ln. Cp nhit in c ni vi nhau bng phng php hn c bit v t trong thit b bo v nhm trnh b n mn ha hc, thit b ny c ch to t vt liu bn c hc, khng thm kh, khng b n mn. Thit b trn thng l cc ng c ch to bng thp c bit. i vi cp nhit in qu , ng bo v ch to bng thch anh v gm. cch in ngi ta dng Amian (3000C ), ng thch anh ( vi 10000C ) hoc ng s n 1400C. Ta bit rng phng trnh bin i ca cp nhit in trong trng hp chung, mt cch gn ng c th biu din di dng : ET =A.t+B.t2 +C.t3 ET : l sc in ng nhit . T: hiu nhit gia u cng tc v u t do. A, B, C :cc hng s ph thuc vo vt liu ca dy lm cp nhit in. V nhy ca n c tnh nh sau: ST A+2Bt +3Ct nhy khng phi l hng s m ph thuc vo nhit . Do vy cc cp nhit in cng nghip thng cho trc mt bng sc in ng ng vi cc nhit khc nhau trong khong 10C vi u t do 00C.
. Nhng nguyn nhn gy sai s v hiu chnh cho ng:
c. Chuyn i nhit in tr: Nhit in tr l chuyn i c in tr thay i theo s thay i nhit ca n. Ty theo tc dng nhit ca dng in cung cp chy qua chuyn i ngi ta phn ra: nhit in tr t nng v nhit in tr khng t nng. Trong nhit in tr khng t nng dng in chy qua rt nh khng lm tng nhit ca in tr v nhit ca n bng nhit mi trng. Nhit in tr loi ny dng o nhit v cc i lng c hc nh o s dch chuyn. Nhit in tr t nng, dng in chy qua rt ln lm nhit ca n tng ln cao hn nhit mi trng , nn c s ta nhit ra mi trng xung quanh. Nhit in tr loi ny c dng trong vic o lu lng, lu tc ca dng chy, phn tch cc cht ha hc Nhit in tr c ch to bng dy hoc cht bn dn. Yu cu i vi vt liu ch to l c h s nhit ln, bn ha hc, in tr sut rt ln, kh nng chy gim tn hao nhit dn, chiu di ca nhit in tr cn phi ln hn ng knh dy gp nhiu ln . 2. Cc loi cm bin nhit: a. Thermocouples: Thermocouples bin i i lng nhit thnh dng in hay in p DC nh. N gm c hai dy kim loi khc nhau ni vi nhau ti hai u mi ni. Khi cc mi ni c t ti cc v tr khc nhau, trong dy dn xut hin sc in ng. Sc in ng ny t l vi chnh lch nhit gia hai u mi ni. Thermocouples c h s nhit dng. b. Thermistor: Thermistor l in tr c nhy nhit rt cao nhng phi tuyn v c h s nhit m. in tr gim phi tuyn i vi s tng nhit v Thermistor l in tr nn dng in qua n sinh ra nhit gy nn sai s rt ln. Do phi hn ch dng qua n rt nh. c. in tr d nhit (RTDs): Cm bin loi ny da vo c tnh tr ph thuc nhit ca vt liu. N c h s nhit dng nh, nhng o rt chnh xc. d. IC cm bin nhit bn dn: IC cm bin bn dn kt hp vi mch gia cng bn trong. Nh IC c th to tn hiu in p ra t l vi nhit tuyt i, vi nhy nhit v chnh xc cao. IC loi ny kh ph bin trn th trng hin nay. Vi IC thng dng hin nay l LM335.
.
Mch pht hin khi ( dng cm bin quang hay cm bin ion ):
1.
Mch pht hin khi dng phng php quang ( cm bin quang):
Loi ny c s dng linh kin thu pht quang . Ngi ta s dng linh kin pht quang ( LED hng ngoi ) chiu mt tia sng qua vng cn bo v v mt linh kin thu quang ( Photodiode, Phototransistor, quang tr). Khi c khi bay ln vng cn bo v s che chn hay lm yu i cng nh sng chiu vo linh kin thu. Khi cng nh sng thay i n mt gi tr no th b cm bin s nhn dng c v pht ra tn hiu bo ng. a. in tr quang: in tr quang l mt linh kin bn dn th ng khng c lp chuyn tip PN. Vt liu ch to in tr quang l Cds (Cadmiun Sulfid) , CdSe (Cadmiun Selenid ), ZnS ( Zine Sulfid ) hoc cc tinh th khc. Khi b chiu nh sng, dn in ( in dn sut ) ca vt liu bn dn gia tng do cc ht mang in tch c gia tng ra thm. s=e(nmn + pmp ) n v p : l mt electron v l trng mn , mp : l di ng ca electron v l trng Vi phng trnh trn dn in c th gia tng nh hai cch: _ Gia tng mt cc ht mang in tch. _ Gia tng di ng hiu dng. Cc c tnh quan trng ca mt in tr quang : in tr quang c ba c tnh quan trng: dn sut ( sphot ): L hm s ca mt nng lng u vi di sng khng thay i ca nh sng : sphot (u); l=const. nhy ca quang tr i vi quang ph: chnh l s thay i dn sut sphot hm s ca l khi mt nng lng khng thay i : u= const Srel()= Vn tc lm vic: ()
phot phot max
Vn tc lm vic l thi gian hi p ( Reponse times) ca mt quang tr khi c s thay i t sng sang ti hay t ti sang sng (rise ). Thi gian ln c xc nh l thi gian cn thit quang tr t 65 % tr s cui cng khi c chiu sng t 0 lux sang 10 lux. Thi gian tr c xc nh l khong thi gian cn thit mt quang tr thay i cn 35% gi tr ca n (so vi lc c chiu sng khong 10 lux trong 1 s) khi khng cn c chiu sng. Vi cng nh sng mnh, quang tr lm vic nhanh hn. Quang tr c khuynh hng lm vic chm i khi tri lnh. Quang tr lm vic chm hn
nu c ct gi trong bng ti v lm vic nhanh hn nu c ct gi ngoi nh sng. Cc c tnh quan trng khc ca in tr quang: Ting n NEP. H s nhit ca quang tr in tr ti ( Dark Reasistance ) c tnh dc in th hot ng Cng sut tiu tn cao nht nhy R[VW-1) in tr quang vi s gia tng di ng mn,p in tr quang vi vt liu khng pha tp cht 1. Mch pht hin khi dng nguyn l ion (cm bin ion): Di tc dng ca cc tia phng x v tia Rnghen, cht kh (khi ) s b ion ho. Nu bnh ion ho c t mt in p th cc in t v ion s chuyn ng c hng v khi s to thnh dng in ion. Khi c dng in s kch hot tn hiu bo ng. Dng ion ph thuc vo in p t ln bnh, tnh cht ca tc nhn ion, mi trng ion ha, vt liu ca thnh bnh v cc vt th khc nm trn ng i ca cc tc nhn ion ha. Cc tc nhn ion ha l cc tia phng x nh tia a, tia b, tia g, tia Ronghen. Chuyn i ion ha c th nhiu loi khc nhau, song bt k loi no cng cn c ngun phng x v thit b thu cc sut phm ca qu trnh ion ha to thnh dng in. Thit b gi l b thu bc x. B thu bc x c nhim v bin i nng lng bc x ht nhn thnh in nng. B thu bc x da vo hin tng ion ha cc tia phng x i qua n hoc da vo hin tng ion ha cht kh khi cho tia phng x i qua n hoc da vo hin tng pht quang ca mt s cht di tc dng ca nng lng bc x ht nhn. C ba loi bnh thu bc x: Bnh ion ha . My m phng in trong cht kh. My m nhp nhy. Trong hnh c tnh Volt Ampere ca bnh ion ha v cu to ca mt bnh ion ha bng tia a. Dng quang in thng rt nh( 10-3 _10-7 )mA. in p t ln in cc cao p ( v bnh) c hng nghn Volt, dng in ion ly qua cc li c khuch i bng cc b khuch i o lng. trnh dng in r, cch in gia cc cc li v v (cc cao p) phi t ti (108 1013 ) MW, v th in cc li c bc bi cc bo v ni t vi mch o lng thu dng in r t cc cao p. Ngi ta s dng mt lng nh cht phng x ion ha khng kh trong hp cm bin. Khng kh b ion ha s dn in v to thnh mt dng
in chy gia hai in cc c np in. Khi cc phn t khi lt vo trong vng cm nhn c ion ha s lm tng in tr trong vng cm nhn v lm gim lung in gia hai in cc. Khi lung in gim xung ti mt gi tr no th b cm bin s pht in v pht tn hiu bo ng. Ni chung th loi cm bin pht hin khi kiu ion ha nhy hn v hiu qu hn loi dng cc linh kin quang in t, nhng linh kin v vt liu rt kh kim. Loi pht hin khi dng quang d t nhy hn nhng linh kin rt d tm v lp t tng i d dng. Tuy nhin c hai loi ny c th bo ng nhm do bi hay khi lan vo. Cho nn khi thit k cn phi xem xt v qui nh nng khi nht nh thit b hot ng chnh xc.
III.
Mch pht hin chy :
Di tc ng ca cc dng nh sng vi bc sng thch hp chiu vo Catot, in t i t Catot b bn ra, to thnh dng in. Chuyn i quang in c phn chia thnh ba loi: 1. T bo quang in: L phn t quang in s dng hiu ng quang in ngoi. l mt n chn khng hay c kh m Catot ca n s pht ra cc in t di tc dng ca dng nh sng. 2. Quang in tr: L loi chuyn i quang in da vo hiu ng quang in. in tr ca mt vi cht bn dn thay i di tc dng ca dng nh sng. Cc cht c hiu ng quang in trong mch l mui Sunfil Cadmi, 3. Photo diode: L chuyn i quang in, di tc dng ca nh sng, lp kha ca mt s mt ghp cc cht bn dn s tr thnh ngun dng in. Vi hiu ng quang in, ta c th pht sinh mt in p lp chuyn tip pn, khi lp chuyn tip ny c chiu sng. Ty theo chc nng v cu trc, c th phn Photodiode thnh nhiu loi: Diode quang pn. Diode quang pin. Diode quang loi Schockley. Diode quang vi cc hiu ng khc. Photodiode c dng vi mch khuch i c tng tr cao: Rt tuyn tnh. t nhiu. Di tn rng. Nh v c sc bn c hc. Tui th cao.
IV.
o nhit bng thch anh:
Mt ng dng c in ca thch anh l thc hin b dao ng c vng ln, ch ph thuc vo nhit . Vi tinh th thch anh c phng tinh
th xc nh trc n c trng cho s thay i nhit nh hng tn s dao ng. Ngc li, khi dng lm cm bin o nhit , thch anh c phng tinh th lm sao cho tn s dao ng gn nh tuyn tnh vi nhit tinh th ca thch anh. Cm bin ny rt chnh xc v nhy, mt khc vic xc nh nhit dn n vic m tn s c hai iu li: _ Vic o rt chnh xc. _ Vic chuyn i ra dng s rt d dng vi thng tin lin quan n tn s. 1. Cng hng c ca thch anh: Trong tinh th thch anh c ct theo dng tit din vung, tam gic hoc trn, cc c tnh ph thuc vo dng hnh hc, v kch thc ca chng cng nh phng tinh th. Thch anh l mt cht p in. Trong trng hp mt phng thu in tch thng gc vi trc in s xut hin cc in tch tri du trn mt phng. l hiu ng p in trc tip. _ Mt s thay i b dy ca bn thch anh, nn li hoc b ra ty thuc theo du ca in p khi a vo cc b mt, l hiu ng p in ngc. _ Mt bn thch anh c th xy ra cc dao ng c lin quan n cc loi bin dng khc nhau: s ko di ra, un cong, ct. Tn s dao ng c xc nh bi dng thc hnh hc, kch thc v phng ca tinh th v c th din t bi cng thc sau:
f = n l c
c: ln n hi, ph thuc vo phng tinh th. r: Trng lng ring ca thch anh. l: Kch thc ca bn thch anh theo phng truyn ng. n: S nguyn ; 1<n <5. Khi p vo hai mt ca bn thch anh 1 in p xoay chiu tn s bng vi tn s dao ng c th, hiu ng p in ngc xy ra ko theo s dao ng ca bn thch anh. Nh th c th xy dng mt hin tng dao ng c in vi s bin i tun hon nng lng c ra nng lng in v ngc li, v nng lng mt mt rt b. H s phm cht Q c trng cho hin tng cng hng c c:
Nng lng c hoc in cc i Q = 2 x Nng lng tiu tn tun hon
i vi bn thch anh, Q c gi tr rt cao, thng t 104 n 105. Phng ca dao ng thch anh so vi trc ca tinh th xc nh lc ct. Th d:
_ Lc ct X gi l mu Curie: 2 bn cc thng gc vi trc X. mt in p xoay chiu c p vo 2 mt i din, bn dao ng c th dao ng theo chiu di v 2 tn s cng hng quan trng l: f1 =
2860 e
va
f2 =
2860 ; f tnh bng KHz. l
e v l : B dy v b rng ca bn tnh bng mm _ Lc ct At, hai mt bn cc quay chung quanh trc X v to thnh mt gc gn bng 350 so vi trc Z, bn dao ng c th dao ng theo lc ct b dy v tn s dao ng c tr gi:
f = n. 1675 e
; f:KHz
n: s nguyn 5 _ Vi nhng lc ct khc c s dng : Tn s dao ng c lun lun t l nghch vi1 trong nhng kch thc ca chng. Cc in cc cho php t mt in p vo bn dao ng, n c cu to bi thanh kim loi t tip xc vi bn dao ng. Chung quanh tn s cng hng c, v phng din in bn thn thch anh c th c biu th bng mt lng cc cu to bi hai nhnh song song.
L R C
C0
Mt nhnh L, R, C. Cc phn t ny c gi tr c xc nh bi c tnh hnh hc, c kh v tinh th ca bn dao ng v c ln: L: T vi H n 104H C: T 10-2 pF n 10-1 pF R: T vi KW n vi chc KW. _ Mt nhnh gm in dung C0 l in dung c hnh thnh bi cc in cc kim loi c gi tr khong: 1 n 100 pF, t s C/C0 c gi tr tng qut t 10-2 n 10-3 . Lng cc ny c th c hai tn s cng hng in: _ Cng hng ni tip ca nhnh L,R ,C tn s fs: fs= 2 LC _ Cng hng song song, gia C0 v nhnh L, C, R tn s fp: fp= 2 CL. 1 (1 + C / C 0)
1
Cc tn s ny rt gn nhau: (fp-fs)/fs = C/2C0 2. nhy nhit: Tt c s thay i nhit ko theo 1 s thay i kch thc ca bn dao ng, trong lng ring v h s n hi, kt qu: _ Mt s thay i tn s cng hng c: f =
n l c
_ Mt s thay i cc gi tr thnh phn L,C, R c trng ca bn dao ng, v phng din in . Mt cch tng qut: f(T)=f0(1+ aT+bT2+ cT3);T:0C Cc h s a, b, c ty thuc lc ct bn dao ng. Vi lc ct LC ( tuyn tnh ) v nguyn tc cc h s b v c bng 0. nhy nhit ca tn s cng hng l mt hng s:
S= f /f0 = aT+ bT2 +cT3 ;vi f=f(T)-f0 `
Vi a=35,45.10-6/0C v f0= 28,208 MHz th: S=1000Hz/0C Lc ct LC thng dng i vi bn thch anh dng lm cm bin o nhit . 3. Cch thc hin nhit k v o: Nhit k c thc hin bng cch t bn thch anh bn trong hp thp cha Helium mc ch lm tng s dn nhit thch anh v hp. Thch anh c ni vi cc phn t tc ng nh dy cp v s to nn dao ng vi tn hiu o em: em=EmcosWm t vi Wm= 2 fm fm=f0+ f v f=S(T-T0)=ST khi T0 =00C Vi mch dao ng chun bng thch anh, to nn tn hiu chun er tn s f0 c lp vi mi trng. er=ErcosW0t(W0=2 f0) Cc tn hiu em, er c a vo mch thay i tn s, mch nhn chng hn, s to nn tn hiu V0 : V0=Kemer=E0[ cos(Wm-W0)t+cos (Wm+W0)t] Vi mt mch lc thng thp qua n gii hn tn s cao u ra: V0=E0cos(Wm-Wr)t=E0 cos 2. . f.t Mt b m tn s cho php xc nh tn s f v vi S bit c, s bit T= f/S.
c tnh o lng ca tinh th thch anh :
f =a.f0 T
_ Khong o:-80 n 2500C. _ Khong cch tuyn tnh: 0,05% khong o.

_ nhy : 1000Hz/0C. _ Kh nng o:0,00010C. _ nhanh: hng s thi gian nhit 2,5 giy trong nc c vn tc 2m/giy.
PHN II
THIT K MCH IU KHIN GIM ST NH CAO TNG DNG VI X L 89C51

A. Thit k mch :
I. Tng quan v ti:
1. S lc v ti: Trn c s thit k mt thit b bng c in t c th to thnh ngi nh thng minh khi gn thit b ny vo. Nh vo b x l trung tm m thit b ny c th hot ng mt cch chnh xc theo chng trnh lp sn. Trong ngi nh cng c nhiu thit b thng minh th cng lm cho cuc sng tin nghi hn. Do tnh mm do ca b x l trung tm nn ta c th np li chng trnh iu khin cho n ty theo tng nhu cu ng dng ring bit, cng nh c th cho php 1 hay nhiu thit b cng hot ng khi n gi nh sn. n, qut gi v my lnh s t ng bt ln khi c ngi vo phng. My un nc nng, my git s t ng hot ng khi n gi quy nh. H thng ti cy trong vn cng c iu khin t thit b ny. Ca gara s t m ra khi xe va n trc cng v cng t ng li khi xe ra khi gara. Do s hn ch v thi gian cho nn em ch thit k mch c mt s tnh nng nu trn: _ n v qut gi bt ln khi c ngi vo nh.
_ n v qut gi tt khi ngi trong nh i ra ngoi ht. _ Pht hin nguy c gy ra ha hon v pht tn hiu chung bo ng. _ o nhit hin ti trong phng v hin th ln panel. _ C kh nng pht hin trm xm nhp v pht tn hiu chung bo ng. Nh theo yu cu ca ti: tt c cc kit vi x l s c gim st v c th ra lnh t my tnh. My tnh truyn lnh cn vi x l thi hnh n ng kit vi x l m n cn tc ng. C th l lnh yu cu tt n , qut, hay l yu cu gi d liu t phng, nhit , n tt hay m, bao nhiu ngi trong phng. Theo l thuyt, th cc thnh vin trong mt h thng mng u c th lin kt d liu vi nhau bng cch thng qua Master l PC. Nhng do mng trong ti em thit k khng cn tc cao v cng khng c nhu cu trao i d liu gia cc kit vi x l ring l, cho nn em dng phng php hi vng t PC. Qua , PC s ln lt hi vng tun t qua tng kit vi x l. D liu t PC gi v kit vi x l gm c cc byte yu cu cng thm hai byte thm vo: mt byte u tin xc nh a ch ni n, byte tip theo s xc nh ni dung giao tip gia vi x l v PC, chng hn gi nhit , s ngi trong phngChng trnh giao din v iu khin truyn s liu dng ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic 6.0
P C
RS-485
BUS
RS-485
RS-485
KIT VI X L PHNG 1
KIT VI X L PHNG 2
S khi ton b h thng iu khin v gim st ngi nh
Kit vi x l trong phng 1 v phng c cng s khi nh sau
Mch ng lc ng ct cc thit b
Vi x l Atmel 89C51
Mch hin th nhit
Mch hi tip trng thi thit b
Cm bin quang
Mch gia cng tn hiu o
Mch ngun
IC o nhit S khi kit vi x l
2. Chc nng ca tng khi: a. Vi x l 89C51: y l b x l trung tm ca mch t ti tng phng trong ngi nh. 89C51 l loi IC c kh x l v iu khin theo mt chng trnh lp sn v c kh nng thc hin cc yu cu gi n t my tnh. Vi x l 89C51 trong mch thit k c th thc hin cc chc nng nh sau: _ Pht tn hiu bo ng bng chung khi pht hin c trm xm nhp. _ o nhit trong phng v hin th ln mt panel t trong phng, khi nhit trong phng kh cao th n s ra lnh bt my iu ha nhit hay qut gi hot ng. _ Khi pht hin c nguy c ha hon n s bo ng bng chung, sau n s ngt CB ca ngun in. _ Bt n ln khi c ngi vo phng. _ Tt n khi ngi trong phng ra ngoi ht. b. Khi cm bin quang: Dng to mt tn hiu a v vi x l, ty theo mc ca tn hiu ny m thit b s bit c c trmg xm nhp hay khng. c. Khi hin th nhit : Khi ny c dng mt panel hnh ch nht c gn trn tng phng, nhit trong phng s c hin th trn panel ny. d. Mch ng lc: Dng ng cc thit b, nhn tn hiu kch ng t vi x l. . Mch hi tip trng thi cc thit b:
Da vo mc ca tn hiu hi tip v m vi x l s bit c thit b no ang bt, thit b no ang tt.
II. Thit k phn cng

1. Mch cm bin quang: S mch nh sau:
V CC U1 R 3 3 3 0 R5 220 L E D TH U L ED P HA T R 4 1 00 R 6 1 k 3 2 R7 1 k + A D 741 ZE N E R 5 .1 V 6
IN T 0
Bnh thng khng c g che chn gia LED pht v LED thu th p ra s l 5V. Khi c vt che chn gia LED pht v LED thu th mch s cho ra p l 0V. Do khi LED thu dn th p ri trn R4, ch t 1V 1,5V nn ta phi m thm mch khuch i dng OPAMP. Ty theo c tnh ca tng con LED pht v LED thu m p t trn tr 100 ohm s khc nhau. Bnh thng p t trn in tr 100 ohm l 1V, dng mch khuch i OPAMP p 5V a vo vi x l. m bo rng p a tr v vi x l s khng ln hn 5V( trnh h vi x l khi ta t p vo ln hn p hot ng cu n), ta mc thm mt Diode Zenner n p 5.1V vo ng ra ca mch khuch i. Tnh ton mch khuch i: Dng qua LED: 10 mA 20 mA gip cho LED hot ng c lu di. Dng cc i m ta c th a vo chy qua LED l 20 mA. Thng
thng trong tnh ton mch n gin ta c cho dng chy qua LED l 15 mA. Khi LED dn, p trn LED s nm trong khong t 1,7-2V. Cho nn dng qua LED: ILED = 330
52
= 9 mA
Khi LED thu dn, dng qua LED ILEDTHU =

52 =9mA 320
Ap a vo mch khuch i LM741: Vin = I LED thu x100 = 1 V p ra LM 741 ng 5V khi LED thu dn ta chn h s khuch i nh sau: AV =1+ RI /RF RI /RF =5 =6
Chn Rf = 2.2 kW RI = 5*2.2 = 11 kW Khi mch chy bo ha th p ra trn Diode Zenner 5V l: Vout = Vin x A
1 x 5 = 5V
Ta dng Zenner 5.1V n p ng ra n nh mc 5V. Bnh thng, LED pht phtlin tc, khi khng c vt che chn gia LED pht v LED thu th p ra mch khuch i s ng 5 V. Vi x l s nhn bit y l trng thi mc cao (tch cc). Nu c vt che chn gia LED pht v LED thu th p ra s khng phi chnh xc l 0 V, m c th t 0 V 2V. Nm trong tm in p ny th vi x l s pht hin ra y l mc khng tch cc (mc thp ). Tn hiu ny a vo chn INT0 ca vi x l. Ta s thit lp ch hot ng ngt cnh xung. Ngha l c s chuyn i t 5V sang 0V th mch s xy ra 1 ngt. thit lp ch ny ta dng lnh sau gn cho vi x l: SETB IT0 Lnh ny s cho php vi x l p ng ngt theo cnh xung ca tn hiu p a vo chn INT0. 2. Mch m phng cm bin quang pht hin ngi:
V CC
R 2 4 .7 K S W 1
R 1 4 .7 K P 1 .0 U 2A
C A M B IE N Q U A N G 1 S W 2
1 2 7408
IN T 1
C A M B IE N Q U A N G 2
P 1 .1
Thng thng pht hin ngi i vo hay i ra ta dng mt cm bin quang. Cch ny thng dng d lp t nhng n khng phn bit c ngi vo ngi ra. N ch c th nhn bit c ngi thng qua s thay i trng thi u vo l mc cao hay mc thp. Bn cnh , cn c mt nhc im na l s gy cho chng trnh chy sai khi c ngi v hnh ng chn ngang cm bin quang trong khong thi gian tng i lu. Lc vi x l s hiu rng c rt nhiu ngi ra vo n s b m lm . khc phc tnh trng ny ta dng cng lc hai cm bin quang t cch nhau mt khong cch xc nh. Da vo s thay i trng thi ca cm bin quang no trc, cm bin quang no sau ta s nhn bit c ngi ra hay vo phng. Phng php ny rt hiu qu, nhng cng c th khng nhn ra s ngi mt cch chnh xc nh ta mong mun. Gi s khi c hai ngi cng sng bc th cm bin quang ch pht hin ra mt ngi m thi. Ta cng c th khc phc tnh trng ny bng cch thit k ca sao cho ch cho mt ngi qua lt m thi. Chc nng mch m ngi c em thit k nh sau: khi c mt cm bin quang tc ng s lm cho p trn chn INT1 chuyn t 1 sang 0. Vi x l s nhy n chng trnh ngt kim tra gia hai chn P1.0 v P1.1 xem chn no xung mc 0 trc: Nu P 1.0 tc ng trc, P1.1 tc ng sau th ta s nhn bit c ngi vo. Nu P1.1 tc ng trc th ta nhn bit c ngi ra. Bnh thng khi khng nhn cc SW1 v SW2 th INT1 trng thi tch cc. Khi mt trong hai nt nhn SW1 v SW2 c nhn tc l c mt chn a vo IC 7408 xung mc 0. Cho nn p sau khi qua 7408 s l mc 0 (do IC 7408 l IC thc hin chc nng logic AND). Ty thuc vo ta nhn nt nhn no trc, nt nhn no sau, vi x l s pht hin ngi ra hay vo m x l chng trnh iu khin. 3. Mch ng lc ng ct thit b: S nguyn l mch ng lc nh sau:
+1 2V
1 1 1 0ohm , 3 W 2
D4
12
D IE U K H IE N D E N 2 4N 26
R2 2 .2 K
1 Q1 1 2
2 1
1 3 3 0
6 5 1 D2 D3 2 3 VCC U1 R5 22k A D 741 2 3 3 R4 1 k Q2 1 2 6 5 4 R3 1 k 4N 26 2
JP 1
R1
D5 U1
D1
2 1
K2
P 1 .3
6 R6 5 .1 V 22k U2
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch nh sau: Khi cn ng n th vi x l s t chn iu khin n ln mc tch cc. Khi Opto s dn lm cho Phototransistor dn bo ha, p VC1 0.2V, s ko theo Q1 dn. Khi Q1 dn s cho php r le ng. Khi Relay ng th n s c cp ngun: n sng. Do mch thit k da trn nguyn tc kim tra p trn n s bit n ng hay m. Khi n c ng bng Relay in tr cng sut RW s chia p trn n, do in tr cng sut mc ni tip n nn n sng th trn in tr cng sut s c p. Ap ny sau khi qua cu Diode chnh lu s c a tr v vi x l. Tnh ton mnh nh sau: R1 = 330 W : m bo dng qua Opto nh Opto hot ng tt. R2 = 2.2 k gim dng gip cho Phototransistor c hot ng bnh thng, khng ri vo tnh trng qu dng. Diode D5 dng x dng in cm ng trong cun dy Relay khi ta kick ngt Relay. in tr cng sut RW, do n dng thit k cho mch c cc thng s nh mc nh sau: U = 220 V P = 10 W I = 0.046 A Ta cn ly p ra trong khong 5 V, nn chn RW nh sau: RW x I = 5 V RW = 5/0.046 =110 W Chn RW = 120 W, 5 W Sau khi qua cu chnh lu, p ny s thnh p DC, nu cn ta dng t 1000m cho p ra c thng. Qua b m LM741 cho p ra n nh th tn hiu ni tip v c a vo mt chn ca vi x l. Nguyn nhn ti sao khi thit k mch ng lc ng ngt ngun ta dng ngun +12V ring v dng Opto kch. Do khi relay ng ngt s gy ra nhiu in t, nhiu ny s nh hng trc tip ln ngun cung cp cho vi x l. N s lm cho p cp cho vi x l c dng gai p. Nu khng truyn s liu v my tnh th iu ny khng quan trng. Nhng ta thit k mch c truyn d liu nn cn phi dng ngun ring v Opto trnh gy nhiu s nh hng n vic truyn d liu. ng thi Opto cng thc hin vic cch ly mch gia 2 kit cho nn mch s hot ng tt hn. Mch khuch i Opamp dng n nh p hi tip v khi c nhiu thit b mc trn cng ng dy. Khi dng s gim v p t vo in tr cng sut cng gim theo. m bo mch hot ng tt ta dng mch khuch i p sau dng Diode Zenner n p mc +5V a vo vi x l. 4. Mch ngun cung cp:
Mch ngun thit k trn nguyn tc to ra ngun i: +/-12V, +/-5V. c th c nh vy ta dng bin p loi 6 u ra: 0V, 6V, 9V, 15V, 18V v 24V. Ta s dng im chun 12V l mass. Cho in xoay chiu i qua 2 cu Diode chnh lu.
220V
Nn dng
Lc p
IC n p
Lc b Cc gn Sng
5V -5V +12 V -12V
S khi ngun cung cp cho cc kit vi x l Mch dng p li chnh lu thnh dng mt chiu bin p chn loi 3A. Cu Diode s chnh lu p xoay chiu thnh dng mt chiu. B phn nm dng l t 220 mF (25V), n s lm cho dng DC c thng hn. Lc p gip gim i cc gn sng cao tn. IC n p l cc h IC: 7805 ( n p +5V), 7905 (n p 5), 7912 (n p 12V), v 7812 ( n p +12). Do mch khng dng n cng sut ln nn khng cn dng n transistor b tr dng cho mch. Vi cc Diode chnh lu chn loi 3A, th cc IC n p s hot ng tt. Ta nn gng thm tm ta nhit cho 4 IC n p ny. V khi IC cng nng th p ra s khng n nh v c nguy c cht IC. 5. Mch hin th nhit bng LED 7 on: hin th nhit o c ta dng cc LED 7 on hin th. Dng IC 74247 gii m sang LED 7 on. Mch hin th c ni vi Port 2 ca vi x l. 4 bit thp ca Port2 dng cho gii m LED, 4 bit dng to tn hiu chn LED. Ta dng phng php qut hin th LED. Thi gian gia hai ln qut cch nhau 1ms m bo cho LED sng. LED c chn dng LED Anode chung.S mch kch nh sau:
T IN H IE U C H O N L E D
R2 1 k
R1 1 0k 2
1 A 1 01 5
3 8 5
7S E G 3 8 . g f e d c b a
IC gii m LED
74247

10 9 1 2 4 6 7
Khi tn hiu chn LED = 0, Transistor Q1s dn n VC Vcc =5V, tng ng vi p LED sng. Tn hiu chn LED =1 (+5 V) th transistor s ngng dn, cc LED s tt v khng c p. 6. Cng tc ng ngt thit b theo yu cu: Mch ny m phng chc nng ca 1 cng V CC tc ng ngt thit b. Khi SW3 khng c nhn th P2.7 mc cao. Vi x l s kim tra chn P2.7=0 ngha l ta nhn nt SW R 3 4 .7 K th n s thc hin mt chng trnh con c S W 3 nhim v ng n khi n ang tt, v tt P 2 .7 D I E U K H IE N D E N n khi n ang ng. y l phn thit k thm gip cho mch phn cng v ngay c chng trnh phn mm iu khin mt cch linh ng khng qu cng. Nu cho vi x l lm nhim v m ngi v ng m n hay thit b khc th ngi dng khng th can thip v cng khng th thay i g c chng trnh iu khin lp trnh sn trong ROM vi x l. Mch phn cng thit k c phn hi tip trng thi ca cc thit b. Cho nn chng trnh iu khin cng khng c g gy ra phc tm lm. Thit b ng, tn hiu hi tip v mc 1 (+5V), thit b ngt tn hiu hi tip v l mc 0(0V). Nu ta nhn nt SW3, v tn hiu hi tip v ang l mc 0 th vi x l hiu rng l yu cu ng thit b. N s xut tn hiu ng Relay cp ngun cho thit b. Ngc li, nu tn hiu hi tip v ang l mc 1 th vi x l s hiu l yu cu ngt thit b v n s kch ngt relay. Ta cng c th thit k phn cng thc hin phn ny cho vi x l thc hin t cng vic n phi lm. Nu ch dng mt nt nhn yu cu ng hay ngt thit b th vi x l s phi x l chng trnh. Ta thit k hai nt nhn tng t nh th v quy nh nt no nhn l ng, ngt thit b. 7. Mch chung Chung dng pht tn hiu bo ng khi c s c: cm bin nhit pht hin xy ra ha hon hay c trm chng hn. Ty theo tng s kin m vi x l s kch chung ku di ngn khc nhau: Pht hin trm: reo lin tc. Nu nhit ln gn 100oC: chung reo 3 hi, mi hi 5 giy v cch nhau gia 2 ln l 1 giy. Nhit nm trong tm bo ng 2: chung reo 2 hi, mi ln cch nhau 1 giy v di 5 giy mi hi. Do mch chung tiu th dng kh ln, nn ta phi dng mt relay kch ng ngt mch chung. Dng ln s gy cht transistor khi ta dng transistor li mch chung m khng phi dng relay. 8. Mch giao tip my tnh qua mng RS-485
Thng thng cc h vi x l c ng truyn thng theo mc TTL. V cc thit b u cui khc (DTE ) c cng truyn thng l RS_232. c th ni mng cc thit b ny ta phi chuyn t TTL ,RS_232 sang RS_485. thc hin vic chuyn i ny c rt nhiu vi mch trn th trng , nhng h vi mch ca hng MAXIM l ph bin nht hin nay. l MAX 481 , MAX 483, MAX 485 , MAX 487 ,MAX 488, MAX 489 , MAX 490, MAX 1487. Tiu biu l vi mch MAX 485 , n chuyn t mc TTL sang RS_485 , truyn theo phng php Half_Duplex.
Bn trong mi vi mch cha mt b pht (Driver) v mt b thu. c im : RS _485 l chun giao tip ni tip bt ng b cn bng, s truyn thng tin trn dy xon i bn song cng ( Half _ duplex) , ngha l ti mt thi im bt k trn dy truyn ch c th l mt thit b hoc l truyn hoc l nhn. RS_485 cho php 32 b truyn trn bus. RS_485 c ng ra 3 trng thi. RS_485 cho php tc truyn ti a l 2.5Mbps.
S chn ca MAX_485:
Chn DIP/SO mMAX 1 3 Tn RO Chc nng Ng ra b thu : Nu A > B l200mV, RO l cao.
2 3
4 5
/RE DE
4 5 6 7 8
6 7 8 1 2
DI GND A B Vcc
Chc nng ca cc ng iu khin : Truyn :

/RE X X 0 1 Tn hiu vo DE 1 1 0 0
Nu A < B l 200mV , RO l thp. Cho php ng ra b thu : RO c cho pho khi /RE l thp. RO l tr khng cao khi /RE l cao. Cho php ng ra li : Cc ng ra li A v B c cho php khi DE cao. Cc ng ra li A v B l tr khng cao khi DE thp. Nu nhng ng ra li c cho php th tng ng c chc nng nh lcc ng li. Khi chng l tr khng cao , chc nng ca chng nh l cc ng thu ca b thu nu /RE l thp. Ng vo b li : DI thp th A thp v B cao DI cao th Acao v B thp. Ni mass. Ng vo v thu v ng ra b li u khng o. Ng vo b thu v ng ra b li u o. Ngun cung cp dng 4.75V Vcc 5.25V
Tn hiu ra DI 1 0 X X B 0 1 High Z High Z A 1 0 High Z High Z
Nhn
/RE 0 0 0 Tn hiu vo DE 0 0 0 A-B 200 mV 200 mV Ng vo h mch Tn hiu ra RO 1 0 1
High Z
S mng half_ duplex RS485:

R 2 4 3 1 2 D I D E R O R E M A X 485 6 7 6 M A X 485 7 M A X 485 6 7 1 20 R1 1 20 7 6 R E RO D E DI 2 1 3 4
A B
B A
M A X 485
A 4 3 DI DE
RO RE
DI DE
4 3
1 2
S mng RS485 Full_Duplex:

U 4 4 5 2 3 D E D I R O R E M A X 489 Y Z A B 9 1 0 1 2 1 1 R 2 1 20 R4 1 20 R1 1 20 R 3 1 20 1 1 1 2 1 0 9 U4 B A Z Y M A X 489 R E RO DI D E 3 2 5 4
10
12
11
1 2 11 B RE U 4 M A X 489 10 Z DI RO A 12
M A X 489 RO DE RE DE DI
U4
RO RE
tng di cp truyn , ta c th dng b repeater nh sau:
chiu
U 1 2 3 4 5 RO RE DE DI A B Y Z 1 2 1 1 9 1 0 R1 DATA IN 1 20 R 2 DATA OUT 1 20
B Repeater hay gi l M A X 491 b tip sc , c chc nng lm khuch i tn hiu lin lc gia cc my tnh vi nhau , khong cch truyn thng tin c th t ti 3 km. Mng RS-485 em thit k trong ti ny l mng bn song cng (HalfDuplex): d liu ch i t Master n cc vi x l hay t cc vi x l n Master. Ti mt thi im trn mng ch c mt phn t truyn v cho php cc phn t khc c th nhn thng ip . C iu quan trng ta nn ch l vi s mch RS-485 c thit k nh trn th ch c th giao tip gia Master (PC) v cc vi x l nhng gia cc vi x l khng th lin lc trc tip vi nhau. Chng giao tip vi nhau nu c th thuc mt dng giao tip khc. Cch thc hot ng ca mng nh sau:
PC
Converter RS-232 TTL RS-232 TTL

Converter TTL RS-485 A B B A B A Vi x l 2
Vi x l 1
Con verter TTLRS-485
Con verter TTLRS-485
Vi s mng nh trn ta c th giao tip c vi 32 slave thng qua mt Master l PC. ng thi do mng truyn d liu trn hai dy xon i li nn s rc ri trong qu trnh thit k cng nh khi ni dy. B chuyn i ( Converter ) t RRL sang RS-485 thc ra ch cn mt con IC 75176 cng m nhn vai tr ny tng i tt. IC l 75176 ( hay tng ng Max-485 ) c hai chn iu khin hot ng l DE v /RE. Chn /RE tch cc ( mc logic 0 ) s cho php vi x l nhn d liu t Master: ch thu d liu. Chn DE tch cc ( mc logic 1) s cho php mch pht d liu t vi x l v Master. Dng mt chn t cc Port ca vi x l cng nh chn pht. Thng thng khi lp trnh giao tip bng phn mm, ta thng dng chn RTS hay CIS iu khin IC 71576. Ban u, chn /RE ca75176 s mc thp: ch thu 75176 nhn d liu t my tnh, thng thng l a ch. Sau , ngha l khi Master pht a ch xong th n chuyn trng thi chn /RE xung mc thp cho php nhn tn hiu hi p t cc slave. Cc slave sau khi nhn c a ch t Master n s so snh vi a ch ca n. Nu ng a ch th slave s a chn DE ln mc mt truyn tn hiu tr li v Master, sau th n li a chn /RE sang mc 0 sn sng nhn d liu hay yu cu cng nh lnh mi t Master. c th sau:
R 2 4 3 1 2 D I D E R O R E M A X 485 6 7 6 M A X 485 7 M A X 485 6 7 1 20 R1 1 20 7 6 R E RO D E DI 2 1 3 4
S nh
A B
B A
M A X 485
A 4 3 DI DE
RO RE
DI DE
4 3
1 2
Hai in tr 120W c ni vo 2 u u xa nht ca mng. Chiu di xa nht c th l u ny v u kia l 4000 feet ( 1,2 km ). Cn gi l in tr u cui ( Terminal Register ). Dy dn l loi xon i 26 AWG.
1 2
RO RE
Ta c 2 chn iu khin thu pht d liu, n gin vic iu khin, ta thng ni chung 2 tng iu khin ny cng nhau. Nu tn hiu ny mc cao th mt trong hai s mc tch cc cng nh mt trong hai s trng thi th ng. 9. Mch cm bin nhit dng IC LM335. Nhit l mt tn hiu dng tng t n hin hu theo thi gian v lin tc. d dng o c nhng tn hiu khng phi l in ta thng chuyn n sang dng tn hiu in c th o d dng hn. C nhiu phng php chuyn t tn hiu nhit sang tn hiu in, tuy nhin c 2 phng php thng dng nht thng c s dng nh sau: Chuyn t nhit sang dng o in tr: o in tr th mch gia cng cng nh mch o u c. Cho nn ta tm cch to ra mt mi quan h gia in tr ca mt vt n nhit cn o. Ta dng mt vt liu thay i nhit s gy ra thay i in cn gi l nhit in tr. T ta c th chuyn t tr thnh p v dng cc mch khuch i tng ng o mt cch d dng. Chuyn t nhit sang trc tip in p: cch ny ch c th dng cc IC nhit m thi. Cc IC ny c c tnh l p ra s thay i theo nhit mi trng. Ta dng thm cc mch gia cng thch hp c th ghi nhn c s thay i in p hay cng chnh l s thay i u vo. Ty vo h s nhit ca cht liu cu thnh IC nhit l h s nhit dng ( p ra tng dn nh tuyn tnh theo nhit ), hay h s nhit m ( p ra tng dn theo nhit ). Cc hm quan h gia p v nhit thng thng l hm m. Cho nn khi nhit cng tng th nhit tuyn tnh s gim i v cng khng o c nhit mt cch chnh xc phn phi tuyn . Trong phm vi ca ti ny em dng IC nhit LM335 lm mch o nhit . S nguyn l nh sau:
-1 2 V VCC
R2 20K
1 0U 3
4 +1 2V VCC R1 2 .2 K 2 3
-1 2 V
L M3 3 5 2 RVAR1 2
1 0U
7 1
+1 2V
IC ny c th hot ng tt n nhit 150oC, p ra tuyn tnh vi nhit cho nn rt n gin cho qu trnh tnh ton. c tnh ca LM335 nh sau: + 0oK th p ra s l 0V + Nhit tng 1oC th p ra s tng 10 mV. Nh vy, theo cch tnh nhit theo oC th 0oC p ra ca LM335 s l 2.73V. d dng cho vic x l, ta phi thit k mch gia cng sao cho khi 0oC th p ra ca LM335 cng l 0V. Ta thit k thm mch tr cng vo p ra ca LM335. Mch tr ny c vai tr to ra mt p-2.73V trit tiu p trn LM335 khi nhit mi trng l 0oC ( -278oK ). Hm biu din ca p theo nhit ca LM335 c th xem gn ng nh sau: Vout = 0.01*t (0oC). Tn hiu ny c th hin th ln LED ta phi dng 1 IC chuyn t p ra dng tn hiu s: ADC 0809. c tnh ca ADC nh sau: + Cp ngun n : + 5V + Tn s xung clock = 12 MHz:16 + Thi gian chuyn i ti a : 120 m.
L M 741 U1 5
4 5
RI 6 1 0K RF
+1 2V
3 9K
L M 741 U1 1
6 1 0K -1 2 V
RF 3 9K
6 U1 3
L M 741
A /D 1 C1 2 0 .1 U
+ Cn c mt xung start kch qu trnh chuyn i. Nu ADC ang chuyn i m c xung start mi th s bt u ln i tip theo. + 8 knh Analog vo. + 8 ng data ra hay ni chnh xc hn y l ADC 8 bit + Sai s tng cng khng iu chnh c: +/-1 LSB + Ng ra ph hp vi mc in p TTL Data ng ra l mt s nguyn N nm trong khong : N= (Vin / VREF+)x 255 * 256 chnh xc tuyt i. Vin : tn hiu Analog u vo cn chuyn i. VREF :tn hiu cp ngun cho ADC 0809 Cng thc trn ch ng trong trng hp ADC c cp ngun n. VREF ni mass. Trc qu trnh chuyn i ta cn thit lp cng ng ro cho qu trnh chuyn i. ADC 0809 c 3 chn A0, A1, A2 dng xc lp knh Analog vo.
A2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
A1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
A0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Knh Analog vo 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tnh ton mch: Gi tr nhit m IC LM 335 o ti a l 150oC, v th tn hiu sau khi qua mch tr s cn li 0.01* t (oC) p ra cc i a vo ADC l: 0.01*150=1.5V VREF+ = 5V VREF- = 0V S m ADC i ra cc i l: N=1.5/5*256= 76 hay 77 ( do sai s 1 LSR ).
Ta thy rng: nhit thc t l 150oC m o ch c 77 oC hay ni cch khc : nhit o c qua ADC t mch tr 2.73V a trc tip vo s b i 2 ln so vi gi tr thc . in p ng ra ca mch khuch i nh sau: Vout = Av.(V1-V2) V1 : tn hiu chun 2.73 V V2: tn hiu ra t LM 335 ph thuc vo nhit . Vy p ng ra s thay i mt lng l Av.10mV khi nhit thay i 1oC. Do ta cn n 4 LED hin th nhit o c nn c 1 LED thp phn. Nh th s dn n tnh trng t nhit ny tng thm 1oC na th mch s qua hai trng thi: mt s nguyn sau n s thp phn hay ni mt cch khc i o v hin th LED thp phn ta phi lm sao khi nhit thay i 1oC th phi bng hai ln phn gii ca ADC0809. Av x 10mV = 2 x19.6 mV Vi 19.6 mV l phn gii ca ADC 0809 =5/225 Av = 2 x 19,6 /10 = 3.92 Ta chn : RI = 39 K RI = 10K Nh vy, p sau khi qua b khuch i s c gi tr nh sau: Vout = 3,9 x 0,01t = 39 x t ( mV ) ; t (oC) Vi phn gii ca ADC l 19,6 mV th gi tr sau khi qua ADC s c gi tr l: 39 x t /19,6 = 2 x t (mV) th hin ln LED mt s phn thp phn ta s phi hin th gi tr nh sau : 10 x t (mV). Cho nn gi tr sau khi qua b i ADC s phi nhn thm vi 5 ri sau mi bin i qua m BCD nn v hin th ln LED 7 on. 10. Thit k mch 89C51 trn s cc chn v chc nng ca chng: 10.1. Gii thiu vi x l 89C51:
a.
Gii thiu :
Vi x l AT89C51 c ch to bi hng ATMEL, v c bn n c cu to bn trong , s chn cng nh s dng tp lnh tng thch vi h 8031 ca hng INTEL. Cc t im c bn ca vi mch AT89C51: n v x l trung tm 8 bit c ti u ha p ng cc chc nng iu khin. Khi logic x l theo bit thun tin cho cc php ton Boole. B to dao ng gi nhp bn trong (n 12Mhz). Tp lnh rt phong ph.
Giao din ni tip c kh nng hot ng song cng , ng b
(UART). 16 (32) ng dn vo/ ra hai hng v tng hng c th c nh a ch mt cch tch bit. Nm ngun ngt v hai mc u tin. C th m rng b nh chng trnh ( ROM ) bn ngoi ln n 64KB. C th m rng dung lng b nh d liu (RAM ) bn ngoi ln n 64KB. Hai b m / nh thi 16 bit. B nh EEPROM ni 4KB. Dung lng b nh RAM ni , nhiu nht c th ln n 128 byte. Port 0 : L port hai chc nng trn cc chn 32 39. Khi s dng b nh trong th n nh l mt port I/O ( P0.0 P0.7) . Khi s dng b nh ngoi th n ng vai tr nh mt b MUX a ch/ data. Port 1 : L mt port I/O trn cc chn 1 8 (P1.0 P1.7 ) n ch c dng giao tip vi cc thit b ngoi v khng c cc chc nng khc. Port 2: L mt port cng dng kp trn cc chn 21 28. Khi s dng b nh trong th n nh l mt port I/O a dng (P2.0P2.7), khi s dng b nh ngoi th port 2 chnh l byte cao ca cc ng a ch (A8A15). Port 3: Chim cc chn t 10 n 17 , ngoi chc nng chnh l mt I/O port a dng (P3.0P3.7) , mi chn ca port 3 cn c cc chc nng khc nhau, c lp. PSEN : (Program Store Enable) Chn 29, tch cc mc thp trong chu k nhn lnh , ch bo data trn dus l m lnh. Trong trng hp s dng b nh chng trnh trong th PSEN khng tch cc. ALE :(Address Latch Enable ) Chn 30 , tch cc mc cao trong na chu k u ch bo d liu trn port chnh l a ch byte thp A0A7. EA : (External Acess) Chn 31 , cho php chn b nh chng trnh trong hay ngoi. + EA =0 : MCU s dng b nh chng trnh ngoi + EA = 1 : MCU s dng b nh chng trnh trong. RST (Reset ):
a. S sp xp chn ra :
Ng vo RST trn chn 9 l ng Reset ca 8951 , khi ng ny ln mc cao (trong t nht hai chu k my ) cc thanh ghi bn trong 8951 c a v trng thi mc nh.
c. Cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit:

Vng RAM ni a ch t 80H FFH , trong vng ny b tr khong 21 thanh ghi c bit , ph trch mt chc nng no ca MCU. i. Thanh ghi PSW (Program status Word): Thanh ghi t trng thi chng trnh a ch D0H cha cc c ( cc bit chc nng ) trng thi ca h thng :
Bit
PSW.7 PSW.6 PSW.5 PSW.4 PSW.3 CY AC F0 RS1 RS0
K hiu
D7H D6H D5H D4H D3H
a ch
ngha
PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0
OV P
D2H D1H D0H
C nh C nh ph C 0 Bit 1 chn bank thanh ghi Bit 0 chn bank thanh ghi 00 : bank 0 01 : bank 1 10 : bank 2 11 : bank 3 C trn D tr C parity chn
ii. Thanh ghi B : a ch F0H , truy xut bit , ngoi chc nng l thanh ghi a dng cn tham gia vo 2 php ton nhn v chia. iii. Thanh ghi SP (Stack Poiter): a ch 81H , vng ngn xp nm trong RAM ni v nguyn l dung lng ti a l 128 byte. Trc khi ct vo stack ni dung SP tng ln 1 ri mi ct (ni dung SP l con tr a ch ), khi ly d liu ra khi stack ni dung SP gim i 1 sau khi ly data. iv. Thanh ghi DPTR (Data Pointer): S dng lm con tr a ch b nh d liu ngoi. Chia lm hai thanh ghi : DPL ( a ch 82H ) cha byte thp DPH ( a ch 83H) cha byte cao v. Cc thanh ghi cng ngoi vi :
Cc lnh lin quan n xut nhp ngoi vi u thng qua cc thanh ghi cng. Port 0: Thanh ghi P0 (a ch 80H) Port 1: Thanh ghi P1 ( a ch 90H) Port 2: Thanh ghi P2 ( a ch A0H) Port 3: thanh ghi P3 (a ch B0H) vi. Cc thanh ghi timer : TMOD (a ch 89H) : Chn mode lm vic timer. TCON ( a ch 88H) : iu khin timer TL0 (a ch 8AH): byte thp timer 0 TH0 (a ch 8CH): byte cao timer 0 TL1 (a ch 8BH): byte thp timer 1 TH1 ( a ch 80H): byte cao ca timer 1 vii. Cc thanh ghi SIO : SCON (98H) : khi ng mode v iu khin SIO. SBUF ( 99H) : chuyn d liu t ni tip thnh song song v ngc li. i. Cc thanh ghi phc v ngt : C 5 ngun ngt vi 2 cp u tin: +Thao tc trn thanh ghi IE (A 8H) : cho php / cm ngt. +Thao tc trn thanh ghi IP (B8H) : cp u tin ngt. ii. Thanh ghi iu khin cng sut (PCON) : a ch 87H , khng truy xut bit c, cc bit ca thanh ghi ny c dng trong vic tc ng ln tc baud (SMOD) trong truyn thng ni tip, a vi mch vo mode tm ngh hay mode h ngun.
d. Hot ng ca timer :
89C51 c 2 b timer 16 bit: Timer 0 v timer 1. i. Thanh ghi TMOD : C a ch 89H , l thanh ghi 8 bit, c cc mode lm vic cho timer. Tm tt thanh ghi TMOD :
Bit 7 6 Tn GATE C/T Timer 1 1 M t Bit cng , GATE =1 timer ch m khi INT1=1 Bit chn counter/timer C/T=1: counter, m bng xung ck ngoi ng vo T1 C/T=0 :timer, xung ck trong t dao ng ni Bit 1 chn mode Bit 0 chn mode Bit cng ( timer 0) Bit chn timer/counter Bit 1 chn mode Bit 0 chn mode
5 4 3 2 1 0
M1 M0 Gate C/T M1 M0
1 1 0 0 0 0
Chn mode :
M1 0 0 1 1
M0 0 1 0 1
Mode 0 1 2 3
M t Timer 13bit Timer 16 bit Timer 8 bit Timer tch bit
a ch 88H , truy xut bit c, l thanh ghi 8 bit Tm tt thanh ghi TCON:
. Thanh ghi TCON :
Bit TCON.7 TCON.6 TCON.5 TCON.4
Khiu TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0
a ch bit 8FH 8EH 8DH 8CH
Mt C bo trn timer 1, phn cng t TF1=1 khi timer trn, xa bng mm hoc cng iu khin ON/ OFF timer1, TR1=1:chy TR1=0 :ngng C bo trn timer 1 iu khin ON/OFF timer0
e. Cng ni tip :
Giao din ni tip bn trong ca b vi x l 8951 cho php ni b vi x l vi mt vi x l khc hay vi mt my tnh mt cch rt n gin. Bi v giao din c thc hin nh b UART hot ng c lp, nn b vi x l hon ton t do i vi cc nhim v khc. khi to giao din thanh ghi SCON cn phi c np bng cc gi tr thch hp. Thanh ghi SCON ( a ch 98h) SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI SM0, SM1 Chn mode lm vic: SM0 SM1 0 0 :Mode 0 thanh ghi dch 8 bit, baud rate c nh (fck/12) 0 1 :Mode 1 UART 8 bit, baud rate thay i (t bng timer 1) 1 0 :Mode 2 UART 9bit , baurate c nh (fck/32 hoc fck /64) 1 1 :Mode 3 UART 9 bit , baud rate thay i (t bng timer 1) SM2 : ch nhiu my tnh . REN : Cho php b thu , cho php b pht TB8 : Bit pht th 9 trong mode 2 v 3, t xa bng mm.
RB8 : Bit nhn th 9 TI : C ngt pht , phn cng t TI = 1 khi pht xong mt k t, xa bng mm. RI : C ngt thu , phn cng t RI =1 khi thu xong mt k t, xa bng mm. Thanh ghi d liu ca giao din ni tip l SBUF ( a ch 99H). Thc t pha sau thanh ghi SBUF l hai thanh ghi, c th l thtanh ghi d liu pht v thanh ghi d liu thu. Qu trnh pht c m u mt cch n gin l truy nhp ghi ln thanh ghi SBUF. Ngc li , mt byte c nhn c th c c t SBUF. Trong ch 9 bit , mi mt bit th 9 (TB8 hoc TR8 ) trong thanh ghi SMOD cn phi c n . Trong rt nhiu trng hp , ngi ta s dng ch hot ng loi 1 v nh vy c mt UART 8 bit vi vic to ra tc baud bng timer 1. Dng d liu 8 bit c m u bng mt bit bt u (startr bit ) v kt thtc bng mt bit dng(stop bit). Tc baud bng 1/16(SMOD=1) hoc 1/32 (SMOD=0) ca tc trn ca timer 1.
f. Hot ng ngt (interrupt):

i. Gii thiu : Mt ngt l s xy ra mt iu kin mt s kin- m n gy ra treo tm thi chng trnh trong khi iu kin c phc v bi mt chng trnh khc. ii. T chc ngt trong 8951: 8951 c 5 ngun ngt : + Ngt bng tn hiu ngoi qua ng INT0 (ngt ngoi INT0). + Ngt bng tn hiu ngoi qua ng INT1 (ngt ngoi INT1). + Ngt khi timer 0 trn (ngt timer 0). + Ngt khi timer1 trn (ngt timer 1) + Ngt khi SIO pht / thu xong 1 k t (ngt SIO). a chA8H, truy xut bit c, cho php / cm ngt.
Thanh ghi IE :
Bit IE.7 IE.6 IE.5 IE.4 IE.3 IE.2 IE.1 IE.0 K hiu EA ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0 a ch bit AFH AEH ADH ACH ABH AAH A9H A8H M t Cho php / cm ton cc Khng nh ngha Cho php ngt SIO Cho php ngt timer 1 Cho php ngt INT1 Cho php ngt timer0 Cho php ngt INT0
10.2. T chc v s dng cc chn ra ca 89C51: S lc v chc nng phn cng cng nh chng trnh phn mm nh sau:
o nhit v hin th ln LED, lu li gi tr nhit hin ti v gi v my tnh. Ty theo gi tr ca nhit o c m vi x l 89C51 s nhn ra nhit ang nm tm bo ng no v c hnh ng tng ng: + to < 50oC : bo ng cp 1- ch bo chung + to < 80oC : bo ng cp 2- bo chung hai ln + to = 100oC: bo ng cp 5 : bo chung ba ln Cm bin quang: chng trm : pht tn hiu kch chung reo khi cm bin ny tc ng. Mch m phng cm bin quang m s ngi trong phng S ngi trong phng >= 1: ng thit b S ngi trong phng < 1: tt thit b Mch nt nhn dng yu cu tt / ng thit b theo mun ca ngi trong phng. Port 0 : y l port xut nhp hai chiu, na chu k l ng data v na chu k k l ng a ch ( byte thp). Em dng port ny c gi tr i c t ADC0809. Port 2: dng gii m LED v to TH chn LED sng 4 bit thp nht ca port 2: p2.0, po2.1, p2.2, p2.3 dng a vo mch gii m LED 74247. 2 bit k tip : p2.4, p2.5 a vo mch gii m 741SD to TH chn LED no sng . Do LED thuc loi Anod chung nn ch LED no c TH chn LED mc thp th n s sng. Ngha l tn hiu chn LED sng tch cc mc 0. P2.7 dng to mt nt nhn yu cu ng ct n. Khi nt nhn, P2.7 a xung mc 0, chng trnh phn mm s kim tra chn ny xem nt c b nhn hay khng. To xung start cho ADC0809 ta dng chn WR, u CT ta t v xa chn ny s to ra mt xung kch cho ADC 0809 i v i cho n khi ADC i xong. Tn s vo ADC0809 nh hn 12 MHz nn ta phi h tn s t 12 MHz xung mc cn thit : 12 MHz / 16 = 750 KHz. lm vic ny ta dng IC 74393 to tn hiu kch ng cc Relay ta dng cc chn P1.2, P1.4, P1.5 v P1.6 + P1.2 : iu khin Relay ng / ngt qut + P1.4: iu khin Relay ng / ngt n + P1.5 : iu khin Relay ng / ngt ngun in khi xy ra tnh hung khn cp. + P1.6: iu khin chung. m bo cc tn hiu kch ny c th kch c cc Relay ng hon ton, ta cho cc tn hiu ny i qua IC m 74373.
Chn T0 dng iu khin phn xut nhp data ca vi x l. + T0 = 0 : vi x l nhn d liu t PC + T0 = 1 : vi x l truyn d liu v PC
B. Lu gii thut v chng trnh vi x l:

Lu gii thut phi thc hin c cc chc nng nh sau: _ o nhit trong phng v hin th nhit ny ln Panel . _ Nhit cao hn 800C th bo ng bng chung. _ T pht hin ra khi no th trong phng c ngi th t bt n v qut ln. _ T pht hin khi no trong phng khng cn th tt cc n v qut i. _ Khi c ngi i vo phng m khng qua ca chnh th s cho l trm v bo ng bng chung I. Lu gii thut iu khin : _ Gii thut chng trnh chnh. _ Gii thut chng trnh o nhit v hin th ln Panel. _ Gii thut chng trnh t pht hin ngi i vo hay ra qua c chnh. _ Gii thut chng trnh iu khin cc thit b trong phng. _ Gii thut chng trnh pht hin ngi vo phng khng qua ca chnh. _ Gii thut chng trnh truyn nhn d liu t my tnh. 1. Gii thut chng trnh chnh: Khi nt Reset c nhn th chng trnh s nhy n a ch 0000h. Khi ng cc thanh ghi iu khin v cc nh cn thit. Trong chng trnh chnh gm c: Kch khi ADC 0809 chuyn i. Delay ch ADC i xong. c d liu t ADC v, x l v hin th ln LED 7 on. Kim tra tip trng thi cc thit b. Kim tra cc nt nhn c c nhn hay khng. Khi thc hin xong chu trnh trn th vi x l s quay tr lai kch khi ADC i ln tip theo. Kim tra xem nhit trong phng ang nm trong tm no gi cc chng trnh con phc v tng ng: 500Cnhit 800C: gi chng trnh con CHUONG1. 800C nhit 1000C: gi chng trnh con CHUONG2. Nhit 1000C: gi chng trnh con CHUONG3. Cm ngt truyn, ch cho php vi x l nhn, ch c php truyn khi PC yu cu
Hin cuvi i AD Soc MAIN t nhit Cho gitr snhnhit C yuthphp ccAD chun Bt tt cc thit b C trm
Chung ku
Ngi vo ra
Ngi vo S ngi=1
Bt tt cc thit b Ngi ra S ngi =0 2
2 Bt tt cc thit b
Giao tip
ng a ch
Nhn lnh
Truyn d liu
Bt tt cc thit b
MAIN
Lu gii thut chng trnh chnh
So snh Ct d liu t ADC 0809 vo thanh ghi A Y A 100 N Tt ngun Gi Chuong3
80 <A <100 N
Gi Chuong2
50< A<80 N
Y Gi Chuong1
Ret
Lu gii thut chng trnh con So Snh.
Kim tra nt nhn
P2.7=0
P1.7=0 N Ret
Gi chng trnh con Request
Lu gii thut chng trnh con kim tra nt nhn. Chng trnh ny dng cho php ngi dng c th yu cu tt m cc thit b theo mun. Gii thch: P2.7 =0: ngha l nt yu cu tt qut c nhn. Lc ny vi x l s kim tra tn hiu hi tip t qut v- chn P1.3 ca Port1. P1.3=1: qut ang trng thi ng, yu cu vi x l thc hin vic kch ngt qut. P1.3=0: qut ang trng thi ngt, yu cu vi x l thc hin vic kch ngt qut.
P1.7=0 : ngha l nt yu cu tt m n c nhn. Lc ny vi x l
kim tra tn hiu hi tip v t n- chn P3.5 ca Port3. P3.5=1: n ang ng, yu cu vi x l tt n P3.5=0: n ang tt, yu cu vi x l kch ng n.
Request
P2.7=0 P1.7=0 Lp=50
Lp =50
Gim lp Lp=0 N
( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Gim lp Trang 45
P3.5=0 Lu gii thut chng trnh con Request Lp=0 P3.5=0 Y P1.3=0 Y P2.7=00 N NN Set c yu cu M n Tt n RetRet Set c yu cu M qut
N Tt qut
Chng trnh phn mm s mc nh s ngi trong phng khi reset chng trnh l 1 ngi. Ta cng d dng thay i s ngi mc nh bng cch thay i chng trnh phn mm. Chnh v mc nh l s ngi trong phng ln hn 1, nn khi reset th vi x l s kch ng cc thit b ngay . Vi x l s hot ng theo chng trnh mt cch hon ho khi ta khng tc ng yu cu t bn ngoi. C th gii thch r rng hn iu ny nh sau: u tin chng trnh s thc hin vic ng cc thit b trong chu k chy u tin. Gi s ngi trong phng mun tt n, th ngi ta s nhn nt yu cu tt n, khi vi x l s ra lnh kch ngt n. Tn hiu hi tip v t n l mc thp, vi x l s hiu l n ang trng thi ngt. n chu trnh qut tip theo, vi x l s li kim tra nh 30H- nh lu s ngi trong phng- v nhn thy s ngi trong phng ln hn 1 nhng n li tt, n li ra lnh kch ng n tr li. iu ny s dn n vic ta khng th c th thip ng ngt cc thit b theo mun. trnh c iu ny, ta dng mt nh trong vng RAM ca 8951 lm c yu cu. Khi c nt yu cu ng ngt thit b no c nhn th c yu cu ny s c set nh du cho vi x l bit l n chu trnh chy k tip n s khng cn kch ng cc thit b trong phng mc d thit b ang ngt cng nh trong phng ang c ngi. 1. Gii thut chng trnh pht hin ngi vo ra phng: thc hin chc nng ny ta dng ngt ngoi 1 ca vi x l. Khi c ngi i qua th cm bin quang s tc ng, gy ra mt ngt trong chng trnh vi x l . Da vo cm bin quang no tc ng trc th ta s bit ngi vo hay ra. y l chng trnh con m phng cm bin quang dng m s ngi trong phng v da theo s ngi hin ti trong phng l bao nhiu ngi m vi x l s gi chng trnh con phc v tng ng. Chng trnh ny dng 3 c nhn bit trng thi cm bin quang no tc ng trc, cm bin no tc sau.
LED pht i vo LED pht i ra
LED thu P1.0
LED thu P1.1
S khi trn cho thy cch hot ng ca hai cm bin quang m ngi. Tn hiu ra
Cm bin quang 1 Cm bin quang 2
t hai cm bin quang ny c a vo chn P1.0 v P1.1 ca vi x l 89C51. khi mt trong hai cm bin quang ny tc ng th n s gy ra mt ngt ngoi. L do dng ngt ngoi l gip cho vi x l hot ng mt cch chnh xc khi c ngi vo hay ra. Ta a hai tn hiu ng ra ca hai cm bin quang ny i qua mt mch logic AND. Ch cn mt cm bin tc ng th tn hiu ra ca mch AND s mc 0. Khi ngt ngoi mt1 xy ra th ta khng th bit c cm bin quang no tc ng trc, cm bin quang nao tc ng sau. Th t tc ca hai cm bin trn s cho ta bit l ngi i ra hay i vo. Cm bin quang 1 Cm bin quang 2 Trng thi vi x l hiu Trc Sau Ngi vo Sau Trc Ngi ra Trc Khng tc ng Gi nguyn s m Khng tc ng Trc Gi nguyn s m Bng m t hot ng ca hai cm bin quang pht hin ngi. Ta cn dng n 3 c xc nh th t tc ng ca cc cm bin quang. Cc c ny c t tn nh sau: C 1: a ch nh l 2BH
C 2: a ch nh l 2CH
C 3: a ch nh l 2DH C 3 c ny dng nh du chn no ca vi x l c qut trc, chn no cha c qut. Nguyn nhn, do ta cn kim tra mt lc c hai chn ca vi x l P1.0 v P1.1 pht hin chn no xung mc 0 trc, m vi x l th ch c th kim tra t trn xung. Khi vi x l nhy n chng trnh phc v ngt ny n s kim tra chn P1.0 u tin, nu chn ny mc 1 ngha l cm bin quang th 2 tc ng trc. Sau vi x l s nhy xung kim tra chn P1.1 v li nhy ln kim tra chn P0.0 ln na. Cc c ny cn c dng trnh cho cc cm bin quang tc ng sai do nhiu. Gi s xy ra trng hp ch c mt trong hai cm bin quang tc ng th chng trnh s da vo trng thi cc c ny m thot khi chng trnh phc v ngt quay v chng trnh chnh.
m ngi N
P1.0=0 Y Lp 50
Set c 2
Gim lp N
Lp=0 Y
P1.0=0 Y N Xa c 2 Y N C 1=1 N P1.1=0 Y Lp=50 N Y Thot Ngi ra
C 3=1
1
1
Gim lp
( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Trang 50 N
Lp=0
C 2=1 Y P1.1=0N 3=1 Y Ngic 3 Set vo Thot
Lu gii thut chng trnh con phc v ngt ngoi 1 Do dng mch logic AND, nn khi ngt ngoi xy ra th chc chn phi c ngi vo hay ra , nhng khi kim tra c 2 chn P1.0 v P1.1 th pht hin ra ch c mt chn tc ng: vi x l s vn gi nguyn s m v thot khi chng trnh phc v ngt.
2. Chng trnh con Ngi ra, Ngi vo:
Chng trnh con Ngi vo: s tng s ngi trong nh. Da vo trng thi ca c yu cu trong chng trnh con Request m chng trnh s thi hnh hn sau:
Khi c yu cu c set: d cho s ngi trong phng c tng
ln nhng cng khng gi chng trnh con ng ngt thit b. Ngha l s l dnh phn ng ngt thit b l do ngi dng iu khin theo mun. Ch khi no reset th c yu cu mi c xa, lc nu s ngi trong phng ln hn 1 th vi x l s gi chng trnh con ng cc thit b.
Khi c yu cu =0: lc ny nu c ngi vo v s ngi trong
phng ln hn 0 th vi x l s gi chng trnh con ng thit b ( ch gi chng trnh con ng thit b khi thit b ang ngt, thit b ang ng th khng lm g c) Chng trnh con Ngi ra : gim s ngi trong phng. Ty theo s ngi trong phng l bao nhiu v trng thi ca c yu cu m vi x l c gi chng trnh con Tt thit b hay khng. S ngi trong phng b hn 1 ( hay bng 0 ): th d cho c yu cu c c set hay khng th cng gi chng trnh con tt thit b. S ngi trong phng ln hn hay bng 1 n s vn nguyn trng thi thit b khng ph thuc vo trng thi ca c yu cu. Lu gii thut chi tit nh sau:
Ngi vo
Xa c 1, c 2, c 3
Tng bin m
Bin m =1
Y P1.3=1 Y N
M qut
P3.5=1 Y
N M n
Ct bin m vo nh 30h
Ret
Ngi ra
Xa c 1, c 2, c 3
Bin m <1 Gim bin m Lu gii thut chng trnh con Ngi ra P3.5=0 Y Y P1.3=0 N Tt qut Ct bin m N nh 30h Y Ret vo Tt n
4 . Chng trnh con pht hin ngi vo khng qua ca chnh: Cm bin quang chng trm Dng nh 31h lu tr trng thi ca cm bin quang ny. Nu trng thi bnh thng th tn hiu ra ca n s mc 1(+5v) , khi tn hiu ra ca n l mc 0 th chng trnh con ny s c gi. Nhim v ca chng trnh con ny l to tn hiu cnh bo bng chung, t nh 31h =1. D liu trong nh ny c gi v my tnh, ty theo gi tr trong nh ny m my tnh s pht tn hiu cnh bo ln mn hnh. 31h=0: bnh thng, khng c g xy ra cho cm bin quang ny. 31h=1: c vt che chn ngang vng c bo v, cn c bin php ngn chn. Chung 3: gi chng trnh con cho php chung ku 3 hi, mi hi ko di trong 3 giy v gia 2 ln lin tip cch nhau 1 giy.
Ngt ngoi 0
31h1
Chuong 3
31h0
Ret
nh 31h v 0 sau khi c gi v my tnh. 5. Cc chng trnh con Chuong 1, Chuong 2,Chuong 3: Chuong 1 c gi khi nhit o c nm trong tm t 500C n 800C. Chuong 2 c gi khi nhit o c nm trong tm t 800C n 1000C.
Lu gii thut chng trnh con ngt ngoi 0
Gi tr trong s c t tr
Chuong 3 c gi khi nhit o c ln hn 1000C. Chuong 1
Set bit P1.6
R0 5
DELAY1S
Gim R0 N
R0=0 Y Xa P1.6
Ret
Lu gii thut chng trnh con Chuong 1
Chuong 2 Chuong 1
Delay 1s
Chuong 1
Ret
Lu gii thut chng trnh con Chuong 2

Chuong 3
R0
Chuong 1
Delay 1s
Gim R0
R0=0 Y
Khi ang thc hin gi cc chng Lu gii thut chng trnh con Chuong 3 trnh con Chuong1 ( chung 1) Chuong 2( chung 2), Chuong 3 ( chung 3) th chng trnh khng th thc
Ret
hin cc phn tip theo ca chng trnh. Cng nh khng th truyn d liu v my tnh v vi x l cn ang thc hin chng trnh gi chung. trnh tnh trng ny ta dng cc ngt Timer thc hin vic delay vi x l va thc hin chng trnh con delay1s va thc hin ng thi cc chng trnh khc. 6. Chng trnh con ngt Serial Port: Nh trnh by phn trn, khi ta c nhiu Slave cng dng chung mt ng truyn th trnh xung t trn ng truyn, ta dng phng php nh a ch ring cho tng Slave. Nu my tnh truyn d liu xung th tt c cc vi x l cng nhn, sau chng s so snh byte u tin nhn c vi a ch ca ring chng c nh ngha sn, nu ng a ch th n s tip tc phn giao tip. Xung t trn ng truyn s xy ra khi c 2 Slave cng truyn cng lc hay khi my tnh ang truyn d liu xung m c mt vi x l ang pht d liu ngc ln, iu ny s gy ra nh hng n phn cng cng nh an ton trong hot ng ca mng truyn thng. Dng mang 5 RS_485 th ta phi dng cc IC 75176 c nhim v chuyn i t mc p TTl sang RS_485 v ngc li. Nh vy ta cn c mt IC 75176 trn mt card chuyn i gn vo cng Com ca my tnh. c tnh tng qut ca IC ny l c 3 trng thi, ty thuc vo trng thi ca chn iu khin (DE, RE) m 75176 s nm trng thi no. Nh th vn trong iu khin mng RS-485 l vic iu khin trng thi cc chn iu khin ca cc IC 75176 nh th no c ng b trong qu trng truyn v nhn. Vi x l ch c php truyn khi no n nhn c lnh yu cu gi d liu t my tnh. Ngha l cc kit vi x l s c t trng thi thu. Khi cn truyn d liu th chn iu khin thu pht s c a ln mc cao. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh truyn d liu th chn iu khin thu pht li c t v mc thp. Trong mch phn cng thit k em dng chn P3.4 iu khin trng thi thu hay pht IC 75176 trn card gn vo cng Com ca my tnh th ta dng chn RTS iu khin. Phn giao tip gia my tnh vi vi x l gm c 2 ni dung: _ Truyn d liu t cc kit vi x l v my tnh. _ iu khin cc thit b theo yu cu ca lnh nhn c t my tnh. D liu truyn t my tnh xung vi x l s gm 2 byte: byte u tin xc nh a ch ca kit vi x l cn giao tip, byte th 2 xc nh ni dung cn giao tip.
Byte u tin Kit giao tip A Kit 1 (phng P01) B Kit 2 (phng P02)
Byte th 2 Ni dung giao tip E Truyn d liu v my tnh C iu khin trng thi n D iu khin trng thi qut D liu truyn t vi x l ln my tnh gm 4 byte: _ Byte u tin xc nh a ch ca kit ang truyn d liu. _ Byte th 2 cha nhit o c. _ Byte th 3 cha s ngi hin ti trong phng. _ Byte th 4 cho bit trang thi ca n, qut va tnh trng an ninh trong phng. Ty theo trng thi ca n, qut cng nh tnh trng an ninh trong phng ta s c mt byte tng ng vi trng thi . Byte th 4 n Qut An ninh O Tt Tt An ton P Tt Tt Khng an ton Q Tt Bt An ton R Tt Bt Khng an ton S Bt Tt An ton T Bt Tt Khng an ton U Bt Bt An ton X Bt Bt Khng an ton Bng m t trng thi ca cc thit b thng qua ni dung trong byte giao tip. Ta thy rng ch khi no vi x l nhn c k t E th n mi t chn P3.4 ln mc 1 cho php truyn, sau khi truyn xong 4 byte th chn P3.4 c t v mc 0 ch nhn yu cu t my tnh. Tc Baud em thit k cho mng RS-485 trong ti l 9600. Mc d vi x l hon ton c th h tr khi ta nng tc Baud ln n 19200, nhng trong mng truyn thng qun l ta nh nh em anh nghin cu thi cng th cng khng cn t tc cao trong truyn d liu, nn em chn tc Baud l 9600. Vi tc baud nh trn th truyn 1 byte vi x l cn mt khong thi gian xp x 1ms. Nu ta dng 2 hm chun ca vi x l trong truyn, nhn d liu th ta s mt i 1ms khng lm g c. Hm nhn d liu: Receive: Wait: jnb ri,wait Clr ri Mov a,sbuf ret Hm truyn d liu: Transmit:
Wait: jnb ti,wait Clr ti Mov sbf,a ret tn dng tt thi gian cho chng trnh vi x l, ta a phn truyn v nhn d liu vo trong phn ngt Serial Port. Chng trnh con phc v ngt Serial Port ny s c gi khi xy ra mt ngt trong truyn d liu ni tip. Ngt truyn thng ni tip xy ra khi mt trong cc c TI, RI c set ln mc 1. C TI: ngt pht, c RI: ngt thu. Cc c ny s c xa bng phn mm. C TI c set ln 1 khi b m truyn trng, c ngha l ta c th tip tc vic truyn byte d liu tip theo. C RI c set khi c 1 k t ang i c c trong b m nhn. Ta dng cc nh trung gian sau phc v cho vic truyn d liu: _ 3fh: cha a ch kit truyn d liu. _ 40h: cha nhit o. _ 41h: cha s ngi trong phng. _ 42h: trang thi cc thit b trong phng. Dng cc c sau nh sau( cc nh trong vng RAM ni) _ 09h: bo truyn xong 4 byte t chn P3.4 v mc thp. _ 0ah: bo byte u tin chnh l a ch ca kit.
Start
Ct gi ni dung cc thanh ghi v cc c

ng a ch Y Truyn d liu N Y Y N delay
a cc nh ra Buffer
Buffer ln PC
iu khin n N
n ang bt Y Tt n
Bt n
iu khin qut N
Qut ang bt Y
Bt qut Tt qut
Reti Lu gii thut chng trnh truyn nhn d liu
Ngt Serial Port Y A sbuf RI=1 N C 2=1 C 3=1 Y N Y Xa P3.4 N Y Set P3.4 Xa c 3 Xa c 2 set P3.4 Sbuf @R0 Tng R0 N Reti N N
A=#A
R0=43h Y Set c 2
A=#E Y Truyn d liu v my tnh
N A=#C Y
A=#D Y
R0#3fh
iu khin n
iu khin quat5
Xa c 3 Reti Chng trnh giao tip vi my tnh

C. Chng trnh vi x l:
MCS-51 MACRO ASSEMBLER 01/12/:2 PAGE 1 DOS 5.0 (038-N) MCS-51 MACRO ASSEMBLER, V2.2 OBJECT MODULE PLACED IN LVTN.OBJ ASSEMBLER INVOKED BY: D:\MCS51\ASM51.EXE LVTN.ASM
CO1 EQU 2BH CO0 EQU 2CH CO2 EQU 09H CO3 EQU 0AH COYEUCAU EQU ORG 0000H LJMP MAIN ORG 0003H LJMP EXT0ISR ORG 000BH LJMP T0ISR ORG 0013H LJMP EXT1ISR ORG 0023H LJMP SPISR ORG 0030H MAIN: MOV SETB MOV SETB SETB MOV SETB SETB MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV SETB MOV MOV MOV SETB MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV SCON,#01010010B IE.4 ; Cho php ngt Serial Port IE,#82H ; Cho php ngt timer 0 IE.0 ; Cho php ngt ngoi 1 IE.2 ; Cho php ngt ngoi 0 TMOD,#21H ; Timer 0 mode 1, timer 1 mode 2 IT0 ; Ngt ngoi 0 tc ng cnh xung IT1 ; Ngt ngoi 1 tc ng cnh xung 50H,#0 ; Cc nh trung gian dng hin th LED 51H,#0 52H,#0 53H,#0 A,87H ; Ly gi tr t thanh ghi PCON ACC.7 ; Set bit 7 ca thanh ghi PCON 87H,A TH1,#-6 TL1,#-6 ; 9600 BAUD TR1 ; Cho php timer 1 R0,#3FH 3FH,#'A' ; nh dng lu a ch ca vi x l R1,#50H R3,#5 R2,#100
LVTN
2AH
MOV MOV MOV MOV CLR CLR CLR CLR ch CLR SETB SETB SETB SETB SETB CLR CLR CLR SETB SETB SJMP T0ISR:
30H,#2 31H,#0 32H,#0 33H,#0 CO1 CO0 CO2 CO3 P3.4 P1.2 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 08H 04H 05H 06H 07H TF0 $
; c c dng nhn bit ngi vo ; c c dng nhn bit ngi ra ; c c dng nhn bit truyn xong 4 byte ; c c dng xc nh vi x l nhn ng a ; cho php nhn tn hiu iu khin t my tnh ;tt qut ; tt n ;bt ngun ; cm chung ku ; c cho php AD i ; c gi chuong1 ; c gi chuong2 ; c gi chuong3 ; c cho bit delay 500ms ; p ngt timer 0 ; ngng timer ; xa c ngt ; nu c 08h c set th cho php i AD ;hin th LED ;kim tra c yu cu bt , tt thit b ;to delay 500ms
CLR TR0 CLR TF0 JB 08H,START LCALL OUT LCAL L REQUEST DJNZ R2,EXIT MOV R2,#100 DJNZ R3,EXIT MOV R3,#5 SETB 08H CPL 07H SJMP EXIT WAIT_RETURN: SJMP EXIT START: LCALL READAD LCALL REQUEST LCALL CHECKFLAG 42h LCALL COMPARE CLR 08H SJMP EXIT EXIT: JB JB JB SJMP SKIP5: 06H,SKIP5 05H,SKIP6 04H,SKIP7 RETURN
; cho php AD i ;kim tra c yu cu bt , tt thit b ; ty theo trng thi ca cc thit b m a vo nh ; gi tr tng ng ; so snh nhit o vi nhit chun ; cm AD i n 500ms sau ; kim tra c goi chuong1 khng? ; kim tra c goi chuong2 khng? ; kim tra c goi chuong3 khng?
CLR P1.6 LCALL CHUONG3 SJMP RETURN SKIP6: CLR P1.6 LCALL CHUONG2 SJMP RETURN SKIP7:
; cho php chung ku ; gi chuong3
; gi chuong 2
CLR P1.6 LCALL CHUONG1 ; gi chuong1 SJMP RETURN RETURN: MOV TH0,#HIGH(-1000) ; timer 0 trn sau 1ms MOV TL0,#LOW(-1000) SETB TR0 ; cho php timer 0 chy RETI READAD: CLR P3.6 ; to xung Start cho AD i SETB P3.6 CLR P3.6 PUSH 00H MOV R0,#60 ; to delay 120us DJNZ R0,$ POP 00H PUSH ACC MOV A,P0 ;c gi tr i t AD MOV 40H,P0 ; ct gi tr nhit vo 40h MOV B,#5 ; nhn gi tr nhit vi 5 hin th ln LED 1 s thp ;phn MUL AB MOV R6,A MOV R7,B LCALL BINTOBCD ; chuyn t nh phn sang m BCD POP ACC PUSH ACC MOV A,R7 ANL A,#0FH ; hin th LED hng nghn ORL A,#0E0H ; chn LED hng nghn MOV 52H,A MOV A,R7 SWAP A ;hin th LED hng trm ANL A,#0FH ORL A,#0F0H ; chn LED hng trm MOV 53H,A MOV A,R6 ANL A,#0FH ; hin th LED hng chc ORL A,#0C0H ; chn LED hng chc MOV 50H,A MOV A,R6 SWAP A ANL A,#0FH ; hin th LED hng n v ( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Trang 65
ORL A,#0D0H ; chn LED hng n v MOV 51H,A POP ACC RET ;****************************************************************************** ; CHNG TRNH CON CHUYN T S NH PHN SANG S BCD ; Gi tr nhi phn cn i ct trong R7:R6 ; Gi tr BCD sau khi i xong ct trong 2 thanh ghi R7:R6 ; R7 cha s hng trm v s hng ngn ; R6 cha s hng chc v s hng n v ;***************************************************************************** BINTOBCD: PUSH ACC PUSH B MOV B,#10 LCALL DIV_16_8 PUSH B MOV B,#10 LCALL DIV_16_8 PUSH B MOV B,#10 MOV A,R6 DIV AB PUSH B SWAP A POP B ORL A,B MOV R7,A POP B MOV A,B SWAP A POP B ORL A,B MOV R6,A POP B POP ACC RET DIV_16_8: PUSH 02H PUSH ACC MOV R2,#16 CLR A DIVIDE: XCH A,R6 CLR C RLC A XCH A,R6 XCH A,R7 RLC A XCH A,R7 RLC A ( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Trang 66
CJNE A,B,NOTEQUAL SJMP AGREATEREQB NOTEQUAL: JC BELOW AGREATEREQB: SUBB A,B XCH A,R6 ORL A,#1 XCH A,R6 BELOW: DJNZ R2,DIVIDE XCH A,B POP ACC POP 02H RET ;******************************************************************************* ; CHNG TRNH CON HIN TH GI TR TRONG CC NH TRUNG GIAN RA ; LED ;******************************************************************************* OUT: PUSH ACC MOV A,@R1 MOV P2,A POP ACC INC R1 CJNE R1,#54H,EXITOUT MOV R1,#50H EXITOUT: RET ;******************************************************************************* ; CHNG TRNH CON SO SNH NHIT O VI NHIT CHUN ; To tn hiu chung bo ng khi nhit ln hn mc cho php ;****************************************************************************** COMPARE: PUSH ACC MOV A,40H CJNE A,#100,$+3 JC LESSTHAN100 ; nhit ln hn 1000C th cho chung ku 3 ln CLR P1.5 SETB 06H ; set c gi chung CLR P1.6 ; kch chung ku SJMP EXITCOMPARE LESSTHAN100: MOV A,40H CJNE A,#80,$+3 ; nu ln hn 800C th gi chung 2 JC LESSTHAN80 CLR P1.6 ; kch chung ku SETB 05H ; set c gi chung SJMP EXITCOMPARE LESSTHAN80: ( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Trang 67
MOV A,40H CJNE A,#50,$+3 JC EXITCOMPARE CLR P1.6 SETB 04H SJMP EXITCOMPARE EXITCOMPARE: POP ACC RET ; ;******************************************************************************* ; CHNG TRNH CON CHUONG3 ; Chung ku 3 ln, mi ln 5s v khong cch gia hai ln l 1s ;****************************************************************************** ; CHUONG3: JNB 07H,EXITCHUONG3 PUSH ACC MOV A,30H INC A CPL P1.6 MOV 30H,A CJNE A,#5,$+3 MOV 30H,A POP ACC JC EXITCHUONG3 CLR 06H MOV 30H,#0 SETB P1.6 EXITCHUONG3: RET ; ; ; ; ;******************************************************************************* ; CHNG TRNH CON CHUONG2 ; Gi khi nhit ln hn 800C ;****************************************************************************** ; CHUONG2: JNB 07H,EXITCHUONG2 INC 31H CPL P1.6 PUSH ACC MOV A,31H MOV 31H,A CJNE A,#2,$+3 POP ACC JC EXITCHUONG2 CLR 05H ( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Trang 68
SETB P1.6 MOV 31H,#0 EXITCHUONG2: RET ;****************************************************************************** ; CHNG TRNH CON CHUONG1 ;***************************************************************************** ; CHUONG1: JNB 07H,EXITCHUONG1 SETB P1.6 CLR 04H EXITCHUONG1: RET ;******************************************************************************* ; CHNG TRNH CON PHC V NGT SERIAL PORT ; Dng c 2 xc nh l truyn xong 4 byte d liu ; C 3 dng xc nh nhn ng a ch ;****************************************************************************** SPISR: PUSH ACC JB RI,SPISR1 JB CO2,SPISR2 LCALL TRANSMIT SPISR2: CLR CO2 CLR P3.4 LJMP EXITSPISR SPISR1: CLR RI MOV A,SBUF JB CO3,SPISR4 CJNE A,#'A',SPISR5 ; ng a ch th set c 3 SETB CO3 LJMP EXITSPISR SPISR5: CLR CO3 LJMP EXITSPISR SPISR4: CJNE A,#'E',SPISR6 ; c yu cu truyn d liu khng? MOV R0,#3FH LCALL TRANSMIT CLR CO3 LJMP EXITSPISR SPISR6: CJNE A,#'C',SPISR7 ; yu cu iu khin n CPL P1.4 CLR CO3 LJMP EXITSPISR SPISR7: CJNE A,#'D',EXITSPISR ; yu cu iu khin qut ( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Trang 69
CPL P1.2 CLR CO3 LJMP EXITSPISR EXITSPISR: POP ACC RETI ;**************************************************************************** ; ; CHNG TRNH CON TRUYN D LIU T VI X L V MY TNH ; ;************************************************************************* ; TRANSMIT: SETB P3.4 CLR TI MOV A,@R0 MOV SBUF,A INC R0 CJNE A,#43H,EXITTRANSMIT MOV R0,#3FH SETB CO2 LJMP EXITTRANSMIT EXITTRANSMIT: RET ;******************************************************************************* ; CHNG TRNH CON M NGI VO RA ; chng trnh ny dng gip cho vi x l nhn bit khi ; no trong phng c ngi cng nh khng c ngi t bt tt n, qut ;****************************************************************************** ; EXT1ISR: PUSH 07H JB CO0,LOVE1 MOV R7,#50 DJNZ R7,$ JB P1.0,LOVE2 SETB CO0 JNB CO1,EXITE1 ACALL RA CLR CO1 CLR CO0 SJMP EXITE1 LOVE2: SETB CO1 SJMP EXITE1 LOVE1: MOV R7,#50 DJNZ R7,$ JB P1.1,EXITE1 SETB CO1 ( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Trang 70
ACALL VAO CLR CO0 CLR CO1 EXITE1: POP 07H RETI ;*************************************************************************** ; CHNG TRNH CON NGI VO ; tng ni dung trong bin m ln 1 n v ; nu ngitrong phng l 1 th s bt cc thit b ;*************************************************************************** VAO: PUSH ACC MOV A,41H INC A MOV 41H,A CJNE A,#2,$+3 JC PLEASE1 SJMP PLEASE2 PLEASE1: CLR P1.2 CLR P1.4 PLEASE2: POP ACC RET ;*************************************************************************** ; CHNG TRNH CON NGI RA ; gim bin m i 1 n v ; nu ngi trong phng l 0 th tt cc thit b ;*************************************************************************** RA: PUSH ACC MOV A,41H DEC A MOV 41H,A CJNE A,#1,$+3 JC PLEASE3 SJMP PLEASE4 PLEASE3: SETB P1.2 SETB P1.4 PLEASE4: POP ACC RET ;**************************************************************************** ; CHNG TRNH CON M PHNG CM BIN QUANG CHNG TRM ; Gi chung khi pht hin c trm ;**************************************************************************** EXT0ISR: ( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Trang 71
SETB 06H CLR P1.6 RETI ;************************************************************************** ; Chng trnh ny dng a trng thi hin ti ca cc thit b vo nh trung gian ; truyn v my tnh ; Ty thuc vo trng thi hin ti ca cc thit b m ta s c mt gi tr lu trong ; nh ny ;************************************************************************** CHECKFLAG: JB P1.3,HERE1 JB P3.5,HERE2 JNB P3.2,HERE3 MOV 42H,#'O' LJMP EXITCHECKFLAG HERE3: MOV 42H,#'P' LJMP EXITCHECKFLAG HERE2: JNB P3.2,HERE4 MOV 42H,#'Q' LJMP EXITCHECKFLAG HERE4: MOV 42H,#'R' LJMP EXITCHECKFLAG HERE1: JB P3.5,HERE5 JNB P3.2,HERE6 MOV 42H,#'S' LJMP EXITCHECKFLAG HERE6: MOV 42H,#'T' LJMP EXITCHECKFLAG HERE5: JNB P3.2,HERE7 MOV 42H,#'U' LJMP EXITCHECKFLAG HERE7: MOV 42H,#'X' LJMP EXITCHECKFLAG EXITCHECKFLAG: RET ;****************************************************************************** ; CHNG TRNH CON REQUEST ; Chng trnh ny dng pht hin c yu cu bt tt cc thit b t ngi dng hay ; khng? ; nu P1.7=0: yu cu bt/ tt n ; nu P2.7=0: yu cu bt/ tt qut ; ;**************************************************************************** ( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Trang 72
REQUEST: PUSH 00H JB P1.7,SKIP4 MOV R0,#10 DJNZ R0,$ JB P1.7,SKIP4 CPL P1.4 SJMP EXITREQUEST SKIP4: JB P2.7,EXITREQUEST MOV R0,#10 DJNZ R0,$ JB P2.7,EXITREQUEST CPL P1.2 SJMP EXITREQUEST EXITREQUEST: POP ACC RET END
D. Gii thiu cc IC s dng trong ti

IC 74LS247: IC 74LS247 l vi mch li chuyn i m BCD ra m LED 7 on (Seven Segment Display) .IC 74LS247 chuyn i d liu BCD ra m LED ra dng m s thp phn, n lm hin s trn LED 7 on vi cc Anod chung. Khi chn LT (Lamp Test) mc thp, lc tt c ng ra l mc cao, tc n tt. I.
S chn linh
7 1 2 6 4 5 3
U 1 1 2 4 8 B R L 74 A B C D E F G
kin :
1 1 1 1 9 1 1 3 2 1 0 5 4
I/R B O B I T 247
Bng chn l :
S m v chc nng
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 14 15 BI RBI LT
Input LT
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H X H L
RBI
H X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X L X
D C B A
L L L L L L L H L L H L L L H H L H L L L H L H L H H L L H H H H L L L H L L H H L H L H L H H H H L L H H L H H H H L H H H H X X X X L L L L X X X X
BI /RBO
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L L H
Output a
ON OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF OFF OFF ON
b
ON ON ON ON ON OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON
c
ON ON OFF ON ON ON ON ON ON ON OFF ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON
d
ON OFF ON ON OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF ON ON OFF ON ON OFF OFF OFF ON
e
ON OFF ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF OFF ON
f
ON OFF OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF ON ON OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF ON
g
OFF OFF ON ON ON ON ON OFF ON ON ON ON ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF ON
III. IC 74LS154: 74LS154 l IC gii m 4 sang 16, c ng ra tch cc mc thp. S chn linh kin v bng s tht :
Input
G1 L L L L L L L L G2 L L L L L L L L D L L L L L L L L C B A L L L L L H L H L L H H H L L H L H H H L H H H
Output
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
L L L L L L L L L H H
L L L L L L L L H L H
H H H H H H H H X X X
L L L L L H L H L L H H H L L H L H H HL H HH X XX X XX X XX
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 none none none
H : High mc cao (1) L : Low mc thp (0) None : cm
IV.
IC 74573 : L IC cht c ng ra 3 trng thi. S chn v bng s tht :

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 D D D D D D D D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
OC L L L H
C H H L X
Input (D) H L X X
Output (Q) H L Q1 Z
1 1 1
C O C S N 74A S 5 73
V. IC 74138 : L IC gii m 3 sang 8. C ng ra tch cc mc thp S chn v bng s tht :
1 2 3
A B C
INPUTS ENABLE G1 X L H H H H H H H H G2 H X L L L L L L L L
X X L L L L H H H H
6 G 1 4 SELECT 5 G 2A C B G AB 2
X X7 L L H H L L H H X 4XL L H L H L H L L
Y 0 Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y07 Y
H H L H H H H H H H
1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 9 7 Y1
H H H L H H H H H H
OUTPUTS Y2 H H H H L H H H H H Y3 H H H H H L H H H H Y4 H H H H H H L H H H Y5 H H H H H H H L H H Y6 H H H H H H H H L H Y7 H H H H H H H H H L
S 1 3 8
VII. IC 75176: L IC chuyn i tn hiu in p so vi mass thnh tn hiu in p vi sai . S chn linh kin :
4 2 3 8 D I R E D E +V C C 75176 R O A B 1 6 7
VIII. MAX 232: L vi mch chuyn i tn hiu theo chun RS232 sang chun TTL v ngc li. Trong thc t c rt nhiu vi mch chuyn i t RS_232 sang TTL v ngc li. Th nhng MAX232 c im hn cc vi mch khc v rt ph bin hin nay, u im ca MAX 232 l ch s dng ngun n cc +5V. Bn trong MAX 232 c mt b nhn i in p to ra in p +10V v mt b to ra in p m. Nh vy n to ra b ngun +/-10V,p ng c mc in p cho RS_232. S chn linh kin :
1 3 8 1 1 1 0 1 5 2 6
R 1 IN R 2 IN T 1 IN T 2 IN
R1 OU T R 2O U T T1 O U T T2O U T
1 2 9 1 4 7
C + ( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng 3 C 1 4 Trang 76 C 2+ C 2V + V -
M A X 23 2
Gii thch tn hiu : R2IN: ng vo RS_232 R2OUT: ng ra TTL T2OUT: ng ra RS_232T2IN: ng vo TTL R1IN: ng voRS_232R1OUT: ng ra TTL T1OUT : ng ra RS_232T1 IN :ng vo TTL C1+, C1-: t C1= 10mF bn ngoi C2+, C2-: t C2= 10mF bn ngoi +V: ngun +10V -V: ngun -10V VCC,GND: ngun cung cp n cc +5V
PHN III
GIAO TIP MY TNH VI VI X L

Chng I
TNG QUAN V MNG MY TNH V VN V GIAO TIP NI TIP

A. Tng quan v mng my tnh
Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bi cc ng truyn vt l theo mt kin trc no . V ngy nay mng my tnh tr thnh mt lnh vc nghin cu pht trin v ng dng ct li ca cng ngh thng tin.
I. Cc yu t ca mng my tnh :
Cc yu t ca mt mng my tnh bao gm : ng truyn vt l v kin trc ca mt mng my tnh. 1. ng truyn vt l: ng truyn vt l dng chuyn cc tn hiu in t gia cc my tnh. Cc tn hiu in t biu th cc gi tr d liu di dng cc xung nh phn (ON-OFF). Tt c cc tn hiu c truyn gia cc my tnh u thuc mt dng sng in t (EM) no , tri t cc tn s radio ti cc sng cc ngn vi baa) v tia hng ngoi. Ty theo tn s ca sng in t c th dng cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau truyn cc tn hiu. Cc tn s radio c th truyn bng cp in (dy i xon hoc ng trc ) hoc bng phng tin qung b (radio broadcasting). Sng cc ngn vi baa) thng c dng truyn gia cc trm mt t v cc v tinh. Tia hng ngoi l l tng i vi nhiu loi truyn thng mng. N c th c truyn gia hai im hoc qung b t mt im n nhiu my thu. Tia hng ngoi v cc tn s cao hn ca nh sng c th c truyn qua cc loi cp si quang. Khi xem xt la chn ng truyn vt l ta cn ch ti cc c trng c bn ca chng l di thng, suy hao v nhiu in t. 2. Kin trc mng: Kin trc mng my tnh (network architecture) th hin qua cch ni cc my tnh vi nhau ra sao v tp hp cc quy tc, qui c m tt c cc thc th tham gia truyn thng trn mng phi tun theo m bo cho mng hot ng tt. Cch ni cc my tnh c gi l hnh trng (topology gi tt l topo), cn tp hp cc quy tc, quy c truyn thng th c gi l giao thc (protocol) ca mng. *Topo mng: C hai kiu ni mng ch yu l: im im ( point to point) v qung b broadcaster hay point to multi point). Theo kiu point to point, cc ng truyn ni thnh tng cp nt vi nhau v mi nt u c trch nhim lu tr tm thi sau chuyn tip d liu i cho ti ch.
Theo kiu qung b, tt c cc nt phn chia chung mt ng truyn vt l. D liu c gi i t mt nt no c th c tip nhn bi tt c cc nt cn li. Ni nhn s kim tra xem a ch ch gi n c phi cho mnh hay khng c th tip tc thc hin vic giao tip hay b qua. *Giao thc mng: Vic truyn tn hiu trn mng cng cn phi tun theo nhng quy tc, qui c v nhiu mt: t khun dng (c php, ng ngha) ca d liu ti cc th tc gi, nhn d liu, kim sot hiu qu v cht lng truyn tin cng nh x l cc li s c. Tp hp tt c nhng quy tc, qui c c gi l giao thc ca mng.
II. Phn loi mng my tnh :

C nhiu cch phn loi mng my tnh khc nhau ty thuc vo yu t chnh lm ch tiu phn loi. Nu ly khong cch a l lm yu t chnh phn loi th ta c cc loi sau: 1. Mng cc b ( Local Area Networks LAN): L mng c ci t trong mt phm vi tng i nh (v d trong mt ta nh, trng hc ) vi khong cch ln nht gia cc my tnh nt mng ch trong vng vi chc kilo mt tr li. Mt mng cc b bao gm c phn cng ln phn mm. Phn mm ca n bao gm cc trnh iu khin thit b v h iu hnh mng . 2. Mng th( Metropolitan Area Networks WAN): L mng c ci t trong phm vi mt th hoc mt trung tm kinh t- x hi c bn knh khong 100 kilo mt tr li. 3. Mng din rng ( Wide Area Networks WAN ): C phm vi c th vt qua bin gii mt quc gia v thm ch c mt chu lc. 4. Mng ton cu ( Global Area Networks GAN ):Phm vi s dng ca mng tri rng khp cc chu lc ca Tri t.
III. ng truyn v cc thit b s dng trong mng my tnh:
1. ng truyn:
a. Cp truyn: Cp ng trc: C cu to gm hai dy dn, mt dy dn trung tm ( thng bng ng cng ) v mt dy dn to thnh mt ng bao quanh dy dn trung tm, dy dn ny c th l dy bn hay bng l kim loi. Gia hai dy dn c mt lp cch ly v bn ngoi cng l mt lp v plastic bo v cp. Cap xon i: Cp ny gm hai ng dy dn ng trc c xon vo nhau. Mc ch ca vic xon ny l nhm gim nhiu in t gy ra bi mi trng xung quanh v gy ra bi bn thn chng vi nhau. C hai loi cp xon i c dng hin nay l cp c bc kim STP (Shield Twisted-Pair) v cp khng bc kim UTP ( Unshield Twisted-Pair). STP
c kh nng chng nhiu tt nh c v bc kim, thch hp cho tc truyn di 500Mb/s. Cn UTP c kh nng chng nhiu thp hn, tc c th t ti l 100Mb/s. Cp si quang: Cp si quang khng truyn dn cc tn hiu in m ch truyn dn cc tn hiu quang. Cp si quang bao gm mt dy dn trung tm ( l mt hoc mt b si thy tinh hay plastic c th truyn dn tn hiu quang ) c bc mt lp o c tc dng phn x cc tn hiu tr li gim s mt mt tn hiu. Bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp. Tn hiu truyn trn cp si quang c th t tc 2Gb/s v cho php khong cch truyn kh xa do suy hao tn hiu trn cp rt thp. Ngoi ra do tn hiu truyn l dng quang nn n khng b nh hng bi nhiu in t v cc hiu ng in khc. Hn na, tn hiu truyn trn cp si quang c bo mt rt cao. Tuy nhin cp si quang c nhc im l kh lp t v gi thnh cn tng i cao. b. Phng tin v tuyn: Radio: Radio chim di tn t 10KHz n 1GHz, trong c cc bng tn quen thuc nh: Sng ngn. VHF ( Very High Frequency ) : Dng cho truyn hnh v FM radio. UHF ( Ultra High Frequency ) : Dng cho truyn hnh. Cc phng thc truyn theo tn s radio l : Cng sut thp tn s n, cng sut cao tn s n v tri ph. Viba (Microwave ): C hai dng truyn thng vi ba l mt t v v tinh. Cc h thng vi ba mt t thng hot ng bng tn 4-6GHz v 21-23GHz, tc truyn d liu t 1-10Mb/s Cc h thng tia hng ngoi (Iinfrared System ): Cc mng im im hot ng bng cch chuyn cc tn hiu hng ngoi t mt thit b ti mt thit b k tip, di tn hot ng l 100GHz n 1000GHz vi tc khong 100Kb/s n 16b/s. Cc mng qung b hng ngoi cng c di tn nh trn nhng c tc truyn thc t ch t di 1Mb/s. 2. Thit b mng:
a. Cc b giao tip mng:
Cc b giao tip mng c th c thit k ngay trong Mainboard ca my tnh hoc dng cc tm giao tip mng ( Network Interface Card- NIC ) hoc l cc b thch nghi ng truyn. Mt NIC c th c ci t vo mt khe cm (slot ) ca my tnh . y l loi thit b thng dng nht ni my tnh vi mng. Trong NIC c b thu
pht vi mt s kiu u ni. B thu pht chuyn i cc tn hiu bn trong my tnh thnh cc tn hiu m mng i hi v cng bin i ngc li cc tn hiu truyn trn mng thnh cc tn hiu m my tnh c th lm vic c. B thch nghi ng truyn l thit b c chc nng lm thch nghi mt kiu u ni no trn my tnh vi mt kiu u ni khc m mng i hi. C cc b thch nghi ng truyn nh l: transceiver, media filter, parallel port adapter, SCSI port adapter.
Hub ( b tp trung ):
Hub l b chia hay cn gi l b tp trung ( concentrators) dng u mng. C cc loi Hub nh sau: Passive Hub, Active Hub, v Intelligent Hub.
Repeater ( b chuyn tip ):
Repeater c chc nng tip nhn v chuyn tip cc tn hiu d liu thng c dng ni hai on cp mng Ethernet ( m rng mng). Mt s repeater ch c chc nng n gin l khuch i tn hiu. Tuy nhin lc mi ting n trn mng cng b khuch i theo. Ngoi ra nu tn hiu gc b nhiu th repeater ny cng khuch i lun nhiu. Cc loi repeater tin tin hn c th m rng phm vi ca ng truyn mng bng hai cch: khuch i v ti sinh tn hiu. Chng nh danh d liu trong tn hiu nhn v dng d liu ti sinh tn hiu gc.
Bridge ( Cu ):
Bridge l mt thit b mm do hn rt nhiu so vi repeater. Mt repeater chuyn i tt c cc tn hiu m n nhn c. Cn Bridge th c chn lc v ch chuyn i cc tn hiu c ch phn mng pha bn kia.
Multiplexor (b dn knh ):
Multiplexor l thit b c chc nng t hp mt s tn hiu chng c th c truyn vi nhau v sau khi nhn li c tch ra tr thnh tn hiu gc.
Modem:
Modem ( Modulation/ demodulation ) l thit b c chc nng chuyn i tn hiu s thnh tn hiu analog v ngc li kt ni cc my tnh qua ng in thoi. Modem cho php trao i th in t, truyn tp v trao i d liu theo yu cu. Tuy nhin modem khng phi l thit b lin mng nn n khng th ni kt cc mng xa vi nhau. khc phc iu ny ta c th kt hp vi router ni kt cc mng qua mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng.
Router :
Router ( b chn ng ) l thit b c chc nng tng t nh bridge, tuy nhin n a nng hn bridge v c th thc hin cc gii thut chn ng i ti u theo mt ch tiu no .
B. Giao tip ni tip:

Nhng thit b thc hin vic giao tip bao gm hai loi l : DCE ( Data Communications Equipment ) v DTE ( Data Terminal Equipment ).
DTE ( cn gi l thit b u cui d liu ) l mt thut ng chung ch cc my ca ngi s dng cui, chng c th l my tnh hoc mt trm cui (terminal ). Nh vy tt c cc ng dng ca ngi s dng iu nm DTE. Mc ch ca mng my tnh chnh l ni cc DTE li cho php chng phn chia ti nguyn, trao i d liu v lu tr thng tin dng chung. DCE ( cn gi l thit b cui knh d liu ) l thut ng chung dng ch cc thit b ni cc DTE vi cc ng ( mng) truyn thng. N c th l mt Modem, Transducer, MultiplexDCE c th c ci t ngay bn trong DTE hoc ng ring nh mt thit b c lp. Chc nng chnh ca DCE l chuyn i tn hiu biu din d liu ca ngi s dng thnh dng tn hiu chp nhn c bi ng truyn v ngc li. Vic truyn d liu, ch yu c thc hin thng qua mng in thoi, phi tun theo nhng nguyn tc nht nh, v thng l dng cc chun truyn c quc t ha. C nhiu chun truyn thng khc nhau, trong c cc chun thuc h RS- ( ngy nay i thnh h EIA- ) ca EIA ( Electronics Industries Association ) c s dng rt ph bin l: RS-232C, RS-422A, RS423, RS-485. Chng ta s ln lt kho st tng chun trn.
I. c im ca cc chun truyn thng RS-232C, RS-422A, RS-485:

Thng s Chiu di cp Length (max) Baud rate (Tc Baud) Mode Driver No. Receiver Logic 0 Logic 1 Community Cable/signal Methode Phng thc Short circuit current RS-232C 15m (50 ft) 20Kbs/15m RS-422 1.2km (4000ft ) 10M bs/12m 1Mbs/120m 100Kbs/1.2km Balanced Differential 1 10 +2V->+5V -2V-> -5V 1.8V 2 Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex 150 mA RS-423 1.2km (4000ft) 100Kbs/9m 10Kbs/90m 1Kbs/1.2km Balanced Differential 1 10 +3.6V->+6V -3.6V ->-6V 3.4V 2 Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex 150mA RS-485 1.2km (4000ft) 10Mbs/12m 1Mbs/120m 100Kbs/1.2km Balanced Differential 32 32 +1.5V->+5V -1.5V ->-5V 1.3V 2 Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex 150mA
Unbalanced 1 1 +3V->+25V -3V ->-25V 2V 1 Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex 500mA
1. Chun RS-232C :
L chun ca EIA nhm nh ngha giao din vt l gia DTE v DCE (v d nh gia mt my tnh v mt modem ). Chun ny s dng u ni 25 chn, tuy nhin ch c mt s t chn l thc s cn thit cho vic lin kt. V phng din in , chun ny quy nh cc mc logic 0 v 1 tng ng vi cc in th nh hn -3V v ln hn +3V. Tc ng truyn khng c vt qu 20Kbs v khong cch nh hn 15m. Chun RS-232C c th chp nhn phng thc truyn song cng ( full-duplex ). Mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng ca RS-232C l thi gian chuyn t mc logic ny sang mc logic khc khng vt qu 4% thi gian tn ti ca mt bit. Gi s vi tc truyn 19200 baud th thi gian chuyn mc logic phi nh hn 0.04/19200 = 2.1ms. iu ny lm gii hn chiu di ng truyn. Vi tc 19200baud ta c th truyn xa nht l 50ft (15.24m ). Mt trong nhng vn quan trng cn ch l khi s dng RS-232C l mch thu pht khng cn bng ( n cc ), tc l tn hiu vo v ra c so vi t. 2. Chun RS-422A: Mt ci tin quan trng ca chun RS-232C l chun RS-422A. Chun ny s dng vic truyn d liu sai lch differential data ) trn nhng ng truyn cn bng. Mt d liu sai lch cn hai dy, mt cho d liu khng o (non-inverted) v mt ng cho d liu o (inverted). D liu c truyn trn ng dy cn bng, thng l cp dy xon vi mt tr u cui. Mt IC li (driver) s bin i cc mc logic thng thng thnh mt cp tn hiu sai lch truyn. Bn nhn s c mt mch chuyn i tn hiu sai lch thnh cc mc logic tng ng. Cc IC li RS-422A hu ht hot ng vi ngun +5V nh cc chip logic khc. Vi chun mi ny, tc cng nh khong cch truyn c ci thin rt nhiu. 3. Chun RS-485 : Giao tip EIA RS-485 l mt ci tin ca chun RS-422A. c tnh in ca n ging nh chun RS-422A. RS-485 l chun truyn vi sai, s dng hai dy cn bng. Vi RS-485 tc truyn c th t n 10Mbs v chiu di cp c th ln n 1.2km. in p vi sai ng ra t +1.5V-> +5V nu l logic mc 0 v mc logic 1 s l t -1.5V-> -5V. Mt c im quan trng ca RS485 l c th cung cp n 32 drivers v receivers trn cng mt ng truyn. iu ny cho php to thnh mt mng cc b. c kh nng nh vy, ng ra driver RS-485 phi l ng ra 3 trng thi. V do mt slave s trng thi tng tr cao khi n khng c chn giao tip cng vi master. Ch c mt trm c chn lm master, cc trm cn li u l slave. Master c quyn truyn bt c lc no, n s ch nh mt slave bt k giao tip vi n. Slave ch c th truyn sau khi nhn c lnh ca master. Mi slave c mt a ch ring trn ng truyn v s khng c php truyn nu khng c yu cu t master.
II. Cc phng thc truyn thng:

C 3 phng php truyn c dng trong mc ch truyn thng tin: n cng, bn song cng, v song cng. Ta s ln lt kho st cc phng php truyn trn. 1. n cng: ng truyn n cng c kh nng truyn d liu ch theo mt hng. Nguyn nhn khng phi do tnh cht ca ng dy n gin ch v mt u cui ch c mt my pht v u cui kia cng ch c mt my thu. Cu hnh ny t c s dng trong cc my tnh v khng c cch no my thu pht tn hiu nhn bit ti my pht cho bit thng ip nhn ng. Pht thanh v truyn hnh l mt trong nhng th d v n cng. 2. Bn song cng(Half-duplex Communication): ng truyn bn song cng c th pht v nhn d liu theo c hai hng khng ng thi. Trong sut mt cuc truyn, mt modem l my pht v modem cn li s l my thu. V d nh mt thit b A l my pht gi d liu n thit b B l my thu, sau A v B i vai tr cho nhau, B l my pht gi tn hiu bo d liu nhn c c li hay khng n my thu A. Nu khng c li th A v B s li i vai tr cho nhau v A tip tc gi d liu n my thu B. Nu my thu B bo d liu c li th my pht A s gi li d liu c cho n khi B bo l d liu khng c li. Nhc im ca phng php ny l thi gian cn chuyn ng truyn bn song cng t hng ny sang hng khc c th di gp nhiu ln thi gian truyn mt k t. S chuyn ng ca xe trn ng ray l mt th d v phng php ny. 3. Song cng ( Full-duplex Communication): Ngc li so vi truyn bn song cng, ng truyn song cng c kh nng pht v nhn d liu ng thi theo c hai hng. Mt cch khi qut, ng truyn song cng tng ng vi 2 ng truyn n cng, mt ng cho mi hng. V hai ng truyn c th tin hnh song song, mt ng cho mi hng, nn truyn song cng c th pht nhiu thng tin hn truyn bn song cng vi cng tc truyn d liu. Truyn song cng khng mt thi gian thay i hng truyn.
III. Truyn thng tun t:

Hu ht cc my tnh lu tr d liu v thao tc d liu theo cch song song. Ngha l khi gi mt byte t b nhn ny ti b nhn khc ca my tnh, n khng truyn tng bit mt m mt lc mt byte trn nhng cp si song song nhau. S cc bit truyn i cng mt lc thay i ty thuc vo tng my tnh nhng thng thng l 8 hoc bi ca 8. Tuy nhin vic truyn d liu t my tnh ny n my tnh hay mt thit b khc th xy ra theo kiu tun t, ngha l d liu c gi i tng bit mt. Mt b giao tip tun t s m nhn nhim v chuyn i d liu t
song song sang ni tip trc khi chng gi i hoc i t ni tip sang song song khi chng nhn v. C hai hnh thc truyn thng tun t: truyn thng ng b v khng ng b.
Truyn thng bt ng b ( Asynchronous communication):
Khong thi gian gia hai k t truyn i khng c nh, mc d khong thi gian gia hai bit lin tip trong mt k t l khng thay i nhng khong thi gian gia hai k t lin tip khng phi l hng s. S bin thin tc ny lm ny sinh vn l phi lm sao my thu phn bit c gia bit 0 v khng c d liu. gii quyt vn trn , ngi ta pht trc tip mt bit start ngay trc mt k t v mt hoc hai stop bit ngay sau mi k t c truyn i. kim tra li ng truyn, ngi ta s dng bit chn l( parity bit), tc kim tra tng s bit trong 1 byte d liu c truyn. Phng thc ny thng c s dng trong cc my tnh PC v tnh n gin ca n. Hn ch ca phng php ny l tc truyn thp do phi truyn thm mt s bit start, bit stop v bit parity.
Truyn thng ng b ( Synchronous Communications):
Phng thc truyn ny khng dng cc bit start, stop ng khung mi k t m chn cc k t c bit nh SYN ( Synchronization), EOT (End Of Transmission) hoc mt c gia cc d liu ca ngi s dng bo hiu cho bn nhn bit rng c d liu ang n hay n. Truyn ng b thng c tin hnh tc di 4800Bps,9600Bps hoc thm ch cn cao hn. Trong phng php ny, mt khi ng b, cc modem vn tip tc gi cc k t duy tr ng b, ngay c lc khng pht d liu. Mt k t idle c gi i khi khng c d liu pht. Trong phng php truyn ng b khng ging nh phng php truyn bt ng b, khong thi gian gia hai k t lun bng nhau. Truyn thng ng b i hi cc xung clock trong my pht v thu phi duy tr ng b nhng khong thi gian di. Thi gian truyn c th tip tc lu m khng c s ti ng b ca my thu vi pha ca my pht ty thuc vo s n nh ca xung clock.
Chng II
GIAO TIP MY TNH VI VI X L
.
iu khin thu pht d liu qua cng Com:
My tnh v ngoi vi mun lin kt c vi nhau cn phi c kt ni vi nhau theo mt chun nht nh. C nhiu kiu kt ni ngoi vi vi my tnh, trong cc cch thng dng l gn vo slot trn Mainboard, qua cng my in v thng qua cng ni tip( cng Com). Mi kiu u c nhiu u v khuyt im khc nhau, ty theo yu cu m ta c th chn nhng phng cch khc nhau. Cng ni tip c s dng cho vic truyn tn hiu theo dng ni tip. Cng ni tip truyn mc logic 1 tm in p t 3V n 25V v mc logic 0 l t +3V n +25V. Trong khi , vi cng song song, mc logic 0 l 0V logic 1 l +5V. V vy cng ni tip c th c mc chnh lch in p ti a l 50V so vi 5V ca cng song song v do vn in p ri trn ng dy ng truyn ni tip khng nghim trng hn so vi ng truyn song song. Do truyn tn hiu theo kiu ni tip khng b nh hng nhiu nhiu nh kiu cng song song. Giao tip ni tip ch s dng 3 ng dy cho TXD, RXD v GND v do yu cu cho thit b giao tip vi n c t chn hn so vi 19 hay 25 dy trong vic giao tip song song v yu cu t nht l 9 chn cho giao tip ni tip,iu ny lm phc tp thm cng ngh ch to v gi thnh sn xut i vi cc thit b giao tip song song.
I. Gii thiu cng ni tip RS-232C:

Cng giao RS-232C l giao din ph bin rng ri nht. Ging nh cng my in, cng ni tip RS-232C c s dng mc cch thun tin cho mc ch o lng v iu khin. Vic truyn d liu qua cng RS-232C c tin hnh theo cch ni tip, ngha l cc bit d liu c gi i ni tip nhau trn cng mc ng truyn dn. Cng ni tip RS-232C khng phi l mt h thng bus, n cho php d dng to ra lin kt di hnh thc im-im gia hai my tnh cn trao i thng tin vi nhau. Mt thnh vin th 3 khng th tham gia vo cuc trao i ny. Mc logic 0 s nm gia +3V-> +25v. Mc logic 1 t -3V -> -25V.
Khong t 3V -> +3V l trng thi mc nh. in p h mch phi nh hn 25V. Dng ngn mch khng vt qu 500mA. C hai loi Jack cm ni tip RS-232C l loi 9 chn v 25 chn. Chng khc vi cng my in ch cng my in l loi cm cn y l Jack nhiu chn. Cc Jack cm RS-232C c tng cng 8 ng dn cha k ng ni t. Vic truyn d liu xy ra trn hai ng dy TXD v RXD. My tnh nhn d liu t cc thit b khc thng qua ng TXD v n dng ng RXD truyn d liu n cc thit b kia. 9 chn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 25 chn 8 3 2 20 7 6 4 5 22 Chc nng DCD- data Carrier Detect (In) RXD- Receive data (In) TXD-Transmit Data (Out) DTR Data Terminal Ready(Out) GND-Ground(Mass) DSR-Data Set Ready (In) RTS- Request to Send(Out) CTS- Clear To Send (In) RI- Ring Indicator(In) Chc nng ng truyn d liu ng nhn d liu Bo modem sn sng cho vic trao i d liu DCD s tch cc khi modem nhn c d liu. Bo cho UART l modem sn sng cho vic thit lp ng truyn. Bo cho modem bit l UART sn sng cho vic kt ni. Thng bo cho modem bit l UART sn sng cho vic truyn nhn d liu. Ln mc tch cc khi modem nhn c tn hiu. Name COM 3 COM 4 Address IRQ 3E8 4 2E8 3
K hiu Tn TD Transmit data RD CTS DCD DSR TDR RTS RI Receive Data Clear To Send Data Carrier detect Data Set Ready Data Terminal Ready Request To Send Ring Indicator
Bng chc nng cc chn trong RS-232C .
Name COM1 COM 2
Address IRQ 3F8 4 2F8 3
Bng a ch cc cng.
Vic truyn d liu gia my tnh v ngoi vi c iu khin bi cc b iu khin thu pht ng b hay bt ng b.
II. Chip thu pht bt ng b-Vi mch UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver) 8250A/16450:
1. Tng quan: Vi mch 8250A ca Intel l mt UART c dng rt rng ri.UART 8250A c cc chc nng sau: _ Bin i d liu song song t CPU thnh dng ni tip truyn i ng thi thu dng d liu ni tip, i chng thnh d liu dng song song v gi chng n CPU. _ Thm cc bit start, stop v parity vo tng k t trc khi pht i v tch cc bit ny ra khi k t nhn c. _ Bo m cc bit d liu c truyn i vi tc c lp trnh trc, kim tra pht hin li. _ Set tn hiu bt tay phn cng v cho bit trng thi ca tn hiu. 2. Cc thanh ghi UART: _ Thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn (Line Control Register LCR): Dng t cc thng s truyn. _ Thanh ghi iu khin Modem(Modem Control Register- MCR): iu khin tn hiu bt tay t UART. _ Thanh ghi cho php ngt( Interrput Enable RegisterIER): Thanh ghi ny cho php/cm cc nguyn nhn gy ngt khc nhau tng ng vi cc bit trong thanh ghi. Cc bit ca thanh ghi ny mc 1 l cho php, mc 0 l cm ngt. -_ Thanh ghi trng thi( Status Register SR):Thng bo cho CPU bit trng thi hot ng ca UART: _ Thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn (Line Status Register-LSR): Cha thng tin v truy xut d liu. _ Thanh ghi trng thi modem( Modem Status Register-MSR): Cha thng tin lin quan v trng thi ca nhng ng truyn bt tay. _ Thanh ghi nh danh ngt( Interrupt Identification Register-IIR): Thanh ghi nhn dng ngun ngt l mt thanh ghi ch c ( read only). Trng thi cc bit trong thanh ghi ny s thay i khi c s thay i trng thi ca cc thanh ghi khc trong UART. CPU s c bit IR0 xem c yu cu ngt hay khng v kim tra ngun ngt t cc bit IR1-IR0.
Cc vi mch UARTS:
8250: L vi mch UART u tin. 8250A l phin bn ci tin hn ca 8250 vi tc c ci tin nhiu. 8250A: Tc nhanh hn so vi 8250, c cng chc nng nh 16450.
16450: Ci tin ca 8250, hot ng tt tc 38.4bps, hin ny vn cn c s dng rng ri. 16550: L th h u tin ca h UART c buffer. C hai loi buffer. Tuy nhin 16550 khng c s dng nhiu v b thay th bi 16550A. 16550A: L vi mch UART thng dng nht s dng cho mc ch giao tip vi tc cao nh 14.4k v 28.8k modem . 16650/16750: Thuc UART th h mi cha 32/64 byte FIFO, h tr Power management.
III .Truyn nhn d liu qua cng ni tip:

Vic truyn nhn d liu qua cng ni tip c thc hin bi UART. Nguyn tc chip UART hot ng cho vic truyn v nhn mt k t nh sau: b. truyn mt k t, u tin k t s c a vo thanh ghi i truyn ( Transmit Holding Register), sau c a vo thanh ghi dch ca b pht ( Transmit Shift Register). Sau khi k t trc c truyn xong, tng bit ca k t c truyn s c dch vo knh d liu. c. Khi nhn mt k t, u tin cc bit ca n ln lt c np vo thanh ghi d liu ca b thu( Receive Shift Register ), sau chng c a vo thanh ghi d liu ca b thu ( Receive Data Register ) sau khi loi b cc bit start, stop v parity. X Thu pht d liu : C hai phng php thu pht d liu qua UART. Phng php th nht l phng php hi vng ch d liu c pht xong hoc nhn xong. Phng php th hai l phng php to ra mt trnh iu khin ngt. Phng php hi vng chm hn nhiu so vi phng php kia. Tc cao nht c th t ca phng php hi vng l 34.8Kbps trong khi phng php to ngt c th t c tc 115,2Kbps. y ta chn phng php hi vng iu khin vic thu pht d liu. X pht mt k t: Vi phng php hi vng UART, khi gi mt k t ta phi kim tra xem thanh ghi i truyn c rng khng bng cch xem bit 6 ca LCR c bng 1 hay khng . X thu mt k t: bit khi no k t thu vo hay cha ta kim tra bit 0 ca thanh ghi LCR. Nu n bng 1 th c 1 k t c nhn vo.
Chng III :
CHNG TRNH TRUYN THNG BNG NGN NG VISUAL BASIC 6.0
I. Tng quan v Visual Basic :
Visual Basic l ngn ng lp trnh trn mi trng Windows ra i sm nht, v thc s to nn mt cuc cch mng trong cng ngh phn mm .cho nn khi pht hnh Visual Basic 1.0 vo nm 1991, ng Bill Gates, ch tch hng Microsoft gi Visual Basic l mt sn phm ng n, cn cc nhn vt ni ting khc trong gii cng ngh phn mm cng khng tic li khen ngi cng c lp trnh trc quan ny. Nu tng cm thy thc s thch th khi chuyn t vic s dng h iu hnh MS-DOS sang Windows th ta cng d hiu nhng li khen ngi ny. Trc y, khi lm vic trong mi trng DOS, khng t ngi cm thy thc s kh khn vi vic phi nh nhng cu lnh nhp vo t du nhc DOS. Windows gii quyt kh khn ny cho ngi dng bng cch s dng mt giao din ha vi nhng nt lnh, hp thoi chun, cc menu chn laTuy nhin trc khi Visual Basic ra i th to c mt ng dng trong Windows, cc lp trnh vin s dng C phi tn rt nhiu cng sc dnh cho vic to giao din cho chng trnh. Ch c vic to mt nt lnh khng thi cn phi dng n hng trm dng ma. Vi VisualBasic, cng vic to giao din tr nn d dng hn bao gi ht. Ch vi mt vi thao tc click drag n gin, ta c th b sung vo cc ca s cn trng cc lnh n, cc hp vn bn, cc nt lnh, cc nt ty chn, cc nhn, cc hp kimSau khi to giao din th cng vic ca ta ch l vit m cho cc i tng ny (gi l cc iu khin : Control). Nh vy, c th ni, vi Visual Basic cng vic to giao din ha cho ng dng c Visual Basic m nhn. Visual Basic cho php ng dng to ra lin kt vi cc ng dng Windows khc rt d dng, cho php d dng to ra cc ng dng thin v qun l d liu v mng. Visual Basic cho php ngi s dng giao tip vi th vin lin kt ng DLL. iu ny gip gim kch c chng trnh, tp tin thc thi v c bit l lm cho chng trnh c kh nng c nng cp d dng hn. Visual Basic cn cung cp mt s phng php by li trong ng dng. y l mt cng c rt mnh ca Visual Basic.
II. Truyn thng ni tip dng visual basic:

Do s pht trin ngy cng tng ca cc ng dng truyn thng qua cng ni tip ,t phin bn 4.0 ca Visual Basic ,iu khin truyn thng c hon chnh s dng cho vic lp trnh ghp ni my tnh qua cng ni tip .Trong phn ny ta s tm hiu v iu khin ny . 1. iu khin truyn thng: Bnh thng khi chy phn mm Visual Basic ta ch thy c mt s thnh phn quen thuc trn hp cng c (toolbox) .Nhng Visual Basic cho php nhiu thnh phn c th c b sung thm vo .iu khin truyn thng Mscomm ca Visual Basic l mt trong s cc i tng c th c b sung tham gia vo mt s ng dng cn vic chuyn nhn d liu qua cng ni tip . Trong Visual Basic 5.0 v 6.0 ta c th b sung thnh phn Mscomm cp trn nh sau : Chn Project => Components (Ctrl T) ,ca s sau s xut hin. iu khin truyn thng cung cp hai kh nng trao i thng tin : iu khin s kin : Truyn thng iu khin s kin l phng php tt nht c s dng trong qu trnh iu khin vic trao i thng tin ni tip khi n gii phng my tnh lm cc cng vic khc .Trong nhiu tnh hung, ta cn c thng bo v s thay i. Th d nh ta cn bit khi c k t gi n hoc s thay i xy ra trn ng DCD (Data Carrier Detect ) hoc ng RTS (Request To Send). lm iu ta s s dng s kin truyn thng OnComm by v iu khin cc s kin. iu khin truyn thng cn pht hin v iu khin cc li truyn thng. Hi Vng (Polling): Ta cng c th hi vng cc s kin v li bng cch kim tra gi tr ca c tnh ComEvent sau mi chu k ca chng trnh xc nh xem liu mt s kin hoc mt li xut hin. Chng hn, chng trnh c th to vng lp ch mt k t cn c nhn. C mi ln nh vy, k t c c t b m nhn. Thng thng phng php ny c s dng khi chng trnh c thi gian tin hnh hi vng b nhn thng tin, hay ni cch khc l trong cc ng dng khng ln. Visual Basic s dng cc b iu khin ca s chun cho cc cng truyn tin ni tip (nh serialui.dll v serial.vxd ). iu khin truyn thng c b sung cho ng dng ca mt cng ni tip, ni khc i mi iu khin truyn thng m ta dng ch c th iu khin mt cng ni tip. Nu cn truy nhp nhiu cng trong ng dng th ta phi dng nhiu iu khin truyn thng. a ch cng v a ch ngt c th thay i nh Control Panel trong Windows .Cc tham s (nh tc truyn theo bit ,chn l ,) u c th c thay i bng cch la chn: Control Panel => System => Device Manager => Port (COM v LPT) =>Port Settings. Vic thit lp cc cng truyn thng (IRQ v a ch cng) c th thay i bng cch la chn Control Panel => System => Device Manager => Port (COM v LPT) => Resources.
2 .Thuc tnh (property): Thnh phn Comm c b sung vo biu mu ( Form ) bt c lc no cn n vic truyn thng ni tip. Theo mc nh, cng th nht to ra i tng c tn MSComm1, i tng ng vi cng th hai c gi l MSComm2,C th nhn thy cc c tnh chnh ca i tng l: CommPort, DTREnable, EOFEnable, HandShaking ,InBufferSize, Index, InputLen, Inputmode, Left, Name, NullDiscard, OutBufferSize, ParityReplace, Rthreshold, RTSEnable, Settings, SThreshold, Tag, Top. Ta thy iu khin truyn thng c nhiu thuc tnh, nhng c th lm vic vi iu khin truyn thng, trc ht ta cn hiu k cc thuc tnh chnh c lit k trong bng sau .
Cc thuc tnh CommPort Input(nhp vo) Output(xut ra) PortOpen Settings S m t t v tr li s cng truyn thng Tr li v loi b cc k t khi b m nhn Vit mt xu k t ti vo b m truyn M/ng mt cng (ty thuc vo thng s) v t thng s cho cng . t v tr li cc tham s truyn thng nh :tc truyn theo bit ,chn l ,s cc bit d liu ,
Th d sau y ch ra cch truyn thng qua cng ni tip c th c tin hnh nh th no bng cch s dng mt Modem.
Private sub Form_load()
bin lu gi chui nhp vo

Dim Instring as String
s dng COM1
Mscomm11.ComPort = 1
9600 baud ,no parity ,8 bit data ,1 stop bit

Mscomm11.Settings = 9600 ,N,8,1
ra lnh cho iu khin Mscomm1 c ht b m nhn khi dng lnh Input

Mscomm11.InputLen = 0
m cng
Mscomm11.PortOpen = True
gi lnh attention ti MODEM

Mscomm11.Output = ATV1Q0 & Chr$(13) chc rng
MODEM tr li OK i d liu tr li gi v cng ni tip

Do
DoEvents Buffer$ = Buffer$ & MSComm1.Input Loop Until InStr(Buffer$ , OK &vbCRLF)
c d liu tr li OK ng cng ni tip

Mscomm11.PortOpen = False End Sub
Sau y ta s ln lt tm hiu mt s thuc tnh quan trng ca iu khin truyn thng . Thuc tnh Settings Thuc tnh Settings t v tr li cc thng s truyn thng cho cng RS-232, nh tc baud, tnh chn l, s bit d liu v s cc bit dng. C php ca cu lnh l :
[form.]Mscomm1.Settings [=paramString$]
Nu paramString$ khng hp l (valid) th khi m cng, iu khin truyn thng s pht sinh li 380 ( li gi tr thuc tnh khng hp l ). ParamString$ l mt chui cha 4 thng s thit lp cho cng truyn thng RS-232 v c dng nh sau : BBBB ,P ,D ,S y BBBB xc nh tc baud, P l bit ch tnh chn l, D l s bit d liu v S l s cc bit dng (stop bits). Gi tr mc nh ca paramString$ l : 9600, N, 8,1 Bng sau y lit k cc gi tr baud hp l : Thng s tc baud
110 300 600 1200 2400 4800 9600 14400 19200 28800 38400 56000 57600 115200 128000 256000
S bit d liu hp l trong mt ln truyn (khung truyn) l : 4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8

(default)
S bit Stop hp l l : 1 ,1.5 ,2. Th d sau cho php t thng s cho cng truyn tc baud l 4800,khng kim tra bit chn l ,8 bit d liu ,1 bit dng :
Mscomm11.Settings =4800 ,N ,8 ,1
Kiu d liu ca Mscomm11.Settings l : String . Thuc tnh CommPort : Thuc tnh ny t v tr li s cng truyn thng .C php ca cu lnh l :
[form.].CommPort [=portnumber%]
Trong khi thit k (design time) ta c th t Portnumber% bng mt gi tr nm trong khong t 1 n 16 (gi tr mc nh l 1). Trc khi dng lnh PortOpen phi thit lp cng bng CommPort. Nu ta dng thuc tnh PortOpen trc khi thit lp cng bng CommPort th iu khin truyn thng sinh ra li 68 (cng khng tn ti). Kiu d liu : Integer Thuc tnh PortOpen : Thuc tnh PortOpen t v tr li trng thi ca cng truyn thng (ng hoc m). Thuc tnh ny khng c trong thi gian thit k chng trnh. C php ca cu lnh l :
[form.] MSComm.PortOpen [={True/ False}]
Thng s thit lp l True m cng, cn False ng (gii phng) cng v xa ni dung cc b m nhn v truyn MSComm t ng ng cng ni tip khi ng dng kt thc (Terminated). Trc khi dng thuc tnh ny (PortOpen), phi t thng s cng bng thuc tnh CommPort vi mt gi tr hp l, nu ta qun i thuc tnh ny li 68 s pht sinh. Th d sau y m cng truyn thng s 1 (COM1) vi tc baud l 4800 baud, khng kim tra tnh chn l, 8 bit d liu, 1 bit stop:
MSComm1.Settings = 4800 ,N ,8 ,1 MSComm1.CommPort=1 MSComm1.PortOpen=True
Kiu d liu : Boolean. Cc thuc tnh phc v vic nhp d liu (Input ,InBufferCount v InBufferSize) a. Thuc tnh Input : Thuc tnh Input tr li v xa b mt chui k t t b m nhn. Thuc tnh ny khng sn c trong khi thit k v l ch c (Read_only) khi chy chng trnh. C php ca cu lnh l :
[form.] MSComm.Input
Thuc tnh InputLen quy nh s k t c c bi cu lnh Input. xc nh s cc k t trong b m, thuc tnh InBufferCount c kim tra. t InputLen l 0 c ton b ni dung ca b m nhn. Thuc tnh InputMode quyt nh kiu d liu thu v qua thuc tnh Input. Nu thuc tnh ny c set l CommInputModeText th thuc tnh Input s tr v d liu kiu text vo 1 bin Variant. Nu InputMode l comInputModeBinary th Input s tr v d liu nh phn trong mt mng cc byte vo mt bin Variant .
Th d di y ch ra cch c d liu t b m nhn. MSComm1.InputLen= 0 c ton b ni dung ca b m nhn kim tra c d liu hay khng
If MSComm1.InbufferCount then
c d liu
InString$ = MSComm1.Input End if
Kiu d liu Variant. b. Thuc tnh InBufferSize: Thuc tnh InBufferSize t v tr li kch thc b m nhn, tnh theo s byte. C php ca cu lnh l :
[form.]MSComm .InBufferSize [=numbyte%]
Thuc tnh ny c lin quan n kch thc b m nhn. Gi tr mc nh l 1024 bytes. Kch thc ca b m phi c t sao cho c th ct gi c s ln nht ca cc k t s c nhn trc khi chng trnh ng dng c th c chng t b m, tr khi ta lm vic ch bt tay (handshaking). Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Integer. c. Thuc tnh InBufferCount: Thuc tnh InBufferCount tr li s k t trong b m nhn. N cng c th c s dng xa b m bng cch t s ca cc k t bng 0. Thuc tnh ny khng c trong thi gian thit k chng trnh (design time). C php cu lnh nh sau:
[form.]MSComm.InBufferCount [=count%]
Ta c th xa b m nhn bng cch t thuc tnh InBufferCount = 0. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Integer. Cc thuc tnh phc v vic xut d liu (Output ,OutBufferCount v OutBufferSize ) a. Thuc tnh Output: Thuc tnh Output s vit mt chui k t vo b m truyn, thuc tnh ny khng c trong thi gian thit k chng trnh. C php cu lnh l :
[form.]MSComm.Output [=outstring$]
Th d sau y cho bit cch gi cc k t m ngi dng g vo t bn phm:

Private Sub Form_load (KeyAscii as Integer) MSComm1.Outport =Chr$(KeyAscii) End Sub
Thuc tnh Output c th xut d liu dng text hay dng binary. gi d liu text, ta phi khai bo mt bin kiu Variant v cho n cha chui mun
gi, sau gn bin ny cho thuc tnh Output. gi d liu dng binary, ta phi truyn mt bin Variant cha mt mng cc byte cho thuc tnh Output . Thng thng, nu ta gi mt chui theo chun ANSI ti ng dng, ta c th gi d liu dng text. Nu ta c d liu m cha cc k t iu khin c nhng (embedded) nh cc k t NULL, th ta s truyn d liu theo dng binary. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Variant. b. Thuc tnh OutBufferSize : Thuc tnh OutBufferSize t v tr li kch thc ca cc k t trong b m truyn. C php ca cu lnh l :
[form.] MSComm.OutBufferSize [=numbyte%]
Gi tr mc nh ca thuc tnh ny l 512 bytes. Khng nn nhm ln gia hai thuc tnh OutBufferCount v OutBufferSize vi nhau. Thuc tnh OutBufferCount ni ln s bytes hin ang c trong b m truyn, cn OutBufferSize quy nh tng kch thc ca b m truyn. Khng nn kch thc b m truyn qu ln. Tuy nhin nu qu nh th s xy ra hin tng trn d liu (tr khi lm vic ch bt tay). Thng thng nn bt u vi kch thc b m truyn l 512 bytes. Nu li trn xy ra th phi tng kch thc b m cho thch hp vi ng dng hin ti. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny Integer. c. Thuc tnh OutBufferCount : Thuc tnh OutBufferCount tr li s k t trong b m truyn. Nh thuc tnh ny ta c th xa ni dung b m truyn bng cch t gi tr ca OutBufferCount=0. C php ca cu lnh l :
[form.]MSComm.OutBufferCount [=value%]
Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Integer. d. Thuc tnh RTSEnable : Thuc tnh ny xc nh xem liu c cho php ng RTS hay khng. Thng thng tn hiu RTS (Request To Send) c gi t my tnh ti MODEM yu cu s cho php truyn d liu. C php cu lnh nh sau:
[form.]Mscomm1.RTSEnable [=(True | False)]
Ta xc lp gi tr ny l True t ng RTS ln mc cao nu cng ang m v xung mc thp nu cng ang ng. ng RTS c s dng khi c bt tay phn cng s dng RTS/CTS. Thuc tnh RTSEnable cho php hi vng ng RTS nu ta cn xc nh trng thi ca n. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny : Boolean. e. Thuc tnh CommEvent :
Thuc tnh ny tr li hu ht s kin hoc li truyn thng gn nht. Thuc tnh ny khng c sn trong khi thit k v l ch c khi chy chng trnh. C php cu lnh l:
[form.]Mscomm1.CommEvent
Mc d s kin OnComm c pht sinh mi khi c mt s kin hay li truyn thng xy ra nhng thuc tnh CommEvent li cha m s ca s kin hay l li truyn thng .Nh vy xc nh xem iu g xy ra th ta phi kim tra thuc tnh CommEvent . Cc li truyn thng bao gm :
Hng s comEventBreak comEventFrame comEventOverrun Gi tr 1001 1004 1006 M t nhn c tn hiu Break Phn cng pht hin mt li khung truyn Trn cng .Phn cng khng th c c k t ny trc khi k t k gi n v b mt Trn b m nhn .Ht ch trong b m nhn Phn cng pht hin ra mt li chn l B m truyn y .B m truyn b y khi c a thm k t vo hng i Mt li xut hin b iu khin d liu(Data Control Block) ca port
comEventRxOver 1008 comEventRxParity 1009 comEventTxFull 1010 comEventDCB 1011
Cc s kin truyn thng bao gm:

Hng s ComEvSend comEvReceiv e ComEvCTS ComEvDSR ComEvCD ComEvRing ComEvEOF Gi tr M t 1 C t hn s k t nh bi SThreshold trong b m truyn 2 nhn s k t bng vi s k t nh bi Rthreshold .S kin ny c pht ra lin tc cho n khi ta dng thuc tnh Input chuyn d liu khi b m nhn . 3 C s thay i trn ng CTS 4 C s thay i trn ng DSR .S kin ny ch pht sinh khi DSR chuyn t 1 v 0 5 C s thay i trn ng CD (Carrier Detect) 6 Pht hin ting chung (gi). Mt s vi mch UART khng h tr vic ny. 7 K t EOF (M ASCII 26) c nhn.
Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny : Integer f. Thuc tnh InputLen t v tr li s k t m thuc tnh Input c c t b m nhn .Gi tr mc nh ca thuc tnh ny l bng 0 .t InputLen =0 iu khin truyn thng c ht ni dung b m nhn .C php cu lnh nh sau :
[form.] Mscomm1.InputLen [=numchars%]
Thuc tnh ny rt c hu ch khi c d liu t cc my c li ra c nh dng c nh v chiu di khi d liu . Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny : Integer g. Thuc tnh ParityReplace t v tr li k t dng thay th k t khng hp l trong dng d liu khi li chn l xy ra .C php :
[form.]Mscomm1.ParityReplace [=char$]
Bit chn l l bit c truyn cng vi cc bit d liu v c dng cho vic kim tra li .Khi dng bit chn l ,iu khin truyn thng s cng tt c cc bit c gi tr bng 1 v kim tra tng s cc bit xem l chn hay l (tng ng vi vic xc lp bit chn l khi m cng ) .Theo mc nh ,iu khin dng du chm hi (?) thay th cc k t khng hp l .t ParityReplace l b kh nng thay th k t khi li chn l xut hin .S kin OnComm vn c pht sinh v thuc tnh CommEvent c t thnh comEventRxParity . Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny : String h. Thuc tnh Rthreshold t v tr li s k t s nhn trc khi iu khin Mscomm1 t thuc tnh comEvent thnh comEvReceive v pht sinh s kin OnComm .C php :
[form.] Mscomm1.Rthreshold [=numchar%]
Xc lp bng 0 lm mt kh nng pht sinh s kin OnComm khi nhn cc k t .Xc lp bng 1,chng hn, lm pht sinh s kin OnComm mi khi c 1 k t c nhn vo b m nhn Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny : Integer
Hm ComInput
Tr li v xa chui k t b m nhn .C php nh sau :

ComInput(ByVal hwnd As Integer ,LpData as Any ,ByVal do Data as Integer ) As Integer
Hm ny tng t nh thuc tnh Input nhng tr li s byte nhn c .

Hm ComOutput
Vit mt chui k t vo b m truyn .C php nh sau :

ComOutput(ByVal hwnd As Integer ,LpData as Any ,ByVal do Data as Integer ) As Integer
Hm ny tng t nh thuc tnh Output nhng tr li s byte k t c gi i 3. S kin Oncomm S kin OnComm c pht sinh vo bt c khi no gi tr ca thuc tnh CommEvent thay i . C php s kin : Private Sub [form.]Mscomm1_OnComm()
Thuc tnh CommEvent cha m s ca li hay s kin pht sinh bi s kin OnComm. Nu t cc thuc tnh Rthreshold hoc SThreshold bng 0 s v hiu by s kin Receive v Send . 4. Hi vng cng RS-232 : Thng khi lm vic vi iu khin Mscomm1, ta dng phng php iu khin theo s kin .Nhng ta cng c th s dng k thut hi vng thng tin qua cng RS-232. Chng trnh v d sau y s dng COM2 gi thng bo Hello v sau ch chui nhn. K thut ny quy nh l s nhn c p ng bng cch kim tra lin tc s cc k t nhn c trong b m nhn (InBufferCount). Khi c nhiu hn mt k t trong b m li vo th k t ny s c c. Chng trnh nh sau :
Private Sub Form_Load() Dim Str as String chui cha d liu nhp Mscomm11.ComPort =2 dng COM2 Mscomm11.Settings=9600 ,N ,8 ,1 9600 baud ,khng
parity ,8 bits data ,1 stop bit

Mscomm11.InputLen=0 c ht b m li vo khi Input
c dng
Mscomm11.PortOpen=True m cng Text1.text=Sending : Hello Mscomm11.Output=Hello gi thng bo Do ch p ng t cng DoEvents Loop Until Mscomm11.InBufferCount>=2 Str = Mscomm11.Input c b m Input Text2.Text=Received: +Str Mscomm11.PortOpen=False ng cng ni tip End Sub
5. Cc thng bo li (Error Messages Code)

S li 380 383 394 8000 M t Gi tr thuc tnh khng hp l Thuc tnh l ch c, comSetNotSupport Thuc tnh l ch c, comGetNotSupport Tc ng khng hp l ln cng m S li 8009 8010 8011 8012 M t Li cc thng s mc nh Phn cng khng sn dng (b kha bi thit b khc) Khng th nh v c hng i (queues) Cng cha m
8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008
Gi tr timeout cn phi ln hn Zero S cng khng hp l Thuc tnh ch c khi chy chng trnh Thuc tnh l ch c khi chy chng trnh Cng m ri S nhn dng thit b l khng hp l hoc khng c h tr Gi tr Baud xc nh l khng hp l Kch thc byte xc nh l khng hp l
8013 8014 8015 8016 8018 8019 8020 8021
Cng m ri Khng th cho php khai bo(nitification)comm Khng t trng thi cho comm c Khng t mt n s kin comm c Tc ng ch hp l khi cng m Thit b bn Li c thit b truyn thng Li bn trong lin quan khi iu khin thit b ca port
III. Phn giao din :
Chng trnh giao tip ni tip dng ngn ng Visual Basic nh sau: Phn khai bo bin ton cc trrong module public LenhT, DiaChi As String 'bien chua ma lenh dua ve cho vi xu ly Public GTNhan As Variant ' bien chua data tu vi xu ly gui len Public Byte1, Byte2, Byte3, Byte4 As String 'la 4 byte nhan duoc tu vi xu ly 'byte1 chua dia chi cua vxl 'byte2 chua gia tri nhiet do 'byte3 chua so nguoi trong phong 'byte4 trang thai den va quat Public Byte21, Byte22, Byte23, Byte24 As String 'cac bien cho phong 2 Public Const AnNinh = "Khong co nguoi la xam nhap" Public Const KAnNinh = "Canh bao co nguoi la xam nhap" ham truyen du lieu toi cac vi xu li Public Sub TRUYEN(GIATRI As String) Dim i As Integer
frmchinh.MSComm1.RTSEnable = True frmchinh.MSComm1.Output = GIATRI For i = 0 To 10000 i = i + 1 Next i frmchinh.MSComm1.RTSEnable = False End Sub Ham nhan du lieu tu vi xu li Public Sub NHAN() Dim i, thongbao As Integer Dim Test As String frmchinh.MSComm1.RTSEnable = False For i = 1 To 30000 i = i + 1 Next i Do DoEvents Loop Until (frmchinh.MSComm1.InBufferSize >= 4) Or (i >= 30000) GTNhan = frmchinh.MSComm1.Input 'thuc hien gan gia tri cho bytei (i=1-4) Test = Left$(GTNhan, 1) If Test = "A" Then Byte1 = Left$(GTNhan, 1) Byte2 = Mid$(GTNhan, 2, 1) Byte3 = Mid$(GTNhan, 3, 1) Byte4 = Right$(GTNhan, 1) Else If Test = "B" Then Byte21 = Left$(GTNhan, 1) Byte22 = Mid$(GTNhan, 2, 1) Byte23 = Mid$(GTNhan, 3, 1) Byte24 = Right$(GTNhan, 1) Else thongbao = MsgBox("So lieu truyen ve bi loi.Can xem lai duong truyen", vbOKOnly, "Loi duong truyen") End If End If End Sub ********************************************************
Chuong trinh trong Frmchinh ******************************************************* Dim ToanCuc As Variant Dim Dem, i, j As Integer Dim NHAN As String Private Sub ChkP01_Click() If ChkP01.Value = 1 Then frmP01.Show If ChkP01.Value = 0 Then Unload frmP01 End If '****************************** End Sub Private Sub ChkP02_Click() If ChkP02.Value = 1 Then frmP02.Show If ChkP02.Value = 0 Then Unload frmP02 End If '*************************** End Sub Private Sub Command1_Click() End End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Dim i1, i2 As Integer ChkP03.Enabled = False ChkP04(1).Enabled = False LblTThai.Caption = "Binh thuong" TxtChinh = CStr(2) OptAuto.Value = True '********************************* 'PHAN GIA DINH BIEN Byte2 = "!" Byte3 = "!" Byte4 = "O" Byte22 = "!" Byte23 = "!" Byte24 = "O" LenhT = "a"
'********************************* 'KHOI DONG COM If MSComm1.PortOpen = True Then MSComm1.PortOpen = False MSComm1.CommPort = 1 MSComm1.Settings = "9600,n,8,1" MSComm1.PortOpen = True 'cho thu du lieu dua ve tu vi xu ly frmP02.Timer1.Enabled = True frmP01.Timer1.Enabled = True 'hien thi so nguoi len frmchinh frmchinh.Timer1 = True End Sub Private Sub OptAuto_Click() With frmP01 frmP01.fraDkP01.Enabled = False frmP01.OptTdenP01.Enabled = False frmP01.OptMdenP01.Enabled = False frmP01.OptTquatP01.Enabled = False frmP01.OptMquatP01.Enabled = False frmP01.Frame1.Enabled = False frmP01.Frame2.Enabled = False End With With frmP02 frmP02.FraDkP02.Enabled = False frmP02.OptTdenP02.Enabled = False frmP02.OptMdenP02.Enabled = False frmP02.OptTquatP02.Enabled = False frmP02.OptMquatP02.Enabled = False frmP02.Frame2.Enabled = False frmP02.Frame3.Enabled = False End With frmP01.cmdDongYP01.Enabled = False frmP02.cmDongYP02.Enabled = False '*********************************** End Sub Private Sub OptDenChinh_Click() FrmDkDen.Show End Sub Private Sub OptManual_Click()
With frmP01 frmP01.fraDkP01.Enabled = True frmP01.OptTdenP01.Enabled = True frmP01.OptMdenP01.Enabled = True frmP01.OptTquatP01.Enabled = True frmP01.OptMquatP01.Enabled = True frmP01.Frame1.Enabled = True frmP01.Frame2.Enabled = True End With With frmP02 frmP02.FraDkP02.Enabled = True frmP02.OptTdenP02.Enabled = True frmP02.OptTquatP02.Enabled = True frmP02.OptMdenP02.Enabled = True frmP02.OptMquatP02.Enabled = True frmP02.Frame2.Enabled = True frmP02.Frame3.Enabled = True End With frmP01.cmdDongYP01.Enabled = True frmP02.cmDongYP02.Enabled = True '************************************ End Sub Private Sub OptQuatChinh_Click() FrmDkQuat.Show End Sub Private Sub Timer1_Timer() ' xuat so nguoi ra frmchinh i1 = Val(frmP01.TxtSoNguoiP01.Text) i2 = Val(frmP02.TxtSoNguoiP02.Text) TxtChinh.Text = CStr(i1 + i2) End Sub Private Sub cmdDongYP01_Click() Dim Test As String 'xac dinh lenh hoat dong cho vxl If (OptMdenP01.Value = False And OptMquatP01.Value = False) Then LenhT = "C" If (OptMdenP01.Value = False And OptMquatP01.Value = True) Then LenhT = "D"
If (OptMdenP01.Value = True And OptMquatP01.Value = False) Then LenhT = "F" If (OptMdenP01.Value = True And OptMquatP01.Value = True) Then LenhT = "G" 'xac dinh dia chi truyen la vxl 1 DiaChi = "A" Test = LenhT 'goi ham truyen LenhT cho vi xu ly Call TRUYEN(DiaChi) Call TRUYEN(Test) Stop End Sub Private Sub cmdThoatP01_Click() Unload Me frmchinh.ChkP01.Value = False End Sub Private Sub Option1_Click() End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() If frmchinh.OptAuto.Value = True Then With frmP01 frmP01.fraDkP01.Enabled = False frmP01.OptTdenP01.Enabled = False frmP01.OptMdenP01.Enabled = False frmP01.OptTquatP01.Enabled = False frmP01.OptMquatP01.Enabled = False frmP01.Frame1.Enabled = False frmP01.Frame2.Enabled = False End With With frmP02 frmP02.FraDkP02.Enabled = False frmP02.OptTdenP02.Enabled = False frmP02.OptMdenP02.Enabled = False frmP02.OptTquatP02.Enabled = False frmP02.OptMquatP02.Enabled = False frmP02.Frame2.Enabled = False
frmP02.Frame3.Enabled = False End With End If '************************************** 'KHOI DONG COM If frmchinh.MSComm1.PortOpen = True Then frmchinh.MSComm1.PortOpen = False frmchinh.MSComm1.CommPort = 1 frmchinh.MSComm1.Settings = "9600,n,8,1" frmchinh.MSComm1.PortOpen = True 'Cap nhat trang thai cua phong frmP01.Timer1.Enabled = True End Sub Private Sub CapnhatP01() Dim NhietdoP01, SoNguoiP01, i As Integer Dim thongbao As String NhietdoP01 = Asc(Byte2) txtNhietDoP01.Text = Val(NhietdoP01) nhiet do SoNguoiP01 = Asc(Byte3) TxtSoNguoiP01.Text = Val(SoNguoiP01) nguoi If Byte4 = "O" Then txtDenP01.Text = "OFF" txtQuatP01.Text = "OFF" frmchinh.LblTThai = AnNinh End If If Byte4 = "P" Then txtDenP01.Text = "OFF" txtQuatP01.Text = "OFF" frmchinh.LblTThai = KAnNinh End If If Byte4 = "Q" Then txtDenP01.Text = "OFF" txtQuatP01.Text = "ON" frmchinh.LblTThai = AnNinh End If If Byte4 = "R" Then txtDenP01.Text = "OFF" txtQuatP01.Text = "ON" frmchinh.LblTThai = KAnNinh 'hien thi 'hien thi so
End If If Byte4 = "S" Then txtDenP01.Text = "ON" txtQuatP01.Text = "OFF" frmchinh.LblTThai = AnNinh End If If Byte4 = "T" Then txtDenP01.Text = "ON" txtQuatP01.Text = "OFF" frmchinh.LblTThai = AnNinh End If If Byte4 = "U" Then txtDenP01.Text = "ON" txtQuatP01.Text = "ON" frmchinh.LblTThai = AnNinh End If If Byte4 = "X" Then txtDenP01.Text = "ON" txtQuatP01.Text = "ON" frmchinh.LblTThai = KAnNinh End If 'BAO LOI TRUYEN (lenh truyen ve sai) Select Case Byte4 Case "O" GoTo TB Case "P" GoTo TB Case "Q" GoTo TB Case "R" GoTo TB Case "S" GoTo TB Case "T" GoTo TB Case "U" GoTo TB Case "X" GoTo TB End Select
thongbao = MsgBox("Ban can kiem tra lai he thong.Chu trong cac he thong chong trom", vbOKOnly, "Loi dieu khien") TB: i = i + 1
End Sub Private Sub Timer1_Timer() Dim Kich As String Kich = "E" Call TRUYEN(DiaChi) Call TRUYEN(Kich) Call CapnhatP01 End Sub

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S khi mch kt ni gia my tnh v cc kit vi x l S khi mch chuyn i nh sau:

( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Trang 2

Khi chuyn i RS-485 sang R-232 B A

S khi mch kt ni gia my tnh v cc kit vi x l

1. Chuyn i cp nhit in:

a. Nguyn l lm vic ca cp nhit in : ch yu da trn

. Nhng nguyn nhn gy sai s v hiu chnh cho ng:

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Mch pht hin chy :

o nhit bng thch anh:

2860 ; f tnh bng KHz. l

_ Khong o:-80 n 2500C. _ Khong cch tuyn tnh: 0,05% khong o.

THIT K MCH IU KHIN GIM ST NH CAO TNG DNG VI X L 89C51

S khi ton b h thng iu khin v gim st ngi nh

Kit vi x l trong phng 1 v phng c cng s khi nh sau

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Mch hin th nhit

Mch hi tip trng thi thit b

Mch gia cng tn hiu o

IC o nhit S khi kit vi x l

Da vo mc ca tn hiu hi tip v m vi x l s bit c thit b no ang bt, thit b no ang tt.

II. Thit k phn cng

Khi LED thu dn, dng qua LED ILEDTHU =

6 5 1 D2 D3 2 3 VCC U1 R5 22k A D 741 2 3 3 R4 1 k Q2 1 2 6 5 4 R3 1 k 4N 26 2

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5V -5V +12 V -12V

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Chc nng ca cc ng iu khin : Truyn :

Tn hiu ra DI 1 0 X X B 0 1 High Z High Z A 1 0 High Z High Z

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S mng half_ duplex RS485:

S mng RS485 Full_Duplex:

tng di cp truyn , ta c th dng b repeater nh sau:

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U 1 2 3 4 5 RO RE DE DI A B Y Z 1 2 1 1 9 1 0 R1 DATA IN 1 20 R 2 DATA OUT 1 20

Converter RS-232 TTL RS-232 TTL

Con verter TTLRS-485

Con verter TTLRS-485

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( Word Converter - Unregistered ) http://www.word-converter.net SVTH: L Hong Dng Trang 29

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Giao din ni tip c kh nng hot ng song cng , ng b

c. Cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit:

PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0

D2H D1H D0H

M t Timer 13bit Timer 16 bit Timer 8 bit Timer tch bit

. Thanh ghi TCON :

Bit TCON.7 TCON.6 TCON.5 TCON.4

Khiu TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0

a ch bit 8FH 8EH 8DH 8CH

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f. Hot ng ngt (interrupt):

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B. Lu gii thut v chng trnh vi x l:

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Bt tt cc thit b Ngi ra S ngi =0 2

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Lu gii thut chng trnh chnh

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So snh Ct d liu t ADC 0809 vo thanh ghi A Y A 100 N Tt ngun Gi Chuong3