Introduction to the Project Gutenberg Edition.

This edition of _The Anatomy of Melancholy_ is based on a

nineteenth-century edition that modernized urton!s s"elling and
ty"ogra"hic con#entions. In "re"aring this electronic #ersion$ it became
e#ident that the editor had made a #ariety of mista%es in this
modernization& some 'ords 'ere left in their original s"elling (unusual
'ords 'ere a "articular "roblem)$ "ortions of boo% titles 'ere mista%en for
"ro"er names$ "ro"er names 'ere mista%en for boo% titles or *atin 'ords$
etc. A certain number of mis"rints 'ere also introduced into the *atin. As
a result$ I ha#e re-edited the te+t$ chec%ing it against images of the ,-./
edition$ and correcting all errors not "resent in the earlier edition. I
ha#e continued to follo' the general editorial "ractice of the base te+t
for 0uotation mar%s$ italics$ etc. 1are 'ords ha#e been normalized
according to their "rimary s"elling in the 2+ford English 3ictionary. 4hen
urton s"ells a "erson!s name in se#eral 'ays$ I ha#e normalized the names
to the most common s"elling$ or to modern "ractice if 'ell-%no'n. In a fe'
cases$ mista%es "resent in both the ,-./ edition and the base te+t ha#e
been corrected. These are al'ays minor reference errors (e.g.$ an incorrect
or missing section number in the syno"ses$ or misnumbered footnotes).
Incorrect citations to other te+ts (urton seems to 0uote by memory and
sometimes gets it 'rong) ha#e not been changed if they are 'rong in both
editions. To dis"lay some symbols (astrological signs$ etc.) the 5TM*
#ersion re0uires a bro'ser 'ith unicode su""ort. Most recent bro'sers
should be 26.--6T5
7128TI9PIE:E T2 T5E 21IGI8A* E3ITI28
;Illustration& ,. 3emocritus Abderites< =. >eloty"ia .. 9olitudo< ?.
Inamorato< @. 5y"ocondriacus< -. 9u"erstitiosus< A. Maniacus< /. orage< B.
5ellebor< ,C. 3emocritus Dunior
T5E A8AT2ME 27 ME*A8:52*E
4hat it is$ 'ith all the %inds$ causes$ sym"toms$ "rognostics$ and se#eral
cures of it.
In three Partitions$ 'ith their se#eral 9ections$ numbers$ and subsections.
Philoso"hically$ medicinally$ 5istorically$ o"ened and cut u".
y 3emocritus Dunior
4ith a 9atyrical Preface conducing to the follo'ing 3iscourse.
The 9i+th Edition$ corrected and augmented by the Author.
2mne tulit "unctum$ 0ui miscit utile dulce.
*ondon
Printed F to be sold by 5en. :ri"s F *odo *loyd at their sho" in
Po"es-head Alley. ,-@=G
T5E A8AT2ME 27 ME*A8:52*E$
45AT IT I9$
4IT5
A** T5E 6I839$ :AH9E9$ 9EMPT2M9$ P12G829TI:9$ A83 9EIE1A* :H1E9 27 IT.
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4IT5 T5EI1 9EIE1A*
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EJT1A:T9.
E 3EM2:1ITH9 MI821.
T2 45I:5 I9 P1E7IJE3 A8 A::2H8T 27 T5E AHT521.
2mne tulit "unctum$ 0ui miscuit utile dulci.
5e that joins instruction 'ith delight$
Profit 'ith "leasure$ carries all the #otes.
52821ATI99IM2 32MI82
828 MI8I9 II1THTE 9HA$ KHAM GE8E1I9 9P*E8321E$
I**I9T1I99IM2$
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5A8: 9HAM
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DAM 9EJT2 1EII9AM$ 3.3.
3EM2:1ITH9 DH8I21.
A3IE1TI9EME8T T2 T5E *A9T *28328 E3ITI28.
The 'or% no' restored to "ublic notice has had an e+traordinary fate. At
the time of its original "ublication it obtained a great celebrity$ 'hich
continued more than half a century. 3uring that "eriod fe' boo%s 'ere more
read$ or more deser#edly a""lauded. It 'as the delight of the learned$ the
solace of the indolent$ and the refuge of the uninformed. It "assed through
at least eight editions$ by 'hich the boo%seller$ as 4223 records$ got an
estate< and$ not'ithstanding the objection sometimes o""osed against it$ of
a 0uaint style$ and too great an accumulation of authorities$ the
fascination of its 'it$ fancy$ and sterling sense$ ha#e borne do'n all
censures$ and e+torted "raise from the first 4riters in the English
language. The gra#e D258928 has "raised it in the 'armest terms$ and the
ludicrous 9TE18E has inter'o#en many "arts of it into his o'n "o"ular
"erformance. MI*T28 did not disdain to build t'o of his finest "oems on it<
and a host of inferior 'riters ha#e embellished their 'or%s 'ith beauties
not their o'n$ culled from a "erformance 'hich they had not the justice
e#en to mention. :hange of times$ and the fri#olity of fashion$ sus"ended$
in some degree$ that fame 'hich had lasted near a century< and the
succeeding generation affected indifference to'ards an author$ 'ho at
length 'as only loo%ed into by the "lunderers of literature$ the "oachers
in obscure #olumes. The "lagiarisms of _Tristram 9handy_$ so successfully
brought to light by 31. 7E11IA1$ at length dre' the attention of the "ublic
to'ards a 'riter$ 'ho$ though then little %no'n$ might$ 'ithout im"eachment
of modesty$ lay claim to e#ery mar% of res"ect< and in0uiry "ro#ed$ beyond
a doubt$ that the calls of justice had been little attended to by others$
as 'ell as the facetious E21I:6. 4223 obser#ed$ more than a century ago$
that se#eral authors had unmercifully stolen matter from H1T28 'ithout any
ac%no'ledgment. The time$ ho'e#er$ at length arri#ed$ 'hen the merits of
the _Anatomy of Melancholy_ 'ere to recei#e their due "raise. The boo% 'as
again sought for and read$ and again it became an a""lauded "erformance.
Its e+cellencies once more stood confessed$ in the increased "rice 'hich
e#ery co"y offered for sale "roduced< and the increased demand "ointed out
the necessity of a ne' edition. This is no' "resented to the "ublic in a
manner not disgraceful to the memory of the author< and the "ublisher
relies 'ith confidence$ that so #aluable a re"ository of amusement and
information 'ill continue to hold the ran% to 'hich it has been restored$
firmly su""orted by its o'n merit$ and safe from the influence and blight
of any future ca"rices of fashion. To o"en its #aluable mysteries to those
'ho ha#e not had the ad#antage of a classical education$ translations of
the countless 0uotations from ancient 'riters 'hich occur in the 'or%$ are
no' for the first time gi#en$ and obsolete orthogra"hy is in all instances
modernized.
A::2H8T 27 T5E AHT521.
1obert urton 'as the son of 1al"h urton$ of an ancient and genteel family
at *indley$ in *eicestershire$ and 'as born there on the /th of 7ebruary
,@A-. ;,G5e recei#ed the first rudiments of learning at the free school of
9utton :oldfield$ in 4ar'ic%shire ;=Gfrom 'hence he 'as$ at the age of
se#enteen$ in the long #acation$ ,@B.$ sent to razen 8ose :ollege$ in the
condition of a commoner$ 'here he made considerable "rogress in logic and
"hiloso"hy. In ,@BB he 'as elected student of :hrist :hurch$ and$ for
form!s sa%e$ 'as "ut under the tuition of 3r. Dohn ancroft$ after'ards
isho" of 2+ford. In ,-,? he 'as admitted to the reading of the 9entences$
and on the =Bth of 8o#ember$ ,-,-$ had the #icarage of 9t. Thomas$ in the
'est suburb of 2+ford$ conferred on him by the dean and canons of :hrist
:hurch$ 'hich$ 'ith the rectory of 9egra#e$ in *eicestershire$ gi#en to him
in the year ,-.-$ by George$ *ord er%eley$ he %e"t$ to use the 'ords of
the 2+ford anti0uary$ 'ith much ado to his dying day. 5e seems to ha#e been
first beneficed at 4alsby$ in *incolnshire$ through the munificence of his
noble "atroness$ 7rances$ :ountess 3o'ager of E+eter$ but resigned the
same$ as he tells us$ for some s"ecial reasons. At his #icarage he is
remar%ed to ha#e al'ays gi#en the sacrament in 'afers. 4ood!s character of
him is$ that Lhe 'as an e+act mathematician$ a curious calculator of
nati#ities$ a general read scholar$ a thorough-"aced "hilologist$ and one
that understood the sur#eying of lands 'ell. As he 'as by many accounted a
se#ere student$ a de#ourer of authors$ a melancholy and humorous "erson< so
by others$ 'ho %ne' him 'ell$ a "erson of great honesty$ "lain dealing and
charity. I ha#e heard some of the ancients of :hrist :hurch often say$ that
his com"any 'as #ery merry$ facete$ and ju#enile< and no man in his time
did sur"ass him for his ready and de+terous interlarding his common
discourses among them 'ith #erses from the "oets$ or sentences from classic
authors< 'hich being then all the fashion in the Hni#ersity$ made his
com"any the more acce"table.L 5e a""ears to ha#e been a uni#ersal reader of
all %inds of boo%s$ and a#ailed himself of his multifarious studies in a
#ery e+traordinary manner. 7rom the information of 5earne$ 'e learn that
Dohn 1ouse$ the odleian librarian$ furnished him 'ith choice boo%s for the
"rosecution of his 'or%. The subject of his labour and amusement$ seems to
ha#e been ado"ted from the infirmities of his o'n habit and constitution.
Mr. Granger says$ L5e com"osed this boo% 'ith a #ie' of relie#ing his o'n
melancholy$ but increased it to such a degree$ that nothing could ma%e him
laugh$ but going to the bridge-foot and hearing the ribaldry of the
bargemen$ 'hich rarely failed to thro' him into a #iolent fit of laughter.
efore he 'as o#ercome 'ith this horrid disorder$ he$ in the inter#als of
his #a"ours$ 'as esteemed one of the most facetious com"anions in the
Hni#ersity.L
5is residence 'as chiefly at 2+ford< 'here$ in his chamber in :hrist :hurch
:ollege$ he de"arted this life$ at or #ery near the time 'hich he had some
years before foretold$ from the calculation of his o'n nati#ity$ and 'hich$
says 4ood$ Lbeing e+act$ se#eral of the students did not forbear to 'his"er
among themsel#es$ that rather than there should be a mista%e in the
calculation$ he sent u" his soul to hea#en through a sli" about his nec%.L
4hether this suggestion is founded in truth$ 'e ha#e no other e#idence than
an obscure hint in the e"ita"h hereafter inserted$ 'hich 'as 'ritten by the
author himself$ a short time before his death. 5is body$ 'ith due
solemnity$ 'as buried near that of 3r. 1obert 4eston$ in the north aisle
'hich joins ne+t to the choir of the cathedral of :hrist :hurch$ on the
=Ath of Danuary ,-.B-?C. 2#er his gra#e 'as soon after erected a comely
monument$ on the u""er "illar of the said aisle$ 'ith his bust$ "ainted to
the life. 2n the right hand is the follo'ing calculation of his nati#ity&
;Illustration& 1. natus .
,@A-$ / 7eb.
hor. .$ scru". ,-.
long. ==M C!
"olus @,M .CLG
and under the bust$ this inscri"tion of his o'n com"osition&--
Paucis notus$ "aucioribus ignotus$
5ic jacet _3emocritus_ junior
:ui #itam dedit et mortem
Melancholia
2b. / Id. Dan. A. :. M3:JJJIJ.
Arms&--Azure on a bend 2. bet'een three dogs! heads 2. a crescent G.
A fe' months before his death$ he made his 'ill$ of 'hich the follo'ing is
a co"y&
EJT1A:TE3 712M T5E 1EGI9T1E 27 T5E P1E12GATIIE :2H1T 27 :A8TE1H1E.
_In nomine 3ei Amen_. August ,@th 2ne thousand si+ hundred thirty nine
because there be so many casualties to 'hich our life is subject besides
0uarrelling and contention 'hich ha""en to our 9uccessors after our 3eath
by reason of unsettled Estates I 1obert urton 9tudent of :hrist-church
2+on. though my means be but small ha#e thought good by this my last 4ill
and Testament to dis"ose of that little 'hich I ha#e and being at this
"resent I than% God in "erfect health of odie and Mind and if this
Testament be not so formal according to the nice and strict terms of *a'
and other :ircumstances "erad#enture re0uired of 'hich I am ignorant I
desire ho'soe#er this my 4ill may be acce"ted and stand good according to
my true Intent and meaning 7irst I be0ueath Animam 3eo :or"us Terrae
'hensoe#er it shall "lease God to call me I gi#e my *and in 5igham 'hich my
good 7ather 1al"he urton of *indly in the :ounty of *eicester Es0uire ga#e
me by 3eed of Gift and that 'hich I ha#e anne+ed to that 7arm by "urchase
since$ no' leased for thirty eight "ounds "er Ann. to mine Elder rother
4illiam urton of *indly Es0uire during his life and after him to his 5eirs
I ma%e my said rother 4illiam li%e'ise mine E+ecutor as 'ell as "aying
such Annuities and *egacies out of my *ands and Goods as are hereafter
s"ecified I gi#e to my ne"he' :assibilan urton t'enty "ounds Annuity "er
Ann. out of my *and in 5igham during his life to be "aid at t'o e0ual
"ayments at our *ady 3ay in *ent and Michaelmas or if he be not "aid 'ithin
fourteen 3ays after the said 7easts to distrain on any "art of the Ground
or on any of my *ands of Inheritance Item I gi#e to my 9ister 6atherine
Dac%son during her life eight "ounds "er Ann. Annuity to be "aid at the t'o
7easts e0ually as abo#e said or else to distrain on the Ground if she be
not "aid after fourteen days at *indly as the other _some_ is out of the
said *and Item I gi#e to my 9er#ant Dohn H"ton the Annuity of 7orty
9hillings out of my said 7arme during his life (if till then my 9er#ant) to
be "aid on Michaelmas day in *indley each year or else after fourteen days
to distrain 8o' for my goods I thus dis"ose them 7irst I gi#e an :!th
"ounds to :hrist :hurch in 2+ford 'here I ha#e so long li#ed to buy fi#e
"ounds *ands "er Ann. to be Eearly besto'ed on oo%s for the *ibrary Item I
gi#e an hundredth "ound to the Hni#ersity *ibrary of 2+ford to be besto'ed
to "urchase fi#e "ound *and "er Ann. to be "aid out Eearly on oo%s as Mrs.
roo%s formerly ga#e an hundred "ounds to buy *and to the same "ur"ose and
the 1ent to the same use I gi#e to my rother George urton t'enty "ounds
and my 'atch I gi#e to my rother 1al"h urton fi#e "ounds Item I gi#e to
the Parish of 9eagra#e in *eicestershire 'here I am no' 1ector ten "ounds
to be gi#en to a certain 7eoffees to the "er"etual good of the said _Parish
2+on_ ;.GItem I gi#e to my 8iece Eugenia urton 2ne hundredth "ounds Item I
gi#e to my 8e"he' 1ichard urton no' Prisoner in *ondon an hundredth "ound
to redeem him Item I gi#e to the Poor of 5igham 7orty 9hillings 'here my
*and is to the "oor of 8uneaton 'here I 'as once a Grammar 9cholar three
"ound to my :ousin Purfey of 4adla%e ;4adleyG my :ousin Purfey of :alcott
my :ousin 5ales of :o#entry my 8e"he' radsha' of 2rton t'enty shillings a
"iece for a small remembrance to Mr. 4hitehall 1ector of :her%by myne o'n
:hamber 7ello' t'enty shillings I desire my rother George and my :osen
Purfey of :alcott to be the 2#erseers of this "art of my 4ill I gi#e
moreo#er fi#e "ounds to ma%e a small Monument for my Mother 'here she is
buried in *ondon to my rother Dac%son forty shillings to my 9er#ant Dohn
H"ton forty shillings besides his former Annuity if he be my 9er#ant till I
die if he be till then my 9er#ant ;?G--12E1T H1T28--:harles 1ussell
4itness--Dohn Pe""er 4itness.
An A""endi+ to this my 4ill if I die in 2+ford or 'hilst I am of :hrist
:hurch and 'ith good Mr. Paynes August the 7ifteenth ,-.B.
I gi#e to Mr. 3octor 7ell 3ean of :hrist :hurch 7orty 9hillings to the
Eight :anons t'enty 9hillings a "iece as a small remembrance to the "oor of
9t. Thomas Parish T'enty 9hillings to rasenose *ibrary fi#e "ounds to Mr.
1o'se of 2riell :olledge t'enty 9hillings to Mr. 5ey'ood _++_s. to 3r.
Metcalfe _++_s. to Mr. 9herley _++_s. If I ha#e any oo%s the Hni#ersity
*ibrary hath not$ let them ta%e them If I ha#e any oo%s our o'n *ibrary
hath not$ let them ta%e them I gi#e to Mrs. 7ell all my English oo%s of
5usbandry one e+ce"ted to her 3aughter Mrs. 6atherine 7ell my 9i+ Pieces of
9il#er Plate and si+ 9il#er s"oons to Mrs. Iles my Gerards 5erball To Mrs.
Morris my :ountry 7arme Translated out of 7rench ?. and all my English
Physic% oo%s to Mr. 4histler the 1ecorder of 2+ford I gi#e t'enty
shillings to all my fello' 9tudents Mrs of Arts a oo% in fol. or t'o a
"iece as Master Morris Treasurer or Mr. 3ean shall a""oint 'hom I re0uest
to be the 2#erseer of this A""endi+ and gi#e him for his "ains Atlas
Geografer and 2rtelius Theatrum Mond! I gi#e to Dohn 7ell the 3ean!s 9on
9tudent my Mathematical Instruments e+ce"t my t'o :rosse 9ta#es 'hich I
gi#e to my *ord of 3onnol if he be then of the 5ouse To Thomas Iles 3octor
Iles his 9on 9tudent 9aluntch on Paurrhelia and *ucian!s 4or%s in ? Tomes
If any boo%s be left let my E+ecutors dis"ose of them 'ith all such oo%s
as are 'ritten 'ith my o'n hands and half my Melancholy :o"y for :ri"s hath
the other half To Mr. Dones :ha"lin and :hanter my 9ur#eying oo%s and
Instruments To the 9er#ants of the 5ouse 7orty 9hillings 12.
H1T28--:harles 1ussell 4itness--Dohn Pe""er 4itness--This 4ill 'as she'ed
to me by the Testator and ac%no'ledged by him some fe' days before his
death to be his last 4ill Ita Testor Dohn Morris 9 Th 3. Prebendari! Eccl
:hri! 2+on 7eb. .$ ,-.B.
Probatum fuit Testamentum su"rascri"tum$ Fc. ,,M ,-?C Duramento 4illmi
urton 7ris! et E+ecutoris cui Fc. de bene et fideliter administrand.
Fc. coram Mag!ris 8athanaele 9te"hens 1ectore Eccl. de 3rayton$ et
Ed'ardo 7armer$ :lericis$ #igore commissionis$ Fc.
The only 'or% our author e+ecuted 'as that no' re"rinted$ 'hich "robably
'as the "rinci"al em"loyment of his life. 3r. 7erriar says$ it 'as
originally "ublished in the year ,-,A< but this is e#idently a mista%e<
;@Gthe first edition 'as that "rinted in ?to$ ,-=,$ a co"y of 'hich is at
"resent in the collection of Dohn 8ichols$ Es0.$ the indefatigable
illustrator of the _5istory of *eicestershire_< to 'hom$ and to Isaac 1eed$
Es0.$ of 9ta"le Inn$ this account is greatly indebted for its accuracy. The
other im"ressions of it 'ere in ,-=?$ ,-=/$ ,-.=$ ,-./$ ,-@,-=$ ,--C$ and
,-A-$ 'hich last$ in the title"age$ is called the eighth edition.
The co"y from 'hich the "resent is re"rinted$ is that of ,-@,-=< at the
conclusion of 'hich is the follo'ing address&
LT2 T5E 1EA3E1.
Le "leased to %no' (:ourteous 1eader) that since the last Im"ression
of this oo%$ the ingenuous Author of it is deceased$ lea#ing a :o"y
of it e+actly corrected$ 'ith se#eral considerable Additions by his
o'n hand< this :o"y he committed to my care and custody$ 'ith
directions to ha#e those Additions inserted in the ne+t Edition< 'hich
in order to his command$ and the Public%e Good$ is faithfully
"erformed in this last Im"ression.L
5. :. (_i.e. 5E8. :1IPP9._)
The follo'ing testimonies of #arious authors 'ill ser#e to sho' the
estimation in 'hich this 'or% has been held&--
LThe A8AT2ME 27 ME*A8:52*E$ 'herein the author hath "iled u" #ariety of
much e+cellent learning. 9carce any boo% of "hilology in our land hath$ in
so short a time$ "assed so many editions.L--_7uller!s 4orthies_$ fol. ,-.
L!Tis a boo% so full of #ariety of reading$ that gentlemen 'ho ha#e lost
their time$ and are "ut to a "ush for in#ention$ may furnish themsel#es
'ith matter for common or scholastical discourse and 'riting.L--_4ood!s
Athenae 2+oniensis_$ #ol. i. ". -=/. =d edit.
LIf you ne#er sa' H1T28 HP28 ME*A8:52*E$ "rinted ,-A-$ I "ray loo% into
it$ and read the ninth "age of his Preface$ !3emocritus to the 1eader.!
There is something there 'hich touches the "oint 'e are u"on< but I mention
the author to you$ as the "leasantest$ the most learned$ and the most full
of sterling sense. The 'its of Kueen Anne!s reign$ and the beginning of
George the 7irst$ 'ere not a little beholden to him.L--_Archbisho"
5erring!s *etters_$ ,=mo. ,AAA. ". ,?B.
LH1T28!9 A8AT2ME 27 ME*A8:52*E$ he (3r. Dohnson) said$ 'as the only boo%
that e#er too% him out of bed t'o hours sooner than he 'ished to
rise.L--_os'ell!s *ife of Dohnson_$ #ol. i. ". @/C. /#o. edit.
LH1T28!9 A8AT2ME 27 ME*A8:52*E is a #aluable boo%$L said 3r. Dohnson. LIt
is$ "erha"s$ o#erloaded 'ith 0uotation. ut there is great s"irit and great
"o'er in 'hat urton says 'hen he 'rites from his o'n mind.L--_Ibid_$ #ol.
ii. ". .=@.
LIt 'ill be no detraction from the "o'ers of Milton!s original genius and
in#ention$ to remar%$ that he seems to ha#e borro'ed the subject of _*!
Allegro_ and _Il Penseroso_$ together 'ith some "articular thoughts$
e+"ressions$ and rhymes$ more es"ecially the idea of a contrast bet'een
these t'o dis"ositions$ from a forgotten "oem "refi+ed to the first edition
of H1T28!9 A8AT2ME 27 ME*A8:52*E$ entitled$ !The Author!s Abstract of
Melancholy< or$ A 3ialogue bet'een Pleasure and Pain.! 5ere "ain is
melancholy. It 'as 'ritten$ as I conjecture$ about the year ,-CC. I 'ill
ma%e no a"ology for abstracting and citing as much of this "oem as 'ill be
sufficient to "ro#e$ to a discerning reader$ ho' far it had ta%en
"ossession of Milton!s mind. The measure 'ill a""ear to be the same< and
that our author 'as at least an attenti#e reader of urton!s boo%$ may be
already concluded from the traces of resemblance 'hich I ha#e incidentally
noticed in "assing through the _*! Allegro_ and _Il Penseroso_.L--After
e+tracting the lines$ Mr. 4arton adds$ Las to the #ery elaborate 'or% to
'hich these #isionary #erses are no unsuitable introduction$ the 'riter!s
#ariety of learning$ his 0uotations from scarce and curious boo%s$ his
"edantry s"ar%ling 'ith rude 'it and sha"eless elegance$ miscellaneous
matter$ intermi+ture of agreeable tales and illustrations$ and$ "erha"s$
abo#e all$ the singularities of his feelings$ clothed in an uncommon
0uaintness of style$ ha#e contributed to render it$ e#en to modern readers$
a #aluable re"ository of amusement and information.L--_4arton!s Milton_$ =d
edit. ". B?.
LT5E A8AT2ME 27 ME*A8:52*E is a boo% 'hich has been uni#ersally read and
admired. This 'or% is$ for the most "art$ 'hat the author himself styles
it$ !a cento<! but it is a #ery ingenious one. 5is 0uotations$ 'hich abound
in e#ery "age$ are "ertinent< but if he had made more use of his in#ention
and less of his common"lace-boo%$ his 'or% 'ould "erha"s ha#e been more
#aluable than it is. 5e is generally free from the affected language and
ridiculous meta"hors 'hich disgrace most of the boo%s of his
time.L--_Granger!s iogra"hical 5istory_.
LH1T28!9 A8AT2ME 27 ME*A8:52*E$ a boo% once the fa#ourite of the learned
and the 'itty$ and a source of surre"titious learning$ though 'ritten on a
regular "lan$ consists chiefly of 0uotations& the author has honestly
termed it a cento. 5e collects$ under e#ery di#ision$ the o"inions of a
multitude of 'riters$ 'ithout regard to chronological order$ and has too
often the modesty to decline the inter"osition of his o'n sentiments.
Indeed the bul% of his materials generally o#er'helms him. In the course of
his folio he has contri#ed to treat a great #ariety of to"ics$ that seem
#ery loosely connected 'ith the general subject< and$ li%e ayle$ 'hen he
starts a fa#ourite train of 0uotations$ he does not scru"le to let the
digression outrun the "rinci"al 0uestion. Thus$ from the doctrines of
religion to military disci"line$ from inland na#igation to the morality of
dancing-schools$ e#ery thing is discussed and determined.L--_7erriar!s
Illustrations of 9terne_$ ". @/.
LThe archness 'hich H1T28 dis"lays occasionally$ and his indulgence of
"layful digressions from the most serious discussions$ often gi#e his style
an air of familiar con#ersation$ not'ithstanding the laborious collections
'hich su""ly his te+t. 5e 'as ca"able of 'riting e+cellent "oetry$ but he
seems to ha#e culti#ated this talent too little. The English #erses
"refi+ed to his boo%$ 'hich "ossess beautiful imagery$ and great s'eetness
of #ersification$ ha#e been fre0uently "ublished. 5is *atin elegiac #erses
addressed to his boo%$ she' a #ery agreeable turn for raillery.L--_Ibid_.
". @/.
L4hen the force of the subject o"ens his o'n #ein of "rose$ 'e disco#er
#aluable sense and brilliant e+"ression. 9uch is his account of the first
feelings of melancholy "ersons$ 'ritten$ "robably$ from his o'n
e+"erience.L ;9ee ". ,@?$ of the "resent edition.G--_Ibid._ ". -C.
L3uring a "edantic age$ li%e that in 'hich H1T28!9 "roduction a""eared$ it
must ha#e been eminently ser#iceable to 'riters of many descri"tions. 5ence
the unlearned might furnish themsel#es 'ith a""ro"riate scra"s of Gree% and
*atin$ 'hilst men of letters 'ould find their en0uiries shortened$ by
%no'ing 'here they might loo% for 'hat both ancients and moderns had
ad#anced on the subject of human "assions. I confess my inability to "oint
out any other English author 'ho has so largely dealt in a"t and original
0uotation.L--_Manuscri"t note of the late George 9tee#ens$ Es0.$ in his
co"y of_ T5E A8AT2ME 27 ME*A8:52*E.
3EM2:1ITH9 DH8I21 A3 *I1HM 9HHM.
Iade liber$ 0ualis$ non ausum dicere$ feli+$
Te nisi felicem fecerit Alma dies.
Iade tamen 0uocun0ue lubet$ 0uascun0ue "er oras$
Et Genium 3omini fac imitere tui.
I blandas inter :harites$ mystam0ue saluta
Musarum 0uem#is$ si tibi lector erit.
1ura colas$ urbem$ subeas#e "alatia regum$
9ubmisse$ "lacide$ te sine dente geras.
8obilis$ aut si 0uis te forte ins"e+erit heros$
3a te morigerum$ "erlegat us0ue lubet.
Est 0uod nobilitas$ est 0uod desideret heros$
Gratior haec forsan charta "lacere "otest.
9i 0uis morosus :ato$ tetricus0ue 9enator$
5unc etiam librum forte #idere #elit$
9i#e magistratus$ tum te re#erenter habeto<
9ed nullus< muscas non ca"iunt A0uilae.
8on #acat his tem"us fugiti#um im"endere nugis$
8ec tales cu"io< "ar mihi lector erit.
9i matrona gra#is casu di#erterit istuc$
Illustris domina$ aut te :omitissa legat&
Est 0uod dis"liceat$ "laceat 0uod forsitan illis$
Ingerere his noli te modo$ "ande tamen.
At si #irgo tuas dignabitur inclyta chartas
Tangere$ si#e schedis haereat illa tuis&
3a modo te facilem$ et 0uaedam folia esse memento
:on#eniant oculis 0uae magis a"ta suis.
9i generosa ancilla tuos aut alma "uella
Iisura est ludos$ annue$ "ande lubens.
3ic utinam nunc i"se meus ;-G(nam diligit istas)
In "raesens esset cons"iciendus herus.
Ignotus notus#e mihi de gente togata
9i#e aget in ludis$ "ul"ita si#e colet$
9i#e in *ycaeo$ et nugas e#ol#erit istas$
9i 0uasdam mendas #iderit ins"iciens$
3a #eniam Authori$ dices< nam "lurima #ellet
E+"ungi$ 0uae jam dis"licuisse sciat.
9i#e Melancholicus 0uis0uam$ seu blandus Amator$
Aulicus aut :i#is$ seu bene com"tus e0ues
5uc a""ellat$ age et tuto te crede legenti$
Multa istic forsan non male nata leget.
Kuod fugiat$ ca#eat$ 0uod0ue am"le+abitur$ ista
Pagina fortassis "romere multa "otest.
At si 0uis Medicus coram te sistet$ amice
7ac circums"ecte$ et te sine labe geras&
In#eniet nam0ue i"se meis 0uo0ue "lurima scri"tis$
8on le#e subsidium 0uae sibi forsan erunt.
9i 0uis :ausidicus chartas im"ingat in istas$
8il mihi #obiscum$ "essima turba #ale<
9it nisi #ir bonus$ et juris sine fraude "eritus$
Tum legat$ et forsan doctior inde siet.
9i 0uis cordatus$ facilis$ lector0ue benignus
5uc oculos #ertat$ 0uae #elit i"se legat<
:andidus ignoscet$ metuas nil$ "ande libenter$
2ffensus mendis non erit ille tuis$
*audabit nonnulla. Ienit si 1hetor ine"tus$
*imata et tersa$ et 0ui bene cocta "etit$
:laude citus librum< nulla hic nisi ferrea #erba$
2ffendent stomachum 0uae minus a"ta suum.
At si 0uis non e+imius de "lebe "oeta$
Annue< nam0ue istic "lurima ficta leget.
8os sumus e numero$ nullus mihi s"irat A"ollo$
Grandilo0uus Iates 0uilibet esse ne0uit.
9i :riticus *ector$ tumidus :ensor0ue molestus$
>oilus et Momus$ si rabiosa cohors&
1inge$ freme$ et noli tum "andere$ turba malignis
9i occurrat sannis in#idiosa suis&
7ac fugias< si nulla tibi sit co"ia eundi$
:ontemnes$ tacite scommata 0uae0ue feres.
7rendeat$ allatret$ #acuas gannitibus auras
Im"leat$ haud cures< his "lacuisse nefas.
Ierum age si forsan di#ertat "urior hos"es$
:ui0ue sales$ ludi$ dis"liceant0ue joci$
2bjiciat0ue tibi sordes$ lasci#a0ue& dices$
*asci#a est 3omino et Musa jocosa tuo$
8ec lasci#a tamen$ si "ensitet omne< sed esto<
9it lasci#a licet "agina$ #ita "roba est.
arbarus$ indoctus0ue rudis s"ectator in istam
9i messem intrudat$ fuste fugabis eum$
7ungum "elle "rocul (jubeo) nam 0uid mihi fungoN
:on#eniunt stomacho non minus ista suo.
9ed nec "elle tamen< laeto omnes acci"e #ultu$
Kuos$ 0uas$ #el 0uales$ inde #el unde #iros.
Gratus erit 0uicun0ue #enit$ gratissimus hos"es
Kuis0uis erit$ facilis difficilis0ue mihi.
8am si cul"arit$ 0uaedam cul"asse ju#abit$
:ul"ando faciet me meliora se0ui.
9ed si laudarit$ ne0ue laudibus efferar ullis$
9it satis hisce malis o""osuisse bonum.
5aec sunt 0uae nostro "lacuit mandare libello$
Et 0uae dimittens dicere jussit 5erus.
3EM2:1ITH9 DH8I21 T2 5I9 226
PA1AP51A9TI: MET1I:A* T1A89*ATI28.
Go forth my boo% into the o"en day<
5a""y$ if made so by its garish eye.
2!er earth!s 'ide surface ta%e thy #agrant 'ay$
To imitate thy master!s genius try.
The Graces three$ the Muses nine salute$
9hould those 'ho lo#e them try to con thy lore.
The country$ city see%$ grand thrones to boot$
4ith gentle courtesy humbly bo' before.
9hould nobles gallant$ soldiers fran% and bra#e
9ee% thy ac0uaintance$ hail their first ad#ance&
7rom t'itch of care thy "leasant #ein may sa#e$
May laughter cause or 'isdom gi#e "erchance.
9ome surly :ato$ 9enator austere$
5a"ly may 'ish to "ee" into thy boo%&
9eem #ery nothing--tremble and re#ere&
8o forceful eagles$ butterflies e!er loo%.
They lo#e not thee& of them then little see%$
And 'ish for readers triflers li%e thyself.
2f ludeful matron 'atchful catch the bec%$
2r gorgeous countess full of "ride and "elf.
They may say L"ishOL and fro'n$ and yet read on&
:ry odd$ and silly$ coarse$ and yet amusing.
9hould dainty damsels see% thy "age to con$
9"read thy best stores& to them be ne!er refusing&
9ay$ fair one$ master lo#es thee dear as life<
4ould he 'ere here to gaze on thy s'eet loo%.
9hould %no'n or un%no'n student$ freed from strife
2f logic and the schools$ e+"lore my boo%&
:ry mercy critic$ and thy boo% 'ithhold&
e some fe' errors "ardon!d though obser#!d&
An humble author to im"lore ma%es bold.
Thy %ind indulgence$ e#en undeser#!d$
9hould melancholy 'ight or "ensi#e lo#er$
:ourtier$ snug cit$ or car"et %night so trim
2ur blossoms cull$ he!ll find himself in clo#er$
Gain sense from "rece"t$ laughter from our 'him.
9hould learned leech 'ith solemn air unfold
Thy lea#es$ be'are$ be ci#il$ and be 'ise&
Thy #olume many "rece"ts sage may hold$
5is 'ell fraught head may find no trifling "rize.
9hould crafty la'yer tres"ass on our ground$
:aitiffs a#auntO disturbing tribe a'ayO
Hnless ('hite cro') an honest one be found<
5e!ll better$ 'iser go for 'hat 'e say.
9hould some ri"e scholar$ gentle and benign$
4ith candour$ care$ and judgment thee "eruse&
Thy faults to %ind obli#ion he!ll consign<
8or to thy merit 'ill his "raise refuse.
Thou may!st be searched for "olish!d 'ords and #erse
y fli""ant s"outer$ em"tiest of "raters&
Tell him to see% them in some ma'%ish #erse&
My "eriods all are rough as nutmeg graters.
The doggerel "oet$ 'ishing thee to read$
1eject not< let him glean thy jests and stories.
5is brother I$ of lo'ly sembling breed&
A"ollo grants to fe' Parnassian glories.
Menac!d by critic 'ith sour furro'ed bro'$
Momus or Troilus or 9cotch re#ie'er&
1uffle your hec%le$ grin and gro'l and #o'&
Ill-natured foes you thus 'ill find the fe'er$
4hen foul-mouth!d senseless railers cry thee do'n$
1e"ly not& fly$ and sho' the rogues thy stern<
They are not 'orthy e#en of a fro'n&
Good taste or breeding they can ne#er learn<
2r let them clamour$ turn a callous ear$
As though in dread of some harsh don%ey!s bray.
If chid by censor$ friendly though se#ere$
To such e+"lain and turn thee not a'ay.
Thy #ein$ says he "erchance$ is all too free<
Thy smutty language suits not learned "en&
1e"ly$ Good 9ir$ throughout$ the conte+t see<
Thought chastens thought< so "rithee judge again.
esides$ although my master!s "en may 'ander
Through de#ious "aths$ by 'hich it ought not stray$
5is life is "ure$ beyond the breath of slander&
9o "ardon grant< !tis merely but his 'ay.
9ome rugged ruffian ma%es a hideous rout--
randish thy cudgel$ threaten him to baste<
The filthy fungus far from thee cast out<
9uch no+ious ban0uets ne#er suit my taste.
Eet$ calm and cautious moderate thy ire$
e e#er courteous should the case allo'--
9'eet malt is e#er made by gentle fire&
4arm to thy friends$ gi#e all a ci#il bo'.
E#en censure sometimes teaches to im"ro#e$
9light frosts ha#e often cured too ran% a cro"$
9o$ candid blame my s"leen shall ne#er mo#e$
7or s%ilful gard!ners 'ay'ard branches lo".
Go then$ my boo%$ and bear my 'ords in mind<
Guides safe at once$ and "leasant them you!ll find.
T5E A1GHME8T 27 T5E 7128TI9PIE:E.
Ten distinct 90uares here seen a"art$
Are joined in one by :utter!s art.
I.
2ld 3emocritus under a tree$
9its on a stone 'ith boo% on %nee<
About him hang there many features$
2f :ats$ 3ogs and such li%e creatures$
2f 'hich he ma%es anatomy$
The seat of blac% choler to see.
2#er his head a""ears the s%y$
And 9aturn *ord of melancholy.
II.
To the left a landsca"e of Dealousy$
Presents itself unto thine eye.
A 6ingfisher$ a 9'an$ an 5ern$
T'o fighting-coc%s you may discern$
T'o roaring ulls each other hie$
To assault concerning #enery.
9ymbols are these< I say no more$
:oncei#e the rest by that!s afore.
III.
The ne+t of solitariness$
A "ortraiture doth 'ell e+"ress$
y slee"ing dog$ cat& uc% and 3oe$
5ares$ :onies in the desert go&
ats$ 2'ls the shady bo'ers o#er$
In melancholy dar%ness ho#er.
Mar% 'ell& If!t be not as!t should be$
lame the bad :utter$ and not me.
II.
I!th! under column there doth stand
_Inamorato_ 'ith folded hand<
3o'n hangs his head$ terse and "olite$
9ome ditty sure he doth indite.
5is lute and boo%s about him lie$
As sym"toms of his #anity.
If this do not enough disclose$
To "aint him$ ta%e thyself by th! nose.
I.
_5y"ocondriacus_ leans on his arm$
4ind in his side doth him much harm$
And troubles him full sore$ God %no's$
Much "ain he hath and many 'oes.
About him "ots and glasses lie$
8e'ly brought from!s A"othecary.
This 9aturn!s as"ects signify$
Eou see them "ortray!d in the s%y.
II.
eneath them %neeling on his %nee$
A su"erstitious man you see&
5e fasts$ "rays$ on his Idol fi+t$
Tormented ho"e and fear bet'i+t&
7or 5ell "erha"s he ta%es more "ain$
Than thou dost 5ea#en itself to gain.
Alas "oor soul$ I "ity thee$
4hat stars incline thee so to beN
III.
ut see the madman rage do'nright
4ith furious loo%s$ a ghastly sight.
8a%ed in chains bound doth he lie$
And roars amain he %no's not 'hyO
2bser#e him< for as in a glass$
Thine angry "ortraiture it 'as.
5is "icture %ee"s still in thy "resence<
!T'i+t him and thee$ there!s no difference.
IIII$ IJ.
_orage_ and _5ellebor_ fill t'o scenes$
9o#ereign "lants to "urge the #eins
2f melancholy$ and cheer the heart$
2f those blac% fumes 'hich ma%e it smart<
To clear the brain of misty fogs$
4hich dull our senses$ and 9oul clogs.
The best medicine that e!er God made
7or this malady$ if 'ell assay!d.
J.
8o' last of all to fill a "lace$
Presented is the Author!s face<
And in that habit 'hich he 'ears$
5is image to the 'orld a""ears.
5is mind no art can 'ell e+"ress$
That by his 'ritings you may guess.
It 'as not "ride$ nor yet #ainglory$
(Though others do it commonly)
Made him do this& if you must %no'$
The Printer 'ould needs ha#e it so.
Then do not fro'n or scoff at it$
3eride not$ or detract a 'hit.
7or surely as thou dost by him$
5e 'ill do the same again.
Then loo% u"on!t$ behold and see$
As thou li%!st it$ so it li%es thee.
And I for it 'ill stand in #ie'$
Thine to command$ 1eader$ adieu.
T5E AHT521!9 A9T1A:T 27 ME*A8:52*E$ ;Gree%& 3ialogosG
4hen I go musing all alone
Thin%ing of di#ers things fore-%no'n.
4hen I build castles in the air$
Ioid of sorro' and #oid of fear$
Pleasing myself 'ith "hantasms s'eet$
Methin%s the time runs #ery fleet.
All my joys to this are folly$
8aught so s'eet as melancholy.
4hen I lie 'a%ing all alone$
1ecounting 'hat I ha#e ill done$
My thoughts on me then tyrannise$
7ear and sorro' me sur"rise$
4hether I tarry still or go$
Methin%s the time mo#es #ery slo'.
All my griefs to this are jolly$
8aught so mad as melancholy.
4hen to myself I act and smile$
4ith "leasing thoughts the time beguile$
y a broo% side or 'ood so green$
Hnheard$ unsought for$ or unseen$
A thousand "leasures do me bless$
And cro'n my soul 'ith ha""iness.
All my joys besides are folly$
8one so s'eet as melancholy.
4hen I lie$ sit$ or 'al% alone$
I sigh$ I grie#e$ ma%ing great moan$
In a dar% gro#e$ or ir%some den$
4ith discontents and 7uries then$
A thousand miseries at once
Mine hea#y heart and soul ensconce$
All my griefs to this are jolly$
8one so sour as melancholy.
Methin%s I hear$ methin%s I see$
9'eet music$ 'ondrous melody$
To'ns$ "alaces$ and cities fine<
5ere no'$ then there< the 'orld is mine$
1are beauties$ gallant ladies shine$
4hate!er is lo#ely or di#ine.
All other joys to this are folly$
8one so s'eet as melancholy.
Methin%s I hear$ methin%s I see
Ghosts$ goblins$ fiends< my "hantasy
Presents a thousand ugly sha"es$
5eadless bears$ blac% men$ and a"es$
3oleful outcries$ and fearful sights$
My sad and dismal soul affrights.
All my griefs to this are jolly$
8one so damn!d as melancholy.
Methin%s I court$ methin%s I %iss$
Methin%s I no' embrace my mistress.
2 blessed days$ 2 s'eet content$
In Paradise my time is s"ent.
9uch thoughts may still my fancy mo#e$
9o may I e#er be in lo#e.
All my joys to this are folly$
8aught so s'eet as melancholy.
4hen I recount lo#e!s many frights$
My sighs and tears$ my 'a%ing nights$
My jealous fits< 2 mine hard fate
I no' re"ent$ but !tis too late.
8o torment is so bad as lo#e$
9o bitter to my soul can "ro#e.
All my griefs to this are jolly$
8aught so harsh as melancholy.
7riends and com"anions get you gone$
!Tis my desire to be alone<
8e!er 'ell but 'hen my thoughts and I
3o domineer in "ri#acy.
8o Gem$ no treasure li%e to this$
!Tis my delight$ my cro'n$ my bliss.
All my joys to this are folly$
8aught so s'eet as melancholy.
!Tis my sole "lague to be alone$
I am a beast$ a monster gro'n$
I 'ill no light nor com"any$
I find it no' my misery.
The scene is turn!d$ my joys are gone$
7ear$ discontent$ and sorro's come.
All my griefs to this are jolly$
8aught so fierce as melancholy.
I!ll not change life 'ith any %ing$
I ra#isht am& can the 'orld bring
More joy$ than still to laugh and smile$
In "leasant toys time to beguileN
3o not$ 2 do not trouble me$
9o s'eet content I feel and see.
All my joys to this are folly$
8one so di#ine as melancholy.
I!ll change my state 'ith any 'retch$
Thou canst from gaol or dunghill fetch<
My "ain!s "ast cure$ another hell$
I may not in this torment d'ellO
8o' des"erate I hate my life$
*end me a halter or a %nife<
All my griefs to this are jolly$
8aught so damn!d as melancholy.
3EM2:1ITH9 DH8I21 T2 T5E 1EA3E1.
Gentle reader$ I "resume thou 'ilt be #ery in0uisiti#e to %no' 'hat antic
or "ersonate actor this is$ that so insolently intrudes u"on this common
theatre$ to the 'orld!s #ie'$ arrogating another man!s name< 'hence he is$
'hy he doth it$ and 'hat he hath to say< although$ as ;AGhe said$ _Primum
si noluero$ non res"ondebo$ 0uis coacturus est_N I am a free man born$ and
may choose 'hether I 'ill tell< 'ho can com"el meN If I be urged$ I 'ill as
readily re"ly as that Egy"tian in ;/GPlutarch$ 'hen a curious fello' 'ould
needs %no' 'hat he had in his bas%et$ _Kuum #ides #elatam$ 0uid in0uiris in
rem absconditam_N It 'as therefore co#ered$ because he should not %no' 'hat
'as in it. 9ee% not after that 'hich is hid< if the contents "lease thee$
;BGLand be for thy use$ su""ose the Man in the Moon$ or 'hom thou 'ilt to
be the author<L I 'ould not 'illingly be %no'n. Eet in some sort to gi#e
thee satisfaction$ 'hich is more than I need$ I 'ill sho' a reason$ both of
this usur"ed name$ title$ and subject. And first of the name of 3emocritus<
lest any man$ by reason of it$ should be decei#ed$ e+"ecting a "as0uil$ a
satire$ some ridiculous treatise (as I myself should ha#e done)$ some
"rodigious tenet$ or "arado+ of the earth!s motion$ of infinite 'orlds$ _in
infinito #acuo$ e+ fortuita atomorum collisione_$ in an infinite 'aste$ so
caused by an accidental collision of motes in the sun$ all 'hich 3emocritus
held$ E"icurus and their master *uci""us of old maintained$ and are lately
re#i#ed by :o"ernicus$ runus$ and some others. esides$ it hath been
al'ays an ordinary custom$ as ;,CGGellius obser#es$ Lfor later 'riters and
im"ostors$ to broach many absurd and insolent fictions$ under the name of
so noble a "hiloso"her as 3emocritus$ to get themsel#es credit$ and by that
means the more to be res"ected$L as artificers usually do$ _8o#o 0ui
marmori ascribunt Pra+atilem suo_. !Tis not so 'ith me.
;,,G L8on hic :entaurus$ non Gorgonas$ 5ar"yas0ue
In#enies$ hominem "agina nostra sa"it.L
L8o :entaurs here$ or Gorgons loo% to find$
My subject is of man and human %ind.L
Thou thyself art the subject of my discourse.
;,=G LKuic0uid agunt homines$ #otum$ timor$ ira$ #olu"tas$
Gaudia$ discursus$ nostri farrago libelli.L
L4hate!er men do$ #o's$ fears$ in ire$ in s"ort$
Doys$ 'and!rings$ are the sum of my re"ort.L
My intent is no other'ise to use his name$ than Mercurius Gallobelgicus$
Mercurius ritannicus$ use the name of Mercury$ ;,.G3emocritus :hristianus$
Fc.< although there be some other circumstances for 'hich I ha#e mas%ed
myself under this #izard$ and some "eculiar res"ect 'hich I cannot so 'ell
e+"ress$ until I ha#e set do'n a brief character of this our 3emocritus$
'hat he 'as$ 'ith an e"itome of his life.
3emocritus$ as he is described by ;,?G5i""ocrates and ;,@G*aertius$ 'as a
little 'earish old man$ #ery melancholy by nature$ a#erse from com"any in
his latter days$ ;,-Gand much gi#en to solitariness$ a famous "hiloso"her
in his age$ ;,AG_coae#us_ 'ith 9ocrates$ 'holly addicted to his studies at
the last$ and to a "ri#ate life& 'rote many e+cellent 'or%s$ a great
di#ine$ according to the di#inity of those times$ an e+"ert "hysician$ a
"olitician$ an e+cellent mathematician$ as ;,/G3iacosmus and the rest of
his 'or%s do 'itness. 5e 'as much delighted 'ith the studies of husbandry$
saith ;,BG:olumella$ and often I find him cited by ;=CG:onstantinus and
others treating of that subject. 5e %ne' the natures$ differences of all
beasts$ "lants$ fishes$ birds< and$ as some say$ could ;=,Gunderstand the
tunes and #oices of them. In a 'ord$ he 'as _omnifariam doctus_$ a general
scholar$ a great student< and to the intent he might better contem"late$
;==GI find it related by some$ that he "ut out his eyes$ and 'as in his old
age #oluntarily blind$ yet sa' more than all Greece besides$ and ;=.G 'rit
of e#ery subject$ _8ihil in toto o"ificio naturae$ de 0uo non scri"sit_.
;=?GA man of an e+cellent 'it$ "rofound conceit< and to attain %no'ledge
the better in his younger years$ he tra#elled to Egy"t and ;=@G Athens$ to
confer 'ith learned men$ ;=-GLadmired of some$ des"ised of others.L After a
'andering life$ he settled at Abdera$ a to'n in Thrace$ and 'as sent for
thither to be their la'ma%er$ recorder$ or to'n-cler%$ as some 'ill< or as
others$ he 'as there bred and born. 5o'soe#er it 'as$ there he li#ed at
last in a garden in the suburbs$ 'holly beta%ing himself to his studies and
a "ri#ate life$ ;=AGLsa#ing that sometimes he 'ould 'al% do'n to the
ha#en$L ;=/GLand laugh heartily at such #ariety of ridiculous objects$
'hich there he sa'.L 9uch a one 'as 3emocritus.
ut in the mean time$ ho' doth this concern me$ or u"on 'hat reference do I
usur" his habitN I confess$ indeed$ that to com"are myself unto him for
aught I ha#e yet said$ 'ere both im"udency and arrogancy. I do not "resume
to ma%e any "arallel$ _Antistat mihi millibus trecentis_$ ;=BG_"ar#us sum$
nullus sum$ altum nec s"iro$ nec s"ero_. Eet thus much I 'ill say of
myself$ and that I ho"e 'ithout all sus"icion of "ride$ or self-conceit$ I
ha#e li#ed a silent$ sedentary$ solitary$ "ri#ate life$ _mihi et musis_ in
the Hni#ersity$ as long almost as Jenocrates in Athens$ _ad senectam fere_
to learn 'isdom as he did$ "enned u" most "art in my study. 7or I ha#e been
brought u" a student in the most flourishing college of Euro"e$
;.CG_augustissimo collegio_$ and can brag 'ith ;.,GDo#ius$ almost$ _in ea
luce domicilii Iacicani$ totius orbis celeberrimi$ "er .A annos multa
o""ortuna0ue didici_< for thirty years I ha#e continued (ha#ing the use of
as good ;.=Glibraries as e#er he had) a scholar$ and 'ould be therefore
loath$ either by li#ing as a drone$ to be an un"rofitable or un'orthy
member of so learned and noble a society$ or to 'rite that 'hich should be
any 'ay dishonourable to such a royal and am"le foundation. 9omething I
ha#e done$ though by my "rofession a di#ine$ yet _turbine ra"tus ingenii_$
as ;..Ghe said$ out of a running 'it$ an unconstant$ unsettled mind$ I had
a great desire (not able to attain to a su"erficial s%ill in any) to ha#e
some smattering in all$ to be _ali0uis in omnibus$ nullus in singulis_$
;.?G 'hich ;.@GPlato commends$ out of him ;.-G*i"sius a""ro#es and
furthers$ Las fit to be im"rinted in all curious 'its$ not to be a sla#e of
one science$ or d'ell altogether in one subject$ as most do$ but to ro#e
abroad$ _centum "uer artium_$ to ha#e an oar in e#ery man!s boat$ to
;.AGtaste of e#ery dish$ and si" of e#ery cu"$L 'hich$ saith ;./GMontaigne$
'as 'ell "erformed by Aristotle$ and his learned countryman Adrian
Turnebus. This ro#ing humour (though not 'ith li%e success) I ha#e e#er
had$ and li%e a ranging s"aniel$ that bar%s at e#ery bird he sees$ lea#ing
his game$ I ha#e follo'ed all$ sa#ing that 'hich I should$ and may justly
com"lain$ and truly$ _0ui ubi0ue est$ nus0uam est_$;.BG 'hich ;?CGGesner
did in modesty$ that I ha#e read many boo%s$ but to little "ur"ose$ for
'ant of good method< I ha#e confusedly tumbled o#er di#ers authors in our
libraries$ 'ith small "rofit$ for 'ant of art$ order$ memory$ judgment. I
ne#er tra#elled but in ma" or card$ in 'hich mine unconfined thoughts ha#e
freely e+"atiated$ as ha#ing e#er been es"ecially delighted 'ith the study
of :osmogra"hy. ;?,G9aturn 'as lord of my geniture$ culminating$ Fc.$ and
Mars "rinci"al significator of manners$ in "artile conjunction 'ith my
ascendant< both fortunate in their houses$ Fc. I am not "oor$ I am not
rich< _nihil est$ nihil deest_$ I ha#e little$ I 'ant nothing& all my
treasure is in Miner#a!s to'er. Greater "referment as I could ne#er get$ so
am I not in debt for it$ I ha#e a com"etence (_laus 3eo_) from my noble and
munificent "atrons$ though I li#e still a collegiate student$ as 3emocritus
in his garden$ and lead a monastic life$ _i"se mihi theatrum_$ se0uestered
from those tumults and troubles of the 'orld$ _Et tan0uam in s"ecula
"ositus_$ (;?=Gas he said) in some high "lace abo#e you all$ li%e 9toicus
9a"iens$ _omnia saecula$ "raeterita "resentia0ue #idens$ uno #elut
intuitu_$ I hear and see 'hat is done abroad$ ho' others ;?.Grun$ ride$
turmoil$ and macerate themsel#es in court and country$ far from those
'rangling la'suits$ _aulia #anitatem$ fori ambitionem$ ridere mecum soleo_&
I laugh at all$ ;??Gonly secure$ lest my suit go amiss$ my shi"s "erish$
corn and cattle miscarry$ trade decay$ I ha#e no 'ife nor children good or
bad to "ro#ide for. A mere s"ectator of other men!s fortunes and
ad#entures$ and ho' they act their "arts$ 'hich methin%s are di#ersely
"resented unto me$ as from a common theatre or scene. I hear ne' ne's e#ery
day$ and those ordinary rumours of 'ar$ "lagues$ fires$ inundations$
thefts$ murders$ massacres$ meteors$ comets$ s"ectrums$ "rodigies$
a""aritions$ of to'ns ta%en$ cities besieged in 7rance$ Germany$ Tur%ey$
Persia$ Poland$ Fc.$ daily musters and "re"arations$ and such li%e$ 'hich
these tem"estuous times afford$ battles fought$ so many men slain$
monomachies$ shi"'rec%s$ "iracies and sea-fights< "eace$ leagues$
stratagems$ and fresh alarms. A #ast confusion of #o's$ 'ishes$ actions$
edicts$ "etitions$ la'suits$ "leas$ la's$ "roclamations$ com"laints$
grie#ances are daily brought to our ears. 8e' boo%s e#ery day$ "am"hlets$
corantoes$ stories$ 'hole catalogues of #olumes of all sorts$ ne'
"arado+es$ o"inions$ schisms$ heresies$ contro#ersies in "hiloso"hy$
religion$ Fc. 8o' come tidings of 'eddings$ mas%ings$ mummeries$
entertainments$ jubilees$ embassies$ tilts and tournaments$ tro"hies$
trium"hs$ re#els$ s"orts$ "lays& then again$ as in a ne' shifted scene$
treasons$ cheating tric%s$ robberies$ enormous #illainies in all %inds$
funerals$ burials$ deaths of "rinces$ ne' disco#eries$ e+"editions$ no'
comical$ then tragical matters. Today 'e hear of ne' lords and officers
created$ tomorro' of some great men de"osed$ and then again of fresh
honours conferred< one is let loose$ another im"risoned< one "urchaseth$
another brea%eth& he thri#es$ his neighbour turns ban%ru"t< no' "lenty$
then again dearth and famine< one runs$ another rides$ 'rangles$ laughs$
'ee"s$ Fc. This I daily hear$ and such li%e$ both "ri#ate and "ublic ne's$
amidst the gallantry and misery of the 'orld< jollity$ "ride$ "er"le+ities
and cares$ sim"licity and #illainy< subtlety$ %na#ery$ candour and
integrity$ mutually mi+ed and offering themsel#es< I rub on _"ri#us
"ri#atus_< as I ha#e still li#ed$ so I no' continue$ _statu 0uo "rius_$
left to a solitary life$ and mine o'n domestic discontents& sa#ing that
sometimes$ _ne 0uid mentiar_$ as 3iogenes 'ent into the city$ and
3emocritus to the ha#en to see fashions$ I did for my recreation no' and
then 'al% abroad$ loo% into the 'orld$ and could not choose but ma%e some
little obser#ation$ _non tam saga+ obser#ator ac sim"le+ recitator_$ ;?@G
not as they did$ to scoff or laugh at all$ but 'ith a mi+ed "assion.
;?-G Lilem sae"e$ jocum #estri mo#ere tumultus.L
LEe 'retched mimics$ 'hose fond heats ha#e been$
5o' oftO the objects of my mirth and s"leen.L
I did sometime laugh and scoff 'ith *ucian$ and satirically ta+ 'ith
Meni""us$ lament 'ith 5eraclitus$ sometimes again I 'as ;?AG_"etulanti
s"lene chachinno_$ and then again$ ;?/G_urere bilis jecur_$ I 'as much
mo#ed to see that abuse 'hich I could not mend. In 'hich "assion ho'soe#er
I may sym"athise 'ith him or them$ !tis for no such res"ect I shroud myself
under his name< but either in an un%no'n habit to assume a little more
liberty and freedom of s"eech$ or if you 'ill needs %no'$ for that reason
and only res"ect 'hich 5i""ocrates relates at large in his E"istle to
3amegetus$ 'herein he doth e+"ress$ ho' coming to #isit him one day$ he
found 3emocritus in his garden at Abdera$ in the suburbs$ ;?BGunder a shady
bo'er$ ;@CG'ith a boo% on his %nees$ busy at his study$ sometimes 'riting$
sometimes 'al%ing. The subject of his boo% 'as melancholy and madness<
about him lay the carcases of many se#eral beasts$ ne'ly by him cut u" and
anatomised< not that he did contemn God!s creatures$ as he told
5i""ocrates$ but to find out the seat of this _atra bilis_$ or melancholy$
'hence it "roceeds$ and ho' it 'as engendered in men!s bodies$ to the
intent he might better cure it in himself$ and by his 'ritings and
obser#ation ;@,Gteach others ho' to "re#ent and a#oid it. 4hich good intent
of his$ 5i""ocrates highly commended& 3emocritus Dunior is therefore bold
to imitate$ and because he left it im"erfect$ and it is no' lost$ _0uasi
succenturiator 3emocriti_$ to re#i#e again$ "rosecute$ and finish in this
treatise.
Eou ha#e had a reason of the name. If the title and inscri"tion offend your
gra#ity$ 'ere it a sufficient justification to accuse others$ I could
"roduce many sober treatises$ e#en sermons themsel#es$ 'hich in their
fronts carry more fantastical names. 5o'soe#er$ it is a %ind of "olicy in
these days$ to "refi+ a fantastical title to a boo% 'hich is to be sold<
for$ as lar%s come do'n to a day-net$ many #ain readers 'ill tarry and
stand gazing li%e silly "assengers at an antic "icture in a "ainter!s sho"$
that 'ill not loo% at a judicious "iece. And$ indeed$ as ;@=G9caliger
obser#es$ Lnothing more in#ites a reader than an argument unloo%ed for$
unthought of$ and sells better than a scurrile "am"hlet$L _tum ma+ime cum
no#itas e+citat ;@.G"alatum_. LMany men$L saith Gellius$ Lare #ery
conceited in their inscri"tions$L Land ableL (as ;@?GPliny 0uotes out of
9eneca) Lto ma%e him loiter by the 'ay that 'ent in haste to fetch a
mid'ife for his daughter$ no' ready to lie do'n.L 7or my "art$ I ha#e
honourable ;@@G"recedents for this 'hich I ha#e done& I 'ill cite one for
all$ Anthony >ara$ Pa". E"is.$ his Anatomy of 4it$ in four sections$
members$ subsections$ Fc.$ to be read in our libraries.
If any man e+ce"t against the matter or manner of treating of this my
subject$ and 'ill demand a reason of it$ I can allege more than one< I
'rite of melancholy$ by being busy to a#oid melancholy. There is no greater
cause of melancholy than idleness$ Lno better cure than business$L as
;@-G1hasis holds& and ho'beit$ _stultus labor est ine"tiarum_$ to be busy
in toys is to small "ur"ose$ yet hear that di#ine 9eneca$ _aliud agere 0uam
nihil_$ better do to no end$ than nothing. I 'rote therefore$ and busied
myself in this "laying labour$ _oliosa0ue diligentia ut #itarem tor"orum
feriandi_ 'ith Iectius in Macrobius$ _at0ue otium in utile #erterem
negatium_.
;@AG L9imul et jucunda et idonea dicere #ita$
*ectorem delectando simul at0ue monendo.L
LPoets 'ould "rofit or delight man%ind$
And 'ith the "leasing ha#e th! instructi#e joined.
Profit and "leasure$ then$ to mi+ 'ith art$
T! inform the judgment$ nor offend the heart$
9hall gain all #otes.L
To this end I 'rite$ li%e them$ saith *ucian$ that Lrecite to trees$ and
declaim to "illars for 'ant of auditors&L as ;@/GPaulus Aegineta
ingenuously confesseth$ Lnot that anything 'as un%no'n or omitted$ but to
e+ercise myself$L 'hich course if some too%$ I thin% it 'ould be good for
their bodies$ and much better for their souls< or "erad#enture as others
do$ for fame$ to sho' myself (_9cire tuum nihil est$ nisi te scire hoc
sciat alter_). I might be of Thucydides! o"inion$ ;@BGLto %no' a thing and
not to e+"ress it$ is all one as if he %ne' it not.L 4hen I first too% this
tas% in hand$ _et 0uod ait ;-CGille$ im"ellents genio negotium susce"i_$
this I aimed at< ;-,G_#el ut lenirem animum scribendo_$ to ease my mind by
'riting< for I had _gra#idum cor$ foetum ca"ut_$ a %ind of im"osthume in my
head$ 'hich I 'as #ery desirous to be unladen of$ and could imagine no
fitter e#acuation than this. esides$ I might not 'ell refrain$ for _ubi
dolor$ ibi digitus_$ one must needs scratch 'here it itches. I 'as not a
little offended 'ith this malady$ shall I say my mistress Melancholy$ my
Aegeria$ or my _malus genius_N and for that cause$ as he that is stung 'ith
a scor"ion$ I 'ould e+"el _cla#um cla#o_$ ;-=Gcomfort one sorro' 'ith
another$ idleness 'ith idleness$ _ut e+ #i"era Theriacum_$ ma%e an antidote
out of that 'hich 'as the "rime cause of my disease. 2r as he did$ of 'hom
;-.G7eli+ Plater s"ea%s$ that thought he had some of Aristo"hanes! frogs in
his belly$ still crying _reec$ o%e+$ coa+$ coa+$ oo"$ oo"_$ and for that
cause studied "hysic se#en years$ and tra#elled o#er most "art of Euro"e to
ease himself. To do myself good I turned o#er such "hysicians as our
libraries 'ould afford$ or my ;-?G"ri#ate friends im"art$ and ha#e ta%en
this "ains. And 'hy notN :ardan "rofesseth he 'rote his boo%$ _3e
:onsolatione_ after his son!s death$ to comfort himself< so did Tully 'rite
of the same subject 'ith li%e intent after his daughter!s de"arture$ if it
be his at least$ or some im"ostor!s "ut out in his name$ 'hich *i"sius
"robably sus"ects. :oncerning myself$ I can "erad#enture affirm 'ith Marius
in 9allust$ ;-@GLthat 'hich others hear or read of$ I felt and "ractised
myself< they get their %no'ledge by boo%s$ I mine by melancholising.L
_E+"erto crede 1oberto_. 9omething I can s"ea% out of e+"erience$
_aerumnabilis e+"erientia me docuit_< and 'ith her in the "oet$ ;--G_5aud
ignara mali miseris succurrere disco_< I 'ould hel" others out of a
fello'-feeling< and$ as that #irtuous lady did of old$ ;-AGLbeing a le"er
herself$ besto' all her "ortion to build an hos"ital for le"ers$L I 'ill
s"end my time and %no'ledge$ 'hich are my greatest fortunes$ for the common
good of all.
Eea$ but you 'ill infer that this is ;-/G_actum agere_$ an unnecessary
'or%$ _cramben bis coctam a""onnere_$ the same again and again in other
'ords. To 'hat "ur"oseN ;-BGL8othing is omitted that may 'ell be said$L so
thought *ucian in the li%e theme. 5o' many e+cellent "hysicians ha#e
'ritten just #olumes and elaborate tracts of this subjectN 8o ne's here<
that 'hich I ha#e is stolen$ from others$ ;ACG_3icit0ue mihi mea "agina fur
es_. If that se#ere doom of ;A,G9ynesius be true$ Lit is a greater offence
to steal dead men!s labours$ than their clothes$L 'hat shall become of most
'ritersN I hold u" my hand at the bar among others$ and am guilty of felony
in this %ind$ _habes confitentem reum_$ I am content to be "ressed 'ith the
rest. !Tis most true$ _tenet insanabile multos scribendi cacoethes_$ and
;A=GLthere is no end of 'riting of boo%s$L as the 'iseman found of old$ in
this ;A.Gscribbling age$ es"ecially 'herein ;A?GLthe number of boo%s is
'ithout number$L (as a 'orthy man saith$) L"resses be o""ressed$L and out
of an itching humour that e#ery man hath to sho' himself$ ;A@Gdesirous of
fame and honour (_scribimus indocti docti0ue_----) he 'ill 'rite no matter
'hat$ and scra"e together it boots not 'hence. ;A-GLe'itched 'ith this
desire of fame$L _etiam mediis in morbis_$ to the dis"aragement of their
health$ and scarce able to hold a "en$ they must say something$ ;AAGLand
get themsel#es a name$L saith 9caliger$ Lthough it be to the do'nfall and
ruin of many others.L To be counted 'riters$ _scri"tores ut salutentur_$ to
be thought and held "olymaths and "olyhistors$ _a"ud im"eritum #ulgus ob
#entosae nomen artis_$ to get a "a"er-%ingdom& _nulla s"e 0uaestus sed
am"la famae_$ in this "reci"itate$ ambitious age$ _nunc ut est saeculum$
inter immaturam eruditionem$ ambitiosum et "raece"s_ (!tis ;A/G9caliger!s
censure)< and they that are scarce auditors$ _#i+ auditores_$ must be
masters and teachers$ before they be ca"able and fit hearers. They 'ill
rush into all learning$ _togatam armatam_$ di#ine$ human authors$ ra%e o#er
all inde+es and "am"hlets for notes$ as our merchants do strange ha#ens for
traffic$ 'rite great tomes$ _:um non sint re #era doctiores$ sed
lo0uaciores_$ 'hereas they are not thereby better scholars$ but greater
"raters. They commonly "retend "ublic good$ but as ;ABGGesner obser#es$
!tis "ride and #anity that eggs them on< no ne's or aught 'orthy of note$
but the same in other terms. _8e feriarentur fortasse ty"ogra"hi #el ideo
scribendum est ali0uid ut se #i+isse testentur_. As a"othecaries 'e ma%e
ne' mi+tures e#eryday$ "our out of one #essel into another< and as those
old 1omans robbed all the cities of the 'orld$ to set out their bad-sited
1ome$ 'e s%im off the cream of other men!s 'its$ "ic% the choice flo'ers of
their tilled gardens to set out our o'n sterile "lots. _:astrant alios ut
libros suos "er se graciles alieno adi"e suffarciant_ (so ;/CGDo#ius
in#eighs.) They lard their lean boo%s 'ith the fat of others! 'or%s.
_Ineruditi fures_$ Fc. A fault that e#ery 'riter finds$ as I do no'$ and
yet faulty themsel#es$ ;/,G_Trium literarum homines_$ all thie#es< they
"ilfer out of old 'riters to stuff u" their ne' comments$ scra"e Ennius!
dunghills$ and out of ;/=G3emocritus! "it$ as I ha#e done. y 'hich means
it comes to "ass$ ;/.GLthat not only libraries and sho"s are full of our
"utrid "a"ers$ but e#ery close-stool and ja%es$L _9cribunt carmina 0uae
legunt cacantes_< they ser#e to "ut under "ies$ to ;/?Gla" s"ice in$ and
%ee" roast meat from burning. L4ith us in 7rance$L saith ;/@G9caliger$
Le#ery man hath liberty to 'rite$ but fe' ability.L ;/-GL5eretofore
learning 'as graced by judicious scholars$ but no' noble sciences are
#ilified by base and illiterate scribblers$L that either 'rite for
#ainglory$ need$ to get money$ or as Parasites to flatter and collogue 'ith
some great men$ they "ut cut ;/AG_burras$ 0uis0uilias0ue ine"tias0ue_.
;//GAmongst so many thousand authors you shall scarce find one$ by reading
of 'hom you shall be any 'hit better$ but rather much 'orse$ _0uibus
inficitur "otius$ 0uam "erficitur_$ by 'hich he is rather infected than any
'ay "erfected.
;/BG ------LKui talia legit$
Kuid didicit tandem$ 0uid scit nisi somnia$ nugasNL
9o that oftentimes it falls out ('hich :allimachus ta+ed of old) a great
boo% is a great mischief. ;BCG:ardan finds fault 'ith 7renchmen and
Germans$ for their scribbling to no "ur"ose$ _non in0uit ab edendo
deterreo$ modo no#um ali0uid in#eniant_$ he doth not bar them to 'rite$ so
that it be some ne' in#ention of their o'n< but 'e 'ea#e the same 'eb
still$ t'ist the same ro"e again and again< or if it be a ne' in#ention$
!tis but some bauble or toy 'hich idle fello's 'rite$ for as idle fello's
to read$ and 'ho so cannot in#entN ;B,GL5e must ha#e a barren 'it$ that in
this scribbling age can forge nothing. ;B=GPrinces sho' their armies$ rich
men #aunt their buildings$ soldiers their manhood$ and scholars #ent their
toys<L they must read$ they must hear 'hether they 'ill or no.
;B.G LEt 0uodcun0ue semel chartis ille#erit$ omnes
Gestiet a furno redeuntes scire lacu0ue$
Et "ueros et anusL------
L4hat once is said and 'rit$ all men must %no'$
2ld 'i#es and children as they come and go.L
L4hat a com"any of "oets hath this year brought out$L as Pliny com"lains to
9ossius 9inesius. ;B?GLThis A"ril e#ery day some or other ha#e recited.L
4hat a catalogue of ne' boo%s all this year$ all this age (I say)$ ha#e our
7ran%fort Marts$ our domestic Marts brought outN T'ice a year$ ;B@G
_Proferunt se no#a ingenia et ostentant_$ 'e stretch our 'its out$ and set
them to sale$ _magno conatu nihil agimus_. 9o that 'hich ;B-GGesner much
desires$ if a s"eedy reformation be not had$ by some "rince!s edicts and
gra#e su"er#isors$ to restrain this liberty$ it 'ill run on _in infinitum_.
_Kuis tam a#idus librorum helluo_$ 'ho can read themN As already$ 'e shall
ha#e a #ast chaos and confusion of boo%s$ 'e are ;BAGo""ressed 'ith them$
;B/Gour eyes ache 'ith reading$ our fingers 'ith turning. 7or my "art I am
one of the number$ _nos numerus sumus_$ ('e are mere ci"hers)& I do not
deny it$ I ha#e only this of Macrobius to say for myself$ _2mne meum$ nihil
meum_$ !tis all mine$ and none mine. As a good house'ife out of di#ers
fleeces 'ea#es one "iece of cloth$ a bee gathers 'a+ and honey out of many
flo'ers$ and ma%es a ne' bundle of all$ _7loriferis ut a"es in saltibus
omnia libant_$ I ha#e laboriously ;BBGcollected this cento out of di#ers
'riters$ and that _sine injuria_$ I ha#e 'ronged no authors$ but gi#en
e#ery man his o'n< 'hich ;,CCG5ierom so much commends in 8e"otian< he stole
not 'hole #erses$ "ages$ tracts$ as some do no'adays$ concealing their
authors! names$ but still said this 'as :y"rian!s$ that *actantius$ that
5ilarius$ so said Minutius 7eli+$ so Iictorinus$ thus far Arnobius& I cite
and 0uote mine authors ('hich$ ho'soe#er some illiterate scribblers account
"edantical$ as a cloa% of ignorance$ and o""osite to their affected fine
style$ I must and 'ill use) _sum"si$ non suri"ui_< and 'hat Iarro$ _lib. -.
de re rust._ s"ea%s of bees$ _minime maleficae nullius o"us #ellicantes
faciunt delerius_$ I can say of myself$ 4hom ha#e I injuredN The matter is
theirs most "art$ and yet mine$ _a""aret unde sum"tum sit_ ('hich 9eneca
a""ro#es)$ _aliud tamen 0uam unde sum"tum sit a""aret_$ 'hich nature doth
'ith the aliment of our bodies incor"orate$ digest$ assimilate$ I do
_conco0uere 0uod hausi_$ dis"ose of 'hat I ta%e. I ma%e them "ay tribute$
to set out this my Maceronicon$ the method only is mine o'n$ I must usur"
that of ;,C,G4ec%er _e Ter. nihil dictum 0uod non dictum "rius$ methodus
sola artificem ostendit_$ 'e can say nothing but 'hat hath been said$ the
com"osition and method is ours only$ and sho's a scholar. 2ribasius$
Aesius$ A#icenna$ ha#e all out of Galen$ but to their o'n method$ _di#erso
stilo$ non di#ersa fide_. 2ur "oets steal from 5omer< he s"e's$ saith
Aelian$ they lic% it u". 3i#ines use Austin!s 'ords #erbatim still$ and our
story-dressers do as much< he that comes last is commonly best$
------Ldonec 0uid grandius aetas
Postera sors0ue ferat melior.L------;,C=G
Though there 'ere many giants of old in "hysic and "hiloso"hy$ yet I say
'ith ;,C.G3idacus 9tella$ LA d'arf standing on the shoulders of a giant may
see farther than a giant himself<L I may li%ely add$ alter$ and see farther
than my "redecessors< and it is no greater "rejudice for me to indite after
others$ than for Aelianus Montaltus$ that famous "hysician$ to 'rite _de
morbis ca"itis_ after Dason Pratensis$ 5eurnius$ 5ildesheim$ Fc.$ many
horses to run in a race$ one logician$ one rhetorician$ after another.
2""ose then 'hat thou 'ilt$
LAllatres licet us0ue nos et us0ue
Et gannitibus im"robis lacessas.L
I sol#e it thus. And for those other faults of barbarism$ ;,C?G3oric
dialect$ e+tem"oranean style$ tautologies$ a"ish imitation$ a rha"sody of
rags gathered together from se#eral dunghills$ e+crements of authors$ toys
and fo""eries confusedly tumbled out$ 'ithout art$ in#ention$ judgment$
'it$ learning$ harsh$ ra'$ rude$ fantastical$ absurd$ insolent$ indiscreet$
ill-com"osed$ indigested$ #ain$ scurrile$ idle$ dull$ and dry< I confess
all (!tis "artly affected)$ thou canst not thin% 'orse of me than I do of
myself. !Tis not 'orth the reading$ I yield it$ I desire thee not to lose
time in "erusing so #ain a subject$ I should be "erad#enture loath myself
to read him or thee so 'riting< !tis not _o"erae$ "retium_. All I say is
this$ that I ha#e ;,C@G"recedents for it$ 'hich Isocrates calls _"erfugium
iis 0ui "eccant_$ others as absurd$ #ain$ idle$ illiterate$ Fc. _8onnulli
alii idem fecerunt_< others ha#e done as much$ it may be more$ and "erha"s
thou thyself$ _8o#imus et 0ui te_$ Fc. 4e ha#e all our faults< _scimus$ et
hanc$ #eniaim_$ Fc.< ;,C-Gthou censurest me$ so ha#e I done others$ and may
do thee$ _:edimus in0ue #icem_$ Fc.$ !tis _le+ talionis$ 0uid "ro 0uo_. Go
no'$ censure$ criticise$ scoff$ and rail.
;,CAG L8asutus cis us0ue licet$ sis deni0ue nasus&
8on "otes in nugas dicere "lura meas$
I"se ego 0uam di+i$ Fc.L
L4ert thou all scoffs and flouts$ a #ery Momus$
Than 'e oursel#es$ thou canst not say 'orse of us.L
Thus$ as 'hen 'omen scold$ ha#e I cried 'hore first$ and in some men!s
censures I am afraid I ha#e o#ershot myself$ _*audare se #ani$ #itu"erare
stulti_$ as I do not arrogate$ I 'ill not derogate. _Primus #estrum non
sum$ nec imus_$ I am none of the best$ I am none of the meanest of you. As
I am an inch$ or so many feet$ so many "arasangs$ after him or him$ I may
be "erad#enture an ace before thee. e it therefore as it is$ 'ell or ill$
I ha#e essayed$ "ut myself u"on the stage< I must abide the censure$ I may
not esca"e it. It is most true$ _stylus #irum arguit_$ our style be'rays
us$ and as ;,C/Ghunters find their game by the trace$ so is a man!s genius
descried by his 'or%s$ _Multo melius e+ sermone 0uam lineamentis$ de
moribus hominum judicamus_< it 'as old :ato!s rule. I ha#e laid myself o"en
(I %no' it) in this treatise$ turned mine inside out'ard& I shall be
censured$ I doubt not< for$ to say truth 'ith Erasmus$ _nihil morosius
hominum judiciis_$ there is nought so "ee#ish as men!s judgments< yet this
is some comfort$ _ut "alata$ sic judicia_$ our censures are as #arious as
our "alates.
;,CBG LTres mihi con#i#ae "ro"e dissentire #identur$
Poscentes #ario multum di#ersa "alato$L Fc.
LThree guests I ha#e$ dissenting at my feast$
1e0uiring each to gratify his taste
4ith different food.L
2ur 'ritings are as so many dishes$ our readers guests$ our boo%s li%e
beauty$ that 'hich one admires another rejects< so are 'e a""ro#ed as men!s
fancies are inclined. _Pro ca"tu lectoris habent sua fata libelli._. That
'hich is most "leasing to one is _amaracum sui_$ most harsh to another.
_Kuot homines$ tot sententiae_$ so many men$ so many minds& that 'hich thou
condemnest he commends. ;,,CG_Kuod "etis$ id sane est in#isum acidum0ue
duobus_. 5e res"ects matter$ thou art 'holly for 'ords< he lo#es a loose
and free style$ thou art all for neat com"osition$ strong lines$
hy"erboles$ allegories< he desires a fine frontis"iece$ enticing "ictures$
such as ;,,,G5ieron. 8atali the Desuit hath cut to the 3ominicals$ to dra'
on the reader!s attention$ 'hich thou rejectest< that 'hich one admires$
another e+"lodes as most absurd and ridiculous. If it be not "oint blan% to
his humour$ his method$ his conceit$ ;,,=G_si 0uid$ forsan omissum$ 0uod is
animo conce"erit$ si 0uae dictio_$ Fc. If aught be omitted$ or added$ 'hich
he li%es$ or disli%es$ thou art _manci"ium "aucae lectionis_$ an idiot$ an
ass$ _nullus es_$ or _"lagiarius_$ a trifler$ a tri#ant$ thou art an idle
fello'< or else it is a thing of mere industry$ a collection 'ithout 'it or
in#ention$ a #ery toy. ;,,.G_7acilia sic "utant omnes 0uae jam facta$ nec
de salebris cogitant$ ubi #ia strata_< so men are #alued$ their labours
#ilified by fello's of no 'orth themsel#es$ as things of nought$ 'ho could
not ha#e done as much. _Hnus0uis0ue abundat sensu suo_$ e#ery man abounds
in his o'n sense< and 'hilst each "articular "arty is so affected$ ho'
should one "lease allN
;,,?G LKuid demN 0uid non demN 1enuis tu 0uod jubet ille.L
------L4hat courses must I chooseN
4hat notN 4hat both 'ould order you refuse.L
5o' shall I ho"e to e+"ress myself to each man!s humour and ;,,@Gconceit$
or to gi#e satisfaction to allN 9ome understand too little$ some too much$
_0ui similiter in legendos libros$ at0ue in salutandos homines irruunt$ non
cogitantes 0uales$ sed 0uibus #estibus induti sint_$ as ;,,-GAustin
obser#es$ not regarding 'hat$ but 'ho 'rite$ ;,,AG_ore+in habet auctores
celebritas_$ not #aluing the metal$ but stam" that is u"on it$ _:antharum
as"iciunt$ non 0uid in eo_. If he be not rich$ in great "lace$ "olite and
bra#e$ a great doctor$ or full fraught 'ith grand titles$ though ne#er so
'ell 0ualified$ he is a dunce< but$ as ;,,/Garonius hath it of :ardinal
:araffa!s 'or%s$ he is a mere hog that rejects any man for his "o#erty.
9ome are too "artial$ as friends to o#er'een$ others come 'ith a "rejudice
to car"$ #ilify$ detract$ and scoff< (_0ui de me forsan$ 0uic0uid est$ omni
contem"tu contem"tius judicant_) some as bees for honey$ some as s"iders to
gather "oison. 4hat shall I do in this caseN As a 3utch host$ if you come
to an inn in. Germany$ and disli%e your fare$ diet$ lodging$ Fc.$ re"lies
in a surly tone$ ;,,BG_aliud tibi 0uaeras di#ersorium_$ if you li%e not
this$ get you to another inn& I resol#e$ if you li%e not my 'riting$ go
read something else. I do not much esteem thy censure$ ta%e thy course$ it
is not as thou 'ilt$ nor as I 'ill$ but 'hen 'e ha#e both done$ that of
;,=CGPlinius 9ecundus to Trajan 'ill "ro#e true$ LE#ery man!s 'itty labour
ta%es not$ e+ce"t the matter$ subject$ occasion$ and some commending
fa#ourite ha""en to it.L If I be ta+ed$ e+"loded by thee and some such$ I
shall ha"ly be a""ro#ed and commended by others$ and so ha#e been
(_E+"ertus lo0uor_)$ and may truly say 'ith ;,=,GDo#ius in li%e case$
_(absit #erbo jactantia) heroum 0uorundam$ "ontificum$ et #irorum nobilium
familiaritatem et amicitiam$ gratas0ue gratias$ et multorum ;,==G bene
laudatorum laudes sum inde "romeritus_$ as I ha#e been honoured by some
'orthy men$ so ha#e I been #ilified by others$ and shall be. At the first
"ublishing of this boo%$ ('hich ;,=.GProbus of Persius satires)$ _editum
librum continuo mirari homines$ at0ue a#ide deri"ere cae"erunt_$ I may in
some sort a""ly to this my 'or%. The first$ second$ and third edition 'ere
suddenly gone$ eagerly read$ and$ as I ha#e said$ not so much a""ro#ed by
some$ as scornfully rejected by others. ut it 'as 3emocritus his fortune$
_Idem admirationi et ;,=?Girrisioni habitus_. !T'as 9eneca!s fate$ that
su"erintendent of 'it$ learning$ judgment$ ;,=@G_ad stu"orem doctus_$ the
best of Gree% and *atin 'riters$ in Plutarch!s o"inion< that Lreno'ned
corrector of #ice$L as$ ;,=-G7abius terms him$ Land "ainful omniscious
"hiloso"her$ that 'rit so e+cellently and admirably 'ell$L could not "lease
all "arties$ or esca"e censure. 5o' is he #ilified by ;,=AG :aligula$
Agellius$ 7abius$ and *i"sius himself$ his chief "ro"ugnerN _In eo "lera0ue
"ernitiosa_$ saith the same 7abius$ many childish tracts and sentences he
hath$ _sermo illaboratus_$ too negligent often and remiss$ as Agellius
obser#es$ _oratio #ulgaris et "rotrita$ dicaces et ine"tae$ sententiae$
eruditio "lebeia_$ an homely shallo' 'riter as he is. _In "artibus s"inas
et fastidia habet_$ saith ;,=/G*i"sius< and$ as in all his other 'or%s$ so
es"ecially in his e"istles$ _aliae in argutiis et ine"tiis occu"antur$
intricatus alicubi$ et "arum com"ositus$ sine co"ia rerum hoc fecit_$ he
jumbles u" many things together immethodically$ after the 9toics! fashion$
_"arum ordina#it$ multa accumula#it_$ Fc. If 9eneca be thus lashed$ and
many famous men that I could name$ 'hat shall I e+"ectN 5o' shall I that am
_#i+ umbra tanti "hiloso"hi_ ho"e to "leaseN L8o man so absoluteL
(;,=BGErasmus holds) Lto satisfy all$ e+ce"t anti0uity$ "rescri"tion$ Fc.$
set a bar.L ut as I ha#e "ro#ed in 9eneca$ this 'ill not al'ays ta%e
"lace$ ho' shall I e#adeN !Tis the common doom of all 'riters$ I must (I
say) abide it< I see% not a""lause< ;,.CG_8on ego #entosa #enor suffragia
"lebis_< again$ _non sum adeo informis_$ I 'ould not be ;,.,G#ilified&
;,.=G ------Llaudatus abunde$
8on fastiditus si tibi$ lector$ ero.L
I fear good men!s censures$ and to their fa#ourable acce"tance I submit my
labours$
;,..G ------Let linguas manci"iorum
:ontemno.L------
As the bar%ing of a dog$ I securely contemn those malicious and scurrile
oblo0uies$ flouts$ calumnies of railers and detractors< I scorn the rest.
4hat therefore I ha#e said$ _"ro tenuitate mea_$ I ha#e said.
2ne or t'o things yet I 'as desirous to ha#e amended if I could$ concerning
the manner of handling this my subject$ for 'hich I must a"ologise$
_de"recari_$ and u"on better ad#ice gi#e the friendly reader notice& it 'as
not mine intent to "rostitute my muse in English$ or to di#ulge _secreta
Miner#ae_$ but to ha#e e+"osed this more contract in *atin$ if I could ha#e
got it "rinted. Any scurrile "am"hlet is 'elcome to our mercenary
stationers in English< they "rint all
------Lcudunt0ue libellos
In 0uorum foliis #i+ simia nuda cacaret<L
ut in *atin they 'ill not deal< 'hich is one of the reasons ;,.?G8icholas
:ar$ in his oration of the "aucity of English 'riters$ gi#es$ that so many
flourishing 'its are smothered in obli#ion$ lie dead and buried in this our
nation. Another main fault is$ that I ha#e not re#ised the co"y$ and
amended the style$ 'hich no' flo's remissly$ as it 'as first concei#ed< but
my leisure 'ould not "ermit< _7eci nec 0uod "otui$ nec 0uod #olui_$ I
confess it is neither as I 'ould$ nor as it should be.
;,.@G L:um relego scri"sisse "udet$ 0uia "lurima cerno
Me 0uo0ue 0uae fuerant judice digna lini.L
L4hen I "eruse this tract 'hich I ha#e 'rit$
I am abash!d$ and much I hold unfit.L
_Et 0uod gra#issimum_$ in the matter itself$ many things I disallo' at this
"resent$ 'hich 'hen I 'rit$ ;,.-G_8on eadem est aetas$ non mens_< I 'ould
'illingly retract much$ Fc.$ but !tis too late$ I can only cra#e "ardon no'
for 'hat is amiss.
I might indeed$ (had I 'isely done) obser#ed that "rece"t of the "oet$
------_nonum0ue "rematur in annum_$ and ha#e ta%en more care& or$ as
Ale+ander the "hysician 'ould ha#e done by la"is lazuli$ fifty times 'ashed
before it be used$ I should ha#e re#ised$ corrected and amended this tract<
but I had not (as I said) that ha""y leisure$ no amanuenses or assistants.
Pancrates in ;,.AG*ucian$ 'anting a ser#ant as he 'ent from Mem"his to
:o"tus in Egy"t$ too% a door bar$ and after some su"erstitious 'ords
"ronounced (Eucrates the relator 'as then "resent) made it stand u" li%e a
ser#ing-man$ fetch him 'ater$ turn the s"it$ ser#e in su""er$ and 'hat 'or%
he 'ould besides< and 'hen he had done that ser#ice he desired$ turned his
man to a stic% again. I ha#e no such s%ill to ma%e ne' men at my "leasure$
or means to hire them< no 'histle to call li%e the master of a shi"$ and
bid them run$ Fc. I ha#e no such authority$ no such benefactors$ as that
noble ;,./GAmbrosius 'as to 2rigen$ allo'ing him si+ or se#en amanuenses to
'rite out his dictates< I must for that cause do my business myself$ and
'as therefore enforced$ as a bear doth her 'hel"s$ to bring forth this
confused lum"< I had not time to lic% it into form$ as she doth her young
ones$ but e#en so to "ublish it$ as it 'as first 'ritten _0uic0uid in
buccam #enit_$ in an e+tem"orean style$ as ;,.BGI do commonly all other
e+ercises$ _effudi 0uic0uid dicta#it genius meus_$ out of a confused
com"any of notes$ and 'rit 'ith as small deliberation as I do ordinarily
s"ea%$ 'ithout all affectation of big 'ords$ fustian "hrases$ jingling
terms$ tro"es$ strong lines$ that li%e ;,?CGAcesta!s arro's caught fire as
they fle'$ strains of 'it$ bra#e heats$ elegies$ hy"erbolical e+ornations$
elegancies$ Fc.$ 'hich many so much affect. I am ;,?,G_a0uae "otor_$ drin%
no 'ine at all$ 'hich so much im"ro#es our modern 'its$ a loose$ "lain$
rude 'riter$ _ficum$ #oco ficum et ligonem ligonem_ and as free$ as loose$
_idem calamo 0uod in mente_$ ;,?=GI call a s"ade a s"ade$ _animis haec
scribo$ non auribus_$ I res"ect matter not 'ords< remembering that of
:ardan$ _#erba "ro"ter res$ non res "ro"ter #erba_& and see%ing 'ith
9eneca$ _0uid scribam$ non 0uemadmodum_$ rather _'hat_ than _ho'_ to 'rite&
for as Philo thin%s$ ;,?.GL5e that is con#ersant about matter$ neglects
'ords$ and those that e+cel in this art of s"ea%ing$ ha#e no "rofound
learning$L
;,??G LIerba nitent "haleris$ at nullus #erba medullas
Intus habentL------
esides$ it 'as the obser#ation of that 'ise 9eneca$ ;,?@GL'hen you see a
fello' careful about his 'ords$ and neat in his s"eech$ %no' this for a
certainty$ that man!s mind is busied about toys$ there!s no solidity in
him.L _8on est ornamentum #irile concinnitas_& as he said of a nightingale$
------_#o+ es$ "raeterea nihil_$ Fc. I am therefore in this "oint a
"rofessed disci"le of ;,?-GA"ollonius a scholar of 9ocrates$ I neglect
"hrases$ and labour 'holly to inform my reader!s understanding$ not to
"lease his ear< !tis not my study or intent to com"ose neatly$ 'hich an
orator re0uires$ but to e+"ress myself readily and "lainly as it ha""ens.
9o that as a ri#er runs sometimes "reci"itate and s'ift$ then dull and
slo'< no' direct$ then _"er ambages_$ no' dee"$ then shallo'< no' muddy$
then clear< no' broad$ then narro'< doth my style flo'& no' serious$ then
light< no' comical$ then satirical< no' more elaborate$ then remiss$ as the
"resent subject re0uired$ or as at that time I 'as affected. And if thou
#ouchsafe to read this treatise$ it shall seem no other'ise to thee$ than
the 'ay to an ordinary tra#eller$ sometimes fair$ sometimes foul< here
cham"aign$ there enclosed< barren$ in one "lace$ better soil in another& by
'oods$ gro#es$ hills$ dales$ "lains$ Fc. I shall lead thee _"er ardua
montium$ et lubrica #alllum$ et roscida ces"itum$ et ;,?AGglebosa
cam"orum_$ through #ariety of objects$ that 'hich thou shalt li%e and
surely disli%e.
7or the matter itself or method$ if it be faulty$ consider I "ray you that
of _:olumella$ 8ihil "erfectum$ aut a singulari consummatum industria_$ no
man can obser#e all$ much is defecti#e no doubt$ may be justly ta+ed$
altered$ and a#oided in Galen$ Aristotle$ those great masters. _oni
#enatoris_ (;,?/Gone holds) _"lures feras ca"ere$ non omnes_< he is a good
huntsman can catch some$ not all& I ha#e done my endea#our. esides$ I
d'ell not in this study$ _8on hic sulcos ducimus$ non hoc "ul#ere
desudamus_$ I am but a smatterer$ I confess$ a stranger$ ;,?BGhere and
there I "ull a flo'er< I do easily grant$ if a rigid censurer should
criticise on this 'hich I ha#e 'rit$ he should not find three sole faults$
as 9caliger in Terence$ but three hundred. 9o many as he hath done in
:ardan!s subtleties$ as many notable errors as ;,@CGGul *aurembergius$ a
late "rofessor of 1ostoc%$ disco#ers in that anatomy of *aurentius$ or
arocius the Ienetian in _9acro boscus_. And although this be a si+th
edition$ in 'hich I should ha#e been more accurate$ corrected all those
former esca"es$ yet it 'as _magni laboris o"us_$ so difficult and tedious$
that as car"enters do find out of e+"erience$ !tis much better build a ne'
sometimes$ than re"air an old house< I could as soon 'rite as much more$ as
alter that 'hich is 'ritten. If aught therefore be amiss (as I grant there
is)$ I re0uire a friendly admonition$ no bitter in#ecti#e$ ;,@,G_9int musis
socii :harites$ 7uria omnis abesto_$ other'ise$ as in ordinary
contro#ersies$ _funem contentionis nectamus$ sed cui bono_N 4e may contend$
and li%ely misuse each other$ but to 'hat "ur"oseN 4e are both scholars$
say$
;,@=G ------LArcades ambo
Et :antare "ares$ et res"ondere "arati.L
Loth young Arcadians$ both ali%e ins"ir!d
To sing and ans'er as the song re0uir!d.L
If 'e do 'rangle$ 'hat shall 'e get by itN Trouble and 'rong oursel#es$
ma%e s"ort to others. If I be con#ict of an error$ I 'ill yield$ I 'ill
amend. _9i 0uid bonis moribus$ si 0uid #eritati dissentaneum$ in sacris #el
humanis literis a me dictum sit$ id nec dictum esto_. In the mean time I
re0uire a fa#ourable censure of all faults omitted$ harsh com"ositions$
"leonasms of 'ords$ tautological re"etitions (though 9eneca bear me out$
_nun0uam nimis dicitur$ 0uod nun0uam satis dicitur_) "erturbations of
tenses$ numbers$ "rinters! faults$ Fc. My translations are sometimes rather
"ara"hrases than inter"retations$ _non ad #erbum_$ but as an author$ I use
more liberty$ and that!s only ta%en 'hich 'as to my "ur"ose. Kuotations are
often inserted in the te+t$ 'hich ma%es the style more harsh$ or in the
margin$ as it ha""ened. Gree% authors$ Plato$ Plutarch$ Athenaeus$ Fc.$ I
ha#e cited out of their inter"reters$ because the original 'as not so
ready. I ha#e mingled _sacra "ro"hanis_$ but I ho"e not "rofaned$ and in
re"etition of authors! names$ ran%ed them _"er accidens_$ not according to
chronology< sometimes neoterics before ancients$ as my memory suggested.
9ome things are here altered$ e+"unged in this si+th edition$ others
amended$ much added$ because many good ;,@.Gauthors in all %inds are come
to my hands since$ and !tis no "rejudice$ no such indecorum$ or o#ersight.
;,@?G L8un0uam ita 0uic0uam bene subducta ratione ad #itam fuit$
Kuin res$ aetas$ usus$ sem"er ali0uid a""ortent no#i$
Ali0uid moneant$ ut illa 0uae scire te credas$ nescias$
Et 0uae tibi "utaris "rima$ in e+ercendo ut re"udias.L
L8e!er 'as ought yet at first contri#!d so fit$
ut use$ age$ or something 'ould alter it<
Ad#ise thee better$ and$ u"on "eruse$
Ma%e thee not say$ and 'hat thou ta%!st refuse.L
ut I am no' resol#ed ne#er to "ut this treatise out again$ _8e 0uid
nimis_$ I 'ill not hereafter add$ alter$ or retract< I ha#e done. The last
and greatest e+ce"tion is$ that I$ being a di#ine$ ha#e meddled 'ith
"hysic$
;,@@G LTantumne est ab re tua otii tibi$
Aliena ut cures$ ea0ue nihil 0uae ad te attinent.L
4hich Menedemus objected to :hremes< ha#e I so much leisure$ or little
business of mine o'n$ as to loo% after other men!s matters 'hich concern me
notN 4hat ha#e I to do 'ith "hysicN _Kuod medicorum est "romittant medici_.
The ;,@-G*acedaemonians 'ere once in counsel about state matters$ a
debauched fello' s"a%e e+cellent 'ell$ and to the "ur"ose$ his s"eech 'as
generally a""ro#ed& a gra#e senator ste"s u"$ and by all means 'ould ha#e
it re"ealed$ though good$ because _dehonestabatur "essimo auctore_$ it had
no better an author< let some good man relate the same$ and then it should
"ass. This counsel 'as embraced$ _factum est_$ and it 'as registered
forth'ith$ _Et sic bona sententia mansit$ malus auctor mutatus est_. Thou
sayest as much of me$ stomachosus as thou art$ and grantest$ "erad#enture$
this 'hich I ha#e 'ritten in "hysic$ not to be amiss$ had another done it$
a "rofessed "hysician$ or so$ but 'hy should I meddle 'ith this tractN 5ear
me s"ea%. There be many other subjects$ I do easily grant$ both in humanity
and di#inity$ fit to be treated of$ of 'hich had I 'ritten _ad
ostentationem_ only$ to sho' myself$ I should ha#e rather chosen$ and in
'hich I ha#e been more con#ersant$ I could ha#e more 'illingly lu+uriated$
and better satisfied myself and others< but that at this time I 'as fatally
dri#en u"on this roc% of melancholy$ and carried a'ay by this by-stream$
'hich$ as a rillet$ is deducted from the main channel of my studies$ in
'hich I ha#e "leased and busied myself at idle hours$ as a subject most
necessary and commodious. 8ot that I "refer it before di#inity$ 'hich I do
ac%no'ledge to be the 0ueen of "rofessions$ and to 'hich all the rest are
as handmaids$ but that in di#inity I sa' no such great need. 7or had I
'ritten "ositi#ely$ there be so many boo%s in that %ind$ so many
commentators$ treatises$ "am"hlets$ e+"ositions$ sermons$ that 'hole teams
of o+en cannot dra' them< and had I been as for'ard and ambitious as some
others$ I might ha#e ha"ly "rinted a sermon at Paul!s :ross$ a sermon in
9t. Marie!s 2+on$ a sermon in :hrist :hurch$ or a sermon before the right
honourable$ right re#erend$ a sermon before the right 'orshi"ful$ a sermon
in *atin$ in English$ a sermon 'ith a name$ a sermon 'ithout$ a sermon$ a
sermon$ Fc. ut I ha#e been e#er as desirous to su""ress my labours in this
%ind$ as others ha#e been to "ress and "ublish theirs. To ha#e 'ritten in
contro#ersy had been to cut off an hydra!s head$ ;,@AG_*is litem generat_$
one begets another$ so many du"lications$ tri"lications$ and s'arms of
0uestions. _In sacro bello hoc 0uod stili mucrone agitur_$ that ha#ing once
begun$ I should ne#er ma%e an end. 2ne had much better$ as ;,@/GAle+ander$
the si+th "o"e$ long since obser#ed$ "ro#o%e a great "rince than a begging
friar$ a Desuit$ or a seminary "riest$ I 'ill add$ for _ine+"ugnabile genus
hoc hominum_$ they are an irrefragable society$ they must and 'ill ha#e the
last 'ord< and that 'ith such eagerness$ im"udence$ abominable lying$
falsifying$ and bitterness in their 0uestions they "roceed$ that as he
;,@BGsaid$ _furorne caecus$ an ra"it #is acrior$ an cul"a$ res"onsum date_N
lind fury$ or error$ or rashness$ or 'hat it is that eggs them$ I %no'
not$ I am sure many times$ 'hich ;,-CGAustin "ercei#ed long since$
_tem"estate contentionis$ serenitas charitatis obnubilatur_$ 'ith this
tem"est of contention$ the serenity of charity is o#erclouded$ and there be
too many s"irits conjured u" already in this %ind in all sciences$ and more
than 'e can tell ho' to lay$ 'hich do so furiously rage$ and %ee" such a
rac%et$ that as ;,-,G7abius said$ LIt had been much better for some of them
to ha#e been born dumb$ and altogether illiterate$ than so far to dote to
their o'n destruction.L
LAt melius fuerat non scribere$ nam0ue tacere
Tutum sem"er erit$L------;,-=G
!Tis a general fault$ so 9e#erinus the 3ane com"lains ;,-.Gin "hysic$
Lunha""y men as 'e are$ 'e s"end our days in un"rofitable 0uestions and
dis"utations$L intricate subtleties$ _de lana ca"rina_ about moonshine in
the 'ater$ Llea#ing in the mean time those chiefest treasures of nature
untouched$ 'herein the best medicines for all manner of diseases are to be
found$ and do not only neglect them oursel#es$ but hinder$ condemn$ forbid$
and scoff at others$ that are 'illing to in0uire after them.L These moti#es
at this "resent ha#e induced me to ma%e choice of this medicinal subject.
If any "hysician in the mean time shall infer$ _8e sutor ultra cre"idam_$
and find himself grie#ed that I ha#e intruded into his "rofession$ I 'ill
tell him in brief$ I do not other'ise by them$ than they do by us. If it be
for their ad#antage$ I %no' many of their sect 'hich ha#e ta%en orders$ in
ho"e of a benefice$ !tis a common transition$ and 'hy may not a melancholy
di#ine$ that can get nothing but by simony$ "rofess "hysicN 3rusianus an
Italian (:rusianus$ but corru"tly$ Trithemius calls him) ;,-?GLbecause he
'as not fortunate in his "ractice$ forsoo% his "rofession$ and 'rit
after'ards in di#inity.L Marcilius 7icinus 'as _semel et simul_< a "riest
and a "hysician at once$ and ;,-@GT. *inacer in his old age too% orders.
The Desuits "rofess both at this time$ di#ers of them _"ermissu
su"eriorum_$ chirurgeons$ "anders$ ba'ds$ and mid'i#es$ Fc. Many "oor
country-#icars$ for 'ant of other means$ are dri#en to their shifts< to
turn mounteban%s$ 0uac%sal#ers$ em"irics$ and if our greedy "atrons hold us
to such hard conditions$ as commonly they do$ they 'ill ma%e most of us
'or% at some trade$ as Paul did$ at last turn tas%ers$ maltsters$
costermongers$ graziers$ sell ale as some ha#e done$ or 'orse. 5o'soe#er in
underta%ing this tas%$ I ho"e I shall commit no great error or _indecorum_$
if all be considered aright$ I can #indicate myself 'ith Georgius raunus$
and 5ieronymus 5emingius$ those t'o learned di#ines< 'ho (to borro' a line
or t'o of mine ;,--Gelder brother) dra'n by a Lnatural lo#e$ the one of
"ictures and ma"s$ "ros"ecti#es and chorogra"hical delights$ 'rit that
am"le theatre of cities< the other to the study of genealogies$ "enned
_theatrum genealogicum_.L 2r else I can e+cuse my studies 'ith ;,-AG*essius
the Desuit in li%e case. It is a disease of the soul on 'hich I am to
treat$ and as much a""ertaining to a di#ine as to a "hysician$ and 'ho
%no's not 'hat an agreement there is bet'i+t these t'o "rofessionsN A good
di#ine either is or ought to be a good "hysician$ a s"iritual "hysician at
least$ as our 9a#iour calls himself$ and 'as indeed$ Mat. i#. =.< *u%e$ #.
,/< *u%e$ #ii. /. They differ but in object$ the one of the body$ the other
of the soul$ and use di#ers medicines to cure< one amends _animam "er
cor"us_$ the other _cor"us "er animam_ as ;,-/Gour 1egius Professor of
"hysic 'ell informed us in a learned lecture of his not long since. 2ne
hel"s the #ices and "assions of the soul$ anger$ lust$ des"eration$ "ride$
"resum"tion$ Fc. by a""lying that s"iritual "hysic< as the other uses
"ro"er remedies in bodily diseases. 8o' this being a common infirmity of
body and soul$ and such a one that hath as much need of s"iritual as a
cor"oral cure$ I could not find a fitter tas% to busy myself about$ a more
a""osite theme$ so necessary$ so commodious$ and generally concerning all
sorts of men$ that should so e0ually "artici"ate of both$ and re0uire a
'hole "hysician. A di#ine in this com"ound mi+ed malady can do little
alone$ a "hysician in some %inds of melancholy much less$ both ma%e an
absolute cure.
;,-BG LAlterius sic altera "oscit o"em.L
------L'hen in friendshi" joined
A mutual succour in each other find.L
And !tis "ro"er to them both$ and I ho"e not unbeseeming me$ 'ho am by my
"rofession a di#ine$ and by mine inclination a "hysician. I had Du"iter in
my si+th house< I say 'ith ;,ACGeroaldus$ _non sum medicus$ nec medicinae
"rorsus e+"ers_$ in the theory of "hysic I ha#e ta%en some "ains$ not 'ith
an intent to "ractice$ but to satisfy myself$ 'hich 'as a cause li%e'ise of
the first underta%ing of this subject.
If these reasons do not satisfy thee$ good reader$ as Ale+ander Munificus
that bountiful "relate$ sometimes bisho" of *incoln$ 'hen he had built si+
castles$ _ad in#idiam o"eris eluendam_$ saith ;,A,GMr. :amden$ to ta%e a'ay
the en#y of his 'or% ('hich #ery 'ords 8ubrigensis hath of 1oger the rich
bisho" of 9alisbury$ 'ho in %ing 9te"hen!s time built 9hirburn castle$ and
that of 3e#ises)$ to di#ert the scandal or im"utation$ 'hich might be
thence inferred$ built so many religious houses. If this my discourse be
o#er-medicinal$ or sa#our too much of humanity$ I "romise thee that I 'ill
hereafter ma%e thee amends in some treatise of di#inity. ut this I ho"e
shall suffice$ 'hen you ha#e more fully considered of the matter of this my
subject$ _rem substratam_$ melancholy$ madness$ and of the reasons
follo'ing$ 'hich 'ere my chief moti#es& the generality of the disease$ the
necessity of the cure$ and the commodity or common good that 'ill arise to
all men by the %no'ledge of it$ as shall at large a""ear in the ensuing
"reface. And I doubt not but that in the end you 'ill say 'ith me$ that to
anatomise this humour aright$ through all the members of this our
Microcosmus$ is as great a tas%$ as to reconcile those chronological errors
in the Assyrian monarchy$ find out the 0uadrature of a circle$ the cree%s
and sounds of the north-east$ or north-'est "assages$ and all out as good a
disco#ery as that hungry ;,A=G9"aniard!s of Terra Australis Incognita$ as
great trouble as to "erfect the motion of Mars and Mercury$ 'hich so
crucifies our astronomers$ or to rectify the Gregorian :alendar. I am so
affected for my "art$ and ho"e as ;,A.GTheo"hrastus did by his characters$
LThat our "osterity$ 2 friend Policles$ shall be the better for this 'hich
'e ha#e 'ritten$ by correcting and rectifying 'hat is amiss in themsel#es
by our e+am"les$ and a""lying our "rece"ts and cautions to their o'n use.L
And as that great ca"tain >isca 'ould ha#e a drum made of his s%in 'hen he
'as dead$ because he thought the #ery noise of it 'ould "ut his enemies to
flight$ I doubt not but that these follo'ing lines$ 'hen they shall be
recited$ or hereafter read$ 'ill dri#e a'ay melancholy (though I be gone)
as much as >isca!s drum could terrify his foes. Eet one caution let me gi#e
by the 'ay to my "resent$ or my future reader$ 'ho is actually melancholy$
that he read not the ;,A?Gsym"toms or "rognostics in this follo'ing tract$
lest by a""lying that 'hich he reads to himself$ aggra#ating$ a""ro"riating
things generally s"o%en$ to his o'n "erson (as melancholy men for the most
"art do) he trouble or hurt himself$ and get in conclusion more harm than
good. I ad#ise them therefore 'arily to "eruse that tract$ _*a"ides
lo0uitur_ (so said ;,A@GAgri""a _de occ. Phil._) _et ca#eant lectores ne
cerebrum iis e+cutiat_. The rest I doubt not they may securely read$ and to
their benefit. ut I am o#er-tedious$ I "roceed.
2f the necessity and generality of this 'hich I ha#e said$ if any man
doubt$ I shall desire him to ma%e a brief sur#ey of the 'orld$ as ;,A-G
:y"rian ad#iseth 3onat$ Lsu""osing himself to be trans"orted to the to" of
some high mountain$ and thence to behold the tumults and chances of this
'a#ering 'orld$ he cannot choose but either laugh at$ or "ity it.L 9.
5ierom out of a strong imagination$ being in the 'ilderness$ concei#ed 'ith
himself$ that he then sa' them dancing in 1ome< and if thou shalt either
concei#e$ or climb to see$ thou shalt soon "ercei#e that all the 'orld is
mad$ that it is melancholy$ dotes< that it is ('hich E"ichthonius
:osmo"olites e+"ressed not many years since in a ma") made li%e a fool!s
head ('ith that motto$ _:a"ut helleboro dignum_) a crazed head$ _ca#ea
stultorum_$ a fool!s "aradise$ or as A"ollonius$ a common "rison of gulls$
cheaters$ flatterers$ Fc. and needs to be reformed. 9trabo in the ninth
boo% of his geogra"hy$ com"ares Greece to the "icture of a man$ 'hich
com"arison of his$ 8ic. Gerbelius in his e+"osition of 9o"hianus! ma"$
a""ro#es< the breast lies o"en from those Acroceraunian hills in E"irus$ to
the 9unian "romontory in Attica< Pagae and Magaera are the t'o shoulders<
that Isthmus of :orinth the nec%< and Pelo"onnesus the head. If this
allusion hold$ !tis sure a mad head< Morea may be Moria< and to s"ea% 'hat
I thin%$ the inhabitants of modern Greece s'er#e as much from reason and
true religion at this day$ as that Morea doth from the "icture of a man.
E+amine the rest in li%e sort$ and you shall find that %ingdoms and
"ro#inces are melancholy$ cities and families$ all creatures$ #egetal$
sensible$ and rational$ that all sorts$ sects$ ages$ conditions$ are out of
tune$ as in :ebes! table$ _omnes errorem bibunt_$ before they come into the
'orld$ they are into+icated by error!s cu"$ from the highest to the lo'est
ha#e need of "hysic$ and those "articular actions in ;,AAG9eneca$ 'here
father and son "ro#e one another mad$ may be general< Porcius *atro shall
"lead against us all. 7or indeed 'ho is not a fool$ melancholy$ madN--;,A/G
_Kui nil molitur ine"te_$ 'ho is not brain-sic%N 7olly$ melancholy$
madness$ are but one disease$ _3elirium_ is a common name to all.
Ale+ander$ Gordonius$ Dason Pratensis$ 9a#anarola$ Guianerius$ Montaltus$
confound them as differing _secundum magis et minus_< so doth 3a#id$ Psal.
+++#ii. @. LI said unto the fools$ deal not so madly$L and !t'as an old
9toical "arado+$ _omnes stultos insanire_$ ;,ABGall fools are mad$ though
some madder than others. And 'ho is not a fool$ 'ho is free from
melancholyN 4ho is not touched more or less in habit or dis"ositionN If in
dis"osition$ Lill dis"ositions beget habits$ if they "erse#ere$L saith
;,/CGPlutarch$ habits either are$ or turn to diseases. !Tis the same 'hich
Tully maintains in the second of his Tusculans$ _omnium insi"ientum animi
in morbo sunt$ et "erturbatorum_$ fools are sic%$ and all that are troubled
in mind& for 'hat is sic%ness$ but as ;,/,GGregory Tholosanus defines it$
LA dissolution or "erturbation of the bodily league$ 'hich health
combines&L and 'ho is not sic%$ or ill-dis"osedN in 'hom doth not "assion$
anger$ en#y$ discontent$ fear and sorro' reignN 4ho labours not of this
diseaseN Gi#e me but a little lea#e$ and you shall see by 'hat testimonies$
confessions$ arguments$ I 'ill e#ince it$ that most men are mad$ that they
had as much need to go a "ilgrimage to the Anticyrae (as in ;,/=G9trabo!s
time they did) as in our days they run to :om"ostella$ our *ady of 9ichem$
or *auretta$ to see% for hel"< that it is li%e to be as "ros"erous a #oyage
as that of Guiana$ and that there is much more need of hellebore than of
tobacco.
That men are so misaffected$ melancholy$ mad$ giddy-headed$ hear the
testimony of 9olomon$ Eccl. ii. ,=. LAnd I turned to behold 'isdom$ madness
and folly$L Fc. And #er. =.& LAll his days are sorro'$ his tra#el grief$
and his heart ta%eth no rest in the night.L 9o that ta%e melancholy in 'hat
sense you 'ill$ "ro"erly or im"ro"erly$ in dis"osition or habit$ for
"leasure or for "ain$ dotage$ discontent$ fear$ sorro'$ madness$ for "art$
or all$ truly$ or meta"horically$ !tis all one. *aughter itself is madness
according to 9olomon$ and as 9t. Paul hath it$ L4orldly sorro' brings
death.L LThe hearts of the sons of men are e#il$ and madness is in their
hearts 'hile they li#e$L Eccl. i+. .. L4ise men themsel#es are no better.L
Eccl. i. ,/. LIn the multitude of 'isdom is much grief$ and he that
increaseth 'isdom$ increaseth sorro'$L cha". ii. ,A. 5e hated life itself$
nothing "leased him& he hated his labour$ all$ as ;,/.Ghe concludes$ is
Lsorro'$ grief$ #anity$ #e+ation of s"irit.L And though he 'ere the 'isest
man in the 'orld$ _sanctuarium sa"ientiae_$ and had 'isdom in abundance$ he
'ill not #indicate himself$ or justify his o'n actions. L9urely I am more
foolish than any man$ and ha#e not the understanding of a man in me$L Pro#.
+++. =. e they 9olomon!s 'ords$ or the 'ords of Agur$ the son of Da%eh$
they are canonical. 3a#id$ a man after God!s o'n heart$ confesseth as much
of himself$ Psal. +++#ii. =,$ ==. L9o foolish 'as I and ignorant$ I 'as
e#en as a beast before thee.L And condemns all for fools$ Psal. +ciii.<
+++ii. B< +li+. =C. 5e com"ares them to Lbeasts$ horses$ and mules$ in
'hich there is no understanding.L The a"ostle Paul accuseth himself in li%e
sort$ = :or. i+. =,. LI 'ould you 'ould suffer a little my foolishness$ I
s"ea% foolishly.L LThe 'hole head is sic%$L saith Esay$ Land the heart is
hea#y$L ca". i. @. And ma%es lighter of them than of o+en and asses$ Lthe
o+ %no's his o'ner$L Fc.& read 3eut. +++ii. -< Der. i#.< Amos$ iii. ,<
E"hes. #. -. Le not mad$ be not decei#ed$ foolish Galatians$ 'ho hath
be'itched youNL 5o' often are they branded 'ith this e"ithet of madness and
follyN 8o 'ord so fre0uent amongst the fathers of the :hurch and di#ines<
you may see 'hat an o"inion they had of the 'orld$ and ho' they #alued
men!s actions.
I %no' that 'e thin% far other'ise$ and hold them most "art 'ise men that
are in authority$ "rinces$ magistrates$ ;,/?Grich men$ they are 'ise men
born$ all "oliticians and statesmen must needs be so$ for 'ho dare s"ea%
against themN And on the other$ so corru"t is our judgment$ 'e esteem 'ise
and honest men fools. 4hich 3emocritus 'ell signified in an e"istle of his
to 5i""ocrates& ;,/@Gthe LAbderites account #irtue madness$L and so do most
men li#ing. 9hall I tell you the reason of itN ;,/-G7ortune and Iirtue$
4isdom and 7olly$ their seconds$ u"on a time contended in the 2lym"ics<
e#ery man thought that 7ortune and 7olly 'ould ha#e the 'orst$ and "itied
their cases< but it fell out other'ise. 7ortune 'as blind and cared not
'here she stro%e$ nor 'hom$ 'ithout la's$ _Audabatarum instar_$ Fc. 7olly$
rash and inconsiderate$ esteemed as little 'hat she said or did. Iirtue and
4isdom ga#e ;,/AG"lace$ 'ere hissed out$ and e+"loded by the common "eo"le<
7olly and 7ortune admired$ and so are all their follo'ers e#er since&
%na#es and fools commonly fare and deser#e best in 'orldlings! eyes and
o"inions. Many good men ha#e no better fate in their ages& Achish$ , 9am.
++i. ,?$ held 3a#id for a madman. ;,//GElisha and the rest 'ere no
other'ise esteemed. 3a#id 'as derided of the common "eo"le$ Ps. i+. A$ LI
am become a monster to many.L And generally 'e are accounted fools for
:hrist$ , :or. +i#. L4e fools thought his life madness$ and his end 'ithout
honour$L 4isd. #. ?. :hrist and his A"ostles 'ere censured in li%e sort$
Dohn +.< Mar% iii.< Acts ++#i. And so 'ere all :hristians in ;,/BGPliny!s
time$ _fuerunt et alii$ similis dementiae_$ Fc. And called not long after$
;,BCG_Iesaniae sectatores$ e#ersores hominum$ "olluti no#atores$ fanatici$
canes$ malefici$ #enefici$ Galilaei homunciones_$ Fc. !Tis an ordinary
thing 'ith us$ to account honest$ de#out$ orthodo+$ di#ine$ religious$
"lain-dealing men$ idiots$ asses$ that cannot$ or 'ill not lie and
dissemble$ shift$ flatter$ _accommodare se ad eum locum ubi nati sunt_$
ma%e good bargains$ su""lant$ thri#e$ _"atronis inser#ire< solennes
ascendendi modos a""rehendere$ leges$ mores$ consuetudines recte obser#are$
candide laudare$ fortiter defendere$ sententias am"lecti$ dubitare de
nullus$ credere omnia$ acci"ere omnia$ nihil re"rehendere$ caetera0ue 0uae
"romotionem ferunt et securitatem$ 0uae sine ambage felicem$ reddunt
hominem$ et #ere sa"ientem a"ud nos_< that cannot tem"orise as other men
do$ ;,B,Ghand and ta%e bribes$ Fc. but fear God$ and ma%e a conscience of
their doings. ut the 5oly Ghost that %no's better ho' to judge$ he calls
them fools. LThe fool hath said in his heart$L Psal. liii. ,. LAnd their
'ays utter their folly$L Psal. +li+. ,?. ;,B=GL7or 'hat can be more mad$
than for a little 'orldly "leasure to "rocure unto themsel#es eternal
"unishmentNL As Gregory and others inculcate unto us.
Eea e#en all those great "hiloso"hers the 'orld hath e#er had in
admiration$ 'hose 'or%s 'e do so much esteem$ that ga#e "rece"ts of 'isdom
to others$ in#entors of Arts and 9ciences$ 9ocrates the 'isest man of his
time by the 2racle of A"ollo$ 'hom his t'o scholars$ ;,B.GPlato and ;,B?G
Jeno"hon$ so much e+tol and magnify 'ith those honourable titles$ Lbest and
'isest of all mortal men$ the ha""iest$ and most just<L and as ;,B@G
Alcibiades incom"arably commends him< Achilles 'as a 'orthy man$ but
racides and others 'ere as 'orthy as himself< Antenor and 8estor 'ere as
good as Pericles$ and so of the rest< but none "resent$ before$ or after
9ocrates$ _nemo #eterum ne0ue eorum 0ui nunc sunt_$ 'ere e#er such$ 'ill
match$ or come near him. Those se#en 'ise men of Greece$ those ritain
3ruids$ Indian rachmanni$ Ethio"ian Gymnoso"hist$ Magi of the Persians$
A"ollonius$ of 'hom Philostratus$ _8on doctus$ sed natus sa"iens_$ 'ise
from his cradle$ E"icurus so much admired by his scholar *ucretius&
LKui genus humanum ingenio su"era#it$ et omnes
Perstrin+it stellas e+ortus ut aetherius sol.L
L4hose 'it e+cell!d the 'its of men as far$
As the sun rising doth obscure a star$L
2r that so much reno'ned Em"edocles$
;,B-G LHt #i+ humana #ideatur stir"e creatus.L
All those of 'hom 'e read such ;,BAGhy"erbolical eulogiums$ as of
Aristotle$ that he 'as 'isdom itself in the abstract$ ;,B/Ga miracle of
nature$ breathing libraries$ as Euna"ius of *onginus$ lights of nature$
giants for 'it$ 0uintessence of 'it$ di#ine s"irits$ eagles in the clouds$
fallen from hea#en$ gods$ s"irits$ lam"s of the 'orld$ dictators$ _8ulla
ferant talem saecla futura #irum_& monarchs$ miracles$ su"erintendents of
'it and learning$ _oceanus$ "hoeni+$ atlas$ monstrum$ "ortentum hominis$
orbis uni#ersi musaeum$ ultimus humana naturae donatus$ naturae maritus_$
------Lmerito cui doctior orbis
9ubmissis defert fascibus im"erium.L
As Aelian 'rit of Protagoras and Gorgias$ 'e may say of them all$ _tantum a
sa"ientibus abfuerunt$ 0uantum a #iris "ueri_$ they 'ere children in
res"ect$ infants$ not eagles$ but %ites< no#ices$ illiterate$ _Eunuchi
sa"ientiae_. And although they 'ere the 'isest$ and most admired in their
age$ as he censured Ale+ander$ I do them$ there 'ere ,C$CCC in his army as
'orthy ca"tains (had they been in "lace of command) as #aliant as himself<
there 'ere myriads of men 'iser in those days$ and yet all short of 'hat
they ought to be. ;,BBG*actantius$ in his boo% of 'isdom$ "ro#es them to be
dizzards$ fools$ asses$ madmen$ so full of absurd and ridiculous tenets$
and brain-sic% "ositions$ that to his thin%ing ne#er any old 'oman or sic%
"erson doted 'orse. ;=CCG3emocritus too% all from *euci""us$ and left$
saith he$ Lthe inheritance of his folly to E"icurus$L ;=C,G_insanienti dum
sa"ientiae_$ Fc. The li%e he holds of Plato$ Aristi""us$ and the rest$
ma%ing no difference ;=C=GLbet'i+t them and beasts$ sa#ing that they could
s"ea%.L ;=C.GTheodoret in his tract$ _3e cur. grec. affect._ manifestly
e#inces as much of 9ocrates$ 'hom though that 2racle of A"ollo confirmed to
be the 'isest man then li#ing$ and sa#ed him from "lague$ 'hom =CCC years
ha#e admired$ of 'hom some 'ill as soon s"ea% e#il as of :hrist$ yet _re
#era_$ he 'as an illiterate idiot$ as ;=C?GAristo"hanes calls him$
_irriscor et ambitiosus_$ as his master Aristotle terms him$ _scurra
Atticus_$ as >eno$ an ;=C@Genemy to all arts and sciences$ as Athaeneus$ to
"hiloso"hers and tra#ellers$ an o"iniati#e ass$ a ca#iller$ a %ind of
"edant< for his manners$ as Theod. :yrensis describes him$ a ;=C-G
sodomite$ an atheist$ (so con#ict by Anytus) _iracundus et ebrius$ dica+_$
Fc. a "ot-com"anion$ by ;=CAGPlato!s o'n confession$ a sturdy drin%er< and
that of all others he 'as most sottish$ a #ery madman in his actions and
o"inions. Pythagoras 'as "art "hiloso"her$ "art magician$ or "art 'itch. If
you desire to hear more of A"ollonius$ a great 'ise man$ sometime
"aralleled by Dulian the a"ostate to :hrist$ I refer you to that learned
tract of Eusebius against 5ierocles$ and for them all to *ucian!s
_Piscator$ Icaromeni""us$ 8ecyomantia_& their actions$ o"inions in general
'ere so "rodigious$ absurd$ ridiculous$ 'hich they broached and maintained$
their boo%s and elaborate treatises 'ere full of dotage$ 'hich Tully _ad
Atticum_ long since obser#ed$ _delirant "lerum0ue scri"tores in libris
suis_$ their li#es being o""osite to their 'ords$ they commended "o#erty to
others$ and 'ere most co#etous themsel#es$ e+tolled lo#e and "eace$ and yet
"ersecuted one another 'ith #irulent hate and malice. They could gi#e
"rece"ts for #erse and "rose$ but not a man of them (as ;=C/G9eneca tells
them home) could moderate his affections. Their music did sho' us _flebiles
modos_$ Fc. ho' to rise and fall$ but they could not so contain themsel#es
as in ad#ersity not to ma%e a lamentable tone. They 'ill measure ground by
geometry$ set do'n limits$ di#ide and subdi#ide$ but cannot yet "rescribe
_0uantum homini satis_$ or %ee" 'ithin com"ass of reason and discretion.
They can s0uare circles$ but understand not the state of their o'n souls$
describe right lines and croo%ed$ Fc. but %no' not 'hat is right in this
life$ _0uid in #ita rectum sit$ ignorant_< so that as he said$ _8escio an
Anticyram ratio illis destinet omnem._ I thin% all the Anticyrae 'ill not
restore them to their 'its$ ;=CBGif these men no'$ that held ;=,CG
Jenodotus! heart$ :rates! li#er$ E"ictetus! lantern$ 'ere so sottish$ and
had no more brains than so many beetles$ 'hat shall 'e thin% of the
commonaltyN 'hat of the restN
Eea$ but you 'ill infer$ that is true of heathens$ if they be conferred
'ith :hristians$ , :or. iii. ,B. LThe 'isdom of this 'orld is foolishness
'ith God$ earthly and de#ilish$L as Dames calls it$ iii. ,@. LThey 'ere
#ain in their imaginations$ and their foolish heart 'as full of dar%ness$L
1om. i. =,$ ==. L4hen they "rofessed themsel#es 'ise$ became fools.L Their
'itty 'or%s are admired here on earth$ 'hilst their souls are tormented in
hell fire. In some sense$ _:hristiani :rassiani_$ :hristians are :rassians$
and if com"ared to that 'isdom$ no better than fools. _Kuis est sa"iensN
9olus 3eus_$ ;=,,GPythagoras re"lies$ LGod is only 'ise$L 1om. +#i. Paul
determines Lonly good$L as Austin 'ell contends$ Land no man li#ing can be
justified in his sight.L LGod loo%ed do'n from hea#en u"on the children of
men$ to see if any did understand$L Psalm liii. =$ .$ but all are corru"t$
err. 1om. iii. ,=$ L8one doeth good$ no$ not one.L Dob aggra#ates this$ i#.
,/$ Lehold he found no steadfastness in his ser#ants$ and laid folly u"on
his angels<L ,B. L5o' much more on them that d'ell in houses of clayNL In
this sense 'e are all fools$ and the ;=,=G9cri"ture alone is _ar+
Miner#ae_$ 'e and our 'ritings are shallo' and im"erfect. ut I do not so
mean< e#en in our ordinary dealings 'e are no better than fools. LAll our
actions$L as ;=,.GPliny told Trajan$ Lu"braid us of folly$L our 'hole
course of life is but matter of laughter& 'e are not soberly 'ise< and the
'orld itself$ 'hich ought at least to be 'ise by reason of his anti0uity$
as ;=,?G5ugo de Prato 7lorido 'ill ha#e it$ L_sem"er stultizat_$ is e#ery
day more foolish than other< the more it is 'hi""ed$ the 'orse it is$ and
as a child 'ill still be cro'ned 'ith roses and flo'ers.L 4e are a"ish in
it$ _asini bi"edes_$ and e#ery "lace is full _in#ersorum A"uleiorum_ of
metamor"hosed and t'o-legged asses$ _in#ersorum 9ilenorum_$ childish$
_"ueri instar bimuli$ tremula "atris dormientis in ulna_. Do#ianus
Pontanus$ Antonio 3ial$ brings in some laughing at an old man$ that by
reason of his age 'as a little fond$ but as he admonisheth there$ _8e
mireris mi hos"es de hoc sene_$ mar#el not at him only$ for _tota haec
ci#itas delirium_$ all our to'n dotes in li%e sort$ ;=,@G'e are a com"any
of fools. As% not 'ith him in the "oet$ ;=,-G_*ar#ae hunc intem"eriae
insaniae0ue agitant senem_N 4hat madness ghosts this old man$ but 'hat
madness ghosts us allN 7or 'e are _ad unum omnes_$ all mad$ _semel
insani#imus omnes_ not once$ but al'ay so$ _et semel$ et simul$ et sem"er_$
e#er and altogether as bad as he< and not _sene+ bis "uer$ delira anus_$
but say it of us all$ _sem"er "ueri_$ young and old$ all dote$ as
*actantius "ro#es out of 9eneca< and no difference bet'i+t us and children$
sa#ing that$ _majora ludimus$ et grandioribus "u"is_$ they "lay 'ith babies
of clouts and such toys$ 'e s"ort 'ith greater baubles. 4e cannot accuse or
condemn one another$ being faulty oursel#es$ _deliramenta lo0ueris_$ you
tal% idly$ or as ;=,AGMitio u"braided 3emea$ _insanis$ auferte_$ for 'e are
as mad our o'n sel#es$ and it is hard to say 'hich is the 'orst. 8ay$ !tis
uni#ersally so$ ;=,/G_Iitam regit fortuna$ non sa"ientia_.
4hen ;=,BG9ocrates had ta%en great "ains to find out a 'ise man$ and to
that "ur"ose had consulted 'ith "hiloso"hers$ "oets$ artificers$ he
concludes all men 'ere fools< and though it "rocured him both anger and
much en#y$ yet in all com"anies he 'ould o"enly "rofess it. 4hen ;==CG
9u""utius in Pontanus had tra#elled all o#er Euro"e to confer 'ith a 'ise
man$ he returned at last 'ithout his errand$ and could find none. ;==,G
:ardan concurs 'ith him$ L7e' there are (for aught I can "ercei#e) 'ell in
their 'its.L 9o doth ;===GTully$ LI see e#erything to be done foolishly and
unad#isedly.L
LIlle sinistrorsum$ hic de+trorsum$ unus utri0ue
Error$ sed #ariis illudit "artibus omnes.L
L2ne reels to this$ another to that 'all$
!Tis the same error that deludes them all.L
;==.GThey dote all$ but not ali%e$ ;Gree%& Mania gar "asin homoiaG$ not in
the same %ind$ L2ne is co#etous$ a second lasci#ious$ a third ambitious$ a
fourth en#ious$L Fc. as 3amasi""us the 9toic hath 'ell illustrated in the
"oet$
;==?G L3esi"iunt omnes ae0ue ac tu.L
LAnd they 'ho call you fool$ 'ith e0ual claim
May "lead an am"le title to the name.L
!Tis an inbred malady in e#ery one of us$ there is _seminarium stultitiae_$
a seminary of folly$ L'hich if it be stirred u"$ or get ahead$ 'ill run _in
infinitum_$ and infinitely #aries$ as 'e oursel#es are se#erally addicted$L
saith ;==@Galthazar :astilio& and cannot so easily be rooted out$ it ta%es
such fast hold$ as Tully holds$ _altae radices stultitiae_$ ;==-Gso 'e are
bred$ and so 'e continue. 9ome say there be t'o main defects of 'it$ error
and ignorance$ to 'hich all others are reduced< by ignorance 'e %no' not
things necessary$ by error 'e %no' them falsely. Ignorance is a "ri#ation$
error a "ositi#e act. 7rom ignorance comes #ice$ from error heresy$ Fc. ut
ma%e ho' many %inds you 'ill$ di#ide and subdi#ide$ fe' men are free$ or
that do not im"inge on some one %ind or other. ;==AG_9ic "lerum0ue agitat
stultos inscitia_$ as he that e+amines his o'n and other men!s actions
shall find.
;==/G:haron in *ucian$ as he 'ittily feigns$ 'as conducted by Mercury to
such a "lace$ 'here he might see all the 'orld at once< after he had
sufficiently #ie'ed$ and loo%ed about$ Mercury 'ould needs %no' of him 'hat
he had obser#ed& 5e told him that he sa' a #ast multitude and a
"romiscuous$ their habitations li%e molehills$ the men as emmets$ Lhe could
discern cities li%e so many hi#es of bees$ 'herein e#ery bee had a sting$
and they did nought else but sting one another$ some domineering li%e
hornets bigger than the rest$ some li%e filching 'as"s$ others as drones.L
2#er their heads 'ere ho#ering a confused com"any of "erturbations$ ho"e$
fear$ anger$ a#arice$ ignorance$ Fc.$ and a multitude of diseases hanging$
'hich they still "ulled on their "ates. 9ome 'ere bra'ling$ some fighting$
riding$ running$ _sollicite ambientes$ callide litigantes_ for toys and
trifles$ and such momentary things$ Their to'ns and "ro#inces mere
factions$ rich against "oor$ "oor against rich$ nobles against artificers$
they against nobles$ and so the rest. In conclusion$ he condemned them all
for madmen$ fools$ idiots$ asses$ _2 stulti$ 0uaenam haec est amentia_N 2
fools$ 2 madmen$ he e+claims$ _insana studia$ insani labores_$ Fc. Mad
endea#ours$ mad actions$ mad$ mad$ mad$ ;==BG_2 saeclum insi"iens et
infacetum_$ a giddy-headed age. 5eraclitus the "hiloso"her$ out of a
serious meditation of men!s li#es$ fell a 'ee"ing$ and 'ith continual tears
be'ailed their misery$ madness$ and folly. 3emocritus on the other side$
burst out a laughing$ their 'hole life seemed to him so ridiculous$ and he
'as so far carried 'ith this ironical "assion$ that the citizens of Abdera
too% him to be mad$ and sent therefore ambassadors to 5i""ocrates$ the
"hysician$ that he 'ould e+ercise his s%ill u"on him. ut the story is set
do'n at large by 5i""ocrates$ in his e"istle to 3amogetus$ 'hich because it
is not im"ertinent to this discourse$ I 'ill insert #erbatim almost as it
is deli#ered by 5i""ocrates himself$ 'ith all the circumstances belonging
unto it.
4hen 5i""ocrates 'as no' come to Abdera$ the "eo"le of the city came
floc%ing about him$ some 'ee"ing$ some intreating of him$ that he 'ould do
his best. After some little re"ast$ he 'ent to see 3emocritus$ the "eo"le
follo'ing him$ 'hom he found (as before) in his garden in the suburbs all
alone$ ;=.CGLsitting u"on a stone under a "lane tree$ 'ithout hose or
shoes$ 'ith a boo% on his %nees$ cutting u" se#eral beasts$ and busy at his
study.L The multitude stood gazing round about to see the congress.
5i""ocrates$ after a little "ause$ saluted him by his name$ 'hom he
resaluted$ ashamed almost that he could not call him li%e'ise by his$ or
that he had forgot it. 5i""ocrates demanded of him 'hat he 'as doing& he
told him that he 'as ;=.,GLbusy in cutting u" se#eral beasts$ to find out
the cause of madness and melancholy.L 5i""ocrates commended his 'or%$
admiring his ha""iness and leisure. And 'hy$ 0uoth 3emocritus$ ha#e not you
that leisureN ecause$ re"lied 5i""ocrates$ domestic affairs hinder$
necessary to be done for oursel#es$ neighbours$ friends< e+"enses$
diseases$ frailties and mortalities 'hich ha""en< 'ife$ children$ ser#ants$
and such business 'hich de"ri#e us of our time. At this s"eech 3emocritus
"rofusely laughed (his friends and the "eo"le standing by$ 'ee"ing in the
mean time$ and lamenting his madness). 5i""ocrates as%ed the reason 'hy he
laughed. 5e told him$ at the #anities and the fo""eries of the time$ to see
men so em"ty of all #irtuous actions$ to hunt so far after gold$ ha#ing no
end of ambition< to ta%e such infinite "ains for a little glory$ and to be
fa#oured of men< to ma%e such dee" mines into the earth for gold$ and many
times to find nothing$ 'ith loss of their li#es and fortunes. 9ome to lo#e
dogs$ others horses$ some to desire to be obeyed in many "ro#inces$;=.=G
and yet themsel#es 'ill %no' no obedience. ;=..G9ome to lo#e their 'i#es
dearly at first$ and after a 'hile to forsa%e and hate them< begetting
children$ 'ith much care and cost for their education$ yet 'hen they gro'
to man!s estate$ ;=.?Gto des"ise$ neglect$ and lea#e them na%ed to the
'orld!s mercy. ;=.@G3o not these beha#iours e+"ress their intolerable
follyN 4hen men li#e in "eace$ they co#et 'ar$ detesting 0uietness$ ;=.-G
de"osing %ings$ and ad#ancing others in their stead$ murdering some men to
beget children of their 'i#es. 5o' many strange humours are in menO 4hen
they are "oor and needy$ they see% riches$ and 'hen they ha#e them$ they do
not enjoy them$ but hide them under ground$ or else 'astefully s"end them.
2 'ise 5i""ocrates$ I laugh at such things being done$ but much more 'hen
no good comes of them$ and 'hen they are done to so ill "ur"ose. There is
no truth or justice found amongst them$ for they daily "lead one against
another$ ;=.AGthe son against the father and the mother$ brother against
brother$ %indred and friends of the same 0uality< and all this for riches$
'hereof after death they cannot be "ossessors. And yet not'ithstanding they
'ill defame and %ill one another$ commit all unla'ful actions$ contemning
God and men$ friends and country. They ma%e great account of many senseless
things$ esteeming them as a great "art of their treasure$ statues$
"ictures$ and such li%e mo#ables$ dear bought$ and so cunningly 'rought$ as
nothing but s"eech 'anteth in them$ ;=./Gand yet they hate li#ing "ersons
s"ea%ing to them. ;=.BG2thers affect difficult things< if they d'ell on
firm land they 'ill remo#e to an island$ and thence to land again$ being no
'ay constant to their desires. They commend courage and strength in 'ars$
and let themsel#es be con0uered by lust and a#arice< they are$ in brief$ as
disordered in their minds$ as Thersites 'as in his body. And no'$ methin%s$
2 most 'orthy 5i""ocrates$ you should not re"rehend my laughing$ "ercei#ing
so many fooleries in men< ;=?CGfor no man 'ill moc% his o'n folly$ but that
'hich he seeth in a second$ and so they justly moc% one another. The
drun%ard calls him a glutton 'hom he %no's to be sober. Many men lo#e the
sea$ others husbandry< briefly$ they cannot agree in their o'n trades and
"rofessions$ much less in their li#es and actions.
4hen 5i""ocrates heard these 'ords so readily uttered$ 'ithout
"remeditation$ to declare the 'orld!s #anity$ full of ridiculous
contrariety$ he made ans'er$ that necessity com"elled men to many such
actions$ and di#ers 'ills ensuing from di#ine "ermission$ that 'e might not
be idle$ being nothing is so odious to them as sloth and negligence.
esides$ men cannot foresee future e#ents$ in this uncertainty of human
affairs< they 'ould not so marry$ if they could foretell the causes of
their disli%e and se"aration< or "arents$ if they %ne' the hour of their
children!s death$ so tenderly "ro#ide for them< or an husbandman so'$ if he
thought there 'ould be no increase< or a merchant ad#enture to sea$ if he
foresa' shi"'rec%< or be a magistrate$ if "resently to be de"osed. Alas$
'orthy 3emocritus$ e#ery man ho"es the best$ and to that end he doth it$
and therefore no such cause$ or ridiculous occasion of laughter.
3emocritus hearing this "oor e+cuse$ laughed again aloud$ "ercei#ing he
'holly mistoo% him$ and did not 'ell understand 'hat he had said concerning
"erturbations and tran0uillity of the mind. Insomuch$ that if men 'ould
go#ern their actions by discretion and "ro#idence$ they 'ould not declare
themsel#es fools as no' they do$ and he should ha#e no cause of laughter<
but (0uoth he) they s'ell in this life as if they 'ere immortal$ and
demigods$ for 'ant of understanding. It 'ere enough to ma%e them 'ise$ if
they 'ould but consider the mutability of this 'orld$ and ho' it 'heels
about$ nothing being firm and sure. 5e that is no' abo#e$ tomorro' is
beneath< he that sate on this side today$ tomorro' is hurled on the other&
and not considering these matters$ they fall into many incon#eniences and
troubles$ co#eting things of no "rofit$ and thirsting after them$ tumbling
headlong into many calamities. 9o that if men 'ould attem"t no more than
'hat they can bear$ they should lead contented li#es$ and learning to %no'
themsel#es$ 'ould limit their ambition$ ;=?,Gthey 'ould "ercei#e then that
nature hath enough 'ithout see%ing such su"erfluities$ and un"rofitable
things$ 'hich bring nothing 'ith them but grief and molestation. As a fat
body is more subject to diseases$ so are rich men to absurdities and
fooleries$ to many casualties and cross incon#eniences. There are many that
ta%e no heed 'hat ha""eneth to others by bad con#ersation$ and therefore
o#erthro' themsel#es in the same manner through their o'n fault$ not
foreseeing dangers manifest. These are things (2 more than mad$ 0uoth he)
that gi#e me matter of laughter$ by suffering the "ains of your im"ieties$
as your a#arice$ en#y$ malice$ enormous #illainies$ mutinies$ unsatiable
desires$ cons"iracies$ and other incurable #ices< besides your
;=?=Gdissimulation and hy"ocrisy$ bearing deadly hatred one to the other$
and yet shado'ing it 'ith a good face$ flying out into all filthy lusts$
and transgressions of all la's$ both of nature and ci#ility. Many things
'hich they ha#e left off$ after a 'hile they fall to again$ husbandry$
na#igation< and lea#e again$ fic%le and inconstant as they are. 4hen they
are young$ they 'ould be old$ and old$ young. ;=?.G Princes commend a
"ri#ate life< "ri#ate men itch after honour& a magistrate commends a 0uiet
life< a 0uiet man 'ould be in his office$ and obeyed as he is& and 'hat is
the cause of all this$ but that they %no' not themsel#esN 9ome delight to
destroy$ ;=??Gone to build$ another to s"oil one country to enrich another
and himself. ;=?@GIn all these things they are li%e children$ in 'hom is no
judgment or counsel and resemble beasts$ sa#ing that beasts are better than
they$ as being contented 'ith nature. ;=?-G 4hen shall you see a lion hide
gold in the ground$ or a bull contend for better "astureN 4hen a boar is
thirsty$ he drin%s 'hat 'ill ser#e him$ and no more< and 'hen his belly is
full$ ceaseth to eat& but men are immoderate in both$ as in lust--they
co#et carnal co"ulation at set times< men al'ays$ ruinating thereby the
health of their bodies. And doth it not deser#e laughter to see an amorous
fool torment himself for a 'ench< 'ee"$ ho'l for a missha"en slut$ a do'dy
sometimes$ that might ha#e his choice of the finest beautiesN Is there any
remedy for this in "hysicN I do anatomise and cut u" these "oor beasts$
;=?AGto see these distem"ers$ #anities$ and follies$ yet such "roof 'ere
better made on man!s body$ if my %ind nature 'ould endure it& ;=?/G'ho from
the hour of his birth is most miserable< 'ea%$ and sic%ly< 'hen he suc%s he
is guided by others$ 'hen he is gro'n great "ractiseth unha""iness ;=?BGand
is sturdy$ and 'hen old$ a child again$ and re"enteth him of his life "ast.
And here being interru"ted by one that brought boo%s$ he fell to it again$
that all 'ere mad$ careless$ stu"id. To "ro#e my former s"eeches$ loo% into
courts$ or "ri#ate houses. ;=@CGDudges gi#e judgment according to their o'n
ad#antage$ doing manifest 'rong to "oor innocents to "lease others.
8otaries alter sentences$ and for money lose their deeds. 9ome ma%e false
monies< others counterfeit false 'eights. 9ome abuse their "arents$ yea
corru"t their o'n sisters< others ma%e long libels and "as0uils$ defaming
men of good life$ and e+tol such as are le'd and #icious. 9ome rob one$
some another& ;=@,Gmagistrates ma%e la's against thie#es$ and are the
#eriest thie#es themsel#es. 9ome %ill themsel#es$ others des"air$ not
obtaining their desires. 9ome dance$ sing$ laugh$ feast and ban0uet$ 'hilst
others sigh$ languish$ mourn and lament$ ha#ing neither meat$ drin%$ nor
clothes. ;=@=G9ome "ran% u" their bodies$ and ha#e their minds full of
e+ecrable #ices. 9ome trot about ;=@.Gto bear false 'itness$ and say
anything for money< and though judges %no' of it$ yet for a bribe they 'in%
at it$ and suffer false contracts to "re#ail against e0uity. 4omen are all
day a dressing$ to "leasure other men abroad$ and go li%e sluts at home$
not caring to "lease their o'n husbands 'hom they should. 9eeing men are so
fic%le$ so sottish$ so intem"erate$ 'hy should not I laugh at those to 'hom
;=@?Gfolly seems 'isdom$ 'ill not be cured$ and "ercei#e it notN
It gre' late& 5i""ocrates left him< and no sooner 'as he come a'ay$ but all
the citizens came about floc%ing$ to %no' ho' he li%ed him. 5e told them in
brief$ that not'ithstanding those small neglects of his attire$ body$ diet$
;=@@Gthe 'orld had not a 'iser$ a more learned$ a more honest man$ and they
'ere much decei#ed to say that he 'as mad.
Thus 3emocritus esteemed of the 'orld in his time$ and this 'as the cause
of his laughter& and good cause he had.
;=@-G L2lim jure 0uidem$ nunc "lus 3emocrite ride<
Kuin ridesN #ita haec nunc mage ridicula est.L
L3emocritus did 'ell to laugh of old$
Good cause he had$ but no' much more<
This life of ours is more ridiculous
Than that of his$ or long before.L
8e#er so much cause of laughter as no'$ ne#er so many fools and madmen.
!Tis not one ;=@AG3emocritus 'ill ser#e turn to laugh in these days< 'e
ha#e no' need of a L3emocritus to laugh at 3emocritus<L one jester to flout
at another$ one fool to fleer at another& a great stentorian 3emocritus$ as
big as that 1hodian :olossus$ 7or no'$ as ;=@/G9alisburiensis said in his
time$ _totus mundus histrionem agit_$ the 'hole 'orld "lays the fool< 'e
ha#e a ne' theatre$ a ne' scene$ a ne' comedy of errors$ a ne' com"any of
"ersonate actors$ _#olu"iae sacra_ (as :alcagninus 'illingly feigns in his
A"ologues) are celebrated all the 'orld o#er$ ;=@BG'here all the actors
'ere madmen and fools$ and e#ery hour changed habits$ or too% that 'hich
came ne+t. 5e that 'as a mariner today$ is an a"othecary tomorro'< a smith
one 'hile$ a "hiloso"her another$ _in his #olu"iae ludis_< a %ing no' 'ith
his cro'n$ robes$ sce"tre$ attendants$ by and by dro#e a loaded ass before
him li%e a carter$ Fc. If 3emocritus 'ere ali#e no'$ he should see strange
alterations$ a ne' com"any of counterfeit #izards$ 'hifflers$ :umane asses$
mas%ers$ mummers$ "ainted "u""ets$ outsides$ fantastic shado's$ gulls$
monsters$ giddy-heads$ butterflies. And so many of them are indeed (;=-CGif
all be true that I ha#e read). 7or 'hen Du"iter and Duno!s 'edding 'as
solemnised of old$ the gods 'ere all in#ited to the feast$ and many noble
men besides& Amongst the rest came :rysalus$ a Persian "rince$ bra#ely
attended$ rich in golden attires$ in gay robes$ 'ith a majestical "resence$
but other'ise an ass. The gods seeing him come in such "om" and state$ rose
u" to gi#e him "lace$ _e+ habitu hominem metientes_< ;=-,Gbut Du"iter
"ercei#ing 'hat he 'as$ a light$ fantastic$ idle fello'$ turned him and his
"roud follo'ers into butterflies& and so they continue still (for aught I
%no' to the contrary) ro#ing about in "ied coats$ and are called
chrysalides by the 'iser sort of men& that is$ golden outsides$ drones$ and
flies$ and things of no 'orth. Multitudes of such$ Fc.
;=-=G ------Lubi0ue in#enies
9tultos a#aros$ syco"liantas "rodigos.L
Many additions$ much increase of madness$ folly$ #anity$ should 3emocritus
obser#e$ 'ere he no' to tra#el$ or could get lea#e of Pluto to come see
fashions$ as :haron did in *ucian to #isit our cities of Moronia Pia$ and
Moronia 7eli+& sure I thin% he 'ould brea% the rim of his belly 'ith
laughing. ;=-.G_9i foret in terris rideret 3emocritus$ seu_$ Fc.
A satirical 1oman in his time$ thought all #ice$ folly$ and madness 'ere
all at full sea$ ;=-?G_2mne in "raeci"iti #itium stetit._
;=-@GDose"hus the historian ta+eth his countrymen De's for bragging of
their #ices$ "ublishing their follies$ and that they did contend amongst
themsel#es 'ho should be most notorious in #illainies< but 'e flo' higher
in madness$ far beyond them$
;=--G LMo+ daturi "rogeniem #itiosorem$L
LAnd yet 'ith crimes to us un%no'n$
2ur sons shall mar% the coming age their o'n$L
and the latter end (you %no' 'hose oracle it is) is li%e to be 'orse. !Tis
not to be denied$ the 'orld alters e#ery day$ _1uunt urbes$ regna
transferuntur$ Fc. #ariantur habitus$ leges inno#antur_$ as ;=-AGPetrarch
obser#es$ 'e change language$ habits$ la's$ customs$ manners$ but not
#ices$ not diseases$ not the sym"toms of folly and madness$ they are still
the same. And as a ri#er$ 'e see$ %ee"s the li%e name and "lace$ but not
'ater$ and yet e#er runs$ ;=-/G_*abitur et labetur in omne #olubilis
ae#um_< our times and "ersons alter$ #ices are the same$ and e#er 'ill be<
loo% ho' nightingales sang of old$ coc%s cro'ed$ %ine lo'ed$ shee" bleated$
s"arro's chir"ed$ dogs bar%ed$ so they do still& 'e %ee" our madness still$
"lay the fools still$ _nec dum finitus 2restes_< 'e are of the same humours
and inclinations as our "redecessors 'ere< you shall find us all ali%e$
much at one$ 'e and our sons$ _Et nati natorum$ et 0ui nascuntur ab illis_.
And so shall our "osterity continue to the last. ut to s"ea% of times
"resent.
If 3emocritus 'ere ali#e no'$ and should but see the su"erstition of our
age$ our ;=-BGreligious madness$ as ;=ACGMeteran calls it$ _1eligiosam
insaniam_$ so many "rofessed :hristians$ yet so fe' imitators of :hrist< so
much tal% of religion$ so much science$ so little conscience< so much
%no'ledge$ so many "reachers$ so little "ractice< such #ariety of sects$
such ha#e and hold of all sides$ ;=A,G--_ob#ia signis 9igna_$ Fc.$ such
absurd and ridiculous traditions and ceremonies& If he should meet a ;=A=G
:a"uchin$ a 7ranciscan$ a Pharisaical Desuit$ a man-ser"ent$ a
sha#e-cro'ned Mon% in his robes$ a begging 7riar$ or$ see their
three-cro'ned 9o#ereign *ord the Po"e$ "oor Peter!s successor$ _ser#us
ser#orum 3ei_$ to de"ose %ings 'ith his foot$ to tread on em"erors! nec%s$
ma%e them stand barefoot and barelegged at his gates$ hold his bridle and
stirru"$ Fc. (2 that Peter and Paul 'ere ali#e to see thisO) If he should
obser#e a ;=A.G"rince cree" so de#outly to %iss his toe$ and those red-ca"
cardinals$ "oor "arish "riests of old$ no' "rinces! com"anions< 'hat 'ould
he sayN _:oelum i"sum "etitur stultitia_. 5ad he met some of our de#out
"ilgrims going barefoot to Derusalem$ our lady of *auretto$ 1ome$ 9. Iago$
9. Thomas! 9hrine$ to cree" to those counterfeit and maggot-eaten relics<
had he been "resent at a mass$ and seen such %issing of "a+es$ crucifi+es$
cringes$ duc%ings$ their se#eral attires and ceremonies$ "ictures of
saints$ ;=A?Gindulgences$ "ardons$ #igils$ fasting$ feasts$ crossing$
%noc%ing$ %neeling at A#e-Marias$ bells$ 'ith many such< _--jucunda rudi
s"ectacula "lebi_$;=A@G "raying in gibberish$ and mumbling of beads. 5ad he
heard an old 'oman say her "rayers in *atin$ their s"rin%ling of holy
'ater$ and going a "rocession$
;=A-G ------Lincedunt monachorum agmina mille<
Kuid momerem #e+illa$ cruces$ idola0ue culta$L Fc.
Their bre#iaries$ bulls$ hallo'ed beans$ e+orcisms$ "ictures$ curious
crosses$ fables$ and baubles. 5ad he read the Golden *egend$ the Tur%s!
Alcoran$ or De's! Talmud$ the 1abbins! :omments$ 'hat 'ould he ha#e
thoughtN 5o' dost thou thin% he might ha#e been affectedN 5ad he more
"articularly e+amined a Desuit!s life amongst the rest$ he should ha#e seen
an hy"ocrite "rofess "o#erty$ ;=AAGand yet "ossess more goods and lands
than many "rinces$ to ha#e infinite treasures and re#enues< teach others to
fast$ and "lay the gluttons themsel#es< li%e 'atermen that ro' one 'ay and
loo% another. ;=A/GIo' #irginity$ tal% of holiness$ and yet indeed a
notorious ba'd$ and famous fornicator$ _lasci#um "ecus_$ a #ery goat. Mon%s
by "rofession$ ;=ABGsuch as gi#e o#er the 'orld$ and the #anities of it$
and yet a Machia#ellian rout ;=/CGinterested in all manner of state& holy
men$ "eace-ma%ers$ and yet com"osed of en#y$ lust$ ambition$ hatred$ and
malice< firebrands$ _adulta "atriae "estis_$ traitors$ assassinats$ _hac
itur ad astra_$ and this is to su"ererogate$ and merit hea#en for
themsel#es and others. 5ad he seen on the ad#erse side$ some of our nice
and curious schismatics in another e+treme$ abhor all ceremonies$ and
rather lose their li#es and li#ings$ than do or admit anything Pa"ists ha#e
formerly used$ though in things indifferent (they alone are the true
:hurch$ _sal terrae$ cum sint omnium insulsissimi_). 7ormalists$ out of
fear and base flattery$ li%e so many 'eather-coc%s turn round$ a rout of
tem"orisers$ ready to embrace and maintain all that is or shall be "ro"osed
in ho"e of "referment& another E"icurean com"any$ lying at lurch as so many
#ultures$ 'atching for a "rey of :hurch goods$ and ready to rise by the
do'nfall of any& as ;=/,G*ucian said in li%e case$ 'hat dost thou thin%
3emocritus 'ould ha#e done$ had he been s"ectator of these thingsN
2r had he but obser#ed the common "eo"le follo' li%e so many shee" one of
their fello's dra'n by the horns o#er a ga"$ some for zeal$ some for fear$
_0uo se cun0ue ra"it tem"estas_$ to credit all$ e+amine nothing$ and yet
ready to die before they 'ill adjure any of those ceremonies to 'hich they
ha#e been accustomed< others out of hy"ocrisy fre0uent sermons$ %noc% their
breasts$ turn u" their eyes$ "retend zeal$ desire reformation$ and yet
"rofessed usurers$ gri"ers$ monsters of men$ har"ies$ de#ils in their
li#es$ to e+"ress nothing less.
4hat 'ould he ha#e said to see$ hear$ and read so many bloody battles$ so
many thousands slain at once$ such streams of blood able to turn mills&
_unius ob no+am furias0ue_$ or to ma%e s"ort for "rinces$ 'ithout any just
cause$ ;=/=GLfor #ain titlesL (saith Austin)$ L"recedency$ some 'ench$ or
such li%e toy$ or out of desire of domineering$ #ainglory$ malice$ re#enge$
folly$ madness$L (goodly causes all$ _ob 0uas uni#ersus orbis bellis et
caedibus misceatur_$) 'hilst statesmen themsel#es in the mean time are
secure at home$ "am"ered 'ith all delights and "leasures$ ta%e their ease$
and follo' their lusts$ not considering 'hat intolerable misery "oor
soldiers endure$ their often 'ounds$ hunger$ thirst$ Fc.$ the lamentable
cares$ torments$ calamities$ and o""ressions that accom"any such
"roceedings$ they feel not$ ta%e no notice of it. L9o 'ars are begun$ by
the "ersuasion of a fe' debauched$ hair-brain$ "oor$ dissolute$ hungry
ca"tains$ "arasitical fa'ners$ un0uiet hots"urs$ restless inno#ators$ green
heads$ to satisfy one man!s "ri#ate s"leen$ lust$ ambition$ a#arice$L Fc.<
_tales ra"iunt scelerata in "raelia causae. 7los hominum_$ "ro"er men$ 'ell
"ro"ortioned$ carefully brought u"$ able both in body and mind$ sound$ led
li%e so many ;=/.Gbeasts to the slaughter in the flo'er of their years$
"ride$ and full strength$ 'ithout all remorse and "ity$ sacrificed to
Pluto$ %illed u" as so many shee"$ for de#ils! food$ ?C$CCC at once. At
once$ said I$ that 'ere tolerable$ but these 'ars last al'ays$ and for many
ages< nothing so familiar as this hac%ing and he'ing$ massacres$ murders$
desolations--_ignoto coelum clangore remugit_$ they care not 'hat mischief
they "rocure$ so that they may enrich themsel#es for the "resent< they 'ill
so long blo' the coals of contention$ till all the 'orld be consumed 'ith
fire. The ;=/?Gsiege of Troy lasted ten years$ eight months$ there died
/AC$CCC Grecians$ -AC$CCC Trojans$ at the ta%ing of the city$ and after
'ere slain =A-$CCC men$ 'omen$ and children of all sorts. :aesar %illed a
million$ ;=/@GMahomet the second Tur%$ .CC$CCC "ersons< 9icinius 3entatus
fought in a hundred battles$ eight times in single combat he o#ercame$ had
forty 'ounds before$ 'as re'arded 'ith ,?C cro'ns$ trium"hed nine times for
his good ser#ice. M. 9ergius had .= 'ounds< 9cae#a$ the :enturion$ I %no'
not ho' many< e#ery nation had their 5ectors$ 9ci"ios$ :aesars$ and
Ale+andersO 2ur ;=/-GEd'ard the 7ourth 'as in =- battles afoot& and as they
do all$ he glories in it$ !tis related to his honour. At the siege of
5ierusalem$ ,$,CC$CCC died 'ith s'ord and famine. At the battle of :annas$
AC$CCC men 'ere slain$ as ;=/AGPolybius records$ and as many at attle
Abbey 'ith us< and !tis no ne's to fight from sun to sun$ as they did$ as
:onstantine and *icinius$ Fc. At the siege of 2stend (the de#il!s academy)
a "oor to'n in res"ect$ a small fort$ but a great gra#e$ ,=C$CCC men lost
their li#es$ besides 'hole to'ns$ dor"s$ and hos"itals$ full of maimed
soldiers< there 'ere engines$ fire'or%s$ and 'hatsoe#er the de#il could
in#ent to do mischief 'ith =$@CC$CCC iron bullets shot of ?C "ounds 'eight$
three or four millions of gold consumed. ;=//GL4hoL (saith mine author)
Lcan be sufficiently amazed at their flinty hearts$ obstinacy$ fury$
blindness$ 'ho 'ithout any li%elihood of good success$ hazard "oor
soldiers$ and lead them 'ithout "ity to the slaughter$ 'hich may justly be
called the rage of furious beasts$ that run 'ithout reason u"on their o'n
deaths&L ;=/BG_0uis malus genius$ 0uae furia 0uae "estis_$ Fc.< 'hat
"lague$ 'hat fury brought so de#ilish$ so brutish a thing as 'ar first into
men!s mindsN 4ho made so soft and "eaceable a creature$ born to lo#e$
mercy$ mee%ness$ so to ra#e$ rage li%e beasts$ and run on to their o'n
destructionN ho' may 8ature e+"ostulate 'ith man%ind$ _Ego te di#inum
animal fin+i_$ Fc.N I made thee an harmless$ 0uiet$ a di#ine creature& ho'
may God e+"ostulate$ and all good menN yet$ _horum facta_ (as ;=BCGone
condoles) _tantum admirantur$ et heroum numero habent_& these are the bra#e
s"irits$ the gallants of the 'orld$ these admired alone$ trium"h alone$
ha#e statues$ cro'ns$ "yramids$ obelis%s to their eternal fame$ that
immortal genius attends on them$ _hac itur ad astra_. 4hen 1hodes 'as
besieged$ ;=B,G_fossae urbis cada#eribus re"letae sunt_$ the ditches 'ere
full of dead carcases& and as 'hen the said 9uleiman$ great Tur%$
beleaguered Iienna$ they lay le#el 'ith the to" of the 'alls. This they
ma%e a s"ort of$ and 'ill do it to their friends and confederates$ against
oaths$ #o's$ "romises$ by treachery or other'ise< ;=B=G--_dolus an #irtusN
0uis in hoste re0uirat_N leagues and la's of arms$ (;=B.G_silent leges
inter arma_$) for their ad#antage$ _omnia jura$ di#ina$ humana$ "roculcata
"lerum0ue sunt_< God!s and men!s la's are tram"led under foot$ the s'ord
alone determines all< to satisfy their lust and s"leen$ they care not 'hat
they attem"t$ say$ or do$ ;=B?G_1ara fides$ "robitas0ue #iris 0ui castra
se0uuntur._ 8othing so common as to ha#e ;=B@G Lfather fight against the
son$ brother against brother$ %insman against %insman$ %ingdom against
%ingdom$ "ro#ince against "ro#ince$ :hristians against :hristians&L _a
0uibus nec un0uam cogitatione fuerunt laesi_$ of 'hom they ne#er had
offence in thought$ 'ord$ or deed. Infinite treasures consumed$ to'ns
burned$ flourishing cities sac%ed and ruinated$ _0uod0ue animus meminisse
horret_$ goodly countries de"o"ulated and left desolate$ old inhabitants
e+"elled$ trade and traffic decayed$ maids deflo'ered$ _Iirgines nondum
thalamis jugatae$ et comis nondum "ositis e"haebi_< chaste matrons cry out
'ith Andromache$ ;=B-G_:oncubitum mo+ cogar "ati ejus$ 0ui interemit
5ectorem_$ they shall be com"elled "erad#enture to lie 'ith them that erst
%illed their husbands& to see rich$ "oor$ sic%$ sound$ lords$ ser#ants$
_eodem omnes incommodo macti_$ consumed all or maimed$ Fc. _Et 0uic0uid
gaudens scelere animus audet$ et "er#ersa mens_$ saith :y"rian$ and
'hatsoe#er torment$ misery$ mischief$ hell itself$ the de#il$ ;=BAG fury
and rage can in#ent to their o'n ruin and destruction< so abominable a
thing is ;=B/G'ar$ as Gerbelius concludes$ _adeo foeda et abominanda res
est bellum$ e+ 0uo hominum caedes$ #astationes_$ Fc.$ the scourge of God$
cause$ effect$ fruit and "unishment of sin$ and not _tonsura humani
generis_ as Tertullian calls it$ but _ruina_. 5ad 3emocritus been "resent
at the late ci#il 'ars in 7rance$ those abominable 'ars--_bella0ue matribus
detestata_$ ;=BBGL'here in less than ten years$ ten thousand men 'ere
consumed$L saith :ollignius$ t'enty thousand churches o#erthro'n< nay$ the
'hole %ingdom sub#erted (as ;.CCG1ichard 3inoth adds). 9o many myriads of
the commons 'ere butchered u"$ 'ith s'ord$ famine$ 'ar$ _tanto odio
utrin0ue ut barbari ad abhorrendam lanienam obstu"escerent_$ 'ith such
feral hatred$ the 'orld 'as amazed at it& or at our late Pharsalian fields
in the time of 5enry the 9i+th$ bet'i+t the houses of *ancaster and Eor%$ a
hundred thousand men slain$ ;.C,Gone 'rites< ;.C=Ganother$ ten thousand
families 'ere rooted out$ Lthat no man can but mar#el$L saith :omineus$ Lat
that barbarous immanity$ feral madness$ committed bet'i+t men of the same
nation$ language$ and religion.L ;.C.G_Kuis furor$ 2 ci#es_N L4hy do the
Gentiles so furiously rage$L saith the Pro"het 3a#id$ Psal. ii. ,. ut 'e
may as%$ 'hy do the :hristians so furiously rageN ;.C?G_Arma #olunt$ 0uare
"oscunt$ ra"iunt0ue ju#entus_N Hnfit for Gentiles$ much less for us so to
tyrannise$ as the 9"aniard in the 4est Indies$ that %illed u" in ?= years
(if 'e may belie#e ;.C@Gartholomeus a :asa$ their o'n bisho") ,= millions
of men$ 'ith stu"end and e+0uisite torments< neither should I lie (said he)
if I said @C millions. I omit those 7rench massacres$ 9icilian e#ensongs$
;.C-Gthe 3u%e of Al#a!s tyrannies$ our gun"o'der machinations$ and that
fourth fury$ as ;.CAGone calls it$ the 9"anish in0uisition$ 'hich 0uite
obscures those ten "ersecutions$ ;.C/G------_sae#it toto Mars im"ius orbe._
Is not this ;.CBG_mundus furiosus_$ a mad 'orld$ as he terms it$ _insanum
bellum_N are not these mad men$ as ;.,CG9caliger concludes$ _0ui in "raelio
acerba morte$ insaniae$ suae memoriam "ro "er"etuo teste relin0uunt
"osteritati_< 'hich lea#e so fre0uent battles$ as "er"etual memorials of
their madness to all succeeding agesN 4ould this$ thin% you$ ha#e enforced
our 3emocritus to laughter$ or rather made him turn his tune$ alter his
tone$ and 'ee" 'ith ;.,,G5eraclitus$ or rather ho'l$ ;.,=Groar$ and tear
his hair in commiseration$ stand amazed< or as the "oets feign$ that 8iobe
'as for grief 0uite stu"efied$ and turned to a stoneN I ha#e not yet said
the 'orst$ that 'hich is more absurd and ;.,.Gmad$ in their tumults$
seditions$ ci#il and unjust 'ars$ ;.,?G_0uod stulte suci"itur$ im"ie
geritur$ misere finitur_. 9uch 'ars I mean< for all are not to be
condemned$ as those fantastical Anaba"tists #ainly concei#e. 2ur :hristian
tactics are all out as necessary as the 1oman acies$ or Grecian "halan+$ to
be a soldier is a most noble and honourable "rofession (as the 'orld is)$
not to be s"ared$ they are our best 'alls and bul'ar%s$ and I do therefore
ac%no'ledge that of ;.,@GTully to be most true$ LAll our ci#il affairs$ all
our studies$ all our "leading$ industry$ and commendation lies under the
"rotection of 'arli%e #irtues$ and 'hensoe#er there is any sus"icion of
tumult$ all our arts cease<L 'ars are most beho#eful$ _et bellatores
agricolis ci#itati sunt utiliores_$ as ;.,-GTyrius defends& and #alour is
much to be commended in a 'ise man< but they mista%e most "art$ _auferre$
trucidare$ ra"ere$ falsis nominibus #irtutem #ocant_$ Fc. (!T'as Galgacus!
obser#ation in Tacitus) they term theft$ murder$ and ra"ine$ #irtue$ by a
'rong name$ ra"es$ slaughters$ massacres$ Fc. _jocus et ludus_$ are "retty
"astimes$ as *udo#icus Ii#es notes. ;.,AGLThey commonly call the most
hair-brain bloodsuc%ers$ strongest thie#es$ the most des"erate #illains$
treacherous rogues$ inhuman murderers$ rash$ cruel and dissolute caitiffs$
courageous and generous s"irits$ heroical and 'orthy ca"tains$ ;.,/Gbra#e
men at arms$ #aliant and reno'ned soldiers$ "ossessed 'ith a brute
"ersuasion of false honour$L as Pontus 5uter in his urgundian history
com"lains. y means of 'hich it comes to "ass that daily so many
#oluntaries offer themsel#es$ lea#ing their s'eet 'i#es$ children$ friends$
for si+"ence (if they can get it) a day$ "rostitute their li#es and limbs$
desire to enter u"on breaches$ lie sentinel$ "erdu$ gi#e the first onset$
stand in the fore front of the battle$ marching bra#ely on$ 'ith a cheerful
noise of drums and trum"ets$ such #igour and alacrity$ so many banners
streaming in the air$ glittering armours$ motions of "lumes$ 'oods of
"i%es$ and s'ords$ #ariety of colours$ cost and magnificence$ as if they
'ent in trium"h$ no' #ictors to the :a"itol$ and 'ith such "om"$ as 'hen
3arius! army marched to meet Ale+ander at Issus. Ioid of all fear they run
into imminent dangers$ cannon!s mouth$ Fc.$ _ut #ulneribus suis ferrum
hostium hebetent_$ saith ;.,BGarletius$ to get a name of #alour$ humour
and a""lause$ 'hich lasts not either$ for it is but a mere flash this fame$
and li%e a rose$ _intra diem unum e+tinguitur_$ !tis gone in an instant. 2f
,@$CCC "roletaries slain in a battle$ scarce fifteen are recorded in
history$ or one alone$ the General "erha"s$ and after a 'hile his and their
names are li%e'ise blotted out$ the 'hole battle itself is forgotten. Those
Grecian orators$ _summa #i ingenii et elo0uentiae_$ set out the reno'ned
o#erthro's at Thermo"ylae$ 9alamis$ Marathon$ Micale$ Mantinea$ :heronaea$
Plataea. The 1omans record their battle at :annas$ and Pharsalian fields$
but they do but record$ and 'e scarce hear of them. And yet this su""osed
honour$ "o"ular a""lause$ desire of immortality by this means$ "ride and
#ainglory s"ur them on many times rashly and unad#isedly$ to ma%e a'ay
themsel#es and multitudes of others. Ale+ander 'as sorry$ because there
'ere no more 'orlds for him to con0uer$ he is admired by some for it$
_animosa #o+ #idetur$ et regia_$ !t'as s"o%en li%e a Prince< but as 'ise
;.=CG9eneca censures him$ !t'as _#o+ in0uissima et stultissima_$ !t'as
s"o%en li%e a edlam fool< and that sentence 'hich the same ;.=,G9eneca
a""ro"riates to his father Phili" and him$ I a""ly to them all$ _8on
minores fuere "estes mortalium 0uam inundatio$ 0uam conflagratio$ 0uibus_$
Fc. they did as much mischief to mortal men as fire and 'ater$ those
merciless elements 'hen they rage. ;.==G4hich is yet more to be lamented$
they "ersuade them this hellish course of life is holy$ they "romise hea#en
to such as #enture their li#es _bello sacro_$ and that by these bloody
'ars$ as Persians$ Gree%s$ and 1omans of old$ as modern Tur%s do no' their
commons$ to encourage them to fight$ _ut cadant infeliciter_. LIf they die
in the field$ they go directly to hea#en$ and shall be canonised for
saints.L (2 diabolical in#entionO) "ut in the :hronicles$ _in "er"etuam rei
memoriam_$ to their eternal memory& 'hen as in truth$ as ;.=.Gsome hold$ it
'ere much better (since 'ars are the scourge of God for sin$ by 'hich he
"unisheth mortal men!s "ee#ishness and folly) such brutish stories 'ere
su""ressed$ because _ad morum institutionem nihil habent_$ they conduce not
at all to manners$ or good life. ut they 'ill ha#e it thus ne#ertheless$
and so they "ut note of ;.=?GLdi#inity u"on the most cruel and "ernicious
"lague of human %ind$L adore such men 'ith grand titles$ degrees$ statues$
images$ ;.=@Ghonour$ a""laud$ and highly re'ard them for their good
ser#ice$ no greater glory than to die in the field. 9o Africanus is
e+tolled by Ennius& Mars$ and ;.=-G5ercules$ and I %no' not ho' many
besides of old$ 'ere deified< 'ent this 'ay to hea#en$ that 'ere indeed
bloody butchers$ 'ic%ed destroyers$ and troublers of the 'orld$ "rodigious
monsters$ hell-hounds$ feral "lagues$ de#ourers$ common e+ecutioners of
human %ind$ as *actantius truly "ro#es$ and :y"rian to 3onat$ such as 'ere
des"erate in 'ars$ and "reci"itately made a'ay themsel#es$ (li%e those
:elts in 3amascen$ 'ith ridiculous #alour$ _ut dedecorosum "utarent muro
ruenti se subducere_$ a disgrace to run a'ay for a rotten 'all$ no' ready
to fall on their heads$) such as 'ill not rush on a s'ord!s "oint$ or see%
to shun a cannon!s shot$ are base co'ards$ and no #aliant men. y 'hich
means$ _Madet orbis mutuo sanguine_$ the earth 'allo's in her o'n blood$
;.=AG_9a#it amor ferri et scelerati insania belli_< and for that$ 'hich if
it be done in "ri#ate$ a man shall be rigorously e+ecuted$ ;.=/GLand 'hich
is no less than murder itself< if the same fact be done in "ublic in 'ars$
it is called manhood$ and the "arty is honoured for it.L
;.=BG ------LPros"erum et feli+ scelus$
Iirtus #ocatur.L------
4e measure all as Tur%s do$ by the e#ent$ and most "art$ as :y"rian notes$
in all ages$ countries$ "laces$ _sae#itiae magnitudo im"unitatem sceleris
ac0uirit_< the foulness of the fact #indicates the offender. ;..CG2ne is
cro'ned for that 'hich another is tormented& _Ille crucem sceleris "recium
tulit$ hic diadema_< made a %night$ a lord$ an earl$ a great du%e$ (as
;..,GAgri""a notes) for that 'hich another should ha#e hung in gibbets$ as
a terror to the rest$
;..=G ------Let tamen alter$
9i fecisset idem$ caderet sub judice morum.L
A "oor shee"-stealer is hanged for stealing of #ictuals$ com"elled
"erad#enture by necessity of that intolerable cold$ hunger$ and thirst$ to
sa#e himself from star#ing& but a ;...Ggreat man in office may securely rob
'hole "ro#inces$ undo thousands$ "ill and "oll$ o""ress _ad libitum_$ flea$
grind$ tyrannise$ enrich himself by s"oils of the commons$ be
uncontrollable in his actions$ and after all$ be recom"ensed 'ith turgent
titles$ honoured for his good ser#ice$ and no man dare find fault$ or ;..?G
mutter at it.
5o' 'ould our 3emocritus ha#e been affected to see a 'ic%ed caitiff or
;..@GLfool$ a #ery idiot$ a funge$ a golden ass$ a monster of men$ to ha#e
many good men$ 'ise$ men$ learned men to attend u"on him 'ith all
submission$ as an a""endi+ to his riches$ for that res"ect alone$ because
he hath more 'ealth and money$L ;..-GLto honour him 'ith di#ine titles$ and
bombast e"ithets$L to smother him 'ith fumes and eulogies$ 'hom they %no'
to be a dizzard$ a fool$ a co#etous 'retch$ a beast$ Fc. Lbecause he is
richNL To see _sub e+u#iis leonis onagrum_$ a filthy loathsome carcass$ a
Gorgon!s head "uffed u" by "arasites$ assume this unto himself$ glorious
titles$ in 'orth an infant$ a :uman ass$ a "ainted se"ulchre$ an Egy"tian
tem"leN To see a 'ithered face$ a diseased$ deformed$ can%ered com"le+ion$
a rotten carcass$ a #i"erous mind$ and E"icurean soul set out 'ith orient
"earls$ je'els$ diadems$ "erfumes$ curious elaborate 'or%s$ as "roud of his
clothes as a child of his ne' coats< and a goodly "erson$ of an angel-li%e
di#ine countenance$ a saint$ an humble mind$ a meet s"irit clothed in rags$
beg$ and no' ready to be star#edN To see a silly contem"tible slo#en in
a""arel$ ragged in his coat$ "olite in s"eech$ of a di#ine s"irit$ 'iseN
another neat in clothes$ s"ruce$ full of courtesy$ em"ty of grace$ 'it$
tal% nonsenseN
To see so many la'yers$ ad#ocates$ so many tribunals$ so little justice< so
many magistrates$ so little care of common good< so many la's$ yet ne#er
more disorders< _Tribunal litium segetem_$ the Tribunal a labyrinth$ so
many thousand suits in one court sometimes$ so #iolently follo'edN To see
_injustissimum sae"e juri "raesidentem$ im"ium religioni$ im"eritissimum
eruditioni$ otiosissimum labori$ monstrosum humanitati_N to see a lamb
;..AGe+ecuted$ a 'olf "ronounce sentence$ _latro_ arraigned$ and _fur_ sit
on the bench$ the judge se#erely "unish others$ and do 'orse himself$ ;../G
_cundem furtum facere et "unire_$ ;..BG_ra"inam "lectere$ 0uum sit i"se
ra"tor_N *a's altered$ misconstrued$ inter"reted "ro and con$ as the
;.?CGjudge is made by friends$ bribed$ or other'ise affected as a nose of
'a+$ good today$ none tomorro'< or firm in his o"inion$ cast in hisN
9entence "rolonged$ changed$ _ad arbitrium judicis_$ still the same case$
;.?,GLone thrust out of his inheritance$ another falsely "ut in by fa#our$
false forged deeds or 'ills.L _Incisae leges negliguntur_$ la's are made
and not %e"t< or if "ut in e+ecution$ ;.?=Gthey be some silly ones that are
"unished. As$ "ut case it be fornication$ the father 'ill disinherit or
abdicate his child$ 0uite cashier him (out$ #illain$ be gone$ come no more
in my sight)< a "oor man is miserably tormented 'ith loss of his estate
"erha"s$ goods$ fortunes$ good name$ for e#er disgraced$ forsa%en$ and must
do "enance to the utmost< a mortal sin$ and yet ma%e the 'orst of it$
_nun0uid aliud fecit_$ saith Tranio in the ;.?.G"oet$ _nisi 0uod faciunt
summis nati generibus_N he hath done no more than 'hat gentlemen usually
do. ;.??G_8e0ue no#um$ ne0ue mirum$ ne0ue secus 0uam alii solent_. 7or in a
great "erson$ right 'orshi"ful 9ir$ a right honourable grandee$ !tis not a
#enial sin$ no$ not a "eccadillo$ !tis no offence at all$ a common and
ordinary thing$ no man ta%es notice of it< he justifies it in "ublic$ and
"erad#enture brags of it$
;.?@G L8am 0uod tur"e bonis$ Titio$ 9eio0ue$ decebat :ris"inumL------
L7or 'hat 'ould be base in good men$ Titius$ and 9eius$ became
:ris"inus.L
;.?-GMany "oor men$ younger brothers$ Fc. by reason of bad "olicy and idle
education (for they are li%ely brought u" in no calling)$ are com"elled to
beg or steal$ and then hanged for theft< than 'hich$ 'hat can be more
ignominious$ _non minus enim tur"e "rinci"i multa su""licia$ 0uam medico
multa funera_$ !tis the go#ernor!s fault. _*ibentius #erberant 0uam
docent_$ as schoolmasters do rather correct their "u"ils$ than teach them
'hen they do amiss. ;.?AGLThey had more need "ro#ide there should be no
more thie#es and beggars$ as they ought 'ith good "olicy$ and ta%e a'ay the
occasions$ than let them run on$ as they do to their o'n destruction& root
out li%e'ise those causes of 'rangling$ a multitude of la'yers$ and com"ose
contro#ersies$ _lites lustrales et seculares_$ by some more com"endious
means.L 4hereas no' for e#ery toy and trifle they go to la'$ ;.?/G_Mugit
litibus insanum forum$ et sae#it in#icem discordantium rabies_$ they are
ready to "ull out one another!s throats< and for commodity ;.?BGLto s0ueeze
blood$L saith 5ierom$ Lout of their brother!s heart$L defame$ lie$
disgrace$ bac%bite$ rail$ bear false 'itness$ s'ear$ fors'ear$ fight and
'rangle$ s"end their goods$ li#es$ fortunes$ friends$ undo one another$ to
enrich an har"y ad#ocate$ that "reys u"on them both$ and cries _Eia
9ocrates$ Eia Janti""e_< or some corru"t judge$ that li%e the ;.@CG%ite in
Aeso"$ 'hile the mouse and frog fought$ carried both a'ay. Generally they
"rey one u"on another as so many ra#enous birds$ brute beasts$ de#ouring
fishes$ no medium$ ;.@,G_omnes hic aut ca"tantur aut ca"tant< aut cada#era
0uae lacerantur$ aut cor#i 0ui lacerant_$ either decei#e or be decei#ed<
tear others or be torn in "ieces themsel#es< li%e so many buc%ets in a
'ell$ as one riseth another falleth$ one!s em"ty$ another!s full< his ruin
is a ladder to the third< such are our ordinary "roceedings. 4hat!s the
mar%etN A "lace$ according to ;.@=GAnacharsis$ 'herein they cozen one
another$ a tra"< nay$ 'hat!s the 'orld itselfN ;.@.GA #ast chaos$ a
confusion of manners$ as fic%le as the air$ _domicilium insanorum_$ a
turbulent troo" full of im"urities$ a mart of 'al%ing s"irits$ goblins$ the
theatre of hy"ocrisy$ a sho" of %na#ery$ flattery$ a nursery of #illainy$
the scene of babbling$ the school of giddiness$ the academy of #ice< a
'arfare$ _ubi #elis nolis "ugnandum$ aut #incas aut succumbas_$ in 'hich
%ill or be %illed< 'herein e#ery man is for himself$ his "ri#ate ends$ and
stands u"on his o'n guard. 8o charity$ ;.@?Glo#e$ friendshi"$ fear of God$
alliance$ affinity$ consanguinity$ :hristianity$ can contain them$ but if
they be any 'ays offended$ or that string of commodity be touched$ they
fall foul. 2ld friends become bitter enemies on a sudden for toys and small
offences$ and they that erst 'ere 'illing to do all mutual offices of lo#e
and %indness$ no' re#ile and "ersecute one another to death$ 'ith more than
Iatinian hatred$ and 'ill not be reconciled. 9o long as they are beho#eful$
they lo#e$ or may bestead each other$ but 'hen there is no more good to be
e+"ected$ as they do by an old dog$ hang him u" or cashier him& 'hich ;.@@G
:ato counts a great indecorum$ to use men li%e old shoes or bro%en glasses$
'hich are flung to the dunghill< he could not find in his heart to sell an
old o+$ much less to turn a'ay an old ser#ant& but they instead of
recom"ense$ re#ile him$ and 'hen they ha#e made him an instrument of their
#illainy$ as ;.@-Gajazet the second Em"eror of the Tur%s did by Acomethes
assa$ ma%e him a'ay$ or instead of ;.@AGre'ard$ hate him to death$ as
9ilius 'as ser#ed by Tiberius. In a 'ord$ e#ery man for his o'n ends. 2ur
_summum bonum_ is commodity$ and the goddess 'e adore _3ea moneta_$ Kueen
money$ to 'hom 'e daily offer sacrifice$ 'hich steers our hearts$ hands$
;.@/Gaffections$ all& that most "o'erful goddess$ by 'hom 'e are reared$
de"ressed$ ele#ated$ ;.@BGesteemed the sole commandress of our actions$ for
'hich 'e "ray$ run$ ride$ go$ come$ labour$ and contend as fishes do for a
crumb that falleth into the 'ater. It!s not 'orth$ #irtue$ (that!s _bonum
theatrale_$) 'isdom$ #alour$ learning$ honesty$ religion$ or any
sufficiency for 'hich 'e are res"ected$ but ;.-CGmoney$ greatness$ office$
honour$ authority< honesty is accounted folly< %na#ery$ "olicy< ;.-,Gmen
admired out of o"inion$ not as they are$ but as they seem to be& such
shifting$ lying$ cogging$ "lotting$ counter"lotting$ tem"orizing$
nattering$ cozening$ dissembling$ ;.-=GLthat of necessity one must highly
offend God if he be conformable to the 'orld$ _:retizare cum :rete_$ or
else li#e in contem"t$ disgrace and misery.L 2ne ta%es u"on him tem"erance$
holiness$ another austerity$ a third an affected %ind of sim"licity$ 'hen
as indeed$ he$ and he$ and he$ and the rest are ;.-.GLhy"ocrites$
ambide+ters$L outsides$ so many turning "ictures$ a lion on the one side$
a lamb on the other. ;.-?G5o' 'ould 3emocritus ha#e been affected to see
these thingsO
To see a man turn himself into all sha"es li%e a chameleon$ or as Proteus$
_omnia transformans sese in miracula rerum_$ to act t'enty "arts and
"ersons at once$ for his ad#antage$ to tem"orise and #ary li%e Mercury the
"lanet$ good 'ith good< bad 'ith bad< ha#ing a se#eral face$ garb$ and
character for e#ery one he meets< of all religions$ humours$ inclinations<
to fa'n li%e a s"aniel$ _mentitis et mimicis obse0uis_< rage li%e a lion$
bar% li%e a cur$ fight li%e a dragon$ sting li%e a ser"ent$ as mee% as a
lamb$ and yet again grin li%e a tiger$ 'ee" li%e a crocodile$ insult o#er
some$ and yet others domineer o#er him$ here command$ there crouch$
tyrannise in one "lace$ be baffled in another$ a 'ise man at home$ a fool
abroad to ma%e others merry.
To see so much difference bet'i+t 'ords and deeds$ so many "arasangs
bet'i+t tongue and heart$ men li%e stage-"layers act #ariety of "arts$
;.-@Ggi#e good "rece"ts to others$ soar aloft$ 'hilst they themsel#es
gro#el on the ground.
To see a man "rotest friendshi"$ %iss his hand$ ;.--G_0uem mallet truncatum
#idere_$ ;.-AGsmile 'ith an intent to do mischief$ or cozen him 'hom he
salutes$ ;.-/Gmagnify his friend un'orthy 'ith hy"erbolical eulogiums< his
enemy albeit a good man$ to #ilify and disgrace him$ yea all his actions$
'ith the utmost that li#or and malice can in#ent.
To see a ;.-BGser#ant able to buy out his master$ him that carries the mace
more 'orth than the magistrate$ 'hich Plato$ _lib. ,,$ de leg._$ absolutely
forbids$ E"ictetus abhors. A horse that tills the ;.ACGland fed 'ith chaff$
an idle jade ha#e "ro#ender in abundance< him that ma%es shoes go barefoot
himself$ him that sells meat almost "ined< a toiling drudge star#e$ a drone
flourish.
To see men buy smo%e for 'ares$ castles built 'ith fools! heads$ men li%e
a"es follo' the fashions in tires$ gestures$ actions& if the %ing laugh$
all laugh<
;.A,G L1idesN majore chachiano
:oncutitur$ flet si lachrymas cons"e+it amici.L
;.A=GAle+ander stoo"ed$ so did his courtiers< Al"honsus turned his head$
and so did his "arasites. ;.A.G9abina Po""ea$ 8ero!s 'ife$ 'ore
amber-coloured hair$ so did all the 1oman ladies in an instant$ her fashion
'as theirs.
To see men 'holly led by affection$ admired and censured out of o"inion
'ithout judgment& an inconsiderate multitude$ li%e so many dogs in a
#illage$ if one bar% all bar% 'ithout a cause& as fortune!s fan turns$ if a
man be in fa#our$ or commanded by some great one$ all the 'orld a""lauds
him< ;.A?Gif in disgrace$ in an instant all hate him$ and as at the sun
'hen he is ecli"sed$ that erst too% no notice$ no' gaze and stare u"on him.
To see a man ;.A@G'ear his brains in his belly$ his guts in his head$ an
hundred oa%s on his bac%$ to de#our a hundred o+en at a meal$ nay more$ to
de#our houses and to'ns$ or as those Anthro"o"hagi$ ;.A-Gto eat one
another.
To see a man roll himself u" li%e a sno'ball$ from base beggary to right
'orshi"ful and right honourable titles$ unjustly to scre' himself into
honours and offices< another to star#e his genius$ damn his soul to gather
'ealth$ 'hich he shall not enjoy$ 'hich his "rodigal son melts and consumes
in an instant. ;.AAG
To see the ;Gree%& %a%ozaelianG of our times$ a man bend all his forces$
means$ time$ fortunes$ to be a fa#orite!s fa#orite!s fa#orite$ Fc.$ a
"arasite!s "arasite!s "arasite$ that may scorn the ser#ile 'orld as ha#ing
enough already.
To see an hirsute beggar!s brat$ that lately fed on scra"s$ cre"t and
'hined$ crying to all$ and for an old jer%in ran of errands$ no' ruffle in
sil% and satin$ bra#ely mounted$ jo#ial and "olite$ no' scorn his old
friends and familiars$ neglect his %indred$ insult o#er his betters$
domineer o#er all.
To see a scholar crouch and cree" to an illiterate "easant for a meal!s
meat< a scri#ener better "aid for an obligation< a falconer recei#e greater
'ages than a student< a la'yer get more in a day than a "hiloso"her in a
year$ better re'ard for an hour$ than a scholar for a t'el#emonth!s study<
him that can ;.A/G"aint Thais$ "lay on a fiddle$ curl hair$ Fc.$ sooner get
"referment than a "hilologer or a "oet.
To see a fond mother$ li%e Aeso"!s a"e$ hug her child to death$ a ;.ABG
'ittol 'in% at his 'ife!s honesty$ and too "ers"icuous in all other
affairs< one stumble at a stra'$ and lea" o#er a bloc%< rob Peter$ and "ay
Paul< scra"e unjust sums 'ith one hand$ "urchase great manors by
corru"tion$ fraud and cozenage$ and liberally to distribute to the "oor
'ith the other$ gi#e a remnant to "ious uses$ Fc. Penny 'ise$ "ound
foolish< blind men judge of colours< 'ise men silent$ fools tal%< ;./CG
find fault 'ith others$ and do 'orse themsel#es< ;./,Gdenounce that in
"ublic 'hich he doth in secret< and 'hich Aurelius Iictor gi#es out of
Augustus$ se#erely censure that in a third$ of 'hich he is most guilty
himself.
To see a "oor fello'$ or an hired ser#ant #enture his life for his ne'
master that 'ill scarce gi#e him his 'ages at year!s end< A country colon
toil and moil$ till and drudge for a "rodigal idle drone$ that de#ours all
the gain$ or lasci#iously consumes 'ith fantastical e+"enses< A noble man
in a bra#ado to encounter death$ and for a small flash of honour to cast
a'ay himself< A 'orldling tremble at an e+ecutor$ and yet not fear
hell-fire< To 'ish and ho"e for immortality$ desire to be ha""y$ and yet by
all means a#oid death$ a necessary "assage to bring him to it.
To see a foolhardy fello' li%e those old 3anes$ _0ui decollari malunt 0uam
#erberari_$ die rather than be "unished$ in a sottish humour embrace death
'ith alacrity$ yet ;./=Gscorn to lament his o'n sins and miseries$ or his
clearest friends! de"artures.
To see 'ise men degraded$ fools "referred$ one go#ern to'ns and cities$ and
yet a silly 'oman o#errules him at home< ;./.G:ommand a "ro#ince$ and yet
his o'n ser#ants or children "rescribe la's to him$ as Themistocles! son
did in Greece< ;./?GL4hat I 'illL (said he) Lmy mother 'ill$ and 'hat my
mother 'ill$ my father doth.L To see horses ride in a coach$ men dra' it<
dogs de#our their masters< to'ers build masons< children rule< old men go
to school< 'omen 'ear the breeches< ;./@Gshee" demolish to'ns$ de#our men$
Fc. And in a 'ord$ the 'orld turned u"side do'n'ard. _2 #i#eret
3emocritus_.
;./-GTo insist in e#ery "articular 'ere one of 5ercules! labours$ there!s
so many ridiculous instances$ as motes in the sun. _Kuantum est in rebus
inane_N (5o' much #anity there is in thingsO) And 'ho can s"ea% of allN
_:rimine ab uno disce omnes_$ ta%e this for a taste.
ut these are ob#ious to sense$ tri#ial and 'ell %no'n$ easy to be
discerned. 5o' 'ould 3emocritus ha#e been mo#ed$ had he seen ;./AGthe
secrets of their heartsN If e#ery man had a 'indo' in his breast$ 'hich
Momus 'ould ha#e had in Iulcan!s man$ or that 'hich Tully so much 'ished it
'ere 'ritten in e#ery man!s forehead$ _Kuid 0uis0ue de re"ublica sentiret_$
'hat he thought< or that it could be effected in an instant$ 'hich Mercury
did by :haron in *ucian$ by touching of his eyes$ to ma%e him discern
_semel et simul rumores et susurros_.
L9"es hominum caecas$ morbos$ #otum0ue labores$
Et "assim toto #olitantes aethere curas.L
Llind ho"es and 'ishes$ their thoughts and affairs$
4his"ers and rumours$ and those flying cares.L
That he could _cubiculorum obductas foras recludere et secreta cordium
"enetrare_$ 'hich ;.//G:y"rian desired$ o"en doors and loc%s$ shoot bolts$
as *ucian!s Gallus did 'ith a feather of his tail& or Gyges! in#isible
ring$ or some rare "ers"ecti#e glass$ or _2tacousticon_$ 'hich 'ould so
multi"ly s"ecies$ that a man might hear and see all at once (as ;./BG
Martianus :a"ella!s Du"iter did in a s"ear 'hich he held in his hand$ 'hich
did "resent unto him all that 'as daily done u"on the face of the earth)$
obser#e cuc%olds! horns$ forgeries of alchemists$ the "hiloso"her!s stone$
ne' "rojectors$ Fc.$ and all those 'or%s of dar%ness$ foolish #o's$ ho"es$
fears and 'ishes$ 'hat a deal of laughter 'ould it ha#e affordedN 5e should
ha#e seen 'indmills in one man!s head$ an hornet!s nest in another. 2r had
he been "resent 'ith Icaromeni""us in *ucian at Du"iter!s 'his"ering "lace$
;.BCGand heard one "ray for rain$ another for fair 'eather< one for his
'ife!s$ another for his father!s death$ Fc.< Lto as% that at God!s hand
'hich they are abashed any man should hear&L 5o' 'ould he ha#e been
confoundedN 4ould he$ thin% you$ or any man else$ say that these men 'ere
'ell in their 'itsN _5aec sani esse hominis 0uis sanus juret 2restes_N :an
all the hellebore in the Anticyrae cure these menN 8o$ sure$ ;.B,GLan acre
of hellebore 'ill not do it.L
That 'hich is more to be lamented$ they are mad li%e 9eneca!s blind 'oman$
and 'ill not ac%no'ledge$ or ;.B=Gsee% for any cure of it$ for _"auci
#ident morbum suum$ omnes amant_. If our leg or arm offend us$ 'e co#et by
all means "ossible to redress it< ;.B.Gand if 'e labour of a bodily
disease$ 'e send for a "hysician< but for the diseases of the mind 'e ta%e
no notice of them& ;.B?G*ust harro's us on the one side< en#y$ anger$
ambition on the other. 4e are torn in "ieces by our "assions$ as so many
'ild horses$ one in dis"osition$ another in habit< one is melancholy$
another mad< ;.B@Gand 'hich of us all see%s for hel"$ doth ac%no'ledge his
error$ or %no's he is sic%N As that stu"id fello' "ut out the candle
because the biting fleas should not find him< he shrouds himself in an
un%no'n habit$ borro'ed titles$ because nobody should discern him. E#ery
man thin%s 'ith himself$ _Egomet #ideor mihi sanus_$ I am 'ell$ I am 'ise$
and laughs at others. And !tis a general fault amongst them all$ that ;.B-G
'hich our forefathers ha#e a""ro#ed$ diet$ a""arel$ o"inions$ humours$
customs$ manners$ 'e deride and reject in our time as absurd. 2ld men
account juniors all fools$ 'hen they are mere dizzards< and as to sailors$
------_terrae0ue urbes0ue recedunt_------ they mo#e$ the land stands still$
the 'orld hath much more 'it$ they dote themsel#es. Tur%s deride us$ 'e
them< Italians 7renchmen$ accounting them light headed fello's$ the 7rench
scoff again at Italians$ and at their se#eral customs< Gree%s ha#e
condemned all the 'orld but themsel#es of barbarism$ the 'orld as much
#ilifies them no'< 'e account Germans hea#y$ dull fello's$ e+"lode many of
their fashions< they as contem"tibly thin% of us< 9"aniards laugh at all$
and all again at them. 9o are 'e fools and ridiculous$ absurd in our
actions$ carriages$ diet$ a""arel$ customs$ and consultations< 'e ;.BAG
scoff and "oint one at another$ 'hen as in conclusion all are fools$ ;.B/G
Land they the #eriest asses that hide their ears most.L A "ri#ate man if he
be resol#ed 'ith himself$ or set on an o"inion$ accounts all idiots and
asses that are not affected as he is$ ;.BBG------_nil rectum$ nisi 0uod
"lacuit sibi$ ducit_$ that are not so minded$ ;?CCG(_0uod0ue #olunt homines
se bene #elle "utant_$) all fools that thin% not as he doth& he 'ill not
say 'ith Atticus$ _9uam 0uis0ue s"onsam$ mihi meam_$ let e#ery man enjoy
his o'n s"ouse< but his alone is fair$ _suus amor_$ Fc. and scorns all in
res"ect of himself ;?C,G'ill imitate none$ hear none ;?C=Gbut himself$ as
Pliny said$ a la' and e+am"le to himself. And that 'hich 5i""ocrates$ in
his e"istle to 3ionysius$ re"rehended of old$ is #erified in our times$
_Kuis0ue in alio su"erfluum esse censet$ i"se 0uod non habet nec curat_$
that 'hich he hath not himself or doth not esteem$ he accounts su"erfluity$
an idle 0uality$ a mere fo""ery in another& li%e Aeso"!s fo+$ 'hen he had
lost his tail$ 'ould ha#e all his fello' fo+es cut off theirs. The :hinese
say$ that 'e Euro"eans ha#e one eye$ they themsel#es t'o$ all the 'orld
else is blind& (though ;?C.G9caliger accounts them brutes too$ _merum
"ecus_$) so thou and thy sectaries are only 'ise$ others indifferent$ the
rest beside themsel#es$ mere idiots and asses. Thus not ac%no'ledging our
o'n errors and im"erfections$ 'e securely deride others$ as if 'e alone
'ere free$ and s"ectators of the rest$ accounting it an e+cellent thing$ as
indeed it is$ _Aliena o"timum frui insania_$ to ma%e oursel#es merry 'ith
other men!s obli0uities$ 'hen as he himself is more faulty than the rest$
_mutato nomine$ de te fabula narratur_$ he may ta%e himself by the nose for
a fool< and 'hich one calls _ma+imum stultitiae s"ecimen_$ to be ridiculous
to others$ and not to "ercei#e or ta%e notice of it$ as Marsyas 'as 'hen he
contended 'ith A"ollo$ _non intelligens se deridiculo haberi_$ saith ;?C?G
A"uleius< !tis his o'n cause$ he is a con#icted madman$ as ;?C@GAustin 'ell
infers Lin the eyes of 'ise men and angels he seems li%e one$ that to our
thin%ing 'al%s 'ith his heels u"'ards.L 9o thou laughest at me$ and I at
thee$ both at a third< and he returns that of the "oet u"on us again$
;?C-G_5ei mihi$ insanire me aiunt$ 0uum i"si ultro insaniant_. 4e accuse
others of madness$ of folly$ and are the #eriest dizzards oursel#es. 7or it
is a great sign and "ro"erty of a fool ('hich Eccl. +. .$ "oints at) out of
"ride and self-conceit to insult$ #ilify$ condemn$ censure$ and call other
men fools (_8on #idemus manticae 0uod a tergo est_) to ta+ that in others
of 'hich 'e are most faulty< teach that 'hich 'e follo' not oursel#es& 7or
an inconstant man to 'rite of constancy$ a "rofane li#er "rescribe rules of
sanctity and "iety$ a dizzard himself ma%e a treatise of 'isdom$ or 'ith
9allust to rail do'nright at s"oilers of countries$ and yet in ;?CAGoffice
to be a most grie#ous "oller himself. This argues 'ea%ness$ and is an
e#ident sign of such "arties! indiscretion. ;?C/G_Peccat uter nostrum cruce
dignius_N L4ho is the fool no'NL 2r else "erad#enture in some "laces 'e are
all mad for com"any$ and so !tis not seen$ _9atietas erroris et dementiae$
"ariter absurditatem et admirationem tollit_. !Tis 'ith us$ as it 'as of
old (in ;?CBGTully!s censure at least) 'ith :. Pimbria in 1ome$ a bold$
hair-brain$ mad fello'$ and so esteemed of all$ such only e+ce"ted$ that
'ere as mad as himself& no' in such a case there is ;?,CGno notice ta%en of
it.
L8imirum insanus "aucis #ideatur< eo 0uod
Ma+ima "ars hominum morbo jactatur eodem.L
L4hen all are mad$ 'here all are li%e o""rest
4ho can discern one mad man from the restNL
ut "ut case they do "ercei#e it$ and some one be manifestly con#icted of
madness$ ;?,,Ghe no' ta%es notice of his folly$ be it in action$ gesture$
s"eech$ a #ain humour he hath in building$ bragging$ jangling$ s"ending$
gaming$ courting$ scribbling$ "rating$ for 'hich he is ridiculous to
others$ ;?,=Gon 'hich he dotes$ he doth ac%no'ledge as much& yet 'ith all
the rhetoric thou hast$ thou canst not so recall him$ but to the contrary
not'ithstanding$ he 'ill "erse#ere in his dotage. !Tis _amabilis insania$
et mentis gratissimus error_$ so "leasing$ so delicious$ that he ;?,.G
cannot lea#e it. 5e %no's his error$ but 'ill not see% to decline it$ tell
him 'hat the e#ent 'ill be$ beggary$ sorro'$ sic%ness$ disgrace$ shame$
loss$ madness$ yet ;?,?GLan angry man 'ill "refer #engeance$ a lasci#ious
his 'hore$ a thief his booty$ a glutton his belly$ before his 'elfare.L
Tell an e"icure$ a co#etous man$ an ambitious man of his irregular course$
'ean him from it a little$ _"ol me occidistis amici_$ he cries anon$ you
ha#e undone him$ and as ;?,@Ga Ldog to his #omit$L he returns to it again<
no "ersuasion 'ill ta%e "lace$ no counsel$ say 'hat thou canst$
L:lames licet et mare coelo
------:onfundas$ surdo narras$L;?,-G
demonstrate as Hlysses did to ;?,AGEl"enor and Gryllus$ and the rest of his
com"anions Lthose s'inish men$L he is irrefragable in his humour$ he 'ill
be a hog still< bray him in a mortar$ he 'ill be the same. If he be in an
heresy$ or some "er#erse o"inion$ settled as some of our ignorant Pa"ists
are$ con#ince his understanding$ sho' him the se#eral follies and absurd
fo""eries of that sect$ force him to say$ _#eris #incor_$ ma%e it as clear
as the sun$ ;?,/Ghe 'ill err still$ "ee#ish and obstinate as he is< and as
he said ;?,BG_si in hoc erro$ libenter erro$ nec hunc errorem auferri mihi
#olo_< I 'ill do as I ha#e done$ as my "redecessors ha#e done$ ;?=CGand as
my friends no' do& I 'ill dote for com"any. 9ay no'$ are these men ;?=,Gmad
or no$ ;?==G_5eus age res"onde_N are they ridiculousN _cedo 0uem#is
arbitrum_$ are they _sanae mentis_$ sober$ 'ise$ and discreetN ha#e they
common senseN ------;?=.G_uter est insanior horum_N I am of 3emocritus!
o"inion for my "art$ I hold them 'orthy to be laughed at< a com"any of
brain-sic% dizzards$ as mad as ;?=?G2restes and Athamas$ that they may go
Lride the ass$L and all sail along to the Anticyrae$ in the Lshi" of foolsL
for com"any together. I need not much labour to "ro#e this 'hich I say
other'ise than thus$ ma%e any solemn "rotestation$ or s'ear$ I thin% you
'ill belie#e me 'ithout an oath< say at a 'ord$ are they foolsN I refer it
to you$ though you be li%e'ise fools and madmen yoursel#es$ and I as mad to
as% the 0uestion< for 'hat said our comical MercuryN
;?=@G LDustum ab injustis "etere insi"ientia est.L
LI!ll stand to your censure yet$ 'hat thin% youNL
ut forasmuch as I undertoo% at first$ that %ingdoms$ "ro#inces$ families$
'ere melancholy as 'ell as "ri#ate men$ I 'ill e+amine them in "articular$
and that 'hich I ha#e hitherto dilated at random$ in more general terms$ I
'ill "articularly insist in$ "ro#e 'ith more s"ecial and e#ident arguments$
testimonies$ illustrations$ and that in brief. ;?=-G_8unc acci"e 0uare
desi"iant omnes ae0ue ac tu._ My first argument is borro'ed from 9olomon$
an arro' dra'n out of his sententious 0ui#er$ Pro. iii. A$ Le not 'ise in
thine o'n eyes.L And ++#i. ,=$ L9eest thou a man 'ise in his o'n conceitN
more ho"e is of a fool than of him.L Isaiah "ronounceth a 'oe against such
men$ ca". #. =,$ Lthat are 'ise in their o'n eyes$ and "rudent in their o'n
sight.L 7or hence 'e may gather$ that it is a great offence$ and men are
much decei#ed that thin% too 'ell of themsel#es$ an es"ecial argument to
con#ince them of folly. Many men (saith ;?=AG9eneca) Lhad been 'ithout
0uestion 'ise$ had they not had an o"inion that they had attained to
"erfection of %no'ledge already$ e#en before they had gone half 'ay$L too
for'ard$ too ri"e$ _"rae"ro"eri_$ too 0uic% and ready$ ;?=/G_cito
"rudentes$ cito "ii$ cito mariti$ cito "atres$ cito sacerdotes$ cito omnis
officii ca"aces et curiosi_$ they had too good a conceit of themsel#es$ and
that marred all< of their 'orth$ #alour$ s%ill$ art$ learning$ judgment$
elo0uence$ their good "arts< all their geese are s'ans$ and that manifestly
"ro#es them to be no better than fools. In former times they had but se#en
'ise men$ no' you can scarce find so many fools. Thales sent the golden
tri"os$ 'hich the fishermen found$ and the oracle commanded to be ;?=BG
Lgi#en to the 'isest$ to ias$ ias to 9olon$L Fc. If such a thing 'ere no'
found$ 'e should all fight for it$ as the three goddesses did for the
golden a""le$ 'e are so 'ise& 'e ha#e 'omen "oliticians$ children
meta"hysicians< e#ery silly fello' can s0uare a circle$ ma%e "er"etual
motions$ find the "hiloso"her!s stone$ inter"ret A"ocaly"ses$ ma%e ne'
Theories$ a ne' system of the 'orld$ ne' *ogic$ ne' Philoso"hy$ Fc. _8ostra
uti0ue regio_$ saith ;?.CGPetronius$ Lour country is so full of deified
s"irits$ di#ine souls$ that you may sooner find a God than a man amongst
us$L 'e thin% so 'ell of oursel#es$ and that is an am"le testimony of much
folly.
My second argument is grounded u"on the li%e "lace of 9cri"ture$ 'hich
though before mentioned in effect$ yet for some reasons is to be re"eated
(and by Plato!s good lea#e$ I may do it$ ;?.,G;Gree%& dis to %alon raethen
ouden bla"teiG) L7oolsL (saith 3a#id) Lby reason of their transgressions.L
Fc. Psal. c#ii. ,A. 5ence Musculus infers all transgressors must needs be
fools. 9o 'e read 1om. ii.$ LTribulation and anguish on the soul of e#ery
man that doeth e#il<L but all do e#il. And Isaiah$ l+#. ,?$ LMy ser#ant
shall sing for joy$ and ;?.=Gye shall cry for sorro' of heart$ and #e+ation
of mind.L !Tis ratified by the common consent of all "hiloso"hers.
L3ishonestyL (saith :ardan) Lis nothing else but folly and madness.L ;?..G
_Probus 0uis nobiscum #i#it_N 9ho' me an honest man$ _8emo malus 0ui non
stultus_$ !tis 7abius! a"horism to the same end. If none honest$ none 'ise$
then all fools. And 'ell may they be so accounted& for 'ho 'ill account him
other'ise$ _Kui iter adornat in occidentem$ 0uum "ro"eraret in orientem_N
that goes bac%'ard all his life$ 'est'ard$ 'hen he is bound to the eastN or
hold him a 'ise man (saith ;?.?GMusculus) Lthat "refers momentary "leasures
to eternity$ that s"ends his master!s goods in his absence$ forth'ith to be
condemned for itNL _8e0uic0uam sa"it 0ui sibi non sa"it_$ 'ho 'ill say that
a sic% man is 'ise$ that eats and drin%s to o#erthro' the tem"erature of
his bodyN :an you account him 'ise or discreet that 'ould 'illingly ha#e
his health$ and yet 'ill do nothing that should "rocure or continue itN
;?.@GTheodoret$ out of Plotinus the Platonist$ Lholds it a ridiculous thing
for a man to li#e after his o'n la's$ to do that 'hich is offensi#e to God$
and yet to ho"e that he should sa#e him& and 'hen he #oluntarily neglects
his o'n safety$ and contemns the means$ to thin% to be deli#ered by
another&L 'ho 'ill say these men are 'iseN
A third argument may be deri#ed from the "recedent$ ;?.-Gall men are
carried a'ay 'ith "assion$ discontent$ lust$ "leasures$ Fc.$ they generally
hate those #irtues they should lo#e$ and lo#e such #ices they should hate.
Therefore more than melancholy$ 0uite mad$ brute beasts$ and #oid of
reason$ so :hrysostom contends< Lor rather dead and buried ali#e$L as ;?.AG
Philo Dudeus concludes it for a certainty$ Lof all such that are carried
a'ay 'ith "assions$ or labour of any disease of the mind. 4here is fear and
sorro'$L there ;?./G*actantius stiffly maintains$ L'isdom cannot d'ell$L
------L0ui cu"iet$ metuet 0uo0ue "orro$
Kui metuens #i#it$ liber mihi non erit un0uam.L;?.BG
9eneca and the rest of the stoics are of o"inion$ that 'here is any the
least "erturbation$ 'isdom may not be found. L4hat more ridiculous$L as
;??CG*actantius urges$ than to hear ho' Jer+es 'hi""ed the 5elles"ont$
threatened the Mountain Athos$ and the li%e. To s"ea% _ad rem_$ 'ho is free
from "assionN ;??,G_Mortalis nemo est 0uem non attingat dolor$ morbus#e_$
as ;??=GTully determines out of an old "oem$ no mortal men can a#oid sorro'
and sic%ness$ and sorro' is an inse"arable com"anion from melancholy.
;??.G:hrysostom "leads farther yet$ that they are more than mad$ #ery
beasts$ stu"efied and #oid of common sense& L7or ho'L (saith he) Lshall I
%no' thee to be a man$ 'hen thou %ic%est li%e an ass$ neighest li%e a horse
after 'omen$ ra#est in lust li%e a bull$ ra#enest li%e a bear$ stingest
li%e a scor"ion$ ra%est li%e a 'olf$ as subtle as a fo+$ as im"udent as a
dogN 9hall I say thou art a man$ that hast all the sym"toms of a beastN 5o'
shall I %no' thee to be a manN by thy sha"eN That affrights me more$ 'hen I
see a beast in li%eness of a man.L
;???G9eneca calls that of E"icurus$ _magnificam #ocem_$ an heroical s"eech$
LA fool still begins to li#e$L and accounts it a filthy lightness in men$
e#ery day to lay ne' foundations of their life$ but 'ho doth other'iseN 2ne
tra#els$ another builds< one for this$ another for that business$ and old
fol%s are as far out as the rest< _2 dementem senectutem_$ Tully e+claims.
Therefore young$ old$ middle age$ are all stu"id$ and dote.
;??@GAeneas 9yl#ius$ amongst many other$ sets do'n three s"ecial 'ays to
find a fool by. 5e is a fool that see%s that he cannot find& he is a fool
that see%s that$ 'hich being found 'ill do him more harm than good& he is a
fool$ that ha#ing #ariety of 'ays to bring him to his journey!s end$ ta%es
that 'hich is 'orst. If so$ methin%s most men are fools< e+amine their
courses$ and you shall soon "ercei#e 'hat dizzards and mad men the major
"art are.
eroaldus 'ill ha#e drun%ards$ afternoon men$ and such as more than
ordinarily delight in drin%$ to be mad. The first "ot 0uencheth thirst$ so
Panyasis the "oet determines in _Athenaeus$ secunda gratiis$ horis et
3yonisio_& the second ma%es merry$ the third for "leasure$ _0uarta$ ad
insaniam_$ the fourth ma%es them mad. If this "osition be true$ 'hat a
catalogue of mad men shall 'e ha#eN 'hat shall they be that drin% four
times fourN _8onne su"ra omnem furorem$ su"ra omnem insanian reddunt
insanissimos_N I am of his o"inion$ they are more than mad$ much 'orse than
mad.
The ;??-GAbderites condemned 3emocritus for a mad man$ because he 'as
sometimes sad$ and sometimes again "rofusely merry. _5ac Patria_ (saith
5i""ocrates) _ob risum furere et insanire dicunt_$ his countrymen hold him
mad because he laughs< ;??AGand therefore Lhe desires him to ad#ise all his
friends at 1hodes$ that they do not laugh too much$ or be o#er sad.L 5ad
those Abderites been con#ersant 'ith us$ and but seen 'hat ;??/G fleering
and grinning there is in this age$ they 'ould certainly ha#e concluded$ 'e
had been all out of our 'its.
Aristotle in his Ethics holds _feli+ idem0ue sa"iens_$ to be 'ise and
ha""y$ are reci"rocal terms$ _bonus idem0ue sa"iens honestus_. !Tis ;??BG
Tully!s "arado+$ L'ise men are free$ but fools are sla#es$L liberty is a
"o'er to li#e according to his o'n la's$ as 'e 'ill oursel#es& 'ho hath
this libertyN 'ho is freeN
;?@CG ------Lsa"iens sibi0ue im"eriosus$
Kuem ne0ue "au"eris$ ne0ue mors$ ne0ue #incula terrent$
1es"onsare cu"idinibus$ contemnere honores
7ortis$ et in sei"so totus teres at0ue rotundus.L
L5e is 'ise that can command his o'n 'ill$
Ialiant and constant to himself still$
4hom "o#erty nor death$ nor bands can fright$
:hec%s his desires$ scorns honours$ just and right.L
ut 'here shall such a man be foundN If no 'here$ then _e diametro_$ 'e are
all sla#es$ senseless$ or 'orse. _8emo malus feli+_. ut no man is ha""y
in this life$ none good$ therefore no man 'ise. ;?@,G_1ari 0ui""e
boni_------ 7or one #irtue you shall find ten #ices in the same "arty<
_"auci Promethei$ multi E"imethei_. 4e may "erad#enture usur" the name$ or
attribute it to others for fa#our$ as :arolus 9a"iens$ Phili""us onus$
*odo#icus Pius$ Fc.$ and describe the "ro"erties of a 'ise man$ as Tully
doth an orator$ Jeno"hon :yrus$ :astilio a courtier$ Galen tem"erament$ an
aristocracy is described by "oliticians. ut 'here shall such a man be
foundN
LIir bonus et sa"iens$ 0ualem #i+ re""erit unum
Millibus e multis hominum consultus A"ollo.L
LA 'ise$ a good man in a million$
A"ollo consulted could scarce find one.L
A man is a miracle of himself$ but Trismegistus adds$ _Ma+imum miraculum
homo sa"iens_$ a 'ise man is a 'onder& _multi Thirsigeri$ "auci acchi_.
Ale+ander 'hen he 'as "resented 'ith that rich and costly cas%et of %ing
3arius$ and e#ery man ad#ised him 'hat to "ut in it$ he reser#ed it to %ee"
5omer!s 'or%s$ as the most "recious je'el of human 'it$ and yet ;?@=G
9caliger u"braids 5omer!s muse$ _8utricem insanae sa"ientiae_$ a nursery of
madness$ ;?@.Gim"udent as a court lady$ that blushes at nothing. Dacobus
Mycillus$ Gilbertus :ognatus$ Erasmus$ and almost all "osterity admire
*ucian!s lu+uriant 'it$ yet 9caliger rejects him in his censure$ and calls
him the :erberus of the muses. 9ocrates$ 'hom all the 'orld so much
magnified$ is by *actantius and Theodoret condemned for a fool. Plutarch
e+tols 9eneca!s 'it beyond all the Gree%s$ _nulli secundus_$ yet ;?@?G
9eneca saith of himself$ L'hen I 'ould solace myself 'ith a fool$ I reflect
u"on myself$ and there I ha#e him.L :ardan$ in his 9i+teenth oo% of
9ubtleties$ rec%ons u" t'el#e su"ereminent$ acute "hiloso"hers$ for 'orth$
subtlety$ and 'isdom& Archimedes$ Galen$ Iitru#ius$ Architas Tarentinus$
Euclid$ Geber$ that first in#entor of Algebra$ Al%indus the Mathematician$
both Arabians$ 'ith others. ut his _trium#iri terrarum_ far beyond the
rest$ are Ptolomaeus$ Plotinus$ 5i""ocrates. 9caliger _e+ercitat. ==?_$
scoffs at this censure of his$ calls some of them car"enters and
mechanicians$ he ma%es Galen _fimbriam 5i""ocratis_$ a s%irt of
5i""ocrates& and the said ;?@@G:ardan himself else'here condemns both Galen
and 5i""ocrates for tediousness$ obscurity$ confusion. Paracelsus 'ill ha#e
them both mere idiots$ infants in "hysic and "hiloso"hy. 9caliger and
:ardan admire 9uisset the :alculator$ _0ui "ene modum e+cessit humani
ingenii_$ and yet ;?@-G*od. Ii#es calls them _nugas 9uisseticas_& and
:ardan$ o""osite to himself in another "lace$ contemns those ancients in
res"ect of times "resent$ ;?@AG_Majores0ue nostros ad "resentes collatos
juste "ueros a""ellari_. In conclusion$ the said ;?@/G:ardan and 9aint
ernard 'ill admit none into this catalogue of 'ise men$ ;?@BGbut only
"ro"hets and a"ostles< ho' they esteem themsel#es$ you ha#e heard before.
4e are 'orldly-'ise$ admire oursel#es$ and see% for a""lause& but hear
9aint ;?-CGernard$ _0uanto magis foras es sa"iens$ tanto magis intus
stultus efficeris_$ Fc. _in omnibus es "rudens$ circa tei"sum insi"iens_&
the more 'ise thou art to others$ the more fool to thyself. I may not deny
but that there is some folly a""ro#ed$ a di#ine fury$ a holy madness$ e#en
a s"iritual drun%enness in the saints of God themsel#es< _sanctum insanium_
ernard calls it (though not as blas"heming ;?-,GIorstius$ 'ould infer it
as a "assion incident to God himself$ but) familiar to good men$ as that of
Paul$ = :or. Lhe 'as a fool$L Fc. and 1om. i+. he 'isheth himself to be
anathematised for them. 9uch is that drun%enness 'hich 7icinus s"ea%s of$
'hen the soul is ele#ated and ra#ished 'ith a di#ine taste of that hea#enly
nectar$ 'hich "oets deci"hered by the sacrifice of 3ionysius$ and in this
sense 'ith the "oet$ ;?-=G_insanire lubet_$ as Austin e+horts us$ _ad
ebrietatem se 0uis0ue "aret_$ let!s all be mad and ;?-.Gdrun%. ut 'e
commonly mista%e$ and go beyond our commission$ 'e reel to the o""osite
"art$ ;?-?G'e are not ca"able of it$ ;?-@Gand as he said of the Gree%s$
_Ios Graeci sem"er "ueri$ #os ritanni$ Galli$ Germani$ Itali_$ Fc. you are
a com"any of fools.
Proceed no' _a "artibus ad totum_$ or from the 'hole to "arts$ and you
shall find no other issue$ the "arts shall be sufficiently dilated in this
follo'ing Preface. The 'hole must needs follo' by a sorites or induction.
E#ery multitude is mad$ ;?--G_bellua multorum ca"itum_$ (a many-headed
beast)$ "reci"itate and rash 'ithout judgment$ _stultum animal_$ a roaring
rout. ;?-AG1oger acon "ro#es it out of Aristotle$ _Iulgus di#idi in
o""ositum contra sa"ientes$ 0uod #ulgo #idetur #erum$ falsum est_< that
'hich the commonalty accounts true$ is most "art false$ they are still
o""osite to 'ise men$ but all the 'orld is of this humour (_#ulgus_)$ and
thou thyself art _de #ulgo_$ one of the commonalty< and he$ and he$ and so
are all the rest< and therefore$ as Phocion concludes$ to be a""ro#ed in
nought you say or do$ mere idiots and asses. egin then 'here you 'ill$ go
bac%'ard or for'ard$ choose out of the 'hole "ac%$ 'in% and choose$ you
shall find them all ali%e$ Lne#er a barrel better herring.L
:o"ernicus$ Atlas his successor$ is of o"inion$ the earth is a "lanet$
mo#es and shines to others$ as the moon doth to us. 3igges$ Gilbert$
6e"lerus$ 2riganus$ and others$ defend this hy"othesis of his in sober
sadness$ and that the moon is inhabited& if it be so that the earth is a
moon$ then are 'e also giddy$ #ertiginous and lunatic 'ithin this sublunary
maze.
I could "roduce such arguments till dar% night& if you should hear the
rest$
LAnte diem clauso com"onent #es"er 2lim"o&L
LThrough such a train of 'ords if I should run$
The day 'ould sooner than the tale be done&L
but according to my "romise$ I 'ill descend to "articulars. This melancholy
e+tends itself not to men only$ but e#en to #egetals and sensibles. I s"ea%
not of those creatures 'hich are saturnine$ melancholy by nature$ as lead$
and such li%e minerals$ or those "lants$ rue$ cy"ress$ Fc. and hellebore
itself$ of 'hich ;?-/GAgri""a treats$ fishes$ birds$ and beasts$ hares$
conies$ dormice$ Fc.$ o'ls$ bats$ nightbirds$ but that artificial$ 'hich is
"ercei#ed in them all. 1emo#e a "lant$ it 'ill "ine a'ay$ 'hich is
es"ecially "ercei#ed in date trees$ as you may read at large in
:onstantine!s husbandry$ that anti"athy bet'i+t the #ine and the cabbage$
#ine and oil. Put a bird in a cage$ he 'ill die for sullenness$ or a beast
in a "en$ or ta%e his young ones or com"anions from him$ and see 'hat
effect it 'ill cause. ut 'ho "ercei#es not these common "assions of
sensible creatures$ fear$ sorro'$ Fc. 2f all other$ dogs are most subject
to this malady$ insomuch some hold they dream as men do$ and through
#iolence of melancholy run mad< I could relate many stories of dogs that
ha#e died for grief$ and "ined a'ay for loss of their masters$ but they are
common in e#ery ;?-BGauthor.
6ingdoms$ "ro#inces$ and "olitic bodies are li%e'ise sensible and subject
to this disease$ as ;?ACGoterus in his "olitics hath "ro#ed at large. LAs
in human bodiesL (saith he) Lthere be di#ers alterations "roceeding from
humours$ so be there many diseases in a common'ealth$ 'hich do as di#ersely
ha""en from se#eral distem"ers$L as you may easily "ercei#e by their
"articular sym"toms. 7or 'here you shall see the "eo"le ci#il$ obedient to
God and "rinces$ judicious$ "eaceable and 0uiet$ rich$ fortunate$ ;?A,Gand
flourish$ to li#e in "eace$ in unity and concord$ a country 'ell tilled$
many fair built and "o"ulous cities$ _ubi incolae nitent_ as old ;?A=G:ato
said$ the "eo"le are neat$ "olite and terse$ _ubi bene$ beate0ue #i#unt_$
'hich our "oliticians ma%e the chief end of a common'ealth< and 'hich ;?A.G
Aristotle$ _Polit. lib. .$ ca". ?_$ calls _:ommune bonum_$ Polybius _lib.
-_$ _o"tabilem et selectum statum_$ that country is free from melancholy<
as it 'as in Italy in the time of Augustus$ no' in :hina$ no' in many other
flourishing %ingdoms of Euro"e. ut 'hereas you shall see many discontents$
common grie#ances$ com"laints$ "o#erty$ barbarism$ beggary$ "lagues$ 'ars$
rebellions$ seditions$ mutinies$ contentions$ idleness$ riot$ e"icurism$
the land lie untilled$ 'aste$ full of bogs$ fens$ deserts$ Fc.$ cities
decayed$ base and "oor to'ns$ #illages de"o"ulated$ the "eo"le s0ualid$
ugly$ unci#il< that %ingdom$ that country$ must needs be discontent$
melancholy$ hath a sic% body$ and had need to be reformed.
8o' that cannot 'ell be effected$ till the causes of these maladies be
first remo#ed$ 'hich commonly "roceed from their o'n default$ or some
accidental incon#enience& as to be situated in a bad clime$ too far north$
sterile$ in a barren "lace$ as the desert of *ibya$ deserts of Arabia$
"laces #oid of 'aters$ as those of *o" and elgian in Asia$ or in a bad
air$ as at Ale+andretta$ antam$ Pisa$ 3urrazzo$ 9. Dohn de Hlloa$ Fc.$ or
in danger of the sea!s continual inundations$ as in many "laces of the *o'
:ountries and else'here$ or near some bad neighbours$ as 5ungarians to
Tur%s$ Podolians to Tartars$ or almost any bordering countries$ they li#e
in fear still$ and by reason of hostile incursions are oftentimes left
desolate. 9o are cities by reason ;?A?Gof 'ars$ fires$ "lagues$
inundations$ ;?A@G'ild beasts$ decay of trades$ barred ha#ens$ the sea!s
#iolence$ as Ant'er" may 'itness of late$ 9yracuse of old$ rundusium in
Italy$ 1ye and 3o#er 'ith us$ and many that at this day sus"ect the sea!s
fury and rage$ and labour against it as the Ienetians to their inestimable
charge. ut the most fre0uent maladies are such as "roceed from themsel#es$
as first 'hen religion and God!s ser#ice is neglected$ inno#ated or
altered$ 'here they do not fear God$ obey their "rince$ 'here atheism$
e"icurism$ sacrilege$ simony$ Fc.$ and all such im"ieties are freely
committed$ that country cannot "ros"er. 4hen Abraham came to Gerar$ and sa'
a bad land$ he said$ sure the fear of God 'as not in that "lace. ;?A-G
:y"rian Echo#ius$ a 9"anish chorogra"her$ abo#e all other cities of 9"ain$
commends orcino$ Lin 'hich there 'as no beggar$ no man "oor$ Fc.$ but all
rich$ and in good estate$ and he gi#es the reason$ because they 'ere more
religious than$ their neighbours&L 'hy 'as Israel so often s"oiled by their
enemies$ led into ca"ti#ity$ Fc.$ but for their idolatry$ neglect of God!s
'ord$ for sacrilege$ e#en for one Achan!s faultN And 'hat shall 'e e+ce"t
that ha#e such multitudes of Achans$ church robbers$ simoniacal "atrons$
Fc.$ ho' can they ho"e to flourish$ that neglect di#ine duties$ that li#e
most "art li%e E"icuresN
2ther common grie#ances are generally no+ious to a body "olitic< alteration
of la's and customs$ brea%ing "ri#ileges$ general o""ressions$ seditions$
Fc.$ obser#ed by ;?AAGAristotle$ odin$ oterus$ Dunius$ Arniscus$ Fc. I
'ill only "oint at some of chiefest. ;?A/G_Im"otentia gubernandi$ ata+ia_$
confusion$ ill go#ernment$ 'hich "roceeds from uns%ilful$ slothful$
gri"ing$ co#etous$ unjust$ rash$ or tyrannizing magistrates$ 'hen they are
fools$ idiots$ children$ "roud$ 'ilful$ "artial$ indiscreet$ o""ressors$
giddy heads$ tyrants$ not able or unfit to manage such offices& ;?ABGmany
noble cities and flourishing %ingdoms by that means are desolate$ the 'hole
body groans under such heads$ and all the members must needs be
disaffected$ as at this day those goodly "ro#inces in Asia Minor$ Fc. groan
under the burthen of a Tur%ish go#ernment< and those #ast %ingdoms of
Musco#ia$ 1ussia$ ;?/CGunder a tyrannizing du%e. 4ho e#er heard of more
ci#il and rich "o"ulous countries than those of LGreece$ Asia Minor$
abounding 'ith all ;?/,G'ealth$ multitudes of inhabitants$ force$ "o'er$
s"lendour and magnificenceNL and that miracle of countries$ ;?/=Gthe 5oly
*and$ that in so small a com"ass of ground could maintain so many to'ns$
cities$ "roduce so many fighting menN Egy"t another "aradise$ no' barbarous
and desert$ and almost 'aste$ by the des"otical go#ernment of an im"erious
Tur%$ _intolerabili ser#itutis jugo "remitur_ (;?/.Gone saith) not only
fire and 'ater$ goods or lands$ _sed i"se s"iritus ab insolentissimi
#ictoris "endet nutu_$ such is their sla#ery$ their li#es and souls de"end
u"on his insolent 'ill and command. A tyrant that s"oils all 'heresoe#er he
comes$ insomuch that an ;?/?Ghistorian com"lains$ Lif an old inhabitant
should no' see them$ he 'ould not %no' them$ if a tra#eller$ or stranger$
it 'ould grie#e his heart to behold them.L 4hereas ;?/@GAristotle notes$
_8o#ae e+actiones$ no#a onera im"osita_$ ne' burdens and e+actions daily
come u"on them$ li%e those of 'hich >osimus$ _lib. =_$ so grie#ous$ _ut
#iri u+ores$ "atres filios "rostituerent ut e+actoribus e 0uestu_$ Fc.$
they must needs be discontent$ _hinc ci#itatum gemitus et "loratus_$ as
;?/-G Tully holds$ hence come those com"laints and tears of cities$ L"oor$
miserable$ rebellious$ and des"erate subjects$L as ;?/AG5i""olitus adds<
and ;?//Gas a judicious countryman of ours obser#ed not long since$ in a
sur#ey of that great 3uchy of Tuscany$ the "eo"le li#ed much grie#ed and
discontent$ as a""eared by their manifold and manifest com"lainings in that
%ind. LThat the state 'as li%e a sic% body 'hich had lately ta%en "hysic$
'hose humours are not yet 'ell settled$ and 'ea%ened so much by "urging$
that nothing 'as left but melancholy.L
4hereas the "rinces and "otentates are immoderate in lust$ hy"ocrites$
e"icures$ of no religion$ but in sho'& _Kuid hy"ocrisi fragilius_N 'hat so
brittle and unsureN 'hat sooner sub#erts their estates than 'andering and
raging lusts$ on their subjects! 'i#es$ daughtersN to say no 'orse. That
they should _facem "raeferre_$ lead the 'ay to all #irtuous actions$ are
the ringleaders oftentimes of all mischief and dissolute courses$ and by
that means their countries are "lagued$ ;?/BGLand they themsel#es often
ruined$ banished$ or murdered by cons"iracy of their subjects$ as
9ardana"alus 'as$ 3ionysius Dunior$ 5eliogabalus$ Periander$ Pisistratus$
Tar0uinius$ Timocrates$ :hildericus$ A""ius :laudius$ Andronicus$ Galeacius
9forza$ Ale+ander Medices$L Fc.
4hereas the "rinces or great men are malicious$ en#ious$ factious$
ambitious$ emulators$ they tear a common'ealth asunder$ as so many Guelfs
and Gibelines disturb the 0uietness of it$ ;?BCGand 'ith mutual murders let
it bleed to death< our histories are too full of such barbarous
inhumanities$ and the miseries that issue from them.
4hereas they be li%e so many horseleeches$ hungry$ gri"ing$ corru"t$ ;?B,G
co#etous$ _a#aritice manci"ia_$ ra#enous as 'ol#es$ for as Tully 'rites&
_0ui "raeest "rodest$ et 0ui "ecudibus "raeest$ debet eorum utilitati
inser#ire_& or such as "refer their "ri#ate before the "ublic good. 7or as
;?B=Ghe said long since$ _res "ri#atae "ublicis sem"er officere_. 2r
'hereas they be illiterate$ ignorant$ em"irics in "olicy$ _ubi deest
facultas_$ ;?B.G_#irtus_ (Aristot. _"ol. @$ ca". /._) _et scientia_$ 'ise
only by inheritance$ and in authority by birthright$ fa#our$ or for their
'ealth and titles< there must needs be a fault$ ;?B?Ga great defect&
because as an ;?B@Gold "hiloso"her affirms$ such men are not al'ays fit.
L2f an infinite number$ fe' alone are senators$ and of those fe'$ fe'er
good$ and of that small number of honest$ good$ and noble men$ fe' that are
learned$ 'ise$ discreet and sufficient$ able to discharge such "laces$ it
must needs turn to the confusion of a state.L
7or as the ;?B-GPrinces are$ so are the "eo"le< _Kualis 1e+$ talis gre+_&
and 'hich ;?BAGAntigonus right 'ell said of old$ _0ui Macedonia regem
erudit$ omnes etiam subditos erudit_$ he that teacheth the %ing of Macedon$
teacheth all his subjects$ is a true saying still.
L7or Princes are the glass$ the school$ the boo%$
4here subjects! eyes do learn$ do read$ do loo%.L
------LIelocius et citius nos
:orrum"unt #itiorum e+em"la domestica$ magnis
:um subeant animos auctoribus.L------;?B/G
Their e+am"les are soonest follo'ed$ #ices entertained$ if they be "rofane$
irreligious$ lasci#ious$ riotous$ e"icures$ factious$ co#etous$ ambitious$
illiterate$ so 'ill the commons most "art be$ idle$ unthrifts$ "rone to
lust$ drun%ards$ and therefore "oor and needy (;Gree%& hae "enia stasin
em"oiei %ai %a%ourgianG$ for "o#erty begets sedition and #illainy) u"on all
occasions ready to mutiny and rebel$ discontent still$ com"laining$
murmuring$ grudging$ a"t to all outrages$ thefts$ treasons$ murders$
inno#ations$ in debt$ shifters$ cozeners$ outla's$ _Profligatae famae ac
#itae_. It 'as an old ;?BBG"olitician!s a"horism$ LThey that are "oor and
bad en#y rich$ hate good men$ abhor the "resent go#ernment$ 'ish for a ne'$
and 'ould ha#e all turned to"sy-tur#y.L 4hen :atiline rebelled in 1ome$ he
got a com"any of such debauched rogues together$ they 'ere his familiars
and coadjutors$ and such ha#e been your rebels most "art in all ages$ Dac%
:ade$ Tom 9tra'$ 6ette$ and his com"anions.
4here they be generally riotous and contentious$ 'here there be many
discords$ many la's$ many la'suits$ many la'yers and many "hysicians$ it is
a manifest sign of a distem"ered$ melancholy state$ as ;@CCGPlato long
since maintained& for 'here such %ind of men s'arm$ they 'ill ma%e more
'or% for themsel#es$ and that body "olitic diseased$ 'hich 'as other'ise
sound. A general mischief in these our times$ an insensible "lague$ and
ne#er so many of them& L'hich are no' multi"liedL (saith Mat. Geraldus$
;@C,Ga la'yer himself$) Las so many locusts$ not the "arents$ but the
"lagues of the country$ and for the most "art a su"ercilious$ bad$
co#etous$ litigious generation of men.L ;@C=G_:rumenimulga natio_ Fc. A
"urse-mil%ing nation$ a clamorous com"any$ go'ned #ultures$ ;@C.G_0ui e+
injuria #i#ent et sanguine ci#ium_$ thie#es and seminaries of discord<
'orse than any "ollers by the high'ay side$ _auri acci"itres$ auri
e+terebronides$ "ecuniarum hamiolae$ 0uadru"latores$ curiae har"agones$
fori tintinabula$ monstra hominum$ mangones_$ Fc. that ta%e u"on them to
ma%e "eace$ but are indeed the #ery disturbers of our "eace$ a com"any of
irreligious har"ies$ scra"ing$ gri"ing catch"oles$ (I mean our common
hungry "ettifoggers$ ;@C?G_rabulas forenses_$ lo#e and honour in the
meantime all good la's$ and 'orthy la'yers$ that are so many ;@C@Goracles
and "ilots of a 'ell-go#erned common'ealth). 4ithout art$ 'ithout judgment$
that do more harm$ as ;@C-G*i#y said$ _0uam bella e+terna$ fames$ morbi#e_$
than sic%ness$ 'ars$ hunger$ diseases< Land cause a most incredible
destruction of a common'ealth$L saith ;@CAG9esellius$ a famous ci#ilian
sometimes in Paris$ as i#y doth by an oa%$ embrace it so long$ until it
hath got the heart out of it$ so do they by such "laces they inhabit< no
counsel at all$ no justice$ no s"eech to be had$ _nisi eum "remulseris_$ he
must be fed still$ or else he is as mute as a fish$ better o"en an oyster
'ithout a %nife. _E+"erto crede_ (saith ;@C/G 9alisburiensis) _in manus
eorum millies incidi$ et :haron immitis 0ui nulli "e"ercit un0uam$ his
longe clementior est_< LI s"ea% out of e+"erience$ I ha#e been a thousand
times amongst them$ and :haron himself is more gentle than they< ;@CBGhe is
contented 'ith his single "ay$ but they multi"ly still$ they are ne#er
satisfied$L besides they ha#e _damnificas linguas_$ as he terms it$ _nisi
funibus argenteis #incias_$ they must be fed to say nothing$ and ;@,CGget
more to hold their "eace than 'e can to say our best. They 'ill s"ea% their
clients fair$ and in#ite them to their tables$ but as he follo's it$
;@,,GLof all injustice there is none so "ernicious as that of theirs$ 'hich
'hen they decei#e most$ 'ill seem to be honest men.L They ta%e u"on them to
be "eacema%ers$ _et fo#ere causas humilium_$ to hel" them to their right$
_"atrocinantur afflictis_$ ;@,=Gbut all is for their o'n good$ _ut loculos
"leniorom e+hauriant_$ they "lead for "oor men gratis$ but they are but as
a stale to catch others. If there be no jar$ ;@,.Gthey can ma%e a jar$ out
of the la' itself find still some 0uir% or other$ to set them at odds$ and
continue causes so long$ _lustra ali0uot_$ I %no' not ho' many years before
the cause is heard$ and 'hen !tis judged and determined by reason of some
tric%s and errors$ it is as fresh to begin$ after t'ice se#en years
sometimes$ as it 'as at first< and so they "rolong time$ delay suits till
they ha#e enriched themsel#es$ and beggared their clients. And$ as
;@,?G:ato in#eighed against Isocrates! scholars$ 'e may justly ta+ our
'rangling la'yers$ they do _consenescere in litibus_$ are so litigious and
busy here on earth$ that I thin% they 'ill "lead their client!s causes
hereafter$ some of them in hell. ;@,@G 9imlerus com"lains amongst the
9'issers of the ad#ocates in his time$ that 'hen they should ma%e an end$
they began contro#ersies$ and L"rotract their causes many years$ "ersuading
them their title is good$ till their "atrimonies be consumed$ and that they
ha#e s"ent more in see%ing than the thing is 'orth$ or they shall get by
the reco#ery.L 9o that he that goes to la'$ as the "ro#erb is$ ;@,-Gholds a
'olf by the ears$ or as a shee" in a storm runs for shelter to a brier$ if
he "rosecute his cause he is consumed$ if he surcease his suit he loseth
all< ;@,AG'hat differenceN They had 'ont heretofore$ saith Austin$ to end
matters$ _"er communes arbitros_< and so in 9'itzerland ('e are informed by
;@,/G9imlerus)$ Lthey had some common arbitrators or daysmen in e#ery to'n$
that made a friendly com"osition bet'i+t man and man$ and he much 'onders
at their honest sim"licity$ that could %ee" "eace so 'ell$ and end such
great causes by that means.L At ;@,BG7ez in Africa$ they ha#e neither
la'yers nor ad#ocates< but if there be any contro#ersies amongst them$ both
"arties "laintiff and defendant come to their Alfa%ins or chief judge$ Land
at once 'ithout any farther a""eals or "itiful delays$ the cause is heard
and ended.L 2ur forefathers$ as ;@=CGa 'orthy chorogra"her of ours
obser#es$ had 'ont _"auculis cruculis aureis_$ 'ith a fe' golden crosses$
and lines in #erse$ ma%e all con#eyances$ assurances. And such 'as the
candour and integrity of succeeding ages$ that a deed (as I ha#e oft seen)
to con#ey a 'hole manor$ 'as _im"licite_ contained in some t'enty lines or
thereabouts< li%e that scede or _9ytala *aconica_$ so much reno'ned of old
in all contracts$ 'hich ;@=,GTully so earnestly commends to Atticus$
Plutarch in his *ysander$ Aristotle _"olit._& Thucydides$ _lib. ,_$
;@==G3iodorus and 9uidus a""ro#e and magnify$ for that laconic bre#ity in
this %ind< and 'ell they might$ for$ according to ;@=.GTertullian$ _certa
sunt "aucis_$ there is much more certainty in fe'er 'ords. And so 'as it of
old throughout& but no' many s%ins of "archment 'ill scarce ser#e turn< he
that buys and sells a house$ must ha#e a house full of 'ritings$ there be
so many circumstances$ so many 'ords$ such tautological re"etitions of all
"articulars (to a#oid ca#illation they say)< but 'e find by our 'oeful
e+"erience$ that to subtle 'its it is a cause of much more contention and
#ariance$ and scarce any con#eyance so accurately "enned by one$ 'hich
another 'ill not find a crac% in$ or ca#il at< if any one 'ord be
mis"laced$ any little error$ all is disannulled. That 'hich is a la' today$
is none tomorro'< that 'hich is sound in one man!s o"inion$ is most faulty
to another< that in conclusion$ here is nothing amongst us but contention
and confusion$ 'e bandy one against another. And that 'hich long since
;@=?GPlutarch com"lained of them in Asia$ may be #erified in our times.
LThese men here assembled$ come not to sacrifice to their gods$ to offer
Du"iter their first-fruits$ or merriments to acchus< but an yearly disease
e+as"erating Asia hath brought them hither$ to ma%e an end of their
contro#ersies and la'suits.L !Tis _multitudo "erdentium et "ereuntium_$ a
destructi#e rout that see% one another!s ruin. 9uch most "art are our
ordinary suitors$ termers$ clients$ ne' stirs e#ery day$ mista%es$ errors$
ca#ils$ and at this "resent$ as I ha#e heard in some one court$ I %no' not
ho' many thousand causes& no "erson free$ no title almost good$ 'ith such
bitterness in follo'ing$ so many slights$ "rocrastinations$ delays$
forgery$ such cost (for infinite sums are inconsiderately s"ent)$ #iolence
and malice$ I %no' not by 'hose fault$ la'yers$ clients$ la's$ both or all&
but as Paul re"rehended the ;@=@G:orinthians long since$ I may more
"ositi#ely infer no'& LThere is a fault amongst you$ and I s"ea% it to your
shame$ Is there not a ;@=-G'ise man amongst you$ to judge bet'een his
brethrenN but that a brother goes to la' 'ith a brother.L And ;@=AG:hrist!s
counsel concerning la'suits$ 'as ne#er so fit to be inculcated as in this
age& ;@=/GLAgree 'ith thine ad#ersary 0uic%ly$L Fc. Matth. #. =@.
I could re"eat many such "articular grie#ances$ 'hich must disturb a body
"olitic. To shut u" all in brief$ 'here good go#ernment is$ "rudent and
'ise "rinces$ there all things thri#e and "ros"er$ "eace and ha""iness is
in that land& 'here it is other'ise$ all things are ugly to behold$ incult$
barbarous$ unci#il$ a "aradise is turned to a 'ilderness. This island
amongst the rest$ our ne+t neighbours the 7rench and Germans$ may be a
sufficient 'itness$ that in a short time by that "rudent "olicy of the
1omans$ 'as brought from barbarism< see but 'hat :aesar re"orts of us$ and
Tacitus of those old Germans$ they 'ere once as unci#il as they in
Iirginia$ yet by "lanting of colonies and good la's$ they became from
barbarous outla's$ ;@=BGto be full of rich and "o"ulous cities$ as no' they
are$ and most flourishing %ingdoms. E#en so might Iirginia$ and those 'ild
Irish ha#e been ci#ilised long since$ if that order had been heretofore
ta%en$ 'hich no' begins$ of "lanting colonies$ Fc. I ha#e read a
;@.CGdiscourse$ "rinted _anno_ ,-,=. L3isco#ering the true causes 'hy
Ireland 'as ne#er entirely subdued$ or brought under obedience to the cro'n
of England$ until the beginning of his Majesty!s ha""y reign.L Eet if his
reasons 'ere thoroughly scanned by a judicious "olitician$ I am afraid he
'ould not altogether be a""ro#ed$ but that it 'ould turn to the dishonour
of our nation$ to suffer it to lie so long 'aste. Eea$ and if some
tra#ellers should see (to come nearer home) those rich$ united "ro#inces of
5olland$ >ealand$ Fc.$ o#er against us< those neat cities and "o"ulous
to'ns$ full of most industrious artificers$ ;@.,Gso much land reco#ered
from the sea$ and so "ainfully "reser#ed by those artificial in#entions$ so
'onderfully a""ro#ed$ as that of emster in 5olland$ _ut nihil huic "ar aut
simile in#enias in toto orbe_$ saith ertius the geogra"her$ all the 'orld
cannot match it$ ;@.=Gso many na#igable channels from "lace to "lace$ made
by men!s hands$ Fc. and on the other side so many thousand acres of our
fens lie dro'ned$ our cities thin$ and those #ile$ "oor$ and ugly to behold
in res"ect of theirs$ our trades decayed$ our still running ri#ers sto""ed$
and that beneficial use of trans"ortation$ 'holly neglected$ so many ha#ens
#oid of shi"s and to'ns$ so many "ar%s and forests for "leasure$ barren
heaths$ so many #illages de"o"ulated$ Fc. I thin% sure he 'ould find some
fault.
I may not deny but that this nation of ours$ doth _bene audire a"ud
e+teros_$ is a most noble$ a most flourishing %ingdom$ by common consent of
all ;@..Ggeogra"hers$ historians$ "oliticians$ !tis _unica #elut ar+_$
;@.?Gand 'hich Kuintius in *i#y said of the inhabitants of Pelo"onnesus$
may be 'ell a""lied to us$ 'e are _testudines testa sua inclusi_$ li%e so
many tortoises in our shells$ safely defended by an angry sea$ as a 'all on
all sides. 2ur island hath many such honourable eulogiums< and as a learned
countryman of ours right 'ell hath it$ ;@.@GLE#er since the 8ormans first
coming into England$ this country both for military matters$ and all other
of ci#ility$ hath been "aralleled 'ith the most flourishing %ingdoms of
Euro"e and our :hristian 'orld$L a blessed$ a rich country$ and one of the
fortunate isles& and for some things ;@.-G"referred before other countries$
for e+"ert seamen$ our laborious disco#eries$ art of na#igation$ true
merchants$ they carry the bell a'ay from all other nations$ e#en the
Portugals and 5ollanders themsel#es< ;@.AGL'ithout all fear$L saith
oterus$ Lfurro'ing the ocean 'inter and summer$ and t'o of their ca"tains$
'ith no less #alour than fortune$ ha#e sailed round about the 'orld.L ;@./G
4e ha#e besides many "articular blessings$ 'hich our neighbours 'ant$ the
Gos"el truly "reached$ church disci"line established$ long "eace and
0uietness free from e+actions$ foreign fears$ in#asions$ domestical
seditions$ 'ell manured$ ;@.BGfortified by art$ and nature$ and no' most
ha""y in that fortunate union of England and 9cotland$ 'hich our
forefathers ha#e laboured to effect$ and desired to see. ut in 'hich 'e
e+cel all others$ a 'ise$ learned$ religious %ing$ another 8uma$ a second
Augustus$ a true Dosiah< most 'orthy senators$ a learned clergy$ an
obedient commonalty$ Fc. Eet amongst many roses$ some thistles gro'$ some
bad 'eeds and enormities$ 'hich much disturb the "eace of this body
"olitic$ ecli"se the honour and glory of it$ fit to be rooted out$ and 'ith
all s"eed to be reformed.
The first is idleness$ by reason of 'hich 'e ha#e many s'arms of rogues$
and beggars$ thie#es$ drun%ards$ and discontented "ersons ('hom *ycurgus in
Plutarch calls _morbos rei"ublicae_$ the boils of the common'ealth)$ many
"oor "eo"le in all our to'ns. _:i#itates ignobiles_$ as ;@?CGPolydore calls
them$ base-built cities$ inglorious$ "oor$ small$ rare in sight$ ruinous$
and thin of inhabitants. 2ur land is fertile 'e may not deny$ full of all
good things$ and 'hy doth it not then abound 'ith cities$ as 'ell as Italy$
7rance$ Germany$ the *o' :ountriesN because their "olicy hath been
other'ise$ and 'e are not so thrifty$ circums"ect$ industrious. Idleness is
the _malus genius_ of our nation. 7or as ;@?,Goterus justly argues$
fertility of a country is not enough$ e+ce"t art and industry be joined
unto it$ according to Aristotle$ riches are either natural or artificial<
natural are good land$ fair mines$ Fc. artificial$ are manufactures$ coins$
Fc. Many %ingdoms are fertile$ but thin of inhabitants$ as that 3uchy of
Piedmont in Italy$ 'hich *eander Albertus so much magnifies for corn$ 'ine$
fruits$ Fc.$ yet nothing near so "o"ulous as those 'hich are more barren.
;@?=GLEngland$L saith he$ L*ondon only e+ce"ted$ hath ne#er a "o"ulous
city$ and yet a fruitful country.L I find ?- cities and 'alled to'ns in
Alsatia$ a small "ro#ince in Germany$ @C castles$ an infinite number of
#illages$ no ground idle$ no not roc%y "laces$ or to"s of hills are
untilled$ as ;@?.GMunster informeth us. In ;@??GGreichgea$ a small
territory on the 8ec%er$ =? Italian miles o#er$ I read of =C 'alled to'ns$
innumerable #illages$ each one containing ,@C houses most "art$ besides
castles and noblemen!s "alaces. I obser#e in ;@?@GTuringe in 3utchland
(t'el#e miles o#er by their scale) ,= counties$ and in them ,?? cities$
=CCC #illages$ ,?? to'ns$ =@C castles. In ;@?-Ga#aria .? cities$ ?- to'ns$
Fc. ;@?AG_Portugallia interamnis_$ a small "lot of ground$ hath ,?-C
"arishes$ ,.C monasteries$ =CC bridges. Malta$ a barren island$ yields
=C$CCC inhabitants. ut of all the rest$ I admire *ues Guicciardine!s
relations of the *o' :ountries. 5olland hath =- cities$ ?CC great #illages.
>ealand ,C cities$ ,C= "arishes. rabant =- cities$ ,C= "arishes. 7landers
=/ cities$ BC to'ns$ ,,@? #illages$ besides abbeys$ castles$ Fc. The *o'
:ountries generally ha#e three cities at least for one of ours$ and those
far more "o"ulous and rich& and 'hat is the cause$ but their industry and
e+cellency in all manner of tradesN Their commerce$ 'hich is maintained by
a multitude of tradesmen$ so many e+cellent channels made by art and
o""ortune ha#ens$ to 'hich they build their cities< all 'hich 'e ha#e in
li%e measure$ or at least may ha#e. ut their chiefest loadstone 'hich
dra's all manner of commerce and merchandise$ 'hich maintains their "resent
estate$ is not fertility of soil$ but industry that enricheth them$ the
gold mines of Peru$ or 8o#a 5is"ania may not com"are 'ith them. They ha#e
neither gold nor sil#er of their o'n$ 'ine nor oil$ or scarce any corn
gro'ing in those united "ro#inces$ little or no 'ood$ tin$ lead$ iron$
sil%$ 'ool$ any stuff almost$ or metal< and yet 5ungary$ Transyl#ania$ that
brag of their mines$ fertile England cannot com"are 'ith them. I dare
boldly say$ that neither 7rance$ Tarentum$ A"ulia$ *ombardy$ or any "art of
Italy$ Ialentia in 9"ain$ or that "leasant Andalusia$ 'ith their e+cellent
fruits$ 'ine and oil$ t'o har#ests$ no not any "art of Euro"e is so
flourishing$ so rich$ so "o"ulous$ so full of good shi"s$ of 'ell-built
cities$ so abounding 'ith all things necessary for the use of man. !Tis our
Indies$ an e"itome of :hina$ and all by reason of their industry$ good
"olicy$ and commerce. Industry is a loadstone to dra' all good things< that
alone ma%es countries flourish$ cities "o"ulous$ ;@?/Gand 'ill enforce by
reason of much manure$ 'hich necessarily follo's$ a barren soil to be
fertile and good$ as shee"$ saith ;@?BG3ion$ mend a bad "asture.
Tell me "oliticians$ 'hy is that fruitful Palestina$ noble Greece$ Egy"t$
Asia Minor$ so much decayed$ and (mere carcases no') fallen from that they
'ereN The ground is the same$ but the go#ernment is altered$ the "eo"le are
gro'n slothful$ idle$ their good husbandry$ "olicy$ and industry is
decayed. _8on fatigata aut effaeta$ humus_$ as ;@@CG:olumella 'ell informs
9yl#inus$ _sed nostra fit inertia_$ Fc. May a man belie#e that 'hich
Aristotle in his "olitics$ Pausanias$ 9te"hanus$ 9o"hianus$ Gerbelius
relate of old GreeceN I find heretofore AC cities in E"irus o#erthro'n by
Paulus Aemilius$ a goodly "ro#ince in times "ast$ ;@@,Gno' left desolate of
good to'ns and almost inhabitants. 9i+ty-t'o cities in Macedonia in
9trabo!s time. I find .C in *aconia$ but no' scarce so many #illages$ saith
Gerbelius. If any man from Mount Taygetus should #ie' the country round
about$ and see _tot delicias$ tot urbes "er Pelo"onesum dis"ersas_$ so many
delicate and bra#e built cities 'ith such cost and e+0uisite cunning$ so
neatly set out in Pelo"onnesus$ ;@@=Ghe should "ercei#e them no' ruinous
and o#erthro'n$ burnt$ 'aste$ desolate$ and laid le#el 'ith the ground.
_Incredibile dictu_$ Fc. And as he laments$ _Kuis talia fando Tem"eret a
lachrymisN Kuis tam durus aut ferreus_$ (so he "rosecutes it). ;@@.G4ho is
he that can sufficiently condole and commiserate these ruinsN 4here are
those ?CCC cities of Egy"t$ those ,CC cities in :reteN Are they no' come to
t'oN 4hat saith Pliny and Aelian of old ItalyN There 'ere in former ages
,,-- cities& londus and Machia#el$ both grant them no' nothing near so
"o"ulous$ and full of good to'ns as in the time of Augustus (for no'
*eander Albertus can find but .CC at most)$ and if 'e may gi#e credit to
;@@?G*i#y$ not then so strong and "uissant as of old& LThey mustered AC
*egions in former times$ 'hich no' the %no'n 'orld 'ill scarce yield.L
Ale+ander built AC cities in a short s"ace for his "art$ our sultans and
Tur%s demolish t'ice as many$ and lea#e all desolate. Many 'ill not belie#e
but that our island of Great ritain is no' more "o"ulous than e#er it 'as<
yet let them read ede$ *eland and others$ they shall find it most
flourished in the 9a+on 5e"tarchy$ and in the :on0ueror!s time 'as far
better inhabited$ than at this "resent. 9ee that 3oomsday oo%$ and sho' me
those thousands of "arishes$ 'hich are no' decayed$ cities ruined$ #illages
de"o"ulated$ Fc. The lesser the territory is$ commonly$ the richer it is.
_Par#us sed bene cultus ager_. As those Athenian$ *acedaemonian$ Arcadian$
Aelian$ 9ycionian$ Messenian$ Fc. common'ealths of Greece ma%e am"le "roof$
as those im"erial cities and free states of Germany may 'itness$ those
:antons of 9'itzers$ 1heti$ Grisons$ 4alloons$ Territories of Tuscany$ *u%e
and 9enes of old$ Piedmont$ Mantua$ Ienice in Italy$ 1agusa$ Fc.
That "rince therefore as$ ;@@@Goterus ad#iseth$ that 'ill ha#e a rich
country$ and fair cities$ let him get good trades$ "ri#ileges$ "ainful
inhabitants$ artificers$ and suffer no rude matter un'rought$ as tin$ iron$
'ool$ lead$ Fc.$ to be trans"orted out of his country$--;@@-Ga thing in
"art seriously attem"ted amongst us$ but not effected. And because industry
of men$ and multitude of trade so much a#ails to the ornament and enriching
of a %ingdom< those ancient ;@@AGMassilians 'ould admit no man into their
city that had not some trade. 9elym the first Tur%ish em"eror "rocured a
thousand good artificers to be brought from Tauris to :onstantino"le. The
Polanders indented 'ith 5enry 3u%e of Anjou$ their ne' chosen %ing$ to
bring 'ith him an hundred families of artificers into Poland. Dames the
first in 9cotland (as ;@@/Guchanan 'rites) sent for the best artificers he
could get in Euro"e$ and ga#e them great re'ards to teach his subjects
their se#eral trades. Ed'ard the Third$ our most reno'ned %ing$ to his
eternal memory$ brought clothing first into this island$ trans"orting some
families of artificers from Gaunt hither. 5o' many goodly cities could I
rec%on u"$ that thri#e 'holly by trade$ 'here thousands of inhabitants li#e
singular 'ell by their fingers! ends& As 7lorence in Italy by ma%ing cloth
of gold< great Milan by sil%$ and all curious 'or%s< Arras in Artois by
those fair hangings< many cities in 9"ain$ many in 7rance$ Germany$ ha#e
none other maintenance$ es"ecially those 'ithin the land. ;@@BGMecca$ in
Arabia Petraea$ stands in a most unfruitful country$ that 'ants 'ater$
amongst the roc%s (as Iertomannus describes it)$ and yet it is a most
elegant and "leasant city$ by reason of the traffic of the east and 'est.
2rmus in Persia is a most famous mart-to'n$ hath nought else but the
o""ortunity of the ha#en to ma%e it flourish. :orinth$ a noble city (*umen
Greciae$ Tully calls it) the Eye of Greece$ by reason of :enchreas and
*echeus$ those e+cellent "orts$ dre' all that traffic of the Ionian and
Aegean seas to it< and yet the country about it 'as _cur#a et
su"erciliosa_$ as ;@-CG9trabo terms it$ rugged and harsh. 4e may say the
same of Athens$ Actium$ Thebes$ 9"arta$ and most of those to'ns in Greece.
8uremberg in Germany is sited in a most barren soil$ yet a noble im"erial
city$ by the sole industry of artificers$ and cunning trades$ they dra' the
riches of most countries to them$ so e+"ert in manufactures$ that as
9allust long since ga#e out of the li%e$ _9edem animae in e+tremis digitis
habent_$ their soul$ or _intellectus agens_$ 'as "laced in their fingers!
end< and so 'e may say of asil$ 9"ire$ :ambray$ 7ran%furt$ Fc. It is
almost incredible to s"ea% 'hat some 'rite of Me+ico and the cities
adjoining to it$ no "lace in the 'orld at their first disco#ery more
"o"ulous$ ;@-,GMat. 1iccius$ the Desuit$ and some others$ relate of the
industry of the :hinese most "o"ulous countries$ not a beggar or an idle
"erson to be seen$ and ho' by that means they "ros"er and flourish. 4e ha#e
the same means$ able bodies$ "liant 'its$ matter of all sorts$ 'ool$ fla+$
iron$ tin$ lead$ 'ood$ Fc.$ many e+cellent subjects to 'or% u"on$ only
industry is 'anting. 4e send our best commodities beyond the seas$ 'hich
they ma%e good use of to their necessities$ set themsel#es a 'or% about$
and se#erally im"ro#e$ sending the same to us bac% at dear rates$ or else
ma%e toys and baubles of the tails of them$ 'hich they sell to us again$ at
as great a rec%oning as the 'hole. In most of our cities$ some fe'
e+ce"ted$ li%e ;@-=G9"anish loiterers$ 'e li#e 'holly by ti""ling-inns and
alehouses. Malting are their best "loughs$ their greatest traffic to sell
ale. ;@-.GMeteran and some others object to us$ that 'e are no 'hit so
industrious as the 5ollanders& LManual tradesL (saith he) L'hich are more
curious or troublesome$ are 'holly e+ercised by strangers& they d'ell in a
sea full of fish$ but they are so idle$ they 'ill not catch so much as
shall ser#e their o'n turns$ but buy it of their neighbours.L Tush
;@-?G_Mare liberum_$ they fish under our noses$ and sell it to us 'hen they
ha#e done$ at their o'n "rices.
------LPudet haec o""robria nobis
Et dici "otuisse$ et non "otuisse refelli.L
I am ashamed to hear this objected by strangers$ and %no' not ho' to ans'er
it.
Amongst our to'ns$ there is only ;@-@G*ondon that bears the face of a city$
;@--G_E"itome ritanniae_$ a famous em"orium$ second to none beyond seas$ a
noble mart& but _sola crescit$ decrescentibus aliis_< and yet$ in my
slender judgment$ defecti#e in many things. The rest (;@-AGsome fe'
e+ce"ted) are in mean estate$ ruinous most "art$ "oor$ and full of beggars$
by reason of their decayed trades$ neglected or bad "olicy$ idleness of
their inhabitants$ riot$ 'hich had rather beg or loiter$ and be ready to
star#e$ than 'or%.
I cannot deny but that something may be said in defence of our cities$
;@-/Gthat they are not so fair built$ (for the sole magnificence of this
%ingdom (concerning buildings) hath been of old in those 8orman castles and
religious houses$) so rich$ thic% sited$ "o"ulous$ as in some other
countries< besides the reasons :ardan gi#es$ _9ubtil. *ib. ,,._ 'e 'ant
'ine and oil$ their t'o har#ests$ 'e d'ell in a colder air$ and for that
cause must a little more liberally ;@-BGfeed of flesh$ as all northern
countries do& our "ro#isions 'ill not therefore e+tend to the maintenance
of so many< yet not'ithstanding 'e ha#e matter of all sorts$ an o"en sea
for traffic$ as 'ell as the rest$ goodly ha#ens. And ho' can 'e e+cuse our
negligence$ our riot$ drun%enness$ Fc.$ and such enormities that follo' itN
4e ha#e e+cellent la's enacted$ you 'ill say$ se#ere statutes$ houses of
correction$ Fc.$ to small "ur"ose it seems< it is not houses 'ill ser#e$
but cities of correction< ;@ACGour trades generally ought to be reformed$
'ants su""lied. In other countries they ha#e the same grie#ances$ I
confess$ but that doth not e+cuse us$ ;@A,G'ants$ defects$ enormities$ idle
drones$ tumults$ discords$ contention$ la'suits$ many la's made against
them to re"ress those innumerable bra'ls and la'suits$ e+cess in a""arel$
diet$ decay of tillage$ de"o"ulations$ ;@A=Ges"ecially against rogues$
beggars$ Egy"tian #agabonds (so termed at least) 'hich ha#e ;@A.G s'armed
all o#er Germany$ 7rance$ Italy$ Poland$ as you may read in ;@A?G Munster$
:ranzius$ and A#entinus< as those Tartars and Arabians at this day do in
the eastern countries& yet such has been the ini0uity of all ages$ as it
seems to small "ur"ose. _8emo in nostra ci#itate mendicus esto_$ ;@A@G
saith Plato& he 'ill ha#e them "urged from a ;@A-Gcommon'ealth$ ;@AAGLas a
bad humour from the body$L that are li%e so many ulcers and boils$ and must
be cured before the melancholy body can be eased.
4hat :arolus Magnus$ the :hinese$ the 9"aniards$ the du%e of 9a+ony and
many other states ha#e decreed in this case$ read Arniseus$ _ca". ,B_<
oterus$ _libro /$ ca". =_< 2sorius _de 1ubus gest. Eman. lib. ,,._ 4hen a
country is o#erstoc%ed 'ith "eo"le$ as a "asture is oft o#erlaid 'ith
cattle$ they had 'ont in former times to disburden themsel#es$ by sending
out colonies$ or by 'ars$ as those old 1omans< or by em"loying them at home
about some "ublic buildings$ as bridges$ road'ays$ for 'hich those 1omans
'ere famous in this island< as Augustus :aesar did in 1ome$ the 9"aniards
in their Indian mines$ as at Potosi in Peru$ 'here some .C$CCC men are
still at 'or%$ -CCC furnaces e#er boiling$ Fc. ;@A/Ga0ueducts$ bridges$
ha#ens$ those stu"end 'or%s of Trajan$ :laudius$ at ;@ABG2stium$
3ioclesiani Therma$ 7ucinus *acus$ that Piraeum in Athens$ made by
Themistocles$ am"itheatrums of curious marble$ as at Ierona$ :i#itas
Phili""i$ and 5eraclea in Thrace$ those A""ian and 7laminian 'ays$
"rodigious 'or%s all may 'itness< and rather than they should be ;@/CGidle$
as those ;@/,G Egy"tian Pharaohs$ Maris$ and 9esostris did$ to tas% their
subjects to build unnecessary "yramids$ obelis%s$ labyrinths$ channels$
la%es$ gigantic 'or%s all$ to di#ert them from rebellion$ riot$
drun%enness$ ;@/=G_Kuo scilicet alantur et ne #agando laborare desuescant_.
Another eyesore is that 'ant of conduct and na#igable ri#ers$ a great
blemish as ;@/.Goterus$ ;@/?G5i""olitus a :ollibus$ and other "oliticians
hold$ if it be neglected in a common'ealth. Admirable cost and charge is
besto'ed in the *o' :ountries on this behalf$ in the duchy of Milan$
territory of Padua$ in ;@/@G7rance$ Italy$ :hina$ and so li%e'ise about
corri#ations of 'ater to moisten and refresh barren grounds$ to drain fens$
bogs$ and moors. Massinissa made many in'ard "arts of arbary and 8umidia
in Africa$ before his time incult and horrid$ fruitful and bartable by this
means. Great industry is generally used all o#er the eastern countries in
this %ind$ es"ecially in Egy"t$ about abylon and 3amascus$ as Iertomannus
and ;@/-GGotardus Arthus relate< about arcelona$ 9ego#ia$ Murcia$ and many
other "laces of 9"ain$ Milan in Italy< by reason of 'hich$ their soil is
much im"o#erished$ and infinite commodities arise to the inhabitants.
The Tur%s of late attem"ted to cut that Isthmus bet'i+t Africa and Asia$
'hich ;@/AG9esostris and 3arius$ and some Pharaohs of Egy"t had formerly
underta%en$ but 'ith ill success$ as ;@//G3iodorus 9iculus records$ and
Pliny$ for that 1ed 9ea being three ;@/BGcubits higher than Egy"t$ 'ould
ha#e dro'ned all the country$ _cae"to destiterant_$ they left off< yet as
the same ;@BCG3iodorus 'rites$ Ptolemy rene'ed the 'or% many years after$
and absol#ed in it a more o""ortune "lace.
That Isthmus of :orinth 'as li%e'ise underta%en to be made na#igable by
3emetrius$ by Dulius :aesar$ 8ero$ 3omitian$ 5erodes Atticus$ to ma%e a
s"eedy ;@B,G"assage$ and less dangerous$ from the Ionian and Aegean seas<
but because it could not be so 'ell effected$ the Pelo"onnesians built a
'all li%e our Picts! 'all about 9chaenute$ 'here 8e"tune!s tem"le stood$
and in the shortest cut o#er the Isthmus$ of 'hich 3iodorus$ _lib. ,,._
5erodotus$ _lib. /. Hran._ 2ur latter 'riters call it 5e+amilium$ 'hich
Amurath the Tur% demolished$ the Ienetians$ _anno_ ,?@.$ re"aired in ,@
days 'ith .C$CCC men. 9ome$ saith Acosta$ 'ould ha#e a "assage cut from
Panama to 8ombre de 3ios in America< but Thuanus and 9erres the 7rench
historians s"ea% of a famous a0ueduct in 7rance$ intended in 5enry the
7ourth!s time$ from the *oire to the 9eine$ and from 1hodanus to the *oire.
The li%e to 'hich 'as formerly assayed by 3omitian the em"eror$ ;@B=Gfrom
Arar to Moselle$ 'hich :ornelius Tacitus s"ea%s of in the ,. of his annals$
after by :harles the Great and others. Much cost hath in former times been
besto'ed in either ne' ma%ing or mending channels of ri#ers$ and their
"assages$ (as Aurelianus did by Tiber to ma%e it na#igable to 1ome$ to
con#ey corn from Egy"t to the city$ _#adum al#ei tumentis effodit_ saith
Io"iscus$ _et Tiberis ri"as e+tru+it_ he cut fords$ made ban%s$ Fc.)
decayed ha#ens$ 'hich :laudius the em"eror 'ith infinite "ains and charges
attem"ted at 2stia$ as I ha#e said$ the Ienetians at this day to "reser#e
their city< many e+cellent means to enrich their territories$ ha#e been
fostered$ in#ented in most "ro#inces of Euro"e$ as "lanting some Indian
"lants amongst us$ sil%'orms$ ;@B.Gthe #ery mulberry lea#es in the "lains
of Granada yield .C$CCC cro'ns "er annum to the %ing of 9"ain!s coffers$
besides those many trades and artificers that are busied about them in the
%ingdom of Granada$ Murcia$ and all o#er 9"ain. In 7rance a great benefit
is raised by salt$ Fc.$ 'hether these things might not be as ha""ily
attem"ted 'ith us$ and 'ith li%e success$ it may be contro#erted$ sil%'orms
(I mean) #ines$ fir trees$ Fc. :ardan e+horts Ed'ard the 9i+th to "lant
oli#es$ and is fully "ersuaded they 'ould "ros"er in this island. 4ith us$
na#igable ri#ers are most "art neglected< our streams are not great$ I
confess$ by reason of the narro'ness of the island$ yet they run smoothly
and e#en$ not headlong$ s'ift$ or amongst roc%s and shel#es$ as foaming
1hodanus and *oire in 7rance$ Tigris in Meso"otamia$ #iolent 3urius in
9"ain$ 'ith cataracts and 'hirl"ools$ as the 1hine$ and 3anubius$ about
9haffausen$ *ausenburgh$ *inz$ and :remmes$ to endanger na#igators< or
broad shallo'$ as 8ec%ar in the Palatinate$ Tibris in Italy< but calm and
fair as Arar in 7rance$ 5ebrus in Macedonia$ Eurotas in *aconia$ they
gently glide along$ and might as 'ell be re"aired many of them (I mean 4ye$
Trent$ 2use$ Thamisis at 2+ford$ the defect of 'hich 'e feel in the mean
time) as the ri#er of *ee from 4are to *ondon. . At'ater of old$ or as
some 'ill 5enry I. ;@B?Gmade a channel from Trent to *incoln$ na#igable<
'hich no'$ saith Mr. :amden$ is decayed$ and much mention is made of
anchors$ and such li%e monuments found about old ;@B@GIerulamium$ good
shi"s ha#e formerly come to E+eter$ and many such "laces$ 'hose channels$
ha#ens$ "orts are no' barred and rejected. 4e contemn this benefit of
carriage by 'aters$ and are therefore com"elled in the inner "arts of this
island$ because "ortage is so dear$ to eat u" our commodities oursel#es$
and li#e li%e so many boars in a sty$ for 'ant of #ent and utterance.
4e ha#e many e+cellent ha#ens$ royal ha#ens$ 7almouth$ Portsmouth$ Milford$
Fc. e0ui#alent if not to be "referred to that Indian 5a#ana$ old rundusium
in Italy$ Aulis in Greece$ Ambracia in Acarnia$ 9uda in :rete$ 'hich ha#e
fe' shi"s in them$ little or no traffic or trade$ 'hich ha#e scarce a
#illage on them$ able to bear great cities$ _sed #iderint "olitici_. I
could here justly ta+ many other neglects$ abuses$ errors$ defects among
us$ and in other countries$ de"o"ulations$ riot$ drun%enness$ Fc. and many
such$ _0uae nunc in aurem susurrare$ non libet_. ut I must ta%e heed$ _ne
0uid gra#ius dicam_$ that I do not o#ershoot myself$ _9us Miner#am_$ I am
forth of my element$ as you "erad#enture su""ose< and sometimes _#eritas
odium "arit_$ as he said$ L#erjuice and oatmeal is good for a "arrot.L 7or
as *ucian said of an historian$ I say of a "olitician. 5e that 'ill freely
s"ea% and 'rite$ must be for e#er no subject$ under no "rince or la'$ but
lay out the matter truly as it is$ not caring 'hat any can$ 'ill$ li%e or
disli%e.
4e ha#e good la's$ I deny not$ to rectify such enormities$ and so in all
other countries$ but it seems not al'ays to good "ur"ose. 4e had need of
some general #isitor in our age$ that should reform 'hat is amiss< a just
army of 1osy-cross men$ for they 'ill amend all matters (they say)
religion$ "olicy$ manners$ 'ith arts$ sciences$ Fc. Another Attila$
Tamerlane$ 5ercules$ to stri#e 'ith Achelous$ _Augeae stabulum "urgare_$ to
subdue tyrants$ as ;@B-Ghe did 3iomedes and usiris& to e+"el thie#es$ as
he did :acus and *acinius& to #indicate "oor ca"ti#es$ as he did 5esione&
to "ass the torrid zone$ the deserts of *ibya$ and "urge the 'orld of
monsters and :entaurs& or another Theban :rates to reform our manners$ to
com"ose 0uarrels and contro#ersies$ as in his time he did$ and 'as
therefore adored for a god in Athens. LAs 5ercules ;@BAG"urged the 'orld of
monsters$ and subdued them$ so did he fight against en#y$ lust$ anger$
a#arice$ Fc. and all those feral #ices and monsters of the mind.L It 'ere
to be 'ished 'e had some such #isitor$ or if 'ishing 'ould ser#e$ one had
such a ring or rings$ as Timolaus desired in ;@B/G*ucian$ by #irtue of
'hich he should be as strong as ,C$CCC men$ or an army of giants$ go
in#isible$ o"en gates and castle doors$ ha#e 'hat treasure he 'ould$
trans"ort himself in an instant to 'hat "lace he desired$ alter affections$
cure all manner of diseases$ that he might range o#er the 'orld$ and reform
all distressed states and "ersons$ as he 'ould himself. 5e might reduce
those 'andering Tartars in order$ that infest :hina on the one side$
Musco#y$ Poland$ on the other< and tame the #agabond Arabians that rob and
s"oil those eastern countries$ that they should ne#er use more cara#ans$ or
janissaries to conduct them. 5e might root out barbarism out of America$
and fully disco#er _Terra Australis Incognita_$ find out the north-east and
north-'est "assages$ drain those mighty Maeotian fens$ cut do'n those #ast
5ircinian 'oods$ irrigate those barren Arabian deserts$ Fc. cure us of our
e"idemical diseases$ _scorbutum$ "lica$ morbus 8ea"olitanus_$ Fc. end all
our idle contro#ersies$ cut off our tumultuous desires$ inordinate lusts$
root out atheism$ im"iety$ heresy$ schism and su"erstition$ 'hich no' so
crucify the 'orld$ catechise gross ignorance$ "urge Italy of lu+ury and
riot$ 9"ain of su"erstition and jealousy$ Germany of drun%enness$ all our
northern country of gluttony and intem"erance$ castigate our hard-hearted
"arents$ masters$ tutors< lash disobedient children$ negligent ser#ants$
correct these s"endthrifts and "rodigal sons$ enforce idle "ersons to 'or%$
dri#e drun%ards off the alehouse$ re"ress thie#es$ #isit corru"t and
tyrannizing magistrates$ Fc. ut as *. *icinius ta+ed Timolaus$ you may us.
These are #ain$ absurd and ridiculous 'ishes not to be ho"ed& all must be
as it is$ ;@BBGocchalinus may cite common'ealths to come before A"ollo$
and see% to reform the 'orld itself by commissioners$ but there is no
remedy$ it may not be redressed$ _desinent homines tum demum stultescere
0uando esse desinent_$ so long as they can 'ag their beards$ they 'ill "lay
the %na#es and fools.
ecause$ therefore$ it is a thing so difficult$ im"ossible$ and far beyond
5ercules labours to be "erformed< let them be rude$ stu"id$ ignorant$
incult$ _la"is su"er la"idem sedeat_$ and as the ;-CCGa"ologist 'ill$
_res". tussi$ et gra#eolentia laboret$ mundus #itio_$ let them be barbarous
as they are$ let them ;-C,Gtyrannise$ e"icurise$ o""ress$ lu+uriate$
consume themsel#es 'ith factions$ su"erstitions$ la'suits$ 'ars and
contentions$ li#e in riot$ "o#erty$ 'ant$ misery< rebel$ 'allo' as so many
s'ine in their o'n dung$ 'ith Hlysses! com"anions$ _stultos jubeo esse
libenter_. I 'ill yet$ to satisfy and "lease myself$ ma%e an Hto"ia of mine
o'n$ a ne' Atlantis$ a "oetical common'ealth of mine o'n$ in 'hich I 'ill
freely domineer$ build cities$ ma%e la's$ statutes$ as I list myself. And
'hy may I notN--;-C=G_Pictoribus at0ue "oetis_$ Fc. Eou %no' 'hat liberty
"oets e#er had$ and besides$ my "redecessor 3emocritus 'as a "olitician$ a
recorder of Abdera$ a la' ma%er as some say< and 'hy may not I "resume so
much as he didN 5o'soe#er I 'ill ad#enture. 7or the site$ if you 'ill needs
urge me to it$ I am not fully resol#ed$ it may be in _Terra Australi
Incognita_$ there is room enough (for of my %no'ledge neither that hungry
9"aniard$ ;-C.Gnor Mercurius ritannicus$ ha#e yet disco#ered half of it)
or else one of these floating islands in Mare del >ur$ 'hich li%e the
:yanian isles in the Eu+ine sea$ alter their "lace$ and are accessible only
at set times$ and to some fe' "ersons< or one of the fortunate isles$ for
'ho %no's yet 'here$ or 'hich they areN there is room enough in the inner
"arts of America$ and northern coasts of Asia. ut I 'ill choose a site$
'hose latitude shall be ?@ degrees (I res"ect not minutes) in the midst of
the tem"erate zone$ or "erha"s under the e0uator$ that ;-C?G"aradise of the
'orld$ _ubi sem"er #irens laurus_$ Fc. 'here is a "er"etual s"ring& the
longitude for some reasons I 'ill conceal. Eet Lbe it %no'n to all men by
these "resents$L that if any honest gentleman 'ill send in so much money$
as :ardan allo's an astrologer for casting a nati#ity$ he shall be a
sharer$ I 'ill ac0uaint him 'ith my "roject$ or if any 'orthy man 'ill
stand for any tem"oral or s"iritual office or dignity$ (for as he said of
his archbisho"ric of Hto"ia$ !tis _sanctus ambitus_$ and not amiss to be
sought after$) it shall be freely gi#en 'ithout all intercessions$ bribes$
letters$ Fc. his o'n 'orth shall be the best s"o%esman< and because 'e
shall admit of no de"uties or ad#o'sons$ if he be sufficiently 0ualified$
and as able as 'illing to e+ecute the "lace himself$ be shall ha#e "resent
"ossession. It shall be di#ided into ,= or ,. "ro#inces$ and those by
hills$ ri#ers$ road'ays$ or some more eminent limits e+actly bounded. Each
"ro#ince shall ha#e a metro"olis$ 'hich shall be so "laced as a centre
almost in a circumference$ and the rest at e0ual distances$ some ,= Italian
miles asunder$ or thereabout$ and in them shall be sold all things
necessary for the use of man< _statis horis et diebus_$ no mar%et to'ns$
mar%ets or fairs$ for they do but beggar cities (no #illage shall stand
abo#e -$ A$ or / miles from a city) e+ce"t those em"oriums 'hich are by the
sea side$ general sta"les$ marts$ as Ant'er"$ Ienice$ ergen of old$
*ondon$ Fc. cities most "art shall be situated u"on na#igable ri#ers or
la%es$ cree%s$ ha#ens< and for their form$ regular$ round$ s0uare$ or long
s0uare$ ;-C@G'ith fair$ broad$ and straight ;-C-Gstreets$ houses uniform$
built of bric% and stone$ li%e ruges$ russels$ 1hegium *e"idi$ erne in
9'itzerland$ Milan$ Mantua$ :rema$ :ambalu in Tartary$ described by M.
Polus$ or that Ienetian Palma. I 'ill admit #ery fe' or no suburbs$ and
those of baser building$ 'alls only to %ee" out man and horse$ e+ce"t it be
in some frontier to'ns$ or by the sea side$ and those to be fortified ;-CAG
after the latest manner of fortification$ and situated u"on con#enient
ha#ens$ or o""ortune "laces. In e#ery so built city$ I 'ill ha#e con#enient
churches$ and se"arate "laces to bury the dead in$ not in churchyards< a
_citadella_ (in some$ not all) to command it$ "risons for offenders$
o""ortune mar%et "laces of all sorts$ for corn$ meat$ cattle$ fuel$ fish$
commodious courts of justice$ "ublic halls for all societies$ bourses$
meeting "laces$ armouries$ ;-C/Gin 'hich shall be %e"t engines for
0uenching of fire$ artillery gardens$ "ublic 'al%s$ theatres$ and s"acious
fields allotted for all gymnastic s"orts$ and honest recreations$ hos"itals
of all %inds$ for children$ or"hans$ old fol%s$ sic% men$ mad men$
soldiers$ "est-houses$ Fc. not built _"recario_$ or by gouty benefactors$
'ho$ 'hen by fraud and ra"ine they ha#e e+torted all their li#es$ o""ressed
'hole "ro#inces$ societies$ Fc. gi#e something to "ious uses$ build a
satisfactory alms-house$ school or bridge$ Fc. at their last end$ or before
"erha"s$ 'hich is no other'ise than to steal a goose$ and stic% do'n a
feather$ rob a thousand to relie#e ten< and those hos"itals so built and
maintained$ not by collections$ bene#olences$ donaries$ for a set number$
(as in ours$) just so many and no more at such a rate$ but for all those
'ho stand in need$ be they more or less$ and that _e+ "ublico aerario_$ and
so still maintained$ _non nobis solum nati sumus_$ Fc. I 'ill ha#e conduits
of s'eet and good 'ater$ a"tly dis"osed in each to'n$ common ;-CBG
granaries$ as at 3resden in Misnia$ 9tetein in Pomerland$ 8oremberg$ Fc.
:olleges of mathematicians$ musicians$ and actors$ as of old at *abedum in
Ionia$ ;-,CGalchemists$ "hysicians$ artists$ and "hiloso"hers& that all
arts and sciences may sooner be "erfected and better learned< and "ublic
historiogra"hers$ as amongst those ancient ;-,,GPersians$ _0ui in
commentarios referebant 0uae memoratu digna gerebantur_$ informed and
a""ointed by the state to register all famous acts$ and not by each
insufficient scribbler$ "artial or "arasitical "edant$ as in our times. I
'ill "ro#ide "ublic schools of all %inds$ singing$ dancing$ fencing$ Fc.
es"ecially of grammar and languages$ not to be taught by those tedious
"rece"ts ordinarily used$ but by use$ e+am"le$ con#ersation$ ;-,=Gas
tra#ellers learn abroad$ and nurses teach their children& as I 'ill ha#e
all such "laces$ so 'ill I ordain ;-,.G"ublic go#ernors$ fit officers to
each "lace$ treasurers$ aediles$ 0uaestors$ o#erseers of "u"ils$ 'ido's!
goods$ and all "ublic houses$ Fc. and those once a year to ma%e strict
accounts of all recei"ts$ e+"enses$ to a#oid confusion$ _et sic fiet ut non
absumant_ (as Pliny to Trajan$) _0uad "udeat dicere_. They shall be
subordinate to those higher officers and go#ernors of each city$ 'hich
shall not be "oor tradesmen$ and mean artificers$ but noblemen and
gentlemen$ 'hich shall be tied to residence in those to'ns they d'ell ne+t$
at such set times and seasons& for I see no reason ('hich ;-,?G5i""olitus
com"lains of) Lthat it should be more dishonourable for noblemen to go#ern
the city than the country$ or unseemly to d'ell there no'$ than of old.L
;-,@GI 'ill ha#e no bogs$ fens$ marshes$ #ast 'oods$ deserts$ heaths$
commons$ but all enclosed< (yet not de"o"ulated$ and therefore ta%e heed
you mista%e me not) for that 'hich is common$ and e#ery man!s$ is no man!s<
the richest countries are still enclosed$ as Esse+$ 6ent$ 'ith us$ Fc.
9"ain$ Italy< and 'here enclosures are least in 0uantity$ they are best
;-,-Ghusbanded$ as about 7lorence in Italy$ 3amascus in 9yria$ Fc. 'hich
are li%er gardens than fields. I 'ill not ha#e a barren acre in all my
territories$ not so much as the to"s of mountains& 'here nature fails$ it
shall be su""lied by art& ;-,AGla%es and ri#ers shall not be left desolate.
All common high'ays$ bridges$ ban%s$ corri#ations of 'aters$ a0ueducts$
channels$ "ublic 'or%s$ buildings$ Fc. out of a ;-,/Gcommon stoc%$
curiously maintained and %e"t in re"air< no de"o"ulations$ engrossings$
alterations of 'ood$ arable$ but by the consent of some su"er#isors that
shall be a""ointed for that "ur"ose$ to see 'hat reformation ought to be
had in all "laces$ 'hat is amiss$ ho' to hel" it$ _et 0uid 0uae0ue ferat
regio$ et 0uid 0uae0ue recuset_$ 'hat ground is a"test for 'ood$ 'hat for
corn$ 'hat for cattle$ gardens$ orchards$ fish"onds$ Fc. 'ith a charitable
di#ision in e#ery #illage$ (not one domineering house greedily to s'allo'
u" all$ 'hich is too common 'ith us) 'hat for lords$ ;-,BG'hat for tenants<
and because they shall be better encouraged to im"ro#e such lands they
hold$ manure$ "lant trees$ drain$ fence$ Fc. they shall ha#e long leases$ a
%no'n rent$ and %no'n fine to free them from those intolerable e+actions of
tyrannizing landlords. These su"er#isors shall li%e'ise a""oint 'hat
0uantity of land in each manor is fit for the lord!s demesnes$ ;-=CG'hat
for holding of tenants$ ho' it ought to be husbanded$ _ut ;-=,Gmagnetis
e0uis$ Minyae gens cognita remis_$ ho' to be manured$ tilled$ rectified$
;-==G_hic segetes #eniunt$ illic felicius u#ae$ arborei foetus alibi$ at0ue
injussa #irescunt Gramina_$ and 'hat "ro"ortion is fit for all callings$
because "ri#ate "rofessors are many times idiots$ ill husbands$ o""ressors$
co#etous$ and %no' not ho' to im"ro#e their o'n$ or else 'holly res"ect
their o'n$ and not "ublic good.
Hto"ian "arity is a %ind of go#ernment$ to be 'ished for$ ;-=.Grather than
effected$ _1es"ub. :hristiano"olitana_$ :am"anella!s city of the 9un$ and
that ne' Atlantis$ 'itty fictions$ but mere chimeras< and Plato!s community
in many things is im"ious$ absurd and ridiculous$ it ta%es a'ay all
s"lendour and magnificence. I 'ill ha#e se#eral orders$ degrees of
nobility$ and those hereditary$ not rejecting younger brothers in the mean
time$ for they shall be sufficiently "ro#ided for by "ensions$ or so
0ualified$ brought u" in some honest calling$ they shall be able to li#e of
themsel#es. I 'ill ha#e such a "ro"ortion of ground belonging to e#ery
barony$ he that buys the land shall buy the barony$ he that by riot
consumes his "atrimony$ and ancient demesnes$ shall forfeit his honours.
;-=?GAs some dignities shall be hereditary$ so some again by election$ or
by gift (besides free officers$ "ensions$ annuities$) li%e our bisho"rics$
"rebends$ the assa!s "alaces in Tur%ey$ the ;-=@G"rocurator!s houses and
offices in Ienice$ 'hich$ li%e the golden a""le$ shall be gi#en to the
'orthiest$ and best deser#ing both in 'ar and "eace$ as a re'ard of their
'orth and good ser#ice$ as so many goals for all to aim at$ (_honos alit
artes_) and encouragements to others. 7or I hate these se#ere$ unnatural$
harsh$ German$ 7rench$ and Ienetian decrees$ 'hich e+clude "lebeians from
honours$ be they ne#er so 'ise$ rich$ #irtuous$ #aliant$ and 'ell
0ualified$ they must not be "atricians$ but %ee" their o'n ran%$ this is
_naturae bellum inferre_$ odious to God and men$ I abhor it. My form of
go#ernment shall be monarchical.
;-=-G Lnun0uam libertas gratior e+tat$
Kuam sub 1ege "io$L Fc.
fe' la's$ but those se#erely %e"t$ "lainly "ut do'n$ and in the mother
tongue$ that e#ery man may understand. E#ery city shall ha#e a "eculiar
trade or "ri#ilege$ by 'hich it shall be chiefly maintained& ;-=AGand
"arents shall teach their children one of three at least$ bring u" and
instruct them in the mysteries of their o'n trade. In each to'n these
se#eral tradesmen shall be so a"tly dis"osed$ as they shall free the rest
from danger or offence& fire-trades$ as smiths$ forge-men$ bre'ers$ ba%ers$
metal-men$ Fc.$ shall d'ell a"art by themsel#es& dyers$ tanners$
fellmongers$ and such as use 'ater in con#enient "laces by themsel#es&
noisome or fulsome for bad smells$ as butchers! slaughterhouses$ chandlers$
curriers$ in remote "laces$ and some bac% lanes. 7raternities and
com"anies$ I a""ro#e of$ as merchants! bourses$ colleges of druggists$
"hysicians$ musicians$ Fc.$ but all trades to be rated in the sale of
'ares$ as our cler%s of the mar%et do ba%ers and bre'ers< corn itself$ 'hat
scarcity soe#er shall come$ not to e+tend such a "rice. 2f such 'ares as
are trans"orted or brought in$ ;-=/Gif they be necessary$ commodious$ and
such as nearly concern man!s life$ as corn$ 'ood$ coal$ Fc.$ and such
"ro#ision 'e cannot 'ant$ I 'ill ha#e little or no custom "aid$ no ta+es<
but for such things as are for "leasure$ delight$ or ornament$ as 'ine$
s"ice$ tobacco$ sil%$ #el#et$ cloth of gold$ lace$ je'els$ Fc.$ a greater
im"ost. I 'ill ha#e certain shi"s sent out for ne' disco#eries e#ery year$
;-=BGand some discreet men a""ointed to tra#el into all neighbouring
%ingdoms by land$ 'hich shall obser#e 'hat artificial in#entions and good
la's are in other countries$ customs$ alterations$ or aught else$
concerning 'ar or "eace$ 'hich may tend to the common good. Ecclesiastical
disci"line$ _"enes E"isco"os_$ subordinate as the other. 8o im"ro"riations$
no lay "atrons of church li#ings$ or one "ri#ate man$ but common societies$
cor"orations$ Fc.$ and those rectors of benefices to be chosen out of the
Hni#ersities$ e+amined and a""ro#ed$ as the literati in :hina. 8o "arish to
contain abo#e a thousand auditors. If it 'ere "ossible$ I 'ould ha#e such
"riest as should imitate :hrist$ charitable la'yers should lo#e their
neighbours as themsel#es$ tem"erate and modest "hysicians$ "oliticians
contemn the 'orld$ "hiloso"hers should %no' themsel#es$ noblemen li#e
honestly$ tradesmen lea#e lying and cozening$ magistrates corru"tion$ Fc.$
but this is im"ossible$ I must get such as I may. I 'ill therefore ha#e
;-.CGof la'yers$ judges$ ad#ocates$ "hysicians$ chirurgeons$ Fc.$ a set
number$ ;-.,Gand e#ery man$ if it be "ossible$ to "lead his o'n cause$ to
tell that tale to the judge 'hich he doth to his ad#ocate$ as at 7ez in
Africa$ antam$ Ale""o$ 1agusa$ _suam 0uis0ue causam dicere tenetur_. Those
ad#ocates$ chirurgeons$ and ;-.=G"hysicians$ 'hich are allo'ed to be
maintained out of the ;-..Gcommon treasury$ no fees to be gi#en or ta%en
u"on "ain of losing their "laces< or if they do$ #ery small fees$ and 'hen
the ;-.?Gcause is fully ended. ;-.@G5e that sues any man shall "ut in a
"ledge$ 'hich if it be "ro#ed he hath 'rongfully sued his ad#ersary$ rashly
or maliciously$ he shall forfeit$ and lose. 2r else before any suit begin$
the "laintiff shall ha#e his com"laint a""ro#ed by a set delegacy to that
"ur"ose< if it be of moment he shall be suffered as before$ to "roceed$ if
other'ise they shall determine it. All causes shall be "leaded _su""resso
nomine_$ the "arties! names concealed$ if some circumstances do not
other'ise re0uire. Dudges and other officers shall be a"tly dis"osed in
each "ro#ince$ #illages$ cities$ as common arbitrators to hear causes$ and
end all contro#ersies$ and those not single$ but three at least on the
bench at once$ to determine or gi#e sentence$ and those again to sit by
turns or lots$ and not to continue still in the same office. 8o contro#ersy
to de"end abo#e a year$ but 'ithout all delays and further a""eals to be
s"eedily des"atched$ and finally concluded in that time allotted. These and
all other inferior magistrates to be chosen ;-.-Gas the literati in :hina$
or by those e+act suffrages of the ;-.AGIenetians$ and such again not to be
eligible$ or ca"able of magistracies$ honours$ offices$ e+ce"t they be
sufficiently ;-./G0ualified for learning$ manners$ and that by the strict
a""robation of de"uted e+aminers& ;-.BGfirst scholars to ta%e "lace$ then
soldiers< for I am of Iigetius his o"inion$ a scholar deser#es better than
a soldier$ because _Hnius aetatis sunt 0uae fortiter fiunt$ 0uae #ero "ro
utilitate 1ei"ub. scribuntur$ aeterna_& a soldier!s 'or% lasts for an age$
a scholar!s for e#er. If they ;-?CGmisbeha#e themsel#es$ they shall be
de"osed$ and accordingly "unished$ and 'hether their offices be annual
;-?,Gor other'ise$ once a year they shall be called in 0uestion$ and gi#e
an account< for men are "artial and "assionate$ merciless$ co#etous$
corru"t$ subject to lo#e$ hate$ fear$ fa#our$ Fc.$ _omne sub regno gra#iore
regnum_& li%e 9olon!s Areo"agites$ or those 1oman :ensors$ some shall #isit
others$ and ;-?=Gbe #isited _in#icem_ themsel#es$ ;-?.G they shall o#ersee
that no "ro'ling officer$ under colour of authority$ shall insult o#er his
inferiors$ as so many 'ild beasts$ o""ress$ domineer$ flea$ grind$ or
tram"le on$ be "artial or corru"t$ but that there be _ae0uabile jus_$
justice e0ually done$ li#e as friends and brethren together< and 'hich
;-??G9esellius 'ould ha#e and so much desires in his %ingdom of 7rance$ La
dia"ason and s'eet harmony of %ings$ "rinces$ nobles$ and "lebeians so
mutually tied and in#ol#ed in lo#e$ as 'ell as la's and authority$ as that
they ne#er disagree$ insult$ or encroach one u"on another.L If any man
deser#e 'ell in his office he shall be re'arded.
------L0uis enim #irtutem am"lectitur i"sam$
Proemia si tollasNL------;-?@G
5e that in#ents anything for "ublic good in any art or science$ 'rites a
treatise$ ;-?-Gor "erforms any noble e+"loit$ at home or abroad$ ;-?AG
shall be accordingly enriched$ ;-?/Ghonoured$ and "referred. I say 'ith
5annibal in Ennius$ _5ostem 0ui feriet erit mihi :arthaginensis_$ let him
be of 'hat condition he 'ill$ in all offices$ actions$ he that deser#es
best shall ha#e best.
Tilianus in Philonius$ out of a charitable mind no doubt$ 'ished all his
boo%s 'ere gold and sil#er$ je'els and "recious stones$ ;-?BGto redeem
ca"ti#es$ set free "risoners$ and relie#e all "oor distressed souls that
'anted means< religiously done. I deny not$ but to 'hat "ur"oseN 9u""ose
this 'ere so 'ell done$ 'ithin a little after$ though a man had :roesus!
'ealth to besto'$ there 'ould be as many more. 4herefore I 'ill suffer no
;-@CGbeggars$ rogues$ #agabonds$ or idle "ersons at all$ that cannot gi#e
an account of their li#es ho' they ;-@,Gmaintain themsel#es. If they be
im"otent$ lame$ blind$ and single$ they shall be sufficiently maintained in
se#eral hos"itals$ built for that "ur"ose< if married and infirm$ "ast
'or%$ or by ine#itable loss$ or some such li%e misfortune cast behind$ by
distribution of ;-@=Gcorn$ house-rent free$ annual "ensions or money$ they
shall be relie#ed$ and highly re'arded for their good ser#ice they ha#e
formerly done< if able$ they shall be enforced to 'or%. ;-@.GL7or I see no
reasonL (as ;-@?Ghe said) L'hy an e"icure or idle drone$ a rich glutton$ a
usurer$ should li#e at ease$ and do nothing$ li#e in honour$ in all manner
of "leasures$ and o""ress others$ 'hen as in the meantime a "oor labourer$
a smith$ a car"enter$ an husbandman that hath s"ent his time in continual
labour$ as an ass to carry burdens$ to do the common'ealth good$ and
'ithout 'hom 'e cannot li#e$ shall be left in his old age to beg or star#e$
and lead a miserable life 'orse than a jument.L As ;-@@Gall conditions
shall be tied to their tas%$ so none shall be o#ertired$ but ha#e their set
times of recreations and holidays$ _indulgere genio_$ feasts and merry
meetings$ e#en to the meanest artificer$ or basest ser#ant$ once a 'ee% to
sing or dance$ (though not all at once) or do 'hatsoe#er he shall "lease<
li%e ;-@-Gthat _9accarum festum_ amongst the Persians$ those 9aturnals in
1ome$ as 'ell as his master. ;-@AGIf any be drun%$ he shall drin% no more
'ine or strong drin% in a t'el#emonth after. A ban%ru"t shall be ;-@/G
_:atademiatus in Am"hitheatro_$ "ublicly shamed$ and he that cannot "ay his
debts$ if by riot or negligence he ha#e been im"o#erished$ shall be for a
t'el#emonth im"risoned$ if in that s"ace his creditors be not satisfied$
;-@BGhe shall be hanged. 5e ;--CGthat commits sacrilege shall lose his
hands< he that bears false 'itness$ or is of "erjury con#icted$ shall ha#e
his tongue cut out$ e+ce"t he redeem it 'ith his head. Murder$ ;--,G
adultery$ shall be "unished by death$ ;--=Gbut not theft$ e+ce"t it be some
more grie#ous offence$ or notorious offenders& other'ise they shall be
condemned to the galleys$ mines$ be his sla#es 'hom they ha#e offended$
during their li#es. I hate all hereditary sla#es$ and that _duram Persarum
legem_ as ;--.Grisonius calls it< or as ;--?GAmmianus$ _im"endio
formidatas et abominandas leges$ "er 0uas ob no+am unius$ omnis
"ro"in0uitas "erit_ hard la' that 'ife and children$ friends and allies$
should suffer for the father!s offence.
8o man shall marry until he ;--@Gbe =@$ no 'oman till she be =C$ ;---G
_nisi alitur dis"ensatum fuerit_. If one ;--AGdie$ the other "arty shall
not marry till si+ months after< and because many families are com"elled to
li#e niggardly$ e+haust and undone by great do'ers$ ;--/Gnone shall be
gi#en at all$ or #ery little$ and that by su"er#isors rated$ they that are
foul shall ha#e a greater "ortion< if fair$ none at all$ or #ery little&
;--BGho'soe#er not to e+ceed such a rate as those su"er#isors shall thin%
fit. And 'hen once they come to those years$ "o#erty shall hinder no man
from marriage$ or any other res"ect$ ;-ACGbut all shall be rather enforced
than hindered$ ;-A,Ge+ce"t they be ;-A=Gdismembered$ or grie#ously
deformed$ infirm$ or #isited 'ith some enormous hereditary disease$ in body
or mind< in such cases u"on a great "ain$ or mulct$ ;-A.Gman or 'oman shall
not marry$ other order shall be ta%en for them to their content. If "eo"le
o#erabound$ they shall be eased by ;-A?Gcolonies.
;-A@G8o man shall 'ear 'ea"ons in any city. The same attire shall be %e"t$
and that "ro"er to se#eral callings$ by 'hich they shall be distinguished.
;-A-G_*u+us funerum_ shall be ta%en a'ay$ that intem"esti#e e+"ense
moderated$ and many others. ro%ers$ ta%ers of "a'ns$ biting usurers$ I
'ill not admit< yet because _hic cum hominibus non cum diis agitur_$ 'e
con#erse here 'ith men$ not 'ith gods$ and for the hardness of men!s hearts
I 'ill tolerate some %ind of usury. ;-AAGIf 'e 'ere honest$ I confess$ _si
"robi essemus_$ 'e should ha#e no use of it$ but being as it is$ 'e must
necessarily admit it. 5o'soe#er most di#ines contradict it$ _dicimus
inficias$ sed #o+ ea sola re"erta est_$ it must be 'in%ed at by
"oliticians. And yet some great doctors a""ro#e of it$ :al#in$ ucer$
>anchius$ P. Martyr$ because by so many grand la'yers$ decrees of em"erors$
"rinces! statutes$ customs of common'ealths$ churches! a""robations it is
"ermitted$ Fc. I 'ill therefore allo' it. ut to no "ri#ate "ersons$ nor to
e#ery man that 'ill$ to or"hans only$ maids$ 'ido's$ or such as by reason
of their age$ se+$ education$ ignorance of trading$ %no' not other'ise ho'
to em"loy it< and those so a""ro#ed$ not to let it out a"art$ but to bring
their money to a ;-A/Gcommon ban% 'hich shall be allo'ed in e#ery city$ as
in Genoa$ Gene#a$ 8uremberg$ Ienice$ at ;-ABG@$ -$ A$ not abo#e / "er
centum$ as the su"er#isors$ or _aerarii "raefecti_ shall thin% fit.
;-/CGAnd as it shall not be la'ful for each man to be an usurer that 'ill$
so shall it not be la'ful for all to ta%e u" money at use$ not to "rodigals
and s"endthrifts$ but to merchants$ young tradesmen$ such as stand in need$
or %no' honestly ho' to em"loy it$ 'hose necessity$ cause and condition the
said su"er#isors shall a""ro#e of.
I 'ill ha#e no "ri#ate mono"olies$ to enrich one man$ and beggar a
multitude$ ;-/,Gmulti"licity of offices$ of su""lying by de"uties$ 'eights
and measures$ the same throughout$ and those rectified by the _Primum
mobile_ and sun!s motion$ threescore miles to a degree according to
obser#ation$ ,CCC geometrical "aces to a mile$ fi#e foot to a "ace$ t'el#e
inches to a foot$ Fc. and from measures %no'n it is an easy matter to
rectify 'eights$ Fc. to cast u" all$ and resol#e bodies by algebra$
stereometry. I hate 'ars if they be not _ad "o"uli salutem_ u"on urgent
occasion$ ;-/=G_odimus acci"itrim$ 0uia sem"er #i#it in armis_ ;-/.G
offensi#e 'ars$ e+ce"t the cause be #ery just$ I 'ill not allo' of. 7or I
do highly magnify that saying of 5annibal to 9ci"io$ in ;-/?G*i#y$ LIt had
been a blessed thing for you and us$ if God had gi#en that mind to our
"redecessors$ that you had been content 'ith Italy$ 'e 'ith Africa. 7or
neither 9icily nor 9ardinia are 'orth such cost and "ains$ so many fleets
and armies$ or so many famous :a"tains! li#es.L _2mnia "rius tentanda_$
fair means shall first be tried. ;-/@G_Peragit tran0uilla "otestas$ Kuod
#iolenta ne0uit_. I 'ill ha#e them "roceed 'ith all moderation& but hear
you$ 7abius my general$ not Minutius$ _nam ;-/-G0ui :onsilio nititur "lus
hostibus nocet$ 0uam 0ui sini animi ratione$ #iribus_& And in such 'ars to
abstain as much as is "ossible from ;-/AGde"o"ulations$ burning of to'ns$
massacring of infants$ Fc. 7or defensi#e 'ars$ I 'ill ha#e forces still
ready at a small 'arning$ by land and sea$ a "re"ared na#y$ soldiers _in
"rocinctu$ et 0uam ;-//Gonfinius a"ud 5ungaros suos #ult$ #irgam ferream_$
and money$ 'hich is _ner#es belli_$ still in a readiness$ and a sufficient
re#enue$ a third "art as in old ;-/BG1ome and Egy"t$ reser#ed for the
common'ealth< to a#oid those hea#y ta+es and im"ositions$ as 'ell to defray
this charge of 'ars$ as also all other "ublic defalcations$ e+"enses$ fees$
"ensions$ re"arations$ chaste s"orts$ feasts$ donaries$ re'ards$ and
entertainments. All things in this nature es"ecially I 'ill ha#e maturely
done$ and 'ith great ;-BCGdeliberation& _ne 0uid ;-B,G temere$ ne 0uid
remisse ac timide fiat< 9id 0uo feror hos"es_N To "rosecute the rest 'ould
re0uire a #olume. _Manum de tabella_$ I ha#e been o#er tedious in this
subject< I could ha#e here 'illingly ranged$ but these straits 'herein I am
included 'ill not "ermit.
7rom common'ealths and cities$ I 'ill descend to families$ 'hich ha#e as
many corsi#es and molestations$ as fre0uent discontents as the rest. Great
affinity there is bet'i+t a "olitical and economical body< they differ only
in magnitude and "ro"ortion of business (so 9caliger ;-B=G'rites) as they
ha#e both li%ely the same "eriod$ as ;-B.Godin and ;-B?GPeucer hold$ out
of Plato$ si+ or se#en hundred years$ so many times they ha#e the same
means of their #e+ation and o#erthro's< as namely$ riot$ a common ruin of
both$ riot in building$ riot in "rofuse s"ending$ riot in a""arel$ Fc. be
it in 'hat %ind soe#er$ it "roduceth the same effects. A ;-B@Gchorogra"her
of ours s"ea%ing _obiter_ of ancient families$ 'hy they are so fre0uent in
the north$ continue so long$ are so soon e+tinguished in the south$ and so
fe'$ gi#es no other reason but this$ _lu+us omnia dissi"a#it_$ riot hath
consumed all$ fine clothes and curious buildings came into this island$ as
he notes in his annals$ not so many years since< _non sine dis"endio
hos"italitatis_ to the decay of hos"itality. 5o'beit many times that 'ord
is mista%en$ and under the name of bounty and hos"itality$ is shrouded riot
and "rodigality$ and that 'hich is commendable in itself 'ell used$ hath
been mista%en heretofore$ is become by his abuse$ the bane and utter ruin
of many a noble family. 7or some men li#e li%e the rich glutton$ consuming
themsel#es and their substance by continual feasting and in#itations$ 'ith
;-B-GA+ilon in 5omer$ %ee" o"en house for all comers$ gi#ing entertainment
to such as #isit them$ ;-BAG%ee"ing a table beyond their means$ and a
com"any of idle ser#ants (though not so fre0uent as of old) are blo'n u" on
a sudden< and as Actaeon 'as by his hounds$ de#oured by their %insmen$
friends$ and multitude of follo'ers. ;-B/GIt is a 'onder that Paulus Do#ius
relates of our northern countries$ 'hat an infinite deal of meat 'e consume
on our tables< that I may truly say$ !tis not bounty$ not hos"itality$ as
it is often abused$ but riot and e+cess$ gluttony and "rodigality< a mere
#ice< it brings in debt$ 'ant$ and beggary$ hereditary diseases$ consumes
their fortunes$ and o#erthro's the good tem"erature of their bodies. To
this I might here 'ell add their inordinate e+"ense in building$ those
fantastical houses$ turrets$ 'al%s$ "ar%s$ Fc. gaming$ e+cess of "leasure$
and that "rodigious riot in a""arel$ by 'hich means they are com"elled to
brea% u" house$ and cree" into holes. 9esellius in his common'ealth of
;-BBG7rance$ gi#es three reasons 'hy the 7rench nobility 'ere so fre0uently
ban%ru"ts& L7irst$ because they had so many la'suits and contentions one
u"on another$ 'hich 'ere tedious and costly< by 'hich means it came to
"ass$ that commonly la'yers bought them out of their "ossessions. A second
cause 'as their riot$ they li#ed beyond their means$ and 'ere therefore
s'allo'ed u" by merchants.L (*a 8o#e$ a 7rench 'riter$ yields fi#e reasons
of his countrymen!s "o#erty$ to the same effect almost$ and thin%s #erily
if the gentry of 7rance 'ere di#ided into ten "arts$ eight of them 'ould be
found much im"aired$ by sales$ mortgages$ and debts$ or 'holly sun% in
their estates.) LThe last 'as immoderate e+cess in a""arel$ 'hich consumed
their re#enues.L 5o' this concerns and agrees 'ith our "resent state$ loo%
you. ut of this else'here. As it is in a man!s body$ if either head$
heart$ stomach$ li#er$ s"leen$ or any one "art be misaffected$ all the rest
suffer 'ith it& so is it 'ith this economical body. If the head be naught$
a s"endthrift$ a drun%ard$ a 'horemaster$ a gamester$ ho' shall the family
li#e at easeN ;ACCG_I"sa si cu"iat solus ser#are$ "rorsus$ non "otest hanc
familiam_$ as 3emea said in the comedy$ 9afety herself cannot sa#e it. A
good$ honest$ "ainful man many times hath a shre' to his 'ife$ a sic%ly$
dishonest$ slothful$ foolish$ careless 'oman to his mate$ a "roud$ "ee#ish
flirt$ a li0uorish$ "rodigal 0uean$ and by that means all goes to ruin& or
if they differ in nature$ he is thrifty$ she s"ends all$ he 'ise$ she
sottish and soft< 'hat agreement can there beN 'hat friendshi"N *i%e that
of the thrush and s'allo' in Aeso"$ instead of mutual lo#e$ %ind
com"ellations$ 'hore and thief is heard$ they fling stools at one another!s
heads. ;AC,G_Kuae intem"eries #e+at hanc familiam_N All enforced marriages
commonly "roduce such effects$ or if on their behal#es it be 'ell$ as to
li#e and agree lo#ingly together$ they may ha#e disobedient and unruly
children$ that ta%e ill courses to dis0uiet them$ ;AC=GLtheir son is a
thief$ a s"endthrift$ their daughter a 'hore<L a ste" ;AC.Gmother$ or a
daughter-in-la' distem"ers all< ;AC?Gor else for 'ant of means$ many
torturers arise$ debts$ dues$ fees$ do'ries$ jointures$ legacies to be
"aid$ annuities issuing out$ by means of 'hich$ they ha#e not 'here'ithal
to maintain themsel#es in that "om" as their "redecessors ha#e done$ bring
u" or besto' their children to their callings$ to their birth and 0uality$
;AC@Gand 'ill not descend to their "resent fortunes. 2ftentimes$ too$ to
aggra#ate the rest$ concur many other incon#eniences$ unthan%ful friends$
decayed friends$ bad neighbours$ negligent ser#ants ;AC-G_ser#i furaces$
Iersi"elles$ callidi$ occlusa sibi mille cla#ibus reserant$ furtim0ue<
ra"tant$ consumunt$ liguriunt_< casualties$ ta+es$ mulcts$ chargeable
offices$ #ain e+"enses$ entertainments$ loss of stoc%$ enmities$
emulations$ fre0uent in#itations$ losses$ suretyshi"$ sic%ness$ death of
friends$ and that 'hich is the gulf of all$ im"ro#idence$ ill husbandry$
disorder and confusion$ by 'hich means they are drenched on a sudden in
their estates$ and at una'ares "reci"itated insensibly into an ine+tricable
labyrinth of debts$ cares$ 'oes$ 'ant$ grief$ discontent and melancholy
itself.
I ha#e done 'ith families$ and 'ill no' briefly run o#er some fe' sorts and
conditions of men. The most secure$ ha""y$ jo#ial$ and merry in the 'orld!s
esteem are "rinces and great men$ free from melancholy& but for their
cares$ miseries$ sus"icions$ jealousies$ discontents$ folly and madness$ I
refer you to Jeno"hon!s Tyrannus$ 'here %ing 5ieron discourseth at large
'ith 9imonides the "oet$ of this subject. 2f all others they are most
troubled 'ith "er"etual fears$ an+ieties$ insomuch$ that as he said in
;ACAGIalerius$ if thou %ne'est 'ith 'hat cares and miseries this robe 'ere
stuffed$ thou 'ouldst not stoo" to ta%e it u". 2r "ut case they be secure
and free from fears and discontents$ yet they are #oid ;AC/Gof reason too
oft$ and "reci"itate in their actions$ read all our histories$ _0uos de
stultis "rodidere stulti_$ Iliades$ Aeneides$ Annales$ and 'hat is the
subjectN
L9tultorum regum$ et "o"ulorum continet aestus.L
LThe giddy tumults and the foolish rage
2f %ings and "eo"le.L
5o' mad they are$ ho' furious$ and u"on small occasions$ rash and
inconsiderate in their "roceedings$ ho' they dote$ e#ery "age almost 'ill
'itness$
------Ldelirant reges$ "lectuntur Achi#i.L
L4hen doting monarchs urge
Hnsound resol#es$ their subjects feel the scourge.L
8e+t in "lace$ ne+t in miseries and discontents$ in all manner of
hair-brain actions$ are great men$ _"rocul a Do#e$ "rocul a fulmine_$ the
nearer the 'orse. If they li#e in court$ they are u" and do'n$ ebb and flo'
'ith their "rinces! fa#ours$ _Ingenium #ultu stat0ue cadit0ue suo_$ no'
aloft$ tomorro' do'n$ as ;ACBGPolybius describes them$ Lli%e so many
casting counters$ no' of gold$ tomorro' of sil#er$ that #ary in 'orth as
the com"utant 'ill< no' they stand for units$ tomorro' for thousands< no'
before all$ and anon behind.L eside$ they torment one another 'ith mutual
factions$ emulations& one is ambitious$ another enamoured$ a third in debt$
a "rodigal$ o#erruns his fortunes$ a fourth solicitous 'ith cares$ gets
nothing$ Fc. ut for these men!s discontents$ an+ieties$ I refer you to
*ucian!s Tract$ _de mercede conductis_$ ;A,CGAeneas 9yl#ius (_libidinis et
stultitiae ser#os_$ he calls them)$ Agri""a$ and many others.
2f "hiloso"hers and scholars _"riscae sa"ientiae dictatores_$ I ha#e
already s"o%en in general terms$ those su"erintendents of 'it and learning$
men abo#e men$ those refined men$ minions of the muses$
;A,,G ------Lmentem0ue habere 0ueis bonam
Et esse ;A,=Gcorculis datum est.L------
;A,.GThese acute and subtle so"histers$ so much honoured$ ha#e as much need
of hellebore as others.--;A,?G_2 medici mediam "ertundite #enam._ 1ead
*ucian!s Piscator$ and tell ho' he esteemed them< Agri""a!s Tract of the
#anity of 9ciences< nay read their o'n 'or%s$ their absurd tenets$
"rodigious "arado+es$ _et risum teneatis amici_N Eou shall find that of
Aristotle true$ _nullum magnum ingenium sine mi+tura dementiae_$ they ha#e
a 'orm as 'ell as others< you shall find a fantastical strain$ a fustian$ a
bombast$ a #ainglorious humour$ an affected style$ Fc.$ li%e a "rominent
thread in an une#en 'o#en cloth$ run "arallel throughout their 'or%s. And
they that teach 'isdom$ "atience$ mee%ness$ are the #eriest dizzards$
harebrains$ and most discontent. ;A,@GLIn the multitude of 'isdom is grief$
and he that increaseth 'isdom$ increaseth sorro'.L I need not 0uote mine
author< they that laugh and contemn others$ condemn the 'orld of folly$
deser#e to be moc%ed$ are as giddy-headed$ and lie as o"en as any other.
;A,-G3emocritus$ that common flouter of folly$ 'as ridiculous himself$
bar%ing Meni""us$ scoffing *ucian$ satirical *ucilius$ Petronius$ Iarro$
Persius$ Fc.$ may be censured 'ith the rest$ _*ori"edem rectus derideat$
Aethio"em albus._ ale$ Erasmus$ 5os"inian$ Ii#es$ 6emnisius$ e+"lode as a
#ast ocean of obs and sols$ school di#inity. ;A,AGA labyrinth of intricable
0uestions$ un"rofitable contentions$ _incredibilem delirationem_$ one calls
it. If school di#inity be so censured$ _subtilis ;A,/G9cotus lima
#eritatis$ 2ccam irrefragabilis$ cujus ingenium #etera omnia ingenia
sub#ertit_$ Fc. aconthro"e$ 3r. 1esolutus$ and _:orculum Theolgiae_$
Thomas himself$ 3octor ;A,BG9era"hicus$ _cui dicta#it Angelus_$ Fc. 4hat
shall become of humanityN _Ars stulta_$ 'hat can she "leadN 'hat can her
follo'ers say for themsel#esN Much learning$ ;A=CG _cere-diminuit-brum_$
hath crac%ed their sconce$ and ta%en such root$ that _tribus Anticyris
ca"ut insanabile_$ hellebore itself can do no good$ nor that reno'ned
;A=,Glantern of E"ictetus$ by 'hich if any man studied$ he should be as
'ise as he 'as. ut all 'ill not ser#e< rhetoricians$ _in ostentationem
lo0uacitatis multa agitant_$ out of their #olubility of tongue$ 'ill tal%
much to no "ur"ose$ orators can "ersuade other men 'hat they 'ill$ _0uo
#olunt$ unde #olunt_$ mo#e$ "acify$ Fc.$ but cannot settle their o'n
brains$ 'hat saith TullyN _Malo indisertam "rudentiam$ 0uam lo0uacem$
stultitiam_< and as ;A==G9eneca seconds him$ a 'ise man!s oration should
not be "olite or solicitous. ;A=.G7abius esteems no better of most of them$
either in s"eech$ action$ gesture$ than as men beside themsel#es$ _insanos
declamatores_< so doth Gregory$ _8on mihi sa"it 0ui sermone$ sed 0ui factis
sa"it._ Ma%e the best of him$ a good orator is a turncoat$ an e#il man$
_bonus orator "essimus #ir_$ his tongue is set to sale$ he is a mere #oice$
as ;A=?Ghe said of a nightingale$ _dat sine mente sonum_$ an hy"erbolical
liar$ a flatterer$ a "arasite$ and as ;A=@G Ammianus Marcellinus 'ill$ a
corru"ting cozener$ one that doth more mischief by his fair s"eeches$ than
he that bribes by money< for a man may 'ith more facility a#oid him that
circum#ents by money$ than him that decei#es 'ith glozing terms< 'hich made
;A=-G9ocrates so much abhor and e+"lode them. ;A=AG7racastorius$ a famous
"oet$ freely grants all "oets to be mad< so doth ;A=/G9caliger< and 'ho
doth notN _Aut insanit homo$ aut #ersus facit_ (5e!s mad or ma%ing #erses)$
5or. _9at. #ii. l. =._ _Insanire lubet$ i. #ersus com"onere._ Iirg. _.
Ecl._< so 9er#ius inter"rets it$ all "oets are mad$ a com"any of bitter
satirists$ detractors$ or else "arasitical a""lauders& and 'hat is "oetry
itself$ but as Austin holds$ _Iinum erroris ab ebriis doctoribus
"ro"inatum_N Eou may gi#e that censure of them in general$ 'hich 9ir Thomas
More once did of Germanus ri+ius! "oems in "articular.
------L#ehuntur
In rate stultitiae syl#am habitant 7uriae.L;A=BG
udaeus$ in an e"istle of his to *u"setus$ 'ill ha#e ci#il la' to be the
to'er of 'isdom< another honours "hysic$ the 0uintessence of nature< a
third tumbles them both do'n$ and sets u" the flag of his o'n "eculiar
science. Eour su"ercilious critics$ grammatical triflers$ note-ma%ers$
curious anti0uaries$ find out all the ruins of 'it$ _ine"tiarum delicias_$
amongst the rubbish of old 'riters< ;A.CG_Pro stultis habent nisi ali0uid
sufficiant in#enire$ 0uod in aliorum scri"tis #ertant #itio_$ all fools
'ith them that cannot find fault< they correct others$ and are hot in a
cold cause$ "uzzle themsel#es to find out ho' many streets in 1ome$ houses$
gates$ to'ers$ 5omer!s country$ Aeneas!s mother$ 8iobe!s daughters$ _an
9a""ho "ublica fueritN o#um ;A.,G"rius e+titerit an gallinaO Fc. et alia
0uae dediscenda essent scire$ si scires_$ as ;A.=G9eneca holds. 4hat
clothes the senators did 'ear in 1ome$ 'hat shoes$ ho' they sat$ 'here they
'ent to the close-stool$ ho' many dishes in a mess$ 'hat sauce$ 'hich for
the "resent for an historian to relate$ ;A..Gaccording to *odo#ic. Ii#es$
is #ery ridiculous$ is to them most "recious elaborate stuff$ they admired
for it$ and as "roud$ as trium"hant in the meantime for this disco#ery$ as
if they had 'on a city$ or con0uered a "ro#ince< as rich as if they had
found a mine of gold ore. _Kuos#is auctores absurdis commentis suis
"ercacant et stercorant_$ one saith$ they be'ray and daub a com"any of
boo%s and good authors$ 'ith their absurd comments$ _correctorum
ster0uilinia_ ;A.?G9caliger calls them$ and sho' their 'it in censuring
others$ a com"any of foolish note-ma%ers$ humble-bees$ dors$ or beetles$
_inter stercora ut "lurimum #ersantur_$ they ra%e o#er all those rubbish
and dunghills$ and "refer a manuscri"t many times before the Gos"el itself$
;A.@G_thesaurum criticum_$ before any treasure$ and 'ith their deleaturs$
_alii legunt sic$ meus code+ sic habet_$ 'ith their _"ostremae editiones_$
annotations$ castigations$ Fc. ma%e boo%s dear$ themsel#es ridiculous$ and
do nobody good$ yet if any man dare o""ose or contradict$ they are mad$ u"
in arms on a sudden$ ho' many sheets are 'ritten in defence$ ho' bitter
in#ecti#es$ 'hat a"ologiesN ;A.-G_E"i"hilledes hae sunt ut merae$ nugae_.
ut I dare say no more of$ for$ 'ith$ or against them$ because I am liable
to their lash as 'ell as others. 2f these and the rest of our artists and
"hiloso"hers$ I 'ill generally conclude they are a %ind of madmen$ as ;A.AG
9eneca esteems of them$ to ma%e doubts and scru"les$ ho' to read them
truly$ to mend old authors$ but 'ill not mend their o'n li#es$ or teach us
_inge#ia sanare$ memoriam officiorum ingerere$ ac fidem in rebus humanis
retinere_$ to %ee" our 'its in order$ or rectify our manners. _8um0uid tibi
demens #idetur$ si istis o"eram im"enderit_N Is not he mad that dra's lines
'ith Archimedes$ 'hilst his house is ransac%ed$ and his city besieged$ 'hen
the 'hole 'orld is in combustion$ or 'e 'hilst our souls are in danger$
(_mors se0uitur$ #ita fugit_) to s"end our time in toys$ idle 0uestions$
and things of no 'orthN
That ;A./Glo#ers are mad$ I thin% no man 'ill deny$ _Amare simul et sa"ere$
i"si Do#i non datur_$ Du"iter himself cannot intend both at once.
;A.BG L8on bene con#eniunt$ nec in una sede morantur
Majestas et amor.L
Tully$ 'hen he 'as in#ited to a second marriage$ re"lied$ he could not
_simul amare et sa"ere_ be 'ise and lo#e both together. ;A?CG_Est orcus
ille$ #is est immedicabilis$ est rabies insana_$ lo#e is madness$ a hell$
an incurable disease< _in"otentem et insanam libidinem_ ;A?,G9eneca calls
it$ an im"otent and raging lust. I shall dilate this subject a"art< in the
meantime let lo#ers sigh out the rest.
;A?=G8e#isanus the la'yer holds it for an a+iom$ Lmost 'omen are fools$L
;A?.G_consilium foeminis in#alidum_< 9eneca$ men$ be they young or old< 'ho
doubts it$ youth is mad as Elius in Tully$ _9tulti adolescentuli_$ old age
little better$ _deleri senes_$ Fc. Theo"hrastes$ in the ,CAth year of his
age$ ;A??Gsaid he then began to be to 'ise$ _tum sa"ere coe"it_$ and
therefore lamented his de"arture. If 'isdom come so late$ 'here shall 'e
find a 'ise manN 2ur old ones dote at threescore-and-ten. I 'ould cite more
"roofs$ and a better author$ but for the "resent$ let one fool "oint at
another. ;A?@G8e#isanus hath as hard an o"inion of ;A?-Grich men$ L'ealth
and 'isdom cannot d'ell together$L _stultitiam "atiuntur o"es_$ ;A?AGand
they do commonly ;A?/G_infatuare cor hominis_$ besot men< and as 'e see it$
Lfools ha#e fortune&L ;A?BG_9a"ientia non in#enitur in terra sua#iter
#i#entium_. 7or beside a natural contem"t of learning$ 'hich accom"anies
such %ind of men$ innate idleness (for they 'ill ta%e no "ains)$ and 'hich
;A@CGAristotle obser#es$ _ubi mens "lurima$ ibi minima fortuna$ ubi "lurima
fortuna$ ibi mens "ere+igua_$ great 'ealth and little 'it go commonly
together& they ha#e as much brains some of them in their heads as in their
heels< besides this inbred neglect of liberal sciences$ and all arts$ 'hich
should _e+colere mentem_$ "olish the mind$ they ha#e most "art some gullish
humour or other$ by 'hich they are led< one is an E"icure$ an Atheist$ a
second a gamester$ a third a 'horemaster (fit subjects all for a satirist
to 'or% u"on)<
;A@,G L5ic nu"tarum insanit amoribus$ hic "uerorum.L
L2ne burns to madness for the 'edded dame<
Hnnatural lusts another!s heart inflame.L
;A@=Gone is mad of ha'%ing$ hunting$ coc%ing< another of carousing$
horse-riding$ s"ending< a fourth of building$ fighting$ Fc.$ _Insanit
#eteres statuas 3amasi""us emendo_$ 3amasi""us hath an humour of his o'n$
to be tal%ed of& ;A@.G5eliodorus the :arthaginian another. In a 'ord$ as
9caliger concludes of them all$ they are _9tatuae erectae stultitiae_$ the
#ery statutes or "illars of folly. :hoose out of all stories him that hath
been most admired$ you shall still find$ _multa ad laudem$ multa ad
#itu"erationem magnifica_$ as ;A@?Gerosus of 9emiramis< _omnes mortales
militia trium"his$ di#itiis_$ Fc.$ _tum et lu+u$ caede$ caeteris0ue #itiis
antecessit_$ as she had some good$ so had she many bad "arts.
Ale+ander$ a 'orthy man$ but furious in his anger$ o#erta%en in drin%&
:aesar and 9ci"io #aliant and 'ise$ but #ainglorious$ ambitious& Ies"asian
a 'orthy "rince$ but co#etous& ;A@@G5annibal$ as he had mighty #irtues$ so
had he many #ices< _unam #irtutem mille #itia comitantur_$ as Machia#el of
:osmo de Medici$ he had t'o distinct "ersons in him. I 'ill determine of
them all$ they are li%e these double or turning "ictures< stand before
'hich you see a fair maid$ on the one side an a"e$ on the other an o'l<
loo% u"on them at the first sight$ all is 'ell$ but farther e+amine$ you
shall find them 'ise on the one side$ and fools on the other< in some fe'
things "raise'orthy$ in the rest incom"arably faulty. I 'ill say nothing of
their diseases$ emulations$ discontents$ 'ants$ and such miseries& let
"o#erty "lead the rest in Aristo"hanes! Plutus.
:o#etous men$ amongst others$ are most mad$ ;A@-Gthey ha#e all the sym"toms
of melancholy$ fear$ sadness$ sus"icion$ Fc.$ as shall be "ro#ed in its
"ro"er "lace$
L3anda est 5ellebori multo "ars ma+ima a#aris.L
LMisers ma%e Anticyra their o'n<
Its hellebore reser#ed for them alone.L
And yet methin%s "rodigals are much madder than they$ be of 'hat condition
they 'ill$ that bear a "ublic or "ri#ate "urse< as a ;A@AG3utch 'riter
censured 1ichard the rich du%e of :orn'all$ suing to be em"eror$ for his
"rofuse s"ending$ _0ui effudit "ecuniam$ ante "edes "rinci"ium Electorum
sicut a0uam_$ that scattered money li%e 'ater< I do censure them$ _9tulta
Anglia_ (saith he) _0uae$ tot denariis s"onte est "ri#ata$ stulti "rinci"es
Alemaniae$ 0ui nobile jus suum "ro "ecunia #endiderunt_< s"endthrifts$
bribers$ and bribe-ta%ers are fools$ and so are ;A@/Gall they that cannot
%ee"$ disburse$ or s"end their moneys 'ell.
I might say the li%e of angry$ "ee#ish$ en#ious$ ambitious< ;A@BG
_Anticyras melior sorbere meracas_< E"icures$ Atheists$ 9chismatics$
5eretics< _hi omnes habent imaginationem laesam_ (saith 8ymannus) Land
their madness shall be e#ident$L = Tim. iii. B. ;A-CG7abatus$ an Italian$
holds seafaring men all mad< Lthe shi" is mad$ for it ne#er stands still<
the mariners are mad$ to e+"ose themsel#es to such imminent dangers& the
'aters are raging mad$ in "er"etual motion& the 'inds are as mad as the
rest$ they %no' not 'hence they come$ 'hither they 'ould go& and those men
are maddest of all that go to sea< for one fool at home$ they find forty
abroad.L 5e 'as a madman that said it$ and thou "erad#enture as mad to read
it. ;A-,G 7eli+ Platerus is of o"inion all alchemists are mad$ out of their
'its< ;A-=GAtheneus saith as much of fiddlers$ _et musarum luscinias_$
;A-.G Musicians$ _omnes tibicines insaniunt$ ubi semel efflant$ a#olat
illico mens_$ in comes music at one ear$ out goes 'it at another. Proud and
#ainglorious "ersons are certainly mad< and so are ;A-?Glasci#ious< I can
feel their "ulses beat hither< horn-mad some of them$ to let others lie
'ith their 'i#es$ and 'in% at it.
To insist ;A-@Gin all "articulars$ 'ere an 5erculean tas%$ to ;A--Grec%on
u" ;A-AG_insanas substructiones$ insanos labores$ insanum lu+um_$ mad
labours$ mad boo%s$ endea#ours$ carriages$ gross ignorance$ ridiculous
actions$ absurd gestures< _insanam gulam$ insaniam #illarum$ insana
jurgia_$ as Tully terms them$ madness of #illages$ stu"end structures< as
those Egy"tian Pyramids$ *abyrinths and 9"hin+es$ 'hich a com"any of
cro'ned asses$ _ad ostentationem o"um_$ #ainly built$ 'hen neither the
architect nor %ing that made them$ or to 'hat use and "ur"ose$ are yet
%no'n& to insist in their hy"ocrisy$ inconstancy$ blindness$ rashness$
_dementem temeritatem_$ fraud$ cozenage$ malice$ anger$ im"udence$
ingratitude$ ambition$ gross su"erstition$ ;A-/G_tem"ora infecta et
adulatione sordida_$ as in Tiberius! times$ such base flattery$ stu"end$
"arasitical fa'ning and colloguing$ Fc. bra'ls$ conflicts$ desires$
contentions$ it 'ould as% an e+"ert Iesalius to anatomise e#ery member.
9hall I sayN Du"iter himself$ A"ollo$ Mars$ Fc. doted< and
monster-con0uering 5ercules that subdued the 'orld$ and hel"ed others$
could not relie#e himself in this$ but mad he 'as at last. And 'here shall
a man 'al%$ con#erse 'ith 'hom$ in 'hat "ro#ince$ city$ and not meet 'ith
9ignior 3eliro$ or 5ercules 7urens$ Maenads$ and :orybantesN Their s"eeches
say no less. ;A-BG_E fungis nati homines_$ or else they fetched their
"edigree from those that 'ere struc% by 9amson 'ith the ja'-bone of an ass.
2r from 3eucalion and Pyrrha!s stones$ for _durum genus sumus_$ ;AACG
_marmorei sumus_$ 'e are stony-hearted$ and sa#our too much of the stoc%$
as if they had all heard that enchanted horn of Astol"ho$ that English du%e
in Ariosto$ 'hich ne#er sounded but all his auditors 'ere mad$ and for fear
ready to ma%e a'ay 'ith themsel#es< ;AA,Gor landed in the mad ha#en in the
Eu+ine sea of _3a"hnis insana_$ 'hich had a secret 0uality to dementate<
they are a com"any of giddy-heads$ afternoon men$ it is Midsummer moon
still$ and the dog-days last all the year long$ they are all mad. 4hom
shall I then e+ce"tN Hlricus 5uttenus ;AA=G_nemo$ nam$ nemo omnibus horis
sa"it$ 8emo nascitur sine #itiis$ :rimine 8emo caret$ 8emo sorte sua #i#it
contentus$ 8emo in amore sa"it$ 8emo bonus$ 8emo sa"iens$ 8emo$ est e+ omni
"arti beatus_$ Fc. ;AA.Gand therefore 8icholas 8emo$ or Monsieur 8obody
shall go free$ _Kuid #aleat nemo$ 8emo referre "otest_N ut 'hom shall I
e+ce"t in the second "laceN such as are silent$ _#ir sa"it 0ui "auca
lo0uitur_< ;AA?Gno better 'ay to a#oid folly and madness$ than by
taciturnity. 4hom in a thirdN all senators$ magistrates< for all fortunate
men are 'ise$ and con0uerors #aliant$ and so are all great men$ _non est
bonum ludere cum diis_$ they are 'ise by authority$ good by their office
and "lace$ _his licet im"une "essimos esse_$ (some say) 'e must not s"ea%
of them$ neither is it fit< _"er me sint omnia "rotinus alba_$ I 'ill not
thin% amiss of them. 4hom ne+tN 9toicsN _9a"iens 9toicus_$ and he alone is
subject to no "erturbations$ as ;AA@GPlutarch scoffs at him$ Lhe is not
#e+ed 'ith torments$ or burnt 'ith fire$ foiled by his ad#ersary$ sold of
his enemy& though he be 'rin%led$ sand-blind$ toothless$ and deformed< yet
he is most beautiful$ and li%e a god$ a %ing in conceit$ though not 'orth a
groat. 5e ne#er dotes$ ne#er mad$ ne#er sad$ drun%$ because #irtue cannot
be ta%en a'ay$L as ;AA-G>eno holds$ Lby reason of strong a""rehension$L but
he 'as mad to say so. ;AAAG_Anticyrae caelo huic est o"us aut dolabra_$ he
had need to be bored$ and so had all his fello's$ as 'ise as they 'ould
seem to be. :hrysi""us himself liberally grants them to be fools as 'ell as
others$ at certain times$ u"on some occasions$ _amitti #irtutem ait "er
ebrietatem$ aut atribilarium morbum_$ it may be lost by drun%enness or
melancholy$ he may be sometimes crazed as 'ell as the rest& ;AA/G_ad summum
sa"iens nisi 0uum "ituita molesta_. I should here e+ce"t some :ynics$
Meni""us$ 3iogenes$ that Theban :rates< or to descend to these times$ that
omniscious$ only 'ise fraternity ;AABGof the 1osicrucians$ those great
theologues$ "oliticians$ "hiloso"hers$ "hysicians$ "hilologers$ artists$
Fc. of 'hom 9. ridget$ Albas Doacchimus$ *eicenbergius$ and such di#ine
s"irits ha#e "ro"hesied$ and made "romise to the 'orld$ if at least there
be any such (5en. ;A/CG8euhusius ma%es a doubt of it$ ;A/,G Ialentinus
Andreas and others) or an Elias artife+ their Theo"hrastian master< 'hom
though *iba#ius and many deride and car" at$ yet some 'ill ha#e to be Lthe
;A/=Grene'er of all arts and sciences$L reformer of the 'orld$ and no'
li#ing$ for so Dohannes Montanus 9trigoniensis$ that great "atron of
Paracelsus$ contends$ and certainly a#ers ;A/.GLa most di#ine man$L and the
0uintessence of 'isdom 'heresoe#er he is< for he$ his fraternity$ friends$
Fc. are all ;A/?GLbetrothed to 'isdom$L if 'e may belie#e their disci"les
and follo'ers. I must needs e+ce"t *i"sius and the Po"e$ and e+"unge their
name out of the catalogue of fools. 7or besides that "arasitical testimony
of 3ousa$
LA 9ole e+oriente Maeotidas us0ue "aludes$
8emo est 0ui justo se ae0ui"arare 0ueat.L;A/@G
*i"sius saith of himself$ that he 'as ;A/-G_humani generis 0uidem
"aedagogus #oce et stylo_$ a grand signior$ a master$ a tutor of us all$
and for thirteen years he brags ho' he so'ed 'isdom in the *o' :ountries$
as Ammonius the "hiloso"her sometimes did in Ale+andria$ ;A/AG_cum
humanitate literas et sa"ientiam cum "rudentia& antistes sa"ientiae_$ he
shall be _9a"ientum 2cta#us_. The Po"e is more than a man$ as ;A//Ghis
"arrots often ma%e him$ a demigod$ and besides his holiness cannot err$ _in
:athedra_ beli%e& and yet some of them ha#e been magicians$ 5eretics$
Atheists$ children$ and as Platina saith of Dohn ==$ _Et si #ir literatus$
multa stoliditatem et lae#itatem "rae se ferentia egit$ stolidi et socordis
#ir ingenii_$ a scholar sufficient$ yet many things he did foolishly$
lightly. I can say no more than in "articular$ but in general terms to the
rest$ they are all mad$ their 'its are e#a"orated$ and$ as Ariosto feigns$
_l. .?_$ %e"t in jars abo#e the moon.
L9ome lose their 'its 'ith lo#e$ some 'ith ambition$
9ome follo'ing ;A/BG*ords and men of high condition.
9ome in fair je'els rich and costly set$
2thers in Poetry their 'its forget.
Another thin%s to be an Alchemist$
Till all be s"ent$ and that his number!s mist.L
:on#icted fools they are$ madmen u"on record< and I am afraid "ast cure
many of them$ ;ABCG_cre"unt inguina_$ the sym"toms are manifest$ they are
all of Gotam "arish&
;AB,G LKuum furor haud dubius$ 0uum sit manifesta "hrenesis$L
L9ince madness is indis"utable$ since frenzy is ob#ious.L
'hat remains then ;AB=Gbut to send for *orarios$ those officers to carry
them all together for com"any to edlam$ and set 1abelais to be their
"hysician.
If any man shall as% in the meantime$ 'ho I am that so boldly censure
others$ _tu nullane habes #itia_N ha#e I no faultsN ;AB.GEes$ more than
thou hast$ 'hatsoe#er thou art. _8os numerus sumus_$ I confess it again$ I
am as foolish$ as mad as any one.
;AB?G LInsanus #obis #ideor$ non de"recor i"se$
Kuo minus insanus$L------
I do not deny it$ _demens de "o"ulo dematur_. My comfort is$ I ha#e more
fello's$ and those of e+cellent note. And though I be not so right or so
discreet as I should be$ yet not so mad$ so bad neither$ as thou "erha"s
ta%est me to be.
To conclude$ this being granted$ that all the 'orld is melancholy$ or mad$
dotes$ and e#ery member of it$ I ha#e ended my tas%$ and sufficiently
illustrated that 'hich I too% u"on me to demonstrate at first. At this
"resent I ha#e no more to say< _5is sanam mentem 3emocritus_$ I can but
'ish myself and them a good "hysician$ and all of us a better mind.
And although for the abo#e-named reasons$ I had a just cause to underta%e
this subject$ to "oint at these "articular s"ecies of dotage$ that so men
might ac%no'ledge their im"erfections$ and see% to reform 'hat is amiss<
yet I ha#e a more serious intent at this time< and to omit all im"ertinent
digressions$ to say no more of such as are im"ro"erly melancholy$ or
meta"horically mad$ lightly mad$ or in dis"osition$ as stu"id$ angry$
drun%en$ silly$ sottish$ sullen$ "roud$ #ainglorious$ ridiculous$ beastly$
"ee#ish$ obstinate$ im"udent$ e+tra#agant$ dry$ doting$ dull$ des"erate$
harebrain$ Fc. mad$ frantic$ foolish$ heteroclites$ 'hich no ne' ;AB@G
hos"ital can hold$ no "hysic hel"< my "ur"ose and endea#our is$ in the
follo'ing discourse to anatomise this humour of melancholy$ through all its
"arts and s"ecies$ as it is an habit$ or an ordinary disease$ and that
"hiloso"hically$ medicinally$ to sho' the causes$ sym"toms$ and se#eral
cures of it$ that it may be the better a#oided. Mo#ed thereunto for the
generality of it$ and to do good$ it being a disease so fre0uent$ as ;AB-G
Mercurialis obser#es$ Lin these our days< so often ha""ening$L saith ;ABAG
*aurentius$ Lin our miserable times$L as fe' there are that feel not the
smart of it. 2f the same mind is Aelian Montaltus$ ;AB/GMelancthon$ and
others< ;ABBGDulius :aesar :laudinus calls it the Lfountain of all other
diseases$ and so common in this crazed age of ours$ that scarce one of a
thousand is free from it<L and that s"lenetic hy"ochondriacal 'ind
es"ecially$ 'hich "roceeds from the s"leen and short ribs. eing then a
disease so grie#ous$ so common$ I %no' not 'herein to do a more general
ser#ice$ and s"end my time better$ than to "rescribe means ho' to "re#ent
and cure so uni#ersal a malady$ an e"idemical disease$ that so often$ so
much crucifies the body and mind.
If I ha#e o#ershot myself in this 'hich hath been hitherto said$ or that it
is$ 'hich I am sure some 'ill object$ too fantastical$ Ltoo light and
comical for a 3i#ine$ too satirical for one of my "rofession$L I 'ill
"resume to ans'er 'ith ;/CCGErasmus$ in li%e case$ !tis not I$ but
3emocritus$ 3emocritus _di+it_& you must consider 'hat it is to s"ea% in
one!s o'n or another!s "erson$ an assumed habit and name< a difference
bet'i+t him that affects or acts a "rince!s$ a "hiloso"her!s$ a
magistrate!s$ a fool!s "art$ and him that is so indeed< and 'hat liberty
those old satirists ha#e had< it is a cento collected from others< not I$
but they that say it.
;/C,G L3i+ero si 0uid forte jocosius$ hoc mihi juris
:um #enia$ dabisL------
LEet some indulgence I may justly claim$
If too familiar 'ith another!s fame.L
Ta%e heed you mista%e me not. If I do a little forget myself$ I ho"e you
'ill "ardon it. And to say truth$ 'hy should any man be offended$ or ta%e
e+ce"tions at itN
L*icuit$ sem"er0ue licebit$
Parcere "ersonis$ dicere de #itiis.L
LIt la'ful 'as of old$ and still 'ill be$
To s"ea% of #ice$ but let the name go free.L
I hate their #ices$ not their "ersons. If any be dis"leased$ or ta%e aught
unto himself$ let him not e+"ostulate or ca#il 'ith him that said it (so
did ;/C=GErasmus e+cuse himself to 3or"ius$ _si "ar#a licet com"onere
magnis_) and so do I< Lbut let him be angry 'ith himself$ that so betrayed
and o"ened his o'n faults in a""lying it to himself&L ;/C.GLif he be guilty
and deser#e it$ let him amend$ 'hoe#er he is$ and not be angry.L L5e that
hateth correction is a fool$L Pro#. +ii. ,. If he be not guilty$ it
concerns him not< it is not my freeness of s"eech$ but a guilty conscience$
a galled bac% of his o'n that ma%es him 'ince.
L9us"icione si 0uis errabit sua$
Et ra"iet ad se$ 0uod erit commune omnium$
9tulte nudabit animi conscientiam.L;/C?G
I deny not this 'hich I ha#e said sa#ours a little of 3emocritus< ;/C@G
_Kuam#is ridentem dicere #erum 0uid #elat_< one may s"ea% in jest$ and yet
s"ea% truth. It is some'hat tart$ I grant it< _acriora ore+im e+citant
embammata_$ as he said$ shar" sauces increase a""etite$ ;/C-G_nec cibus
i"se ju#at morsu fraudatus aceti_. 2bject then and ca#il 'hat thou 'ilt$ I
'ard all 'ith ;/CAG3emocritus!s buc%ler$ his medicine shall sal#e it<
stri%e 'here thou 'ilt$ and 'hen& _3emocritus di+it_$ 3emocritus 'ill
ans'er it. It 'as 'ritten by an idle fello'$ at idle times$ about our
9aturnalian or 3ionysian feasts$ 'hen as he said$ _nullum libertati
"ericulum est_$ ser#ants in old 1ome had liberty to say and do 'hat them
list. 4hen our countrymen sacrificed to their goddess ;/C/GIacuna$ and sat
ti""ling by their Iacunal fires. I 'rit this$ and "ublished this ;Gree%&
houtis helegenG$ it is _neminis nihil_. The time$ "lace$ "ersons$ and all
circumstances a"ologise for me$ and 'hy may not I then be idle 'ith othersN
s"ea% my mind freelyN If you deny me this liberty$ u"on these "resum"tions
I 'ill ta%e it& I say again$ I 'ill ta%e it.
;/CBG L9i 0uis est 0ui dictum in se inclementius
E+istima#it esse$ sic e+istimet.L
If any man ta%e e+ce"tions$ let him turn the buc%le of his girdle$ I care
not. I o'e thee nothing (1eader)$ I loo% for no fa#our at thy hands$ I am
inde"endent$ I fear not.
8o$ I recant$ I 'ill not$ I care$ I fear$ I confess my fault$ ac%no'ledge a
great offence$
------Lmotos "raestat com"onere fluctus.L
------Llet!s first assuage the troubled 'a#esL
I ha#e o#ershot myself$ I ha#e s"o%en foolishly$ rashly$ unad#isedly$
absurdly$ I ha#e anatomised mine o'n folly. And no' methin%s u"on a sudden
I am a'a%ed as it 'ere out of a dream< I ha#e had a ra#ing fit$ a
fantastical fit$ ranged u" and do'n$ in and out$ I ha#e insulted o#er the
most %ind of men$ abused some$ offended others$ 'ronged myself< and no'
being reco#ered$ and "ercei#ing mine error$ cry 'ith ;/,CG2rlando$ _9ol#ite
me_$ "ardon (_o boni_) that 'hich is "ast$ and I 'ill ma%e you amends in
that 'hich is to come< I "romise you a more sober discourse in my follo'ing
treatise.
If through 'ea%ness$ folly$ "assion$ ;/,,Gdiscontent$ ignorance$ I ha#e
said amiss$ let it be forgotten and forgi#en. I ac%no'ledge that of ;/,=G
Tacitus to be true$ _As"erae facetiae$ ubi nimis e+ #ero tra+ere$ acrem sui
memoriam relin0uunt_$ a bitter jest lea#es a sting behind it& and as an
honourable man obser#es$ ;/,.GLThey fear a satirist!s 'it$ he their
memories.L I may justly sus"ect the 'orst< and though I ho"e I ha#e 'ronged
no man$ yet in Medea!s 'ords I 'ill cra#e "ardon$
------LIllud jam #oce e+trema "eto$
8e si 0ua noster dubius effudit dolor$
Maneant in animo #erba$ sed melior tibi
Memoria nostri subeat$ haec irae data
2bliterenturL------
LAnd in my last 'ords this I do desire$
That 'hat in "assion I ha#e said$ or ire$
May be forgotten$ and a better mind$
e had of us$ hereafter as you find.L
I earnestly re0uest e#ery "ri#ate man$ as 9caliger did :ardan$ not to ta%e
offence. I 'ill conclude in his lines$ _9i me cognitum haberes$ non solum
donares nobis has facetias nostras$ sed etiam indignum duceres$ tam humanum
aninum$ lene ingenium$ #el minimam sus"icionem de"recari o"ortere_. If thou
%ne'est my ;/,?Gmodesty and sim"licity$ thou 'ouldst easily "ardon and
forgi#e 'hat is here amiss$ or by thee misconcei#ed. If hereafter
anatomizing this surly humour$ my hand sli"$ as an uns%ilful !"rentice I
lance too dee"$ and cut through s%in and all at una'ares$ ma%e it smart$ or
cut a'ry$ ;/,@G"ardon a rude hand$ an uns%ilful %nife$ !tis a most
difficult thing to %ee" an e#en tone$ a "er"etual tenor$ and not sometimes
to lash out< _difficile est 9atyram non scribere_$ there be so many objects
to di#ert$ in'ard "erturbations to molest$ and the #ery best may sometimes
err< _ali0uando bonus dormitat 5omerus_ (some times that e+cellent 5omer
ta%es a na")$ it is im"ossible not in so much to o#ershoot<--_o"ere in
longo fas est obre"ere$ summum_. ut 'hat needs all thisN I ho"e there 'ill
no such cause of offence be gi#en< if there be$ ;/,-G_8emo ali0uid
recognoscat$ nos mentimur omnia_. I!ll deny all (my last refuge)$ recant
all$ renounce all I ha#e said$ if any man e+ce"t$ and 'ith as much facility
e+cuse$ as he can accuse< but I "resume of thy good fa#our$ and gracious
acce"tance (gentle reader). 2ut of an assured ho"e and confidence thereof$
I 'ill begin.
*E:T21I MA*E 7E1IAT2.
Tu #ero ca#esis edico 0uis0uis es$ ne temere sugilles Auctorem hujusce
o"eris$ aut ca#illator irrideas. Imo ne #el e+ aliorum censura tacite
oblo0uaris (#is dicam #erbo) ne0uid nasutulus ine"te im"robes$ aut falso
fingas. 8am si talis re#era sit$ 0ualem "rae se fert Dunior 3emocritus$
seniori 3emocrito saltem affinis$ aut ejus Genium #el tantillum sa"iat<
actum de te$ censorem ae0ue ac delatorem ;/,AGaget econtra (_"etulanti
s"lene cum sit_) sufflabit te in jocos$ comminuet in sales$ addo etiam$ _et
deo risui_ te sacrificabit.
Iterum moneo$ ne 0uid ca#illere$ ne dum 3emocritum Duniorem con#iciis
infames$ aut ignominiose #itu"eres$ de te non male sentientem$ tu idem
audias ab amico cordato$ 0uod olim #ulgus Abderitanum ab ;/,/G 5i""ocrate$
conci#em bene meritum et "o"ularem suum 3emocritum$ "ro insano habens. _8e
tu 3emocrite sa"is$ stulti autem et insani Abderitae_.
;/,BG LAbderitanae "ectora "lebis habes.L
5aec te "aucis admonitum #olo (male feriate *ector) abi.
T2 T5E 1EA3E1 AT *EI9H1E.
4hoe#er you may be$ I caution you against rashly defaming the author of
this 'or%$ or ca#illing in jest against him. 8ay$ do not silently re"roach
him in conse0uence of others! censure$ nor em"loy your 'it in foolish
disa""ro#al$ or false accusation. 7or$ should 3emocritus Dunior "ro#e to be
'hat he "rofesses$ e#en a %insman of his elder namesa%e$ or be e#er so
little of the same %idney$ it is all o#er 'ith you& he 'ill become both
accuser and judge of you in your s"leen$ 'ill dissi"ate you in jests$
"ul#erise you into salt$ and sacrifice you$ I can "romise you$ to the God
of Mirth.
I further ad#ise you$ not to as"erse$ or calumniate$ or slander$ 3emocritus
Dunior$ 'ho "ossibly does not thin% ill of you$ lest you may hear from some
discreet friend$ the same remar% the "eo"le of Abdera did from 5i""ocrates$
of their meritorious and "o"ular fello'-citizen$ 'hom they had loo%ed on as
a madman< LIt is not that you$ 3emocritus$ that art 'ise$ but that the
"eo"le of Abdera are fools and madmen.L LEou ha#e yourself an Abderitian
soul<L and ha#ing just gi#en you$ gentle reader$ these fe' 'ords of
admonition$ fare'ell.
L5eraclite fleas$ misero sic con#enit ae#o$
8il nisi tur"e #ides$ nil nisi triste #ides.
1ide etiam$ 0uantum0ue lubet$ 3emocrite ride
8on nisi #ana #ides$ non nisi stulta #ides.
Is fletu$ his risu modo gaudeat$ unus utri0ue
9it licet us0ue labor$ sit licet us0ue dolor.
8unc o"es est (nam totus eheu jam desi"it orbis)
Mille 5eraclitis$ mille0ue 3emocritis.
8unc o"us est (tanta est insania) transeat omnis
Mundus in Anticyras$ gramen in 5elleborum.L
L4ee"$ 2 5eraclitus$ it suits the age$
Hnless you see nothing base$ nothing sad.
*augh$ 2 3emocritus$ as much as you "lease$
Hnless you see nothing either #ain or foolish.
*et one rejoice in smiles$ the other in tears<
*et the same labour or "ain be the office of both.
8o' (for alasO ho' foolish the 'orld has become)$
A thousand 5eraclitus!$ a thousand 3emocritus! are re0uired.
8o' (so much does madness "re#ail)$ all the 'orld must be
9ent to Anticyra$ to graze on 5ellebore.L
T5E 9E82P9I9 27 T5E 7I19T PA1TITI28.
In diseases$ consider _9ect. ,. Memb. ,._
Their :auses. _9ubs. ,._
Im"ulsi#e<
9in$ concu"iscence$ Fc.
Instrumental<
Intem"erance$ all second causes$ Fc.
2r 3efinition$ Member$ 3i#ision. _9ubs. =._
2f the body .CC$ 'hich are
E"idemical$ as Plague$ Plica$ Fc.
2r Particular as Gout$ 3ro"sy$ Fc.
2r 2f the head or mind. _9ubs. .._
In dis"osition< as all "erturbations$ e#il affection$ Fc.
2r 5abits$ as _9ubs. ?._
3otage
7renzy.
Madness.
Ecstasy.
*ycanthro"ia.
:horus sancti Iiti.
5ydro"hobia.
Possession or obsession of 3e#ils.
Melancholy. 9ee ;9ymbol& AriesG.
;9ymbol& AriesG Melancholy& in 'hich consider
Its E0ui#ocations$ in 3is"osition$ Im"ro"er$ Fc. _9ubsect. @._
_Memb. =._
To its e+"lication$ a digression of anatomy$ in 'hich obser#e "arts of
_9ubs. ,._
ody hath "arts _9ubs. =._
contained as
5umours$ ?. lood$ Phlegm$ Fc.
9"irits< #ital$ natural$ animal.
or containing
9imilar< s"ermatical$ or flesh$ bones$ ner#es$ Fc. _9ubs. .._
3issimilar< brain$ heart$ li#er$ Fc. _9ubs. ?._
9oul and its faculties$ as
Iegetal. _9ubs. @._
9ensible. _9ubs. -$ A$ /._
1ational. _9ubsect. B$ ,C$ ,,._
_Memb. .._
Its definition$ name$ difference$ _9ubs. ,._
The "art and "arties affected$ affection$ Fc. _9ubs. =._
The matter of melancholy$ natural$ Fc. _9ubs. .._
9"ecies$ or %inds ;_9ubs. ?._G$ 'hich are
Pro"er to "arts$ as
2f the head alone$ hy"ochondriacal$ or 'indy melancholy. 2f the
'hole body.
'ith their se#eral causes$ sym"toms$ "rognostics$ cures
2r Indefinite< as *o#e-melancholy$ the subject of the third
Partition.
Its :auses in general. _9ect. =._ A.
Its 9ym"toms or signs. _9ect. .._ .
Its Prognostics or indications. _9ect. ?._ :.
Its :ures< the subject of the second Partition.
A. _9ect. =._ :auses of Melancholy are either
General$ as _Memb. ,._
9u"ernatural
As from God immediately$ or by second causes. _9ubs. ,._
2r from the de#il immediately$ 'ith a digression of the nature of
s"irits and de#ils. _9ubs. =._
2r mediately$ by magicians$ 'itches. _9ubs. .._
2r 8atural
Primary$ as stars$ "ro#ed by a"horisms$ signs from "hysiognomy$
meto"osco"y$ chiromancy. _9ubs. ?._
2r 9econdary$ as
:ongenite$ in'ard from
2ld age$ tem"erament$ _9ubs. @._
Parents$ it being an hereditary disease$ _9ubs. -._
2r 2ut'ard or ad#entitious$ 'hich are
E#ident$ out'ard$ remote$ ad#entitious$ as$
8ecessary$ see ;9ymbol& TaurusG.
8ot necessary$ as _M. ?. 9. =._
8urses$ _9ubs. ,._
Education$ _9ubs. =._
Terrors$ affrights$ _9ubs. .._
9coffs$ calumnies$ bitter jests$ _9ubs. ?._
*oss of liberty$ ser#itude$ im"risonment$ _9ubs.
@._
Po#erty and 'ant$ _9ubs. -.
A hea" of other accidents$ death of friends$
loss$ Fc. _9ubs. A._
2r :ontingent$ in'ard$ antecedent$ nearest. _Memb. @.
9ect. =._
In 'hich the body 'or%s on the mind$ and this malady
is caused by "recedent diseases< as agues$ "o+$
Fc.$ or tem"erature$ innate _9ubs. ,._
2r by "articular "arts distem"ered$ as brain$ heart$
s"leen$ li#er$ mesentery$ "ylorus$ stomach Fc.
_9ubs. =._
Particular to the three s"ecies. 9ee ;9ymbol& GeminiG.
;9ymbol& GeminiG Particular causes. _9ect. =. Memb. @._
2f head Melancholy are _9ubs. .._
In'ard
Innate humour$ or from tem"erature adjust.
A hot brain$ corru"ted blood in the brain
E+cess of #enery$ or defect
Agues$ or some "recedent disease
7umes arising from the stomach$ Fc.
2r 2ut'ard
5eat of the sun$ immoderate
A blo' on the head
2#ermuch use of hot 'ines$ s"ices$ garlic$ onions$ hot baths$
o#ermuch 'a%ing$ Fc.
Idleness$ solitariness$ or o#ermuch study$ #ehement labour$ Fc.
Passions$ "erturbations$ Fc.
2f hy"ochondriacal or 'indy melancholy are$ ;_9ubs. ?._G
In'ard
3efault of s"leen$ belly$ bo'els$ stomach$ mesentery$ miseraic
#eins$ li#er$ Fc.
Months or hemorrhoids sto""ed$ or any other ordinary e#acuation
or 2ut'ard
Those si+ non-natural things abused.
2#er all the body are$ _9ubs. @._
In'ard
*i#er distem"ered$ sto""ed$ o#er-hot$ a"t to engender melancholy$
tem"erature innate.
or 2ut'ard
ad diet$ su""ression of hemorrhoids Fc. and such e#acuations$
"assions$ cares$ Fc. those si+ non-natural things abused.
;9ymbol& TaurusG 8ecessary causes$ as those si+ non-natural things$ 'hich
are$ _9ect. = Memb. =._
3iet offending in _9ubs. ,._
9ubstance
read< course and blac%$ Fc.
3rin%< thic%$ thin$ sour$ Fc.
4ater unclean$ mil%$ oil$ #inegar$ 'ine$ s"ices Fc.
7lesh
Parts& heads$ feet$ entrails$ fat$ bacon$ blood$ Fc.
6inds&
eef$ "or%$ #enison$ hares$ goats$ "igeons$ "eacoc%s$
fen-fo'l$ Fc.
5erbs$ 7ish$ Fc.
2f fish< all shellfish$ hard and slimy fish$ Fc.
2f herbs< "ulse$ cabbage$ melons$ garlic$ onions$ Fc.
All roots$ ra' fruits$ hard and 'indy meats
Kuality$ as in
Pre"aring$ dressing$ shar" sauces$ salt meats$ indurate$ soused$
fried$ broiled or made-dishes$ Fc.
Kuantity
3isorder in eating$ immoderate eating$ or at unseasonable times$
Fc. _9ubs. =_
:ustom< delight$ a""etite$ altered$ Fc. _9ubs. .._
1etention and e#acuation$ _9ubs. ?._
:osti#eness$ hot baths$ s'eating$ issues sto""ed$ Ienus in e+cess$ or
in defect$ "hlebotomy$ "urging$ Fc.
Air< hot$ cold$ tem"estuous$ dar%$ thic%$ foggy$ moorish$ Fc. _9ubs. @._
E+ercise$ _9ubs. -._
Hnseasonable$ e+cessi#e$ or defecti#e$ of body or mind$ solitariness$
idleness$ a life out of action$ Fc.
9lee" and 'a%ing$ unseasonable$ inordinate$ o#ermuch$ o#erlittle$ Fc.
_9ubs. A._
_Memb. .. 9ect. =._
Passions and "erturbations of the mind$ _9ubs. ,._ 4ith a digression of
the force of imagination. _9ubs. =._ and di#ision of "assions into
_9ubs. .._
Irascible$
9orro'$ cause and sym"tom$ _9ubs. ?._
7ear$ cause and sym"tom$ _9ubs. @._
9hame$ re"ulse$ disgrace$ Fc. _9ubs. -._
En#y and malice$ _9ubs. A._
Emulation$ hatred$ faction$ desire of re#enge$ _9ubs. /._
Anger a cause$ _9ubs. B._
3iscontents$ cares$ miseries$ Fc. _9ubs. ,C._
or concu"iscible.
Iehement desires$ ambition$ _9ubs. ,,._
:o#etousness$ ;Gree%& "hilargurianG$ _9ubs. ,=._
*o#e of "leasures$ gaming in e+cess$ Fc. _9ubs. ,.._
3esire of "raise$ "ride$ #ainglory$ Fc. _9ubs. ,?._
*o#e of learning$ study in e+cess$ 'ith a digression$ of the
misery of scholars$ and 'hy the Muses are melancholy$ _9ubs.
,@._
. 9ym"toms of melancholy are either _9ect. .._
General$ as of _Memb. ,._
ody$ as ill digestion$ crudity$ 'ind$ dry brains$ hard belly$ thic%
blood$ much 'a%ing$ hea#iness$ and "al"itation of heart$ lea"ing in
many "laces$ Fc.$ _9ubs. ,._
or Mind
:ommon to all or most.
7ear and sorro' 'ithout a just cause$ sus"icion$ jealousy$
discontent$ solitariness$ ir%someness$ continual cogitations$
restless thoughts$ #ain imaginations$ Fc. _9ubs. =._
2r Particular to "ri#ate "ersons$ according to _9ubs. .. ?._
:elestial influences$ as ;9ymbol& 9aturnG ;9ymbol& Du"iterG
;9ymbol& MarsG$ Fc. "arts of the body$ heart$ brain$ li#er$
s"leen$ stomach$ Fc.
5umours
9anguine are merry still$ laughing$ "leasant$ meditating
on "lays$ 'omen$ music$ Fc.
Phlegmatic$ slothful$ dull$ hea#y$ Fc.
:holeric$ furious$ im"atient$ subject to hear and see
strange a""aritions$ Fc.
lac%$ solitary$ sad< they thin% they are be'itched$
dead$ Fc.
2r mi+ed of these four humours adust$ or not adust$
infinitely #aried.
Their se#eral customs$ conditions$ inclinations$ disci"line$
Fc.
Ambitious$ thin%s himself a %ing$ a lord< co#etous$ runs
on his money< lasci#ious on his mistress< religious$ hath
re#elations$ #isions$ is a "ro"het$ or troubled in mind<
a scholar on his boo%$ Fc.
:ontinuance of time as the humour is intended or remitted$
Fc.
Pleasant at first$ hardly discerned< after'ards harsh and
intolerable$ if in#eterate. 5ence some ma%e three
degrees$
,. _7alsa cogitatio._
=. _:ogitata lo0ui._
.. _E+e0ui lo0uutum._
y fits$ or continuate$ as the object #aries$ "leasing$
or dis"leasing.
9im"le$ or as it is mi+ed 'ith other diseases$ a"o"le+ies$ gout$ _caninus
a""etitus_$ Fc. so the sym"toms are #arious.
;9ymbol& :ancerG Particular sym"toms to the three distinct s"ecies. _9ect.
.. Memb. =._
5ead melancholy. _9ubs. ,._
In body
5eadache$ binding and hea#iness$ #ertigo$ lightness$ singing of
the ears$ much 'a%ing$ fi+ed eyes$ high colour$ red eyes$ hard
belly$ dry body< no great sign of melancholy in the other "arts.
2r In mind.
:ontinual fear$ sorro'$ sus"icion$ discontent$ su"erfluous cares$
solicitude$ an+iety$ "er"etual cogitation of such toys they are
"ossessed 'ith$ thoughts li%e dreams$ Fc.
5y"ochondriacal$ or 'indy melancholy. _9ubs. =._
In body
4ind$ rumbling in the guts$ bellyache$ heat in the bo'els$
con#ulsions$ crudities$ short 'ind$ sour and shar" belchings$
cold s'eat$ "ain in the left side$ suffocation$ "al"itation$
hea#iness of the heart$ singing in the ears$ much s"ittle$ and
moist$ Fc.
2r In mind.
7earful$ sad$ sus"icious$ discontent$ an+iety$ Fc. *asci#ious by
reason of much 'ind$ troublesome dreams$ affected by fits$ Fc.
2#er all the body. _9ubs. .._
In body
lac%$ most "art lean$ broad #eins$ gross$ thic% blood$ their
hemorrhoids commonly sto""ed$ Fc.
2r In mind.
7earful$ sad$ solitary$ hate light$ a#erse from com"any$ fearful
dreams$ Fc.
9ym"toms of nuns$ maids$ and 'ido's melancholy$ in body and mind$ Fc.
;_9ubs. ?_G
A reason of these sym"toms. _Memb. .._
4hy they are so fearful$ sad$ sus"icious 'ithout a cause$ 'hy
solitary$ 'hy melancholy men are 'itty$ 'hy they su""ose they hear
and see strange #oices$ #isions$ a""aritions.
4hy they "ro"hesy$ and s"ea% strange languages< 'hence comes their
crudity$ rumbling$ con#ulsions$ cold s'eat$ hea#iness of heart$
"al"itation$ cardiaca$ fearful dreams$ much 'a%ing$ "rodigious
fantasies.
:. Prognostics of melancholy. _9ect. ?._
Tending to good$ as
Mor"he'$ scabs$ itch$ brea%ing out$ Fc.
lac% jaundice.
If the hemorrhoids #oluntarily o"en.
If #arices a""ear.
Tending to e#il$ as
*eanness$ dryness$ hollo'-eyed$ Fc.
In#eterate melancholy is incurable.
If cold$ it degenerates often into e"ile"sy$ a"o"le+y$ dotage$ or
into blindness.
If hot$ into madness$ des"air$ and #iolent death.
:orollaries and 0uestions.
The grie#ousness of this abo#e all other diseases.
The diseases of the mind are more grie#ous than those of the body.
4hether it be la'ful$ in this case of melancholy$ for a man to offer
#iolence to himself. _8eg._
5o' a melancholy or mad man offering #iolence to himself$ is to be
censured.
T5E 7I19T PA1TITI28.
T5E 7I19T 9E:TI28$ MEME1$ 9H9E:TI28.
_Man!s E+cellency$ 7all$ Miseries$ Infirmities< The causes of them_.
_Man!s E+cellency_.G Man the most e+cellent and noble creature of the
'orld$ Lthe "rinci"al and mighty 'or% of God$ 'onder of 8ature$L as
>oroaster calls him< _audacis naturae miraculum_$ Lthe ;/=CGmar#el of
mar#els$L as Plato< Lthe ;/=,Gabridgment and e"itome of the 'orld$L as
Pliny< _microcosmus_$ a little 'orld$ a model of the 'orld$ ;/==Gso#ereign
lord of the earth$ #iceroy of the 'orld$ sole commander and go#ernor of all
the creatures in it< to 'hose em"ire they are subject in "articular$ and
yield obedience< far sur"assing all the rest$ not in body only$ but in
soul< ;/=.G_imaginis imago_$ ;/=?Gcreated to God!s o'n ;/=@Gimage$ to that
immortal and incor"oreal substance$ 'ith all the faculties and "o'ers
belonging unto it< 'as at first "ure$ di#ine$ "erfect$ ha""y$ ;/=-G
Lcreated after God in true holiness and righteousness<L _3eo congruens_$
free from all manner of infirmities$ and "ut in Paradise$ to %no' God$ to
"raise and glorify him$ to do his 'ill$ _Ht diis consimiles "arturiat deos_
(as an old "oet saith) to "ro"agate the church.
_Man!s 7all and Misery_.G ut this most noble creature$ _5eu tristis$ et
lachrymosa commutatio_ (;/=AGone e+claims) 2 "itiful changeO is fallen from
that he 'as$ and forfeited his estate$ become _miserabilis homuncio_$ a
casta'ay$ a caitiff$ one of the most miserable creatures of the 'orld$ if
he be considered in his o'n nature$ an unregenerate man$ and so much
obscured by his fall that (some fe' relics e+ce"ted) he is inferior to a
beast$ ;/=/GLMan in honour that understandeth not$ is li%e unto beasts that
"erish$L so 3a#id esteems him& a monster by stu"end metamor"hoses$ ;/=BGa
fo+$ a dog$ a hog$ 'hat notN _Kuantum mutatus ab illo_N 5o' much altered
from that he 'as< before blessed and ha""y$ no' miserable and accursed<
;/.CGL5e must eat his meat in sorro'$L subject to death and all manner of
infirmities$ all %ind of calamities.
_A 3escri"tion of Melancholy_.G ;/.,GLGreat tra#ail is created for all men$
and an hea#y yo%e on the sons of Adam$ from the day that they go out of
their mother!s 'omb$ unto that day they return to the mother of all things.
8amely$ their thoughts$ and fear of their hearts$ and their imagination of
things they 'ait for$ and the day of death. 7rom him that sitteth in the
glorious throne$ to him that sitteth beneath in the earth and ashes< from
him that is clothed in blue sil% and 'eareth a cro'n$ to him that is
clothed in sim"le linen. 4rath$ en#y$ trouble$ and un0uietness$ and fear of
death$ and rigour$ and strife$ and such things come to both man and beast$
but se#enfold to the ungodly.L All this befalls him in this life$ and
"erad#enture eternal misery in the life to come.
_Im"ulsi#e :ause of Man!s Misery and Infirmities_.G The im"ulsi#e cause of
these miseries in man$ this "ri#ation or destruction of God!s image$ the
cause of death and diseases$ of all tem"oral and eternal "unishments$ 'as
the sin of our first "arent Adam$ ;/.=Gin eating of the forbidden fruit$ by
the de#il!s instigation and allurement. 5is disobedience$ "ride$ ambition$
intem"erance$ incredulity$ curiosity< from 'hence "roceeded original sin$
and that general corru"tion of man%ind$ as from a fountain$ flo'ed all bad
inclinations and actual transgressions 'hich cause our se#eral calamities
inflicted u"on us for our sins. And this beli%e is that 'hich our fabulous
"oets ha#e shado'ed unto us in the tale of ;/..G Pandora!s bo+$ 'hich being
o"ened through her curiosity$ filled the 'orld full of all manner of
diseases. It is not curiosity alone$ but those other crying sins of ours$
'hich "ull these se#eral "lagues and miseries u"on our heads. 7or _Hbi
"eccatum$ ibi "rocella_$ as ;/.?G:hrysostom 'ell obser#es. ;/.@GL7ools by
reason of their transgression$ and because of their ini0uities$ are
afflicted.L ;/.-GL7ear cometh li%e sudden desolation$ and destruction li%e
a 'hirl'ind$ affliction and anguish$L because they did not fear God.
;/.AGLAre you sha%en 'ith 'arsNL as :y"rian 'ell urgeth to 3emetrius$ Lare
you molested 'ith dearth and famineN is your health crushed 'ith raging
diseasesN is man%ind generally tormented 'ith e"idemical maladiesN !tis all
for your sins$L 5ag. i. B$ ,C< Amos i.< Der. #ii. God is angry$ "unisheth
and threateneth$ because of their obstinacy and stubbornness$ they 'ill not
turn unto him. ;/./GLIf the earth be barren then for 'ant of rain$ if dry
and s0ualid$ it yield no fruit$ if your fountains be dried u"$ your 'ine$
corn$ and oil blasted$ if the air be corru"ted$ and men troubled 'ith
diseases$ !tis by reason of their sins&L 'hich li%e the blood of Abel cry
loud to hea#en for #engeance$ *am. #. ,@. LThat 'e ha#e sinned$ therefore
our hearts are hea#y$L Isa. li+. ,,$ ,=. L4e roar li%e bears$ and mourn
li%e do#es$ and 'ant health$ Fc. for our sins and tres"asses.L ut this 'e
cannot endure to hear or to ta%e notice of$ Der. ii. .C. L4e are smitten in
#ain and recei#e no correction<L and ca". #. .. LThou hast stric%en them$
but they ha#e not sorro'ed< they ha#e refused to recei#e correction< they
ha#e not returned. Pestilence he hath sent$ but they ha#e not turned to
him$L Amos i#. ;/.BG5erod could not abide Dohn a"tist$ nor ;/?CG3omitian
endure A"ollonius to tell the causes of the "lague at E"hesus$ his
injustice$ incest$ adultery$ and the li%e.
To "unish therefore this blindness and obstinacy of ours as a concomitant
cause and "rinci"al agent$ is God!s just judgment in bringing these
calamities u"on us$ to chastise us$ I say$ for our sins$ and to satisfy
God!s 'rath. 7or the la' re0uires obedience or "unishment$ as you may read
at large$ 3eut. ++#iii. ,@. LIf they 'ill not obey the *ord$ and %ee" his
commandments and ordinances$ then all these curses shall come u"on them.L
;/?,GL:ursed in the to'n and in the field$L Fc. ;/?=GL:ursed in the fruit
of the body$L Fc. ;/?.GLThe *ord shall send thee trouble and shame$ because
of thy 'ic%edness.L And a little after$ ;/??GLThe *ord shall smite thee
'ith the botch of Egy"t$ and 'ith emerods$ and scab$ and itch$ and thou
canst not be healed< ;/?@G'ith madness$ blindness$ and astonishing of
heart.L This Paul seconds$ 1om. ii. B. LTribulation and anguish on the soul
of e#ery man that doeth e#il.L 2r else these chastisements are inflicted
u"on us for our humiliation$ to e+ercise and try our "atience here in this
life to bring us home$ to ma%e us to %no' God oursel#es$ to inform and
teach us 'isdom. ;/?-GLTherefore is my "eo"le gone into ca"ti#ity$ because
they had no %no'ledge< therefore is the 'rath of the *ord %indled against
his "eo"le$ and he hath stretched out his hand u"on them.L 5e is desirous
of our sal#ation. ;/?AG_8ostrae salutis a#idus_$ saith *emnius$ and for
that cause "ulls us by the ear many times$ to "ut us in mind of our duties&
LThat they 'hich erred might ha#e understanding$ (as Isaiah s"ea%s ++i+.
=?) and so to be reformed.L ;/?/GLI am afflicted$ and at the "oint of
death$L so 3a#id confesseth of himself$ Psal. l+++#iii. #. ,@$ #. B. LMine
eyes are sorro'ful through mine affliction&L and that made him turn unto
God. Great Ale+ander in the midst of all his "ros"erity$ by a com"any of
"arasites deified$ and no' made a god$ 'hen he sa' one of his 'ounds bleed$
remembered that he 'as but a man$ and remitted of his "ride. _In morbo
recolligit se animus_$;/?BG as ;/@CGPliny 'ell "ercei#ed< LIn sic%ness the
mind reflects u"on itself$ 'ith judgment sur#eys itself$ and abhors its
former courses<L insomuch that he concludes to his friend Marius$;/@,G
Lthat it 'ere the "eriod of all "hiloso"hy$ if 'e could so continue sound$
or "erform but a "art of that 'hich 'e "romised to do$ being sic%. 4hoso is
'ise then$ 'ill consider these things$L as 3a#id did (Psal. c+li#.$ #erse
last)< and 'hatsoe#er fortune befall him$ ma%e use of it. If he be in
sorro'$ need$ sic%ness$ or any other ad#ersity$ seriously to recount 'ith
himself$ 'hy this or that malady$ misery$ this or that incurable disease is
inflicted u"on him< it may be for his good$ ;/@=G_sic e+"edit_ as Peter
said of his daughter!s ague. odily sic%ness is for his soul!s health$
_"eriisset nisi "eriisset_$ had he not been #isited$ he had utterly
"erished< for ;/@.GLthe *ord correcteth him 'hom he lo#eth$ e#en as a
father doth his child in 'hom he delighteth.L If he be safe and sound on
the other side$ and free from all manner of infirmity< ;/@?G_et cui_
LGratia$ forma$ #aletudo contingat abunde
Et mundus #ictus$ non deficiente crumena.L
LAnd that he ha#e grace$ beauty$ fa#our$ health$
A cleanly diet$ and abound in 'ealth.L
Eet in the midst of his "ros"erity$ let him remember that ca#eat of Moses$
;/@@GLe'are that he do not forget the *ord his God<L that he be not "uffed
u"$ but ac%no'ledge them to be his good gifts and benefits$ and ;/@-GLthe
more he hath$ to be more than%ful$L (as Aga"etianus ad#iseth) and use them
aright.
_Instrumental :auses of our Infirmities_.G 8o' the instrumental causes of
these our infirmities$ are as di#erse as the infirmities themsel#es< stars$
hea#ens$ elements$ Fc. And all those creatures 'hich God hath made$ are
armed against sinners. They 'ere indeed once good in themsel#es$ and that
they are no' many of them "ernicious unto us$ is not in their nature$ but
our corru"tion$ 'hich hath caused it. 7or from the fall of our first "arent
Adam$ they ha#e been changed$ the earth accursed$ the influence of stars$
altered$ the four elements$ beasts$ birds$ "lants$ are no' ready to offend
us. LThe "rinci"al things for the use of man$ are 'ater$ fire$ iron$ salt$
meal$ 'heat$ honey$ mil%$ oil$ 'ine$ clothing$ good to the godly$ to the
sinners turned to e#il$L Ecclus. +++i+. =-. L7ire$ and hail$ and famine$
and dearth$ all these are created for #engeance$L Ecclus. +++i+. =B. The
hea#ens threaten us 'ith their comets$ stars$ "lanets$ 'ith their great
conjunctions$ ecli"ses$ o""ositions$ 0uartiles$ and such unfriendly
as"ects. The air 'ith his meteors$ thunder and lightning$ intem"erate heat
and cold$ mighty 'inds$ tem"ests$ unseasonable 'eather< from 'hich "roceed
dearth$ famine$ "lague$ and all sorts of e"idemical diseases$ consuming
infinite myriads of men. At :airo in Egy"t$ e#ery third year$ (as it is
related by ;/@AGoterus$ and others) .CC$CCC die of the "lague< and
=CC$CCC$ in :onstantino"le$ e#ery fifth or se#enth at the utmost. 5o' doth
the earth terrify and o""ress us 'ith terrible earth0ua%es$ 'hich are most
fre0uent in ;/@/G:hina$ Da"an$ and those eastern climes$ s'allo'ing u"
sometimes si+ cities at onceN 5o' doth the 'ater rage 'ith his inundations$
irru"tions$ flinging do'n to'ns$ cities$ #illages$ bridges$ Fc. besides
shi"'rec%s< 'hole islands are sometimes suddenly o#er'helmed 'ith all their
inhabitants in ;/@BG>ealand$ 5olland$ and many "arts of the continent
dro'ned$ as the ;/-CGla%e Erne in IrelandN ;/-,G_8ihil0ue "raeter arcium
cada#era "atenti cernimus freto._ In the fens of 7riesland ,=.C$ by reason
of tem"ests$ ;/-=Gthe sea dro'ned _multa hominum millia$ et jumenta sine
numero_$ all the country almost$ men and cattle in it. 5o' doth the fire
rage$ that merciless element$ consuming in an instant 'hole citiesN 4hat
to'n of any anti0uity or note hath not been once$ again and again$ by the
fury of this merciless element$ defaced$ ruinated$ and left desolateN In a
'ord$
;/-.G LIgnis "e"ercit$ unda mergit$ aeris
Iis "estilentis ae0uori ere"tum necat$
ello su"erstes$ tabidus morbo "erit.L
L4hom fire s"ares$ sea doth dro'n< 'hom sea$
Pestilent air doth send to clay<
4hom 'ar !sca"es$ sic%ness ta%es a'ay.L
To descend to more "articulars$ ho' many creatures are at deadly feud 'ith
menN *ions$ 'ol#es$ bears$ Fc. 9ome 'ith hoofs$ horns$ tus%s$ teeth$ nails&
5o' many no+ious ser"ents and #enomous creatures$ ready to offend us 'ith
stings$ breath$ sight$ or 0uite %ill usN 5o' many "ernicious fishes$
"lants$ gums$ fruits$ seeds$ flo'ers$ Fc. could I rec%on u" on a sudden$
'hich by their #ery smell many of them$ touch$ taste$ cause some grie#ous
malady$ if not death itselfN 9ome ma%e mention of a thousand se#eral
"oisons& but these are but trifles in res"ect. The greatest enemy to man$
is man$ 'ho by the de#il!s instigation is still ready to do mischief$ his
o'n e+ecutioner$ a 'olf$ a de#il to himself$ and others. ;/-?G4e are all
brethren in :hrist$ or at least should be$ members of one body$ ser#ants of
one lord$ and yet no fiend can so torment$ insult o#er$ tyrannise$ #e+$ as
one man doth another. *et me not fall therefore (saith 3a#id$ 'hen 'ars$
"lague$ famine 'ere offered) into the hands of men$ merciless and 'ic%ed
men&
;/-@G ------LIi+ sunt homines hoc nomine digni$
Kuam0ue lu"i$ sae#ae "lus feritatis habent.L
4e can most "art foresee these e"idemical diseases$ and li%ely a#oid them<
3earths$ tem"ests$ "lagues$ our astrologers foretell us< Earth0ua%es$
inundations$ ruins of houses$ consuming fires$ come by little and little$
or ma%e some noise beforehand< but the %na#eries$ im"ostures$ injuries and
#illainies of men no art can a#oid. 4e can %ee" our "rofessed enemies from
our cities$ by gates$ 'alls and to'ers$ defend oursel#es from thie#es and
robbers by 'atchfulness and 'ea"ons< but this malice of men$ and their
"ernicious endea#ours$ no caution can di#ert$ no #igilancy foresee$ 'e ha#e
so many secret "lots and de#ices to mischief one another.
9ometimes by the de#il!s hel" as magicians$ ;/--G'itches& sometimes by
im"ostures$ mi+tures$ "oisons$ stratagems$ single combats$ 'ars$ 'e hac%
and he'$ as if 'e 'ere _ad internecionem nati_$ li%e :admus! soldiers born
to consume one another. !Tis an ordinary thing to read of a hundred and t'o
hundred thousand men slain in a battle. esides all manner of tortures$
brazen bulls$ rac%s$ 'heels$ stra""adoes$ guns$ engines$ Fc. ;/-AG_Ad unum
cor"us humanum su""licia "lura$ 0uam membra_& 4e ha#e in#ented more
torturing instruments$ than there be se#eral members in a man!s body$ as
:y"rian 'ell obser#es. To come nearer yet$ our o'n "arents by their
offences$ indiscretion and intem"erance$ are our mortal enemies. ;/-/GLThe
fathers ha#e eaten sour gra"es$ and the children!s teeth are set on edge.L
They cause our grief many times$ and "ut u"on us hereditary diseases$
ine#itable infirmities& they torment us$ and 'e are ready to injure our
"osterity<
;/-BG ------Lmo+ daturi "rogeniem #itiosiorem.L
LAnd yet 'ith crimes to us un%no'n$
2ur sons shall mar% the coming age their o'n<L
and the latter end of the 'orld$ as ;/ACGPaul foretold$ is still li%e to be
the 'orst. 4e are thus bad by nature$ bad by %ind$ but far 'orse by art$
e#ery man the greatest enemy unto himself. 4e study many times to undo
oursel#es$ abusing those good gifts 'hich God hath besto'ed u"on us$
health$ 'ealth$ strength$ 'it$ learning$ art$ memory to our o'n
destruction$ ;/A,G_Perditio tua e+ te_. As ;/A=GDudas Maccabeus %illed
A"ollonius 'ith his o'n 'ea"ons$ 'e arm oursel#es to our o'n o#erthro's<
and use reason$ art$ judgment$ all that should hel" us$ as so many
instruments to undo us. 5ector ga#e Aja+ a s'ord$ 'hich so long as he
fought against enemies$ ser#ed for his hel" and defence< but after he began
to hurt harmless creatures 'ith it$ turned to his o'n hurtless bo'els.
Those e+cellent means God hath besto'ed on us$ 'ell em"loyed$ cannot but
much a#ail us< but if other'ise "er#erted$ they ruin and confound us& and
so by reason of our indiscretion and 'ea%ness they commonly do$ 'e ha#e too
many instances. This 9t. Austin ac%no'ledgeth of himself in his humble
confessions$ L"rom"tness of 'it$ memory$ elo0uence$ they 'ere God!s good
gifts$ but he did not use them to his glory.L If you 'ill "articularly %no'
ho'$ and by 'hat means$ consult "hysicians$ and they 'ill tell you$ that it
is in offending in some of those si+ non-natural things$ of 'hich I shall
;/A.Gdilate more at large< they are the causes of our infirmities$ our
surfeiting$ and drun%enness$ our immoderate insatiable lust$ and "rodigious
riot. _Plures cra"ula$ 0uam gladius_$ is a true saying$ the board consumes
more than the s'ord. 2ur intem"erance it is$ that "ulls so many se#eral
incurable diseases u"on our heads$ that hastens ;/A?Gold age$ "er#erts our
tem"erature$ and brings u"on us sudden death. And last of all$ that 'hich
crucifies us most$ is our o'n folly$ madness (_0uos Du"iter "erdit$
dementat_< by subtraction of his assisting grace God "ermits it) 'ea%ness$
'ant of go#ernment$ our facility and "roneness in yielding to se#eral
lusts$ in gi#ing 'ay to e#ery "assion and "erturbation of the mind& by
'hich means 'e metamor"hose oursel#es and degenerate into beasts. All 'hich
that "rince of ;/A@G"oets obser#ed of Agamemnon$ that 'hen he 'as 'ell
"leased$ and could moderate his "assion$ he 'as--_os oculos0ue Do#i "ar_&
li%e Du"iter in feature$ Mars in #alour$ Pallas in 'isdom$ another god< but
'hen he became angry$ he 'as a lion$ a tiger$ a dog$ Fc.$ there a""eared no
sign or li%eness of Du"iter in him< so 'e$ as long as 'e are ruled by
reason$ correct our inordinate a""etite$ and conform oursel#es to God!s
'ord$ are as so many saints& but if 'e gi#e reins to lust$ anger$ ambition$
"ride$ and follo' our o'n 'ays$ 'e degenerate into beasts$ transform
oursel#es$ o#erthro' our constitutions$ ;/A-G"ro#o%e God to anger$ and hea"
u"on us this of melancholy$ and all %inds of incurable diseases$ as a just
and deser#ed "unishment of our sins.
9H9E:T. II.--_The 3efinition$ 8umber$ 3i#ision of 3iseases_.
4hat a disease is$ almost e#ery "hysician defines. ;/AAG7ernelius calleth
it an Laffection of the body contrary to nature.L ;/A/G7uschius and :rato$
Lan hindrance$ hurt$ or alteration of any action of the body$ or "art of
it.L ;/ABGTholosanus$ La dissolution of that league 'hich is bet'een body
and soul$ and a "erturbation of it< as health the "erfection$ and ma%es to
the "reser#ation of it.L ;//CG*abeo in Agellius$ Lan ill habit of the body$
o""osite to nature$ hindering the use of it.L 2thers other'ise$ all to this
effect.
_8umber of 3iseases_.G 5o' many diseases there are$ is a 0uestion not yet
determined< ;//,GPliny rec%ons u" .CC from the cro'n of the head to the
sole of the foot& else'here he saith$ _morborum infinita multitudo_$ their
number is infinite. 5o'soe#er it 'as in those times$ it boots not< in our
days I am sure the number is much augmented&
;//=G ------Lmacies$ et no#a febrium
Terris incubit cohors.L
7or besides many e"idemical diseases unheard of$ and altogether un%no'n to
Galen and 5i""ocrates$ as scorbutum$ small-"o+$ "lica$ s'eating sic%ness$
morbus Gallicus$ Fc.$ 'e ha#e many "ro"er and "eculiar almost to e#ery
"art.
_8o man free from some 3isease or other_.G 8o man amongst us so sound$ of
so good a constitution$ that hath not some im"ediment of body or mind.
_Kuis0ue suos "atimur manes_$ 'e ha#e all our infirmities$ first or last$
more or less. There 'ill be "erad#enture in an age$ or one of a thousand$
li%e >eno"hilus the musician in ;//.GPliny$ that may ha""ily li#e ,C@ years
'ithout any manner of im"ediment< a Pollio 1omulus$ that can "reser#e
himself ;//?GL'ith 'ine and oil<L a man as fortunate as K. Metellus$ of
'hom Ialerius so much brags< a man as healthy as 2tto 5er'ardus$ a senator
of Augsburg in Germany$ 'hom ;//@G*eo#itius the astrologer brings in for an
e+am"le and instance of certainty in his art< 'ho because he had the
significators in his geniture fortunate$ and free from the hostile as"ects
of 9aturn and Mars$ being a #ery cold man$ ;//-GLcould not remember that
e#er he 'as sic%.L ;//AGParacelsus may brag that he could ma%e a man li#e
?CC years or more$ if he might bring him u" from his infancy$ and diet him
as he list< and some "hysicians hold$ that there is no certain "eriod of
man!s life< but it may still by tem"erance and "hysic be "rolonged. 4e find
in the meantime$ by common e+"erience$ that no man can esca"e$ but that of
;///G5esiod is true&
L;Gree%& "leiae men gar gaia %a%on$ "leiae de thalassa$
nousoid! anthro"oi ein e"h! haemerae$ aed! e"i nu%ti
5automatoi "hoitosi.GL------
LTh! earth!s full of maladies$ and full the sea$
4hich set u"on us both by night and day.L
_3i#ision of 3iseases_.G If you re0uire a more e+act di#ision of these
ordinary diseases 'hich are incident to men$ I refer you to "hysicians<
;//BGthey 'ill tell you of acute and chronic$ first and secondary$ lethals$
salutares$ errant$ fi+ed$ sim"le$ com"ound$ conne+ed$ or conse0uent$
belonging to "arts or the 'hole$ in habit$ or in dis"osition$ Fc. My
di#ision at this time (as most befitting my "ur"ose) shall be into those of
the body and mind. 7or them of the body$ a brief catalogue of 'hich
7uschius hath made$ _Institut. lib. .$ sect. ,$ ca". ,,._ I refer you to
the #oluminous tomes of Galen$ Areteus$ 1hasis$ A#icenna$ Ale+ander$ Paulus
Aetius$ Gordonerius& and those e+act 8eoterics$ 9a#anarola$ :a"i#accius$
3onatus Altomarus$ 5ercules de 9a+onia$ Mercurialis$ Iictorius 7a#entinus$
4ec%er$ Piso$ Fc.$ that ha#e methodically and elaborately 'ritten of them
all. Those of the mind and head I 'ill briefly handle$ and a"art.
9H9E:T. III.--_3i#ision of the 3iseases of the 5ead_.
These diseases of the mind$ forasmuch as they ha#e their chief seat and
organs in the head$ 'hich are commonly re"eated amongst the diseases of the
head 'hich are di#ers$ and #ary much according to their site. 7or in the
head$ as there be se#eral "arts$ so there be di#ers grie#ances$ 'hich
according to that di#ision of ;/BCG5eurnius$ ('hich he ta%es out of
Arculanus$) are in'ard or out'ard (to omit all others 'hich "ertain to eyes
and ears$ nostrils$ gums$ teeth$ mouth$ "alate$ tongue$ 'eezle$ cho"s$
face$ Fc.) belonging "ro"erly to the brain$ as baldness$ falling of hair$
furfur$ lice$ Fc. ;/B,GIn'ard belonging to the s%ins ne+t to the brain$
called _dura_ and _"ia mater_$ as all headaches$ Fc.$ or to the #entricles$
caules$ %ells$ tunicles$ cree%s$ and "arts of it$ and their "assions$ as
caro$ #ertigo$ incubus$ a"o"le+y$ falling sic%ness. The diseases of the
ner#es$ cram"s$ stu"or$ con#ulsion$ tremor$ "alsy& or belonging to the
e+crements of the brain$ catarrhs$ sneezing$ rheums$ distillations& or else
those that "ertain to the substance of the brain itself$ in 'hich are
concei#ed frenzy$ lethargy$ melancholy$ madness$ 'ea% memory$ so"or$ or
_:oma Iigilia et #igil :oma_. 2ut of these again I 'ill single such as
"ro"erly belong to the "hantasy$ or imagination$ or reason itself$ 'hich
;/B=G*aurentius calls the disease of the mind< and 5ildesheim$ _morbos
imaginationis$ aut rationis laesae_$ (diseases of the imagination$ or of
injured reason$) 'hich are three or four in number$ frenzy$ madness$
melancholy$ dotage$ and their %inds& as hydro"hobia$ lycanthro"ia$ _:horus
sancti #iti$ morbi daemoniaci_$ (9t. Iitus!s dance$ "ossession of de#ils$)
'hich I 'ill briefly touch and "oint at$ insisting es"ecially in this of
melancholy$ as more eminent than the rest$ and that through all his %inds$
causes$ sym"toms$ "rognostics$ cures& as *onicerus hath done _de
a"o"le+ia_$ and many other of such "articular diseases. 8ot that I find
fault 'ith those 'hich ha#e 'ritten of this subject before$ as Dason
Pratensis$ *aurentius$ Montaltus$ T. right$ Fc.$ they ha#e done #ery 'ell
in their se#eral %inds and methods< yet that 'hich one omits$ another may
ha"ly see< that 'hich one contracts$ another may enlarge. To conclude 'ith
;/B.G9cribanius$ Lthat 'hich they had neglected$ or "erfunctorily handled$
'e may more thoroughly e+amine< that 'hich is obscurely deli#ered in them$
may be "ers"icuously dilated and am"lified by us&L and so made more
familiar and easy for e#ery man!s ca"acity$ and the common good$ 'hich is
the chief end of my discourse.
9H9E:T. II.--_3otage$ 7renzy$ Madness$ 5ydro"hobia$ *ycanthro"ia$ :horus
sancti Iiti$ E+tasis_.
_3elirium$ 3otage_.G 3otage$ fatuity$ or folly$ is a common name to all the
follo'ing s"ecies$ as some 'ill ha#e it. ;/B?G*aurentius and ;/B@G
Altomarus com"rehended madness$ melancholy$ and the rest under this name$
and call it the _summum genus_ of them all. If it be distinguished from
them$ it is natural or ingenite$ 'hich comes by some defect of the organs$
and o#ermuch brain$ as 'e see in our common fools< and is for the most "art
intended or remitted in "articular men$ and thereu"on some are 'iser than
others& or else it is ac0uisite$ an a""endi+ or sym"tom of some other
disease$ 'hich comes or goes< or if it continue$ a sign of melancholy
itself.
_7renzy_.G _Phrenitis_$ 'hich the Gree%s deri#e from the 'ord ;Gree%&
"hraenG$ is a disease of the mind$ 'ith a continual madness or dotage$
'hich hath an acute fe#er anne+ed$ or else an inflammation of the brain$ or
the membranes or %ells of it$ 'ith an acute fe#er$ 'hich causeth madness
and dotage. It differs from melancholy and madness$ because their dotage is
'ithout an ague& this continual$ 'ith 'a%ing$ or memory decayed$ Fc.
Melancholy is most "art silent$ this clamorous< and many such li%e
differences are assigned by "hysicians.
_Madness_.G Madness$ frenzy$ and melancholy are confounded by :elsus$ and
many 'riters< others lea#e out frenzy$ and ma%e madness and melancholy but
one disease$ 'hich ;/B-GDason Pratensis es"ecially labours$ and that they
differ only _secundam majus_ or _minus_$ in 0uantity alone$ the one being a
degree to the other$ and both "roceeding from one cause. They differ
_intenso et remisso gradu_$ saith ;/BAGGordonius$ as the humour is intended
or remitted. 2f the same mind is ;/B/GAreteus$ Ale+ander Tertullianus$
Guianerius$ 9a#anarola$ 5eurnius< and Galen himself 'rites "romiscuously of
them both by reason of their affinity& but most of our neoterics do handle
them a"art$ 'hom I 'ill follo' in this treatise. Madness is therefore
defined to be a #ehement dotage< or ra#ing 'ithout a fe#er$ far more
#iolent than melancholy$ full of anger and clamour$ horrible loo%s$
actions$ gestures$ troubling the "atients 'ith far greater #ehemency both
of body and mind$ 'ithout all fear and sorro'$ 'ith such im"etuous force
and boldness$ that sometimes three or four men cannot hold them. 3iffering
only in this from frenzy$ that it is 'ithout a fe#er$ and their memory is
most "art better. It hath the same causes as the other$ as choler adust$
and blood incensed$ brains inflamed$ Fc. ;/BBG7racastorius adds$ La due
time$ and full ageL to this definition$ to distinguish it from children$
and 'ill ha#e it confirmed im"otency$ to se"arate it from such as
accidentally come and go again$ as by ta%ing henbane$ nightshade$ 'ine$ Fc.
2f this fury there be di#ers %inds< ;BCCGecstasy$ 'hich is familiar 'ith
some "ersons$ as :ardan saith of himself$ he could be in one 'hen he list<
in 'hich the Indian "riests deli#er their oracles$ and the 'itches in
*a"land$ as 2laus Magnus 'riteth$ _l. .$ ca". ,/._ _E+tasi omnia
"raedicere_$ ans'er all 0uestions in an ecstasis you 'ill as%< 'hat your
friends do$ 'here they are$ ho' they fare$ Fc. The other s"ecies of this
fury are enthusiasms$ re#elations$ and #isions$ so often mentioned by
Gregory and ede in their 'or%s< obsession or "ossession of de#ils$
sibylline "ro"hets$ and "oetical furies< such as come by eating no+ious
herbs$ tarantulas stinging$ Fc.$ 'hich some reduce to this. The most %no'n
are these$ lycanthro"ia$ hydro"hobia$ chorus sancti Iiti.
_*ycanthro"ia_.G *ycanthro"ia$ 'hich A#icenna calls _cucubuth_$ others
_lu"inam insaniam_$ or 'olf-madness$ 'hen men run ho'ling about gra#es and
fields in the night$ and 'ill not be "ersuaded but that they are 'ol#es$ or
some such beasts. ;BC,GAetius and ;BC=GPaulus call it a %ind of melancholy<
but I should rather refer it to madness$ as most do. 9ome ma%e a doubt of
it 'hether there be any such disease. ;BC.G3onat ab Altomari saith$ that he
sa' t'o of them in his time& ;BC?G4ierus tells a story of such a one at
Padua ,@?,$ that 'ould not belie#e to the contrary$ but that he 'as a 'olf.
5e hath another instance of a 9"aniard$ 'ho thought himself a bear<
;BC@G7orrestus confirms as much by many e+am"les< one amongst the rest of
'hich he 'as an eye'itness$ at Alcmaer in 5olland$ a "oor husbandman that
still hunted about gra#es$ and %e"t in churchyards$ of a "ale$ blac%$ ugly$
and fearful loo%. 9uch beli%e$ or little better$ 'ere %ing Praetus!
;BC-Gdaughters$ that thought themsel#es %ine. And 8ebuchadnezzar in 3aniel$
as some inter"reters hold$ 'as only troubled 'ith this %ind of madness.
This disease "erha"s ga#e occasion to that bold assertion of ;BCAGPliny$
Lsome men 'ere turned into 'ol#es in his time$ and from 'ol#es to men
again&L and to that fable of Pausanias$ of a man that 'as ten years a 'olf$
and after'ards turned to his former sha"e& to ;BC/G2#id!s tale of *ycaon$
Fc. 5e that is desirous to hear of this disease$ or more e+am"les$ let him
read Austin in his ,/th boo% _de :i#itate 3ei$ ca". @._ Mizaldus$ _cent. @.
AA._ 9c%en%ius$ _lib. ,._ 5ildesheim$ _s"icel. =. de Mania_. 7orrestus
_lib. ,C. de morbis cerebri._ 2laus Magnus$ Iincentius ella#icensis$
_s"ec. met. lib. .,. c. ,==._ Pierius$ odine$ >uinger$ >eilger$ Peucer$
4ierus$ 9"ranger$ Fc. This malady$ saith A#icenna$ troubleth men most in
7ebruary$ and is no'adays fre0uent in ohemia and 5ungary$ according to
;BCBG5eurnius. 9cheretzius 'ill ha#e it common in *i#onia. They lie hid
most "art all day$ and go abroad in the night$ bar%ing$ ho'ling$ at gra#es
and deserts< ;B,CGLthey ha#e usually hollo' eyes$ scabbed legs and thighs$
#ery dry and "ale$L ;B,,Gsaith Altomarus< he gi#es a reason there of all
the sym"toms$ and sets do'n a brief cure of them.
_5ydro"hobia_ is a %ind of madness$ 'ell %no'n in e#ery #illage$ 'hich
comes by the biting of a mad dog$ or scratching$ saith ;B,=GAurelianus<
touching$ or smelling alone sometimes as ;B,.G9c%en%ius "ro#es$ and is
incident to many other creatures as 'ell as men& so called because the
"arties affected cannot endure the sight of 'ater$ or any li0uor$ su""osing
still they see a mad dog in it. And 'hich is more 'onderful< though they be
#ery dry$ (as in this malady they are) they 'ill rather die than drin%&
;B,?Gde Ienenis :aelius Aurelianus$ an ancient 'riter$ ma%es a doubt
'hether this 5ydro"hobia be a "assion of the body or the mind. The "art
affected is the brain& the cause$ "oison that comes from the mad dog$ 'hich
is so hot and dry$ that it consumes all the moisture in the body. ;B,@G
5ildesheim relates of some that died so mad< and being cut u"$ had no
'ater$ scarce blood$ or any moisture left in them. To such as are so
affected$ the fear of 'ater begins at fourteen days after they are bitten$
to some again not till forty or si+ty days after& commonly saith 5eurnius$
they begin to ra#e$ fly 'ater and glasses$ to loo% red$ and s'ell in the
face$ about t'enty days after (if some remedy be not ta%en in the meantime)
to lie a'a%e$ to be "ensi#e$ sad$ to see strange #isions$ to bar% and ho'l$
to fall into a s'oon$ and oftentimes fits of the falling sic%ness. ;B,-G
9ome say$ little things li%e 'hel"s 'ill be seen in their urine. If any of
these signs a""ear$ they are "ast reco#ery. Many times these sym"toms 'ill
not a""ear till si+ or se#en months after$ saith ;B,AG:odronchus< and
sometimes not till se#en or eight years$ as Guianerius< t'el#e as Albertus<
si+ or eight months after$ as Galen holds. aldus the great la'yer died of
it& an Augustine friar$ and a 'oman in 3elft$ that 'ere ;B,/G7orrestus!
"atients$ 'ere miserably consumed 'ith it. The common cure in the country
(for such at least as d'ell near the seaside) is to duc% them o#er head and
ears in sea 'ater< some use charms& e#ery good 'ife can "rescribe
medicines. ut the best cure to be had in such cases$ is from the most
a""ro#ed "hysicians< they that 'ill read of them$ may consult 'ith
3ioscorides$ _lib. -. c. .A_$ 5eurnius$ 5ildesheim$ :a"i#accius$ 7orrestus$
9c%en%ius and before all others :odronchus an Italian$ 'ho hath lately
'ritten t'o e+0uisite boo%s on the subject.
_:horus sancti Iiti_$ or 9t. Iitus!s dance< the lasci#ious dance$ ;B,BG
Paracelsus calls it$ because they that are ta%en from it$ can do nothing
but dance till they be dead$ or cured. It is so called$ for that the
"arties so troubled 'ere 'ont to go to 9t. Iitus for hel"$ and after they
had danced there a'hile$ they 'ere ;B=CGcertainly freed. !Tis strange to
hear ho' long they 'ill dance$ and in 'hat manner$ o#er stools$ forms$
tables< e#en great bellied 'omen sometimes (and yet ne#er hurt their
children) 'ill dance so long that they can stir neither hand nor foot$ but
seem to be 0uite dead. 2ne in red clothes they cannot abide. Music abo#e
all things they lo#e$ and therefore magistrates in Germany 'ill hire
musicians to "lay to them$ and some lusty sturdy com"anions to dance 'ith
them. This disease hath been #ery common in Germany$ as a""ears by those
relations of ;B=,G9c%en%ius$ and Paracelsus in his boo% of Madness$ 'ho
brags ho' many se#eral "ersons he hath cured of it. 7eli+ Plateras _de
mentis alienat. ca". ._$ re"orts of a 'oman in asil 'hom he sa'$ that
danced a 'hole month together. The Arabians call it a %ind of "alsy. odine
in his @th boo% _de 1e"ub. ca". ,_$ s"ea%s of this infirmity< Mona#ius in
his last e"istle to 9coltizius$ and in another to 3udithus$ 'here you may
read more of it.
The last %ind of madness or melancholy$ is that demoniacal (if I may so
call it) obsession or "ossession of de#ils$ 'hich Platerus and others 'ould
ha#e to be "reternatural& stu"end things are said of them$ their actions$
gestures$ contortions$ fasting$ "ro"hesying$ s"ea%ing languages they 'ere
ne#er taught$ Fc. Many strange stories are related of them$ 'hich because
some 'ill not allo'$ (for 3eacon and 3arrel ha#e 'ritten large #olumes on
this subject "ro and con.) I #oluntarily omit.
;B==G7uschius$ _Institut. lib. .. sec. ,. ca". ,,_$ 7eli+ Plater$
;B=.G*aurentius$ add to these another fury that "roceeds from lo#e$ and
another from study$ another di#ine or religious fury< but these more
"ro"erly belong to melancholy< of all 'hich I 'ill s"ea% ;B=?Ga"art$
intending to 'rite a 'hole boo% of them.
9H9E:T. I.--_Melancholy in 3is"osition$ im"ro"erly so called$
E0ui#ocations_.
Melancholy$ the subject of our "resent discourse$ is either in dis"osition
or habit. In dis"osition$ is that transitory melancholy 'hich goes and
comes u"on e#ery small occasion of sorro'$ need$ sic%ness$ trouble$ fear$
grief$ "assion$ or "erturbation of the mind$ any manner of care$
discontent$ or thought$ 'hich causeth anguish$ dullness$ hea#iness and
#e+ation of s"irit$ any 'ays o""osite to "leasure$ mirth$ joy$ delight$
causing fro'ardness in us$ or a disli%e. In 'hich e0ui#ocal and im"ro"er
sense$ 'e call him melancholy that is dull$ sad$ sour$ lum"ish$ ill
dis"osed$ solitary$ any 'ay mo#ed$ or dis"leased. And from these melancholy
dis"ositions$ ;B=@Gno man li#ing is free$ no stoic$ none so 'ise$ none so
ha""y$ none so "atient$ so generous$ so godly$ so di#ine$ that can
#indicate himself< so 'ell com"osed$ but more or less$ some time or other
he feels the smart of it. Melancholy in this sense is the character of
mortality. ;B=-GLMan that is born of a 'oman$ is of short continuance$ and
full of trouble.L >eno$ :ato$ 9ocrates himself$ 'hom ;B=AGAelian so highly
commends for a moderate tem"er$ that Lnothing could disturb him$ but going
out$ and coming in$ still 9ocrates %e"t the same serenity of countenance$
'hat misery soe#er befell him$L (if 'e may belie#e Plato his disci"le) 'as
much tormented 'ith it. K. Metellus$ in 'hom ;B=/GIalerius gi#es instance
of all ha""iness$ Lthe most fortunate man then li#ing$ born in that most
flourishing city of 1ome$ of noble "arentage$ a "ro"er man of "erson$ 'ell
0ualified$ healthful$ rich$ honourable$ a senator$ a consul$ ha""y in his
'ife$ ha""y in his children$L Fc. yet this man 'as not #oid of melancholy$
he had his share of sorro'. ;B=BGPolycrates 9amius$ that flung his ring
into the sea$ because he 'ould "artici"ate of discontent 'ith others$ and
had it miraculously restored to him again shortly after$ by a fish ta%en as
he angled$ 'as not free from melancholy dis"ositions. 8o man can cure
himself< the #ery gods had bitter "angs$ and fre0uent "assions$ as their
o'n ;B.CG"oets "ut u"on them. In general$ ;B.,GLas the hea#en$ so is our
life$ sometimes fair$ sometimes o#ercast$ tem"estuous$ and serene< as in a
rose$ flo'ers and "ric%les< in the year itself$ a tem"erate summer
sometimes$ a hard 'inter$ a drought$ and then again "leasant sho'ers& so is
our life intermi+ed 'ith joys$ ho"es$ fears$ sorro's$ calumnies& _In#icem
cedunt dolor et #olu"tas_$L there is a succession of "leasure and "ain.
;B.=G ------Lmedio de fonte le"orum
9urgit amari ali0uid$ in i"sis floribus angat.L
LE#en in the midst of laughing there is sorro'$L (as ;B..G9olomon holds)&
e#en in the midst of all our feasting and jollity$ as ;B.?GAustin infers in
his _:om. on the ?,st Psalm_$ there is grief and discontent. _Inter
delicias sem"er ali0uid sae#i nos strangulat_$ for a "int of honey thou
shalt here li%ely find a gallon of gall$ for a dram of "leasure a "ound of
"ain$ for an inch of mirth an ell of moan< as i#y doth an oa%$ these
miseries encom"ass our life. And it is most absurd and ridiculous for any
mortal man to loo% for a "er"etual tenure of ha""iness in his life. 8othing
so "ros"erous and "leasant$ but it hath ;B.@Gsome bitterness in it$ some
com"laining$ some grudging< it is all ;Gree%& glu%u"i%ronG$ a mi+ed
"assion$ and li%e a che0uer table blac% and 'hite& men$ families$ cities$
ha#e their falls and 'anes< no' trines$ se+tiles$ then 0uartiles and
o""ositions. 4e are not here as those angels$ celestial "o'ers and bodies$
sun and moon$ to finish our course 'ithout all offence$ 'ith such
constancy$ to continue for so many ages& but subject to infirmities$
miseries$ interru"ted$ tossed and tumbled u" and do'n$ carried about 'ith
e#ery small blast$ often molested and dis0uieted u"on each slender
occasion$ ;B.-Guncertain$ brittle$ and so is all that 'e trust unto. ;B.AG
LAnd he that %no's not this is not armed to endure it$ is not fit to li#e
in this 'orld (as one condoles our time)$ he %no's not the condition of it$
'here 'ith a reci"rocalty$ "leasure and "ain are still united$ and succeed
one another in a ring.L _E+i e mundo_$ get thee gone hence if thou canst
not broo% it< there is no 'ay to a#oid it$ but to arm thyself 'ith
"atience$ 'ith magnanimity$ to ;B./Go""ose thyself unto it$ to suffer
affliction as a good soldier of :hrist< as ;B.BGPaul ad#iseth constantly to
bear it. ut forasmuch as so fe' can embrace this good council of his$ or
use it aright$ but rather as so many brute beasts gi#e a'ay to their
"assion$ #oluntary subject and "reci"itate themsel#es into a labyrinth of
cares$ 'oes$ miseries$ and suffer their souls to be o#ercome by them$
cannot arm themsel#es 'ith that "atience as they ought to do$ it falleth
out oftentimes that these dis"ositions become habits$ and Lmany affects
contemnedL (as ;B?CG9eneca notes) Lma%e a disease. E#en as one
distillation$ not yet gro'n to custom$ ma%es a cough< but continual and
in#eterate causeth a consum"tion of the lungs<L so do these our melancholy
"ro#ocations& and according as the humour itself is intended$ or remitted
in men$ as their tem"erature of body$ or rational soul is better able to
ma%e resistance< so are they more or less affected. 7or that 'hich is but a
flea-biting to one$ causeth insufferable torment to another< and 'hich one
by his singular moderation$ and 'ell-com"osed carriage can ha""ily
o#ercome$ a second is no 'hit able to sustain$ but u"on e#ery small
occasion of misconcei#ed abuse$ injury$ grief$ disgrace$ loss$ cross$
humour$ Fc. (if solitary$ or idle) yields so far to "assion$ that his
com"le+ion is altered$ his digestion hindered$ his slee" gone$ his s"irits
obscured$ and his heart hea#y$ his hy"ochondries misaffected< 'ind$
crudity$ on a sudden o#erta%e him$ and he himself o#ercome 'ith melancholy.
As it is 'ith a man im"risoned for debt$ if once in the gaol$ e#ery
creditor 'ill bring his action against him$ and there li%ely hold him. If
any discontent seize u"on a "atient$ in an instant all other "erturbations
(for--_0ua data "orta ruunt_) 'ill set u"on him$ and then li%e a lame dog
or bro%en-'inged goose he droo"s and "ines a'ay$ and is brought at last to
that ill habit or malady of melancholy itself. 9o that as the "hiloso"hers
ma%e ;B?,Geight degrees of heat and cold$ 'e may ma%e eighty-eight of
melancholy$ as the "arts affected are di#ersely seized 'ith it$ or ha#e
been "lunged more or less into this infernal gulf$ or 'aded dee"er into it.
ut all these melancholy fits$ ho'soe#er "leasing at first$ or dis"leasing$
#iolent and tyrannizing o#er those 'hom they seize on for the time< yet
these fits I say$ or men affected$ are but im"ro"erly so called$ because
they continue not$ but come and go$ as by some objects they aye mo#ed. This
melancholy of 'hich 'e are to treat$ is a habit$ _mosbus sonticus_$ or
_chronicus_$ a chronic or continuate disease$ a settled humour$ as ;B?=G
Aurelianus and ;B?.Gothers call it$ not errant$ but fi+ed< and as it 'as
long increasing$ so no' being ("leasant$ or "ainful) gro'n to an habit$ it
'ill hardly be remo#ed.
9E:T. I. MEM. II.
9H9E:T. I.--_3igression of Anatomy_.
efore I "roceed to define the disease of melancholy$ 'hat it is$ or to
discourse farther of it$ I hold it not im"ertinent to ma%e a brief
digression of the anatomy of the body and faculties of the soul$ for the
better understanding of that 'hich is to follo'< because many hard 'ords
'ill often occur$ as mirach$ hy"ocondries$ emerods$ Fc.$ imagination$
reason$ humours$ s"irits$ #ital$ natural$ animal$ ner#es$ #eins$ arteries$
chylus$ "ituita< 'hich by the #ulgar 'ill not so easily be "ercei#ed$ 'hat
they are$ ho' cited$ and to 'hat end they ser#e. And besides$ it may
"erad#enture gi#e occasion to some men to e+amine more accurately$ search
further into this most e+cellent subject$ and thereu"on 'ith that royal
;B??G"ro"het to "raise God$ (Lfor a man is fearfully and 'onderfully made$
and curiously 'roughtL) that ha#e time and leisure enough$ and are
sufficiently informed in all other 'orldly businesses$ as to ma%e a good
bargain$ buy and sell$ to %ee" and ma%e choice of a fair ha'%$ hound$
horse$ Fc. ut for such matters as concern the %no'ledge of themsel#es$
they are 'holly ignorant and careless< they %no' not 'hat this body and
soul are$ ho' combined$ of 'hat "arts and faculties they consist$ or ho' a
man differs from a dog. And 'hat can be more ignominious and filthy (as
;B?@GMelancthon 'ell in#eighs) Lthan for a man not to %no' the structure
and com"osition of his o'n body$ es"ecially since the %no'ledge of it tends
so much to the "reser#ation$ of his health$ and information of his
mannersNL To stir them u" therefore to this study$ to "eruse those
elaborate 'or%s of ;B?-GGalen$ auhines$ Plater$ Iesalius$ 7alo"ius$
*aurentius$ 1emelinus$ Fc.$ 'hich ha#e 'ritten co"iously in *atin< or that
'hich some of our industrious countrymen ha#e done in our mother tongue$
not long since$ as that translation of ;B?AG:olumbus and ;B?/G
Microcosmogra"hia$ in thirteen boo%s$ I ha#e made this brief digression.
Also because ;B?BG4ec%er$ ;B@CGMelancthon$ ;B@,G7ernelius$ ;B@=G 7uschius$
and those tedious Tracts _de Anima_ ('hich ha#e more com"endiously handled
and 'ritten of this matter$) are not at all times ready to be had$ to gi#e
them some small taste$ or notice of the rest$ let this e"itome suffice.
9H9E:T. II.--_3i#ision of the ody$ 5umours$ 9"irits_.
2f the "arts of the body there may be many di#isions& the most a""ro#ed is
that of ;B@.G*aurentius$ out of 5i""ocrates& 'hich is$ into "arts
contained$ or containing. :ontained$ are either humours or s"irits.
_5umours_.G A humour is a li0uid or fluent "art of the body$ com"rehended
in it$ for the "reser#ation of it< and is either innate or born 'ith us$ or
ad#entitious and ac0uisite. The radical or innate$ is daily su""lied by
nourishment$ 'hich some call cambium$ and ma%e those secondary humours of
ros and gluten to maintain it& or ac0uisite$ to maintain these four first
"rimary humours$ coming and "roceeding from the first concoction in the
li#er$ by 'hich means chylus is e+cluded. 9ome di#ide them into "rofitable
and e+crementitious. ut ;B@?G:rato out of 5i""ocrates 'ill ha#e all four
to be juice$ and not e+crements$ 'ithout 'hich no li#ing creature can be
sustained& 'hich four$ though they be com"rehended in the mass of blood$
yet they ha#e their se#eral affections$ by 'hich they are distinguished
from one another$ and from those ad#entitious$ "eccant$ or ;B@@Gdiseased
humours$ as Melancthon calls them.
_lood_.G lood is a hot$ s'eet$ tem"erate$ red humour$ "re"ared in the
mesaraic #eins$ and made of the most tem"erate "arts of the chylus in the
li#er$ 'hose office is to nourish the 'hole body$ to gi#e it strength and
colour$ being dis"ersed by the #eins through e#ery "art of it. And from it
s"irits are first begotten in the heart$ 'hich after'ards by the arteries
are communicated to the other "arts.
Pituita$ or "hlegm$ is a cold and moist humour$ begotten of the colder "art
of the chylus (or 'hite juice coming out of the meat digested in the
stomach$) in the li#er< his office is to nourish and moisten the members of
the body$ 'hich as the tongue are mo#ed$ that they be not o#er dry.
:holer$ is hot and dry$ bitter$ begotten of the hotter "arts of the chylus$
and gathered to the gall& it hel"s the natural heat and senses$ and ser#es
to the e+"elling of e+crements.
_Melancholy_.G Melancholy$ cold and dry$ thic%$ blac%$ and sour$ begotten
of the more feculent "art of nourishment$ and "urged from the s"leen$ is a
bridle to the other t'o hot humours$ blood and choler$ "reser#ing them in
the blood$ and nourishing the bones. These four humours ha#e some analogy
'ith the four elements$ and to the four ages in man.
_9erum$ 9'eat$ Tears_.G To these humours you may add serum$ 'hich is the
matter of urine$ and those e+crementitious humours of the third concoction$
s'eat and tears.
_9"irits_.G 9"irit is a most subtle #a"our$ 'hich is e+"ressed from the
blood$ and the instrument of the soul$ to "erform all his actions< a common
tie or medium bet'een the body and the soul$ as some 'ill ha#e it< or as
;B@-GParacelsus$ a fourth soul of itself. Melancthon holds the fountain of
those s"irits to be the heart$ begotten there< and after'ard con#eyed to
the brain$ they ta%e another nature to them. 2f these s"irits there be
three %inds$ according to the three "rinci"al "arts$ brain$ heart$ li#er<
natural$ #ital$ animal. The natural are begotten in the li#er$ and thence
dis"ersed through the #eins$ to "erform those natural actions. The #ital
s"irits are made in the heart of the natural$ 'hich by the arteries are
trans"orted to all the other "arts& if the s"irits cease$ then life
ceaseth$ as in a synco"e or s'ooning. The animal s"irits formed of the
#ital$ brought u" to the brain$ and diffused by the ner#es$ to the
subordinate members$ gi#e sense and motion to them all.
9H9E:T. III.--_9imilar Parts_.
_9imilar Parts_G :ontaining "arts$ by reason of their more solid substance$
are either homogeneal or heterogeneal$ similar or dissimilar< so Aristotle
di#ides them$ _lib. ,$ ca". ,$ de 5ist. Animal._< *aurentius$ _ca". =C$
lib. ,._ 9imilar$ or homogeneal$ are such as$ if they be di#ided$ are still
se#ered into "arts of the same nature$ as 'ater into 'ater. 2f these some
be s"ermatical$ some fleshy or carnal. ;B@AG9"ermatical are such as are
immediately begotten of the seed$ 'hich are bones$ gristles$ ligaments$
membranes$ ner#es$ arteries$ #eins$ s%ins$ fibres or strings$ fat.
_ones_.G The bones are dry and hard$ begotten of the thic%est of the seed$
to strengthen and sustain other "arts& some say there be .C?$ some .CA$ or
.,. in man!s body. They ha#e no ner#es in them$ and are therefore 'ithout
sense.
A gristle is a substance softer than bone$ and harder than the rest$
fle+ible$ and ser#es to maintain the "arts of motion.
*igaments are they that tie the bones together$ and other "arts to the
bones$ 'ith their subser#ing tendons& membranes! office is to co#er the
rest.
8er#es$ or sine's$ are membranes 'ithout$ and full of marro' 'ithin< they
"roceed from the brain$ and carry the animal s"irits for sense and motion.
2f these some be harder$ some softer< the softer ser#e the senses$ and
there be se#en "air of them. The first be the o"tic ner#es$ by 'hich 'e
see< the second mo#e the eyes< the third "air ser#e for the tongue to
taste< the fourth "air for the taste in the "alate< the fifth belong to the
ears< the si+th "air is most am"le$ and runs almost o#er all the bo'els<
the se#enth "air mo#es the tongue. The harder sine's ser#e for the motion
of the inner "arts$ "roceeding from the marro' in the bac%$ of 'hom there
be thirty combinations$ se#en of the nec%$ t'el#e of the breast$ Fc.
_Arteries_.G Arteries are long and hollo'$ 'ith a double s%in to con#ey the
#ital s"irit< to discern 'hich the better$ they say that Iesalius the
anatomist 'as 'ont to cut u" men ali#e. ;B@/GThey arise in the left side of
the heart$ and are "rinci"ally t'o$ from 'hich the rest are deri#ed$ aorta
and #enosa& aorta is the root of all the other$ 'hich ser#e the 'hole body<
the other goes to the lungs$ to fetch air to refrigerate the heart.
_Ieins_.G Ieins are hollo' and round$ li%e "i"es$ arising from the li#er$
carrying blood and natural s"irits< they feed all the "arts. 2f these there
be t'o chief$ _Iena "orta_ and _Iena ca#a_$ from 'hich the rest are
corri#ated. That _Iena "orta_ is a #ein coming from the conca#e of the
li#er$ and recei#ing those mesaraical #eins$ by 'hom he ta%es the chylus
from the stomach and guts$ and con#eys it to the li#er. The other deri#es
blood from the li#er to nourish all the other dis"ersed members. The
branches of that _Iena "orta_ are the mesaraical and haemorrhoids. The
branches of the _ca#a_ are in'ard or out'ard. In'ard$ seminal or emulgent.
2ut'ard$ in the head$ arms$ feet$ Fc.$ and ha#e se#eral names.
_7ibrae$ 7at$ 7lesh_.G 7ibrae are strings$ 'hite and solid$ dis"ersed
through the 'hole member$ and right$ obli0ue$ trans#erse$ all 'hich ha#e
their se#eral uses. 7at is a similar "art$ moist$ 'ithout blood$ com"osed
of the most thic% and unctuous matter of the blood. The ;B@BGs%in co#ers
the rest$ and hath _cuticulum_$ or a little s%in tinder it. 7lesh is soft
and ruddy$ com"osed of the congealing of blood$ Fc.
9H9E:T. II.--_3issimilar Parts_.
3issimilar "arts are those 'hich 'e call organical$ or instrumental$ and
they be in'ard or out'ard. The chiefest out'ard "arts are situate for'ard
or bac%'ard&--for'ard$ the cro'n and foreto" of the head$ s%ull$ face$
forehead$ tem"les$ chin$ eyes$ ears$ nose$ Fc.$ nec%$ breast$ chest$ u""er
and lo'er "art of the belly$ hy"ocondries$ na#el$ groin$ flan%$ Fc.<
bac%'ard$ the hinder "art of the head$ bac%$ shoulders$ sides$ loins$
hi"bones$ _os sacrum_$ buttoc%s$ Fc. 2r joints$ arms$ hands$ feet$ legs$
thighs$ %nees$ Fc. 2r common to both$ 'hich$ because they are ob#ious and
'ell %no'n$ I ha#e carelessly re"eated$ _ea0ue "raeci"ua et grandiora
tantum< 0uod reli0uum e+ libris de anima 0ui #olet$ acci"iat_.
In'ard organical "arts$ 'hich cannot be seen$ are di#ers in number$ and
ha#e se#eral names$ functions$ and di#isions< but that of ;B-CG*aurentius
is most notable$ into noble or ignoble "arts. 2f the noble there be three
"rinci"al "arts$ to 'hich all the rest belong$ and 'hom they ser#e--brain$
heart$ li#er< according to 'hose site$ three regions$ or a threefold
di#ision$ is made of the 'hole body. As first of the head$ in 'hich the
animal organs are contained$ and brain itself$ 'hich by his ner#es gi#e
sense and motion to the rest$ and is$ as it 'ere$ a "ri#y counsellor and
chancellor to the heart. The second region is the chest$ or middle belly$
in 'hich the heart as %ing %ee"s his court$ and by his arteries
communicates life to the 'hole body. The third region is the lo'er belly$
in 'hich the li#er resides as a _*egat a latere_$ 'ith the rest of those
natural organs$ ser#ing for concoction$ nourishment$ e+"elling of
e+crements. This lo'er region is distinguished from the u""er by the
midriff$ or dia"hragma$ and is subdi#ided again by ;B-,Gsome into three
conca#ities or regions$ u""er$ middle$ and lo'er. The u""er of the
hy"ocondries$ in 'hose right side is the li#er$ the left the s"leen< from
'hich is denominated hy"ochondriacal melancholy. The second of the na#el
and flan%s$ di#ided from the first by the rim. The last of the 'ater
course$ 'hich is again subdi#ided into three other "arts. The Arabians ma%e
t'o "arts of this region$ _E"igastrium_ and _5y"ogastrium_$ u""er or lo'er.
_E"igastrium_ they call _Mirach_$ from 'hence comes _Mirachialis
Melancholia_$ sometimes mentioned of them. 2f these se#eral regions I 'ill
treat in brief a"art< and first of the third region$ in 'hich the natural
organs are contained.
_3e Anima.--The *o'er 1egion$ 8atural 2rgans_.G ut you that are readers in
the meantime$ L9u""ose you 'ere no' brought into some sacred tem"le$ or
majestical "alaceL (as ;B-=GMelancthon saith)$ Lto behold not the matter
only$ but the singular art$ 'or%manshi"$ and counsel of this our great
:reator. And it is a "leasant and "rofitable s"eculation$ if it be
considered aright.L The "arts of this region$ 'hich "resent themsel#es to
your consideration and #ie'$ are such as ser#e to nutrition or generation.
Those of nutrition ser#e to the first or second concoction< as the
oeso"hagus or gullet$ 'hich brings meat and drin% into the stomach. The
#entricle or stomach$ 'hich is seated in the midst of that "art of the
belly beneath the midriff$ the %itchen$ as it 'ere$ of the first
concoction$ and 'hich turns our meat into chylus. It hath t'o mouths$ one
abo#e$ another beneath. The u""er is sometimes ta%en for the stomach
itself< the lo'er and nether door (as 4ec%er calls it) is named Pylorus.
This stomach is sustained by a large %ell or caul$ called omentum< 'hich
some 'ill ha#e the same 'ith "eritoneum$ or rim of the belly. 7rom the
stomach to the #ery fundament are "roduced the guts$ or intestina$ 'hich
ser#e a little to alter and distribute the chylus$ and con#ey a'ay the
e+crements. They are di#ided into small and great$ by reason of their site
and substance$ slender or thic%er& the slender is duodenum$ or 'hole gut$
'hich is ne+t to the stomach$ some t'el#e inches long$ saith ;B-.G
7uschius. Dejunum$ or em"ty gut$ continuate to the other$ 'hich hath many
mesaraic #eins anne+ed to it$ 'hich ta%e "art of the chylus to the li#er
from it. Ilion the third$ 'hich consists of many crin%les$ 'hich ser#es
'ith the rest to recei#e$ %ee"$ and distribute the chylus from the stomach.
The thic% guts are three$ the blind gut$ colon$ and right gut. The blind is
a thic% and short gut$ ha#ing one mouth$ in 'hich the ilium and colon meet&
it recei#es the e+crements$ and con#eys them to the colon. This colon hath
many 'indings$ that the e+crements "ass not a'ay too fast& the right gut is
straight$ and con#eys the e+crements to the fundament$ 'hose lo'er "art is
bound u" 'ith certain muscles called s"hincters$ that the e+crements may be
the better contained$ until such time as a man be 'illing to go to the
stool. In the midst of these guts is situated the mesenterium or midriff$
com"osed of many #eins$ arteries$ and much fat$ ser#ing chiefly to sustain
the guts. All these "arts ser#e the first concoction. To the second$ 'hich
is busied either in refining the good nourishment or e+"elling the bad$ is
chiefly belonging the li#er$ li%e in colour to congealed blood$ the sho" of
blood$ situate in the right hy"ochondry$ in figure li%e to a half-moon$
_generosum membrum_ Melancthon styles it$ a generous "art< it ser#es to
turn the chylus to blood$ for the nourishment of the body. The e+crements
of it are either choleric or 'atery$ 'hich the other subordinate "arts
con#ey. The gall "laced in the conca#e of the li#er$ e+tracts choler to it&
the s"leen$ melancholy< 'hich is situate on the left side$ o#er against the
li#er$ a s"ongy matter$ that dra's this blac% choler to it by a secret
#irtue$ and feeds u"on it$ con#eying the rest to the bottom of the stomach$
to stir u" a""etite$ or else to the guts as an e+crement. That 'atery
matter the t'o %idneys e+"urgate by those emulgent #eins and ureters. The
emulgent dra' this su"erfluous moisture from the blood< the t'o ureters
con#ey it to the bladder$ 'hich$ by reason of his site in the lo'er belly$
is a"t to recei#e it$ ha#ing t'o "arts$ nec% and bottom& the bottom holds
the 'ater$ the nec% is constringed 'ith a muscle$ 'hich$ as a "orter$ %ee"s
the 'ater from running out against our 'ill.
Members of generation are common to both se+es$ or "eculiar to one< 'hich$
because they are im"ertinent to my "ur"ose$ I do #oluntarily omit.
_Middle 1egion_.G 8e+t in order is the middle region$ or chest$ 'hich
com"rehends the #ital faculties and "arts< 'hich (as I ha#e said) is
se"arated from the lo'er belly by the dia"hragma or midriff$ 'hich is a
s%in consisting of many ner#es$ membranes< and amongst other uses it hath$
is the instrument of laughing. There is also a certain thin membrane$ full
of sine's$ 'hich co#ereth the 'hole chest 'ithin$ and is called "leura$ the
seat of the disease called "leurisy$ 'hen it is inflamed< some add a third
s%in$ 'hich is termed mediastinus$ 'hich di#ides the chest into t'o "arts$
right and left< of this region the "rinci"al "art is the heart$ 'hich is
the seat and fountain of life$ of heat$ of s"irits$ of "ulse and
res"iration--the sun of our body$ the %ing and sole commander of it--the
seat and organ of all "assions and affections. _Primum #i#ens$ ultimum
moriens_$ it li#es first$ dies last in all creatures. 2f a "yramidical
form$ and not much unli%e to a "inea""le< a "art 'orthy of ;B-?G
admiration$ that can yield such #ariety of affections$ by 'hose motion it
is dilated or contracted$ to stir and command the humours in the body. As
in sorro'$ melancholy< in anger$ choler< in joy$ to send the blood
out'ardly< in sorro'$ to call it in< mo#ing the humours$ as horses do a
chariot. This heart$ though it be one sole member$ yet it may be di#ided
into t'o cree%s right and left. The right is li%e the moon increasing$
bigger than the other "art$ and recei#es blood from _#ena ca#a_$
distributing some of it to the lungs to nourish them< the rest to the left
side$ to engender s"irits. The left cree% hath the form of a cone$ and is
the seat of life$ 'hich$ as a torch doth oil$ dra's blood unto it$
begetting of it s"irits and fire< and as fire in a torch$ so are s"irits in
the blood< and by that great artery called aorta$ it sends #ital s"irits
o#er the body$ and ta%es air from the lungs by that artery 'hich is called
_#enosa_< so that both cree%s ha#e their #essels$ the right t'o #eins$ the
left t'o arteries$ besides those t'o common anfractuous ears$ 'hich ser#e
them both< the one to hold blood$ the other air$ for se#eral uses. The
lungs is a thin s"ongy "art$ li%e an o+ hoof$ (saith ;B-@G7ernelius) the
to'n-cler% or crier$ (;B--Gone terms it) the instrument of #oice$ as an
orator to a %ing< anne+ed to the heart$ to e+"ress their thoughts by #oice.
That it is the instrument of #oice$ is manifest$ in that no creature can
s"ea%$ or utter any #oice$ 'hich 'anteth these lights. It is$ besides$ the
instrument of res"iration$ or breathing< and its office is to cool the
heart$ by sending air unto it$ by the #enosal artery$ 'hich #ein comes to
the lungs by that _as"era arteria_ 'hich consists of many gristles$
membranes$ ner#es$ ta%ing in air at the nose and mouth$ and by it li%e'ise
e+hales the fumes of the heart.
In the u""er region ser#ing the animal faculties$ the chief organ is the
brain$ 'hich is a soft$ marro'ish$ and 'hite substance$ engendered of the
"urest "art of seed and s"irits$ included by many s%ins$ and seated 'ithin
the s%ull or brain "an< and it is the most noble organ under hea#en$ the
d'elling-house and seat of the soul$ the habitation of 'isdom$ memory$
judgment$ reason$ and in 'hich man is most li%e unto God< and therefore
nature hath co#ered it 'ith a s%ull of hard bone$ and t'o s%ins or
membranes$ 'hereof the one is called _dura mater_$ or menin+$ the other
_"ia mater_. The dura mater is ne+t to the s%ull$ abo#e the other$ 'hich
includes and "rotects the brain. 4hen this is ta%en a'ay$ the "ia mater is
to be seen$ a thin membrane$ the ne+t and immediate co#er of the brain$ and
not co#ering only$ but entering into it. The brain itself is di#ided into
t'o "arts$ the fore and hinder "art< the fore "art is much bigger than the
other$ 'hich is called the little brain in res"ect of it. This fore "art
hath many conca#ities distinguished by certain #entricles$ 'hich are the
rece"tacles of the s"irits$ brought hither by the arteries from the heart$
and are there refined to a more hea#enly nature$ to "erform the actions of
the soul. 2f these #entricles there are three--right$ left$ and middle. The
right and left ans'er to their site$ and beget animal s"irits< if they be
any 'ay hurt$ sense and motion ceaseth. These #entricles$ moreo#er$ are
held to be the seat of the common sense. The middle #entricle is a common
concourse and ca#ity of them both$ and hath t'o "assages--the one to
recei#e "ituita$ and the other e+tends itself to the fourth cree%< in this
they "lace imagination and cogitation$ and so the three #entricles of the
fore "art of the brain are used. The fourth cree% behind the head is common
to the cerebel or little brain$ and marro' of the bac%bone$ the last and
most solid of all the rest$ 'hich recei#es the animal s"irits from the
other #entricles$ and con#eys them to the marro' in the bac%$ and is the
"lace 'here they say the memory is seated.
9H9E:T. I.--_2f the 9oul and her 7aculties_.
According to ;B-AGAristotle$ the soul is defined to be ;Gree%&
entelecheiaG$ _"erfectio et actus "rimus cor"oris organici$ #itam habentis
in "otentia_& the "erfection or first act of an organical body$ ha#ing
"o'er of life$ 'hich most ;B-/G"hiloso"hers a""ro#e. ut many doubts arise
about the essence$ subject$ seat$ distinction$ and subordinate faculties of
it. 7or the essence and "articular %no'ledge$ of all other things it is
most hard (be it of man or beast) to discern$ as ;B-BGAristotle himself$
;BACGTully$ ;BA,GPicus Mirandula$ ;BA=GTolet$ and other neoteric
"hiloso"hers confess&--;BA.GL4e can understand all things by her$ but 'hat
she is 'e cannot a""rehend.L 9ome therefore ma%e one soul$ di#ided into
three "rinci"al faculties< others$ three distinct souls. 4hich 0uestion of
late hath been much contro#erted by Picolomineus and >abarel. ;BA?G
Paracelsus 'ill ha#e four souls$ adding to the three grand faculties a
s"iritual soul& 'hich o"inion of his$ :am"anella$ in his boo% _de sensu
rerum_ ;BA@Gmuch labours to demonstrate and "ro#e$ because carcasses bleed
at the sight of the murderer< 'ith many such arguments And ;BA-Gsome again$
one soul of all creatures 'hatsoe#er$ differing only in organs< and that
beasts ha#e reason as 'ell as men$ though$ for some defect of organs$ not
in such measure. 2thers ma%e a doubt 'hether it be all in all$ and all in
e#ery "art< 'hich is am"ly discussed in >abarel amongst the rest. The
;BAAGcommon di#ision of the soul is into three "rinci"al
faculties--#egetal$ sensiti#e$ and rational$ 'hich ma%e three distinct
%inds of li#ing creatures--#egetal "lants$ sensible beasts$ rational men.
5o' these three "rinci"al faculties are distinguished and connected$
_5umano ingenio inaccessum #idetur_$ is beyond human ca"acity$ as ;BA/G
Taurellus$ Phili"$ 7la#ins$ and others su""ose. The inferior may be alone$
but the su"erior cannot subsist 'ithout the other< so sensible includes
#egetal$ rational both< 'hich are contained in it (saith Aristotle) _ut
trigonus in tetragono_ as a triangle in a 0uadrangle.
_Iegetal 9oul_.G Iegetal$ the first of the three distinct faculties$ is
defined to be La substantial act of an organical body$ by 'hich it is
nourished$ augmented$ and begets another li%e unto itself.L In 'hich
definition$ three se#eral o"erations are s"ecified--altri+$ auctri+$
"rocreatri+< the first is ;BABGnutrition$ 'hose object is nourishment$
meat$ drin%$ and the li%e< his organ the li#er in sensible creatures< in
"lants$ the root or sa". 5is office is to turn the nutriment into the
substance of the body nourished$ 'hich he "erforms by natural heat. This
nutriti#e o"eration hath four other subordinate functions or "o'ers
belonging to it--attraction$ retention$ digestion$ e+"ulsion.
_Attraction_.G ;B/CGAttraction is a ministering faculty$ 'hich$ as a
loadstone doth iron$ dra's meat into the stomach$ or as a lam" doth oil<
and this attracti#e "o'er is #ery necessary in "lants$ 'hich suc% u"
moisture by the root$ as$ another mouth$ into the sa"$ as a li%e stomach.
_1etention_.G 1etention %ee"s it$ being attracted unto the stomach$ until
such time it be concocted< for if it should "ass a'ay straight$ the body
could not be nourished.
_3igestion_.G 3igestion is "erformed by natural heat< for as the flame of a
torch consumes oil$ 'a+$ tallo'$ so doth it alter and digest the nutriti#e
matter. Indigestion is o""osite unto it$ for 'ant of natural heat. 2f this
digestion there be three differences--maturation$ eli+ation$ assation.
_Maturation_.G Maturation is es"ecially obser#ed in the fruits of trees<
'hich are then said to be ri"e$ 'hen the seeds are fit to be so'n again.
:rudity is o""osed to it$ 'hich gluttons$ e"icures$ and idle "ersons are
most subject unto$ that use no e+ercise to stir natural heat$ or else cho%e
it$ as too much 'ood "uts out a fire.
_Eli+ation_.G Eli+ation is the seething of meat in the stomach$ by the said
natural heat$ as meat is boiled in a "ot< to 'hich corru"tion or
"utrefaction is o""osite.
_Assation_.G Assation is a concoction of the in'ard moisture by heat< his
o""osite is semiustulation.
_2rder of :oncoction fourfold_.G esides these three se#eral o"erations of
digestion$ there is a fourfold order of concoction&--mastication$ or
che'ing in the mouth< chilification of this so che'ed meat in the stomach<
the third is in the li#er$ to turn this chylus into blood$ called
sanguification< the last is assimilation$ 'hich is in e#ery "art.
_E+"ulsion_.G E+"ulsion is a "o'er of nutrition$ by 'hich it e+"els all
su"erfluous e+crements$ and relics of meat and drin%$ by the guts$ bladder$
"ores< as by "urging$ #omiting$ s"itting$ s'eating$ urine$ hairs$ nails$
Fc.
_Augmentation_.G As this nutriti#e faculty ser#es to nourish the body$ so
doth the augmenting faculty (the second o"eration or "o'er of the #egetal
faculty) to the increasing of it in 0uantity$ according to all dimensions$
long$ broad$ thic%$ and to ma%e it gro' till it come to his due "ro"ortion
and "erfect sha"e< 'hich hath his "eriod of augmentation$ as of
consum"tion< and that most certain$ as the "oet obser#es&--
L9tat sua cui0ue dies$ bre#e et irre"arabile tem"us
2mnibus est #itae.L------
LA term of life is set to e#ery man$
4hich is but short$ and "ass it no one can.L
_Generation_.G The last of these #egetal faculties is generation$ 'hich
begets another by means of seed$ li%e unto itself$ to the "er"etual
"reser#ation of the s"ecies. To this faculty they ascribe three subordinate
o"erations&--the first to turn nourishment into seed$ Fc.
_*ife and 3eath concomitants of the Iegetal 7aculties_.G 8ecessary
concomitants or affections of this #egetal faculty are life and his
"ri#ation$ death. To the "reser#ation of life the natural heat is most
re0uisite$ though siccity and humidity$ and those first 0ualities$ be not
e+cluded. This heat is li%e'ise in "lants$ as a""ears by their increasing$
fructifying$ Fc.$ though not so easily "ercei#ed. In all bodies it must
ha#e radical ;B/,Gmoisture to "reser#e it$ that it be not consumed< to
'hich "reser#ation our clime$ country$ tem"erature$ and the good or bad use
of those si+ non-natural things a#ail much. 7or as this natural heat and
moisture decays$ so doth our life itself< and if not "re#ented before by
some #iolent accident$ or interru"ted through our o'n default$ is in the
end dried u" by old age$ and e+tinguished by death for 'ant of matter$ as a
lam" for defect of oil to maintain it.
9H9E:T. II.--_2f the sensible 9oul_.
8e+t in order is the sensible faculty$ 'hich is as far beyond the other in
dignity$ as a beast is "referred to a "lant$ ha#ing those #egetal "o'ers
included in it. !Tis defined an LAct of an organical body by 'hich it
li#es$ hath sense$ a""etite$ judgment$ breath$ and motion.L 5is object in
general is a sensible or "assible 0uality$ because the sense is affected
'ith it. The general organ is the brain$ from 'hich "rinci"ally the
sensible o"erations are deri#ed. This sensible soul is di#ided into t'o
"arts$ a""rehending or mo#ing. y the a""rehensi#e "o'er 'e "ercei#e the
s"ecies of sensible things "resent$ or absent$ and retain them as 'a+ doth
the "rint of a seal. y the mo#ing$ the body is out'ardly carried from one
"lace to another< or in'ardly mo#ed by s"irits and "ulse. The a""rehensi#e
faculty is subdi#ided into t'o "arts$ in'ard or out'ard. 2ut'ard$ as the
fi#e senses$ of touching$ hearing$ seeing$ smelling$ tasting$ to 'hich you
may add 9caliger!s si+th sense of titillation$ if you "lease< or that of
s"eech$ 'hich is the si+th e+ternal sense$ according to *ullius. In'ard are
three--common sense$ "hantasy$ memory. Those fi#e out'ard senses ha#e their
object in out'ard things only$ and such as are "resent$ as the eye sees no
colour e+ce"t it be at hand$ the ear sound. Three of these senses are of
commodity$ hearing$ sight$ and smell< t'o of necessity$ touch$ and taste$
'ithout 'hich 'e cannot li#e. esides$ the sensiti#e "o'er is acti#e or
"assi#e. Acti#e in sight$ the eye sees the colour< "assi#e 'hen it is hurt
by his object$ as the eye by the sunbeams. According to that a+iom$
_#isibile forte destruit sensum_. ;B/=G2r if the object be not "leasing$ as
a bad sound to the ear$ a stin%ing smell to the nose$ Fc.
_9ight_.G 2f these fi#e senses$ sight is held to be most "recious$ and the
best$ and that by reason of his object$ it sees the 'hole body at once. y
it 'e learn$ and discern all things$ a sense most e+cellent for use& to the
sight three things are re0uired< the object$ the organ$ and the medium. The
object in general is #isible$ or that 'hich is to be seen$ as colours$ and
all shining bodies. The medium is the illumination of the air$ 'hich comes
from ;B/.Glight$ commonly called dia"hanum< for in dar% 'e cannot see. The
organ is the eye$ and chiefly the a""le of it$ 'hich by those o"tic ner#es$
concurring both in one$ con#eys the sight to the common sense. et'een the
organ and object a true distance is re0uired$ that it be not too near$ or
too far offO Many e+cellent 0uestions a""ertain to this sense$ discussed by
"hiloso"hers& as 'hether this sight be caused _intra mittendo$ #el e+tra
mittendo_$ Fc.$ by recei#ing in the #isible s"ecies$ or sending of them
out$ 'hich ;B/?GPlato$ ;B/@GPlutarch$ ;B/-GMacrobius$ ;B/AG*actantius and
others dis"ute. And$ besides$ it is the subject of the "ers"ecti#es$ of
'hich Alhazen the Arabian$ Iitellio$ 1oger acon$ a"tista Porta$ Guidus
Hbaldus$ A0uilonius$ Fc.$ ha#e 'ritten 'hole #olumes.
_5earing_.G 5earing$ a most e+cellent out'ard sense$ Lby 'hich 'e learn and
get %no'ledge.L 5is object is sound$ or that 'hich is heard< the medium$
air< organ$ the ear. To the sound$ 'hich is a collision of the air$ three
things are re0uired< a body to stri%e$ as the hand of a musician< the body
struc%$ 'hich must be solid and able to resist< as a bell$ lute-string$ not
'ool$ or s"onge< the medium$ the air< 'hich is in'ard$ or out'ard< the
out'ard being struc% or collided by a solid body$ still stri%es the ne+t
air$ until it come to that in'ard natural air$ 'hich as an e+0uisite organ
is contained in a little s%in formed li%e a drum-head$ and struc% u"on by
certain small instruments li%e drum-stic%s$ con#eys the sound by a "air of
ner#es$ a""ro"riated to that use$ to the common sense$ as to a judge of
sounds. There is great #ariety and much delight in them< for the %no'ledge
of 'hich$ consult 'ith oethius and other musicians.
_9melling_.G 9melling is an Lout'ard sense$ 'hich a""rehends by the
nostrils dra'ing in air<L and of all the rest it is the 'ea%est sense in
men. The organ in the nose$ or t'o small hollo' "ieces of flesh a little
abo#e it& the medium the air to men$ as 'ater to fish& the object$ smell$
arising from a mi+ed body resol#ed$ 'hich$ 'hether it be a 0uality$ fume$
#a"our$ or e+halation$ I 'ill not no' dis"ute$ or of their differences$ and
ho' they are caused. This sense is an organ of health$ as sight and
hearing$ saith ;B//GAgellius$ are of disci"line< and that by a#oiding bad
smells$ as by choosing good$ 'hich do as much alter and affect the body
many times$ as diet itself.
_Taste_.G Taste$ a necessary sense$ L'hich "ercei#es all sa#ours by the
tongue and "alate$ and that by means of a thin s"ittle$ or 'atery juice.L
5is organ is the tongue 'ith his tasting ner#es< the medium$ a 'atery
juice< the object$ taste$ or sa#our$ 'hich is a 0uality in the juice$
arising from the mi+ture of things tasted. 9ome ma%e eight s"ecies or %inds
of sa#our$ bitter$ s'eet$ shar"$ salt$ Fc.$ all 'hich sic% men (as in an
ague) cannot discern$ by reason of their organs misaffected.
_Touching_.G Touch$ the last of the senses$ and most ignoble$ yet of as
great necessity as the other$ and of as much "leasure. This sense is
e+0uisite in men$ and by his ner#es dis"ersed all o#er the body$ "ercei#es
any tactile 0uality. 5is organ the ner#es< his object those first
0ualities$ hot$ dry$ moist$ cold< and those that follo' them$ hard$ soft$
thic%$ thin$ Fc. Many delightsome 0uestions are mo#ed by "hiloso"hers about
these fi#e senses< their organs$ objects$ mediums$ 'hich for bre#ity I
omit.
9H9E:T. III.--_2f the In'ard 9enses._
_:ommon 9ense_.G Inner senses are three in number$ so called$ because they
be 'ithin the brain"an$ as common sense$ "hantasy$ memory. Their objects
are not only things "resent$ but they "ercei#e the sensible s"ecies of
things to come$ "ast$ absent$ such as 'ere before in the sense. This common
sense is the judge or moderator of the rest$ by 'hom 'e discern all
differences of objects< for by mine eye I do not %no' that I see$ or by
mine ear that I hear$ but by my common sense$ 'ho judgeth of sounds and
colours& they are but the organs to bring the s"ecies to be censured< so
that all their objects are his$ and all their offices are his. The fore
"art of the brain is his organ or seat.
_Phantasy_.G Phantasy$ or imagination$ 'hich some call estimati#e$ or
cogitati#e$ (confirmed$ saith ;B/BG7ernelius$ by fre0uent meditation$) is
an inner sense 'hich doth more fully e+amine the s"ecies "ercei#ed by
common sense$ of things "resent or absent$ and %ee"s them longer$ recalling
them to mind again$ or ma%ing ne' of his o'n. In time of slee" this faculty
is free$ and many times concei#e strange$ stu"end$ absurd sha"es$ as in
sic% men 'e commonly obser#e. 5is organ is the middle cell of the brain<
his objects all the s"ecies communicated to him by the common sense$ by
com"arison of 'hich he feigns infinite other unto himself. In melancholy
men this faculty is most "o'erful and strong$ and often hurts$ "roducing
many monstrous and "rodigious things$ es"ecially if it be stirred u" by
some terrible object$ "resented to it from common sense or memory. In "oets
and "ainters imagination forcibly 'or%s$ as a""ears by their se#eral
fictions$ antics$ images& as 2#id!s house of slee"$ Psyche!s "alace in
A"uleius$ Fc. In men it is subject and go#erned by reason$ or at least
should be< but in brutes it hath no su"erior$ and is _ratio brutorum_$ all
the reason they ha#e.
_Memory_.G Memory lays u" all the s"ecies 'hich the senses ha#e brought in$
and records them as a good register$ that they may be forthcoming 'hen they
are called for by "hantasy and reason. 5is object is the same 'ith
"hantasy$ his seat and organ the bac% "art of the brain.
_Affections of the 9enses$ slee" and 'a%ing._G The affections of these
senses are slee" and 'a%ing$ common to all sensible creatures. L9lee" is a
rest or binding of the out'ard senses$ and of the common sense$ for the
"reser#ation of body and soulL (as 9caliger ;BBCGdefines it)< for 'hen the
common sense resteth$ the out'ard senses rest also. The "hantasy alone is
free$ and his commander reason& as a""ears by those imaginary dreams$ 'hich
are of di#ers %inds$ natural$ di#ine$ demoniacal$ Fc.$ 'hich #ary according
to humours$ diet$ actions$ objects$ Fc.$ of 'hich Artemidorus$ :ardanus$
and 9ambucus$ 'ith their se#eral inter"retators$ ha#e 'ritten great
#olumes. This litigation of senses "roceeds from an inhibition of s"irits$
the 'ay being sto""ed by 'hich they should come< this sto""ing is caused of
#a"ours arising out of the stomach$ filling the ner#es$ by 'hich the
s"irits should be con#eyed. 4hen these #a"ours are s"ent$ the "assage is
o"en$ and the s"irits "erform their accustomed duties& so that L'a%ing is
the action and motion of the senses$ 'hich the s"irits dis"ersed o#er all
"arts cause.L
9H9E:T. IIII.--_2f the Mo#ing 7aculty_.
_A""etite_G This mo#ing faculty is the other "o'er of the sensiti#e soul$
'hich causeth all those in'ard and out'ard animal motions in the body. It
is di#ided into t'o faculties$ the "o'er of a""etite$ and of mo#ing from
"lace to "lace. This of a""etite is threefold$ so some 'ill ha#e it<
natural$ as it signifies any such inclination$ as of a stone to fall
do'n'ard$ and such actions as retention$ e+"ulsion$ 'hich de"end not on
sense$ but are #egetal$ as the a""etite of meat and drin%< hunger and
thirst. 9ensiti#e is common to men and brutes. Ioluntary$ the third$ or
intellecti#e$ 'hich commands the other t'o in men$ and is a curb unto them$
or at least should be$ but for the most "art is ca"ti#ated and o#erruled by
them< and men are led li%e beasts by sense$ gi#ing reins to their
concu"iscence and se#eral lusts. 7or by this a""etite the soul is led or
inclined to follo' that good 'hich the senses shall a""ro#e$ or a#oid that
'hich they hold e#il& his object being good or e#il$ the one he embraceth$
the other he rejecteth< according to that a"horism$ _2mnia a""etunt bonum_$
all things see% their o'n good$ or at least seeming good. This "o'er is
inse"arable from sense$ for 'here sense is$ there are li%e'ise "leasure and
"ain. 5is organ is the same 'ith the common sense$ and is di#ided into t'o
"o'ers$ or inclinations$ concu"iscible or irascible& or (as one ;BB,G
translates it) co#eting$ anger in#ading$ or im"ugning. :oncu"iscible co#ets
al'ays "leasant and delightsome things$ and abhors that 'hich is
distasteful$ harsh$ and un"leasant. _Irascible$ 0uasi ;BB=G a#ersans "er
iram et odium_$ as a#oiding it 'ith anger and indignation. All affections
and "erturbations arise out of these t'o fountains$ 'hich$ although the
stoics ma%e light of$ 'e hold natural$ and not to be resisted. The good
affections are caused by some object of the same nature< and if "resent$
they "rocure joy$ 'hich dilates the heart$ and "reser#es the body& if
absent$ they cause ho"e$ lo#e$ desire$ and concu"iscence. The bad are
sim"le or mi+ed& sim"le for some bad object "resent$ as sorro'$ 'hich
contracts the heart$ macerates the soul$ sub#erts the good estate of the
body$ hindering all the o"erations of it$ causing melancholy$ and many
times death itself< or future$ as fear. 2ut of these t'o arise those mi+ed
affections and "assions of anger$ 'hich is a desire of re#enge< hatred$
'hich is in#eterate anger< zeal$ 'hich is offended 'ith him 'ho hurts that
he lo#es< and ;Gree%& e"i%aire%a%iaG$ a com"ound affection of joy and hate$
'hen 'e rejoice at other men!s mischief$ and are grie#ed at their
"ros"erity< "ride$ self-lo#e$ emulation$ en#y$ shame$ Fc.$ of 'hich
else'here.
_Mo#ing from "lace to "lace_$ is a faculty necessarily follo'ing the other.
7or in #ain 'ere it other'ise to desire and to abhor$ if 'e had not
li%e'ise "o'er to "rosecute or esche'$ by mo#ing the body from "lace to
"lace& by this faculty therefore 'e locally mo#e the body$ or any "art of
it$ and go from one "lace to another. To the better "erformance of 'hich$
three things are re0uisite& that 'hich mo#es< by 'hat it mo#es< that 'hich
is mo#ed. That 'hich mo#es$ is either the efficient cause$ or end. The end
is the object$ 'hich is desired or esche'ed< as in a dog to catch a hare$
Fc. The efficient cause in man is reason$ or his subordinate "hantasy$
'hich a""rehends good or bad objects& in brutes imagination alone$ 'hich
mo#es the a""etite$ the a""etite this faculty$ 'hich by an admirable league
of nature$ and by meditation of the s"irit$ commands the organ by 'hich it
mo#es& and that consists of ner#es$ muscles$ cords$ dis"ersed through the
'hole body$ contracted and rela+ed as the s"irits 'ill$ 'hich mo#e the
muscles$ or ;BB.Gner#es in the midst of them$ and dra' the cord$ and so
_"er conse0uens_ the joint$ to the "lace intended. That 'hich is mo#ed$ is
the body or some member a"t to mo#e. The motion of the body is di#ers$ as
going$ running$ lea"ing$ dancing$ sitting$ and such li%e$ referred to the
"redicament of _situs_. 4orms cree"$ birds fly$ fishes s'im< and so of
"arts$ the chief of 'hich is res"iration or breathing$ and is thus
"erformed. The out'ard air is dra'n in by the #ocal artery$ and sent by
mediation of the midriff to the lungs$ 'hich$ dilating themsel#es as a "air
of bello's$ reci"rocally fetch it in$ and send it out to the heart to cool
it< and from thence no' being hot$ con#ey it again$ still ta%ing in fresh.
9uch a li%e motion is that of the "ulse$ of 'hich$ because many ha#e
'ritten 'hole boo%s$ I 'ill say nothing.
9H9E:T. IJ.--_2f the 1ational 9oul._
In the "recedent subsections I ha#e anatomised those inferior faculties of
the soul< the rational remaineth$ La "leasant$ but a doubtful subjectL (as
;BB?Gone terms it)$ and 'ith the li%e bre#ity to be discussed. Many
erroneous o"inions are about the essence and original of it< 'hether it be
fire$ as >eno held< harmony$ as Aristo+enus< number$ as Jenocrates< 'hether
it be organical$ or inorganical< seated in the brain$ heart or blood<
mortal or immortal< ho' it comes into the body. 9ome hold that it is _e+
traduce_$ as _Phil. ,. de Anima_$ Tertullian$ *actantius _de o"ific. 3ei$
ca". ,B._ 5ugo$ _lib. de 9"iritu et Anima_$ Iincentius ella#ic. _s"ec.
natural. lib. =.. ca". =. et ,,._ 5i""ocrates$ A#icenna$ and many ;BB@G
late 'riters< that one man begets another$ body and soul< or as a candle
from a candle$ to be "roduced from the seed& other'ise$ say they$ a man
begets but half a man$ and is 'orse than a beast that begets both matter
and form< and$ besides$ the three faculties of the soul must be together
infused$ 'hich is most absurd as they hold$ because in beasts they are
begot$ the t'o inferior I mean$ and may not be 'ell se"arated in men. ;BB-G
Galen su""oseth the soul _crasin esse_$ to be the tem"erature itself<
Trismegistus$ Musaeus$ 2r"heus$ 5omer$ Pindarus$ Phaerecides 9yrus$
E"ictetus$ 'ith the :haldees and Egy"tians$ affirmed the soul to be
immortal$ as did those ritish ;BBAG3ruids of old. The ;BB/GPythagoreans
defend Metem"sychosis< and Palingenesia$ that souls go from one body to
another$ _e"ota "rius *ethes unda_$ as men into 'ol#es$ bears$ dogs$ hogs$
as they 'ere inclined in their li#es$ or "artici"ated in conditions&
;BBBG ------Lin0ue ferinas
Possumus ire domus$ "ecudum0ue in cor"ora condi.L
;,CCCG*ucian!s coc% 'as first Eu"horbus$ a ca"tain&
LIlle ego (nam memini) Trojani tem"ore belli$
Panthoides Eu"horbus eram$L
a horse$ a man$ a s"onge. ;,CC,GDulian the A"ostate thought Ale+ander!s
soul 'as descended into his body& Plato in Timaeo$ and in his Phaedon$ (for
aught I can "ercei#e$) differs not much from this o"inion$ that it 'as from
God at first$ and %ne' all$ but being enclosed in the body$ it forgets$ and
learns ane'$ 'hich he calls _reminiscentia_$ or recalling$ and that it 'as
"ut into the body for a "unishment< and thence it goes into a beast!s$ or
man!s$ as a""ears by his "leasant fiction _de sortitione animarum$ lib. ,C.
de re"._ and after ;,CC=Gten thousand years is to return into the former
body again$
;,CC.G ------L"ost #arios annos$ "er mille figuras$
1ursus ad humanae fertur "rimordia #itae.L
2thers deny the immortality of it$ 'hich Pom"onatus of Padua decided out of
Aristotle not long since$ Plinias A#unculus$ _ca". ,. lib. =$ et lib. A.
ca". @@_< 9eneca$ _lib. A. e"ist. ad *ucilium$ e"ist. @@_< 3icearchus _in
Tull. Tusc._ E"icurus$ Aratus$ 5i""ocrates$ Galen$ *ucretius$ _lib. ,._
(Praeterea gigni "ariter cum cor"ore$ et una
:resere sentimus$ "ariter0ue senescere mentem.);,CC?G
A#erroes$ and I %no' not ho' many 8eoterics. ;,CC@GLThis 0uestion of the
immortality of the soul$ is di#ersely and 'onderfully im"ugned and
dis"uted$ es"ecially among the Italians of late$L saith Dab. :olerus$ _lib.
de immort. animae$ ca". ,._ The "o"es themsel#es ha#e doubted of it& *eo
3ecimus$ that E"icurean "o"e$ as ;,CC-Gsome record of him$ caused this
0uestion to be discussed "ro and con before him$ and concluded at last$ as
a "rofane and atheistical moderator$ 'ith that #erse of :ornelius Gallus$
Et redit in nihilum$ 0uod fuit ante nihil. It began of nothing$ and in
nothing it ends. >eno and his 9toics$ as ;,CCAGAustin 0uotes him$ su""osed
the soul so long to continue$ till the body 'as fully "utrified$ and
resol#ed into _materia "rima_& but after that$ _in fumos e#anescere_$ to be
e+tinguished and #anished< and in the meantime$ 'hilst the body 'as
consuming$ it 'andered all abroad$ _et e longin0uo multa annunciare_$ and
(as that :lazomenian 5ermotimus a#erred) sa' "retty #isions$ and suffered I
%no' not 'hat. ;,CC/GErrant e+angues sine cor"ore et ossibus umbrae. 2thers
grant the immortality thereof$ but they ma%e many fabulous fictions in the
meantime of it$ after the de"arture from the body& li%e Plato!s Elysian
fields$ and that Tur%ey "aradise. The souls of good men they deified< the
bad (saith ;,CCBGAustin) became de#ils$ as they su""osed< 'ith many such
absurd tenets$ 'hich he hath confuted. 5ierome$ Austin$ and other 7athers
of the church$ hold that the soul is immortal$ created of nothing$ and so
infused into the child or embryo in his mother!s 'omb$ si+ months after the
;,C,CGconce"tion< not as those of brutes$ 'hich are _e+ traduce_$ and dying
'ith them #anish into nothing. To 'hose di#ine treatises$ and to the
9cri"tures themsel#es$ I rejourn all such atheistical s"irits$ as Tully did
Atticus$ doubting of this "oint$ to Plato!s Phaedon. 2r if they desire
"hiloso"hical "roofs and demonstrations$ I refer them to 8i"hus$ 8ic.
7a#entinus! tracts of this subject. To 7ran. and Dohn Picus _in digress&
su". .. de Anima_$ Tholosanus$ Eugubinus$ To. 9oto$ :anas$ Thomas$
Peresius$ 3andinus$ :olerus$ to that elaborate tract in >anchius$ to
Tolet!s 9i+ty 1easons$ and *essius! T'enty-t'o Arguments$ to "ro#e the
immortality of the soul. :am"anella$ _lib. de sensu rerum_$ is large in the
same discourse$ Albertinus the 9choolman$ Dacob. 8actantus$ _tom. =. o"._
handleth it in four 0uestions$ Antony runus$ Aonius Palearius$ Marinus
Marcennus$ 'ith many others. This reasonable soul$ 'hich Austin calls a
s"iritual substance mo#ing itself$ is defined by "hiloso"hers to be Lthe
first substantial act of a natural$ humane$ organical body$ by 'hich a man
li#es$ "ercei#es$ and understands$ freely doing all things$ and 'ith
election.L 2ut of 'hich definition 'e may gather$ that this rational soul
includes the "o'ers$ and "erforms the duties of the t'o other$ 'hich are
contained in it$ and all three faculties ma%e one soul$ 'hich is
inorganical of itself$ although it be in all "arts$ and incor"oreal$ using
their organs$ and 'or%ing by them. It is di#ided into t'o chief "arts$
differing in office only$ not in essence. The understanding$ 'hich is the
rational "o'er a""rehending< the 'ill$ 'hich is the rational "o'er mo#ing&
to 'hich t'o$ all the other rational "o'ers are subject and reduced.
9H9E:T. J.--_2f the Hnderstanding_.
LHnderstanding is a "o'er of the soul$ ;,C,,Gby 'hich 'e "ercei#e$ %no'$
remember$ and judge as 'ell singulars$ as uni#ersals$ ha#ing certain innate
notices or beginnings of arts$ a reflecting action$ by 'hich it judgeth of
his o'n doings$ and e+amines them.L 2ut of this definition (besides his
chief office$ 'hich is to a""rehend$ judge all that he "erforms$ 'ithout
the hel" of any instruments or organs) three differences a""ear bet'i+t a
man and a beast. As first$ the sense only com"rehends singularities$ the
understanding uni#ersalities. 9econdly$ the sense hath no innate notions.
Thirdly$ brutes cannot reflect u"on themsel#es. ees indeed ma%e neat and
curious 'or%s$ and many other creatures besides< but 'hen they ha#e done$
they cannot judge of them. 5is object is God$ _ens_$ all nature$ and
'hatsoe#er is to be understood& 'hich successi#ely it a""rehends. The
object first mo#ing the understanding$ is some sensible thing< after by
discoursing$ the mind finds out the cor"oreal substance$ and from thence
the s"iritual. 5is actions (some say) are a""rehension$ com"osition$
di#ision$ discoursing$ reasoning$ memory$ 'hich some include in in#ention$
and judgment. The common di#isions are of the understanding$ agent$ and
"atient< s"eculati#e$ and "ractical< in habit$ or in act< sim"le$ or
com"ound. The agent is that 'hich is called the 'it of man$ acumen or
subtlety$ shar"ness of in#ention$ 'hen he doth in#ent of himself 'ithout a
teacher$ or learns ane'$ 'hich abstracts those intelligible s"ecies from
the "hantasy$ and transfers them to the "assi#e understanding$ ;,C,=G
Lbecause there is nothing in the understanding$ 'hich 'as not first in the
sense.L That 'hich the imagination hath ta%en from the sense$ this agent
judgeth of$ 'hether it be true or false< and being so judged he commits it
to the "assible to be %e"t. The agent is a doctor or teacher$ the "assi#e a
scholar< and his office is to %ee" and further judge of such things as are
committed to his charge< as a bare and rased table at first$ ca"able of all
forms and notions. 8o' these notions are t'ofold$ actions or habits&
actions$ by 'hich 'e ta%e notions of$ and "ercei#e things< habits$ 'hich
are durable lights and notions$ 'hich 'e may use 'hen 'e 'ill. 9ome rec%on
u" eight %inds of them$ sense$ e+"erience$ intelligence$ faith$ sus"icion$
error$ o"inion$ science< to 'hich are added art$ "rudency$ 'isdom& as also
;,C,.Gsynteresis$ _dictamen rationis_$ conscience< so that in all there be
fourteen s"ecies of the understanding$ of 'hich some are innate$ as the
three last mentioned< the other are gotten by doctrine$ learning$ and use.
Plato 'ill ha#e all to be innate& Aristotle rec%ons u" but fi#e
intellectual habits< t'o "ractical$ as "rudency$ 'hose end is to "ractise<
to fabricate< 'isdom to com"rehend the use and e+"eriments of all notions
and habits 'hatsoe#er. 4hich di#ision of Aristotle (if it be considered
aright) is all one 'ith the "recedent< for three being innate$ and fi#e
ac0uisite$ the rest are im"ro"er$ im"erfect$ and in a more strict
e+amination e+cluded. 2f all these I should more am"ly dilate$ but my
subject 'ill not "ermit. Three of them I 'ill only "oint at$ as more
necessary to my follo'ing discourse.
9ynteresis$ or the "urer "art of the conscience$ is an innate habit$ and
doth signify La con#ersation of the %no'ledge of the la' of God and 8ature$
to %no' good or e#il.L And (as our di#ines hold) it is rather in the
understanding than in the 'ill. This ma%es the major "ro"osition in a
"ractical syllogism. The _dictamen rationis_ is that 'hich doth admonish us
to do good or e#il$ and is the minor in the syllogism. The conscience is
that 'hich a""ro#es good or e#il$ justifying or condemning our actions$ and
is the conclusion of the syllogism& as in that familiar e+am"le of 1egulus
the 1oman$ ta%en "risoner by the :arthaginians$ and suffered to go to 1ome$
on that condition he should return again$ or "ay so much for his ransom.
The synteresis "ro"oseth the 0uestion< his 'ord$ oath$ "romise$ is to be
religiously %e"t$ although to his enemy$ and that by the la' of nature.
;,C,?GL3o not that to another 'hich thou 'ouldst not ha#e done to thyself.L
3ictamen a""lies it to him$ and dictates this or the li%e& 1egulus$ thou
'ouldst not another man should falsify his oath$ or brea% "romise 'ith
thee& conscience concludes$ therefore$ 1egulus$ thou dost 'ell to "erform
thy "romise$ and oughtest to %ee" thine oath. More of this in 1eligious
Melancholy.
9H9E:T. JI.--_2f the 4ill_.
4ill is the other "o'er of the rational soul$ ;,C,@GL'hich co#ets or a#oids
such things as ha#e been before judged and a""rehended by the
understanding.L If good$ it a""ro#es< if e#il$ it abhors it& so that his
object is either good or e#il. Aristotle calls this our rational a""etite<
for as$ in the sensiti#e$ 'e are mo#ed to good or bad by our a""etite$
ruled and directed by sense< so in this 'e are carried by reason. esides$
the sensiti#e a""etite hath a "articular object$ good or bad< this an
uni#ersal$ immaterial& that res"ects only things delectable and "leasant<
this honest. Again$ they differ in liberty. The sensual a""etite seeing an
object$ if it be a con#enient good$ cannot but desire it< if e#il$ a#oid
it& but this is free in his essence$ ;,C,-GLmuch no' de"ra#ed$ obscured$
and fallen from his first "erfection< yet in some of his o"erations still
free$L as to go$ 'al%$ mo#e at his "leasure$ and to choose 'hether it 'ill
do or not do$ steal or not steal. 2ther'ise$ in #ain 'ere la's$
deliberations$ e+hortations$ counsels$ "rece"ts$ re'ards$ "romises$ threats
and "unishments& and God should be the author of sin. ut in ;,C,AG
s"iritual things 'e 'ill no good$ "rone to e#il (e+ce"t 'e be regenerate$
and led by the 9"irit)$ 'e are egged on by our natural concu"iscence$ and
there is ;Gree%& ata+iaG$ a confusion in our "o'ers$ ;,C,/GLour 'hole 'ill
is a#erse from God and his la'$L not in natural things only$ as to eat and
drin%$ lust$ to 'hich 'e are led headlong by our tem"erature and inordinate
a""etite$
;,C,BG L8ec nos obniti contra$ nec tendere tantum
9ufficimus$L------
'e cannot resist$ our concu"iscence is originally bad$ our heart e#il$ the
seat of our affections ca"ti#ates and enforceth our 'ill. 9o that in
#oluntary things 'e are a#erse from God and goodness$ bad by nature$ by
;,C=CGignorance 'orse$ by art$ disci"line$ custom$ 'e get many bad habits&
suffering them to domineer and tyrannise o#er us< and the de#il is still
ready at hand 'ith his e#il suggestions$ to tem"t our de"ra#ed 'ill to some
ill-dis"osed action$ to "reci"itate us to destruction$ e+ce"t our 'ill be
s'ayed and counter"oised again 'ith some di#ine "rece"ts$ and good motions
of the s"irit$ 'hich many times restrain$ hinder and chec% us$ 'hen 'e are
in the full career of our dissolute courses. 9o 3a#id corrected himself$
'hen he had 9aul at a #antage. 1e#enge and malice 'ere as t'o #iolent
o""ugners on the one side< but honesty$ religion$ fear of God$ 'ithheld him
on the other.
The actions of the 'ill are _#elle_ and _nolle_$ to 'ill and nill& 'hich
t'o 'ords com"rehend all$ and they are good or bad$ accordingly as they are
directed$ and some of them freely "erformed by himself< although the stoics
absolutely deny it$ and 'ill ha#e all things ine#itably done by destiny$
im"osing a fatal necessity u"on us$ 'hich 'e may not resist< yet 'e say
that our 'ill is free in res"ect of us$ and things contingent$ ho'soe#er in
res"ect of God!s determinate counsel$ they are ine#itable and necessary.
9ome other actions of the 'ill are "erformed by the inferior "o'ers$ 'hich
obey him$ as the sensiti#e and mo#ing a""etite< as to o"en our eyes$ to go
hither and thither$ not to touch a boo%$ to s"ea% fair or foul& but this
a""etite is many times rebellious in us$ and 'ill not be contained 'ithin
the lists of sobriety and tem"erance. It 'as (as I said) once 'ell agreeing
'ith reason$ and there 'as an e+cellent consent and harmony bet'een them$
but that is no' dissol#ed$ they often jar$ reason is o#erborne by "assion&
_7ertur e0uis auriga$ nec audit currus habenas_$ as so many 'ild horses run
a'ay 'ith a chariot$ and 'ill not be curbed. 4e %no' many times 'hat is
good$ but 'ill not do it$ as she said$
;,C=,G LTrahit in#itum no#a #is$ aliud0ue cu"ido$
Mens aliud suadet$L------
*ust counsels one thing$ reason another$ there is a ne' reluctancy in men.
;,C==G_2di$ nec "ossum$ cu"iens non esse$ 0uod odi_. 4e cannot resist$ but
as Phaedra confessed to her nurse$ ;,C=.G_0uae lo0ueris$ #era sunt$ sed
furor suggerit se0ui "ejora_& she said 'ell and true$ she did ac%no'ledge
it$ but headstrong "assion and fury made her to do that 'hich 'as o""osite.
9o 3a#id %ne' the filthiness of his fact$ 'hat a loathsome$ foul$ crying
sin adultery 'as$ yet not'ithstanding he 'ould commit murder$ and ta%e a'ay
another man!s 'ife$ enforced against reason$ religion$ to follo' his
a""etite.
Those natural and #egetal "o'ers are not commanded by 'ill at all< for L'ho
can add one cubit to his statureNL These other may$ but are not& and thence
come all those headstrong "assions$ #iolent "erturbations of the mind< and
many times #icious habits$ customs$ feral diseases< because 'e gi#e so much
'ay to our a""etite$ and follo' our inclination$ li%e so many beasts. The
"rinci"al habits are t'o in number$ #irtue and #ice$ 'hose "eculiar
definitions$ descri"tions$ differences$ and %inds$ are handled at large in
the ethics$ and are$ indeed$ the subject of moral "hiloso"hy.
MEM. III.
9H9E:T. I.--_3efinition of Melancholy$ 8ame$ 3ifference_.
5a#ing thus briefly anatomised the body and soul of man$ as a "re"arati#e
to the rest< I may no' freely "roceed to treat of my intended object$ to
most men!s ca"acity< and after many ambages$ "ers"icuously define 'hat this
melancholy is$ sho' his name and differences. The name is im"osed from the
matter$ and disease denominated from the material cause& as ruel obser#es$
;Gree%& MelancholiaG 0uasi ;Gree%& MelainacholaeG$ from blac% choler. And
'hether it be a cause or an effect$ a disease or sym"tom$ let 3onatus
Altomarus and 9al#ianus decide< I 'ill not contend about it. It hath
se#eral descri"tions$ notations$ and definitions. ;,C=?G7racastorius$ in
his second boo% of intellect$ calls those melancholy$ L'hom abundance of
that same de"ra#ed humour of blac% choler hath so misaffected$ that they
become mad thence$ and dote in most things$ or in all$ belonging to
election$ 'ill$ or other manifest o"erations of the understanding.L ;,C=@G
Melanelius out of Galen$ 1uffus$ Aetius$ describe it to be La bad and
"ee#ish disease$ 'hich ma%es men degenerate into beasts&L Galen$ La
"ri#ation or infection of the middle cell of the head$L Fc. defining it
from the "art affected$ 'hich ;,C=-G5ercules de 9a+onia a""ro#es$ _lib. ,.
ca". ,-._ calling it La de"ra#ation of the "rinci"al function&L 7uschius$
_lib. ,. ca". =.._ Arnoldus _re#iar. lib. ,. ca". ,/._ Guianerius$ and
others& Ly reason of blac% choler$L Paulus adds. 5alyabbas sim"ly calls it
a Lcommotion of the mind.L Aretaeus$ ;,C=AGLa "er"etual anguish of the
soul$ fastened on one thing$ 'ithout an ague<L 'hich definition of his$
Mercurialis _de affect. ca". lib. ,. ca". ,C._ ta+eth& but Aelianus
Montaltus defends$ _lib. de morb. ca". ,. de Melan._ for sufficient and
good. The common sort define it to be La %ind of dotage 'ithout a fe#er$
ha#ing for his ordinary com"anions$ fear and sadness$ 'ithout any a""arent
occasion.L 9o doth *aurentius$ _ca". ?._ Piso. _lib. ,. ca". ?.._ 3onatus
Altomarus$ _ca". A. art. medic_. Dacchinus$ _in com. in lib. B. 1hasis ad
Almansor$ ca". ,@._ Ialesius$ _e+erc. ,A._ 7uschius$ _institut. .. sec. ,.
c. ,,._ Fc. 'hich common definition$ ho'soe#er a""ro#ed by most$
;,C=/G5ercules de 9a+onia 'ill not allo' of$ nor 3a#id :rucius$ _Theat.
morb. 5erm. lib. =. ca". -._ he holds it insufficient& as ;,C=BGrather
sho'ing 'hat it is not$ than 'hat it is& as omitting the s"ecific
difference$ the "hantasy and brain& but I descend to "articulars. The
_summum genus_ is Ldotage$ or anguish of the mind$L saith Aretaeus< Lof the
"rinci"al "arts$L 5ercules de 9a+onia adds$ to distinguish it from cram"
and "alsy$ and such diseases as belong to the out'ard sense and motions
;de"ra#edG ;,C.CGto distinguish it from folly and madness ('hich Montaltus
ma%es _angor animi_$ to se"arate) in 'hich those functions are not
de"ra#ed$ but rather abolished< ;'ithout an agueG is added by all$ to se#er
it from frenzy$ and that melancholy 'hich is in a "estilent fe#er. (7ear
and sorro') ma%e it differ from madness& ;'ithout a causeG is lastly
inserted$ to s"ecify it from all other ordinary "assions of ;fear and
sorro'.G 4e "ro"erly call that dotage$ as ;,C.,G*aurentius inter"rets it$
L'hen some one "rinci"al faculty of the mind$ as imagination$ or reason$ is
corru"ted$ as all melancholy "ersons ha#e.L It is 'ithout a fe#er$ because
the humour is most "art cold and dry$ contrary to "utrefaction. 7ear and
sorro' are the true characters and inse"arable com"anions of most
melancholy$ not all$ as 5er. de 9a+onia$ _Tract. de "osthumo de
Melancholia$ ca". =._ 'ell e+ce"ts< for to some it is most "leasant$ as to
such as laugh most "art< some are bold again$ and free from all manner of
fear and grief$ as hereafter shall be declared.
9H9E:T. II.--_2f the "art affected. Affection. Parties affected_.
9ome difference I find amongst 'riters$ about the "rinci"al "art affected
in this disease$ 'hether it be the brain$ or heart$ or some other member.
Most are of o"inion that it is the brain& for being a %ind of dotage$ it
cannot other'ise be but that the brain must be affected$ as a similar "art$
be it by ;,C.=Gconsent or essence$ not in his #entricles$ or any
obstructions in them$ for then it 'ould be an a"o"le+y$ or e"ile"sy$ as
;,C..G*aurentius 'ell obser#es$ but in a cold$ dry distem"erature of it in
his substance$ 'hich is corru"t and become too cold$ or too dry$ or else
too hot$ as in madmen$ and such as are inclined to it& and this ;,C.?G
5i""ocrates confirms$ Galen$ the Arabians$ and most of our ne' 'riters.
Marcus de 2ddis (in a consultation of his$ 0uoted by ;,C.@G5ildesheim) and
fi#e others there cited are of the contrary "art< because fear and sorro'$
'hich are "assions$ be seated in the heart. ut this objection is
sufficiently ans'ered by ;,C.-GMontaltus$ 'ho doth not deny that the heart
is affected (as ;,C.AGMelanelius "ro#es out of Galen) by reason of his
#icinity$ and so is the midriff and many other "arts. They do _com"ati_$
and ha#e a fello' feeling by the la' of nature& but forasmuch as this
malady is caused by "recedent imagination$ 'ith the a""etite$ to 'hom
s"irits obey$ and are subject to those "rinci"al "arts$ the brain must
needs "rimarily be misaffected$ as the seat of reason< and then the heart$
as the seat of affection. ;,C./G:a"i#accius and Mercurialis ha#e co"iously
discussed this 0uestion$ and both conclude the subject is the inner brain$
and from thence it is communicated to the heart and other inferior "arts$
'hich sym"athise and are much troubled$ es"ecially 'hen it comes by
consent$ and is caused by reason of the stomach$ or _mirach_$ as the
Arabians term it$ 'hole body$ li#er$ or ;,C.BGs"leen$ 'hich are seldom
free$ "ylorus$ mesaraic #eins$ Fc. 7or our body is li%e a cloc%$ if one
'heel be amiss$ all the rest are disordered< the 'hole fabric suffers& 'ith
such admirable art and harmony is a man com"osed$ such e+cellent
"ro"ortion$ as *udo#icus Ii#es in his 7able of Man hath elegantly declared.
As many doubts almost arise about the ;,C?CGaffection$ 'hether it be
imagination or reason alone$ or both$ 5ercules de 9a+onia "ro#es it out of
Galen$ Aetius$ and Altomarus$ that the sole fault is in ;,C?,Gimagination.
ruel is of the same mind& Montaltus in his _= ca"._ of Melancholy confutes
this tenet of theirs$ and illustrates the contrary by many e+am"les& as of
him that thought himself a shellfish$ of a nun$ and of a des"erate mon%
that 'ould not be "ersuaded but that he 'as damned< reason 'as in fault as
'ell as imagination$ 'hich did not correct this error& they ma%e a'ay
themsel#es oftentimes$ and su""ose many absurd and ridiculous things. 4hy
doth not reason detect the fallacy$ settle and "ersuade$ if she be freeN
;,C?=GA#icenna therefore holds both corru"t$ to 'hom most Arabians
subscribe. The same is maintained by ;,C?.GAreteus$ ;,C??GGorgonius$
Guianerius$ Fc. To end the contro#ersy$ no man doubts of imagination$ but
that it is hurt and misaffected here< for the other I determine 'ith ;,C?@G
Albertinus ottonus$ a doctor of Padua$ that it is first in Limagination$
and after'ards in reason< if the disease be in#eterate$ or as it is more or
less of continuance<L but by accident$ as ;,C?-G5erc. de 9a+onia adds<
Lfaith$ o"inion$ discourse$ ratiocination$ are all accidentally de"ra#ed by
the default of imagination.L
_Parties affected_.G To the "art affected$ I may here add the "arties$
'hich shall be more o""ortunely s"o%en of else'here$ no' only signified.
9uch as ha#e the moon$ 9aturn$ Mercury misaffected in their genitures$ such
as li#e in o#er cold or o#er hot climes& such as are born of melancholy
"arents< as offend in those si+ non-natural things$ are blac%$ or of a high
sanguine com"le+ion$ ;,C?AGthat ha#e little heads$ that ha#e a hot heart$
moist brain$ hot li#er and cold stomach$ ha#e been long sic%& such as are
solitary by nature$ great students$ gi#en to much contem"lation$ lead a
life out of action$ are most subject to melancholy. 2f se+es both$ but men
more often< yet ;,C?/G'omen misaffected are far more #iolent$ and
grie#ously troubled. 2f seasons of the year$ the autumn is most melancholy.
2f "eculiar times& old age$ from 'hich natural melancholy is almost an
inse"arable accident< but this artificial malady is more fre0uent in such
as are of a ;,C?BGmiddle age. 9ome assign ?C years$ Gario"ontus .C.
Dubertus e+ce"ts neither young nor old from this ad#entitious. 3aniel
9ennertus in#ol#es all of all sorts$ out of common e+"erience$ ;,C@CG_in
omnibus omnino cor"oribus cujuscun0ue constitutionis dominatar_. Aetius and
Aretius ;,C@,Gascribe into the number Lnot only ;,C@=Gdiscontented$
"assionate$ and miserable "ersons$ s'arthy$ blac%< but such as are most
merry and "leasant$ scoffers$ and high coloured.L LGenerally$L saith
1hasis$ ;,C@.GLthe finest 'its and most generous s"irits$ are before other
obno+ious to it<L I cannot e+ce"t any com"le+ion$ any condition$ se+$ or
age$ but ;,C@?Gfools and stoics$ 'hich$ according to ;,C@@G9ynesius$ are
ne#er troubled 'ith any manner of "assion$ but as Anacreon!s _cicada$ sine
sanguine et dolore< similes fere diis sunt_. Erasmus #indicates fools from
this melancholy catalogue$ because they ha#e most "art moist brains and
light hearts< ;,C@-Gthey are free from ambition$ en#y$ shame and fear< they
are neither troubled in conscience$ nor macerated 'ith cares$ to 'hich our
'hole life is most subject.
9H9E:T. III.--_2f the Matter of Melancholy_.
2f the matter of melancholy$ there is much 0uestion bet'i+t A#icen and
Galen$ as you may read in ;,C@AG:ardan!s :ontradictions$ ;,C@/GIalesius!
:ontro#ersies$ Montanus$ Pros"er :alenus$ :a"i#accius$ ;,C@BGright$
;,C-CG7icinus$ that ha#e 'ritten either 'hole tracts$ or co"iously of it$
in their se#eral treatises of this subject. ;,C-,GL4hat this humour is$ or
'hence it "roceeds$ ho' it is engendered in the body$ neither Galen$ nor
any old 'riter hath sufficiently discussed$L as Dacchinus thin%s& the
8eoterics cannot agree. Montanus$ in his :onsultations$ holds melancholy to
be material or immaterial& and so doth Arculanus& the material is one of
the four humours before mentioned$ and natural. The immaterial or
ad#entitious$ ac0uisite$ redundant$ unnatural$ artificial< 'hich ;,C-=G
5ercules de 9a+onia 'ill ha#e reside in the s"irits alone$ and to "roceed
from a Lhot$ cold$ dry$ moist distem"erature$ 'hich$ 'ithout matter$ alter
the brain and functions of it.L Paracelsus 'holly rejects and derides this
di#ision of four humours and com"le+ions$ but our Galenists generally
a""ro#e of it$ subscribing to this o"inion of Montanus.
This material melancholy is either sim"le or mi+ed< offending in 0uantity
or 0uality$ #arying according to his "lace$ 'here it settleth$ as brain$
s"leen$ mesaraic #eins$ heart$ 'omb$ and stomach< or differing according to
the mi+ture of those natural humours amongst themsel#es$ or four unnatural
adust humours$ as they are di#ersely tem"ered and mingled. If natural
melancholy abound in the body$ 'hich is cold and dry$ Lso that it be more
;,C-.Gthan the body is 'ell able to bear$ it must needs be distem"ered$L
saith 7a#entius$ Land diseased<L and so the other$ if it be de"ra#ed$
'hether it arise from that other melancholy of choler adust$ or from blood$
"roduceth the li%e effects$ and is$ as Montaltus contends$ if it come by
adustion of humours$ most "art hot and dry. 9ome difference I find$ 'hether
this melancholy matter may be engendered of all four humours$ about the
colour and tem"er of it. Galen holds it may be engendered of three alone$
e+cluding "hlegm$ or "ituita$ 'hose true assertion ;,C-?GIalesius and
Menardus stiffly maintain$ and so doth ;,C-@G7uschius$ Montaltus$ ;,C--G
Montanus. 5o' (say they) can 'hite become blac%N ut 5ercules de 9a+onia$
_lib. "ost. de mela. c. /_$ and ;,C-AG:ardan are of the o""osite "art (it
may be engendered of "hlegm$ _etsi raro contingat_$ though it seldom come
to "ass)$ so is ;,C-/GGuianerius and *aurentius$ _c. ,._ 'ith Melanct. in
his boo% _de Anima_$ and :ha". of 5umours< he calls it _asininam_$ dull$
s'inish melancholy$ and saith that he 'as an eye'itness of it& so is
;,C-BG4ec%er. 7rom melancholy adust ariseth one %ind< from choler another$
'hich is most brutish< another from "hlegm$ 'hich is dull< and the last
from blood$ 'hich is best. 2f these some are cold and dry$ others hot and
dry$ ;,CACG#arying according to their mi+tures$ as they are intended$ and
remitted. And indeed as 1odericus a 7ons. _cons. ,=. l. ,._ determines$
ichors$ and those serous matters being thic%ened become "hlegm$ and "hlegm
degenerates into choler$ choler adust becomes _aeruginosa melancholia_$ as
#inegar out of "urest 'ine "utrified or by e+halation of "urer s"irits is
so made$ and becomes sour and shar"< and from the shar"ness of this humour
"roceeds much 'a%ing$ troublesome thoughts and dreams$ Fc. so that I
conclude as before. If the humour be cold$ it is$ saith ;,CA,G7a#entinus$
La cause of dotage$ and "roduceth milder sym"toms& if hot$ they are rash$
ra#ing mad$ or inclining to it.L If the brain be hot$ the animal s"irits
are hot< much madness follo's$ 'ith #iolent actions& if cold$ fatuity and
sottishness$ ;,CA=G:a"i#accius. ;,CA.GLThe colour of this mi+ture #aries
li%e'ise according to the mi+ture$ be it hot or cold< !tis sometimes blac%$
sometimes not$L Altomarus. The same ;,CA?GMelanelius "ro#es out of Galen<
and 5i""ocrates in his oo% of Melancholy (if at least it be his)$ gi#ing
instance in a burning coal$ L'hich 'hen it is hot$ shines< 'hen it is cold$
loo%s blac%< and so doth the humour.L This di#ersity of melancholy matter
"roduceth di#ersity of effects. If it be 'ithin the ;,CA@Gbody$ and not
"utrified$ it causeth blac% jaundice< if "utrified$ a 0uartan ague< if it
brea% out to the s%in$ le"rosy< if to "arts$ se#eral maladies$ as scur#y$
Fc. If it trouble the mind< as it is di#ersely mi+ed$ it "roduceth se#eral
%inds of madness and dotage& of 'hich in their "lace.
9H9E:T. II.--_2f the s"ecies or %inds of Melancholy_.
4hen the matter is di#ers and confused$ ho' should it other'ise be$ but
that the s"ecies should be di#ers and confusedN Many ne' and old 'riters
ha#e s"o%en confusedly of it$ confounding melancholy and madness$ as ;,CA-G
5eurnius$ Guianerius$ Gordonius$ 9alustius 9al#ianus$ Dason Pratensis$
9a#anarola$ that 'ill ha#e madness no other than melancholy in e+tent$
differing (as I ha#e said) in degrees. 9ome ma%e t'o distinct s"ecies$ as
1uffus E"hesius$ an old 'riter$ :onstantinus Africanus$ Aretaeus$ ;,CAAG
Aurelianus$ ;,CA/GPaulus Aegineta& others ac%no'ledge a multitude of %inds$
and lea#e them indefinite$ as Aetius in his _Tetrabiblos_$ ;,CABGA#icenna$
_lib. .. 7en. ,. Tract. ?. ca". ,/._ Arculanus$ _ca". ,-. in B. 1asis_.
Montanus$ _med. "art. ,._ ;,C/CGLIf natural melancholy be adust$ it ma%eth
one %ind< if blood$ another< if choler$ a third$ differing from the first<
and so many se#eral o"inions there are about the %inds$ as there be men
themsel#es.L ;,C/,G5ercules de 9a+onia sets do'n t'o %inds$ Lmaterial and
immaterial< one from s"irits alone$ the other from humours and s"irits.L
9a#anarola$ _1ub. ,,. Tract. -. ca". ,. de aegritud. ca"itis_$ 'ill ha#e
the %inds to be infinite< one from the mirach$ called _myrachialis_ of the
Arabians< another _stomachalis_$ from the stomach< another from the li#er$
heart$ 'omb$ haemorrhoids$ ;,C/=GLone beginning$ another consummate.L
Melancthon seconds him$ ;,C/.GLas the humour is di#ersely adust and mi+ed$
so are the s"ecies di#ers<L but 'hat these men s"ea% of s"ecies I thin%
ought to be understood of sym"toms< and so doth ;,C/?G Arculanus inter"ret
himself& infinite s"ecies$ _id est_$ sym"toms< and in that sense$ as Do.
Gorrheus ac%no'ledgeth in his medicinal definitions$ the s"ecies are
infinite$ but they may be reduced to three %inds by reason of their seat<
head$ body$ and hy"ochrondries. This threefold di#ision is a""ro#ed by
5i""ocrates in his oo% of Melancholy$ (if it be his$ 'hich some sus"ect)
by Galen$ _lib. .. de loc. affectis$ ca". -._ by Ale+ander$ _lib. ,. ca".
,-._ 1asis$ _lib. ,. :ontinent. Tract. B. lib. ,. ca". ,-._ A#icenna and
most of our ne' 'riters. Th. Erastus ma%es t'o %inds< one "er"etual$ 'hich
is head melancholy< the other interru"t$ 'hich comes and goes by fits$
'hich he subdi#ides into the other t'o %inds$ so that all comes to the same
"ass. 9ome again ma%e four or fi#e %inds$ 'ith 1odericus a :astro$ _de
morbis mulier. lib. =. ca". .._ and *od. Mercatus$ 'ho in his second boo%
_de mulier. affect. ca". ?._ 'ill ha#e that melancholy of nuns$ 'ido's$ and
more ancient maids$ to be a "eculiar s"ecies of melancholy differing from
the rest& some 'ill reduce enthusiasts$ ecstatical and demoniacal "ersons
to this ran%$ adding ;,C/@G lo#e melancholy to the first$ and lycanthro"ia.
The most recei#ed di#ision is into three %inds. The first "roceeds from the
sole fault of the brain$ and is called head melancholy< the second
sym"athetically "roceeds from the 'hole body$ 'hen the 'hole tem"erature is
melancholy& the third ariseth from the bo'els$ li#er$ s"leen$ or membrane$
called _mesenterium_$ named hy"ochondriacal or 'indy melancholy$ 'hich
;,C/-G*aurentius subdi#ides into three "arts$ from those three members$
he"atic$ s"lenetic$ mesaraic. *o#e melancholy$ 'hich A#icenna calls
_ilishi_& and *ycanthro"ia$ 'hich he calls _cucubuthe_$ are commonly
included in head melancholy< but of this last$ 'hich Gerardus de 9olo calls
_amoreus_$ and most %night melancholy$ 'ith that of religious melancholy$
_#irginum et #iduarum_$ maintained by 1od. a :astro and Mercatus$ and the
other %inds of lo#e melancholy$ I 'ill s"ea% of a"art by themsel#es in my
third "artition. The three "recedent s"ecies are the subject of my "resent
discourse$ 'hich I 'ill anatomise and treat of through all their causes$
sym"toms$ cures$ together and a"art< that e#ery man that is in any measure
affected 'ith this malady$ may %no' ho' to e+amine it in himself$ and a""ly
remedies unto it.
It is a hard matter$ I confess$ to distinguish these three s"ecies one from
the other$ to e+"ress their se#eral causes$ sym"toms$ cures$ being that
they are so often confounded amongst themsel#es$ ha#ing such affinity$ that
they can scarce be discerned by the most accurate "hysicians< and so often
intermi+ed 'ith other diseases$ that the best e+"erienced ha#e been
"lunged. Montanus _consil. =-_$ names a "atient that had this disease of
melancholy and caninus a""etitus both together< and _consil. =._$ 'ith
#ertigo$ ;,C/AGDulius :aesar :laudinus 'ith stone$ gout$ jaundice.
Trinca#ellius 'ith an ague$ jaundice$ caninus a""etitus$ Fc. ;,C//GPaulus
1egoline$ a great doctor in his time$ consulted in this case$ 'as so
confounded 'ith a confusion of sym"toms$ that he %ne' not to 'hat %ind of
melancholy to refer it. ;,C/BGTrinca#ellius$ 7allo"ius$ and 7rancanzanus$
famous doctors in Italy$ all three conferred 'ith about one "arty$ at the
same time$ ga#e three different o"inions. And in another "lace$
Trinca#ellius being demanded 'hat he thought of a melancholy young man to
'hom he 'as sent for$ ingenuously confessed that he 'as indeed melancholy$
but he %ne' not to 'hat %ind to reduce it. In his se#enteenth consultation
there is the li%e disagreement about a melancholy mon%. Those sym"toms$
'hich others ascribe to misaffected "arts and humours$ ;,CBCG5erc. de
9a+onia attributes 'holly to distem"ered s"irits$ and those immaterial$ as
I ha#e said. 9ometimes they cannot 'ell discern this disease from others.
In 1einerus 9olenander!s counsels$ (_9ect$ consil. @_$) he and 3r. rande
both agreed$ that the "atient!s disease 'as hy"ochondriacal melancholy. 3r.
Matholdus said it 'as asthma$ and nothing else. ;,CB,G9olenander and
Guarionius$ lately sent for to the melancholy 3u%e of :le#e$ 'ith others$
could not define 'hat s"ecies it 'as$ or agree amongst themsel#es. The
s"ecies are so confounded$ as in :aesar :laudinus his forty-fourth
consultation for a Polonian :ount$ in his judgment ;,CB=GLhe laboured of
head melancholy$ and that 'hich "roceeds from the 'hole tem"erature both at
once.L I could gi#e instance of some that ha#e had all three %inds _semel
et simul_$ and some successi#ely. 9o that I conclude of our melancholy
s"ecies$ as ;,CB.Gmany "oliticians do of their "ure forms of common'ealths$
monarchies$ aristocracies$ democracies$ are most famous in contem"lation$
but in "ractice they are tem"erate and usually mi+ed$ (so ;,CB?GPolybius
informeth us) as the *acedaemonian$ the 1oman of old$ German no'$ and many
others. 4hat "hysicians say of distinct s"ecies in their boo%s it much
matters not$ since that in their "atients! bodies they are commonly mi+ed.
In such obscurity$ therefore$ #ariety and confused mi+ture of sym"toms$
causes$ ho' difficult a thing is it to treat of se#eral %inds a"art< to
ma%e any certainty or distinction among so many casualties$ distractions$
'hen seldom t'o men shall be li%e effected _"er omnia_N !Tis hard$ I
confess$ yet ne#ertheless I 'ill ad#enture through the midst of these
"er"le+ities$ and$ led by the clue or thread of the best 'riters$ e+tricate
myself out of a labyrinth of doubts and errors$ and so "roceed to the
causes.
9E:T. II. MEM. I.
9H9E:T. I.--_:auses of Melancholy. God a cause._
LIt is in #ain to s"ea% of cures$ or thin% of remedies$ until such time as
'e ha#e considered of the causes$L so ;,CB@GGalen "rescribes Glauco& and
the common e+"erience of others confirms that those cures must be
im"erfect$ lame$ and to no "ur"ose$ 'herein the causes ha#e not first been
searched$ as ;,CB-GPros"er :alenius 'ell obser#es in his tract _de atra
bile_ to :ardinal :aesius. Insomuch that ;,CBAGL7ernelius "uts a %ind of
necessity in the %no'ledge of the causes$ and 'ithout 'hich it is
im"ossible to cure or "re#ent any manner of disease.L Em"irics may ease$
and sometimes hel"$ but not thoroughly root out< _sublata causa tollitur
effectus_ as the saying is$ if the cause be remo#ed$ the effect is li%e'ise
#an0uished. It is a most difficult thing (I confess) to be able to discern
these causes 'hence they are$ and in such ;,CB/G#ariety to say 'hat the
beginning 'as. ;,CBBG5e is ha""y that can "erform it aright. I 'ill
ad#enture to guess as near as I can$ and ri" them all u"$ from the first to
the last$ general and "articular$ to e#ery s"ecies$ that so they may the
better be described.
General causes$ are either su"ernatural$ or natural. L9u"ernatural are from
God and his angels$ or by God!s "ermission from the de#ilL and his
ministers. That God himself is a cause for the "unishment of sin$ and
satisfaction of his justice$ many e+am"les and testimonies of holy
9cri"tures ma%e e#ident unto us$ Ps. c#ii$ ,A. L7oolish men are "lagued for
their offence$ and by reason of their 'ic%edness.L Gehazi 'as stric%en 'ith
le"rosy$ = 1eg. #. =A. Dehoram 'ith dysentery and flu+$ and great diseases
of the bo'els$ = :hron. ++i. ,@. 3a#id "lagued for numbering his "eo"le$ ,
Par. =,. 9odom and Gomorrah s'allo'ed u". And this disease is "eculiarly
s"ecified$ Psalm c++#ii. ,=. L5e brought do'n their heart through
hea#iness.L 3eut. ++#iii. =/. L5e struc% them 'ith madness$ blindness$ and
astonishment of heart.L ;,,CCGLAn e#il s"irit 'as sent by the *ord u"on
9aul$ to #e+ him.L ;,,C,G8ebuchadnezzar did eat grass li%e an o+$ and his
Lheart 'as made li%e the beasts of the field.L 5eathen stories are full of
such "unishments. *ycurgus$ because he cut do'n the #ines in the country$
'as by acchus dri#en into madness& so 'as Pentheus and his mother Aga#e
for neglecting their sacrifice. ;,,C=G:ensor 7ul#ius ran mad for untiling
Duno!s tem"le$ to co#er a ne' one of his o'n$ 'hich he had dedicated to
7ortune$ ;,,C.GLand 'as confounded to death 'ith grief and sorro' of
heart.L 4hen Jer+es 'ould ha#e s"oiled ;,,C?GA"ollo!s tem"le at 3el"hos of
those infinite riches it "ossessed$ a terrible thunder came from hea#en and
struc% four thousand men dead$ the rest ran mad. ;,,C@GA little after$ the
li%e ha""ened to rennus$ lightning$ thunder$ earth0ua%es$ u"on such a
sacrilegious occasion. If 'e may belie#e our "ontifical 'riters$ they 'ill
relate unto us many strange and "rodigious "unishments in this %ind$
inflicted by their saints. 5o' ;,,C-G:lodo#eus$ sometime %ing of 7rance$
the son of 3agobert$ lost his 'its for unco#ering the body of 9t. 3enis&
and ho' a ;,,CAGsacrilegious 7renchman$ that 'ould ha#e stolen a sil#er
image of 9t. Dohn$ at irgburge$ became frantic on a sudden$ raging$ and
tyrannising o#er his o'n flesh& of a ;,,C/G*ord of 1hadnor$ that coming
from hunting late at night$ "ut his dogs into 9t. A#an!s church$ (*lan A#an
they called it) and rising betimes ne+t morning$ as hunters use to do$
found all his dogs mad$ himself being suddenly struc%en blind. 2f Tyridates
an ;,,CBGArmenian %ing$ for #iolating some holy nuns$ that 'as "unished in
li%e sort$ 'ith loss of his 'its. ut "oets and "a"ists may go together for
fabulous tales< let them free their o'n credits& ho'soe#er they feign of
their 8emesis$ and of their saints$ or by the de#il!s means may be deluded<
'e find it true$ that _ultor a tergo 3eus_$ ;,,,CGL5e is God the a#enger$L
as 3a#id styles him< and that it is our crying sins that "ull this and many
other maladies on our o'n heads. That he can by his angels$ 'hich are his
ministers$ stri%e and heal (saith ;,,,,G3ionysius) 'hom he 'ill< that he
can "lague us by his creatures$ sun$ moon$ and stars$ 'hich he useth as his
instruments$ as a husbandman (saith >anchius) doth a hatchet& hail$ sno'$
'inds$ Fc. ;,,,=G_Et conjurati #eniunt in classica #enti_& as in Doshua!s
time$ as in Pharaoh!s reign in Egy"t< they are but as so many e+ecutioners
of his justice. 5e can ma%e the "roudest s"irits stoo"$ and cry out 'ith
Dulian the A"ostate$ _Iicisti Galilaee_& or 'ith A"ollo!s "riest in
;,,,.G:hrysostom$ _2 coelumO o terraO unde hostis hic_N 4hat an enemy is
thisN And "ray 'ith 3a#id$ ac%no'ledging his "o'er$ LI am 'ea%ened and sore
bro%en$ I roar for the grief of mine heart$ mine heart "anteth$L Fc. Psalm
+++#iii. /. L2 *ord$ rebu%e me not in thine anger$ neither chastise me in
thy 'rath$L Psalm +++#iii. ,. LMa%e me to hear joy and gladness$ that the
bones 'hich thou hast bro%en$ may rejoice$L Psalm li. /. and #erse ,=.
L1estore to me the joy of thy sal#ation$ and stablish me 'ith thy free
s"irit.L 7or these causes beli%e ;,,,?G5i""ocrates 'ould ha#e a "hysician
ta%e s"ecial notice 'hether the disease come not from a di#ine su"ernatural
cause$ or 'hether it follo' the course of nature. ut this is farther
discussed by 7ran. Ialesius$ _de sacr. "hilos. ca". /._ ;,,,@G 7ernelius$
and ;,,,-GD. :aesar :laudinus$ to 'hom I refer you$ ho' this "lace of
5i""ocrates is to be understood. Paracelsus is of o"inion$ that such
s"iritual diseases (for so he calls them) are s"iritually to be cured$ and
not other'ise. 2rdinary means in such cases 'ill not a#ail& _8on est
reluctandum cum 3eo_ ('e must not struggle 'ith God.) 4hen that
monster-taming 5ercules o#ercame all in the 2lym"ics$ Du"iter at last in an
un%no'n sha"e 'restled 'ith him< the #ictory 'as uncertain$ till at length
Du"iter descried himself$ and 5ercules yielded. 8o stri#ing 'ith su"reme
"o'ers. _8il ju#at immensos :ratero "romittere montes_$ "hysicians and
"hysic can do no good$ ;,,,AGL'e must submit oursel#es unto the mighty hand
of God$L ac%no'ledge our offences$ call to him for mercy. If he stri%e us
_una eadem0ue manus #ulnus o"em0ue feret_$ as it is 'ith them that are
'ounded 'ith the s"ear of Achilles$ he alone must hel"< other'ise our
diseases are incurable$ and 'e not to be relie#ed.
9H9E:T. II.--_A 3igression of the nature of 9"irits$ bad Angels$ or
3e#ils$ and ho' they cause Melancholy_.
5o' far the "o'er of s"irits and de#ils doth e+tend$ and 'hether they can
cause this$ or any other disease$ is a serious 0uestion$ and 'orthy to be
considered& for the better understanding of 'hich$ I 'ill ma%e a brief
digression of the nature of s"irits. And although the 0uestion be #ery
obscure$ according to ;,,,/GPostellus$ Lfull of contro#ersy and ambiguity$L
beyond the reach of human ca"acity$ _fateor e+cedere #ires intentionis
meae_$ saith ;,,,BGAustin$ I confess I am not able to understand it$
_finitum de infinito non "otest statuere_$ 'e can sooner determine 'ith
Tully$ _de nat. deorum_$ _0uid non sint$ 0uam 0uid sint_$ our subtle
schoolmen$ :ardans$ 9caligers$ "rofound Thomists$ 7racastoriana and
7erneliana _acies_$ are 'ea%$ dry$ obscure$ defecti#e in these mysteries$
and all our 0uic%est 'its$ as an o'l!s eyes at the sun!s light$ 'a+ dull$
and are not sufficient to a""rehend them< yet$ as in the rest$ I 'ill
ad#enture to say something to this "oint. In former times$ as 'e read$ Acts
++iii.$ the 9adducees denied that there 'ere any such s"irits$ de#ils$ or
angels. 9o did Galen the "hysician$ the Peri"atetics$ e#en Aristotle
himself$ as Pom"onatius stoutly maintains$ and 9caliger in some sort
grants. Though 3andinus the Desuit$ _com. in lib. =. de anima_$ stiffly
denies it< _substantiae se"aratae_ and intelligences$ are the same 'hich
:hristians call angels$ and Platonists de#ils$ for they name all the
s"irits$ _daemones_$ be they good or bad angels$ as Dulius Pollu+
_2nomasticon$ lib. ,. ca". ,._ obser#es. E"icures and atheists are of the
same mind in general$ because they ne#er sa' them. Plato$ Plotinus$
Por"hyrius$ Damblichus$ Proclus$ insisting in the ste"s of Trismegistus$
Pythagoras and 9ocrates$ ma%e no doubt of it& nor 9toics$ but that there
are such s"irits$ though much erring from the truth. :oncerning the first
beginning of them$ the ;,,=CGTalmudists say that Adam had a 'ife called
*ilis$ before he married E#e$ and of her he begat nothing but de#ils. The
Tur%s! ;,,=,GAlcoran is altogether as absurd and ridiculous in this "oint&
but the 9cri"ture informs us :hristians$ ho' *ucifer$ the chief of them$
'ith his associates$ ;,,==Gfell from hea#en for his "ride and ambition<
created of God$ "laced in hea#en$ and sometimes an angel of light$ no' cast
do'n into the lo'er aerial sublunary "arts$ or into hell$ Land deli#ered
into chains of dar%ness (= Pet. ii. ?.) to be %e"t unto damnation.L
_8ature of 3e#ils._G There is a foolish o"inion 'hich some hold$ that they
are the souls of men de"arted$ good and more noble 'ere deified$ the baser
gro#elled on the ground$ or in the lo'er "arts$ and 'ere de#ils$ the 'hich
'ith Tertullian$ Por"hyrius the "hiloso"her$ M. Tyrius$ _ser. =A_
maintains. LThese s"irits$L he ;,,=.Gsaith$ L'hich 'e call angels and
de#ils$ are nought but souls of men de"arted$ 'hich either through lo#e and
"ity of their friends yet li#ing$ hel" and assist them$ or else "ersecute
their enemies$ 'hom they hated$L as 3ido threatened to "ersecute Aeneas&
L2mnibus umbra locis adero& dabis im"robe "oenas.L
LMy angry ghost arising from the dee"$
9hall haunt thee 'a%ing$ and disturb thy slee"<
At least my shade thy "unishment shall %no'$
And 7ame shall s"read the "leasing ne's belo'.L
They are (as others su""ose) a""ointed by those higher "o'ers to %ee" men
from their nati#ity$ and to "rotect or "unish them as they see cause& and
are called _boni et mali Genii_ by the 1omans. 5eroes$ lares$ if good$
lemures or lar#ae if bad$ by the stoics$ go#ernors of countries$ men$
cities$ saith ;,,=?GA"uleius$ _3eos a""ellant 0ui e+ hominum numero juste
ac "rudenter #itae curriculo gubernato$ "ro numine$ "ostea ab hominibus
"raediti fanis et ceremoniis #ulgo admittuntur$ ut in Aegy"to 2syris_$ Fc.
_Praestites_$ :a"ella calls them$ L'hich "rotected "articular men as 'ell
as "rinces$L 9ocrates had his _3aemonium 9aturninum et ignium_$ 'hich of
all s"irits is best$ _ad sublimes cogitationes animum erigentem_$ as the
Platonists su""osed< Plotinus his$ and 'e :hristians our assisting angel$
as Andreas Iictorellus$ a co"ious 'riter of this subject$ *odo#icus de
*a-:erda$ the Desuit$ in his #oluminous tract _de Angelo :ustode_$
>anchius$ and some di#ines thin%. ut this absurd tenet of Tyreus$ Proclus
confutes at large in his boo% _de Anima et daemone_.
Psellus ;,,=@G$ a :hristian$ and sometimes tutor (saith :us"inian) to
Michael Para"inatius$ Em"eror of Greece$ a great obser#er of the nature of
de#ils$ holds they are cor"oreal ;,,=-G$ and ha#e Laerial bodies$ that they
are mortal$ li#e and die$L ('hich Martianus :a"ella li%e'ise maintains$ but
our :hristian "hiloso"hers e+"lode) Lthat they ;,,=AGare nourished and ha#e
e+crements$ they feel "ain if they be hurtL ('hich :ardan confirms$ and
9caliger justly laughs him to scorn for< _9i "ascantur aere$ cur non
"ugnant ob "uriorem aera_N Fc.) Lor stro%en&L and if their bodies be cut$
'ith admirable celerity they come together again. Austin$ _in Gen. lib.
iii. lib. arbit._$ a""ro#es as much$ _mutata casu cor"ora in deteriorem
0ualitatem aeris s"issioris_$ so doth 5ierome. _:omment. in e"ist. ad
E"hes. ca". ._$ 2rigen$ Tertullian$ *actantius$ and many ancient 7athers of
the :hurch& that in their fall their bodies 'ere changed into a more aerial
and gross substance. odine$ _lib. ?$ Theatri 8aturae_ and 3a#id :rusius$
_5ermeticae Philoso"hiae$ lib. ,. ca". ?_$ by se#eral arguments "ro#es
angels and s"irits to be cor"oreal& _0uic0uid continetur in loco cor"oreum
est< At s"iritus continetur in loco$ ergo. ;,,=/G9i s"iritus sunt 0uanti$
erunt cor"orei& At sunt 0uanti$ ergo. sunt finiti$ ergo. 0uanti_$ Fc.
odine ;,,=BGgoes farther yet$ and 'ill ha#e these$ _Animae se"aratae
genii_$ s"irits$ angels$ de#ils$ and so li%e'ise souls of men de"arted$ if
cor"oreal ('hich he most eagerly contends) to be of some sha"e$ and that
absolutely round$ li%e 9un and Moon$ because that is the most "erfect form$
_0uae nihil habet as"eritatis$ nihil angulis incisum$ nihil anfractibus
in#olutem$ nihil eminens$ sed inter cor"ora "erfecta est "erfectissimum_<
;,,.CGtherefore all s"irits are cor"oreal he concludes$ and in their "ro"er
sha"es round. That they can assume other aerial bodies$ all manner of
sha"es at their "leasures$ a""ear in 'hat li%eness they 'ill themsel#es$
that they are most s'ift in motion$ can "ass many miles in an instant$ and
so li%e'ise ;,,.,Gtransform bodies of others into 'hat sha"e they "lease$
and 'ith admirable celerity remo#e them from "lace to "lace< (as the Angel
did 5aba%%u% to 3aniel$ and as Phili" the deacon 'as carried a'ay by the
9"irit$ 'hen he had ba"tised the eunuch< so did Pythagoras and A"ollonius
remo#e themsel#es and others$ 'ith many such feats) that they can re"resent
castles in the air$ "alaces$ armies$ s"ectrums$ "rodigies$ and such strange
objects to mortal men!s eyes$ ;,,.=Gcause smells$ sa#ours$ Fc.$ decei#e all
the senses< most 'riters of this subject credibly belie#e< and that they
can foretell future e#ents$ and do many strange miracles. Duno!s image
s"a%e to :amillus$ and 7ortune!s statue to the 1oman matrons$ 'ith many
such. >anchius$ odine$ 9"ondanus$ and others$ are of o"inion that they
cause a true metamor"hosis$ as 8ebuchadnezzar 'as really translated into a
beast$ *ot!s 'ife into a "illar of salt< Hlysses! com"anions into hogs and
dogs$ by :irce!s charms< turn themsel#es and others$ as they do 'itches
into cats$ dogs$ hares$ cro's$ Fc. 9trozzius :icogna hath many e+am"les$
_lib. iii. omnif. mag. ca". ? and @_$ 'hich he there confutes$ as Austin
li%e'ise doth$ _de ci#. 3ei lib. +#iii_. That they can be seen 'hen and in
'hat sha"e$ and to 'hom they 'ill$ saith Psellus$ _Tametsi nil tale
#iderim$ nec o"tem #idere_$ though he himself ne#er sa' them nor desired
it< and use sometimes carnal co"ulation (as else'here I shall ;,,..G"ro#e
more at large) 'ith 'omen and men. Many 'ill not belie#e they can be seen$
and if any man shall say$ s'ear$ and stiffly maintain$ though he be
discreet and 'ise$ judicious and learned$ that he hath seen them$ they
account him a timorous fool$ a melancholy dizzard$ a 'ea% fello'$ a
dreamer$ a sic% or a mad man$ they contemn him$ laugh him to scorn$ and yet
Marcus of his credit told Psellus that he had often seen them. And *eo
9ua#ius$ a 7renchman$ _c. /$ in :ommentar. l. ,. Paracelsi de #ita longa_$
out of some Platonists$ 'ill ha#e the air to be as full of them as sno'
falling in the s%ies$ and that they may be seen$ and 'ithal sets do'n the
means ho' men may see them< _9i irre#erberatus oculis sole s"lendente
#ersus caelum continua#erint obtutus_$ Fc.$ ;,,.?Gand saith moreo#er he
tried it$ _"raemissorum feci e+"erimentum_$ and it 'as true$ that the
Platonists said. Paracelsus confesseth that he sa' them di#ers times$ and
conferred 'ith them$ and so doth Ale+ander ab ;,,.@GAle+andro$ Lthat he so
found it by e+"erience$ 'hen as before he doubted of it.L Many deny it$
saith *a#ater$ _de s"ectris$ "art ,. c. =_$ and _"art =. c. ,,_$ Lbecause
they ne#er sa' them themsel#es<L but as he re"orts at large all o#er his
boo%$ es"ecially _c. ,B. "art ,_$ they are often seen and heard$ and
familiarly con#erse 'ith men$ as *od. Ii#es assureth us$ innumerable
records$ histories$ and testimonies e#ince in all ages$ times$ "laces$ and
;,,.-Gall tra#ellers besides< in the 4est Indies and our northern climes$
_8ihil familiarius 0uam in agris et urbibus s"iritus #idere$ audire 0ui
#etent$ jubeant_$ Fc. 5ieronymus _#ita Pauli_$ asil _ser. ?C_$ 8ice"horus$
Eusebius$ 9ocrates$ 9ozomenus$ ;,,.AGDacobus oissardus in his tract _de
s"irituum a""aritionibus_$ Petrus *oyerus _l. de s"ectris_$ 4ierus _l. ,._
ha#e infinite #ariety of such e+am"les of a""aritions of s"irits$ for him
to read that farther doubts$ to his am"le satisfaction. 2ne alone I 'ill
briefly insert. A nobleman in Germany 'as sent ambassador to the 6ing of
9'eden (for his name$ the time$ and such circumstances$ I refer you to
oissardus$ mine ;,,./GAuthor). After he had done his business$ he sailed
to *i#onia$ on set "ur"ose to see those familiar s"irits$ 'hich are there
said to be con#ersant 'ith men$ and do their drudgery 'or%s. Amongst other
matters$ one of them told him 'here his 'ife 'as$ in 'hat room$ in 'hat
clothes$ 'hat doing$ and brought him a ring from her$ 'hich at his return$
_non sine omnium admiratione_$ he found to be true< and so belie#ed that
e#er after$ 'hich before he doubted of. :ardan$ _l. ,B. de subtil_$ relates
of his father$ 7acius :ardan$ that after the accustomed solemnities$ _An._
,?B,$ ,. August$ he conjured u" se#en de#ils$ in Gree% a""arel$ about forty
years of age$ some ruddy of com"le+ion$ and some "ale$ as he thought< he
as%ed them many 0uestions$ and they made ready ans'er$ that they 'ere
aerial de#ils$ that they li#ed and died as men did$ sa#e that they 'ere far
longer li#ed (ACC or /CC ;,,.BGyears)< they did as much e+cel men in
dignity as 'e do juments$ and 'ere as far e+celled again of those that 'ere
abo#e them< our ;,,?CGgo#ernors and %ee"ers they are moreo#er$ 'hich
;,,?,GPlato in :ritias deli#ered of old$ and subordinate to one another$
_Ht enim homo homini sic daemon daemoni dominatur_$ they rule themsel#es as
'ell as us$ and the s"irits of the meaner sort had commonly such offices$
as 'e ma%e horse-%ee"ers$ neat-herds$ and the basest of us$ o#erseers of
our cattle< and that 'e can no more a""rehend their natures and functions$
than a horse a man!s. They %ne' all things$ but might not re#eal them to
men< and ruled and domineered o#er us$ as 'e do o#er our horses< the best
%ings amongst us$ and the most generous s"irits$ 'ere not com"arable to the
basest of them. 9ometimes they did instruct men$ and communicate their
s%ill$ re'ard and cherish$ and sometimes$ again$ terrify and "unish$ to
%ee" them in a'e$ as they thought fit$ _8ihil magis cu"ientes_ (saith
*ysius$ _Phis. 9toicorum_) _0uam adorationem hominum_. ;,,?=GThe same
Author$ :ardan$ in his _5y"erchen_$ out of the doctrine of 9toics$ 'ill
ha#e some of these _genii_ (for so he calls them) to be ;,,?.Gdesirous of
men!s com"any$ #ery affable and familiar 'ith them$ as dogs are< others$
again$ to abhor as ser"ents$ and care not for them. The same beli%e
Tritemius calls _Ignios et sublunares$ 0ui nun0uam demergunt ad inferiora$
aut #i+ ullum habent in terris commercium_& ;,,??GLGenerally they far e+cel
men in 'orth$ as a man the meanest 'orm< though some of them are inferior
to those of their o'n ran% in 'orth$ as the blac%guard in a "rince!s court$
and to men again$ as some degenerate$ base$ rational creatures$ are
e+celled of brute beasts.L
That they are mortal$ besides these testimonies of :ardan$ Martianus$ Fc.$
many other di#ines and "hiloso"hers hold$ _"ost "roli+um tem"us moriuntur
omnes_< The ;,,?@GPlatonists$ and some 1abbins$ Por"hyrius and Plutarch$ as
a""ears by that relation of Thamus& ;,,?-GLThe great God Pan is dead<
A"ollo Pythius ceased< and so the rest.L 9t. 5ierome$ in the life of Paul
the 5ermit$ tells a story ho' one of them a""eared to 9t. Anthony in the
'ilderness$ and told him as much. ;,,?AGParacelsus of our late 'riters
stiffly maintains that they are mortal$ li#e and die as other creatures do.
>ozimus$ _l. =_$ farther adds$ that religion and "olicy dies and alters
'ith them. The ;,,?/GGentiles! gods$ he saith$ 'ere e+"elled by
:onstantine$ and together 'ith them. _Im"erii 1omani majestas$ et fortuna
interiit$ et "rofligata est_< The fortune and majesty of the 1oman Em"ire
decayed and #anished$ as that heathen in ;,,?BGMinutius formerly bragged$
'hen the De's 'ere o#ercome by the 1omans$ the De'!s God 'as li%e'ise
ca"ti#ated by that of 1ome< and 1absa%eh to the Israelites$ no God should
deli#er them out of the hands of the Assyrians. ut these "arado+es of
their "o'er$ cor"oreity$ mortality$ ta%ing of sha"es$ trans"osing bodies$
and carnal co"ulations$ are sufficiently confuted by >anch. _c. ,C$ l. ?._
Pererius in his comment$ and Tostatus 0uestions on the -th of Gen. Th.
A0uin.$ 9t. Austin$ 4ierus$ Th. Erastus$ 3elrio$ _tom. =$ l. =$ 0uaest.
=B_< 9ebastian Michaelis$ _c. =$ de s"iritibus_$ 3. 1einolds _*ect. ?A._
They may decei#e the eyes of men$ yet not ta%e true bodies$ or ma%e a real
metamor"hosis< but as :icogna "ro#es at large$ they are ;,,@CG_Illusoriae$
et "raestigiatrices transformationes_$ _omnif. mag. lib. ?. ca". ?_$ mere
illusions and cozenings$ li%e that tale of _Pasetis obulus_ in 9uidas$ or
that of Autolicus$ Mercury!s son$ that d'elt in Parnassus$ 'ho got so much
treasure by cozenage and stealth. 5is father Mercury$ because he could
lea#e him no 'ealth$ taught him many fine tric%s to get means$ ;,,@,Gfor he
could dri#e a'ay men!s cattle$ and if any "ursued him$ turn them into 'hat
sha"es he 'ould$ and so did mightily enrich himself$ _hoc astu ma+imam
"raedam est adsecutus_. This$ no doubt$ is as true as the rest< yet thus
much in general. Thomas$ 3urand$ and others$ grant that they ha#e
understanding far beyond men$ can "robably conjecture and ;,,@=Gforetell
many things< they can cause and cure most diseases$ decei#e our senses<
they ha#e e+cellent s%ill in all Arts and 9ciences< and that the most
illiterate de#il is _Kuo#is homine scientior_ (more %no'ing than any man)$
as ;,,@.G:icogna maintains out of others. They %no' the #irtues of herbs$
"lants$ stones$ minerals$ Fc.< of all creatures$ birds$ beasts$ the four
elements$ stars$ "lanets$ can a"tly a""ly and ma%e use of them as they see
good< "ercei#ing the causes of all meteors$ and the li%e& _3ant se
coloribus_ (as ;,,@?G Austin hath it) _accommodant se figuris$ adhaerent
sonis$ subjiciunt se odoribus$ infundunt se sa"oribus$ omnes sensus etiam
i"sam intelligentiam daemones fallunt_$ they decei#e all our senses$ e#en
our understanding itself at once. ;,,@@GThey can "roduce miraculous
alterations in the air$ and most 'onderful effects$ con0uer armies$ gi#e
#ictories$ hel"$ further$ hurt$ cross and alter human attem"ts and "rojects
(_3ei "ermissu_) as they see good themsel#es. ;,,@-G4hen :harles the Great
intended to ma%e a channel bet'i+t the 1hine and the 3anube$ loo% 'hat his
'or%men did in the day$ these s"irits flung do'n in the night$ _Ht conatu
1e+ desisteret$ "er#icere_. 9uch feats can they do. ut that 'hich odine$
_l. ?$ Theat. nat._ thin%s (follo'ing Tyrius beli%e$ and the Platonists$)
they can tell the secrets of a man!s heart$ _aut cogitationes hominum_$ is
most false< his reasons are 'ea%$ and sufficiently confuted by >anch. _lib.
?$ ca". B._ 5ierom. _lib. =$ com. in Mat. ad ca". ,@_$ Athanasius _0uaest.
=A$ ad Antiochum Princi"em_$ and others.
_2rders_.G As for those orders of good and bad de#ils$ 'hich the Platonists
hold$ is altogether erroneous$ and those Ethnics _boni et mali Genii_$ are
to be e+"loded& these heathen 'riters agree not in this "oint among
themsel#es$ as 3andinus notes$ _An sint ;,,@AGmali non con#eniunt_$ some
'ill ha#e all s"irits good or bad to us by a mista%e$ as if an 2+ or 5orse
could discourse$ he 'ould say the utcher 'as his enemy because he %illed
him$ the grazier his friend because he fed him< a hunter "reser#es and yet
%ills his game$ and is hated ne#ertheless of his game< _nec "iscatorem
"iscis amare "otest_$ Fc. ut Damblichus$ Psellus$ Plutarch$ and most
Platonists ac%no'ledge bad$ _et ab eorum maleficiis ca#endum_$ and 'e
should be'are of their 'ic%edness$ for they are enemies of man%ind$ and
this Plato learned in Egy"t$ that they 0uarrelled 'ith Du"iter$ and 'ere
dri#en by him do'n to hell. ;,,@/GThat 'hich ;,,@BGA"uleius$ Jeno"hon$ and
Plato contend of 9ocrates 3aemonium$ is most absurd& That 'hich Plotinus of
his$ that he had li%e'ise _3eum "ro 3aemonio_< and that 'hich Por"hyry
concludes of them all in general$ if they be neglected in their sacrifice
they are angry< nay more$ as :ardan in his _5i""erchen_ 'ill$ they feed on
men!s souls$ _Elementa sunt "lantis elementum$ animalibus "lantae$
hominibus animalia$ erunt et homines aliis$ non autem diis$ nimis enim
remota est eorum natura a nostra$ 0ua"ro"ter daemonibus_& and so beli%e
that 'e ha#e so many battles fought in all ages$ countries$ is to ma%e them
a feast$ and their sole delight& but to return to that I said before$ if
dis"leased they fret and chafe$ (for they feed beli%e on the souls of
beasts$ as 'e do on their bodies) and send many "lagues amongst us< but if
"leased$ then they do much good< is as #ain as the rest and confuted by
Austin$ _l. B. c. /. de :i#. 3ei_. Euseb. _l. ?. "rae"ar. E#ang. c. -._ and
others. Eet thus much I find$ that our schoolmen and other ;,,-CGdi#ines
ma%e nine %inds of bad s"irits$ as 3ionysius hath done of angels. In the
first ran% are those false gods of the gentiles$ 'hich 'ere adored
heretofore in se#eral idols$ and ga#e oracles at 3el"hos$ and else'here<
'hose "rince is eelzebub. The second ran% is of liars and e0ui#ocators$ as
A"ollo$ Pythius$ and the li%e. The third are those #essels of anger$
in#entors of all mischief< as that Theutus in Plato< Esay calls them
;,,-,G#essels of fury< their "rince is elial. The fourth are malicious
re#enging de#ils< and their "rince is Asmodaeus. The fifth %ind are
cozeners$ such as belong to magicians and 'itches< their "rince is 9atan.
The si+th are those aerial de#ils that ;,,-=Gcorru"t the air and cause
"lagues$ thunders$ fires$ Fc.< s"o%en of in the A"ocaly"se$ and Paul to the
E"hesians names them the "rinces of the air< Meresin is their "rince. The
se#enth is a destroyer$ ca"tain of the furies$ causing 'ars$ tumults$
combustions$ u"roars$ mentioned in the A"ocaly"se< and called Abaddon. The
eighth is that accusing or calumniating de#il$ 'hom the Gree%s call ;Gree%&
3iabolosG$ that dri#es men to des"air. The ninth are those tem"ters in
se#eral %inds$ and their "rince is Mammon. Psellus ma%es si+ %inds$ yet
none abo#e the Moon& 4ierus in his _Pseudo-monarchia 3aemonis_$ out of an
old boo%$ ma%es many more di#isions and subordinations$ 'ith their se#eral
names$ numbers$ offices$ Fc.$ but Gazaeus cited by ;,,-.G*i"sius 'ill ha#e
all "laces full of angels$ s"irits$ and de#ils$ abo#e and beneath the Moon$
;,,-?Gethereal and aerial$ 'hich Austin cites out of Iarro _l. A. de :i#.
3ei$ c. -._ LThe celestial de#ils abo#e$ and aerial beneath$L or$ as some
'ill$ gods abo#e$ 9emi-dei or half gods beneath$ *ares$ 5eroes$ Genii$
'hich climb higher$ if they li#ed 'ell$ as the 9toics held< but gro#el on
the ground as they 'ere baser in their li#es$ nearer to the earth& and are
Manes$ *emures$ *amiae$ Fc. ;,,-@GThey 'ill ha#e no "lace but all full of
s"irits$ de#ils$ or some other inhabitants< _Plenum :aelum$ aer$ a0ua
terra$ et omnia sub terra_$ saith ;,,--GGazaeus< though Anthony 1usca in
his boo% _de Inferno$ lib. #. ca". A._ 'ould confine them to the middle
region$ yet they 'ill ha#e them e#ery'here. L8ot so much as a hair-breadth
em"ty in hea#en$ earth$ or 'aters$ abo#e or under the earth.L The air is
not so full of flies in summer$ as it is at all times of in#isible de#ils&
this ;,,-AGParacelsus stiffly maintains$ and that they ha#e e#ery one their
se#eral chaos$ others 'ill ha#e infinite 'orlds$ and each 'orld his
"eculiar s"irits$ gods$ angels$ and de#ils to go#ern and "unish it.
L9ingula ;,,-/Gnonnulli credunt 0uo0ue sidera "osse
3ici orbes$ terram0ue a""ellant sidus o"acum$
:ui minimus di#um "raesit.L------
L9ome "ersons belie#e each star to be a 'orld$ and this earth an
o"a0ue star$ o#er 'hich the least of the gods "resides.L
;,,-BGGregorius Tholsanus ma%es se#en %inds of ethereal s"irits or angels$
according to the number of the se#en "lanets$ 9aturnine$ Do#ial$ Martial$
of 'hich :ardan discourseth _lib. =C. de subtil._ he calls them
_substantias "rimas$ 2lym"icos daemones Tritemius$ 0ui "raesunt >odiaco_$
Fc.$ and 'ill ha#e them to be good angels abo#e$ de#ils beneath the Moon$
their se#eral names and offices he there sets do'n$ and 'hich 3ionysius of
Angels$ 'ill ha#e se#eral s"irits for se#eral countries$ men$ offices$ Fc.$
'hich li#e about them$ and as so many assisting "o'ers cause their
o"erations$ 'ill ha#e in a 'ord$ innumerable$ as many of them as there be
stars in the s%ies. ;,,ACGMarcilius 7icinus seems to second this o"inion$
out of Plato$ or from himself$ I %no' not$ (still ruling their inferiors$
as they do those under them again$ all subordinate$ and the nearest to the
earth rule us$ 'hom 'e subdi#ide into good and bad angels$ call gods or
de#ils$ as they hel" or hurt us$ and so adore$ lo#e or hate) but it is most
li%ely from Plato$ for he relying 'holly on 9ocrates$ _0uem mori "otius
0uam mentiri #oluisse scribit_$ 'hom he says 'ould rather die than tell a
falsehood$ out of 9ocrates! authority alone$ made nine %inds of them& 'hich
o"inion beli%e 9ocrates too% from Pythagoras$ and he from Trismegistus$ he
from >oroastes$ first God$ second idea$ .. Intelligences$ ?. Arch-Angels$
@. Angels$ -. 3e#ils$ A. 5eroes$ /. Princi"alities$ B. Princes& of 'hich
some 'ere absolutely good$ as gods$ some bad$ some indifferent _inter deos
et homines_$ as heroes and daemons$ 'hich ruled men$ and 'ere called genii$
or as ;,,A,GProclus and Damblichus 'ill$ the middle bet'i+t God and men.
Princi"alities and "rinces$ 'hich commanded and s'ayed %ings and countries<
and had se#eral "laces in the s"heres "erha"s$ for as e#ery s"here is
higher$ so hath it more e+cellent inhabitants& 'hich beli%e is that
Galilaeus a Galileo and 6e"ler aims at in his nuncio 9yderio$ 'hen he 'ill
ha#e ;,,A=G9aturnine and Do#ial inhabitants& and 'hich Tycho rahe doth in
some sort touch or insinuate in one of his e"istles& but these things
;,,A.G>anchius justly e+"lodes$ _ca". .. lib. ?._ P. Martyr$ _in ?. 9am.
=/._
9o that according to these men the number of ethereal s"irits must needs be
infinite& for if that be true that some of our mathematicians say& if a
stone could fall from the starry hea#en$ or eighth s"here$ and should "ass
e#ery hour an hundred miles$ it 'ould be -@ years$ or more$ before it 'ould
come to ground$ by reason of the great distance of hea#en from earth$ 'hich
contains as some say ,AC millions /CC miles$ besides those other hea#ens$
'hether they be crystalline or 'atery 'hich Maginus adds$ 'hich
"erad#enture holds as much more$ ho' many such s"irits may it containN And
yet for all this ;,,A?GThomas Albertus$ and most hold that there be far
more angels than de#ils.
_9ublunary de#ils$ and their %inds._G ut be they more or less$ _Kuod su"ra
nos nihil ad nos_ ('hat is beyond our com"rehension does not concern us).
5o'soe#er as Martianus foolishly su""oseth$ _Aetherii 3aemones non curant
res humanas_$ they care not for us$ do not attend our actions$ or loo% for
us$ those ethereal s"irits ha#e other 'orlds to reign in beli%e or business
to follo'. 4e are only no' to s"ea% in brief of these sublunary s"irits or
de#ils& for the rest$ our di#ines determine that the de#il had no "o'er
o#er stars$ or hea#ens< ;,,A@G_:arminibus coelo "ossunt deducere lunam_$
F:.$ (by their charms (#erses) they can seduce the moon from the hea#ens).
Those are "oetical fictions$ and that they can ;,,A-G_sistere a0uam
flu#iis$ et #ertere sidera retro_$ Fc.$ (sto" ri#ers and turn the stars
bac%'ard in their courses) as :anadia in 5orace$ !tis all false. ;,,AAG
They are confined until the day of judgment to this sublunary 'orld$ and
can 'or% no farther than the four elements$ and as God "ermits them.
4herefore of these sublunary de#ils$ though others di#ide them other'ise
according to their se#eral "laces and offices$ Psellus ma%es si+ %inds$
fiery$ aerial$ terrestrial$ 'atery$ and subterranean de#ils$ besides those
fairies$ satyrs$ nym"hs$ Fc.
7iery s"irits or de#ils are such as commonly 'or% by blazing stars$
fire-dra%es$ or _ignes fatui_< 'hich lead men often _in flumina aut
"raeci"itia_$ saith odine$ _lib. =. Theat. 8aturae$ fol. ==,._ _Kuos
in0uit arcere si #olunt #iatores$ clara #oce 3eum a""ellare aut "ronam
facie terram contingente adorare o"ortet$ et hoc amuletum majoribus nostris
acce"tum ferre debemus_$ Fc.$ ('hom if tra#ellers 'ish to %ee" off they
must "ronounce the name of God 'ith a clear #oice$ or adore him 'ith their
faces in contact 'ith the ground$ Fc.)< li%e'ise they counterfeit suns and
moons$ stars oftentimes$ and sit on shi" masts& _In na#igiorum summitatibus
#isuntur_< and are called _dioscuri_$ as Eusebius _l. contra Philoso"hos$
c. +l#iii_. informeth us$ out of the authority of >eno"hanes< or little
clouds$ _ad motum nescio 0uem #olantes_< 'hich ne#er a""ear$ saith :ardan$
but they signify some mischief or other to come unto men$ though some again
'ill ha#e them to "retend good$ and #ictory to that side they come to'ards
in sea fights$ 9t. Elmo!s fires they commonly call them$ and they do li%ely
a""ear after a sea storm< 1adzi#ilius$ the Polonian du%e$ calls this
a""arition$ _9ancti Germani sidus_< and saith moreo#er that he sa' the same
after in a storm$ as he 'as sailing$ ,@/=$ from Ale+andria to 1hodes.
;,,A/G2ur stories are full of such a""aritions in all %inds. 9ome thin%
they %ee" their residence in that 5ecla$ a mountain in Iceland$ Aetna in
9icily$ *i"ari$ Iesu#ius$ Fc. These de#ils 'ere 'orshi""ed heretofore by
that su"erstitious Pyromanteia ;,,ABGand the li%e.
Aerial s"irits or de#ils$ are such as %ee" 0uarter most "art in the ;,,/CG
air$ cause many tem"ests$ thunder$ and lightnings$ tear oa%s$ fire
stee"les$ houses$ stri%e men and beasts$ ma%e it rain stones$ as in *i#y!s
time$ 'ool$ frogs$ Fc. :ounterfeit armies in the air$ strange noises$
s'ords$ Fc.$ as at Iienna before the coming of the Tur%s$ and many times in
1ome$ as 9cheretzius _l. de s"ect. c. ,. "art ,._ *a#ater _de s"ect. "art.
,. c. ,A._ Dulius 2bse0uens$ an old 1oman$ in his boo% of "rodigies$ _ab
urb. cond._ @C@. ;,,/,GMachia#el hath illustrated by many e+am"les$ and
Dose"hus$ in his boo% _de bello Dudaico_$ before the destruction of
Derusalem. All 'hich Guil. Postellus$ in his first boo%$ _c. A$ de orbis
concordia_$ useth as an effectual argument (as indeed it is) to "ersuade
them that 'ill not belie#e there be s"irits or de#ils. They cause
'hirl'inds on a sudden$ and tem"estuous storms< 'hich though our
meteorologists generally refer to natural causes$ yet I am of odine!s
mind$ _Theat. 8at. l. =._ they are more often caused by those aerial
de#ils$ in their se#eral 0uarters< for _Tem"estatibus se ingerunt_$ saith
;,,/=G 1ich. Argentine< as 'hen a des"erate man ma%es a'ay 'ith himself$
'hich by hanging or dro'ning they fre0uently do$ as 6ommanus obser#es$ _de
mirac. mort. "art. A$ c. A-._ _tri"udium agentes_$ dancing and rejoicing at
the death of a sinner. These can corru"t the air$ and cause "lagues$
sic%ness$ storms$ shi"'rec%s$ fires$ inundations. At Mons 3raconis in
Italy$ there is a most memorable e+am"le in ;,,/.GDo#ianus Pontanus& and
nothing so familiar (if 'e may belie#e those relations of 9a+o Grammaticus$
2laus Magnus$ 3amianus A. Goes) as for 'itches and sorcerers$ in *a"land$
*ithuania$ and all o#er 9candia$ to sell 'inds to mariners$ and cause
tem"ests$ 'hich Marcus Paulus the Ienetian relates li%e'ise of the Tartars.
These %ind of de#ils are much ;,,/?Gdelighted in sacrifices (saith
Por"hyry)$ held all the 'orld in a'e$ and had se#eral names$ idols$
sacrifices$ in 1ome$ Greece$ Egy"t$ and at this day tyrannise o#er$ and
decei#e those Ethnics and Indians$ being adored and 'orshi""ed for ;,,/@G
gods. 7or the Gentiles! gods 'ere de#ils (as ;,,/-GTrismegistus confesseth
in his Ascle"ius)$ and he himself could ma%e them come to their images by
magic s"ells& and are no' as much Lres"ected by our "a"istsL (saith ;,,/AG
Pictorius) Lunder the name of saints.L These are they 'hich :ardan thin%s
desire so much carnal co"ulation 'ith 'itches (Incubi and 9uccubi)$
transform bodies$ and are so #ery cold$ if they be touched< and that ser#e
magicians. 5is father had one of them (as he is not ashamed to relate)$
;,,//Gan aerial de#il$ bound to him for t'enty and eight years. As
Agri""a!s dog had a de#il tied to his collar< some thin% that Paracelsus
(or else Erastus belies him) had one confined to his s'ord "ummel< others
'ear them in rings$ Fc. Dannes and Dambres did many things of old by their
hel"< 9imon Magus$ :ino"s$ A"ollonius Tianeus$ Damblichus$ and Tritemius of
late$ that sho'ed Ma+imilian the em"eror his 'ife$ after she 'as dead< _Et
#errucam in collo ejus_ (saith ;,,/BGGodolman) so much as the 'art in her
nec%. 3elrio$ _lib. =._ hath di#ers e+am"les of their feats& :icogna$ _lib.
.. ca". .._ and 4ierus in his boo% _de "raestig. daemonum_. oissardus _de
magis et #eneficis_.
4ater-de#ils are those 8aiads or 'ater nym"hs 'hich ha#e been heretofore
con#ersant about 'aters and ri#ers. The 'ater (as Paracelsus thin%s) is
their chaos$ 'herein they li#e< some call them fairies$ and say that
5abundia is their 0ueen< these cause inundations$ many times shi"'rec%s$
and decei#e men di#ers 'ays$ as 9uccuba$ or other'ise$ a""earing most "art
(saith Tritemius) in 'omen!s sha"es. ;,,BCGParacelsus hath se#eral stories
of them that ha#e li#ed and been married to mortal men$ and so continued
for certain years 'ith them$ and after$ u"on some disli%e$ ha#e forsa%en
them. 9uch a one as Aegeria$ 'ith 'hom 8uma 'as so familiar$ 3iana$ :eres$
Fc. ;,,B,G2laus Magnus hath a long narration of one 5otherus$ a %ing of
9'eden$ that ha#ing lost his com"any$ as he 'as hunting one day$ met 'ith
these 'ater nym"hs or fairies$ and 'as feasted by them< and 5ector
oethius$ or Macbeth$ and an0uo$ t'o 9cottish lords$ that as they 'ere
'andering in the 'oods$ had their fortunes told them by three strange
'omen. To these$ heretofore$ they did use to sacrifice$ by that ;Gree%&
hydromanteiaG$ or di#ination by 'aters.
Terrestrial de#ils are those ;,,B=G*ares$ genii$ fauns$ satyrs$ ;,,B.G
'ood-nym"hs$ foliots$ fairies$ 1obin Goodfello's$ trulli$ Fc.$ 'hich as
they are most con#ersant 'ith men$ so they do them most harm. 9ome thin% it
'as they alone that %e"t the heathen "eo"le in a'e of old$ and had so many
idols and tem"les erected to them. 2f this range 'as 3agon amongst the
Philistines$ el amongst the abylonians$ Astartes amongst the 9idonians$
aal amongst the 9amaritans$ Isis and 2siris amongst the Egy"tians$ Fc.<
some "ut our ;,,B?Gfairies into this ran%$ 'hich ha#e been in former times
adored 'ith much su"erstition$ 'ith s'ee"ing their houses$ and setting of a
"ail of clean 'ater$ good #ictuals$ and the li%e$ and then they should not
be "inched$ but find money in their shoes$ and be fortunate in their
enter"rises. These are they that dance on heaths and greens$ as ;,,B@G
*a#ater thin%s 'ith Tritemius$ and as ;,,B-G2laus Magnus adds$ lea#e that
green circle$ 'hich 'e commonly find in "lain fields$ 'hich others hold to
"roceed from a meteor falling$ or some accidental ran%ness of the ground$
so nature s"orts herself< they are sometimes seen by old 'omen and
children. 5ierom. Pauli$ in his descri"tion of the city of ercino in
9"ain$ relates ho' they ha#e been familiarly seen near that to'n$ about
fountains and hills< _8onnun0uam_ (saith Tritemius) _in sua latibula
montium sim"liciores homines ducant$ stu"enda mirantibus ostentes miracula$
nolarum sonitus$ s"ectacula_$ Fc. ;,,BAGGiraldus :ambrensis gi#es instance
in a mon% of 4ales that 'as so deluded. ;,,B/GParacelsus rec%ons u" many
"laces in Germany$ 'here they do usually 'al% in little coats$ some t'o
feet long. A bigger %ind there is of them called 'ith us hobgoblins$ and
1obin Goodfello's$ that 'ould in those su"erstitious times grind corn for a
mess of mil%$ cut 'ood$ or do any manner of drudgery 'or%. They 'ould mend
old irons in those Aeolian isles of *i"ari$ in former ages$ and ha#e been
often seen and heard. ;,,BBGTholosanus calls them _trullos_ and Getulos$
and saith$ that in his days they 'ere common in many "laces of 7rance.
3ithmarus les%enius$ in his descri"tion of Iceland$ re"orts for a
certainty$ that almost in e#ery family they ha#e yet some such familiar
s"irits< and 7eli+ Malleolus$ in his boo% _de crudel. daemon._ affirms as
much$ that these trolli or telchines are #ery common in 8or'ay$ Land ;,=CCG
seen to do drudgery 'or%<L to dra' 'ater$ saith 4ierus$ _lib. ,. ca". ==_$
dress meat$ or any such thing. Another sort of these there are$ 'hich
fre0uent forlorn ;,=C,Ghouses$ 'hich the Italians call foliots$ most "art
inno+ious$ ;,=C=G:ardan holds< LThey 'ill ma%e strange noises in the night$
ho'l sometimes "itifully$ and then laugh again$ cause great flame and
sudden lights$ fling stones$ rattle chains$ sha#e men$ o"en doors and shut
them$ fling do'n "latters$ stools$ chests$ sometimes a""ear in the li%eness
of hares$ cro's$ blac% dogs$L Fc. of 'hich read ;,=C.GPet Thyraeus the
Desuit$ in his Tract$ _de locis infestis$ "art. ,. et ca". ?_$ 'ho 'ill
ha#e them to be de#ils or the souls of damned men that see% re#enge$ or
else souls out of "urgatory that see% ease< for such e+am"les "eruse ;,=C?G
9igismundus 9cheretzius$ _lib. de s"ectris$ "art ,. c. ,._ 'hich he saith
he too% out of *uther most "art< there be many instances. ;,=C@GPlinius
9ecundus remembers such a house at Athens$ 'hich Athenodorus the
"hiloso"her hired$ 'hich no man durst inhabit for fear of de#ils. Austin$
_de :i#. 3ei. lib. ==$ ca". ,._ relates as much of 5es"erius the Tribune!s
house$ at >ubeda$ near their city of 5i""os$ #e+ed 'ith e#il s"irits$ to
his great hindrance$ _:um afflictione animalium et ser#orum suorum_. Many
such instances are to be read in 8iderius 7ormicar$ _lib. @. ca". +ii. .._
Fc. 4hether I may call these >im and 2chim$ 'hich Isaiah$ ca". +iii. =,.
s"ea%s of$ I ma%e a doubt. 9ee more of these in the said 9cheretz. _lib. ,.
de s"ect. ca". ?._ he is full of e+am"les. These %ind of de#ils many times
a""ear to men$ and affright them out of their 'its$ sometimes 'al%ing at
;,=C-Gnoonday$ sometimes at nights$ counterfeiting dead men!s ghosts$ as
that of :aligula$ 'hich (saith 9uetonius) 'as seen to 'al% in *a#inia!s
garden$ 'here his body 'as buried$ s"irits haunted$ and the house 'here he
died$ ;,=CAG_8ulla no+ sine terrore transacta$ donec incendio consum"ta_<
e#ery night this ha""ened$ there 'as no 0uietness$ till the house 'as
burned. About 5ecla$ in Iceland$ ghosts commonly 'al%$ _animas mortuorum
simulantes_$ saith Doh. Anan$ _lib. .. de nat. daem._ 2laus. _lib. =. ca".
=._ 8atal Tallo"id. _lib. de a""arit. s"ir._ 6ornmannus _de mirac. mort.
"art. ,. ca". ??._ such sights are fre0uently seen _circa se"ulchra et
monasteria_$ saith *a#at. _lib. ,. ca". ,B._ in monasteries and about
churchyards$ _loca "aludinosa$ am"la aedificia$ solitaria$ et caede hominum
notata_$ Fc. (marshes$ great buildings$ solitary "laces$ or remar%able as
the scene of some murder.) Thyreus adds$ _ubi gra#ius "eccatum est
commissum$ im"ii$ "au"erum o""ressores et ne0uiter insignes habitant_
('here some #ery heinous crime 'as committed$ there the im"ious and
infamous generally d'ell). These s"irits often foretell men!s deaths by
se#eral signs$ as %noc%ing$ groanings$ Fc. ;,=C/Gthough 1ich. Argentine$
_c. ,/. de "raestigiis daemonum_$ 'ill ascribe these "redictions to good
angels$ out of the authority of 7icinus and others< _"rodigia in obitu
"rinci"um sae"ius contingunt_$ Fc. ("rodigies fre0uently occur at the
deaths of illustrious men)$ as in the *ateran church in ;,=CBG1ome$ the
"o"es! deaths are foretold by 9yl#ester!s tomb. 8ear 1u"es 8o#a in 7inland$
in the %ingdom of 9'eden$ there is a la%e$ in 'hich$ before the go#ernor of
the castle dies$ a s"ectrum$ in the habit of Arion 'ith his har"$ a""ears$
and ma%es e+cellent music$ li%e those bloc%s in :heshire$ 'hich (they say)
"resage death to the master of the family< or that ;,=,CGoa% in *anthadran
"ar% in :orn'all$ 'hich foresho's as much. Many families in Euro"e are so
"ut in mind of their last by such "redictions$ and many men are fore'arned
(if 'e may belie#e Paracelsus) by familiar s"irits in di#ers sha"es$ as
coc%s$ cro's$ o'ls$ 'hich often ho#er about sic% men!s chambers$ _#el 0uia
morientium foeditatem sentiunt_$ as ;,=,,Garacellus conjectures$ _et ideo
su"er tectum infirmorum crocitant_$ because they smell a corse< or for that
(as ;,=,=Gernardinus de ustis thin%eth) God "ermits the de#il to a""ear
in the form of cro's$ and such li%e creatures$ to scare such as li#e
'ic%edly here on earth. A little before Tully!s death (saith Plutarch) the
cro's made a mighty noise about him$ _tumultuose "erstre"entes_$ they
"ulled the "illo' from under his head. 1ob. Gaguinus$ _hist. 7ranc. lib.
/_$ telleth such another 'onderful story at the death of Dohannes de
Monteforti$ a 7rench lord$ _anno_ ,.?@$ _tanta cor#orum multitudo aedibus
morientis insedit$ 0uantam esse in Gallia nemo judicasset_ (a multitude of
cro's alighted on the house of the dying man$ such as no one imagined
e+isted in 7rance). 9uch "rodigies are #ery fre0uent in authors. 9ee more
of these in the said *a#ater$ Thyreus _de locis infestis$ "art .$ ca". @/._
Pictorius$ 3elrio$ :icogna$ _lib. .$ ca". B._ 8ecromancers ta%e u"on them
to raise and lay them at their "leasures& and so li%e'ise$ those 'hich
Mizaldus calls _ambulones_$ that 'al% about midnight on great heaths and
desert "laces$ 'hich (saith ;,=,.G*a#ater) Ldra' men out of the 'ay$ and
lead them all night a by'ay$ or 0uite bar them of their 'ay<L these ha#e
se#eral names in se#eral "laces< 'e commonly call them Puc%s. In the
deserts of *o"$ in Asia$ such illusions of 'al%ing s"irits are often
"ercei#ed$ as you may read in M. Paulus the Ienetian his tra#els< if one
lose his com"any by chance$ these de#ils 'ill call him by his name$ and
counterfeit #oices of his com"anions to seduce him. 5ieronym. Pauli$ in his
boo% of the hills of 9"ain$ relates of a great ;,=,?Gmount in :antabria$
'here such s"ectrums are to be seen< *a#ater and :icogna ha#e #ariety of
e+am"les of s"irits and 'al%ing de#ils in this %ind. 9ometimes they sit by
the high'ay side$ to gi#e men falls$ and ma%e their horses stumble and
start as they ride (if you 'ill belie#e the relation of that holy man
6etellus in ;,=,@G8ubrigensis)$ that had an es"ecial grace to see de#ils$
_Gratiam di#initus collatam_$ and tal% 'ith them$ _Et im"a#idus cum
s"iritibus sermonem miscere_$ 'ithout offence$ and if a man curse or s"ur
his horse for stumbling$ they do heartily rejoice at it< 'ith many such
"retty feats.
9ubterranean de#ils are as common as the rest$ and do as much harm. 2laus
Magnus$ _lib. -$ ca". ,B_$ ma%e si+ %inds of them< some bigger$ some less.
These (saith ;,=,-GMunster) are commonly seen about mines of metals$ and
are some of them no+ious< some again do no harm. The metal-men in many
"laces account it good luc%$ a sign of treasure and rich ore 'hen they see
them. Georgius Agricola$ in his boo% _de subterraneis animantibus$ ca".
.A_$ rec%ons t'o more notable %inds of them$ 'hich he calls ;,=,AG_getuli_
and _cobali_$ both Lare clothed after the manner of metal-men$ and 'ill
many times imitate their 'or%s.L Their office$ as Pictorius and Paracelsus
thin%$ is to %ee" treasure in the earth$ that it be not all at once
re#ealed< and besides$ ;,=,/G:icogna a#ers that they are the fre0uent
causes of those horrible earth0ua%es L'hich often s'allo' u"$ not only
houses$ but 'hole islands and cities<L in his third boo%$ _ca". ,,_$ he
gi#es many instances.
The last are con#ersant about the centre of the earth to torture the souls
of damned men to the day of judgment< their egress and regress some su""ose
to be about Etna$ *i"ari$ Mons 5ecla in Iceland$ Iesu#ius$ Terra del 7uego$
Fc.$ because many shrie%s and fearful cries are continually heard
thereabouts$ and familiar a""aritions of dead men$ ghosts and goblins.
_Their 2ffices$ 2"erations$ 9tudy_.G Thus the de#il reigns$ and in a
thousand se#eral sha"es$ Las a roaring lion still see%s 'hom he may
de#our$L , Pet. #.$ by sea$ land$ air$ as yet unconfined$ though ;,=,BG
some 'ill ha#e his "ro"er "lace the air< all that s"ace bet'een us and the
moon for them that transgressed least$ and hell for the 'ic%edest of them$
_5ic #elut in carcere ad finem mundi$ tunc in locum funestiorum trudendi_$
as Austin holds _de :i#it. 3ei$ c. ==$ lib. ,?$ ca". . et =._< but be 'here
he 'ill$ he rageth 'hile he may to comfort himself$ as ;,==CG *actantius
thin%s$ 'ith other men!s falls$ he labours all he can to bring them into
the same "it of "erdition 'ith him. 7or ;,==,GLmen!s miseries$ calamities$
and ruins are the de#il!s ban0ueting dishes.L y many tem"tations and
se#eral engines$ he see%s to ca"ti#ate our souls. The *ord of *ies$ saith
;,===GAustin$ Las he 'as decei#ed himself$ he see%s to decei#e others$L the
ringleader to all naughtiness$ as he did by E#e and :ain$ 9odom and
Gomorrah$ so 'ould he do by all the 'orld. 9ometimes he tem"ts by
co#etousness$ drun%enness$ "leasure$ "ride$ Fc.$ errs$ dejects$ sa#es$
%ills$ "rotects$ and rides some men$ as they do their horses. 5e studies
our o#erthro'$ and generally see%s our destruction< and although he "retend
many times human good$ and #indicate himself for a god by curing of se#eral
diseases$ _aegris sanitatem$ et caecis luminis usum restituendo_$ as Austin
declares$ _lib. ,C$ de ci#it 3ei$ ca". -_$ as A"ollo$ Aescula"ius$ Isis$ of
old ha#e done< di#ert "lagues$ assist them in 'ars$ "retend their
ha""iness$ yet _nihil his im"urius$ scelestius$ nihil humano generi
infestius_$ nothing so im"ure$ nothing so "ernicious$ as may 'ell a""ear by
their tyrannical and bloody sacrifices of men to 9aturn and Moloch$ 'hich
are still in use among those barbarous Indians$ their se#eral deceits and
cozenings to %ee" men in obedience$ their false oracles$ sacrifices$ their
su"erstitious im"ositions of fasts$ "enury$ Fc. 5eresies$ su"erstitious
obser#ations of meats$ times$ Fc.$ by 'hich they ;,==.G crucify the souls
of mortal men$ as shall be sho'ed in our Treatise of 1eligious Melancholy.
_Modico adhuc tem"ore sinitur malignari_$ as ;,==?G ernard e+"resseth it$
by God!s "ermission he rageth a 'hile$ hereafter to be confined to hell and
dar%ness$ L'hich is "re"ared for him and his angels$L Mat. ++#.
5o' far their "o'er doth e+tend it is hard to determine< 'hat the ancients
held of their effects$ force and o"erations$ I 'ill briefly sho' you& Plato
in :ritias$ and after him his follo'ers$ ga#e out that these s"irits or
de#ils$ L'ere men!s go#ernors and %ee"ers$ our lords and masters$ as 'e are
of our cattle.L ;,==@GLThey go#ern "ro#inces and %ingdoms by oracles$
auguries$L dreams$ re'ards and "unishments$ "ro"hecies$ ins"irations$
sacrifices$ and religious su"erstitions$ #aried in as many forms as there
be di#ersity of s"irits< they send 'ars$ "lagues$ "eace$ sic%ness$ health$
dearth$ "lenty$ ;,==-G_Adstantes hic jam nobis$ s"ectantes$ et
arbitrantes_$ Fc. as a""ears by those histories of Thucydides$ *i#ius$
3ionysius 5alicarnassus$ 'ith many others that are full of their 'onderful
stratagems$ and 'ere therefore by those 1oman and Gree% common'ealths
adored and 'orshi""ed for gods 'ith "rayers and sacrifices$ Fc. ;,==AGIn a
'ord$ _8ihil magis 0uaerunt 0uam metum et admirationem hominum_< ;,==/Gand
as another hath it$ _3ici non "otest$ 0uam im"otenti ardore in homines
dominium$ et 3i#inos cultus maligni s"iritus affectent_. ;,==BGTritemius in
his boo% _de se"tem secundis_$ assigns names to such angels as are
go#ernors of "articular "ro#inces$ by 'hat authority I %no' not$ and gi#es
them se#eral jurisdictions. Ascle"iades a Grecian$ 1abbi Achiba the De'$
Abraham A#enezra$ and 1abbi Azariel$ Arabians$ (as I find them cited by
;,=.CG:icogna) farther add$ that they are not our go#ernors only$ _9ed e+
eorum concordia et discordia$ boni et mali affectus "romanant_$ but as they
agree$ so do 'e and our "rinces$ or disagree< stand or fall. Duno 'as a
bitter enemy to Troy$ A"ollo a good friend$ Du"iter indifferent$ _Ae0ua
Ienus Teucris$ Pallas ini0ua fuit_< some are for us still$ some against us$
_Premente 3eo$ fert 3eus alter o"em_. 1eligion$ "olicy$ "ublic and "ri#ate
0uarrels$ 'ars are "rocured by them$ and they are ;,=.,Gdelighted "erha"s
to see men fight$ as men are 'ith coc%s$ bulls and dogs$ bears$ Fc.$
"lagues$ dearths de"end on them$ our _bene_ and _male esse_$ and almost all
our other "eculiar actions$ (for as Anthony 1usea contends$ _lib. @$ ca".
,/_$ e#ery man hath a good and a bad angel attending on him in "articular$
all his life long$ 'hich Damblichus calls _daemonem_$) "referments$ losses$
'eddings$ deaths$ re'ards and "unishments$ and as ;,=.=GProclus 'ill$ all
offices 'hatsoe#er$ _alii genetricem$ alii o"ificem "otestatem habent_$ Fc.
and se#eral names they gi#e them according to their offices$ as *ares$
Indegites$ Praestites$ Fc. 4hen the Arcades in that battle at :heronae$
'hich 'as fought against 6ing Phili" for the liberty of Greece$ had
deceitfully carried themsel#es$ long after$ in the #ery same "lace$ _3iis
Graeciae$ ultoribus_ (saith mine author) they 'ere miserably slain by
Metellus the 1oman& so li%e'ise$ in smaller matters$ they 'ill ha#e things
fall out$ as these _boni_ and _mali genii_ fa#our or disli%e us& _9aturni
non con#eniunt Do#ialibus_$ Fc. 5e that is 9aturninus shall ne#er li%ely be
"referred. ;,=..GThat base fello's are often ad#anced$ undeser#ing
Gnathoes$ and #icious "arasites$ 'hereas discreet$ 'ise$ #irtuous and
'orthy men are neglected and unre'arded< they refer to those domineering
s"irits$ or subordinate Genii< as they are inclined$ or fa#our men$ so they
thri#e$ are ruled and o#ercome< for as ;,=.?G*ibanius su""oseth in our
ordinary conflicts and contentions$ _Genius Genio cedit et obtem"erat_$ one
genius yields and is o#ercome by another. All "articular e#ents almost they
refer to these "ri#ate s"irits< and (as Paracelsus adds) they direct$
teach$ ins"ire$ and instruct men. 8e#er 'as any man e+traordinary famous in
any art$ action$ or great commander$ that had not _familiarem daemonem_ to
inform him$ as 8uma$ 9ocrates$ and many such$ as :ardan illustrates$ _ca".
,=/_$ _Arcanis "rudentiae ci#ilis_$ ;,=.@G _9"eciali si0uidem gratia$ se a
3eo donari asserunt magi$ a Geniis caelestibus instrui$ ab iis doceri_. ut
these are most erroneous "arado+es$ _ine"tae et fabulosae nugae_$ rejected
by our di#ines and :hristian churches. !Tis true they ha#e$ by God!s
"ermission$ "o'er o#er us$ and 'e find by e+"erience$ that they can
;,=.-Ghurt not our fields only$ cattle$ goods$ but our bodies and minds. At
5ammel in 9a+ony$ _An._ ,?/?. =C _Dunii_$ the de#il$ in li%eness of a "ied
"i"er$ carried a'ay ,.C children that 'ere ne#er after seen. Many times men
are ;,=.AGaffrighted out of their 'its$ carried a'ay 0uite$ as 9cheretzius
illustrates$ _lib. ,$ c. i#._$ and se#erally molested by his means$
Plotinus the Platonist$ _lib. ,?$ ad#ers. Gnos._ laughs them to scorn$ that
hold the de#il or s"irits can cause any such diseases. Many thin% he can
'or% u"on the body$ but not u"on the mind. ut e+"erience "ronounceth
other'ise$ that he can 'or% both u"on body and mind. Tertullian is of this
o"inion$ _c. ==._ ;,=./GLThat he can cause both sic%ness and health$L and
that secretly. ;,=.BGTaurellus adds Lby clancular "oisons he can infect the
bodies$ and hinder the o"erations of the bo'els$ though 'e "ercei#e it not$
closely cree"ing into them$L saith ;,=?CG*i"sius$ and so crucify our souls&
_Et noci#a melancholia furiosos efficit_. 7or being a s"iritual body$ he
struggles 'ith our s"irits$ saith 1ogers$ and suggests (according to
;,=?,G:ardan$ _#erba sine #oce$ s"ecies sine #isu_$ en#y$ lust$ anger$ Fc.)
as he sees men inclined.
The manner ho' he "erforms it$ iarmannus in his 2ration against odine$
sufficiently declares. ;,=?=GL5e begins first 'ith the "hantasy$ and mo#es
that so strongly$ that no reason is able to resist.L 8o' the "hantasy he
mo#es by mediation of humours< although many "hysicians are of o"inion$
that the de#il can alter the mind$ and "roduce this disease of himself.
_Kuibusdam medicorum #isum_$ saith ;,=?.GA#icenna$ _0uod Melancholia
contingat a daemonio_. 2f the same mind is Psellus and 1hasis the Arab.
_lib. ,. Tract. B. :ont_. ;,=??GLThat this disease "roceeds es"ecially from
the de#il$ and from him alone.L Arculanus$ _ca". -. in B. 1hasis_$ Aelianus
Montaltus$ in his _B. ca"_. 3aniel 9ennertus$ _lib. ,. "art. =. ca". ,,._
confirm as much$ that the de#il can cause this disease< by reason many
times that the "arties affected "ro"hesy$ s"ea% strange language$ but _non
sine inter#entu humoris_$ not 'ithout the humour$ as he inter"rets himself<
no more doth A#icenna$ _si contingat a daemonio$ sufficit nobis ut
con#ertat com"le+ionem ad choleram nigram$ et sit causa ejus "ro"in0ua
cholera nigra_< the immediate cause is choler adust$ 'hich ;,=?@G
Pom"onatius li%e'ise labours to ma%e good& Galgerandus of Mantua$ a famous
"hysician$ so cured a demoniacal 'oman in his time$ that s"a%e all
languages$ by "urging blac% choler$ and thereu"on beli%e this humour of
melancholy is called _balneum diaboli_$ the de#il!s bath< the de#il s"ying
his o""ortunity of such humours dri#es them many times to des"air$ fury$
rage$ Fc.$ mingling himself among these humours. This is that 'hich
Tertullian a#ers$ _:or"oribus infligunt acerbos casus$ animae0ue
re"entinos$ membra distor0uent$ occulte re"entes_$ Fc. and 'hich *emnius
goes about to "ro#e$ _Immiscent se mali Genii "ra#is humoribus$ at0ue
atrae$ bili_$ Fc. And ;,=?-GDason Pratensis$ Lthat the de#il$ being a
slender incom"rehensible s"irit$ can easily insinuate and 'ind himself into
human bodies$ and cunningly couched in our bo'els #itiate our healths$
terrify our souls 'ith fearful dreams$ and sha%e our minds 'ith furies.L
And in another "lace$ LThese unclean s"irits settled in our bodies$ and no'
mi+ed 'ith our melancholy humours$ do trium"h as it 'ere$ and s"ort
themsel#es as in another hea#en.L Thus he argues$ and that they go in and
out of our bodies$ as bees do in a hi#e$ and so "ro#o%e and tem"t us as
they "ercei#e our tem"erature inclined of itself$ and most a"t to be
deluded. ;,=?AG Agri""a and ;,=?/G*a#ater are "ersuaded$ that this humour
in#ites the de#il to it$ 'heresoe#er it is in e+tremity$ and of all other$
melancholy "ersons are most subject to diabolical tem"tations and
illusions$ and most a"t to entertain them$ and the 3e#il best able to 'or%
u"on them. ut 'hether by obsession$ or "ossession$ or other'ise$ I 'ill
not determine< !tis a difficult 0uestion. 3elrio the Desuit$ _Tom. .. lib.
-._ 9"ringer and his colleague$ _mall. malef_. Pet. Thyreus the Desuit$
_lib. de daemoniacis$ de locis infestis$ de Terrificationibus nocturnis_$
5ieronymus Mengus _7lagel. daem_. and others of that ran% of "ontifical
'riters$ it seems$ by their e+orcisms and conjurations a""ro#e of it$
ha#ing forged many stories to that "ur"ose. A nun did eat a lettuce
;,=?BG'ithout grace$ or signing it 'ith the sign of the cross$ and 'as
instantly "ossessed. 3urand. _lib. -. 1ationall. c. /-. numb. /._ relates
that he sa' a 'ench "ossessed in ononia 'ith t'o de#ils$ by eating an
unhallo'ed "omegranate$ as she did after'ards confess$ 'hen she 'as cured
by e+orcisms. And therefore our Pa"ists do sign themsel#es so often 'ith
the sign of the cross$ _8e daemon ingredi ausit_$ and e+orcise all manner
of meats$ as being unclean or accursed other'ise$ as ellarmine defends.
Many such stories I find amongst "ontifical 'riters$ to "ro#e their
assertions$ let them free their o'n credits< some fe' I 'ill recite in this
%ind out of most a""ro#ed "hysicians. :ornelius Gemma$ _lib. =. de nat.
mirac. c. ?._ relates of a young maid$ called 6atherine Gualter$ a coo"er!s
daughter$ _an._ ,@A,. that had such strange "assions and con#ulsions$ three
men could not sometimes hold her< she "urged a li#e eel$ 'hich he sa'$ a
foot and a half long$ and touched it himself< but the eel after'ards
#anished< she #omited some t'enty-four "ounds of fulsome stuff of all
colours$ t'ice a day for fourteen days< and after that she #oided great
balls of hair$ "ieces of 'ood$ "igeon!s dung$ "archment$ goose dung$ coals<
and after them t'o "ounds of "ure blood$ and then again coals and stones$
or 'hich some had inscri"tions bigger than a 'alnut$ some of them "ieces of
glass$ brass$ Fc. besides "aro+ysms of laughing$ 'ee"ing and ecstasies$ Fc.
_Et hoc (in0uit) cum horore #idi_$ this I sa' 'ith horror. They could do no
good on her by "hysic$ but left her to the clergy. Marcellus 3onatus$ _lib.
=. c. ,. de med. mirab._ hath such another story of a country fello'$ that
had four %ni#es in his belly$ _Instar serrae dentatos_$ indented li%e a
sa'$ e#ery one a s"an long$ and a 'reath of hair li%e a globe$ 'ith much
baggage of li%e sort$ 'onderful to behold& ho' it should come into his
guts$ he concludes$ _:erte non alio 0uam daemonis astutia et dolo_$ (could
assuredly only ha#e been through the artifice of the de#il). *angius$
_E"ist. med. lib. ,. E"ist. ./._ hath many relations to this effect$ and so
hath :hristo"horus a Iega& 4ierus$ 9%en%ius$ 9cribanius$ all agree that
they are done by the subtlety and illusion of the de#il. If you shall as% a
reason of this$ !tis to e+ercise our "atience< for as ;,=@CGTertullian
holds$ _Iirtus non est #irtus$ nisi com"arem habet ali0uem$ in 0uo
su"erando #im suam ostendat_ !tis to try us and our faith$ !tis for our
offences$ and for the "unishment of our sins$ by God!s "ermission they do
it$ _:arnifices #indictae justae 3ei_$ as ;,=@,GTolosanus styles them$
E+ecutioners of his 'ill< or rather as 3a#id$ Ps. A/. #er. ?B. L5e cast
u"on them the fierceness of his anger$ indignation$ 'rath$ and #e+ation$ by
sending out of e#il angels&L so did he afflict Dob$ 9aul$ the *unatics and
demoniacal "ersons 'hom :hrist cured$ Mat. i#. /. *u%e i#. ,,. *u%e +iii.
Mar% i+. Tobit. #iii. .. Fc. This$ I say$ ha""eneth for a "unishment of
sin$ for their 'ant of faith$ incredulity$ 'ea%ness$ distrust$ Fc.
9H9E:T. III.--_2f 4itches and Magicians$ ho' they cause Melancholy_.
Eou ha#e heard 'hat the de#il can do of himself$ no' you shall hear 'hat he
can "erform by his instruments$ 'ho are many times 'orse (if it be
"ossible) than he himself$ and to satisfy their re#enge and lust cause more
mischief$ _Multa enim mala non egisset daemon$ nisi "ro#ocatus a sagis_$ as
;,=@=GErastus thin%s< much harm had ne#er been done$ had he not been
"ro#o%ed by 'itches to it. 5e had not a""eared in 9amuel!s sha"e$ if the
4itch of Endor had let him alone< or re"resented those ser"ents in
Pharaoh!s "resence$ had not the magicians urged him unto it< _8ec morbos
#el hominibus$ #el brutis infligeret_ (Erastus maintains) _si sagae
0uiescerent_< men and cattle might go free$ if the 'itches 'ould let him
alone. Many deny 'itches at all$ or if there be any they can do no harm< of
this o"inion is 4ierus$ _lib. .. ca". @.. de "raestig. daem_. Austin
*erchemer a 3utch 'riter$ iarmanus$ E'ichius$ Eu'aldus$ our countryman
9cot< 'ith him in 5orace$
L9omnia$ terrores Magicos$ miracula$ sagas$
8octurnos *emures$ "ortenta0ue Thessala risu
E+ci"iunt.L------
L9ay$ can you laugh indignant at the schemes
2f magic terrors$ #isionary dreams$
Portentous 'onders$ 'itching im"s of 5ell$
The nightly goblin$ and enchanting s"ellNL
They laugh at all such stories< but on the contrary are most la'yers$
di#ines$ "hysicians$ "hiloso"hers$ Austin$ 5emingius$ 3anaeus$ :hytraeus$
>anchius$ Aretius$ Fc. 3elrio$ 9"ringer$ ;,=@.G8iderius$ _lib. @._
7ornicar. Guiatius$ artolus$ _consil. -. tom. ,. odine$ daemoniant. lib
=. ca". /._ Godelman$ 3amhoderius$ Fc. Paracelsus$ Erastus$ 9cribanius$
:amerarius$ Fc. The "arties by 'hom the de#il deals$ may be reduced to
these t'o$ such as command him in sho' at least$ as conjurors$ and
magicians$ 'hose detestable and horrid mysteries are contained in their
boo% called ;,=@?GArbatell< _daemonis enim ad#ocati "raesto sunt$ se0ue
e+orcismis et conjurationibus 0uasi cogi "atiuntur$ ut miserum magorum
genus$ in im"ietate detineant_. 2r such as are commanded$ as 'itches$ that
deal _e+ "arte im"licite_$ or _e+"licite_$ as the ;,=@@G%ing hath 'ell
defined< many subdi#isions there are$ and many se#eral s"ecies of
sorcerers$ 'itches$ enchanters$ charmers$ Fc. They ha#e been tolerated
heretofore some of them< and magic hath been "ublicly "rofessed in former
times$ in ;,=@-G9alamanca$ ;,=@AG6ra%o'$ and other "laces$ though after
censured by se#eral ;,=@/GHni#ersities$ and no' generally contradicted$
though "ractised by some still$ maintained and e+cused$ _Tan0uam res
secreta 0uae non nisi #iris magnis et "eculiari beneficio de :oelo
instructis communicatur_ (I use ;,=@BGoesartus his 'ords) and so far
a""ro#ed by some "rinces$ _Ht nihil ausi aggredi in "oliticis$ in sacris$
in consiliis$ sine eorum arbitrio_< they consult still 'ith them$ and dare
indeed do nothing 'ithout their ad#ice. 8ero and 5eliogabalus$ Ma+entius$
and Dulianus A"ostata$ 'ere ne#er so much addicted to magic of old$ as some
of our modern "rinces and "o"es themsel#es are no'adays. Erricus$ 6ing of
9'eden$ had an ;,=-CGenchanted ca"$ by #irtue of 'hich$ and some magical
murmur or 'his"ering terms$ he could command s"irits$ trouble the air$ and
ma%e the 'ind stand 'hich 'ay he 'ould$ insomuch that 'hen there 'as any
great 'ind or storm$ the common "eo"le 'ere 'ont to say$ the %ing no' had
on his conjuring ca". ut such e+am"les are infinite. That 'hich they can
do$ is as much almost as the de#il himself$ 'ho is still ready to satisfy
their desires$ to oblige them the more unto him. They can cause tem"ests$
storms$ 'hich is familiarly "ractised by 'itches in 8or'ay$ Iceland$ as I
ha#e "ro#ed. They can ma%e friends enemies$ and enemies friends by
"hilters< ;,=-,G_Tur"es amores conciliare_$ enforce lo#e$ tell any man
'here his friends are$ about 'hat em"loyed$ though in the most remote
"laces< and if they 'ill$ ;,=-=GLbring their s'eethearts to them by night$
u"on a goat!s bac% flying in the air.L 9igismund 9cheretzius$ _"art. ,.
ca". B. de s"ect._ re"orts confidently$ that he conferred 'ith sundry such$
that had been so carried many miles$ and that he heard 'itches themsel#es
confess as much< hurt and infect men and beasts$ #ines$ corn$ cattle$
"lants$ ma%e 'omen aborti#e$ not to concei#e$ ;,=-.Gbarren$ men and 'omen
una"t and unable$ married and unmarried$ fifty se#eral 'ays$ saith odine$
_lib. =. c. =._ fly in the air$ meet 'hen and 'here they 'ill$ as :icogna
"ro#es$ and *a#at. _de s"ec. "art. =. c. ,A._ Lsteal young children out of
their cradles$ _ministerio daemonum_$ and "ut deformed in their rooms$
'hich 'e call changelings$L saith ;,=-?G9cheretzius$ _"art. ,. c. -._ ma%e
men #ictorious$ fortunate$ elo0uent< and therefore in those ancient
monomachies and combats they 'ere searched of old$ ;,=-@Gthey had no
magical charms< they can ma%e ;,=--Gstic% frees$ such as shall endure a
ra"ier!s "oint$ mus%et shot$ and ne#er be 'ounded& of 'hich read more in
oissardus$ _ca". -. de Magia_$ the manner of the adjuration$ and by 'hom
!tis made$ 'here and ho' to be used _in e+"editionibus bellicis$ "raeliis$
duellis_$ Fc.$ 'ith many "eculiar instances and e+am"les< they can 'al% in
fiery furnaces$ ma%e men feel no "ain on the rac%$ _aut alias torturas
sentire_< they can stanch blood$ ;,=-AGre"resent dead men!s sha"es$ alter
and turn themsel#es and others into se#eral forms$ at their "leasures.
;,=-/GAgaberta$ a famous 'itch in *a"land$ 'ould do as much "ublicly to all
s"ectators$ _Modo Pusilla$ modo anus$ modo "rocera ut 0uercus$ modo #acca$
a#is$ coluber_$ Fc. 8o' young$ no' old$ high$ lo'$ li%e a co'$ li%e a bird$
a sna%e$ and 'hat notN 9he could re"resent to others 'hat forms they most
desired to see$ sho' them friends absent$ re#eal secrets$ _ma+ima omnium
admiratione_$ Fc. And yet for all this subtlety of theirs$ as *i"sius 'ell
obser#es$ _Physiolog. 9toicor. lib. ,. ca". ,A._ neither these magicians
nor de#ils themsel#es can ta%e a'ay gold or letters out of mine or :rassus!
chest$ _et :lientelis suis largiri_$ for they are base$ "oor$ contem"tible
fello's most "art< as ;,=-BGodine notes$ they can do nothing _in Dudicum
decreta aut "oenas$ in regum concilia #el arcana$ nihil in rem nummariam
aut thesauros_$ they cannot gi#e money to their clients$ alter judges!
decrees$ or councils of %ings$ these _minuti Genii_ cannot do it$ _altiores
Genii hoc sibi adser#arunt_$ the higher "o'ers reser#e these things to
themsel#es. 8o' and then "erad#enture there may be some more famous
magicians li%e 9imon Magus$ ;,=ACGA"ollonius Tyaneus$ Pasetes$ Damblichus$
;,=A,G2do de 9tellis$ that for a time can build castles in the air$
re"resent armies$ Fc.$ as they are ;,=A=Gsaid to ha#e done$ command 'ealth
and treasure$ feed thousands 'ith all #ariety of meats u"on a sudden$
"rotect themsel#es and their follo'ers from all "rinces! "ersecutions$ by
remo#ing from "lace to "lace in an instant$ re#eal secrets$ future e#ents$
tell 'hat is done in far countries$ ma%e them a""ear that died long since$
and do many such miracles$ to the 'orld!s terror$ admiration and o"inion of
deity to themsel#es$ yet the de#il forsa%es them at last$ they come to
'ic%ed ends$ and _raro aut nun0uam_ such im"ostors are to be found. The
#ulgar sort of them can 'or% no such feats. ut to my "ur"ose$ they can$
last of all$ cure and cause most diseases to such as they lo#e or hate$ and
this of ;,=A.Gmelancholy amongst the rest. Paracelsus$ _Tom. ?. de morbis
amentium$ Tract. ,._ in e+"ress 'ords affirms< _Multi fascinantur in
melancholiam_$ many are be'itched into melancholy$ out of his e+"erience.
The same saith 3anaeus$ _lib. .. de sortiariis_. _Iidi$ in0uit$ 0ui
Melancholicos morbos gra#issimos indu+erunt_& I ha#e seen those that ha#e
caused melancholy in the most grie#ous manner$ ;,=A?Gdried u" 'omen!s "a"s$
cured gout$ "alsy< this and a"o"le+y$ falling sic%ness$ 'hich no "hysic
could hel"$ _solu tactu_$ by touch alone. 1uland in his _. :ent. :ura B,._
gi#es an instance of one 3a#id 5elde$ a young man$ 'ho by eating ca%es
'hich a 'itch ga#e him$ _mo+ delirare coe"it_$ began to dote on a sudden$
and 'as instantly mad& 7. 5. 3. in ;,=A@G5ildesheim$ consulted about a
melancholy man$ thought his disease 'as "artly magical$ and "artly natural$
because he #omited "ieces of iron and lead$ and s"a%e such languages as he
had ne#er been taught< but such e+am"les are common in 9cribanius$ 5ercules
de 9a+onia$ and others. The means by 'hich they 'or% are usually charms$
images$ as that in 5ector oethius of 6ing 3uffe< characters stam"ed of
sundry metals$ and at such and such constellations$ %nots$ amulets$ 'ords$
"hilters$ Fc.$ 'hich generally ma%e the "arties affected$ melancholy< as
;,=A-GMona#ius discourseth at large in an e"istle of his to Acolsius$
gi#ing instance in a ohemian baron that 'as so troubled by a "hilter
ta%en. 8ot that there is any "o'er at all in those s"ells$ charms$
characters$ and barbarous 'ords< but that the de#il doth use such means to
delude them. _Ht fideles inde magos_ (saith ;,=AAG*ibanius) _in officio
retineat$ tum in consortium malefactorum #ocet._
9H9E:T. II.--_9tars a cause. 9igns from Physiognomy$ Meto"osco"y$
:hiromancy_.
8atural causes are either "rimary and uni#ersal$ or secondary and more
"articular. Primary causes are the hea#ens$ "lanets$ stars$ Fc.$ by their
influence (as our astrologers hold) "roducing this and such li%e effects. I
'ill not here stand to discuss _obiter_$ 'hether stars be causes$ or signs<
or to a"ologise for judical astrology. If either 9e+tus Em"ericus$ Picus
Mirandula$ 9e+tus ab 5eminga$ Pererius$ Erastus$ :hambers$ Fc.$ ha#e so far
"re#ailed 'ith any man$ that he 'ill attribute no #irtue at all to the
hea#ens$ or to sun$ or moon$ more than he doth to their signs at an
inn%ee"er!s "ost$ or tradesman!s sho"$ or generally condemn all such
astrological a"horisms a""ro#ed by e+"erience& I refer him to ellantius$
Piro#anus$ Marascallerus$ Goclenius$ 9ir :hristo"her 5eidon$ Fc. If thou
shalt as% me 'hat I thin%$ I must ans'er$ _nam et doctis hisce erroribus
#ersatus sum_$ (for I am con#ersant 'ith these learned errors$) they do
incline$ but not com"el< no necessity at all& ;,=A/G_agunt non cogunt_& and
so gently incline$ that a 'ise man may resist them< _sa"iens dominabitur
astris_& they rule us$ but God rules them. All this (methin%s) ;,=ABGDoh.
de Indagine hath com"rised in brief$ _Kuaeris a me 0uantum in nobis
o"erantur astra_N Fc. L4ilt thou %no' ho' far the stars 'or% u"on usN I say
they do but incline$ and that so gently$ that if 'e 'ill be ruled by
reason$ they ha#e no "o'er o#er us< but if 'e follo' our o'n nature$ and be
led by sense$ they do as much in us as in brute beasts$ and 'e are no
better.L 9o that$ I ho"e$ I may justly conclude 'ith ;,=/CG:ajetan$ _:oelum
est #ehiculum di#inae #irtutis_$ Fc.$ that the hea#en is God!s instrument$
by mediation of 'hich he go#erns and dis"oseth these elementary bodies< or
a great boo%$ 'hose letters are the stars$ (as one calls it$) 'herein are
'ritten many strange things for such as can read$ ;,=/,GLor an e+cellent
har"$ made by an eminent 'or%man$ on 'hich$ he that can but "lay$ 'ill ma%e
most admirable music.L ut to the "ur"ose.
;,=/=GParacelsus is of o"inion$ Lthat a "hysician 'ithout the %no'ledge of
stars can neither understand the cause or cure of any disease$ either of
this or gout$ not so much as toothache< e+ce"t he see the "eculiar geniture
and scheme of the "arty effected.L And for this "ro"er malady$ he 'ill ha#e
the "rinci"al and "rimary cause of it "roceed from the hea#en$ ascribing
more to stars than humours$ ;,=/.GLand that the constellation alone many
times "roduceth melancholy$ all other causes set a"art.L 5e gi#es instance
in lunatic "ersons$ that are de"ri#ed of their 'its by the moon!s motion<
and in another "lace refers all to the ascendant$ and 'ill ha#e the true
and chief cause of it to be sought from the stars. 8either is it his
o"inion only$ but of many Galenists and "hiloso"hers$ though they do not so
"erem"torily maintain as much. LThis #ariety of melancholy sym"toms
"roceeds from the stars$L saith ;,=/?GMelancthon& the most generous
melancholy$ as that of Augustus$ comes from the conjunction of 9aturn and
Du"iter in *ibra& the bad$ as that of :atiline!s$ from the meeting of
9aturn and the moon in 9cor"io. Do#ianus Pontanus$ in his tenth boo%$ and
thirteenth cha"ter _de rebus coelestibus_$ discourseth to this "ur"ose at
large$ _E+ atra bile #arii generantur morbi_$ Fc.$ ;,=/@GLmany diseases
"roceed from blac% choler$ as it shall be hot or cold< and though it be
cold in its o'n nature$ yet it is a"t to be heated$ as 'ater may be made to
boil$ and burn as bad as fire< or made cold as ice& and thence "roceed such
#ariety of sym"toms$ some mad$ some solitary$ some laugh$ some rage$L Fc.
The cause of all 'hich intem"erance he 'ill ha#e chiefly and "rimarily
"roceed from the hea#ens$ ;,=/-GLfrom the "osition of Mars$ 9aturn$ and
Mercury.L 5is a"horisms be these$ ;,=/AGLMercury in any geniture$ if he
shall be found in Iirgo$ or Pisces his o""osite sign$ and that in the
horosco"e$ irradiated by those 0uartile as"ects of 9aturn or Mars$ the
child shall be mad or melancholy.L Again$ ;,=//GL5e that shall ha#e 9aturn
and Mars$ the one culminating$ the other in the fourth house$ 'hen he shall
be born$ shall be melancholy$ of 'hich he shall be cured in time$ if
Mercury behold them. ;,=/BGIf the moon be in conjunction or o""osition at
the birth time 'ith the sun$ 9aturn or Mars$ or in a 0uartile as"ect 'ith
them$L (_e malo coeli loco_$ *eo#itius adds$) Lmany diseases are signified$
es"ecially the head and brain is li%e to be misaffected 'ith "ernicious
humours$ to be melancholy$ lunatic$ or mad$L :ardan adds$ _0uarta luna
natos_$ ecli"ses$ earth0ua%es. Garcaeus and *eo#itius 'ill ha#e the chief
judgment to be ta%en from the lord of the geniture$ or 'here there is an
as"ect bet'een the moon and Mercury$ and neither behold the horosco"e$ or
9aturn and Mars shall be lord of the "resent conjunction or o""osition in
9agittarius or Pisces$ of the sun or moon$ such "ersons are commonly
e"ile"tic$ dote$ demoniacal$ melancholy& but see more of these a"horisms in
the abo#e-named Pontanus. Garcaeus$ _ca". =.. de Dud. genitur. 9choner.
lib. ,. ca". /_$ 'hich he hath gathered out of ;,=BCGPtolemy$ Albubater$
and some other Arabians$ Dunctine$ 1anzo#ius$ *indhout$ 2rigen$ Fc. ut
these men you 'ill reject "erad#enture$ as astrologers$ and therefore
"artial judges< then hear the testimony of "hysicians$ Galenists
themsel#es. ;,=B,G:arto confesseth the influence of stars to ha#e a great
hand to this "eculiar disease$ so doth Dason Pratensis$ *onicerius
_"raefat. de A"o"le+ia_$ 7icinus$ 7ernelius$ Fc. ;,=B=GP. :nemander
ac%no'ledgeth the stars an uni#ersal cause$ the "articular from "arents$
and the use of the si+ non-natural things. a"tista Port. _mag. l. ,. c.
,C$ ,=$ ,@_$ 'ill ha#e them causes to e#ery "articular _indi#idium_.
Instances and e+am"les$ to e#ince the truth of those a"horisms$ are common
amongst those astrologian treatises. :ardan$ in his thirty-se#enth
geniture$ gi#es instance in Matth. olognius. _:amerar. hor. natalit.
centur. A. genit. -. et A._ of 3aniel Gare$ and others< but see Garcaeus$
_ca". ..._ *uc. Gauricus$ _Tract. -. de Azemenis_$ Fc. The time of this
melancholy is$ 'hen the significators of any geniture are directed
according to art$ as the hor& moon$ hylech$ Fc. to the hostile beams or
terms of ;9ymbol& 9aturnG and ;9ymbol& MarsG es"ecially$ or any fi+ed star
of their nature$ or if ;9ymbol& 9aturnG by his re#olution or transitus$
shall offend any of those radical "romissors in the geniture.
2ther signs there are ta%en from "hysiognomy$ meto"osco"y$ chiromancy$
'hich because Doh. de Indagine$ and 1otman$ the landgra#e of 5esse his
mathematician$ not long since in his :hiromancy< a"tista Porta$ in his
celestial Physiognomy$ ha#e "ro#ed to hold great affinity 'ith astrology$
to satisfy the curious$ I am the more 'illing to insert.
The general notions ;,=B.G"hysiognomers gi#e$ be these< Lblac% colour
argues natural melancholy< so doth leanness$ hirsuteness$ broad #eins$ much
hair on the bro's$L saith ;,=B?GGratanarolus$ _ca". A_$ and a little head$
out of Aristotle$ high sanguine$ red colour$ sho's head melancholy< they
that stutter and are bald$ 'ill be soonest melancholy$ (as A#icenna
su""oseth$) by reason of the dryness of their brains< but he that 'ill %no'
more of the se#eral signs of humour and 'its out of "hysiognomy$ let him
consult 'ith old Adamantus and Polemus$ that comment$ or rather "ara"hrase
u"on Aristotle!s Physiognomy$ a"tista Porta!s four "leasant boo%s$ Michael
9cot _de secretis naturae_$ Dohn de Indagine$ Montaltus$ Antony >ara.
_anat. ingeniorum$ sect. ,. memb. ,.. et lib. ?._
:hiromancy hath these a"horisms to foretell melancholy$ Tasneir. _lib. @.
ca". =_$ 'ho hath com"rehended the sum of Dohn de Indagine& Tricassus$
:or#inus$ and others in his boo%$ thus hath it< ;,=B@GLThe 9aturnine line
going from the rascetta through the hand$ to 9aturn!s mount$ and there
intersected by certain little lines$ argues melancholy< so if the #ital and
natural ma%e an acute angle$ A"horism ,CC. The saturnine$ he"atic$ and
natural lines$ ma%ing a gross triangle in the hand$ argue as much<L 'hich
Goclenius$ _ca". @. :hiros._ re"eats #erbatim out of him. In general they
conclude all$ that if 9aturn!s mount be full of many small lines and
intersections$ ;,=B-GLsuch men are most "art melancholy$ miserable and full
of dis0uietness$ care and trouble$ continually #e+ed 'ith an+ious and
bitter thoughts$ al'ays sorro'ful$ fearful$ sus"icious< they delight in
husbandry$ buildings$ "ools$ marshes$ s"rings$ 'oods$ 'al%s$L Fc. Thaddaeus
5aggesius$ in his _Meto"osco"ia_$ hath certain a"horisms deri#ed from
9aturn!s lines in the forehead$ by 'hich he collects a melancholy
dis"osition< and ;,=BAGa"tista Porta ma%es obser#ations from those other
"arts of the body$ as if a s"ot be o#er the s"leen< ;,=B/GLor in the nails<
if it a""ear blac%$ it signifieth much care$ grief$ contention$ and
melancholy<L the reason he refers to the humours$ and gi#es instance in
himself$ that for se#en years s"ace he had such blac% s"ots in his nails$
and all that 'hile 'as in "er"etual la'suits$ contro#ersies for his
inheritance$ fear$ loss of honour$ banishment$ grief$ care$ Fc. and 'hen
his miseries ended$ the blac% s"ots #anished. :ardan$ in his boo% _de
libris "ro"riis_$ tells such a story of his o'n "erson$ that a little
before his son!s death$ he had a blac% s"ot$ 'hich a""eared in one of his
nails< and dilated itself as he came nearer to his end. ut I am o#er
tedious in these toys$ 'hich ho'soe#er$ in some men!s too se#ere censures$
they may be held absurd and ridiculous$ I am the bolder to insert$ as not
borro'ed from circumforanean rogues and gi"sies$ but out of the 'ritings of
'orthy "hiloso"hers and "hysicians$ yet li#ing some of them$ and religious
"rofessors in famous uni#ersities$ 'ho are able to "atronise that 'hich
they ha#e said$ and #indicate themsel#es from all ca#illers and ignorant
"ersons.
9H9E:T. I.--_2ld age a cause_.
9econdary "eculiar causes efficient$ so called in res"ect of the other
"recedent$ are either _congenitae$ internae$ innatae_$ as they term them$
in'ard$ innate$ inbred< or else out'ard and ad#entitious$ 'hich ha""en to
us after 'e are born& congenite or born 'ith us$ are either natural$ as old
age$ or _"raeter naturam_ (as ;,=BBG7ernelius calls it) that
distem"erature$ 'hich 'e ha#e from our "arent!s seed$ it being an
hereditary disease. The first of these$ 'hich is natural to all$ and 'hich
no man li#ing can a#oid$ is ;,.CCGold age$ 'hich being cold and dry$ and of
the same 0uality as melancholy is$ must needs cause it$ by diminution of
s"irits and substance$ and increasing of adust humours< therefore ;,.C,G
Melancthon a#ers out of Aristotle$ as an undoubted truth$ _9enes "lerun0ue
delirasse in senecta_$ that old men familiarly dote$ _ob atram bilem_$ for
blac% choler$ 'hich is then su"erabundant in them& and 1hasis$ that Arabian
"hysician$ in his _:ont. lib. ,. ca". B_$ calls it ;,.C=GLa necessary and
inse"arable accident$L to all old and decre"it "ersons. After se#enty years
(as the Psalmist saith) ;,.C.GLall is trouble and sorro'<L and common
e+"erience confirms the truth of it in 'ea% and old "ersons$ es"ecially
such as ha#e li#ed in action all their li#es$ had great em"loyment$ much
business$ much command$ and many ser#ants to o#ersee$ and lea#e off _e+
abru"to_< as ;,.C?G:harles the 7ifth did to 6ing Phili"$ resign u" all on a
sudden< they are o#ercome 'ith melancholy in an instant& or if they do
continue in such courses$ they dote at last$ (_sene+ bis "uer_$) and are
not able to manage their estates through common infirmities incident in
their age< full of ache$ sorro' and grief$ children again$ dizzards$ they
carl many times as they sit$ and tal% to themsel#es$ they are angry$
'as"ish$ dis"leased 'ith e#ery thing$ Lsus"icious of all$ 'ay'ard$
co#etous$ hardL (saith Tully$) Lself-'illed$ su"erstitious$ self-conceited$
braggers and admirers of themsel#es$L as ;,.C@Galthazar :astilio hath
truly noted of them. ;,.C-GThis natural infirmity is most eminent in old
'omen$ and such as are "oor$ solitary$ li#e in most base esteem and
beggary$ or such as are 'itches< insomuch that 4ierus$ a"tista Porta$
Hlricus Molitor$ Ed'icus$ do refer all that 'itches are said to do$ to
imagination alone$ and this humour of melancholy. And 'hereas it is
contro#erted$ 'hether they can be'itch cattle to death$ ride in the air
u"on a co'l-staff out of a chimney-to"$ transform themsel#es into cats$
dogs$ Fc.$ translate bodies from "lace to "lace$ meet in com"anies$ and
dance$ as they do$ or ha#e carnal co"ulation 'ith the de#il$ they ascribe
all to this redundant melancholy$ 'hich domineers in them$ to ;,.CAG
somniferous "otions$ and natural causes$ the de#il!s "olicy. _8on laedunt
omnino_ (saith 4ierus) _aut 0uid mirum faciunt_$ (_de *amiis$ lib. .. ca".
.-_)$ _ut "utatur$ solam #itiatam habent "hantasiam_< they do no such
'onders at all$ only their ;,.C/Gbrains are crazed. ;,.CBGLThey thin% they
are 'itches$ and can do hurt$ but do not.L ut this o"inion odine$
Erastus$ 3anaeus$ 9cribanius$ 9ebastian Michaelis$ :am"anella _de 9ensu
rerum$ lib. ?. ca". B._ ;,.,CG3andinus the Desuit$ _lib. =. de Animae
e+"lode_< ;,.,,G:icogna confutes at large. That 'itches are melancholy$
they deny not$ but not out of corru"t "hantasy alone$ so to delude
themsel#es and others$ or to "roduce such effects.
9H9E:T. II.--_Parents a cause by Pro"agation_.
That other in'ard inbred cause of Melancholy is our tem"erature$ in 'hole
or "art$ 'hich 'e recei#e from our "arents$ 'hich ;,.,=G7ernelius calls
_Praeter naturam_$ or unnatural$ it being an hereditary disease< for as he
justifies ;,.,.G_Kuale "arentum ma+ime "atris semen obtigerit$ tales
e#adunt similares s"ermaticae0ue "aries$ 0uocun0ue etiam morbo Pater 0uum
generat tenetur$ cum semine transfert$ in Prolem_< such as the tem"erature
of the father is$ such is the son!s$ and loo% 'hat disease the father had
'hen he begot him$ his son 'ill ha#e after him< ;,.,?GLand is as 'ell
inheritor of his infirmities$ as of his lands. And 'here the com"le+ion and
constitution of the father is corru"t$ there (;,.,@Gsaith 1oger acon) the
com"le+ion and constitution of the son must needs be corru"t$ and so the
corru"tion is deri#ed from the father to the son.L 8o' this doth not so
much a""ear in the com"osition of the body$ according to that of
5i""ocrates$ ;,.,-GLin habit$ "ro"ortion$ scars$ and other lineaments< but
in manners and conditions of the mind$L _Et "atrum in natos abeunt cum
semine mores._
9eleucus had an anchor on his thigh$ so had his "osterity$ as Trogus
records$ _lib. ,@._ *e"idus$ in Pliny _l. A. c. ,A_$ 'as "urblind$ so 'as
his son. That famous family of Aenobarbi 'ere %no'n of old$ and so surnamed
from their red beards< the Austrian li"$ and those Indian flat noses are
"ro"agated$ the a#arian chin$ and goggle eyes amongst the De's$ as ;,.,AG
u+torfius obser#es< their #oice$ "ace$ gesture$ loo%s$ are li%e'ise
deri#ed 'ith all the rest of their conditions and infirmities< such a
mother$ such a daughter< their #ery ;,.,/Gaffections *emnius contends Lto
follo' their seed$ and the malice and bad conditions of children are many
times 'holly to be im"uted to their "arents<L I need not therefore ma%e any
doubt of Melancholy$ but that it is an hereditary disease. ;,.,BG
Paracelsus in e+"ress 'ords affirms it$ _lib. de morb. amentium to. ?. tr.
,_< so doth ;,.=CG:rato in an E"istle of his to Mona#ius. 9o doth runo
9eidelius in his boo% _de morbo incurab._ Montaltus "ro#es$ _ca". ,,_$ out
of 5i""ocrates and Plutarch$ that such hereditary dis"ositions are
fre0uent$ _et hanc (in0uit) fieri reor ob "artici"atam melancholicam
intem"erantiam_ (s"ea%ing of a "atient) I thin% he became so by
"artici"ation of Melancholy. 3aniel 9ennertus$ _lib. ,. "art =. ca". B_$
'ill ha#e his melancholy constitution deri#ed not only from the father to
the son$ but to the 'hole family sometimes< _Kuando0ue totis familiis
hereditati#am_$ ;,.=,G7orestus$ in his medicinal obser#ations$ illustrates
this "oint$ 'ith an e+am"le of a merchant$ his "atient$ that had this
infirmity by inheritance< so doth 1odericus a 7onseca$ _tom. ,. consul.
-B_$ by an instance of a young man that 'as so affected _e+ matre
melancholica_$ had a melancholy mother$ _et #ictu melancholico_$ and bad
diet together. *udo#icus Mercatus$ a 9"anish "hysician$ in that e+cellent
Tract 'hich he hath lately 'ritten of hereditary diseases$ _tom. =. o"er.
lib. @_$ rec%ons u" le"rosy$ as those ;,.==GGalbots in Gascony$ hereditary
le"ers$ "o+$ stone$ gout$ e"ile"sy$ Fc. Amongst the rest$ this and madness
after a set time comes to many$ 'hich he calls a miraculous thing in
nature$ and stic%s for e#er to them as an incurable habit. And that 'hich
is more to be 'ondered at$ it s%i"s in some families the father$ and goes
to the son$ ;,.=.GLor ta%es e#ery other$ and sometimes e#ery third in a
lineal descent$ and doth not al'ays "roduce the same$ but some li%e$ and a
symbolizing disease.L These secondary causes hence deri#ed$ are commonly so
"o'erful$ that (as ;,.=?G4olfius holds) _sae"e mutant decreta siderum_$
they do often alter the "rimary causes$ and decrees of the hea#ens. 7or
these reasons$ beli%e$ the :hurch and common'ealth$ human and 3i#ine la's$
ha#e cons"ired to a#oid hereditary diseases$ forbidding such marriages as
are any 'hit allied< and as Mercatus ad#iseth all families to ta%e such$
_si fieri "ossit 0uae ma+ime distant natura_$ and to ma%e choice of those
that are most differing in com"le+ion from them< if they lo#e their o'n$
and res"ect the common good. And sure$ I thin%$ it hath been ordered by
God!s es"ecial "ro#idence$ that in all ages there should be (as usually
there is) once in ;,.=@G-CC years$ a transmigration of nations$ to amend
and "urify their blood$ as 'e alter seed u"on our land$ and that there
should be as it 'ere an inundation of those northern Goths and Iandals$ and
many such li%e "eo"le 'hich came out of that continent of 9candia and
9armatia (as some su""ose) and o#erran$ as a deluge$ most "art of Euro"e
and Africa$ to alter for our good$ our com"le+ions$ 'hich 'ere much defaced
'ith hereditary infirmities$ 'hich by our lust and intem"erance 'e had
contracted. A sound generation of strong and able men 'ere sent amongst us$
as those northern men usually are$ innocuous$ free from riot$ and free from
diseases< to 0ualify and ma%e us as those "oor na%ed Indians are generally
at this day< and those about razil (as a late ;,.=-G'riter obser#es)$ in
the Isle of Maragnan$ free from all hereditary diseases$ or other
contagion$ 'hereas 'ithout hel" of "hysic they li#e commonly ,=C years or
more$ as in the 2rcades and many other "laces. 9uch are the common effects
of tem"erance and intem"erance$ but I 'ill descend to "articular$ and sho'
by 'hat means$ and by 'hom es"ecially$ this infirmity is deri#ed unto us.
_7ilii e+ senibus nati$ raro sunt firmi tem"eramenti_$ old men!s children
are seldom of a good tem"erament$ as 9coltzius su""oseth$ _consult. ,AA_$
and therefore most a"t to this disease< and as ;,.=AG*e#inus *emnius
farther adds$ old men beget most "art 'ay'ard$ "ee#ish$ sad$ melancholy
sons$ and seldom merry. 5e that begets a child on a full stomach$ 'ill
either ha#e a sic% child$ or a crazed son (as ;,.=/G:ardan thin%s)$
_contradict. med. lib. ,. contradict. ,/_$ or if the "arents be sic%$ or
ha#e any great "ain of the head$ or megrim$ headache$ (5ieronymus 4olfius
;,.=BGdoth instance in a child of 9ebastian :astalio!s)< if a drun%en man
get a child$ it 'ill ne#er li%ely ha#e a good brain$ as Gellius argues$
_lib. ,=. ca". ,._ _Ebrii gignunt Ebrios_$ one drun%ard begets another$
saith ;,..CGPlutarch$ _sym". lib. ,. 0uest. @_$ 'hose sentence
;,..,G*emnius a""ro#es$ _l. ,. c. ?._ Alsarius :rutius$ _Gen. de 0ui sit
med. cent. .. fol. ,/=._ Macrobius$ _lib. ,._ A#icenna$ _lib. .. 7en. =,.
Tract ,. ca". /_$ and Aristotle himself$ _sect. =. "rob. ?_$ foolish$
drun%en$ or hair-brain 'omen$ most "art bring forth children li%e unto
themsel#es$ _morosos et languidos_$ and so li%e'ise he that lies 'ith a
menstruous 'oman. _Intem"erantia #eneris$ 0uam in nautis "raesertim
insectatur ;,..=G *emnius$ 0ui u+ores ineunt$ nulla menstrui decursus
ratione habita nec obser#ato interlunio$ "raeci"ua causa est$ no+ia$
"ernitiosa$ concubitum hunc e+itialem ideo$ et "estiferum #ocat.
;,...G1odoricus a :astro *ucitanus$ detestantur ad unum omnes medici$ tum
et 0uarta luna conce"ti$ infelices "lerum0ue et amentes$ deliri$ stolidi$
morbosi$ im"uri$ in#alidi$ tetra lue sordidi minime #itales$ omnibus bonis
cor"oris at0ue animi destituti& ad laborem nati$ si seniores$ in0uit
Eustathius$ ut 5ercules$ et alii. ;,..?GDudaei ma+ime insectantur foedum
hunc$ et immundum a"ud :hristianas :oncubitum$ ut illicitum abhorrent$ et
a"ud suos "rohibent< et 0uod :hristiani toties le"rosi$ amentes$ tot
morbili$ im"etigines$ al"hi$ "sorae$ cutis et faciei decolorationes$ tam
multi morbi e"idemici$ acerbi$ et #enenosi sint$ in hunc immundum
concubitum rejiciunt$ et crudeles in "ignora #ocant$ 0ui 0uarta$ luna
"rofluente hac mensium illu#ie concubitum hunc non "erhorrescunt. 3amna#it
olim di#ina *e+ et morte mulcta#it hujusmodi homines$ *e#. ,/$ =C$ et inde
nati$ si0ui deformes aut mutili$ "ater dila"idatus$ 0uod non contineret ab
;,..@G immunda muliere. Gregorius Magnus$ "etenti Augustino nun0uid a"ud
;,..-Gritannos hujusmodi concubitum toleraret$ se#ere "rohibuit #iris suis
tum misceri foeminas in consuetis suis menstruis_$ Fc. I s"are to English
this 'hich I ha#e said. Another cause some gi#e$ inordinate diet$ as if a
man eat garlic$ onions$ fast o#ermuch$ study too hard$ be o#er-sorro'ful$
dull$ hea#y$ dejected in mind$ "er"le+ed in his thoughts$ fearful$ Fc.$
Ltheir childrenL (saith ;,..AG:ardan _subtil. lib. ,/_) L'ill be much
subject to madness and melancholy< for if the s"irits of the brain be
fuzzled$ or misaffected by such means$ at such a time$ their children 'ill
be fuzzled in the brain& they 'ill be dull$ hea#y$ timorous$ discontented
all their li#es.L 9ome are of o"inion$ and maintain that "arado+ or
"roblem$ that 'ise men beget commonly fools< 9uidas gi#es instance in
Aristarchus the Grammarian$ _duos reli0uit 7ilios Aristarchum et
Aristachorum$ ambos stultos_< and 'hich ;,../GErasmus urgeth in his
_Moria_$ fools beget 'ise men. :ard. _subt. l. ,=_$ gi#es this cause$
_Kuoniam s"iritus sa"ientum ob studium resol#untur$ et in cerebrum feruntur
a corde_& because their natural s"irits are resol#ed by study$ and turned
into animal< dra'n from the heart$ and those other "arts to the brain.
*emnius subscribes to that of :ardan$ and assigns this reason$ _Kuod
"ersol#ant debitum languide$ et obscitanter$ unde foetus a "arentum
generositate desciscit_& they "ay their debt (as Paul calls it) to their
'i#es remissly$ by 'hich means their children are 'ea%lings$ and many times
idiots and fools.
9ome other causes are gi#en$ 'hich "ro"erly "ertain$ and do "roceed from
the mother& if she be o#er-dull$ hea#y$ angry$ "ee#ish$ discontented$ and
melancholy$ not only at the time of conce"tion$ but e#en all the 'hile she
carries the child in her 'omb (saith 7ernelius$ _"ath. l. ,$ ,,_) her son
'ill be so li%e'ise affected$ and 'orse$ as ;,..BG*emnius adds$ _l. ?. c.
A_$ if she grie#e o#ermuch$ be dis0uieted$ or by any casualty be affrighted
and terrified by some fearful object$ heard or seen$ she endangers her
child$ and s"oils the tem"erature of it< for the strange imagination of a
'oman 'or%s effectually u"on her infant$ that as a"tista Porta "ro#es$
_Physiog. caelestis l. @. c. =_$ she lea#es a mar% u"on it$ 'hich is most
es"ecially seen in such as "rodigiously long for such and such meats$ the
child 'ill lo#e those meats$ saith 7ernelius$ and be addicted to li%e
humours& ;,.?CGLif a great-bellied 'oman see a hare$ her child 'ill often
ha#e a hareli"$L as 'e call it. Garcaeus$ _de Dudiciis geniturarum$ ca".
.._$ hath a memorable e+am"le of one Thomas 8ic%ell$ born in the city of
randeburg$ ,@@,$ ;,.?,GLthat 'ent reeling and staggering all the days of
his life$ as if he 'ould fall to the ground$ because his mother being great
'ith child sa' a drun%en man reeling in the street.L 9uch another I find in
Martin 4enrichius$ _com. de ortu monstrorum$ c. ,A_$ I sa' (saith he) at
4ittenberg$ in Germany$ a citizen that loo%ed li%e a carcass< I as%ed him
the cause$ he re"lied$ ;,.?=GL5is mother$ 'hen she bore him in her 'omb$
sa' a carcass by chance$ and 'as so sore affrighted 'ith it$ that _e+ eo
foetus ei assimilatus_$ from a ghastly im"ression the child 'as li%e it.L
9o many se#eral 'ays are 'e "lagued and "unished for our father!s defaults<
insomuch that as 7ernelius truly saith$ ;,.?.GLIt is the greatest "art of
our felicity to be 'ell born$ and it 'ere ha""y for human %ind$ if only
such "arents as are sound of body and mind should be suffered to marry.L An
husbandman 'ill so' none but the best and choicest seed u"on his land$ he
'ill not rear a bull or a horse$ e+ce"t he be right sha"en in all "arts$ or
"ermit him to co#er a mare$ e+ce"t he be 'ell assured of his breed< 'e ma%e
choice of the best rams for our shee"$ rear the neatest %ine$ and %ee" the
best dogs$ _Kuanto id diligentius in "rocreandis liberis obser#andum_N And
ho' careful then should 'e be in begetting of our childrenN In former times
some ;,.??Gcountries ha#e been so chary in this behalf$ so stern$ that if a
child 'ere croo%ed or deformed in body or mind$ they made him a'ay< so did
the Indians of old by the relation of :urtius$ and many other 'ell-go#erned
common'ealths$ according to the disci"line of those times. 5eretofore in
9cotland$ saith ;,.?@G5ect. oethius$ Lif any 'ere #isited 'ith the falling
sic%ness$ madness$ gout$ le"rosy$ or any such dangerous disease$ 'hich 'as
li%ely to be "ro"agated from the father to the son$ he 'as instantly
gelded< a 'oman %e"t from all com"any of men< and if by chance ha#ing some
such disease$ she 'ere found to be 'ith child$ she 'ith her brood 'ere
buried ali#e&L and this 'as done for the common good$ lest the 'hole nation
should be injured or corru"ted. A se#ere doom you 'ill say$ and not to be
used amongst :hristians$ yet more to be loo%ed into than it is. 7or no' by
our too much facility in this %ind$ in gi#ing 'ay for all to marry that
'ill$ too much liberty and indulgence in tolerating all sorts$ there is a
#ast confusion of hereditary diseases$ no family secure$ no man almost free
from some grie#ous infirmity or other$ 'hen no choice is had$ but still the
eldest must marry$ as so many stallions of the race< or if rich$ be they
fools or dizzards$ lame or maimed$ unable$ intem"erate$ dissolute$ e+haust
through riot$ as he said$ ;,.?-G_jura haereditario sa"ere jubentur_< they
must be 'ise and able by inheritance& it comes to "ass that our generation
is corru"t$ 'e ha#e many 'ea% "ersons$ both in body and mind$ many feral
diseases raging amongst us$ crazed families$ _"arentes$ "erem"tores_< our
fathers bad$ and 'e are li%e to be 'orse.
MEM. II.
9H9E:T. I.--_ad 3iet a cause. 9ubstance. Kuality of Meats_.
According to my "ro"osed method$ ha#ing o"ened hitherto these secondary
causes$ 'hich are inbred 'ith us$ I must no' "roceed to the out'ard and
ad#entitious$ 'hich ha""en unto us after 'e are born. And those are either
e#ident$ remote$ or in'ard$ antecedent$ and the nearest& continent causes
some call them. These out'ard$ remote$ "recedent causes are subdi#ided
again into necessary and not necessary. 8ecessary (because 'e cannot a#oid
them$ but they 'ill alter us$ as they are used$ or abused) are those si+
non-natural things$ so much s"o%en of amongst "hysicians$ 'hich are
"rinci"al causes of this disease. 7or almost in e#ery consultation$ 'hereas
they shall come to s"ea% of the causes$ the fault is found$ and this most
"art objected to the "atient< _Pecca#it circa res se+ non naturales_& he
hath still offended in one of those si+. Montanus$ _consil. ==_$ consulted
about a melancholy De'$ gi#es that sentence$ so did 7risemelica in the same
"lace< and in his =?? counsel$ censuring a melancholy soldier$ assigns that
reason of his malady$ ;,.?AGLhe offended in all those si+ non-natural
things$ 'hich 'ere the out'ard causes$ from 'hich came those in'ard
obstructions<L and so in the rest.
These si+ non-natural things are diet$ retention and e#acuation$ 'hich are
more material than the other because they ma%e ne' matter$ or else are
con#ersant in %ee"ing or e+"elling of it. The other four are air$ e+ercise$
slee"ing$ 'a%ing$ and "erturbations of the mind$ 'hich only alter the
matter. The first of these is diet$ 'hich consists in meat and drin%$ and
causeth melancholy$ as it offends in substance$ or accidents$ that is$
0uantity$ 0uality$ or the li%e. And 'ell it may be called a material cause$
since that$ as ;,.?/G7ernelius holds$ Lit hath such a "o'er in begetting of
diseases$ and yields the matter and sustenance of them< for neither air$
nor "erturbations$ nor any of those other e#ident causes ta%e "lace$ or
'or% this effect$ e+ce"t the constitution of body$ and "re"aration of
humours$ do concur. That a man may say$ this diet is the mother of
diseases$ let the father be 'hat he 'ill$ and from this alone$ melancholy
and fre0uent other maladies arise.L Many "hysicians$ I confess$ ha#e
'ritten co"ious #olumes of this one subject$ of the nature and 0ualities of
all manner of meats< as namely$ Galen$ Isaac the De'$ 5alyabbas$ A#icenna$
Mesue$ also four Arabians$ Gordonius$ Iillano#anus$ 4ec%er$ Dohannes
ruerinus$ _sitologia de Esculentis et Poculentis_$ Michael 9a#anarola$
_Tract =. c. /_$ Anthony 7umanellus$ _lib. de regimine senum_$ :urio in his
comment on 9chola 9alerna$ Godefridus 9tec%ius _arte med._$ Marcilius
:ognatus$ 7icinus$ 1anzo#ius$ 7onseca$ *essius$ Magninus$ _regim.
sanitatis_$ 7rietagius$ 5ugo 7ride#allius$ Fc.$ besides many other in
;,.?BGEnglish$ and almost e#ery "eculiar "hysician$ discourseth at large of
all "eculiar meats in his cha"ter of melancholy& yet because these boo%s
are not at hand to e#ery man$ I 'ill briefly touch 'hat %ind of meats
engender this humour$ through their se#eral s"ecies$ and 'hich are to be
a#oided. 5o' they alter and change the matter$ s"irits first$ and after
humours$ by 'hich 'e are "reser#ed$ and the constitution of our body$
7ernelius and others 'ill sho' you. I hasten to the thing itself& and first
of such diet as offends in substance.
_eef._G eef$ a strong and hearty meat (cold in the first degree$ dry in
the second$ saith _Gal. l. .. c. ,. de alim. fac._) is condemned by him and
all succeeding Authors$ to breed gross melancholy blood& good for such as
are sound$ and of a strong constitution$ for labouring men if ordered
aright$ corned$ young$ of an o+ (for all gelded meats in e#ery s"ecies are
held best)$ or if old$ ;,.@CGsuch as ha#e been tired out 'ith labour$ are
"referred. Aubanus and 9abellicus commend Portugal beef to be the most
sa#oury$ best and easiest of digestion< 'e commend ours& but all is
rejected$ and unfit for such as lead a resty life$ any 'ays inclined to
melancholy$ or dry of com"le+ion& _Tales_ (Galen thin%s) _de facile
melancholicis aegritudinibus ca"iuntur_.
_Por%._G Por%$ of all meats$ is most nutriti#e in his o'n nature$ ;,.@,G
but altogether unfit for such as li#e at ease$ are any 'ays unsound of body
or mind& too moist$ full of humours$ and therefore _no+ia delicatis_$ saith
9a#anarola$ _e+ earum usu ut dubitetur an febris 0uartana generetur_&
naught for 0ueasy stomachs$ insomuch that fre0uent use of it may breed a
0uartan ague.
_Goat._G 9a#anarola discommends goat!s flesh$ and so doth ;,.@=Gruerinus$
_l. ,.. c. ,B_$ calling it a filthy beast$ and rammish& and therefore
su""oseth it 'ill breed ran% and filthy substance< yet %id$ such as are
young and tender$ Isaac acce"ts$ ruerinus and Galen$ _l. ,. c. ,. de
alimentorum facultatibus_.
_5art._G 5art and red deer ;,.@.Ghath an e#il name& it yields gross
nutriment& a strong and great grained meat$ ne+t unto a horse. 4hich
although some countries eat$ as Tartars$ and they of :hina< yet ;,.@?G
Galen condemns. Eoung foals are as commonly eaten in 9"ain as red deer$ and
to furnish their na#ies$ about Malaga es"ecially$ often used< but such
meats as% long ba%ing$ or seething$ to 0ualify them$ and yet all 'ill not
ser#e.
Ienison$ 7allo' 3eer.G All #enison is melancholy$ and begets bad blood< a
"leasant meat& in great esteem 'ith us (for 'e ha#e more "ar%s in England
than there are in all Euro"e besides) in our solemn feasts. !Tis some'hat
better hunted than other'ise$ and 'ell "re"ared by coo%ery< but generally
bad$ and seldom to be used.
_5are._G 5are$ a blac% meat$ melancholy$ and hard of digestion$ it breeds
incubus$ often eaten$ and causeth fearful dreams$ so doth all #enison$ and
is condemned by a jury of "hysicians. Mizaldus and some others say$ that
hare is a merry meat$ and that it 'ill ma%e one fair$ as Martial!s e"igram
testifies to Gellia< but this is _"er accidens_$ because of the good s"ort
it ma%es$ merry com"any and good discourse that is commonly at the eating
of it$ and not other'ise to be understood.
_:onies._G ;,.@@G:onies are of the nature of hares. Magninus com"ares them
to beef$ "ig$ and goat$ _1eg. sanit. "art. .. c. ,A_< yet young rabbits by
all men are a""ro#ed to be good.
Generally$ all such meats as are hard of digestion breed melancholy.
Areteus$ _lib. A. ca". @_$ rec%ons u" heads and feet$ ;,.@-Gbo'els$ brains$
entrails$ marro'$ fat$ blood$ s%ins$ and those in'ard "arts$ as heart$
lungs$ li#er$ s"leen$ Fc. They are rejected by Isaac$ _lib. =. "art. ._$
Magninus$ _"art. .. ca". ,A_$ ruerinus$ _lib. ,=_$ 9a#anarola$ _1ub. .=.
Tract. =._
_Mil%._G Mil%$ and all that comes of mil%$ as butter and cheese$ curds$
Fc.$ increase melancholy ('hey only e+ce"ted$ 'hich is most 'holesome)&
;,.@AGsome e+ce"t asses! mil%. The rest$ to such as are sound$ is nutriti#e
and good$ es"ecially for young children$ but because soon turned to
corru"tion$ ;,.@/Gnot good for those that ha#e unclean stomachs$ are
subject to headache$ or ha#e green 'ounds$ stone$ Fc. 2f all cheeses$ I
ta%e that %ind 'hich 'e call anbury cheese to be the best$ _e+ #etustis
"essimus_$ the older$ stronger$ and harder$ the 'orst$ as *angius
discourseth in his E"istle to Melancthon$ cited by Mizaldus$ Isaac$ _". @.
Gal. .. de cibis boni succi_. Fc.
_7o'l._G Amongst fo'l$ ;,.@BG"eacoc%s and "igeons$ all fenny fo'l are
forbidden$ as duc%s$ geese$ s'ans$ herons$ cranes$ coots$ dida""ers$
'ater-hens$ 'ith all those teals$ curs$ sheldra%es$ and "ec%led fo'ls$ that
come hither in 'inter out of 9candia$ Musco#y$ Greenland$ 7riesland$ 'hich
half the year are co#ered all o#er 'ith sno'$ and frozen u". Though these
be fair in feathers$ "leasant in taste$ and ha#e a good outside$ li%e
hy"ocrites$ 'hite in "lumes$ and soft$ their flesh is hard$ blac%$
un'holesome$ dangerous$ melancholy meat< _Gra#ant et "utrefaciant
stomachum_$ saith Isaac$ _"art. @. de #ol._$ their young ones are more
tolerable$ but young "igeons he 0uite disa""ro#es.
_7ishes._G 1hasis and ;,.-CGMagninus discommend all fish$ and say$ they
breed #iscosities$ slimy nutriment$ little and humorous nourishment.
9a#anarola adds$ cold$ moist& and "hlegmatic$ Isaac< and therefore
un'holesome for all cold and melancholy com"le+ions& others ma%e a
difference$ rejecting only amongst fresh'ater fish$ eel$ tench$ lam"rey$
cra'fish ('hich right a""ro#es$ _ca". -_)$ and such as are bred in muddy
and standing 'aters$ and ha#e a taste of mud$ as 7ranciscus onsuetus
"oetically defines$ _*ib. de a0uatilibus_.
L8am "isces omnes$ 0ui stagna$ lacus0ue fre0uentant$
9em"er "lus succi deterioris habent.L
LAll fish$ that standing "ools$ and la%es fre0uent$
3o e#er yield bad juice and nourishment.L
*am"reys$ Paulus Do#ius$ _c. .?. de "iscibus flu#ial._$ highly magnifies$
and saith$ 8one s"ea% against them$ but _ine"ti et scru"ulosi_$ some
scru"ulous "ersons< but ;,.-,Geels$ _c. .._$ Lhe abhorreth in all "laces$
at all times$ all "hysicians detest them$ es"ecially about the solstice.L
Gomesius$ _lib. ,. c. ==$ de sale_$ doth immoderately e+tol sea-fish$ 'hich
others as much #ilify$ and abo#e the rest$ dried$ soused$ indurate fish$ as
ling$ fumados$ red-herrings$ s"rats$ stoc%-fish$ haberdine$ "oor-Dohn$ all
shellfish. ;,.-=GTim. right e+ce"ts lobster and crab. Messarius commends
salmon$ 'hich ruerinus contradicts$ _lib. ==. c. ,A._ Magninus rejects
conger$ sturgeon$ turbot$ mac%erel$ s%ate.
:ar" is a fish of 'hich I %no' not 'hat to determine. 7ranciscus onsuetus
accounts it a muddy fish. 5i""olitus 9al#ianus$ in his oo% _de Piscium
natura et "rae"aratione_$ 'hich 'as "rinted at 1ome in folio$ ,@@?$ 'ith
most elegant "ictures$ esteems car" no better than a slimy 'atery meat.
Paulus Do#ius on the other side$ disallo'ing tench$ a""ro#es of it< so doth
3ubra#ius in his oo%s of 7ish"onds. 7reitagius ;,.-.Ge+tols it for an
e+cellent 'holesome meat$ and "uts it amongst the fishes of the best ran%<
and so do most of our country gentlemen$ that store their "onds almost 'ith
no other fish. ut this contro#ersy is easily decided$ in my judgment$ by
ruerinus$ _l. ==. c. ,.._ The difference riseth from the site and nature
of "ools$ ;,.-?Gsometimes muddy$ sometimes s'eet< they are in taste as the
"lace is from 'hence they be ta%en. In li%e manner almost 'e may conclude
of other fresh fish. ut see more in 1ondoletius$ ellonius$ 2ribasius$
_lib. A. ca". ==_$ Isaac$ _l. ,_$ es"ecially 5i""olitus 9al#ianus$ 'ho is
_instar omnium solus_$ Fc. 5o'soe#er they may be 'holesome and a""ro#ed$
much use of them is not good< P. 7orestus$ in his medicinal obser#ations$
;,.-@Grelates$ that :arthusian friars$ 'hose li#ing is most "art fish$ are
more subject to melancholy than any other order$ and that he found by
e+"erience$ being sometimes their "hysician ordinary at 3elft$ in 5olland.
5e e+em"lifies it 'ith an instance of one uscodnese$ a :arthusian of a
ruddy colour$ and 'ell li%ing$ that by solitary li#ing$ and fish-eating$
became so misaffected.
_5erbs._G Amongst herbs to be eaten I find gourds$ cucumbers$ cole'orts$
melons$ disallo'ed$ but es"ecially cabbage. It causeth troublesome dreams$
and sends u" blac% #a"ours to the brain. Galen$ _loc. affect. l. .. c. -_$
of all herbs condemns cabbage< and Isaac$ _lib. =. c. ,._ _Animae
gra#itatem facit_$ it brings hea#iness to the soul. 9ome are of o"inion
that all ra' herbs and salads breed melancholy blood$ e+ce"t bugloss and
lettuce. :rato$ _consil. =,. lib. =_$ s"ea%s against all herbs and 'orts$
e+ce"t borage$ bugloss$ fennel$ "arsley$ dill$ balm$ succory. Magninus$
_regim. sanitatis$ "art. .. ca". .,._ _2mnes herbae sim"liciter malae$ #ia
cibi_< all herbs are sim"ly e#il to feed on (as he thin%s). 9o did that
scoffing coo% in ;,.--GPlautus hold&
L8on ego coenam condio ut alii co0ui solent$
Kui mihi condita "rata in "atinis "roferunt$
o#es 0ui con#i#as faciunt$ herbas0ue aggerunt.L
L*i%e other coo%s I do not su""er dress$
That "ut 'hole meado's into a "latter$
And ma%e no better of their guests than bee#es$
4ith herbs and grass to feed them fatter.L
2ur Italians and 9"aniards do ma%e a 'hole dinner of herbs and salads
('hich our said Plautus calls _coenas terrestras_$ 5orace$ _coenas sine
sanguine_)$ by 'hich means$ as he follo's it$
;,.-AG L5ic homines tam bre#em #itam colunt------
Kui herbas hujusmodi in al#um suum congerunt$
7ormidolosum dictu$ non esu modo$
Kuas herbas "ecudes non edunt$ homines edunt.L
LTheir li#es$ that eat such herbs$ must needs be short$
And !tis a fearful thing for to re"ort$
That men should feed on such a %ind of meat$
4hich #ery juments 'ould refuse to eat.L
;,.-/GThey are 'indy$ and not fit therefore to be eaten of all men ra'$
though 0ualified 'ith oil$ but in broths$ or other'ise. 9ee more of these
in e#ery ;,.-BGhusbandman$ and herbalist.
_1oots._G 1oots$ _Etsi 0uorundam gentium o"es sint_$ saith ruerinus$ the
'ealth of some countries$ and sole food$ are 'indy and bad$ or troublesome
to the head& as onions$ garlic$ scallions$ turni"s$ carrots$ radishes$
"arsni"s& :rato$ _lib. =. consil. ,,_$ disallo's all roots$ though ;,.ACG
some a""ro#e of "arsni"s and "otatoes. ;,.A,GMagninus is of :rato!s
o"inion$ ;,.A=GLThey trouble the mind$ sending gross fumes to the brain$
ma%e men mad$L es"ecially garlic$ onions$ if a man liberally feed on them a
year together. Guianerius$ _tract. ,@. ca". =_$ com"lains of all manner of
roots$ and so doth ruerinus$ e#en "arsni"s themsel#es$ 'hich are the best$
_*ib. B. ca". ,?._
_7ruits._G _Pastinacarum usus succos gignit im"robos_. :rato$ _consil. =,.
lib. ,_$ utterly forbids all manner of fruits$ as "ears$ a""les$ "lums$
cherries$ stra'berries$ nuts$ medlars$ ser#es$ Fc. _9anguinem inficiunt_$
saith Iillano#anus$ they infect the blood$ and "utrefy it$ Magninus holds$
and must not therefore be ta%en _#ia cibi$ aut 0uantitate magna_$ not to
ma%e a meal of$ or in any great 0uantity. ;,.A.G:ardan ma%es that a cause
of their continual sic%ness at 7essa in Africa$ Lbecause they li#e so much
on fruits$ eating them thrice a day.L *aurentius a""ro#es of many fruits$
in his Tract of Melancholy$ 'hich others disallo'$ and amongst the rest
a""les$ 'hich some li%e'ise commend$ s'eetings$ "earmains$ "i""ins$ as good
against melancholy< but to him that is any 'ay inclined to$ or touched 'ith
this malady$ ;,.A?G8icholas Piso in his Practics$ forbids all fruits$ as
'indy$ or to be s"aringly eaten at least$ and not ra'. Amongst other
fruits$ ;,.A@Gruerinus$ out of Galen$ e+ce"ts gra"es and figs$ but I find
them li%e'ise rejected.
_Pulse._G All "ulse are naught$ beans$ "eas$ #etches$ Fc.$ they fill the
brain (saith Isaac) 'ith gross fumes$ breed blac% thic% blood$ and cause
troublesome dreams. And therefore$ that 'hich Pythagoras said to his
scholars of old$ may be for e#er a""lied to melancholy men$ _A fabis
abstinete_$ eat no "eas$ nor beans< yet to such as 'ill needs eat them$ I
'ould gi#e this counsel$ to "re"are them according to those rules that
Arnoldus Iillano#anus$ and 7rietagius "rescribe$ for eating$ and dressing.
fruits$ herbs$ roots$ "ulse$ Fc.
_9"ices._G 9"ices cause hot and head melancholy$ and are for that cause
forbidden by our "hysicians to such men as are inclined to this malady$ as
"e""er$ ginger$ cinnamon$ clo#es$ mace$ dates$ Fc. honey and sugar. ;,.A-G
9ome e+ce"t honey< to those that are cold$ it may be tolerable$ but ;,.AAG
_3ulcia se in bilem #ertunt_$ (s'eets turn into bile$) they are
obstructi#e. :rato therefore forbids all s"ice$ in a consultation of his$
for a melancholy schoolmaster$ _2mnia aromatica et 0uic0uid sanguinem
adurit_& so doth 7ernelius$ _consil. ?@._ Guianerius$ _tract ,@. ca". =._
Mercurialis$ _cons. ,/B._ To these I may add all shar" and sour things$
luscious and o#er-s'eet$ or fat$ as oil$ #inegar$ #erjuice$ mustard$ salt<
as s'eet things are obstructi#e$ so these are corrosi#e. Gomesius$ in his
boo%s$ _de sale$ l. ,. c. =,_$ highly commends salt< so doth :odronchus in
his tract$ _de sale Absynthii_$ *emn. _l. .. c. B. de occult$ nat. mir._
yet common e+"erience finds salt$ and salt-meats$ to be great "rocurers of
this disease. And for that cause beli%e those Egy"tian "riests abstained
from salt$ e#en so much$ as in their bread$ _ut sine "erturbatione anima
esset_$ saith mine author$ that their souls might be free from
"erturbations.
_read._G read that is made of baser grain$ as "eas$ beans$ oats$ rye$ or
;,.A/Go#er-hard ba%ed$ crusty$ and blac%$ is often s"o%en against$ as
causing melancholy juice and 'ind. Doh. Mayor$ in the first boo% of his
5istory of 9cotland$ contends much for the 'holesomeness of oaten bread& it
'as objected to him then li#ing at Paris in 7rance$ that his countrymen fed
on oats$ and base grain$ as a disgrace< but he doth ingenuously confess$
9cotland$ 4ales$ and a third "art of England$ did most "art use that %ind
of bread$ that it 'as as 'holesome as any grain$ and yielded as good
nourishment. And yet 4ec%er out of Galen calls it horsemeat$ and fitter
for juments than men to feed on. ut read Galen himself$ _*ib. ,. 3e cibis
boni et mali succi_$ more largely discoursing of corn and bread.
_4ine._G All blac% 'ines$ o#er-hot$ com"ound$ strong thic% drin%s$ as
Muscadine$ Malmsey$ Alicant$ 1umney$ ro'nbastard$ Metheglen$ and the li%e$
of 'hich they ha#e thirty se#eral %inds in Musco#y$ all such made drin%s
are hurtful in this case$ to such as are hot$ or of a sanguine choleric
com"le+ion$ young$ or inclined to head-melancholy. 7or many times the
drin%ing of 'ine alone causeth it. Arculanus$ _c. ,-. in B. 1hasis_$ "uts
in ;,.ABG'ine for a great cause$ es"ecially if it be immoderately used.
Guianerius$ _tract. ,@. c. =_$ tells a story of t'o 3utchmen$ to 'hom he
ga#e entertainment in his house$ Lthat ;,./CGin one month!s s"ace 'ere both
melancholy by drin%ing of 'ine$ one did nought but sing$ the other sigh.L
Galen$ _l. de causis morb. c. .._ Matthiolus on 3ioscorides$ and abo#e all
other Andreas achius$ _l. .. ,/$ ,B$ =C_$ ha#e rec%oned u"on those
incon#eniences that come by 'ine& yet not'ithstanding all this$ to such as
are cold$ or sluggish melancholy$ a cu" of 'ine is good "hysic$ and so doth
Mercurialis grant$ _consil. =@_$ in that case$ if the tem"erature be cold$
as to most melancholy men it is$ 'ine is much commended$ if it be
moderately used.
_:ider$ Perry._G :ider and "erry are both cold and 'indy drin%s$ and for
that cause to be neglected$ and so are all those hot s"iced strong drin%s.
eer.G eer$ if it be o#er-ne' or o#er-stale$ o#er-strong$ or not sodden$
smell of the cas%$ shar"$ or sour$ is most un'holesome$ frets$ and galls$
Fc. 5enricus Ayrerus$ in a ;,./,Gconsultation of his$ for one that laboured
of hy"ochondriacal melancholy$ discommends beer. 9o doth ;,./=G :rato in
that e+cellent counsel of his$ _*ib. =. consil. =,_$ as too 'indy$ because
of the ho". ut he means beli%e that thic% blac% ohemian beer used in some
other "arts of ;,./.GGermany.
------Lnil s"issius illa
3um bibitur$ nil clarius est dum mingitur$ unde
:onstat$ 0uod multas faeces in cor"ore lin0uat.L
L8othing comes in so thic%$
8othing goes out so thin$
It must needs follo' then
The dregs are left 'ithin.L
As that ;,./?Gold "oet scoffed$ calling it _9tygiae monstrum conforme
"aludi_$ a monstrous drin%$ li%e the ri#er 9ty+. ut let them say as they
list$ to such as are accustomed unto it$ L!tis a most 'holesomeL (so ;,./@G
Polydore Iirgil calleth it) Land a "leasant drin%$L it is more subtle and
better$ for the ho" that rarefies it$ hath an es"ecial #irtue against
melancholy$ as our herbalists confess$ 7uchsius a""ro#es$ _*ib. =. sec. =.
instit. ca". ,,_$ and many others.
4atersG 9tanding 'aters$ thic% and ill-coloured$ such as come forth of
"ools$ and moats$ 'here hem" hath been stee"ed$ or slimy fishes li#e$ are
most un'holesome$ "utrefied$ and full of mites$ cree"ers$ slimy$ muddy$
unclean$ corru"t$ im"ure$ by reason of the sun!s heat$ and still-standing<
they cause foul distem"eratures in the body and mind of man$ are unfit to
ma%e drin% of$ to dress meat 'ith$ or to be ;,./-Gused about men in'ardly
or out'ardly. They are good for many domestic uses$ to 'ash horses$ 'ater
cattle$ Fc.$ or in time of necessity$ but not other'ise. 9ome are of
o"inion$ that such fat standing 'aters ma%e the best beer$ and that
seething doth defecate it$ as ;,./AG:ardan holds$ _*ib. ,.. subtil._ LIt
mends the substance$ and sa#our of it$L but it is a "arado+. 9uch beer may
be stronger$ but not so 'holesome as the other$ as ;,.//GDobertus truly
justifieth out of Galen$ _Parado+$ dec. ,. Parado+ @_$ that the seething of
such im"ure 'aters doth not "urge or "urify them$ Pliny$ _lib. .,. c. ._$
is of the same tenet$ and P. :rescentius$ _agricult. lib. ,. et lib. ?. c.
,,. et c. ?@._ Pam"hilius 5erilachus$ _l. ?. de not. a0uarum_$ such 'aters
are naught$ not to be used$ and by the testimony of ;,./BGGalen$ Lbreed
agues$ dro"sies$ "leurisies$ s"lenetic and melancholy "assions$ hurt the
eyes$ cause a bad tem"erature$ and ill dis"osition of the 'hole body$ 'ith
bad colour.L This Dobertus stiffly maintains$ _Parado+$ lib. ,. "art. @_$
that it causeth blear eyes$ bad colour$ and many loathsome diseases to such
as use it& this 'hich they say$ stands 'ith good reason< for as geogra"hers
relate$ the 'ater of Astracan breeds 'orms in such as drin% it. ;,.BCG
A+ius$ or as no' called Ierduri$ the fairest ri#er in Macedonia$ ma%es all
cattle blac% that taste of it. Aleacman no' Peleca$ another stream in
Thessaly$ turns cattle most "art 'hite$ _si "olui ducas_$ *. Aubanus
1ohemus refers that ;,.B,Gstruma or "o%e of the a#arians and 9tyrians to
the nature of their 'aters$ as ;,.B=GMunster doth that of Ialesians in the
Al"s$ and ;,.B.Godine su""oseth the stuttering of some families in
A0uitania$ about *abden$ to "roceed from the same cause$ Land that the
filth is deri#ed from the 'ater to their bodies.L 9o that they that use
filthy$ standing$ ill-coloured$ thic%$ muddy 'ater$ must needs ha#e muddy$
ill-coloured$ im"ure$ and infirm bodies. And because the body 'or%s u"on
the mind$ they shall ha#e grosser understandings$ dull$ foggy$ melancholy
s"irits$ and be really subject to all manner of infirmities.
To these no+ious sim"les$ 'e may reduce an infinite number of com"ound$
artificial$ made dishes$ of 'hich our coo%s afford us a great #ariety$ as
tailors do fashions in our a""arel. 9uch are ;,.B?G"uddings stuffed 'ith
blood$ or other'ise com"osed< ba%ed$ meats$ soused indurate meats$ fried
and broiled buttered meats< condite$ "o'dered$ and o#er-dried$ ;,.B@Gall
ca%es$ simnels$ buns$ crac%nels made 'ith butter$ s"ice$ Fc.$ fritters$
"anca%es$ "ies$ sausages$ and those se#eral sauces$ shar"$ or o#er-s'eet$
of 'hich _scientia "o"inae_$ as 9eneca calls it$ hath ser#ed those ;,.B-G
A"ician tric%s$ and "erfumed dishes$ 'hich Adrian the si+th Po"e so much
admired in the accounts of his "redecessor *eo 3ecimus< and 'hich
"rodigious riot and "rodigality ha#e in#ented in this age. These do
generally engender gross humours$ fill the stomach 'ith crudities$ and all
those in'ard "arts 'ith obstructions. Montanus$ _consil. ==_$ gi#es
instance$ in a melancholy De'$ that by eating such tart sauces$ made
dishes$ and salt meats$ 'ith 'hich he 'as o#ermuch delighted$ became
melancholy$ and 'as e#il affected. 9uch e+am"les are familiar and common.
9H9E:T. II.--_Kuantity of 3iet a :ause._
There is not so much harm "roceeding from the substance itself of meat$ and
0uality of it$ in ill-dressing and "re"aring$ as there is from the
0uantity$ disorder of time and "lace$ unseasonable use of it$ ;,.BAG
intem"erance$ o#ermuch$ or o#erlittle ta%ing of it. A true saying it is$
_Plures cra"ula 0uam gladius_. This gluttony %ills more than the s'ord$
this _omni#orantia et homicida gula_$ this all-de#ouring and murdering gut.
And that of ;,.B/GPliny is truer$ L9im"le diet is the best< hea"ing u" of
se#eral meats is "ernicious$ and sauces 'orse< many dishes bring many
diseases.L ;,.BBGA#icen cries out$ LThat nothing is 'orse than to feed on
many dishes$ or to "rotract the time of meats longer than ordinary< from
thence "roceed our infirmities$ and !tis the fountain of all diseases$
'hich arise out of the re"ugnancy of gross humours.L Thence$ saith ;,?CCG
7ernelius$ come crudities$ 'ind$ o""ilations$ cacochymia$ "lethora$
cache+ia$ bradio"e"sia$ ;,?C,G_5inc subitae$ mortes$ at0ue intestata
senectus_$ sudden death$ Fc.$ and 'hat not.
As a lam" is cho%ed 'ith a multitude of oil$ or a little fire 'ith o#ermuch
'ood 0uite e+tinguished$ so is the natural heat 'ith immoderate eating$
strangled in the body. _Pernitiosa sentina est abdomen insaturabile_& one
saith$ An insatiable "aunch is a "ernicious sin%$ and the fountain of all
diseases$ both of body and mind. ;,?C=GMercurialis 'ill ha#e it a "eculiar
cause of this "ri#ate disease< 9olenander$ _consil. @. sect. ._$
illustrates this of Mercurialis$ 'ith an e+am"le of one so melancholy$ _ab
intem"esti#is commessationibus_$ unseasonable feasting. ;,?C.G:rato
confirms as much$ in that often cited counsel$ _=,. lib. =_$ "utting
su"erfluous eating for a main cause. ut 'hat need I see% farther for
"roofsN 5ear ;,?C?G5i""ocrates himself$ _lib. =. a"hor. ,C_$ LIm"ure bodies
the more they are nourished$ the more they are hurt$ for the nourishment is
"utrefied 'ith #icious humours.L
And yet for all this harm$ 'hich a""arently follo's surfeiting and
drun%enness$ see ho' 'e lu+uriate and rage in this %ind< read 'hat Dohannes
9tuc%ius hath 'ritten lately of this subject$ in his great #olume _3e
Anti0uorum :on#i#iis_$ and of our "resent age< _Kuam ;,?C@G"ortentosae
coenae_$ "rodigious su""ers$ ;,?C-G_Kui dum in#itant ad coenam efferunt ad
se"ulchrum_$ 'hat 7agos$ E"icures$ A"etios$ 5eliogables$ our times affordN
*ucullus! ghost 'al%s still$ and e#ery man desires to su" in A"ollo<
Aeso"!s costly dish is ordinarily ser#ed u". ;,?CAG_Magis illa ju#ant$ 0uae
"luris emuntur_. The dearest cates are best$ and !tis an ordinary thing to
besto' t'enty or thirty "ounds on a dish$ some thousand cro'ns u"on a
dinner& ;,?C/GMully-5amet$ %ing of 7ez and Morocco$ s"ent three "ounds on
the sauce of a ca"on& it is nothing in our times$ 'e scorn all that is
chea". L4e loathe the #ery ;,?CBGlightL (some of us$ as 9eneca notes)
Lbecause it comes free$ and 'e are offended 'ith the sun!s heat$ and those
cool blasts$ because 'e buy them not.L This air 'e breathe is so common$ 'e
care not for it< nothing "leaseth but 'hat is dear. And if 'e be
;,?,CG'itty in anything$ it is _ad gulam_& If 'e study at all$ it is
_erudito lu+u_$ to "lease the "alate$ and to satisfy the gut. LA coo% of
old 'as a base %na#eL (as ;,?,,G*i#y com"lains)$ Lbut no' a great man in
re0uest< coo%ery is become an art$ a noble science& coo%s are gentlemen&L
_Ienter 3eus_& They 'ear Ltheir brains in their bellies$ and their guts in
their heads$L as ;,?,=GAgri""a ta+ed some "arasites of his time$ rushing on
their o'n destruction$ as if a man should run u"on the "oint of a s'ord$
_us0ue dum rum"antur comedunt_$ LThey eat till they burst&L ;,?,.GAll day$
all night$ let the "hysician say 'hat he 'ill$ imminent danger$ and feral
diseases are no' ready to seize u"on them$ that 'ill eat till they #omit$
_Edunt ut #omant$ #omut ut edant_$ saith 9eneca< 'hich 3ion relates of
Iitellius$ _9olo transitu ciborum nutriri judicatus_& 5is meat did "ass
through and a'ay$ or till they burst again. ;,?,?G_9trage animantium
#entrem onerant_$ and ra%e o#er all the 'orld$ as so many ;,?,@Gsla#es$
belly-gods$ and land-ser"ents$ _Et totus orbis #entri nimis angustus_$ the
'hole 'orld cannot satisfy their a""etite. ;,?,-GL9ea$ land$ ri#ers$ la%es$
Fc.$ may not gi#e content to their raging guts.L To ma%e u" the mess$ 'hat
immoderate drin%ing in e#ery "laceN _9enem "otum "ota trahebat anus_$ ho'
they floc% to the ta#ern& as if they 'ere _fruges consumere nati_$ born to
no other end but to eat and drin%$ li%e 2ffellius ibulus$ that famous
1oman "arasite$ _Kui dum #i+it$ aut bibit aut min+it_< as so many cas%s to
hold 'ine$ yea 'orse than a cas%$ that mars 'ine$ and itself is not marred
by it$ yet these are bra#e men$ 9ilenus Ebrius 'as no bra#er. _Et 0uae
fuerunt #itia$ mores sunt_& !tis no' the fashion of our times$ an honour&
_8unc #ero res ista eo rediit_ (as :hrysost. _serm. .C. in #. E"hes._
comments) _Ht effeminatae ridendae0ue igna#iae loco habeatur$ nolle
inebriari_< !tis no' come to that "ass that he is no gentleman$ a #ery
mil%-so"$ a clo'n$ of no bringing u"$ that 'ill not drin%< fit for no
com"any< he is your only gallant that "lays it off finest$ no dis"aragement
no' to stagger in the streets$ reel$ ra#e$ Fc.$ but much to his fame and
reno'n< as in li%e case E"idicus told Thes"rio his fello'-ser#ant$ in the
;,?,AGPoet. _Aedi"ol facinus im"robum_$ one urged$ the other re"lied$ _At
jam alii fecere idem$ erit illi illa res honori_$ !tis no' no fault$ there
be so many bra#e e+am"les to bear one out< !tis a credit to ha#e a strong
brain$ and carry his li0uor 'ell< the sole contention 'ho can drin% most$
and fo+ his fello' the soonest. !Tis the _summum bonum_ of our tradesmen$
their felicity$ life$ and soul$ _Tanta dulcedine affectant_$ saith Pliny$
_lib. ,?. ca". ,=._ _Ht magna "ars non aliud #itae "raemium intelligat_$
their chief comfort$ to be merry together in an alehouse or ta#ern$ as our
modern Musco#ites do in their mead-inns$ and Tur%s in their coffeehouses$
'hich much resemble our ta#erns< they 'ill labour hard all day long to be
drun% at night$ and s"end _totius anni labores_$ as 9t. Ambrose adds$ in a
ti""ling feast< con#ert day into night$ as 9eneca ta+es some in his times$
_Per#ertunt officia anoctis et lucis_< 'hen 'e rise$ they commonly go to
bed$ li%e our anti"odes$
L8os0ue ubi "rimus e0uis oriens affla#it anhelis$
Illis sera rubens ascendit lumina #es"er.L
9o did Petronius in Tacitus$ 5eliogabalus in *am"ridius.
;,?,/G ------L8octes #igilibat ad i"sum
Mane$ diem totum stertebatNL------
------L5e dran% the night a'ay
Till rising da'n$ then snored out all the day.L
9nymdiris the 9ybarite ne#er sa' the sun rise or set so much as once in
t'enty years. Ierres$ against 'hom Tully so much in#eighs$ in 'inter he
ne#er 'as _e+tra tectum #i+ e+tra lectum_$ ne#er almost out of bed$ ;,?,BG
still 'enching and drin%ing< so did he s"end his time$ and so do myriads in
our days. They ha#e _gymnasia bibonum_$ schools and rendez#ous< these
centaurs and *a"ithae toss "ots and bo'ls as so many balls< in#ent ne'
tric%s$ as sausages$ ancho#ies$ tobacco$ ca#iar$ "ic%led oysters$ herrings$
fumados$ Fc.& innumerable salt meats to increase their a""etite$ and study
ho' to hurt themsel#es by ta%ing antidotes ;,?=CGLto carry their drin% the
better< ;,?=,Gand 'hen nought else ser#es$ they 'ill go forth$ or be
con#eyed out$ to em"ty their gorge$ that they may return to drin% afresh.L
They ma%e la's$ _insanas leges$ contra bibendi fallacias_$ and ;,?==Gbrag
of it 'hen they ha#e done$ cro'ning that man that is soonest gone$ as their
drun%en "redecessors ha#e done$ --;,?=.G_0uid ego #ideo_N Ps. _:um corona
Pseudolum ebrium tuum_--. And 'hen they are dead$ 'ill ha#e a can of 'ine
'ith ;,?=?GMaron!s old 'oman to be engra#en on their tombs. 9o they trium"h
in #illainy$ and justify their 'ic%edness< 'ith 1abelais$ that 7rench
*ucian$ drun%enness is better for the body than "hysic$ because there be
more old drun%ards than old "hysicians. Many such frothy arguments they
ha#e$ ;,?=@Gin#iting and encouraging others to do as they do$ and lo#e them
dearly for it (no glue li%e to that of good fello'shi"). 9o did Alcibiades
in Greece< 8ero$ onosus$ 5eliogabalus in 1ome$ or Alegabalus rather$ as he
'as styled of old (as ;,?=-GIgnatius "ro#es out of some old coins). 9o do
many great men still$ as ;,?=AG5eresbachius obser#es. 4hen a "rince drin%s
till his eyes stare$ li%e itias in the Poet$
;,?=/G ------(Lille im"iger hausit
9"umantem #ino "ateram.L)
------La thirsty soul<
5e too% challenge and embrac!d the bo'l<
4ith "leasure s'ill!d the gold$ nor ceased to dra'
Till he the bottom of the brimmer sa'.L
and comes off clearly$ sound trum"ets$ fife and drums$ the s"ectators 'ill
a""laud him$ Lthe ;,?=BGbisho" himself (if he belie them not) 'ith his
cha"lain 'ill stand by and do as much$L _2 dignum "rinci"e haustum_$ !t'as
done li%e a "rince. L2ur 3utchmen in#ite all comers 'ith a "ail and a
dish$L _Ielut infundibula integras obbas e+hauriunt$ et in monstrosis
"oculis$ i"si monstrosi monstrosius e"otant_$ Lma%ing barrels of their
bellies.L _Incredibile dictu_$ as ;,?.CGone of their o'n countrymen
com"lains& ;,?.,G_Kuantum li0uoris immodestissima gens ca"iat_$ Fc. L5o'
they lo#e a man that 'ill be drun%$ cro'n him and honour him for it$L hate
him that 'ill not "ledge him$ stab him$ %ill him& a most intolerable
offence$ and not to be forgi#en. ;,?.=GL5e is a mortal enemy that 'ill not
drin% 'ith him$L as Munster relates of the 9a+ons. 9o in Poland$ he is the
best ser#itor$ and the honestest fello'$ saith Ale+ander Gaguinus$ ;,?..G
Lthat drin%eth most healths to the honour of his master$ he shall be
re'arded as a good ser#ant$ and held the bra#est fello' that carries his
li0uor best$L 'hen a bre'er!s horse 'ill bear much more than any sturdy
drin%er$ yet for his noble e+"loits in this %ind$ he shall be accounted a
most #aliant man$ for ;,?.?G_Tam inter e"ulas fortis #ir esse "otest ac in
bello_$ as much #alour is to be found in feasting as in fighting$ and some
of our city ca"tains$ and car"et %nights 'ill ma%e this good$ and "ro#e it.
Thus they many times 'ilfully "er#ert the good tem"erature of their bodies$
stifle their 'its$ strangle nature$ and degenerate into beasts.
9ome again are in the other e+treme$ and dra' this mischief on their heads
by too ceremonious and strict diet$ being o#er-"recise$ coc%ney-li%e$ and
curious in their obser#ation of meats$ times$ as that _Medicina statica_
"rescribes$ just so many ounces at dinner$ 'hich *essius enjoins$ so much
at su""er$ not a little more$ nor a little less$ of such meat$ and at such
hours$ a diet-drin% in the morning$ coc%-broth$ :hina-broth$ at dinner$
"lum-broth$ a chic%en$ a rabbit$ rib of a rac% of mutton$ 'ing of a ca"on$
the merry-thought of a hen$ Fc.< to sounder bodies this is too nice and
most absurd. 2thers offend in o#ermuch fasting& "ining adays$ saith ;,?.@G
Guianerius$ and 'a%ing anights$ as many Moors and Tur%s in these our times
do. LAnchorites$ mon%s$ and the rest of that su"erstitious ran% (as the
same Guianerius 'itnesseth$ that he hath often seen to ha#e ha""ened in his
time) through immoderate fasting$ ha#e been fre0uently mad.L 2f such men
beli%e 5i""ocrates s"ea%s$ _l. A"hor. @_$ 'hen as he saith$ ;,?.-GLthey
more offend in too s"aring diet$ and are 'orse damnified$ than they that
feed liberally$ and are ready to surfeit.L
9H9E:T. III.--_:ustom of 3iet$ 3elight$ A""etite$ 8ecessity$ ho' they
cause or hinder_.
8o rule is so general$ 'hich admits not some e+ce"tion< to this$ therefore$
'hich hath been hitherto said$ (for I shall other'ise "ut most men out of
commons$) and those incon#eniences 'hich "roceed from the substance of
meats$ an intem"erate or unseasonable use of them$ custom some'hat detracts
and 0ualifies$ according to that of 5i""ocrates$ _= A"horis. @C._ ;,?.AG
L9uch things as 'e ha#e been long accustomed to$ though they be e#il in
their o'n nature$ yet they are less offensi#e.L 2ther'ise it might 'ell be
objected that it 'ere a mere ;,?./Gtyranny to li#e after those strict rules
of "hysic< for custom ;,?.BGdoth alter nature itself$ and to such as are
used to them it ma%es bad meats 'holesome$ and unseasonable times to cause
no disorder. :ider and "erry are 'indy drin%s$ so are all fruits 'indy in
themsel#es$ cold most "art$ yet in some shires of ;,??CGEngland$ 8ormandy
in 7rance$ Gui"uscoa in 9"ain$ !tis their common drin%$ and they are no
'hit offended 'ith it. In 9"ain$ Italy$ and Africa$ they li#e most on
roots$ ra' herbs$ camel!s ;,??,Gmil%$ and it agrees 'ell 'ith them& 'hich
to a stranger 'ill cause much grie#ance. In 4ales$ _lacticiniis #escuntur_$
as 5um"hrey *l'yd confesseth$ a :ambro-riton himself$ in his elegant
e"istle to Abraham 2rtelius$ they li#e most on 'hite meats& in 5olland on
fish$ roots$ ;,??=Gbutter< and so at this day in Greece$ as ;,??.Gellonius
obser#es$ they had much rather feed on fish than flesh. 4ith us$ _Ma+ima
"ars #ictus in carne consistit_$ 'e feed on flesh most "art$ saith
;,???GPolydore Iirgil$ as all northern countries do< and it 'ould be #ery
offensi#e to us to li#e after their diet$ or they to li#e after ours. 4e
drin% beer$ they 'ine< they use oil$ 'e butter< 'e in the north are
;,??@Ggreat eaters< they most s"aring in those hotter countries< and yet
they and 'e follo'ing our o'n customs are 'ell "leased. An Ethio"ian of old
seeing an Euro"ean eat bread$ 'ondered$ _0uomodo stercoribus #escentes
#i#erimus_$ ho' 'e could eat such %ind of meats& so much differed his
countrymen from ours in diet$ that as mine ;,??-Gauthor infers$ _si 0uis
illorum #ictum a"ud nos aemulari #ellet_< if any man should so feed 'ith
us$ it 'ould be all one to nourish$ as :icuta$ Aconitum$ or 5ellebore
itself. At this day in :hina the common "eo"le li#e in a manner altogether
on roots and herbs$ and to the 'ealthiest$ horse$ ass$ mule$ dogs$
cat-flesh$ is as delightsome as the rest$ so ;,??AGMat. 1iccius the Desuit
relates$ 'ho li#ed many years amongst them. The Tartars eat ra' meat$ and
most commonly ;,??/Ghorse-flesh$ drin% mil% and blood$ as the nomades of
old. _Et lac concretum cum sanguine "otat e0uino_. They scoff at our
Euro"eans for eating bread$ 'hich they call to"s of 'eeds$ and horse meat$
not fit for men< and yet 9caliger accounts them a sound and 'itty nation$
li#ing a hundred years< e#en in the ci#ilest country of them they do thus$
as enedict the Desuit obser#ed in his tra#els$ from the great Mogul!s
:ourt by land to Pe%in$ 'hich 1iccius contends to be the same 'ith :ambulu
in :ataia. In 9candia their bread is usually dried fish$ and so li%e'ise in
the 9hetland Isles< and their other fare$ as in Iceland$ saith
;,??BG3ithmarus les%enius$ butter$ cheese$ and fish< their drin% 'ater$
their lodging on the ground. In America in many "laces their bread is
roots$ their meat "almettos$ "inas$ "otatoes$ Fc.$ and such fruits. There
be of them too that familiarly drin% ;,?@CGsalt sea'ater all their li#es$
eat ;,?@,Gra' meat$ grass$ and that 'ith delight. 4ith some$ fish$
ser"ents$ s"iders& and in di#ers "laces they ;,?@=Geat man!s flesh$ ra' and
roasted$ e#en the Em"eror ;,?@.GMontezuma himself. In some coasts$ again$
;,?@?Gone tree yields them cocoanuts$ meat and drin%$ fire$ fuel$ a""arel<
'ith his lea#es$ oil$ #inegar$ co#er for houses$ Fc.$ and yet these men
going na%ed$ feeding coarse$ li#e commonly a hundred years$ are seldom or
ne#er sic%< all 'hich diet our "hysicians forbid. In 4est"halia they feed
most "art on fat meats and 'orts$ %nuc%le dee"$ and call it ;,?@@G_cerebrum
Io#is_& in the *o' :ountries 'ith roots$ in Italy frogs and snails are
used. The Tur%s$ saith usbe0uius$ delight most in fried meats. In Musco#y$
garlic and onions are ordinary meat and sauce$ 'hich 'ould be "ernicious to
such as are unaccustomed to them$ delightsome to others< and all is
;,?@-Gbecause they ha#e been brought u" unto it. 5usbandmen$ and such as
labour$ can eat fat bacon$ salt gross meat$ hard cheese$ Fc.$ (_2 dura
messorum illa_)$ coarse bread at all times$ go to bed and labour u"on a
full stomach$ 'hich to some idle "ersons 'ould be "resent death$ and is
against the rules of "hysic$ so that custom is all in all. 2ur tra#ellers
find this by common e+"erience 'hen they come in far countries$ and use
their diet$ they are suddenly offended$ ;,?@AGas our 5ollanders and
Englishmen 'hen they touch u"on the coasts of Africa$ those Indian ca"es
and islands$ are commonly molested 'ith calentures$ flu+es$ and much
distem"ered by reason of their fruits. ;,?@/G_Peregrina$ etsi sua#ia solent
#escentibus "erturbationes insignes adferre_$ strange meats$ though
"leasant$ cause notable alterations and distem"ers. 2n the other side$ use
or custom mitigates or ma%es all good again. Mithridates by often use$
'hich Pliny 'onders at$ 'as able to drin% "oison< and a maid$ as :urtius
records$ sent to Ale+ander from 6ing Porus$ 'as brought u" 'ith "oison from
her infancy. The Tur%s$ saith ellonius$ lib. .. c. ,@$ eat o"ium
familiarly$ a dram at once$ 'hich 'e dare not ta%e in grains. ;,?@BGGarcias
ab 5orto 'rites of one 'hom he sa' at Goa in the East Indies$ that too% ten
drams of o"ium in three days< and yet _consulto lo0uebatur_$ s"a%e
understandingly$ so much can custom do. ;,?-CG Theo"hrastus s"ea%s of a
she"herd that could eat hellebore in substance. And therefore :ardan
concludes out of Galen$ _:onsuetudinem utcun0ue ferendam$ nisi #alde
malam_. :ustom is ho'soe#er to be %e"t$ e+ce"t it be e+tremely bad& he
ad#iseth all men to %ee" their old customs$ and that by the authority of
;,?-,G5i""ocrates himself$ _3andum ali0uid tem"ori$ aetati regioni$
consuetudini_$ and therefore to ;,?-=Gcontinue as they began$ be it diet$
bath$ e+ercise$ Fc.$ or 'hatsoe#er else.
Another e+ce"tion is delight$ or a""etite$ to such and such meats& though
they be hard of digestion$ melancholy< yet as 7uchsius e+ce"ts$ _ca". -.
lib. =. Instit. sect. =_$ ;,?-.GLThe stomach doth readily digest$ and
'illingly entertain such meats 'e lo#e most$ and are "leasing to us$ abhors
on the other side such as 'e distaste.L 4hich 5i""ocrates confirms$
_A"horis. =. ./._ 9ome cannot endure cheese$ out of a secret anti"athy< or
to see a roasted duc%$ 'hich to others is a ;,?-?Gdelightsome meat.
The last e+ce"tion is necessity$ "o#erty$ 'ant$ hunger$ 'hich dri#es men
many times to do that 'hich other'ise they are loath$ cannot endure$ and
than%fully to acce"t of it& as be#erage in shi"s$ and in sieges of great
cities$ to feed on dogs$ cats$ rats$ and men themsel#es. Three outla's in
;,?-@G5ector oethius$ being dri#en to their shifts$ did eat ra' flesh$ and
flesh of such fo'l as they could catch$ in one of the 5ebrides for some fe'
months. These things do mitigate or disannul that 'hich hath been said of
melancholy meats$ and ma%e it more tolerable< but to such as are 'ealthy$
li#e "lenteously$ at ease$ may ta%e their choice$ and refrain if they 'ill$
these #iands are to be forborne$ if they be inclined to$ or sus"ect
melancholy$ as they tender their healths& 2ther'ise if they be intem"erate$
or disordered in their diet$ at their "eril be it. _Kui monet amat$ A#e et
ca#e_.
L5e 'ho ad#ises is your friend
7are'ell$ and to your health attend.L
9H9E:T. II.--_1etention and E#acuation a cause$ and ho'_.
2f retention and e#acuation$ there be di#ers %inds$ 'hich are either
concomitant$ assisting$ or sole causes many times of melancholy. ;,?--G
Galen reduceth defect and abundance to this head< others ;,?-AGLAll that is
se"arated$ or remains.L
_:osti#eness_.G In the first ran% of these$ I may 'ell rec%on u"
costi#eness$ and %ee"ing in of our ordinary e+crements$ 'hich as it often
causeth other diseases$ so this of melancholy in "articular. ;,?-/G:elsus$
lib. ,. ca". .$ saith$ LIt "roduceth inflammation of the head$ dullness$
cloudiness$ headache$L Fc. Pros"er :alenus$ _lib. de atra bile_$ 'ill ha#e
it distem"er not the organ only$ ;,?-BGLbut the mind itself by troubling of
it&L and sometimes it is a sole cause of madness$ as you may read in the
first boo% of ;,?ACG9%en%ius!s Medicinal 2bser#ations. A young merchant
going to 8ordeling fair in Germany$ for ten days! s"ace ne#er 'ent to
stool< at his return he 'as ;,?A,Ggrie#ously melancholy$ thin%ing that he
'as robbed$ and 'ould not be "ersuaded but that all his money 'as gone< his
friends thought he had some "hiltrum gi#en him$ but :nelius$ a "hysician$
being sent for$ found his ;,?A=Gcosti#eness alone to be the cause$ and
thereu"on ga#e him a clyster$ by 'hich he 'as s"eedily reco#ered.
Trinca#ellius$ _consult. .@. lib. ,_$ saith as much of a melancholy la'yer$
to 'hom he administered "hysic$ and 1odericus a 7onseca$ _consult. /@. tom.
=_$ ;,?A.Gof a "atient of his$ that for eight days 'as bound$ and therefore
melancholy affected. 2ther retentions and e#acuations there are$ not sim"ly
necessary$ but at some times< as 7ernelius accounts them$ _Path. lib. ,.
ca". ,@_$ as su""ression of haemorrhoids$ monthly issues in 'omen$ bleeding
at nose$ immoderate or no use at all of Ienus& or any other ordinary
issues.
;,?A?G3etention of haemorrhoids$ or monthly issues$ Iillano#anus _re#iar.
lib. ,. ca". ,/._ Arculanus$ _ca". ,-. in B. 1hasis_$ Iittorius 7a#entinus$
_"ract. mag. tract. =. ca". ,@._ ruel$ Fc. "ut for ordinary causes.
7uchsius$ _l. =. sect. @. c. .C_$ goes farther$ and saith$ ;,?A@GLThat many
men unseasonably cured of the haemorrhoids ha#e been corru"ted 'ith
melancholy$ see%ing to a#oid 9cylla$ they fall into :harybdis.L Galen$ _l.
de hum. commen. .. ad te+t. =-_$ illustrates this by an e+am"le of *ucius
Martius$ 'hom he cured of madness$ contracted by this means& And ;,?A-G
9%en%ius hath t'o other instances of t'o melancholy and mad 'omen$ so
caused from the su""ression of their months. The same may be said of
bleeding at the nose$ if it be suddenly sto""ed$ and ha#e been formerly
used$ as ;,?AAGIillano#anus urgeth& And ;,?A/G7uchsius$ _lib. =. sect. @.
ca". .._$ stiffly maintains$ LThat 'ithout great danger$ such an issue may
not be stayed.L
Ienus omitted "roduceth li%e effects. Mathiolus$ _e"ist. @. l. "enult._$
;,?ABGLa#oucheth of his %no'ledge$ that some through bashfulness abstained
from #enery$ and thereu"on became #ery hea#y and dull< and some others that
'ere #ery timorous$ melancholy$ and beyond all measure sad.L 2ribasius$
_med. collect. l. -. c. .A_$ s"ea%s of some$ ;,?/CGLThat if they do not use
carnal co"ulation$ are continually troubled 'ith hea#iness and headache<
and some in the same case by intermission of it.L 8ot use of it hurts many$
Arculanus$ _c. -. in B. 1hasis$ et Magninus$ "art. .. ca". @_$ thin%$
because it ;,?/,GLsends u" "oisoned #a"ours to the brain and heart.L And so
doth Galen himself hold$ LThat if this natural seed be o#er-long %e"t (in
some "arties) it turns to "oison.L 5ieronymus Mercurialis$ in his cha"ter
of melancholy$ cites it for an es"ecial cause of this malady$
;,?/=G"ria"ismus$ satyriasis$ Fc. 5aliabbas$ _@. Theor. c. .-_$ rec%ons u"
this and many other diseases. Iillano#anus _re#iar. l. ,. c. ,/_$ saith$
L5e %ne' ;,?/.Gmany mon%s and 'ido's grie#ously troubled 'ith melancholy$
and that from this sole cause.L ;,?/?G*udo#icus Mercatus$ _l. =. de
mulierum affect. ca". ?_$ and 1odericus a :astro$ _de morbis mulier. l. =.
c. ._$ treat largely of this subject$ and 'ill ha#e it "roduce a "eculiar
%ind of melancholy in stale maids$ nuns$ and 'ido's$ _2b su""ressionem
mensium et #enerem omissam$ timidae$ moestae an+iae$ #erecundae$
sus"icioscae$ languentes$ consilii ino"es$ cum summa #itae et rerum
meliorum des"eratione_$ Fc.$ they are melancholy in the highest degree$ and
all for 'ant of husbands. Aelianus Montaltus$ _ca". .A. de melanchol._$
confirms as much out of Galen< so doth 4ierus$ :hristo"horus a Iega _de
art. med. lib. .. c. ,?_$ relates many such e+am"les of men and 'omen$ that
he had seen so melancholy. 7eli+ Plater in the first boo% of his
2bser#ations$ ;,?/@GLtells a story of an ancient gentleman in Alsatia$ that
married a young 'ife$ and 'as not able to "ay his debts in that %ind for a
long time together$ by reason of his se#eral infirmities& but she$ because
of this inhibition of Ienus$ fell into a horrible fury$ and desired e#ery
one that came to see her$ by 'ords$ loo%s$ and gestures$ to ha#e to do 'ith
her$L Fc. ;,?/-Gernardus Paternus$ a "hysician$ saith$ L5e %ne' a good
honest godly "riest$ that because he 'ould neither 'illingly marry$ nor
ma%e use of the ste's$ fell into grie#ous melancholy fits.L 5ildesheim$
_s"icel. =_$ hath such another e+am"le of an Italian melancholy "riest$ in
a consultation had _Anno_ ,@/C. Dason Pratensis gi#es instance in a married
man$ that from his 'ife!s death abstaining$ ;,?/AGLafter marriage$ became
e+ceedingly melancholy$L 1odericus a 7onseca in a young man so misaffected$
_Tom. =. consult. /@._ To these you may add$ if you "lease$ that conceited
tale of a De'$ so #isited in li%e sort$ and so cured$ out of Poggius
7lorentinus.
Intem"erate Ienus is all but as bad in the other e+treme. Galen$ _l. -. de
mortis "o"ular. sect. @. te+t. =-_$ rec%ons u" melancholy amongst those
diseases 'hich are ;,?//GLe+as"erated by #enery&L so doth A#icenna$ _=$ .$
c. ,,._ 2ribasius$ _loc. citat._ 7icinus$ _lib. =. de sanitate tuenda_.
Marsilius :ognatus$ Montaltus$ _ca". =A._ Guianerius$ _Tract. .. ca". =._
Magninus$ _ca". @. "art. .._ ;,?/BGgi#es the reason$ because ;,?BCGLit
infrigidates and dries u" the body$ consumes the s"irits< and 'ould
therefore ha#e all such as are cold and dry to ta%e heed of and to a#oid it
as a mortal enemy.L Dacchinus _in B 1hasis$ ca". ,@_$ ascribes the same
cause$ and instanceth in a "atient of his$ that married a young 'ife in a
hot summer$ ;,?B,GLand so dried himself 'ith chamber-'or%$ that he became
in short s"ace from melancholy$ mad&L he cured him by moistening remedies.
The li%e e+am"le I find in *aelius a 7onte Eugubinus$ _consult. ,=B_$ of a
gentleman of Ienice$ that u"on the same occasion 'as first melancholy$
after'ards mad. 1ead in him the story at large.
Any other e#acuation sto""ed 'ill cause it$ as 'ell as these abo#e named$
be it bile$ ;,?B=Gulcer$ issue$ Fc. 5ercules de 9a+onia$ _lib. ,. c. ,-_$
and Gordonius$ #erify this out of their e+"erience. They sa' one 'ounded in
the head 'ho as long as the sore 'as o"en$ _*ucida habuit mentis
inter#alla_$ 'as 'ell< but 'hen it 'as sto""ed$ _1ediit melancholia_$ his
melancholy fit seized on him again.
Artificial e#acuations are much li%e in effect$ as hot houses$ baths$
bloodletting$ "urging$ unseasonably and immoderately used. ;,?B.Gaths dry
too much$ if used in e+cess$ be they natural or artificial$ and offend
e+treme hot$ or cold< ;,?B?Gone dries$ the other refrigerates o#ermuch.
Montanus$ _consil. ,.A_$ saith$ they o#erheat the li#er. Doh. 9truthius$
_9tigmat. artis. l. ?. c. B_$ contends$ ;,?B@GLthat if one stay longer than
ordinary at the bath$ go in too oft$ or at unseasonable times$ he "utrefies
the humours in his body.L To this "ur"ose 'rites Magninus$ _l. .. c. @._
Guianerius$ _Tract. ,@. c. =,_$ utterly disallo's all hot baths in
melancholy adust. ;,?B-GLI sa'L (saith he) La man that laboured of the
gout$ 'ho to be freed of this malady came to the bath$ and 'as instantly
cured of his disease$ but got another 'orse$ and that 'as madness.L ut
this judgment #aries as the humour doth$ in hot or cold& baths may be good
for one melancholy man$ bad for another< that 'hich 'ill cure it in this
"arty$ may cause it in a second.
_Phlebotomy_.G Phlebotomy$ many times neglected$ may do much harm to the
body$ 'hen there is a manifest redundance of bad humours$ and melancholy
blood< and 'hen these humours heat and boil$ if this be not used in time$
the "arties affected$ so inflamed$ are in great danger to be mad< but if it
be unad#isedly$ im"ortunely$ immoderately used$ it doth as much harm by
refrigerating the body$ dulling the s"irits$ and consuming them& as Doh.
;,?BAG:urio in his ,Cth cha"ter 'ell re"rehends$ such %ind of letting blood
doth more hurt than good& ;,?B/GLThe humours rage much more than they did
before$ and is so far from a#oiding melancholy$ that it increaseth it$ and
'ea%eneth the sight.L ;,?BBGPros"er :alenus obser#es as much of all
"hlebotomy$ e+ce"t they %ee" a #ery good diet after it< yea$ and as
;,@CCG*eonartis Dacchinus s"ea%s out of his o'n e+"erience$ ;,@C,GLThe
blood is much blac%er to many men after their letting of blood than it 'as
at first.L 7or this cause beli%e 9alust. 9al#inianus$ _l. =. c. ,_$ 'ill
admit or hear of no bloodletting at all in this disease$ e+ce"t it be
manifest it "roceed from blood& he 'as (it a""ears) by his o'n 'ords in
that "lace$ master of an hos"ital of mad men$ ;,@C=GLand found by long
e+"erience$ that this %ind of e#acuation$ either in head$ arm$ or any other
"art$ did more harm than good.L To this o"inion of his$ ;,@C.G7eli+ Plater
is 0uite o""osite$ Lthough some 'in% at$ disallo' and 0uite contradict all
"hlebotomy in melancholy$ yet by long e+"erience I ha#e found innumerable
so sa#ed$ after they had been t'enty$ nay$ si+ty times let blood$ and to
li#e ha""ily after it. It 'as an ordinary thing of old$ in Galen!s time$ to
ta%e at once from such men si+ "ounds of blood$ 'hich no' 'e dare scarce
ta%e in ounces& _sed #iderint medici_<L great boo%s are 'ritten of this
subject.
Purging u"'ard and do'n'ard$ in abundance of bad humours omitted$ may be
for the 'orst< so li%e'ise as in the "recedent$ if o#ermuch$ too fre0uent
or #iolent$ it ;,@C?G'ea%eneth their strength$ saith 7uchsius$ _l. =.
sect.$ = c. ,A_$ or if they be strong or able to endure "hysic$ yet it
brings them to an ill habit$ they ma%e their bodies no better than
a"othecaries! sho"s$ this and such li%e infirmities must needs follo'.
9H9E:T. I.--_ad Air$ a cause of Melancholy_.
Air is a cause of great moment$ in "roducing this$ or any other disease$
being that it is still ta%en into our bodies by res"iration$ and our more
inner "arts. ;,@C@GLIf it be im"ure and foggy$ it dejects the s"irits$ and
causeth diseases by infection of the heart$L as Paulus hath it$ _lib. ,. c.
?B._ A#icenna$ _lib. ,. Gal. de san. tuenda_. Mercurialis$ Montaltus$ Fc.
;,@C-G7ernelius saith$ LA thic% air thic%eneth the blood and humours.L
;,@CAG*emnius rec%ons u" t'o main things most "rofitable$ and most
"ernicious to our bodies< air and diet& and this "eculiar disease$ nothing
sooner causeth ;,@C/G(Dobertus holds) Lthan the air 'herein 'e breathe and
li#e.L ;,@CBG9uch as is the air$ such be our s"irits< and as our s"irits$
such are our humours. It offends commonly if it be too ;,@,CGhot and dry$
thic%$ fuliginous$ cloudy$ blustering$ or a tem"estuous air. odine in his
fifth oo%$ _3e re"ub. ca". ,$ @_$ of his Method of 5istory$ "ro#es that
hot countries are most troubled 'ith melancholy$ and that there are
therefore in 9"ain$ Africa$ and Asia Minor$ great numbers of mad men$
insomuch that they are com"elled in all cities of note$ to build "eculiar
hos"itals for them. *eo ;,@,,GAfer$ _lib. .. de 7essa urbe_$ 2rtelius and
>uinger$ confirm as much& they are ordinarily so choleric in their
s"eeches$ that scarce t'o 'ords "ass 'ithout railing or chiding in common
tal%$ and often 0uarrelling in their streets. ;,@,=GGordonius 'ill ha#e
e#ery man ta%e notice of it& L8ote thisL (saith he) Lthat in hot countries
it is far more familiar than in cold.L Although this 'e ha#e no' said be
not continually so$ for as ;,@,.GAcosta truly saith$ under the E0uator
itself$ is a most tem"erate habitation$ 'holesome air$ a "aradise of
"leasure& the lea#es e#er green$ cooling sho'ers. ut it holds in such as
are intem"erately hot$ as ;,@,?GDohannes a Meggen found in :y"rus$ others
in Malta$ Au"ulia$ and the ;,@,@G5oly *and$ 'here at some seasons of the
year is nothing but dust$ their ri#ers dried u"$ the air scorching hot$ and
earth inflamed< insomuch that many "ilgrims going barefoot for de#otion
sa%e$ from Do""a to Derusalem u"on the hot sands$ often run mad$ or else
0uite o#er'helmed 'ith sand$ _"rofundis arenis_$ as in many "arts of
Africa$ Arabia 3eserta$ actriana$ no' :harassan$ 'hen the 'est 'ind blo's
;,@,-G_In#oluti arenis transeuntes necantur_. ;,@,AG5ercules de 9a+onia$ a
"rofessor in Ienice$ gi#es this cause 'hy so many Ienetian 'omen are
melancholy$ _Kuod diu sub sole degant_$ they tarry too long in the sun.
Montanus$ _consil. =,_$ amongst other causes assigns this< 4hy that De' his
"atient 'as mad$ _Kuod tam multum e+"osuit se calori et frigori_& he
e+"osed himself so much to heat and cold$ and for that reason in Ienice$
there is little stirring in those bric% "a#ed streets in summer about noon$
they are most "art then aslee"& as they are li%e'ise in the great Mogol!s
countries$ and all o#er the East Indies. At Aden in Arabia$ as ;,@,/G
*odo#icus Iertomannus relates in his tra#els$ they %ee" their mar%ets in
the night$ to a#oid e+tremity of heat< and in 2rmus$ li%e cattle in a
"asture$ "eo"le of all sorts lie u" to the chin in 'ater all day long. At
raga in Portugal< urgos in :astile< Messina in 9icily$ all o#er 9"ain and
Italy$ their streets are most "art narro'$ to a#oid the sunbeams. The Tur%s
'ear great turbans _ad fugandos solis radios_$ to refract the sunbeams< and
much incon#enience that hot air of antam in Da#a yields to our men$ that
sojourn there for traffic< 'here it is so hot$ ;,@,BGLthat they that are
sic% of the "o+$ lie commonly bleaching in the sun$ to dry u" their sores.L
9uch a com"laint I read of those isles of :a"e Ierde$ fourteen degrees from
the E0uator$ they do _male audire_& ;,@=CG2ne calls them the unhealthiest
clime of the 'orld$ for flu+es$ fe#ers$ frenzies$ calentures$ 'hich
commonly seize on seafaring men that touch at them$ and all by reason of a
hot distem"erature of the air. The hardiest men are offended 'ith this
heat$ and stiffest clo'ns cannot resist it$ as :onstantine affirms$
_Agricult. l. =. c. ?@._ They that are naturally born in such air$ may not
;,@=,Gendure it$ as 8iger records of some "art of Meso"otamia$ no' called
3iarbecha& _Kuibusdam in locis sae#ienti aestui adeo subjecta est$ ut
"lera0ue animalia fer#ore solis et coeli e+tinguantur_$ !tis so hot there
in some "laces$ that men of the country and cattle are %illed 'ith it< and
;,@==GAdricomius of Arabia 7eli+$ by reason of myrrh$ fran%incense$ and hot
s"ices there gro'ing$ the air is so obno+ious to their brains$ that the
#ery inhabitants at some times cannot abide it$ much less 'ea%lings and
strangers. ;,@=.GAmatus *usitanus$ _cent. ,. curat. ?@_$ re"orts of a young
maid$ that 'as one Iincent a currier!s daughter$ some thirteen years of
age$ that 'ould 'ash her hair in the heat of the day (in Duly) and so let
it dry in the sun$ ;,@=?GLto ma%e it yello'$ but by that means tarrying too
long in the heat$ she inflamed her head$ and made herself mad.L
:old air in the other e+treme is almost as bad as hot$ and so doth
Montaltus esteem of it$ _c. ,,_$ if it be dry 'ithal. In those northern
countries$ the "eo"le are therefore generally dull$ hea#y$ and many
'itches$ 'hich (as I ha#e before 0uoted) 9a+o Grammaticus$ 2laus$ a"tista
Porta ascribe to melancholy. ut these cold climes are more subject to
natural melancholy (not this artificial) 'hich is cold and dry& for 'hich
cause ;,@=@GMercurius ritannicus beli%e "uts melancholy men to inhabit
just under the Pole. The 'orst of the three is a ;,@=-Gthic%$ cloudy$
misty$ foggy air$ or such as come from fens$ moorish grounds$ la%es$
muc%-hills$ draughts$ sin%s$ 'here any carcasses$ or carrion lies$ or from
'hence any stin%ing fulsome smell comes& Galen$ A#icenna$ Mercurialis$ ne'
and old "hysicians$ hold that such air is un'holesome$ and engenders
melancholy$ "lagues$ and 'hat notN ;,@=AGAle+andretta$ an ha#en-to'n in the
Mediterranean 9ea$ 9aint Dohn de Hlloa$ an ha#en in 8o#a-5is"ania$ are much
condemned for a bad air$ so are 3urazzo in Albania$ *ithuania$ 3itmarsh$
Pom"tinae Paludes in Italy$ the territories about Pisa$ 7errara$ Fc. 1omney
Marsh 'ith us< the 5undreds in Esse+$ the fens in *incolnshire. :ardan$ _de
rerum #arietate$ l. ,A$ c. B-_$ finds fault 'ith the sight of those rich$
and most "o"ulous cities in the *o' :ountries$ as ruges$ Ghent$ Amsterdam$
*eiden$ Htrecht$ Fc. the air is bad< and so at 9toc%holm in 9'eden< 1egium
in Italy$ 9alisbury 'ith us$ 5ull and *ynn& they may be commodious for
na#igation$ this ne' %ind of fortification$ and many other good necessary
uses< but are they so 'holesomeN 2ld 1ome hath descended from the hills to
the #alley$ !tis the site of most of our ne' cities$ and held best to build
in "lains$ to ta%e the o""ortunity of ri#ers. *eander Albertus "leads hard
for the air and site of Ienice$ though the blac% moorish lands a""ear at
e#ery lo' 'ater& the sea$ fire$ and smo%e (as he thin%s) 0ualify the air<
and ;,@=/Gsome su""ose$ that a thic% foggy air hel"s the memory$ as in them
of Pisa in Italy< and our :amden$ out of Plato$ commends the site of
:ambridge$ because it is so near the fens. ut let the site of such "laces
be as it may$ ho' can they be e+cused that ha#e a delicious seat$ a
"leasant air$ and all that nature can afford$ and yet through their o'n
nastiness$ and sluttishness$ immund and sordid manner of life$ suffer their
air to "utrefy$ and themsel#es to be choc%ed u"N Many cities in Tur%ey do
_male audire_ in this %ind& :onstantino"le itself$ 'here commonly carrion
lies in the street. 9ome find the same fault in 9"ain$ e#en in Madrid$ the
%ing!s seat$ a most e+cellent air$ a "leasant site< but the inhabitants are
slo#ens$ and the streets uncleanly %e"t.
A troublesome tem"estuous air is as bad as im"ure$ rough and foul 'eather$
im"etuous 'inds$ cloudy dar% days$ as it is commonly 'ith us$ _:oelum #isu
foedum_$ ;,@=BGPolydore calls it a filthy s%y$ _et in 0uo facile generantur
nubes_< as Tully!s brother Kuintus 'rote to him in 1ome$ being then
0uaestor in ritain. LIn a thic% and cloudy airL (saith *emnius) Lmen are
tetric$ sad$ and "ee#ish& And if the 'estern 'inds blo'$ and that there be
a calm$ or a fair sunshine day$ there is a %ind of alacrity in men!s minds<
it cheers u" men and beasts& but if it be a turbulent$ rough$ cloudy$
stormy 'eather$ men are sad$ lum"ish$ and much dejected$ angry$ 'as"ish$
dull$ and melancholy.L This 'as ;,@.CGIirgil!s e+"eriment of old$
LIerum ubi tem"estas$ et coeli mobilis humor
Muta#ere #ices$ et Du"iter humidus Austro$
Iertuntur s"ecies animorum$ et "ectore motus
:onci"iunt aliosL------
Lut 'hen the face of 5ea#en changed is
To tem"ests$ rain$ from season fair&
2ur minds are altered$ and in our breasts
7orth'ith some ne' conceits a""ear.L
And 'ho is not 'eather-'ise against such and such conjunctions of "lanets$
mo#ed in foul 'eather$ dull and hea#y in such tem"estuous seasonsN ;,@.,G
_Gelidum contristat A0uarius annum_& the time re0uires$ and the autumn
breeds it< 'inter is li%e unto it$ ugly$ foul$ s0ualid$ the air 'or%s on
all men$ more or less$ but es"ecially on such as are melancholy$ or
inclined to it$ as *emnius holds$ ;,@.=GLThey are most mo#ed 'ith it$ and
those 'hich are already mad$ ra#e do'nright$ either in$ or against a
tem"est. esides$ the de#il many times ta%es his o""ortunity of such
storms$ and 'hen the humours by the air be stirred$ he goes in 'ith them$
e+agitates our s"irits$ and #e+eth our souls< as the sea 'a#es$ so are the
s"irits and humours in our bodies tossed 'ith tem"estuous 'inds and
storms.L To such as are melancholy therefore$ Montanus$ _consil. =?_$ 'ill
ha#e tem"estuous and rough air to be a#oided$ and _consil. =A_$ all night
air$ and 'ould not ha#e them to 'al% abroad$ but in a "leasant day.
*emnius$ _l. .. c. ._$ discommends the south and eastern 'inds$ commends
the north. Montanus$ _consil. .,._ ;,@..GL4ill not any 'indo's to be o"ened
in the night.L _:onsil. ==B. et consil. =.C_$ he discommends es"ecially the
south 'ind$ and nocturnal air& 9o doth ;,@.?GPlutarch. The night and
dar%ness ma%es men sad$ the li%e do all subterranean #aults$ dar% houses in
ca#es and roc%s$ desert "laces cause melancholy in an instant$ es"ecially
such as ha#e not been used to it$ or other'ise accustomed. 1ead more of air
in 5i""ocrates$ _Aetius$ l. .. a c. ,A,. ad ,A@._ 2ribasius$ _a c. ,. ad
=,._ A#icen. _l. ,. can. 7en. =. doc. =. 7en. ,. c. ,=._ to the ,=$ Fc.
9H9E:T. II.--_Immoderate E+ercise a cause$ and ho'. 9olitariness$
Idleness_.
8othing so good but it may be abused& nothing better than e+ercise (if
o""ortunely used) for the "reser#ation of the body& nothing so bad if it be
unseasonable. #iolent$ or o#ermuch. 7ernelius out of Galen$ _Path. lib. ,.
c. ,-_$ saith$ ;,@.@GLThat much e+ercise and 'eariness consumes the s"irits
and substance$ refrigerates the body< and such humours 'hich 8ature 'ould
ha#e other'ise concocted and e+"elled$ it stirs u" and ma%es them rage&
'hich being so enraged$ di#ersely affect and trouble the body and mind.L 9o
doth it$ if it be unseasonably used$ u"on a full stomach$ or 'hen the body
is full of crudities$ 'hich 7uchsius so much in#eighs against$ _lib. =.
instit. sec. =. c. ?_$ gi#ing that for a cause$ 'hy schoolboys in Germany
are so often scabbed$ because they use e+ercise "resently after meats.
;,@.-Gayerus "uts in a ca#eat against such e+ercise$ because Lit
;,@.AGcorru"ts the meat in the stomach$ and carries the same juice ra'$ and
as yet undigested$ into the #einsL (saith *emnius)$ L'hich there "utrefies
and confounds the animal s"irits.L :rato$ _consil. =,. l. =_$
;,@./G"rotests against all such e+ercise after meat$ as being the greatest
enemy to concoction that may be$ and cause of corru"tion of humours$ 'hich
"roduce this$ and many other diseases. 8ot 'ithout good reason then doth
9alust. 9al#ianus$ _l. =. c. ,_$ and *eonartus Dacchinus$ _in B. 1hasis_$
Mercurialis$ Arcubanus$ and many other$ set do'n ;,@.BGimmoderate e+ercise
as a most forcible cause of melancholy.
2""osite to e+ercise is idleness (the badge of gentry) or 'ant of e+ercise$
the bane of body and mind$ the nurse of naughtiness$ ste"mother of
disci"line$ the chief author of all mischief$ one of the se#en deadly sins$
and a sole cause of this and many other maladies$ the de#il!s cushion$ as
;,@?CGGualter calls it$ his "illo' and chief re"osal. L7or the mind can
ne#er rest$ but still meditates on one thing or other$ e+ce"t it be
occu"ied about some honest business$ of his o'n accord it rusheth into
melancholy.L ;,@?,GLAs too much and #iolent e+ercise offends on the one
side$ so doth an idle life on the otherL (saith :rato)$ Lit fills the body
full of "hlegm$ gross humours$ and all manner of obstructions$ rheums$
catarrhs$L Fc. 1hasis$ _cont. lib. ,. tract. B_$ accounts of it as the
greatest cause of melancholy. ;,@?=GLI ha#e often seenL (saith he) Lthat
idleness begets this humour more than anything else.L Montaltus$ _c. ,_$
seconds him out of his e+"erience$ ;,@?.GLThey that are idle are far more
subject to melancholy than such as are con#ersant or em"loyed about any
office or business.L ;,@??GPlutarch rec%ons u" idleness for a sole cause of
the sic%ness of the soul& LThere are theyL (saith he) Ltroubled in mind$
that ha#e no other cause but this.L 5omer$ _Iliad. ,_$ brings in Achilles
eating of his o'n heart in his idleness$ because he might not fight.
Mercurialis$ _consil. /-_$ for a melancholy young man urgeth$ ;,@?@Git as a
chief cause< 'hy 'as he melancholyN because idle. 8othing begets it sooner$
increaseth and continueth it oftener than idleness. ;,@?-GA disease
familiar to all idle "ersons$ an inse"arable com"anion to such as li#e at
ease$ _Pingui otio desidiose agentes_$ a life out of action$ and ha#e no
calling or ordinary em"loyment to busy themsel#es about$ that ha#e small
occasions< and though they ha#e$ such is their laziness$ dullness$ they
'ill not com"ose themsel#es to do aught< they cannot abide 'or%$ though it
be necessary< easy as to dress themsel#es$ 'rite a letter$ or the li%e< yet
as he that is benumbed 'ith cold sits still sha%ing$ that might relie#e
himself 'ith a little e+ercise or stirring$ do they com"lain$ but 'ill not
use the facile and ready means to do themsel#es good< and so are still
tormented 'ith melancholy. Es"ecially if they ha#e been formerly brought u"
to business$ or to %ee" much com"any$ and u"on a sudden come to lead a
sedentary life< it crucifies their souls$ and seizeth on them in an
instant< for 'hilst they are any 'ays em"loyed$ in action$ discourse$ about
any business$ s"ort or recreation$ or in com"any to their li%ing$ they are
#ery 'ell< but if alone or idle$ tormented instantly again< one day!s
solitariness$ one hour!s sometimes$ doth them more harm$ than a 'ee%!s
"hysic$ labour$ and com"any can do good. Melancholy seizeth on them
forth'ith being alone$ and is such a torture$ that as 'ise 9eneca 'ell
saith$ _Malo mihi male 0uam molliter esse_$ I had rather be sic% than idle.
This idleness is either of body or mind. That of body is nothing but a %ind
of benumbing laziness$ intermitting e+ercise$ 'hich$ if 'e may belie#e
;,@?AG7ernelius$ Lcauseth crudities$ obstructions$ e+cremental humours$
0uencheth the natural heat$ dulls the s"irits$ and ma%es them una"t to do
any thing 'hatsoe#er.L
;,@?/G L8eglectis urenda fili+ innascitur agris.L
------Lfor$ a neglected field
9hall for the fire its thorns and thistles yield.L
As fern gro's in untilled grounds$ and all manner of 'eeds$ so do gross
humours in an idle body$ _Igna#um corrum"unt otia cor"us_. A horse in a
stable that ne#er tra#els$ a ha'% in a me' that seldom flies$ are both
subject to diseases< 'hich left unto themsel#es$ are most free from any
such encumbrances. An idle dog 'ill be mangy$ and ho' shall an idle "erson
thin% to esca"eN Idleness of the mind is much 'orse than this of the body<
'it 'ithout em"loyment is a disease ;,@?BG_Aerugo animi$ rubigo ingenii_&
the rust of the soul$ ;,@@CGa "lague$ a hell itself$ _Ma+imum animi
nocumentum_$ Galen$ calls it. ;,@@,GLAs in a standing "ool$ 'orms and
filthy cree"ers increase$ (_et #itium ca"iunt ni mo#eantur a0uae_$ the
'ater itself "utrefies$ and air li%e'ise$ if it be not continually stirred
by the 'ind) so do e#il and corru"t thoughts in an idle "erson$L the soul
is contaminated. In a common'ealth$ 'here is no "ublic enemy$ there is
li%ely ci#il 'ars$ and they rage u"on themsel#es& this body of ours$ 'hen
it is idle$ and %no's not ho' to besto' itself$ macerates and #e+eth itself
'ith cares$ griefs$ false fears$ discontents$ and sus"icions< it tortures
and "reys u"on his o'n bo'els$ and is ne#er at rest. Thus much I dare
boldly say< he or she that is idle$ be they of 'hat condition they 'ill$
ne#er so rich$ so 'ell allied$ fortunate$ ha""y$ let them ha#e all things
in abundance and felicity that heart can 'ish and desire$ all contentment$
so long as he or she or they are idle$ they shall ne#er be "leased$ ne#er
'ell in body and mind$ but 'eary still$ sic%ly still$ #e+ed still$ loathing
still$ 'ee"ing$ sighing$ grie#ing$ sus"ecting$ offended 'ith the 'orld$
'ith e#ery object$ 'ishing themsel#es gone or dead$ or else earned a'ay
'ith some foolish "hantasy or other. And this is the true cause that so
many great men$ ladies$ and gentle'omen$ labour of this disease in country
and city< for idleness is an a""endi+ to nobility< they count it a disgrace
to 'or%$ and s"end all their days in s"orts$ recreations$ and "astimes$ and
'ill therefore ta%e no "ains< be of no #ocation& they feed liberally$ fare
'ell$ 'ant e+ercise$ action$ em"loyment$ (for to 'or%$ I say$ they may not
abide$) and :om"any to their desires$ and thence their bodies become full
of gross humours$ 'ind$ crudities< their minds dis0uieted$ dull$ hea#y$ Fc.
care$ jealousy$ fear of some diseases$ sullen fits$ 'ee"ing fits seize too
;,@@=Gfamiliarly on them. 7or 'hat 'ill not fear and "hantasy 'or% in an
idle bodyN 'hat distem"ers 'ill they not causeN 'hen the children of ;,@@.G
Israel murmured against Pharaoh in Egy"t$ he commanded his officers to
double their tas%$ and let them get stra' themsel#es$ and yet ma%e their
full number of bric%s< for the sole cause 'hy they mutiny$ and are e#il at
ease$ is$ Lthey are idle.L 4hen you shall hear and see so many discontented
"ersons in all "laces 'here you come$ so many se#eral grie#ances$
unnecessary com"laints$ fears$ sus"icions$ ;,@@?Gthe best means to redress
it is to set them a'or%$ so to busy their minds< for the truth is$ they are
idle. 4ell they may build castles in the air for a time$ and sooth u"
themsel#es 'ith fantastical and "leasant humours$ but in the end they 'ill
"ro#e as bitter as gall$ they shall be still I say discontent$ sus"icious$
;,@@@Gfearful$ jealous$ sad$ fretting and #e+ing of themsel#es< so long as
they be idle$ it is im"ossible to "lease them$ _2tio 0ui nescit uti$ "lus
habet negotii 0uam 0ui negotium in negotio_$ as that ;,@@-GAgellius could
obser#e& 5e that %no's not ho' to s"end his time$ hath more business$ care$
grief$ anguish of mind$ than he that is most busy in the midst of all his
business. _2tiosus animus nescit 0uid #olet_& An idle "erson (as he follo's
it) %no's not 'hen he is 'ell$ 'hat he 'ould ha#e$ or 'hither he 'ould go$
_Kuum illuc #entum est$ illinc lubet_$ he is tired out 'ith e#erything$
dis"leased 'ith all$ 'eary of his life& _8ec bene domi$ nec militiae_$
neither at home nor abroad$ _errat$ et "raeter #itam #i#itur_$ he 'anders
and li#es besides himself. In a 'ord$ 4hat the mischie#ous effects of
laziness and idleness are$ I do not find any 'here more accurately
e+"ressed$ than in these #erses of Philolaches in the ;,@@AG:omical Poet$
'hich for their elegancy I 'ill in "art insert.
L8o#arum aedium esse arbitror similem ego hominem$
Kuando hic natus est& Ei rei argumenta dicam.
Aedes 0uando sunt ad amussim e+"olitae$
Kuis0ue laudat fabrum$ at0ue e+em"lum e+"etit$ Fc.
At ubi illo migrat ne0uam homo indiligens0ue$ Fc.
Tem"estas #enit$ confringit tegulas$ imbrices0ue$
Putrifacit aer o"eram fabri$ Fc.
3icam ut homines similes esse aedium arbitremini$
7abri "arentes fundamentum substruunt liberorum$
E+"oliunt$ docent literas$ nec "arcunt sum"tui$
Ego autem sub fabrorum "otestate frugi fui$
Post0uam autem migra#i in ingenium meum$
Perdidi o"eram fabrorum illico o""ido$
Ienit igna#ia$ ea mihi tem"estas fuit$
Ad#entu0ue suo grandinem et imbrem attulit$
Illa mihi #irtutem deturba#it$L Fc.
A young man is li%e a fair ne' house$ the car"enter lea#es it 'ell built$
in good re"air$ of solid stuff< but a bad tenant lets it rain in$ and for
'ant of re"aration$ fall to decay$ Fc. 2ur "arents$ tutors$ friends$ s"are
no cost to bring us u" in our youth$ in all manner of #irtuous education<
but 'hen 'e are left to oursel#es$ idleness as a tem"est dri#es all
#irtuous motions out of our minds$ et _nihili sumus_$ on a sudden$ by sloth
and such bad 'ays$ 'e come to nought.
:ousin german to idleness$ and a concomitant cause$ 'hich goes hand in hand
'ith it$ is ;,@@/G_nimia solitudo_$ too much solitariness$ by the testimony
of all "hysicians$ cause and sym"tom both< but as it is here "ut for a
cause$ it is either coact$ enforced$ or else #oluntary. Enforced
solitariness is commonly seen in students$ mon%s$ friars$ anchorites$ that
by their order and course of life must abandon all com"any$ society of
other men$ and beta%e themsel#es to a "ri#ate cell& _2tio su"erstitioso
seclusi_$ as ale and 5os"inian 'ell term it$ such as are the :arthusians
of our time$ that eat no flesh (by their order)$ %ee" "er"etual silence$
ne#er go abroad. 9uch as li#e in "rison$ or some desert "lace$ and cannot
ha#e com"any$ as many of our country gentlemen do in solitary houses$ they
must either be alone 'ithout com"anions$ or li#e beyond their means$ and
entertain all comers as so many hosts$ or else con#erse 'ith their ser#ants
and hinds$ such as are une0ual$ inferior to them$ and of a contrary
dis"osition& or else as some do$ to a#oid solitariness$ s"end their time
'ith le'd fello's in ta#erns$ and in alehouses$ and thence addict
themsel#es to some unla'ful dis"orts$ or dissolute courses. 3i#ers again
are cast u"on this roc% of solitariness for 'ant of means$ or out of a
strong a""rehension of some infirmity$ disgrace$ or through bashfulness$
rudeness$ sim"licity$ they cannot a""ly themsel#es to others! com"any.
_8ullum solum infelici gratius solitudine$ ubi nullus sit 0ui miseriam
e+"robret_< this enforced solitariness ta%es "lace$ and "roduceth his
effect soonest in such as ha#e s"ent their time jo#ially$ "erad#enture in
all honest recreations$ in good com"any$ in some great family or "o"ulous
city$ and are u"on a sudden confined to a desert country cottage far off$
restrained of their liberty$ and barred from their ordinary associates<
solitariness is #ery ir%some to such$ most tedious$ and a sudden cause of
great incon#enience.
Ioluntary solitariness is that 'hich is familiar 'ith melancholy$ and
gently brings on li%e a 9iren$ a shoeing-horn$ or some s"hin+ to this
irre#ocable gulf$ ;,@@BGa "rimary cause$ Piso calls it< most "leasant it is
at first$ to such as are melancholy gi#en$ to lie in bed 'hole days$ and
%ee" their chambers$ to 'al% alone in some solitary gro#e$ bet'i+t 'ood and
'ater$ by a broo% side$ to meditate u"on some delightsome and "leasant
subject$ 'hich shall affect them most< _amabilis insania$ et mentis
gratissimus error_& a most incom"arable delight it is so to melancholise$
and build castles in the air$ to go smiling to themsel#es$ acting an
infinite #ariety of "arts$ 'hich they su""ose and strongly imagine they
re"resent$ or that they see acted or done& _landae 0uidem ab initio_$
saith *emnius$ to concei#e and meditate of such "leasant things$ sometimes$
;,@-CGL"resent$ "ast$ or to come$L as 1hasis s"ea%s. 9o delightsome these
toys are at first$ they could s"end 'hole days and nights 'ithout slee"$
e#en 'hole years alone in such contem"lations$ and fantastical meditations$
'hich are li%e unto dreams$ and they 'ill hardly be dra'n from them$ or
'illingly interru"t$ so "leasant their #ain conceits are$ that they hinder
their ordinary tas%s and necessary business$ they cannot address themsel#es
to them$ or almost to any study or em"loyment$ these fantastical and
be'itching thoughts so co#ertly$ so feelingly$ so urgently$ so continually
set u"on$ cree" in$ insinuate$ "ossess$ o#ercome$ distract$ and detain
them$ they cannot$ I say$ go about their more necessary business$ sta#e off
or e+tricate themsel#es$ but are e#er musing$ melancholising$ and carried
along$ as he (they say) that is led round about a heath 'ith a Puc% in the
night$ they run earnestly on in this labyrinth of an+ious and solicitous
melancholy meditations$ and cannot 'ell or 'illingly refrain$ or easily
lea#e off$ 'inding and un'inding themsel#es$ as so many cloc%s$ and still
"leasing their humours$ until at last the scene is turned u"on a sudden$ by
some bad object$ and they being no' habituated to such #ain meditations and
solitary "laces$ can endure no com"any$ can ruminate of nothing but harsh
and distasteful subjects. 7ear$ sorro'$ sus"icion$ _subrusticus "udor_$
discontent$ cares$ and 'eariness of life sur"rise them in a moment$ and
they can thin% of nothing else$ continually sus"ecting$ no sooner are their
eyes o"en$ but this infernal "lague of melancholy seizeth on them$ and
terrifies their souls$ re"resenting some dismal object to their minds$
'hich no' by no means$ no labour$ no "ersuasions they can a#oid$ _haeret
lateri lethalis arundo_$ (the arro' of death still remains in the side)$
they may not be rid of it$ ;,@-,Gthey cannot resist. I may not deny but
that there is some "rofitable meditation$ contem"lation$ and %ind of
solitariness to be embraced$ 'hich the fathers so highly commended$ ;,@-=G
5ierom$ :hrysostom$ :y"rian$ Austin$ in 'hole tracts$ 'hich Petrarch$
Erasmus$ 9tella$ and others$ so much magnify in their boo%s< a "aradise$ a
hea#en on earth$ if it be used aright$ good for the body$ and better for
the soul& as many of those old mon%s used it$ to di#ine contem"lations$ as
9imulus$ a courtier in Adrian!s time$ 3iocletian the em"eror$ retired
themsel#es$ Fc.$ in that sense$ _Iatia solus scit #i#ere_$ Iatia li#es
alone$ 'hich the 1omans 'ere 'ont to say$ 'hen they commended a country
life. 2r to the bettering of their %no'ledge$ as 3emocritus$ :leanthes$ and
those e+cellent "hiloso"hers ha#e e#er done$ to se0uester themsel#es from
the tumultuous 'orld$ or as in Pliny!s #illa *aurentana$ Tully!s Tusculan$
Do#ius! study$ that they might better _#acare studiis et 3eo_$ ser#e God$
and follo' their studies. Methin%s$ therefore$ our too zealous inno#ators
'ere not so 'ell ad#ised in that general sub#ersion of abbeys and religious
houses$ "romiscuously to fling do'n all< they might ha#e ta%en a'ay those
gross abuses cre"t in amongst them$ rectified such incon#eniences$ and not
so far to ha#e ra#ed and raged against those fair buildings$ and
e#erlasting monuments of our forefathers! de#otion$ consecrated to "ious
uses< some monasteries and collegiate cells might ha#e been 'ell s"ared$
and their re#enues other'ise em"loyed$ here and there one$ in good to'ns or
cities at least$ for men and 'omen of all sorts and conditions to li#e in$
to se0uester themsel#es from the cares and tumults of the 'orld$ that 'ere
not desirous$ or fit to marry< or other'ise 'illing to be troubled 'ith
common affairs$ and %no' not 'ell 'here to besto' themsel#es$ to li#e a"art
in$ for more con#eniency$ good education$ better com"any sa%e$ to follo'
their studies (I say)$ to the "erfection of arts and sciences$ common good$
and as some truly de#oted mon%s of old had done$ freely and truly to ser#e
God. 7or these men are neither solitary$ nor idle$ as the "oet made ans'er
to the husbandman in Aeso"$ that objected idleness to him< he 'as ne#er so
idle as in his com"any< or that 9ci"io Africanus in ;,@-.GTully$ _8un0uam
minus solus$ 0uam cum solus< nun0uam minus otiosus$ 0uam 0uum esset
otiosus_< ne#er less solitary$ than 'hen he 'as alone$ ne#er more busy$
than 'hen he seemed to be most idle. It is re"orted by Plato in his
dialogue _de Amore_$ in that "rodigious commendation of 9ocrates$ ho' a
dee" meditation coming into 9ocrates! mind by chance$ he stood still
musing$ _eodem #estigio cogitabundus_$ from morning to noon$ and 'hen as
then he had not yet finished his meditation$ _"erstabat cogitans_$ he so
continued till the e#ening$ the soldiers (for he then follo'ed the cam")
obser#ed him 'ith admiration$ and on set "ur"ose 'atched all night$ but he
"erse#ered immo#able _ad e+hortim solis_$ till the sun rose in the morning$
and then saluting the sun$ 'ent his 'ays. In 'hat humour constant 9ocrates
did thus$ I %no' not$ or ho' he might be affected$ but this 'ould be
"ernicious to another man< 'hat intricate business might so really "ossess
him$ I cannot easily guess< but this is _otiosum otium_$ it is far
other'ise 'ith these men$ according to 9eneca$ _2mnia nobis mala solitudo
"ersuadet_< this solitude undoeth us$ _"ugnat cum #ita sociali_< !tis a
destructi#e solitariness. These men are de#ils alone$ as the saying is$
_5omo solus aut 3eus$ aut 3aemon_& a man alone$ is either a saint or a
de#il$ _mens ejus aut languescit$ aut tumescit_< and ;,@-?G_Iae soli_ in
this sense$ 'oe be to him that is so alone. These 'retches do fre0uently
degenerate from men$ and of sociable creatures become beasts$ monsters$
inhumane$ ugly to behold$ _Misanthro"i_< they do e#en loathe themsel#es$
and hate the com"any of men$ as so many Timons$ 8ebuchadnezzars$ by too
much indulging to these "leasing humours$ and through their o'n default. 9o
that 'hich Mercurialis$ _consil. ,,_$ sometimes e+"ostulated 'ith his
melancholy "atient$ may be justly a""lied to e#ery solitary and idle "erson
in "articular. ;,@-@G_8atura de te #idetur con0ueri "osse_$ Fc. L8ature may
justly com"lain of thee$ that 'hereas she ga#e thee a good 'holesome
tem"erature$ a sound body$ and God hath gi#en thee so di#ine and e+cellent
a soul$ so many good "arts$ and "rofitable gifts$ thou hast not only
contemned and rejected$ but hast corru"ted them$ "olluted them$ o#erthro'n
their tem"erature$ and "er#erted those gifts 'ith riot$ idleness$
solitariness$ and many other 'ays$ thou art a traitor to God and nature$ an
enemy to thyself and to the 'orld.L _Perditio tua e+ te_< thou hast lost
thyself 'ilfully$ cast a'ay thyself$ Lthou thyself art the efficient cause
of thine o'n misery$ by not resisting such #ain cogitations$ but gi#ing 'ay
unto them.L
9H9E:T. III.--_9lee"ing and 4a%ing$ :auses_.
4hat I ha#e formerly said of e+ercise$ I may no' re"eat of slee". 8othing
better than moderate slee"$ nothing 'orse than it$ if it be in e+tremes$ or
unseasonably used. It is a recei#ed o"inion$ that a melancholy man cannot
slee" o#ermuch< _9omnus su"ra modum "rodest_$ as an only antidote$ and
nothing offends them more$ or causeth this malady sooner$ than 'a%ing$ yet
in some cases slee" may do more harm than good$ in that "hlegmatic$
s'inish$ cold$ and sluggish melancholy 'hich Melancthon s"ea%s of$ that
thin%s of 'aters$ sighing most "art$ Fc. ;,@--GIt dulls the s"irits$ if
o#ermuch$ and senses< fills the head full of gross humours< causeth
distillations$ rheums$ great store of e+crements in the brain$ and all the
other "arts$ as ;,@-AG7uchsius s"ea%s of them$ that slee" li%e so many
dormice. 2r if it be used in the daytime$ u"on a full stomach$ the body
ill-com"osed to rest$ or after hard meats$ it increaseth fearful dreams$
incubus$ night 'al%ing$ crying out$ and much un0uietness< such slee"
"re"ares the body$ as ;,@-/Gone obser#es$ Lto many "erilous diseases.L ut$
as I ha#e said$ 'a%ing o#ermuch$ is both a sym"tom$ and an ordinary cause.
LIt causeth dryness of the brain$ frenzy$ dotage$ and ma%es the body dry$
lean$ hard$ and ugly to behold$L as ;,@-BG*emnius hath it. LThe tem"erature
of the brain is corru"ted by it$ the humours adust$ the eyes made to sin%
into the head$ choler increased$ and the 'hole body inflamed&L and$ as may
be added out of Galen$ _.. de sanitate tuendo_$ A#icenna _.. ,._ ;,@ACGLIt
o#erthro's the natural heat$ it causeth crudities$ hurts$ concoction$L and
'hat notN 8ot 'ithout good cause therefore :rato$ _consil. =,. lib. =_<
5ildesheim$ _s"icel. =. de delir. et Mania_$ Dacchinus$ Arculanus on
1hasis$ Guianerius and Mercurialis$ rec%on u" this o#ermuch 'a%ing as a
"rinci"al cause.
MEM. III.
9H9E:T. I.--_Passions and Perturbations of the Mind$ ho' they cause
Melancholy_.
As that gymnoso"hist in ;,@A,GPlutarch made ans'er to Ale+ander (demanding
'hich s"a%e best)$ E#ery one of his fello's did s"ea% better than the
other& so may I say of these causes< to him that shall re0uire 'hich is the
greatest$ e#ery one is more grie#ous than other$ and this of "assion the
greatest of all. A most fre0uent and ordinary cause of melancholy$ ;,@A=G
_fulmen "erturbationum_ (Picolomineus calls it) this thunder and lightning
of "erturbation$ 'hich causeth such #iolent and s"eedy alterations in this
our microcosm$ and many times sub#erts the good estate and tem"erature of
it. 7or as the body 'or%s u"on the mind by his bad humours$ troubling the
s"irits$ sending gross fumes into the brain$ and so _"er conse0uens_
disturbing the soul$ and all the faculties of it$
;,@A.G ------L:or"us onustum$
5esternis #itiis animum 0uo0ue "raegra#at una$L
'ith fear$ sorro'$ Fc.$ 'hich are ordinary sym"toms of this disease& so on
the other side$ the mind most effectually 'or%s u"on the body$ "roducing by
his "assions and "erturbations miraculous alterations$ as melancholy$
des"air$ cruel diseases$ and sometimes death itself. Insomuch that it is
most true 'hich Plato saith in his :harmides$ _omnia cor"oris mala ab anima
"rocedere_< all the ;,@A?Gmischiefs of the body "roceed from the soul& and
3emocritus in ;,@A@GPlutarch urgeth$ _3amnatam iri animam a cor"ore_$ if
the body should in this behalf bring an action against the soul$ surely the
soul 'ould be cast and con#icted$ that by her su"ine negligence had caused
such incon#eniences$ ha#ing authority o#er the body$ and using it for an
instrument$ as a smith doth his hammer (saith ;,@A-G:y"rian)$ im"uting all
those #ices and maladies to the mind. E#en so doth ;,@AAGPhilostratus$ _non
coin0uinatur cor"us$ nisi consensuanimae_< the body is not corru"ted$ but
by the soul. *odo#icus Ii#es 'ill ha#e such turbulent commotions "roceed
from ignorance and indiscretion. ;,@A/GAll "hiloso"hers im"ute the miseries
of the body to the soul$ that should ha#e go#erned it better$ by command of
reason$ and hath not done it. The 9toics are altogether of o"inion (as
;,@ABG*i"sius and ;,@/CGPicolomineus record)$ that a 'ise man should be
;Gree%& a"athaesG$ 'ithout all manner of "assions and "erturbations
'hatsoe#er$ as ;,@/,G9eneca re"orts of :ato$ the ;,@/=G Gree%s of 9ocrates$
and ;,@/.GIo. Aubanus of a nation in Africa$ so free from "assion$ or
rather so stu"id$ that if they be 'ounded 'ith a s'ord$ they 'ill only loo%
bac%. ;,@/?G*actantius$ _= instit._$ 'ill e+clude Lfear from a 'ise man&L
others e+ce"t all$ some the greatest "assions. ut let them dis"ute ho'
they 'ill$ set do'n in Thesi$ gi#e "rece"ts to the contrary< 'e find that
of ;,@/@G*emnius true by common e+"erience< L8o mortal man is free from
these "erturbations& or if he be so$ sure he is either a god$ or a bloc%.L
They are born and bred 'ith us$ 'e ha#e them from our "arents by
inheritance. _A "arentibus habemus malum hunc assem_$ saith ;,@/-GPelezius$
_8ascitur una nobiscum$ alitur0ue_$ !tis "ro"agated from Adam$ :ain 'as
melancholy$ ;,@/AGas Austin hath it$ and 'ho is notN Good disci"line$
education$ "hiloso"hy$ di#inity (I cannot deny)$ may mitigate and restrain
these "assions in some fe' men at some times$ but most "art they domineer$
and are so #iolent$ ;,@//Gthat as a torrent (_torrens #elut aggere ru"to_)
bears do'n all before$ and o#erflo's his ban%s$ _sternit agros$ sternit
sata_$ (lays 'aste the fields$ "rostrates the cro"s$) they o#er'helm
reason$ judgment$ and "er#ert the tem"erature of the body< _7ertur ;,@/BG
e0uis auriga$ nec audit currus habenas_. 8o' such a man (saith
;,@BCGAustin) Lthat is so led$ in a 'ise man!s eye$ is no better than he
that stands u"on his head.L It is doubted by some$ _Gra#ioresne morbi a
"erturbationibus$ an ab humoribus_$ 'hether humours or "erturbations cause
the more grie#ous maladies. ut 'e find that of our 9a#iour$ Mat. ++#i. ?,$
most true$ LThe s"irit is 'illing$ the flesh is 'ea%$L 'e cannot resist<
and this of ;,@B,GPhilo Dudeus$ LPerturbations often offend the body$ and
are most fre0uent causes of melancholy$ turning it out of the hinges of his
health.L Ii#es com"ares them to ;,@B=GL4inds u"on the sea$ some only mo#e
as those great gales$ but others turbulent 0uite o#erturn the shi".L Those
'hich are light$ easy$ and more seldom$ to our thin%ing$ do us little harm$
and are therefore contemned of us& yet if they be reiterated$ ;,@B.GLas the
rainL (saith Austin) Ldoth a stone$ so do these "erturbations "enetrate the
mind&L ;,@B?Gand (as one obser#es) L"roduce a habit of melancholy at the
last$L 'hich ha#ing gotten the mastery in our souls$ may 'ell be called
diseases.
5o' these "assions "roduce this effect$ ;,@B@GAgri""a hath handled at
large$ _2ccult. Philos. l. ,,. c. -.._ :ardan$ _l. ,?. subtil._ *emnius$
_l. ,. c. ,=$ de occult. nat. mir. et lib. ,. ca". ,-._ 9uarez$ _Met.
dis"ut. ,/. sect. ,. art. =@._ T. right$ _ca". ,=._ of his Melancholy
Treatise. 4right the Desuit$ in his oo% of the Passions of the Mind$ Fc.
Thus in brief$ to our imagination cometh by the out'ard sense or memory$
some object to be %no'n (residing in the foremost "art of the brain)$ 'hich
he misconcei#ing or am"lifying "resently communicates to the heart$ the
seat of all affections. The "ure s"irits forth'ith floc% from the brain to
the heart$ by certain secret channels$ and signify 'hat good or bad object
'as "resented< ;,@B-G'hich immediately bends itself to "rosecute$ or a#oid
it< and 'ithal$ dra'eth 'ith it other humours to hel" it& so in "leasure$
concur great store of "urer s"irits< in sadness$ much melancholy blood< in
ire$ choler. If the imagination be #ery a""rehensi#e$ intent$ and #iolent$
it sends great store of s"irits to$ or from the heart$ and ma%es a dee"er
im"ression$ and greater tumult$ as the humours in the body be li%e'ise
"re"ared$ and the tem"erature itself ill or 'ell dis"osed$ the "assions are
longer and stronger< so that the first ste" and fountain of all our
grie#ances in this %ind$ is ;,@BAG_laesa imaginatio_$ 'hich misinforming
the heart$ causeth all these distem"eratures$ alteration and confusion of
s"irits and humours. y means of 'hich$ so disturbed$ concoction is
hindered$ and the "rinci"al "arts are much debilitated< as ;,@B/G3r.
8a#arra 'ell declared$ being consulted by Montanus about a melancholy De'.
The s"irits so confounded$ the nourishment must needs be abated$ bad
humours increased$ crudities and thic% s"irits engendered 'ith melancholy
blood. The other "arts cannot "erform their functions$ ha#ing the s"irits
dra'n from them by #ehement "assion$ but fail in sense and motion< so 'e
loo% u"on a thing$ and see it not< hear$ and obser#e not< 'hich other'ise
'ould much affect us$ had 'e been free. I may therefore conclude 'ith
;,@BBGArnoldus$ _Ma+ima #is est "hantasiae$ et huic uni fere$ non autem
cor"oris intem"eriei$ omnis melancholiae causa est ascribenda_& LGreat is
the force of imagination$ and much more ought the cause of melancholy to be
ascribed to this alone$ than to the distem"erature of the body.L 2f 'hich
imagination$ because it hath so great a stro%e in "roducing this malady$
and is so "o'erful of itself$ it 'ill not be im"ro"er to my discourse$ to
ma%e a brief digression$ and s"ea% of the force of it$ and ho' it causeth
this alteration. 4hich manner of digression$ ho'soe#er some disli%e$ as
fri#olous and im"ertinent$ yet I am of ;,-CCGeroaldus!s o"inion$ L9uch
digressions do mightily delight and refresh a 'eary reader$ they are li%e
sauce to a bad stomach$ and I do therefore most 'illingly use them.L
9H9E:T. II.--_2f the 7orce of Imagination_.
4hat imagination is$ I ha#e sufficiently declared in my digression of the
anatomy of the soul. I 'ill only no' "oint at the 'onderful effects and
"o'er of it< 'hich$ as it is eminent in all$ so most es"ecially it rageth
in melancholy "ersons$ in %ee"ing the s"ecies of objects so long$
mista%ing$ am"lifying them by continual and ;,-C,Gstrong meditation$ until
at length it "roduceth in some "arties real effects$ causeth this$ and many
other maladies. And although this "hantasy of ours be a subordinate faculty
to reason$ and should be ruled by it$ yet in many men$ through in'ard or
out'ard distem"eratures$ defect of organs$ 'hich are una"t$ or other'ise
contaminated$ it is li%e'ise una"t$ or hindered$ and hurt. This 'e see
#erified in slee"ers$ 'hich by reason of humours and concourse of #a"ours
troubling the "hantasy$ imagine many times absurd and "rodigious things$
and in such as are troubled 'ith incubus$ or 'itch-ridden (as 'e call it)$
if they lie on their bac%s$ they su""ose an old 'oman rides$ and sits so
hard u"on them$ that they are almost stifled for 'ant of breath< 'hen there
is nothing offends$ but a concourse of bad humours$ 'hich trouble the
"hantasy. This is li%e'ise e#ident in such as 'al% in the night in their
slee"$ and do strange feats& ;,-C=Gthese #a"ours mo#e the "hantasy$ the
"hantasy the a""etite$ 'hich mo#ing the animal s"irits causeth the body to
'al% u" and do'n as if they 'ere a'a%e. 7racast. _l. .. de intellect_$
refers all ecstasies to this force of imagination$ such as lie 'hole days
together in a trance& as that "riest 'hom ;,-C.G:elsus s"ea%s of$ that
could se"arate himself from his senses 'hen he list$ and lie li%e a dead
man$ #oid of life and sense. :ardan brags of himself$ that he could do as
much$ and that 'hen he list. Many times such men 'hen they come to
themsel#es$ tell strange things of hea#en and hell$ 'hat #isions they ha#e
seen< as that 9t. 2'en$ in Matthe' Paris$ that 'ent into 9t. Patric%!s
"urgatory$ and the mon% of E#esham in the same author. Those common
a""aritions in ede and Gregory$ 9aint ridget!s re#elations$ 4ier. _l. ..
de lamiis$ c. ,,._ :aesar Ianninus$ in his 3ialogues$ Fc. reduceth (as I
ha#e formerly said)$ 'ith all those tales of 'itches! "rogresses$ dancing$
riding$ transformations$ o"erations$ Fc. to the force of ;,-C?G
imagination$ and the ;,-C@Gde#il!s illusions. The li%e effects almost are
to be seen in such as are a'a%e& ho' many chimeras$ antics$ golden
mountains and castles in the air do they build unto themsel#esN I a""eal to
"ainters$ mechanicians$ mathematicians. 9ome ascribe all #ices to a false
and corru"t imagination$ anger$ re#enge$ lust$ ambition$ co#etousness$
'hich "refers falsehood before that 'hich is right and good$ deluding the
soul 'ith false sho's and su""ositions. ;,-C-Gernardus Penottus 'ill ha#e
heresy and su"erstition to "roceed from this fountain< as he falsely
imagineth$ so he belie#eth< and as he concei#eth of it$ so it must be$ and
it shall be$ _contra gentes_$ he 'ill ha#e it so. ut most es"ecially in
"assions and affections$ it sho's strange and e#ident effects& 'hat 'ill
not a fearful man concei#e in the dar%N 4hat strange forms of bugbears$
de#ils$ 'itches$ goblinsN *a#ater im"utes the greatest cause of s"ectrums$
and the li%e a""aritions$ to fear$ 'hich abo#e all other "assions begets
the strongest imagination (saith ;,-CAG4ierus)$ and so li%e'ise lo#e$
sorro'$ joy$ Fc. 9ome die suddenly$ as she that sa' her son come from the
battle at :annae$ Fc. Dacob the "atriarch$ by force of imagination$ made
s"ec%led lambs$ laying s"ec%led rods before his shee". Persina$ that
Ethio"ian 0ueen in 5eliodorus$ by seeing the "icture of Persius and
Andromeda$ instead of a blac%amoor$ 'as brought to bed of a fair 'hite
child. In imitation of 'hom beli%e$ a hard-fa#oured fello' in Greece$
because he and his 'ife 'ere both deformed$ to get a good brood of
children$ _Elegantissimas imagines in thalamo colloca#it_$ Fc. hung the
fairest "ictures he could buy for money in his chamber$ LThat his 'ife by
fre0uent sight of them$ might concei#e and bear such children.L And if 'e
may belie#e ale$ one of Po"e 8icholas the Third!s concubines by seeing of
;,-C/Ga bear 'as brought to bed of a monster. LIf a 'omanL (saith ;,-CBG
*emnius)$ Lat the time of her conce"tion thin% of another man "resent or
absent$ the child 'ill be li%e him.L Great-bellied 'omen$ 'hen they long$
yield us "rodigious e+am"les in this %ind$ as moles$ 'arts$ scars$
hareli"s$ monsters$ es"ecially caused in their children by force of a
de"ra#ed "hantasy in them& _I"sam s"eciem 0uam animo effigiat$ faetui
inducit_& 9he im"rints that stam" u"on her child 'hich she ;,-,CGconcei#es
unto herself. And therefore *odo#icus Ii#es$ _lib. =. de :hrist$ faem._$
gi#es a s"ecial caution to great-bellied 'omen$ ;,-,,GLthat they do not
admit such absurd conceits and cogitations$ but by all means a#oid those
horrible objects$ heard or seen$ or filthy s"ectacles.L 9ome 'ill laugh$
'ee"$ sigh$ groan$ blush$ tremble$ s'eat$ at such things as are suggested
unto them by their imagination. A#icenna s"ea%s of one that could cast
himself into a "alsy 'hen he list< and some can imitate the tunes of birds
and beasts that they can hardly be discerned& 3agebertus! and 9aint
7rancis! scars and 'ounds$ li%e those of :hrist!s (if at the least any such
'ere)$ ;,-,=GAgri""a su""oseth to ha#e ha""ened by force of imagination&
that some are turned to 'ol#es$ from men to 'omen$ and 'omen again to men
('hich is constantly belie#ed) to the same imagination< or from men to
asses$ dogs$ or any other sha"es. ;,-,.G4ierus ascribes all those famous
transformations to imagination< that in hydro"hobia they seem to see the
"icture of a dog$ still in their 'ater$ ;,-,?Gthat melancholy men and sic%
men concei#e so many fantastical #isions$ a""aritions to themsel#es$ and
ha#e such absurd a""aritions$ as that they are %ings$ lords$ coc%s$ bears$
a"es$ o'ls< that they are hea#y$ light$ trans"arent$ great and little$
senseless and dead (as shall be sho'ed more at large$ in our ;,-,@G
sections of sym"toms)$ can be im"uted to nought else$ but to a corru"t$
false$ and #iolent imagination. It 'or%s not in sic% and melancholy men
only$ but e#en most forcibly sometimes in such as are sound& it ma%es them
suddenly sic%$ and ;,-,-Galters their tem"erature in an instant. And
sometimes a strong conceit or a""rehension$ as ;,-,AGIalesius "ro#es$ 'ill
ta%e a'ay diseases& in both %inds it 'ill "roduce real effects. Men$ if
they see but another man tremble$ giddy or sic% of some fearful disease$
their a""rehension and fear is so strong in this %ind$ that they 'ill ha#e
the same disease. 2r if by some soothsayer$ 'iseman$ fortune-teller$ or
"hysician$ they be told they shall ha#e such a disease$ they 'ill so
seriously a""rehend it$ that they 'ill instantly labour of it. A thing
familiar in :hina (saith 1iccius the Desuit)$ ;,-,/GLIf it be told them
they shall be sic% on such a day$ 'hen that day comes they 'ill surely be
sic%$ and 'ill be so terribly afflicted$ that sometimes they die u"on it.L
3r. :otta in his disco#ery of ignorant "ractitioners of "hysic$ _ca". /_$
hath t'o strange stories to this "ur"ose$ 'hat fancy is able to do. The one
of a "arson!s 'ife in 8ortham"tonshire$ _An._ ,-CA$ that coming to a
"hysician$ and told by him that she 'as troubled 'ith the sciatica$ as he
conjectured (a disease she 'as free from)$ the same night after her return$
u"on his 'ords$ fell into a grie#ous fit of a sciatica& and such another
e+am"le he hath of another good 'ife$ that 'as so troubled 'ith the cram"$
after the same manner she came by it$ because her "hysician did but name
it. 9ometimes death itself is caused by force of "hantasy. I ha#e heard of
one that coming by chance in com"any of him that 'as thought to be sic% of
the "lague ('hich 'as not so) fell do'n suddenly dead. Another 'as sic% of
the "lague 'ith conceit. 2ne seeing his fello' let blood falls do'n in a
s'oon. Another (saith ;,-,BG:ardan out of Aristotle)$ fell do'n dead ('hich
is familiar to 'omen at any ghastly sight)$ seeing but a man hanged. A De'
in 7rance (saith ;,-=CG*odo#icus Ii#es)$ came by chance o#er a dangerous
"assage or "lan%$ that lay o#er a broo% in the dar%$ 'ithout harm$ the ne+t
day "ercei#ing 'hat danger he 'as in$ fell do'n dead. Many 'ill not belie#e
such stories to be true$ but laugh commonly$ and deride 'hen they hear of
them< but let these men consider 'ith themsel#es$ as ;,-=,GPeter yarus
illustrates it$ If they 'ere set to 'al% u"on a "lan% on high$ they 'ould
be giddy$ u"on 'hich they dare securely 'al% u"on the ground. Many (saith
Agri""a)$ ;,-==GLstrong-hearted men other'ise$ tremble at such sights$
dazzle$ and are sic%$ if they loo% but do'n from a high "lace$ and 'hat
mo#es them but conceitNL As some are so molested by "hantasy< so some
again$ by fancy alone$ and a good conceit$ are as easily reco#ered. 4e see
commonly the toothache$ gout$ falling-sic%ness$ biting of a mad dog$ and
many such maladies cured by s"ells$ 'ords$ characters$ and charms$ and many
green 'ounds by that no' so much used _Hnguentum Armarium_$ magnetically
cured$ 'hich :rollius and Goclenius in a boo% of late hath defended$
*iba#ius in a just tract as stiffly contradicts$ and most men contro#ert.
All the 'orld %no's there is no #irtue in such charms or cures$ but a
strong conceit and o"inion alone$ as ;,-=.GPom"onatius holds$ L'hich
forceth a motion of the humours$ s"irits$ and blood$ 'hich ta%es a'ay the
cause of the malady from the "arts affected.L The li%e 'e may say of our
magical effects$ su"erstitious cures$ and such as are done by mounteban%s
and 'izards. LAs by 'ic%ed incredulity many men are hurtL (so saith
;,-=?G4ierus of charms$ s"ells$ Fc.)$ L'e find in our e+"erience$ by the
same means many are relie#ed.L An em"iric oftentimes$ and a silly
chirurgeon$ doth more strange cures than a rational "hysician. 8ymannus
gi#es a reason$ because the "atient "uts his confidence in him$ ;,-=@G
'hich A#icenna L"refers before art$ "rece"ts$ and all remedies 'hatsoe#er.L
!Tis o"inion alone (saith ;,-=-G:ardan)$ that ma%es or mars "hysicians$ and
he doth the best cures$ according to 5i""ocrates$ in 'hom most trust. 9o
di#ersely doth this "hantasy of ours affect$ turn$ and 'ind$ so im"eriously
command our bodies$ 'hich as another ;,-=AGLProteus$ or a chameleon$ can
ta%e all sha"es< and is of such force (as 7icinus adds)$ that it can 'or%
u"on others$ as 'ell as oursel#es.L 5o' can other'ise blear eyes in one man
cause the li%e affection in anotherN 4hy doth one man!s ya'ning ;,-=/Gma%e
another ya'nN 2ne man!s "issing "ro#o%e a second many times to do the li%eN
4hy doth scra"ing of trenchers offend a third$ or hac%ing of filesN 4hy
doth a carcass bleed 'hen the murderer is brought before it$ some 'ee%s
after the murder hath been doneN 4hy do 'itches and old 'omen fascinate and
be'itch children& but as 4ierus$ Paracelsus$ :ardan$ Mizaldus$ Ialleriola$
:aesar Ianninus$ :am"anella$ and many "hiloso"hers thin%$ the forcible
imagination of the one "arty mo#es and alters the s"irits of the other. 8ay
more$ they can cause and cure not only diseases$ maladies$ and se#eral
infirmities$ by this means$ as A#icenna$ _de anim. l. ?. sect. ?_$
su""oseth in "arties remote$ but mo#e bodies from their "laces$ cause
thunder$ lightning$ tem"ests$ 'hich o"inion Al%indus$ Paracelsus$ and some
others$ a""ro#e of. 9o that I may certainly conclude this strong conceit or
imagination is _astrum hominis_$ and the rudder of this our shi"$ 'hich
reason should steer$ but$ o#erborne by "hantasy$ cannot manage$ and so
suffers itself$ and this 'hole #essel of ours to be o#erruled$ and often
o#erturned. 1ead more of this in 4ierus$ _l. .. de *amiis$ c. /$ B$ ,C._
7ranciscus Ialesius$ _med. contro#. l. @. cont. -._ Marcellus 3onatus$ _l.
=. c. ,. de hist. med. mirabil_. *e#inus *emnius$ _de occult. nat. mir. l.
,. c. ,=._ :ardan$ _l. ,/. de rerum #ar_. :orn. Agri""a$ _de occult.
"lilos. ca". -?$ -@._ :amerarius$ _, cent. ca". @?. horarum subcis_.
8ymannus$ _morat. de Imag_. *aurentius$ and him that is _instar omnium_$
7ienus$ a famous "hysician of Ant'er"$ that 'rote three boo%s _de #iribus
imaginationis_. I ha#e thus far digressed$ because this imagination is the
medium deferens of "assions$ by 'hose means they 'or% and "roduce many
times "rodigious effects& and as the "hantasy is more or less intended or
remitted$ and their humours dis"osed$ so do "erturbations mo#e$ more or
less$ and ta%e dee"er im"ression.
9H9E:T. III.--_3i#ision of Perturbations_.
Perturbations and "assions$ 'hich trouble the "hantasy$ though they d'ell
bet'een the confines of sense and reason$ yet they rather follo' sense than
reason$ because they are dro'ned in cor"oreal organs of sense. They are
commonly ;,-=BGreduced into t'o inclinations$ irascible and concu"iscible.
The Thomists subdi#ide them into ele#en$ si+ in the co#eting$ and fi#e in
the in#ading. Aristotle reduceth all to "leasure and "ain$ Plato to lo#e
and hatred$ ;,-.CGIi#es to good and bad. If good$ it is "resent$ and then
'e absolutely joy and lo#e< or to come$ and then 'e desire and ho"e for it.
If e#il$ 'e absolute hate it< if "resent$ it is by sorro'< if to come fear.
These four "assions ;,-.,Gernard com"ares Lto the 'heels of a chariot$ by
'hich 'e are carried in this 'orld.L All other "assions are subordinate
unto these four$ or si+$ as some 'ill& lo#e$ joy$ desire$ hatred$ sorro'$
fear< the rest$ as anger$ en#y$ emulation$ "ride$ jealousy$ an+iety$ mercy$
shame$ discontent$ des"air$ ambition$ a#arice$ Fc.$ are reducible unto the
first< and if they be immoderate$ they ;,-.=Gconsume the s"irits$ and
melancholy is es"ecially caused by them. 9ome fe' discreet men there are$
that can go#ern themsel#es$ and curb in these inordinate affections$ by
religion$ "hiloso"hy$ and such di#ine "rece"ts$ of mee%ness$ "atience$ and
the li%e< but most "art for 'ant of go#ernment$ out of indiscretion$
ignorance$ they suffer themsel#es 'holly to be led by sense$ and are so far
from re"ressing rebellious inclinations$ that they gi#e all encouragement
unto them$ lea#ing the reins$ and using all "ro#ocations to further them&
bad by nature$ 'orse by art$ disci"line$ ;,-..Gcustom$ education$ and a
"er#erse 'ill of their o'n$ they follo' on$ 'heresoe#er their unbridled
affections 'ill trans"ort them$ and do more out of custom$ self-'ill$ than
out of reason. _:ontuma+ #oluntas_$ as Melancthon calls it$ _malum facit_&
this stubborn 'ill of ours "er#erts judgment$ 'hich sees and %no's 'hat
should and ought to be done$ and yet 'ill not do it. _Manci"ia gulae_$
sla#es to their se#eral lusts and a""etite$ they "reci"itate and "lunge
;,-.?Gthemsel#es into a labyrinth of cares$ blinded 'ith lust$ blinded 'ith
ambition< ;,-.@GLThey see% that at God!s hands 'hich they may gi#e unto
themsel#es$ if they could but refrain from those cares and "erturbations$
'here'ith they continually macerate their minds.L ut gi#ing 'ay to these
#iolent "assions of fear$ grief$ shame$ re#enge$ hatred$ malice$ Fc.$ they
are torn in "ieces$ as Actaeon 'as 'ith his dogs$ and ;,-.-Gcrucify their
o'n souls.
9H9E:T. II.--_9orro' a :ause of Melancholy_.
_9orro'. Insanus dolor_.G In this catalogue of "assions$ 'hich so much
torment the soul of man$ and cause this malady$ (for I 'ill briefly s"ea%
of them all$ and in their order$) the first "lace in this irascible
a""etite$ may justly be challenged by sorro'. An inse"arable com"anion$
;,-.AGLThe mother and daughter of melancholy$ her e"itome$ sym"tom$ and
chief cause&L as 5i""ocrates hath it$ they beget one another$ and tread in
a ring$ for sorro' is both cause and sym"tom of this disease. 5o' it is a
sym"tom shall be sho'n in its "lace. That it is a cause all the 'orld
ac%no'ledgeth$ _3olor nonnullis insaniae causa fuit$ et aliorum morborum
insanabilium_$ saith Plutarch to A"ollonius< a cause of madness$ a cause of
many other diseases$ a sole cause of this mischief$ ;,-./G*emnius calls it.
9o doth 1hasis$ _cont. l. ,. tract. B._ Guianerius$ _Tract. ,@. c. @_$ And
if it ta%e root once$ it ends in des"air$ as ;,-.BG7eli+ Plater obser#es$
and as in ;,-?CG:ebes! table$ may 'ell be cou"led 'ith it.
;,-?,G:hrysostom$ in his se#enteenth e"istle to 2lym"ia$ describes it to be
La cruel torture of the soul$ a most ine+"licable grief$ "oisoned 'orm$
consuming body and soul$ and gna'ing the #ery heart$ a "er"etual
e+ecutioner$ continual night$ "rofound dar%ness$ a 'hirl'ind$ a tem"est$ an
ague not a""earing$ heating 'orse than any fire$ and a battle that hath no
end. It crucifies 'orse than any tyrant< no torture$ no stra""ado$ no
bodily "unishment is li%e unto it.L !Tis the eagle 'ithout 0uestion 'hich
the "oets feigned to gna' ;,-?=GPrometheus! heart$ and Lno hea#iness is
li%e unto the hea#iness of the heart$L Eccles. ++#. ,@$ ,-. ;,-?.GLE#ery
"erturbation is a misery$ but grief a cruel torment$L a domineering
"assion& as in old 1ome$ 'hen the 3ictator 'as created$ all inferior
magistracies ceased< 'hen grief a""ears$ all other "assions #anish. LIt
dries u" the bones$L saith 9olomon$ ca". ,A. Pro#.$ ma%es them hollo'-eyed$
"ale$ and lean$ furro'-faced$ to ha#e dead loo%s$ 'rin%led bro's$
shri#elled chee%s$ dry bodies$ and 0uite "er#erts their tem"erature that
are misaffected 'ith it. As Eleonara$ that e+iled mournful duchess (in our
;,-??GEnglish 2#id)$ laments to her noble husband 5um"hrey$ 3u%e of
Gloucester$
L9a'est thou those eyes in 'hose s'eet cheerful loo%
3u%e 5um"hrey once such joy and "leasure too%$
9orro' hath so des"oil!d me of all grace$
Thou couldst not say this 'as my Elnor!s face.
*i%e a foul Gorgon$L Fc.
;,-?@GLIt hinders concoction$ refrigerates the heart$ ta%es a'ay stomach$
colour$ and slee"$ thic%ens the blood$L (;,-?-G7ernelius$ _l. ,. c. ,/. de
morb. causis_$) Lcontaminates the s"irits.L (;,-?AGPiso.) 2#erthro's the
natural heat$ "er#erts the good estate of body and mind$ and ma%es them
'eary of their li#es$ cry out$ ho'l and roar for #ery anguish of their
souls. 3a#id confessed as much$ Psalm +++#iii. /$ LI ha#e roared for the
#ery dis0uietness of my heart.L And Psalm c+i+. ?$ "art ? #. LMy soul
melteth a'ay for #ery hea#iness$L #. ./. LI am li%e a bottle in the smo%e.L
Antiochus com"lained that he could not slee"$ and that his heart fainted
for grief$ ;,-?/G:hrist himself$ _#ir dolorum_$ out of an a""rehension of
grief$ did s'eat blood$ Mar% +i#. L5is soul 'as hea#y to the death$ and no
sorro' 'as li%e unto his.L :rato$ _consil. =?. l. =_$ gi#es instance in one
that 'as so melancholy by reason of ;,-?BGgrief< and Montanus$ _consil.
.C_$ in a noble matron$ ;,-@CGLthat had no other cause of this mischief.L
I. 9. 3. in 5ildesheim$ fully cured a "atient of his that 'as much troubled
'ith melancholy$ and for many years$ ;,-@,GLbut after'ards$ by a little
occasion of sorro'$ he fell into his former fits$ and 'as tormented as
before.L E+am"les are common$ ho' it causeth melancholy$ ;,-@=Gdes"eration$
and sometimes death itself< for (Eccles. +++#iii. ,@$) L2f hea#iness comes
death< 'orldly sorro' causeth death.L = :or. #ii. ,C$ Psalm +++i. ,C$ LMy
life is 'asted 'ith hea#iness$ and my years 'ith mourning.L 4hy 'as 5ecuba
said to be turned to a dogN 8iobe into a stoneN but that for grief she 'as
senseless and stu"id. 9e#erus the Em"eror ;,-@.G died for grief< and ho'
;,-@?Gmany myriads besidesN _Tanta illi est feritas$ tanta est insania
luctus_. ;,-@@GMelancthon gi#es a reason of it$ ;,-@-GLthe gathering of
much melancholy blood about the heart$ 'hich collection e+tinguisheth the
good s"irits$ or at least dulleth them$ sorro' stri%es the heart$ ma%es it
tremble and "ine a'ay$ 'ith great "ain< and the blac% blood dra'n from the
s"leen$ and diffused under the ribs$ on the left side$ ma%es those "erilous
hy"ochondriacal con#ulsions$ 'hich ha""en to them that are troubled 'ith
sorro'.L
9H9E:T. I.--_7ear$ a :ause_.
:ousin german to sorro'$ is fear$ or rather a sister$ _fidus Achates_$ and
continual com"anion$ an assistant and a "rinci"al agent in "rocuring of
this mischief< a cause and sym"tom as the other. In a 'ord$ as ;,-@AG
Iirgil of the 5ar"ies$ I may justly say of them both$
LTristius haud illis monstrum$ nec sae#ior ulla
Pestis et ira 3eum stygiis sese e+tulit undis.L
LA sadder monster$ or more cruel "lague so fell$
2r #engeance of the gods$ ne!er came from 9ty+ or 5ell.L
This foul fiend of fear 'as 'orshi""ed heretofore as a god by the
*acedaemonians$ and most of those other torturing ;,-@/Gaffections$ and so
'as sorro' amongst the rest$ under the name of Angerona 3ea$ they stood in
such a'e of them$ as Austin$ _de :i#itat. 3ei$ lib. ?. ca". /_$ noteth out
of Iarro$ fear 'as commonly ;,-@BGadored and "ainted in their tem"les 'ith
a lion!s head< and as Macrobius records$ _l. ,C. 9aturnalium_< ;,--CGLIn
the calends of Danuary$ Angerona had her holy day$ to 'hom in the tem"le of
Iolu"ia$ or goddess of "leasure$ their augurs and bisho"s did yearly
sacrifice< that$ being "ro"itious to them$ she might e+"el all cares$
anguish$ and #e+ation of the mind for that year follo'ing.L Many lamentable
effects this fear causeth in men$ as to be red$ "ale$ tremble$ s'eat$
;,--,Git ma%es sudden cold and heat to come o#er all the body$ "al"itation
of the heart$ synco"e$ Fc. It amazeth many men that are to s"ea%$ or sho'
themsel#es in "ublic assemblies$ or before some great "ersonages$ as Tully
confessed of himself$ that he trembled still at the beginning of his
s"eech< and 3emosthenes$ that great orator of Greece$ before Phili""us. It
confounds #oice and memory$ as *ucian 'ittily brings in Du"iter Tragoedus$
so much afraid of his auditory$ 'hen he 'as to ma%e a s"eech to the rest of
the Gods$ that he could not utter a ready 'ord$ but 'as com"elled to use
Mercury!s hel" in "rom"ting. Many men are so amazed and astonished 'ith
fear$ they %no' not 'here they are$ 'hat they say$ ;,--=G'hat they do$ and
that 'hich is 'orst$ it tortures them many days before 'ith continual
affrights and sus"icion. It hinders most honourable attem"ts$ and ma%es
their hearts ache$ sad and hea#y. They that li#e in fear are ne#er free$
;,--.Gresolute$ secure$ ne#er merry$ but in continual "ain& that$ as Ii#es
truly said$ _8ulla est miseria major 0uam metus_$ no greater misery$ no
rac%$ nor torture li%e unto it$ e#er sus"icious$ an+ious$ solicitous$ they
are childishly droo"ing 'ithout reason$ 'ithout judgment$ ;,--?GLes"ecially
if some terrible object be offered$L as Plutarch hath it. It causeth
oftentimes sudden madness$ and almost all manner of diseases$ as I ha#e
sufficiently illustrated in my ;,--@G digression of the force of
imagination$ and shall do more at large in my section of ;,---Gterrors.
7ear ma%es our imagination concei#e 'hat it list$ in#ites the de#il to come
to us$ as ;,--AGAgri""a and :ardan a#ouch$ and tyranniseth o#er our
"hantasy more than all other affections$ es"ecially in the dar%. 4e see
this #erified in most men$ as ;,--/G*a#ater saith$ _Kuae metuunt$ fingunt_<
'hat they fear they concei#e$ and feign unto themsel#es< they thin% they
see goblins$ hags$ de#ils$ and many times become melancholy thereby.
:ardan$ _subtil. lib. ,/_$ hath an e+am"le of such an one$ so caused to be
melancholy (by sight of a bugbear) all his life after. Augustus :aesar
durst not sit in the dar%$ _nisi ali0uo assidente_$ saith ;,--BG9uetonius$
_8un0uam tenebris e+igila#it_. And !tis strange 'hat 'omen and children
'ill concei#e unto themsel#es$ if they go o#er a churchyard in the night$
lie$ or be alone in a dar% room$ ho' they s'eat and tremble on a sudden.
Many men are troubled 'ith future e#ents$ fore%no'ledge of their fortunes$
destinies$ as 9e#erus the Em"eror$ Adrian and 3omitian$ _Kuod sciret
ultimum #itae diem_$ saith 9uetonius$ _#alde solicitus_$ much tortured in
mind because he fore%ne' his end< 'ith many such$ of 'hich I shall s"ea%
more o""ortunely in another "lace.;,-ACG An+iety$ mercy$ "ity$ indignation$
Fc.$ and such fearful branches deri#ed from these t'o stems of fear and
sorro'$ I #oluntarily omit< read more of them in ;,-A,G:arolus Pascalius$
;,-A=G3andinus$ Fc.
9H9E:T. II.--_9hame and 3isgrace$ :auses_.
9hame and disgrace cause most #iolent "assions and bitter "angs. _2b
"udorem et dedecus "ublicum$ ob errorum commissum sae"e mo#entur generosi
animi_ (7eli+ Plater$ _lib. .. de alienat mentis_.) Generous minds are
often mo#ed 'ith shame$ to des"air for some "ublic disgrace. And he$ saith
Philo$ _lib. =. de "ro#id. dei_$ ;,-A.GLthat subjects himself to fear$
grief$ ambition$ shame$ is not ha""y$ but altogether miserable$ tortured
'ith continual labour$ care$ and misery.L It is as forcible a batterer as
any of the rest& ;,-A?GLMany men neglect the tumults of the 'orld$ and care
not for glory$ and yet they are afraid of infamy$ re"ulse$ disgrace$L
(_Tul. offic. l. ,_$) Lthey can se#erely contemn "leasure$ bear grief
indifferently$ but they are 0uite ;,-A@Gbattered and bro%en$ 'ith re"roach
and oblo0uy&L (_si0uidem #ita et fama "ari "assu ambulant_) and are so
dejected many times for some "ublic injury$ disgrace$ as a bo+ on the ear
by their inferior$ to be o#ercome of their ad#ersary$ foiled in the field$
to be out in a s"eech$ some foul fact committed or disclosed$ Fc. that they
dare not come abroad all their li#es after$ but melancholise in corners$
and %ee" in holes. The most generous s"irits are most subject to it<
_9"iritus altos frangit et generosos_& 5ieronymus. Aristotle$ because he
could not understand the motion of Euri"us$ for grief and shame dro'ned
himself& :aelius 1odigimus _anti0uar. lec. lib. =B. ca". /._ _5omerus
"udore consum"tus_$ 'as s'allo'ed u" 'ith this "assion of shame ;,-A-G
Lbecause he could not unfold the fisherman!s riddle.L 9o"hocles %illed
himself$ ;,-AAGLfor that a tragedy of his 'as hissed off the stage&L
_Ialer. ma+. lib. B. ca". ,=._ *ucretia stabbed herself$ and so did
;,-A/G:leo"atra$ L'hen she sa' that she 'as reser#ed for a trium"h$ to
a#oid the infamy.L Antonius the 1oman$ ;,-ABGLafter he 'as o#ercome of his
enemy$ for three days! s"ace sat solitary in the fore-"art of the shi"$
abstaining from all com"any$ e#en of :leo"atra herself$ and after'ards for
#ery shame butchered himself$L Plutarch$ _#ita ejus_. A"ollonius 1hodius
;,-/CGL'ilfully banished himself$ forsa%ing his country$ and all his dear
friends$ because he 'as out in reciting his "oems$L Plinius$ _lib. A. ca".
=.._ Aja+ ran mad$ because his arms 'ere adjudged to Hlysses. In :hina !tis
an ordinary thing for such as are e+cluded in those famous trials of
theirs$ or should ta%e degrees$ for shame and grief to lose their 'its$
;,-/,GMat 1iccius _e+"edit. ad 9inas$ l. .. c. B._ 5ostratus the friar too%
that boo% 'hich 1euclin had 'rit against him$ under the name of _E"ist.
obscurorum #irorum_$ so to heart$ that for shame and grief he made a'ay
'ith himself$ ;,-/=G_Do#ius in elogiis_. A gra#e and learned minister$ and
an ordinary "reacher at Alcmar in 5olland$ 'as (one day as he 'al%ed in the
fields for his recreation) suddenly ta%en 'ith a la+ or looseness$ and
thereu"on com"elled to retire to the ne+t ditch< but being ;,-/.Gsur"rised
at una'ares$ by some gentle'omen of his "arish 'andering that 'ay$ 'as so
abashed$ that he did ne#er after sho' his head in "ublic$ or come into the
"ul"it$ but "ined a'ay 'ith melancholy& (Pet. 7orestus _med. obser#at. lib.
,C. obser#at. ,=._) 9o shame amongst other "assions can "lay his "rize.
I %no' there be many base$ im"udent$ brazenfaced rogues$ that 'ill ;,-/?G
_8ulla "allescere cul"a_$ be mo#ed 'ith nothing$ ta%e no infamy or disgrace
to heart$ laugh at all< let them be "ro#ed "erjured$ stigmatised$ con#ict
rogues$ thie#es$ traitors$ lose their ears$ be 'hi""ed$ branded$ carted$
"ointed at$ hissed$ re#iled$ and derided 'ith ;,-/@Gallio the a'd in
Plautus$ they rejoice at it$ _:antores "robos_< Lbabe and omba+$L 'hat
care theyN 4e ha#e too many such in our times$
------LE+clamat Melicerta "erisse
------7rontem de rebus.L;,-/-G
Eet a modest man$ one that hath grace$ a generous s"irit$ tender of his
re"utation$ 'ill be dee"ly 'ounded$ and so grie#ously affected 'ith it$
that he had rather gi#e myriads of cro'ns$ lose his life$ than suffer the
least defamation of honour$ or blot in his good name. And if so be that he
cannot a#oid it$ as a nightingale$ _Kue cantando #icta moritur_$ (saith
;,-/AGMizaldus$) dies for shame if another bird sing better$ he languisheth
and "ineth a'ay in the anguish of his s"irit.
9H9E:T. III.--_En#y$ Malice$ 5atred$ :auses_.
En#y and malice are t'o lin%s of this chain$ and both$ as Guianerius$
_Tract. ,@. ca". =_$ "ro#es out of Galen$ _. A"horism$ com. ==_$ ;,-//G
Lcause this malady by themsel#es$ es"ecially if their bodies be other'ise
dis"osed to melancholy.L !Tis Ialescus de Taranta$ and 7eli+ Platerus!
obser#ation$ ;,-/BGLEn#y so gna's many men!s hearts$ that they become
altogether melancholy.L And therefore beli%e 9olomon$ Pro#. +i#. ,.$ calls
it$ Lthe rotting of the bones$L :y"rian$ _#ulnus occultum_<
;,-BCG ------L9iculi non in#enere tyranni
Majus tormentumL------
The 9icilian tyrants ne#er in#ented the li%e torment. It crucifies their
souls$ 'ithers their bodies$ ma%es them hollo'-eyed$ ;,-B,G"ale$ lean$ and
ghastly to behold$ :y"rian$ _ser. =. de zelo et li#ore_. ;,-B=GLAs a moth
gna's a garment$ so$L saith :hrysostom$ Ldoth en#y consume a man<L to be a
li#ing anatomy& a Ls%eleton$ to be a lean and ;,-B.G"ale carcass$ 0uic%ened
'ith a ;,-B?GfiendL$ 5all _in :haract._ for so often as an en#ious 'retch
sees another man "ros"er$ to be enriched$ to thri#e$ and be fortunate in
the 'orld$ to get honours$ offices$ or the li%e$ he re"ines and grie#es.
;,-B@G ------Lintabescit0ue #idendo
9uccessus hominum--su""licium0ue suum est.L
5e tortures himself if his e0ual$ friend$ neighbour$ be "referred$
commended$ do 'ell< if he understand of it$ it galls him afresh< and no
greater "ain can come to him than to hear of another man!s 'ell-doing< !tis
a dagger at his heart e#ery such object. 5e loo%s at him as they that fell
do'n in *ucian!s roc% of honour$ 'ith an en#ious eye$ and 'ill damage
himself$ to do another a mischief& _At0ue cadet subito$ dum su"er hoste
cadat_. As he did in Aeso"$ lose one eye 'illingly$ that his fello' might
lose both$ or that rich man in ;,-B-GKuintilian that "oisoned the flo'ers
in his garden$ because his neighbour!s bees should get no more honey from
them. 5is 'hole life is sorro'$ and e#ery 'ord he s"ea%s a satire& nothing
fats him but other men!s ruins. 7or to s"ea% in a 'ord$ en#y is nought else
but _Tristitia de bonis alienis_$ sorro' for other men!s good$ be it
"resent$ "ast$ or to come& _et gaudium de ad#ersis_$ and ;,-BAGjoy at their
harms$ o""osite to mercy$ ;,-B/G'hich grie#es at other men!s mischances$
and misaffects the body in another %ind< so 3amascen defines it$ _lib. =.
de orthod. fid._ Thomas$ _=. =. 0uaest. .-. art. ,._ Aristotle$ _l. =.
1het. c. ?. et ,C._ Plato _Philebo_. Tully$ _.. Tusc_. Greg. 8ic. _l. de
#irt. animae$ c. ,=._ asil$ _de In#idia_. Pindarus _2d. ,. ser. @_$ and 'e
find it true. !Tis a common disease$ and almost natural to us$ as
;,-BBGTacitus holds$ to en#y another man!s "ros"erity. And !tis in most men
an incurable disease. ;,ACCGLI ha#e read$L saith Marcus Aurelius$ LGree%$
5ebre'$ :haldee authors< I ha#e consulted 'ith many 'ise men for a remedy
for en#y$ I could find none$ but to renounce all ha""iness$ and to be a
'retch$ and miserable for e#er.L !Tis the beginning of hell in this life$
and a "assion not to be e+cused. ;,AC,GLE#ery other sin hath some "leasure
anne+ed to it$ or 'ill admit of an e+cuse< en#y alone 'ants both. 2ther
sins last but for a'hile< the gut may be satisfied$ anger remits$ hatred
hath an end$ en#y ne#er ceaseth.L :ardan$ _lib. =. de sa"._ 3i#ine and
humane e+am"les are #ery familiar< you may run and read them$ as that of
9aul and 3a#id$ :ain and Abel$ _angebat illum non "ro"rium "eccatum$ sed
fratris "ros"eritas_$ saith Theodoret$ it 'as his brother!s good fortune
galled him. 1achel en#ied her sister$ being barren$ Gen. +++. Dose"h!s
brethren him$ Gen. +++#ii. 3a#id had a touch of this #ice$ as he
confesseth$ ;,AC=GPsal. .A. ;,AC.GDeremy and ;,AC?G5aba%%u%$ they re"ined
at others! good$ but in the end they corrected themsel#es$ Psal. A@$ Lfret
not thyself$L Fc. 3omitian s"ited Agricola for his 'orth$ ;,AC@GLthat a
"ri#ate man should be so much glorified.L ;,AC-G:ecinna 'as en#ied of his
fello'-citizens$ because he 'as more richly adorned. ut of all others$
;,ACAG'omen are most 'ea%$ _ob "ulchritudinem in#idae sunt foeminae
(Musaeus) aut amat$ aut odit$ nihil est tertium (Granatensis.)_ They lo#e
or hate$ no medium amongst them. _Im"lacabiles "lerum0ue laesae mulieres_$
Agri""ina li%e$ ;,AC/GLA 'oman$ if she see her neighbour more neat or
elegant$ richer in tires$ je'els$ or a""arel$ is enraged$ and li%e a
lioness sets u"on her husband$ rails at her$ scoffs at her$ and cannot
abide her<L so the 1oman ladies in Tacitus did at 9olonina$ :ecinna!s 'ife$
;,ACBGLbecause she had a better horse$ and better furniture$ as if she had
hurt them 'ith it< they 'ere much offended.L In li%e sort our gentle'omen
do at their usual meetings$ one re"ines or scoffs at another!s bra#ery and
ha""iness. Myrsine$ an Attic 'ench$ 'as murdered of her fello's$ ;,A,CG
Lbecause she did e+cel the rest in beauty$L :onstantine$ _Agricult. l. ,,.
c. A._ E#ery #illage 'ill yield such e+am"les.
9H9E:T. IIII.--_Emulation$ 5atred$ 7action$ 3esire of 1e#enge$ :auses_.
2ut of this root of en#y ;,A,,Gs"ring those feral branches of faction$
hatred$ li#or$ emulation$ 'hich cause the li%e grie#ances$ and are$ _serrae
animae_$ the sa's of the soul$ ;,A,=G_consternationis "leni affectus_$
affections full of des"erate amazement< or as :y"rian describes emulation$
it is ;,A,.GLa moth of the soul$ a consum"tion$ to ma%e another man!s
ha""iness his misery$ to torture$ crucify$ and e+ecute himself$ to eat his
o'n heart. Meat and drin% can do such men no good$ they do al'ays grie#e$
sigh$ and groan$ day and night 'ithout intermission$ their breast is torn
asunder&L and a little after$ ;,A,?GL4homsoe#er he is 'hom thou dost
emulate and en#y$ he may a#oid thee$ but thou canst neither a#oid him nor
thyself< 'heresoe#er thou art he is 'ith thee$ thine enemy is e#er in thy
breast$ thy destruction is 'ithin thee$ thou art a ca"ti#e$ bound hand and
foot$ as long as thou art malicious and en#ious$ and canst not be
comforted. It 'as the de#il!s o#erthro'<L and 'hensoe#er thou art
thoroughly affected 'ith this "assion$ it 'ill be thine. Eet no
"erturbation so fre0uent$ no "assion so common.
;,A,@G L;Gree%& %ai %erameus %eramei %oteei %ai te%toni te%ton$
%ai "tochos "tochoi "hthoneei %ai aoidos aoido.GL
LA "otter emulates a "otter&
2ne smith en#ies another&
A beggar emulates a beggar<
A singing man his brother.L
E#ery society$ cor"oration$ and "ri#ate family is full of it$ it ta%es hold
almost of all sorts of men$ from the "rince to the "loughman$ e#en amongst
gossi"s it is to be seen$ scarce three in a com"any but there is siding$
faction$ emulation$ bet'een t'o of them$ some _simultas_$ jar$ "ri#ate
grudge$ heart-burning in the midst of them. 9carce t'o gentlemen d'ell
together in the country$ (if they be not near %in or lin%ed in marriage)
but there is emulation bet'i+t them and their ser#ants$ some 0uarrel or
some grudge bet'i+t their 'i#es or children$ friends and follo'ers$ some
contention about 'ealth$ gentry$ "recedency$ Fc.$ by means of 'hich$ li%e
the frog in ;,A,-GAeso"$ Lthat 'ould s'ell till she 'as as big as an o+$
burst herself at last<L they 'ill stretch beyond their fortunes$ callings$
and stri#e so long that they consume their substance in la'suits$ or
other'ise in hos"itality$ feasting$ fine clothes$ to get a fe' bombast
titles$ for _ambitiosa "au"ertate laboramus omnes_$ to outbra#e one
another$ they 'ill tire their bodies$ macerate their souls$ and through
contentions or mutual in#itations beggar themsel#es. 9carce t'o great
scholars in an age$ but 'ith bitter in#ecti#es they fall foul one on the
other$ and their adherents< 9cotists$ Thomists$ 1eals$ 8ominals$ Plato and
Aristotle$ Galenists and Paracelsians$ Fc.$ it holds in all "rofessions.
5onest ;,A,AGemulation in studies$ in all callings is not to be disli%ed$
!tis _ingeniorum cos_$ as one calls it$ the 'hetstone of 'it$ the nurse of
'it and #alour$ and those noble 1omans out of this s"irit did bra#e
e+"loits. There is a modest ambition$ as Themistocles 'as roused u" 'ith
the glory of Miltiades< Achilles! tro"hies mo#ed Ale+ander$
;,A,/G LAmbire sem"er stulta confidentia est$
Ambire nun0uam deses arrogantia est.L
!Tis a sluggish humour not to emulate or to sue at all$ to 'ithdra'
himself$ neglect$ refrain from such "laces$ honours$ offices$ through
sloth$ niggardliness$ fear$ bashfulness$ or other'ise$ to 'hich by his
birth$ "lace$ fortunes$ education$ he is called$ a"t$ fit$ and 'ell able to
undergo< but 'hen it is immoderate$ it is a "lague and a miserable "ain.
4hat a deal of money did 5enry IIII. and 7rancis I. %ing of 7rance$ s"end
at that ;,A,BGfamous inter#ie'N and ho' many #ain courtiers$ see%ing each
to outbra#e other$ s"ent themsel#es$ their li#elihood and fortunes$ and
died beggarsN ;,A=CGAdrian the Em"eror 'as so galled 'ith it$ that he
%illed all his e0uals< so did 8ero. This "assion made ;,A=,G3ionysius the
tyrant banish Plato and Philo+enus the "oet$ because they did e+cel and
ecli"se his glory$ as he thought< the 1omans e+ile :oriolanus$ confine
:amillus$ murder 9ci"io< the Gree%s by ostracism to e+"el Aristides$
8icias$ Alcibiades$ im"rison Theseus$ ma%e a'ay Phocion$ Fc. 4hen 1ichard
I. and Phili" of 7rance 'ere fello' soldiers together$ at the siege of Acon
in the 5oly *and$ and 1ichard had a""ro#ed himself to be the more #aliant
man$ insomuch that all men!s eyes 'ere u"on him$ it so galled Phili"$
_7rancum urebat 1egis #ictoria_$ saith mine ;,A==Gauthor$ _tam aegre
ferebat 1ichardi gloriam$ ut car"ere dicta$ calumniari facta_< that he
ca#illed at all his "roceedings$ and fell at length to o"en defiance< he
could contain no longer$ but hasting home$ in#aded his territories$ and
"rofessed o"en 'ar. L5atred stirs u" contention$L Pro#. +. ,=$ and they
brea% out at last into immortal enmity$ into #irulency$ and more than
Iatinian hate and rage< ;,A=.Gthey "ersecute each other$ their friends$
follo'ers$ and all their "osterity$ 'ith bitter taunts$ hostile 'ars$
scurrile in#ecti#es$ libels$ calumnies$ fire$ s'ord$ and the li%e$ and 'ill
not be reconciled. 4itness that Guel"h and Ghibelline faction in Italy<
that of the Adurni and 7regosi in Genoa< that of :neius Pa"irius$ and
Kuintus 7abius in 1ome< :aesar and Pom"ey< 2rleans and urgundy in 7rance<
Eor% and *ancaster in England& yea$ this "assion so rageth ;,A=?Gmany
times$ that it sub#erts not men only$ and families$ but e#en "o"ulous
cities. ;,A=@G:arthage and :orinth can 'itness as much$ nay$ flourishing
%ingdoms are brought into a 'ilderness by it. This hatred$ malice$ faction$
and desire of re#enge$ in#ented first all those rac%s and 'heels$
stra""adoes$ brazen bulls$ feral engines$ "risons$ in0uisitions$ se#ere
la's to macerate and torment one another. 5o' ha""y might 'e be$ and end
our time 'ith blessed days and s'eet content$ if 'e could contain
oursel#es$ and$ as 'e ought to do$ "ut u" injuries$ learn humility$
mee%ness$ "atience$ forget and forgi#e$ as in ;,A=-GGod!s 'ord 'e are
enjoined$ com"ose such final contro#ersies amongst oursel#es$ moderate our
"assions in this %ind$ Land thin% better of others$L as ;,A=AGPaul 'ould
ha#e us$ Lthan of oursel#es& be of li%e affection one to'ards another$ and
not a#enge oursel#es$ but ha#e "eace 'ith all men.L ut being that 'e are
so "ee#ish and "er#erse$ insolent and "roud$ so factious and seditious$ so
malicious and en#ious< 'e do _in#icem angariare_$ maul and #e+ one another$
torture$ dis0uiet$ and "reci"itate oursel#es into that gulf of 'oes and
cares$ aggra#ate our misery and melancholy$ hea" u"on us hell and eternal
damnation.
9H9E:T. IJ.--_Anger$ a :ause_.
Anger$ a "erturbation$ 'hich carries the s"irits out'ards$ "re"aring the
body to melancholy$ and madness itself& _Ira furor bre#is est_$ Langer is
tem"orary madness<L and as ;,A=/GPicolomineus accounts it$ one of the three
most #iolent "assions. ;,A=BGAreteus sets it do'n for an es"ecial cause (so
doth 9eneca$ _e". ,/. l. ,_$) of this malady. ;,A.CGMagninus gi#es the
reason$ _E+ fre0uenti ira su"ra modum calefiunt_< it o#erheats their
bodies$ and if it be too fre0uent$ it brea%s out into manifest madness$
saith 9t. Ambrose. !Tis a %no'n saying$ _7uror fit Iaesa sae"ius
"alienlia_$ the most "atient s"irit that is$ if he be often "ro#o%ed$ 'ill
be incensed to madness< it 'ill ma%e a de#il of a saint& and therefore
asil (beli%e) in his 5omily _de Ira_$ calls it _tenebras rationis$ morbum
animae$ et daemonem "essimum_< the dar%ening of our understanding$ and a
bad angel. ;,A.,G*ucian$ _in Abdicato$ tom. ,_$ 'ill ha#e this "assion to
'or% this effect$ es"ecially in old men and 'omen. LAnger and calumnyL
(saith he) Ltrouble them at first$ and after a 'hile brea% out into
madness& many things cause fury in 'omen$ es"ecially if they lo#e or hate
o#ermuch$ or en#y$ be much grie#ed or angry< these things by little and
little lead them on to this malady.L 7rom a dis"osition they "roceed to an
habit$ for there is no difference bet'een a mad man$ and an angry man$ in
the time of his fit< anger$ as *actantius describes it$ _*. de Ira 3ei$ ad
3onatum$ c. @_$ is ;,A.=G_sae#a animi tem"estas_$ Fc.$ a cruel tem"est of
the mind< Lma%ing his eye s"ar%le fire$ and stare$ teeth gnash in his head$
his tongue stutter$ his face "ale$ or red$ and 'hat more filthy imitation
can be of a mad manNL
;,A..G L2ra tument ira$ fer#escunt sanguine #enae$
*umina Gorgonio sae#ius angue micant.L
They are #oid of reason$ ine+orable$ blind$ li%e beasts and monsters for
the time$ say and do they %no' not 'hat$ curse$ s'ear$ rail$ fight$ and
'hat notN 5o' can a mad man do moreN as he said in the comedy$ ;,A.?G
_Iracundia non sum a"ud me_$ I am not mine o'n man. If these fits be
immoderate$ continue long$ or be fre0uent$ 'ithout doubt they "ro#o%e
madness. Montanus$ _consil. =,_$ had a melancholy De' to his "atient$ he
ascribes this for a "rinci"al cause& _Irascebatur le#ibus de causis_$ he
'as easily mo#ed to anger. Aja+ had no other beginning of his madness< and
:harles the 9i+th$ that lunatic 7rench %ing$ fell into this misery$ out of
the e+tremity of his "assion$ desire of re#enge and malice$ ;,A.@Gincensed
against the du%e of ritain$ he could neither eat$ drin%$ nor slee" for
some days together$ and in the end$ about the calends of Duly$ ,.B=$ he
became mad u"on his horsebac%$ dra'ing his s'ord$ stri%ing such as came
near him "romiscuously$ and so continued all the days of his life$ Aemil.$
_lib. ,C._ Gal. _hist._ Aegesi""us _de e+id. urbis 5ieros$ l. ,. c. .A_$
hath such a story of 5erod$ that out of an angry fit$ became mad$
;,A.-Glea"ing out of his bed$ he %illed Dossi""us$ and "layed many such
bedlam "ran%s$ the 'hole court could not rule him for a long time after&
sometimes he 'as sorry and re"ented$ much grie#ed for that he had done$
_Post0uam deferbuit ira_$ by and by outrageous again. In hot choleric
bodies$ nothing so soon causeth madness$ as this "assion of anger$ besides
many other diseases$ as Pelesius obser#es$ _ca". =,. l. ,. de hum. affect.
causis_< _9anguinem imminuit$ fel auget_& and as ;,A.AGIalesius
contro#erts$ _Med. contro#.$ lib. @. contro. /_$ many times %ills them
0uite out. If this 'ere the 'orst of this "assion$ it 'ere more tolerable$
;,A./GLbut it ruins and sub#erts 'hole to'ns$ ;,A.BGcities$ families$ and
%ingdoms<L _8ulla "estis humano generi "luris stetit_$ saith 9eneca$ _de
Ira$ lib. ,._ 8o "lague hath done man%ind so much harm. *oo% into our
histories$ and you shall almost meet 'ith no other subject$ but 'hat a
com"any ;,A?CGof harebrains ha#e done in their rage. 4e may do 'ell
therefore to "ut this in our "rocession amongst the rest< L7rom all
blindness of heart$ from "ride$ #ainglory$ and hy"ocrisy$ from en#y$ hatred
and malice$ anger$ and all such "estiferous "erturbations$ good *ord
deli#er us.L
9H9E:T. J.--_3iscontents$ :ares$ Miseries$ Fc. :auses_.
3iscontents$ cares$ crosses$ miseries$ or 'hatsoe#er it is$ that shall
cause any molestation of s"irits$ grief$ anguish$ and "er"le+ity$ may 'ell
be reduced to this head$ ("re"osterously "laced here in some men!s
judgments they may seem$) yet in that Aristotle in his ;,A?,G1hetoric
defines these cares$ as he doth en#y$ emulation$ Fc. still by grief$ I
thin% I may 'ell ran% them in this irascible ro'< being that they are as
the rest$ both causes and sym"toms of this disease$ "roducing the li%e
incon#eniences$ and are most "art accom"anied 'ith anguish and "ain. The
common etymology 'ill e#ince it$ _:ura 0uasi cor uro$ 3ementes curae$
insomnes curae$ damnosae curae$ tristes$ mordaces$ carnifices_$ Fc. biting$
eating$ gna'ing$ cruel$ bitter$ sic%$ sad$ un0uiet$ "ale$ tetric$
miserable$ intolerable cares$ as the "oets ;,A?=Gcall them$ 'orldly cares$
and are as many in number as the sea sands. ;,A?.GGalen$ 7ernelius$ 7eli+
Plater$ Ialescus de Taranta$ Fc.$ rec%on afflictions$ miseries$ e#en all
these contentions$ and #e+ations of the mind$ as "rinci"al causes$ in that
they ta%e a'ay slee"$ hinder concoction$ dry u" the body$ and consume the
substance of it. They are not so many in number$ but their causes be as
di#ers$ and not one of a thousand free from them$ or that can #indicate
himself$ 'hom that _Ate dea_$
;,A??G LPer hominum ca"ita molliter ambulans$
Plantas "edum teneras habens&L
L2#er men!s heads 'al%ing aloft$
4ith tender feet treading so soft$L
5omer!s Goddess Ate hath not in#ol#ed into this discontented ;,A?@Gran%$ or
"lagued 'ith some misery or other. 5yginus$ _fab. ==C_$ to this "ur"ose
hath a "leasant tale. 3ame :ura by chance 'ent o#er a broo%$ and ta%ing u"
some of the dirty slime$ made an image of it< Du"iter eftsoons coming by$
"ut life to it$ but :ura and Du"iter could not agree 'hat name to gi#e him$
or 'ho should o'n him< the matter 'as referred to 9aturn as judge< he ga#e
this arbitrement& his name shall be _5omo ab humo$ :ura eum "ossideat
0uamdiu #i#at_$ :are shall ha#e him 'hilst he li#es$ Du"iter his soul$ and
Tellus his body 'hen he dies. ut to lea#e tales. A general cause$ a
continuate cause$ an inse"arable accident$ to all men$ is discontent$ care$
misery< 'ere there no other "articular affliction ('hich 'ho is free fromN)
to molest a man in this life$ the #ery cogitation of that common misery
'ere enough to macerate$ and ma%e him 'eary of his life< to thin% that he
can ne#er be secure$ but still in danger$ sorro'$ grief$ and "ersecution.
7or to begin at the hour of his birth$ as ;,A?-GPliny doth elegantly
describe it$ Lhe is born na%ed$ and falls ;,A?AGa 'hining at the #ery
first& he is s'addled$ and bound u" li%e a "risoner$ cannot hel" himself$
and so he continues to his life!s end.L _:ujus0ue ferae "abulum_$ saith
;,A?/G9eneca$ im"atient of heat and cold$ im"atient of labour$ im"atient of
idleness$ e+"osed to fortune!s contumelies. To a na%ed mariner *ucretius
com"ares him$ cast on shore by shi"'rec%$ cold and comfortless in an
un%no'n land& ;,A?BGno estate$ age$ se+$ can secure himself from this
common misery. LA man that is born of a 'oman is of short continuance$ and
full of trouble$L Dob +i#. ,$ ==. LAnd 'hile his flesh is u"on him he shall
be sorro'ful$ and 'hile his soul is in him it shall mourn. All his days are
sorro' and his tra#els griefs& his heart also ta%eth not rest in the
night.L Eccles. ii. =.$ and ii. ,,. LAll that is in it is sorro' and
#e+ation of s"irit. ;,A@CGIngress$ "rogress$ regress$ egress$ much ali%e&
blindness seizeth on us in the beginning$ labour in the middle$ grief in
the end$ error in all. 4hat day ariseth to us 'ithout some grief$ care$ or
anguishN 2r 'hat so secure and "leasing a morning ha#e 'e seen$ that hath
not been o#ercast before the e#eningNL 2ne is miserable$ another
ridiculous$ a third odious. 2ne com"lains of this grie#ance$ another of
that. _Ali0uando ner#i$ ali0uando "edes #e+ant_$ (9eneca) _nunc
distillatio$ nunc e"atis morbus< nunc deest$ nunc su"erest sanguis_& no'
the head aches$ then the feet$ no' the lungs$ then the li#er$ Fc. _5uic
sensus e+uberat$ sed est "udori degener sanguis_$ Fc. 5e is rich$ but base
born< he is noble$ but "oor< a third hath means$ but he 'ants health
"erad#enture$ or 'it to manage his estate< children #e+ one$ 'ife a second$
Fc. _8emo facile cum conditione sua concordat_$ no man is "leased 'ith his
fortune$ a "ound of sorro' is familiarly mi+ed 'ith a dram of content$
little or no joy$ little comfort$ but ;,A@,Ge#ery'here danger$ contention$
an+iety$ in all "laces& go 'here thou 'ilt$ and thou shalt find
discontents$ cares$ 'oes$ com"laints$ sic%ness$ diseases$ encumbrances$
e+clamations& LIf thou loo% into the mar%et$ thereL (saith ;,A@=G
:hrysostom) Lis bra'ling and contention< if to the court$ there %na#ery and
flattery$ Fc.< if to a "ri#ate man!s house$ there!s car% and care$
hea#iness$L Fc. As he said of old$
;,A@.G L8il homine in terra s"irat miserum magis almaNL
8o creature so miserable as man$ so generally molested$ ;,A@?GLin miseries
of body$ in miseries of mind$ miseries of heart$ in miseries aslee"$ in
miseries a'a%e$ in miseries 'heresoe#er he turns$L as ernard found$
_8un0uid tentatio est #ita humana su"er terram_N A mere tem"tation is our
life$ (Austin$ _confess. lib. ,C. ca". =/_$) _catena "er"etuorum malorum$
et 0uis "otest molestias et difficultates "ati_N 4ho can endure the
miseries of itN ;,A@@GLIn "ros"erity 'e are insolent and intolerable$
dejected in ad#ersity$ in all fortunes foolish and miserable.L ;,A@-GLIn
ad#ersity I 'ish for "ros"erity$ and in "ros"erity I am afraid of
ad#ersity. 4hat mediocrity may be foundN 4here is no tem"tationN 4hat
condition of life is freeNL ;,A@AGL4isdom hath labour anne+ed to it$ glory$
en#y< riches and cares$ children and encumbrances$ "leasure and diseases$
rest and beggary$ go together& as if a man 'ere therefore bornL (as the
Platonists hold) Lto be "unished in this life for some "recedent sins.L 2r
that$ as ;,A@/GPliny com"lains$ L8ature may be rather accounted a
ste"mother$ than a mother unto us$ all things considered& no creature!s
life so brittle$ so full of fear$ so mad$ so furious< only man is "lagued
'ith en#y$ discontent$ griefs$ co#etousness$ ambition$ su"erstition.L 2ur
'hole life is an Irish sea$ 'herein there is nought to be e+"ected but
tem"estuous storms and troublesome 'a#es$ and those infinite$
;,A@BG LTantum malorum "elagus as"icio$
Ht non sit inde enatandi co"ia$L
no halcyonian times$ 'herein a man can hold himself secure$ or agree 'ith
his "resent estate< but as oethius infers$ ;,A-CGLthere is something in
e#ery one of us 'hich before trial 'e see%$ and ha#ing tried abhor& ;,A-,G
'e earnestly 'ish$ and eagerly co#et$ and are eftsoons 'eary of it.L Thus
bet'een ho"e and fear$ sus"icions$ angers$ ;,A-=G_Inter s"em0ue metum0ue$
timores inter et iras_$ bet'i+t falling in$ falling out$ Fc.$ 'e bangle
a'ay our best days$ befool out our times$ 'e lead a contentious$
discontent$ tumultuous$ melancholy$ miserable life< insomuch$ that if 'e
could foretell 'hat 'as to come$ and it "ut to our choice$ 'e should rather
refuse than acce"t of this "ainful life. In a 'ord$ the 'orld itself is a
maze$ a labyrinth of errors$ a desert$ a 'ilderness$ a den of thie#es$
cheaters$ Fc.$ full of filthy "uddles$ horrid roc%s$ "reci"itiums$ an ocean
of ad#ersity$ an hea#y yo%e$ 'herein infirmities and calamities o#erta%e$
and follo' one another$ as the sea 'a#es< and if 'e sca"e 9cylla$ 'e fall
foul on :harybdis$ and so in "er"etual fear$ labour$ anguish$ 'e run from
one "lague$ one mischief$ one burden to another$ _duram ser#ientes
ser#itutem_$ and you may as soon se"arate 'eight from lead$ heat from fire$
moistness from 'ater$ brightness from the sun$ as misery$ discontent$ care$
calamity$ danger$ from a man. 2ur to'ns and cities are but so many
d'ellings of human misery. LIn 'hich grief and sorro'L (;,A-.Gas he right
'ell obser#es out of 9olon) Linnumerable troubles$ labours of mortal men$
and all manner of #ices$ are included$ as in so many "ens.L 2ur #illages
are li%e molehills$ and men as so many emmets$ busy$ busy still$ going to
and fro$ in and out$ and crossing one another!s "rojects$ as the lines of
se#eral sea-cards cut each other in a globe or ma". L8o' light and merry$L
but (;,A-?Gas one follo's it) Lby-and-by sorro'ful and hea#y< no' ho"ing$
then distrusting< no' "atient$ tomorro' crying out< no' "ale$ then red<
running$ sitting$ s'eating$ trembling$ halting$L Fc. 9ome fe' amongst the
rest$ or "erha"s one of a thousand$ may be Pullus Do#is$ in the 'orld!s
esteem$ _Gallinae filius albae_$ an ha""y and fortunate man$ _ad in#idiam
feli+_$ because rich$ fair$ 'ell allied$ in honour and office< yet
"erad#enture as% himself$ and he 'ill say$ that of all others ;,A-@Ghe is
most miserable and unha""y. A fair shoe$ _5ic soccus no#us$ elegans_$ as he
;,A--Gsaid$ _sed nescis ubi urat_$ but thou %no'est not 'here it "incheth.
It is not another man!s o"inion can ma%e me ha""y& but as ;,A-AG9eneca 'ell
hath it$ L5e is a miserable 'retch that doth not account himself ha""y$
though he be so#ereign lord of a 'orld& he is not ha""y$ if he thin%
himself not to be so< for 'hat a#aileth it 'hat thine estate is$ or seem to
others$ if thou thyself disli%e itNL A common humour it is of all men to
thin% 'ell of other men!s fortunes$ and disli%e their o'n& ;,A-/G_:ui
"lacet alterius$ sua nimirum est odio sors_< but ;,A-BG_0ui fit Mecoenas_$
Fc.$ ho' comes it to "ass$ 'hat!s the cause of itN Many men are of such a
"er#erse nature$ they are 'ell "leased 'ith nothing$ (saith ;,AACG
Theodoret$) Lneither 'ith riches nor "o#erty$ they com"lain 'hen they are
'ell and 'hen they are sic%$ grumble at all fortunes$ "ros"erity and
ad#ersity< they are troubled in a chea" year$ in a barren$ "lenty or not
"lenty$ nothing "leaseth them$ 'ar nor "eace$ 'ith children$ nor 'ithout.L
This for the most "art is the humour of us all$ to be discontent$
miserable$ and most unha""y$ as 'e thin% at least< and sho' me him that is
not so$ or that e#er 'as other'ise. Kuintus Metellus his felicity is
infinitely admired amongst the 1omans$ insomuch that as ;,AA,GPaterculus
mentioneth of him$ you can scarce find of any nation$ order$ age$ se+$ one
for ha""iness to be com"ared unto him& he had$ in a 'ord$ _ona animi$
cor"oris et fortunae_$ goods of mind$ body$ and fortune$ so had P.
Mutianus$ ;,AA=G:rassus. *am"saca$ that *acedaemonian lady$ 'as such
another in ;,AA.GPliny!s conceit$ a %ing!s 'ife$ a %ing!s mother$ a %ing!s
daughter& and all the 'orld esteemed as much of Polycrates of 9amos. The
Gree%s brag of their 9ocrates$ Phocion$ Aristides< the Pso"hidians in
"articular of their Aglaus$ _2mni #ita feli+$ ab omni "ericulo immunis_
('hich by the 'ay Pausanias held im"ossible<) the 1omans of their ;,AA?G
:ato$ :urius$ 7abricius$ for their com"osed fortunes$ and retired estates$
go#ernment of "assions$ and contem"t of the 'orld& yet none of all these
'ere ha""y$ or free from discontent$ neither Metellus$ :rassus$ nor
Polycrates$ for he died a #iolent death$ and so did :ato< and ho' much e#il
doth *actantius and Theodoret s"ea% of 9ocrates$ a 'ea% man$ and so of the
rest. There is no content in this life$ but as ;,AA@Ghe said$ LAll is
#anity and #e+ation of s"irit<L lame and im"erfect. 5adst thou 9am"son!s
hair$ Milo!s strength$ 9canderbeg!s arm$ 9olomon!s 'isdom$ Absalom!s
beauty$ :roesus! 'ealth$ _Pasetis obulum_$ :aesar!s #alour$ Ale+ander!s
s"irit$ Tully!s or 3emosthenes! elo0uence$ Gyges! ring$ Perseus! Pegasus$
and Gorgon!s head$ 8estor!s years to come$ all this 'ould not ma%e thee
absolute< gi#e thee content$ and true ha""iness in this life$ or so
continue it. E#en in the midst of all our mirth$ jollity$ and laughter$ is
sorro' and grief$ or if there be true ha""iness amongst us$ !tis but for a
time$
;,AA-G L3esinat in "iscem mulier formosa su"erne&L
LA handsome 'oman 'ith a fish!s tail$L
a fair morning turns to a lo'ering afternoon. rutus and :assius$ once
reno'ned$ both eminently ha""y$ yet you shall scarce find t'o (saith
Paterculus) _0uos fortuna maturius destiturit_$ 'hom fortune sooner
forsoo%. 5annibal$ a con0ueror all his life$ met 'ith his match$ and 'as
subdued at last$ _2ccurrit forti$ 0ui mage fortis erit._ 2ne is brought in
trium"h$ as :aesar into 1ome$ Alcibiades into Athens$ _coronis aureis
donatus_$ cro'ned$ honoured$ admired< by-and-by his statues demolished$ he
hissed out$ massacred$ Fc. ;,AAAGMagnus Gonsal#a$ that famous 9"aniard$ 'as
of the "rince and "eo"le at first honoured$ a""ro#ed< forth'ith confined
and banished. _Admirandas actiones< gra#es "lerun0ue se0uuntur in#idiae$ et
acres calumniae_& !tis Polybius his obser#ation$ grie#ous enmities$ and
bitter calumnies$ commonly follo' reno'ned actions. 2ne is born rich$ dies
a beggar< sound today$ sic% tomorro'< no' in most flourishing estate$
fortunate and ha""y$ by-and-by de"ri#ed of his goods by foreign enemies$
robbed by thie#es$ s"oiled$ ca"ti#ated$ im"o#erished$ as they of
;,AA/GL1abbah "ut under iron sa's$ and under iron harro's$ and under a+es
of iron$ and cast into the tile %iln$L
;,AABG LKuid me felicem toties jactastis amici$
Kui cecidit$ stabili non erat ille gradu.L
5e that erst marched li%e Jer+es 'ith innumerable armies$ as rich as
:roesus$ no' shifts for himself in a "oor coc%-boat$ is bound in iron
chains$ 'ith ajazet the Tur%$ and a footstool 'ith Aurelian$ for a
tyrannising con0ueror to tram"le on. 9o many casualties there are$ that as
9eneca said of a city consumed 'ith fire$ _Hna dies interest inter ma+imum
ci#itatem et nullam_$ one day bet'i+t a great city and none& so many
grie#ances from out'ard accidents$ and from oursel#es$ our o'n
indiscretion$ inordinate a""etite$ one day bet'i+t a man and no man. And
'hich is 'orse$ as if discontents and miseries 'ould not come fast enough
u"on us& _homo homini daemon_$ 'e maul$ "ersecute$ and study ho' to sting$
gall$ and #e+ one another 'ith mutual hatred$ abuses$ injuries< "reying
u"on and de#ouring as so many$ ;,A/CGra#enous birds< and as jugglers$
"anders$ ba'ds$ cozening one another< or raging as ;,A/,G'ol#es$ tigers$
and de#ils$ 'e ta%e a delight to torment one another< men are e#il$ 'ic%ed$
malicious$ treacherous$ and ;,A/=Gnaught$ not lo#ing one another$ or lo#ing
themsel#es$ not hos"itable$ charitable$ nor sociable as they ought to be$
but counterfeit$ dissemblers$ ambide+ters$ all for their o'n ends$
hard-hearted$ merciless$ "itiless$ and to benefit themsel#es$ they care not
'hat mischief they "rocure to others. ;,A/.GPra+inoe and Gorgo in the "oet$
'hen they had got in to see those costly sights$ they then cried _bene
est_$ and 'ould thrust out all the rest& 'hen they are rich themsel#es$ in
honour$ "referred$ full$ and ha#e e#en that they 'ould$ they debar others
of those "leasures 'hich youth re0uires$ and they formerly ha#e enjoyed. 5e
sits at table in a soft chair at ease$ but he doth remember in the mean
time that a tired 'aiter stands behind him$ Lan hungry fello' ministers to
him full$ he is athirst that gi#es him drin%L (saith ;,A/?GE"ictetus) Land
is silent 'hilst he s"ea%s his "leasure& "ensi#e$ sad$ 'hen he laughs.L
_Pleno se "roluit auro_& he feasts$ re#els$ and "rofusely s"ends$ hath
#ariety of robes$ s'eet music$ ease$ and all the "leasure the 'orld can
afford$ 'hilst many an hunger-star#ed "oor creature "ines in the street$
'ants clothes to co#er him$ labours hard all day long$ runs$ rides for a
trifle$ fights "erad#enture from sun to sun$ sic% and ill$ 'eary$ full of
"ain and grief$ is in great distress and sorro' of heart. 5e loathes and
scorns his inferior$ hates or emulates his e0ual$ en#ies his su"erior$
insults o#er all such as are under him$ as if he 'ere of another s"ecies$ a
demigod$ not subject to any fall$ or human infirmities. Generally they lo#e
not$ are not belo#ed again& they tire out others! bodies 'ith continual
labour$ they themsel#es li#ing at ease$ caring for none else$ _sibi nati_<
and are so far many times from "utting to their hel"ing hand$ that they
see% all means to de"ress$ e#en most 'orthy and 'ell deser#ing$ better than
themsel#es$ those 'hom they are by the la's of nature bound to relie#e and
hel"$ as much as in them lies$ they 'ill let them cater'aul$ star#e$ beg$
and hang$ before they 'ill any 'ays (though it be in their "o'er) assist or
ease& ;,A/@Gso unnatural are they for the most "art$ so unregardful< so
hard-hearted$ so churlish$ "roud$ insolent$ so dogged$ of so bad a
dis"osition. And being so brutish$ so de#ilishly bent one to'ards another$
ho' is it "ossible but that 'e should be discontent of all sides$ full of
cares$ 'oes$ and miseriesN
If this be not a sufficient "roof of their discontent and misery$ e+amine
e#ery condition and calling a"art. 6ings$ "rinces$ monarchs$ and
magistrates seem to be most ha""y$ but loo% into their estate$ you shall
;,A/-Gfind them to be most encumbered 'ith cares$ in "er"etual fear$ agony$
sus"icion$ jealousy& that$ as ;,A/AGhe said of a cro'n$ if they %ne' but
the discontents that accom"any it$ they 'ould not stoo" to ta%e it u".
_Kuem mihi regent dabis_ (saith :hrysostom) _non curis "lenum_N 4hat %ing
canst thou sho' me$ not full of caresN ;,A//GL*oo% not on his cro'n$ but
consider his afflictions< attend not his number of ser#ants$ but multitude
of crosses.L _8ihil aliud "otestas culminis$ 0uam tem"estas mentis_$ as
Gregory seconds him< so#ereignty is a tem"est of the soul& 9ylla li%e they
ha#e bra#e titles$ but terrible fits& _s"lendorem titulo$ cruciatum animo_&
'hich made ;,A/BG3emosthenes #o'$ _si #el ad tribunal$ #el ad interitum
duceretur_& if to be a judge$ or to be condemned$ 'ere "ut to his choice$
he 'ould be condemned. 1ich men are in the same "redicament< 'hat their
"ains are$ _stulti nesciunt$ i"si sentiunt_& they feel$ fools "ercei#e not$
as I shall "ro#e else'here$ and their 'ealth is brittle$ li%e children!s
rattles& they come and go$ there is no certainty in them& those 'hom they
ele#ate$ they do as suddenly de"ress$ and lea#e in a #ale of misery. The
middle sort of men are as so many asses to bear burdens< or if they be
free$ and li#e at ease$ they s"end themsel#es$ and consume their bodies and
fortunes 'ith lu+ury and riot$ contention$ emulation$ Fc. The "oor I
reser#e for another ;,ABCG"lace and their discontents.
7or "articular "rofessions$ I hold as of the rest$ there!s no content or
security in any< on 'hat course 'ill you "itch$ ho' resol#eN to be a
di#ine$ !tis contem"tible in the 'orld!s esteem< to be a la'yer$ !tis to be
a 'rangler< to be a "hysician$ ;,AB,G_"udet lotii_$ !tis loathed< a
"hiloso"her$ a madman< an alchemist$ a beggar< a "oet$ _esurit_$ an hungry
jac%< a musician$ a "layer< a schoolmaster$ a drudge< an husbandman$ an
emmet< a merchant$ his gains are uncertain< a mechanician$ base< a
chirurgeon$ fulsome< a tradesman$ a ;,AB=Gliar< a tailor$ a thief< a
ser#ing-man$ a sla#e< a soldier$ a butcher< a smith$ or a metalman$ the
"ot!s ne#er from his nose< a courtier a "arasite$ as he could find no tree
in the 'ood to hang himself< I can sho' no state of life to gi#e content.
The li%e you may say of all ages< children li#e in a "er"etual sla#ery$
still under that tyrannical go#ernment of masters< young men$ and of ri"er
years$ subject to labour$ and a thousand cares of the 'orld$ to treachery$
falsehood$ and cozenage$
;,AB.G ------LIncedit "er ignes$
9u""ositos cineri doloso$L
------Lyou incautious tread
2n fires$ 'ith faithless ashes o#erhead.L
;,AB?Gold are full of aches in their bones$ cram"s and con#ulsions$
_silicernia_$ dull of hearing$ 'ea% sighted$ hoary$ 'rin%led$ harsh$ so
much altered as that they cannot %no' their o'n face in a glass$ a burthen
to themsel#es and others$ after AC years$ Lall is sorro'L (as 3a#id hath
it)$ they do not li#e but linger. If they be sound$ they fear diseases< if
sic%$ 'eary of their li#es& _8on est #i#ere$ sed #alere #ita._ 2ne
com"lains of 'ant$ a second of ser#itude$ ;,AB@Ganother of a secret or
incurable disease< of some deformity of body$ of some loss$ danger$ death
of friends$ shi"'rec%$ "ersecution$ im"risonment$ disgrace$ re"ulse$ ;,AB-G
contumely$ calumny$ abuse$ injury$ contem"t$ ingratitude$ un%indness$
scoffs$ flouts$ unfortunate marriage$ single life$ too many children$ no
children$ false ser#ants$ unha""y children$ barrenness$ banishment$
o""ression$ frustrate ho"es and ill-success$ Fc.
;,ABAG LTalia de genere hoc adeo sunt multa$ lo0uacem ut
3elassare #alent 7abium.L------
Lut$ e#ery #arious instance to re"eat$
4ould tire e#en 7abius of incessant "rate.L
Tal%ing 7abius 'ill be tired before he can tell half of them< they are the
subject of 'hole #olumes$ and shall (some of them) be more o""ortunely
dilated else'here. In the meantime thus much I may say of them$ that
generally they crucify the soul of man$ ;,AB/Gattenuate our bodies$ dry
them$ 'ither them$ shri#el them u" li%e old a""les$ ma%e them as so many
anatomies (;,ABBG_ossa at0ue "ellis est totus$ ita curis macet_) they cause
_tem"us foedum et s0ualidum_$ cumbersome days$ _ingrata0ue tem"ora_$ slo'$
dull$ and hea#y times& ma%e us ho'l$ roar$ and tear our hairs$ as sorro'
did in ;,/CCG:ebes! table$ and groan for the #ery anguish of our souls. 2ur
hearts fail us as 3a#id!s did$ Psal. +l. ,=$ Lfor innumerable troubles that
com"assed him<L and 'e are ready to confess 'ith 5eze%iah$ Isaiah l#iii.
,A$ Lbehold$ for felicity I had bitter grief<L to 'ee" 'ith 5eraclitus$ to
curse the day of our birth 'ith Deremy$ ++. ,?$ and our stars 'ith Dob& to
hold that a+iom of 9ilenus$ ;,/C,GLbetter ne#er to ha#e been born$ and the
best ne+t of all$ to die 0uic%ly&L or if 'e must li#e$ to abandon the
'orld$ as Timon did< cree" into ca#es and holes$ as our anchorites< cast
all into the sea$ as :rates Thebanus< or as Theombrotus Ambrociato!s ?CC
auditors$ "reci"itate oursel#es to be rid of these miseries.
9H9E:T. JI.--_:oncu"iscible A""etite$ as 3esires$ Ambition$ :auses_.
These concu"iscible and irascible a""etites are as the t'o t'ists of a
ro"e$ mutually mi+ed one 'ith the other$ and both t'ining about the heart&
both good$ as Austin$ holds$ _l. ,?. c. B. de ci#. 3ei_$ ;,/C=GLif they be
moderate< both "ernicious if they be e+orbitant.L This concu"iscible
a""etite$ ho'soe#er it may seem to carry 'ith it a sho' of "leasure and
delight$ and our concu"iscences most "art affect us 'ith content and a
"leasing object$ yet if they be in e+tremes$ they rac% and 'ring us on the
other side. A true saying it is$ L3esire hath no rest<L is infinite in
itself$ endless< and as ;,/C.Gone calls it$ a "er"etual rac%$ ;,/C?Gor
horse-mill$ according to Austin$ still going round as in a ring. They are
not so continual$ as di#ers$ _felicius atomos denumerare "ossem_$ saith
;,/C@Gernard$ _0uam motus cordis< nunc haec$ nunc illa cogito_$ you may as
'ell rec%on u" the motes in the sun as them. ;,/C-GLIt e+tends itself to
e#erything$L as Guianerius 'ill ha#e it$ Lthat is su"erfluously sought
after&L! or to any ;,/CAGfer#ent desire$ as 7ernelius inter"rets it< be it
in 'hat %ind soe#er$ it tortures if immoderate$ and is (according to ;,/C/G
Plater and others) an es"ecial cause of melancholy. _Multuosis
concu"iscentiis dilaniantur cogitationes meae_$ ;,/CBGAustin confessed$
that he 'as torn a "ieces 'ith his manifold desires& and so doth ;,/,CG
ernard com"lain$ Lthat he could not rest for them a minute of an hour&
this I 'ould ha#e$ and that$ and then I desire to be such and such.L !Tis a
hard matter therefore to confine them$ being they are so #arious and many$
im"ossible to a""rehend all. I 'ill only insist u"on some fe' of the chief$
and most no+ious in their %ind$ as that e+orbitant a""etite and desire of
honour$ 'hich 'e commonly call ambition< lo#e of money$ 'hich is
co#etousness$ and that greedy desire of gain& self-lo#e$ "ride$ and
inordinate desire of #ainglory or a""lause$ lo#e of study in e+cess< lo#e
of 'omen ('hich 'ill re0uire a just #olume of itself)$ of the other I 'ill
briefly s"ea%$ and in their order.
Ambition$ a "roud co#etousness$ or a dry thirst of honour$ a great torture
of the mind$ com"osed of en#y$ "ride$ and co#etousness$ a gallant madness$
one ;,/,,Gdefines it a "leasant "oison$ Ambrose$ La can%er of the soul$ an
hidden "lague&L ;,/,=Gernard$ La secret "oison$ the father of li#or$ and
mother of hy"ocrisy$ the moth of holiness$ and cause of madness$ crucifying
and dis0uieting all that it ta%es hold of.L ;,/,.G9eneca calls it$ _rem
solicitam$ timidam$ #anam$ #entosam_$ a 'indy thing$ a #ain$ solicitous$
and fearful thing. 7or commonly they that$ li%e 9isy"hus$ roll this
restless stone of ambition$ are in a "er"etual agony$ still ;,/,?G
"er"le+ed$ _sem"er taciti$ trites0ue recedunt_ (*ucretius)$ doubtful$
timorous$ sus"icious$ loath to offend in 'ord or deed$ still cogging and
colloguing$ embracing$ ca""ing$ cringing$ a""lauding$ flattering$ fleering$
#isiting$ 'aiting at men!s doors$ 'ith all affability$ counterfeit honesty
and humility. ;,/,@GIf that 'ill not ser#e$ if once this humour (as
;,/,-G:y"rian describes it) "ossess his thirsty soul$ _ambitionis salsugo
ubi bibulam animam "ossidet_$ by hoo% and by croo% he 'ill obtain it$ Land
from his hole he 'ill climb to all honours and offices$ if it be "ossible
for him to get u"$ flattering one$ bribing another$ he 'ill lea#e no means
unessay!d to 'in all.L ;,/,AGIt is a 'onder to see ho' sla#ishly these %ind
of men subject themsel#es$ 'hen they are about a suit$ to e#ery inferior
"erson< 'hat "ains they 'ill ta%e$ run$ ride$ cast$ "lot$ countermine$
"rotest and s'ear$ #o'$ "romise$ 'hat labours undergo$ early u"$ do'n late<
ho' obse0uious and affable they are$ ho' "o"ular and courteous$ ho' they
grin and fleer u"on e#ery man they meet< 'ith 'hat feasting and in#iting$
ho' they s"end themsel#es and their fortunes$ in see%ing that many times$
'hich they had much better be 'ithout< as ;,/,/G:yneas the orator told
Pyrrhus& 'ith 'hat 'a%ing nights$ "ainful hours$ an+ious thoughts$ and
bitterness of mind$ _inter s"em0ue metum0ue_$ distracted and tired$ they
consume the interim of their time. There can be no greater "lague for the
"resent. If they do obtain their suit$ 'hich 'ith such cost and solicitude
they ha#e sought$ they are not so freed$ their an+iety is ane' to begin$
for they are ne#er satisfied$ _nihil aliud nisi im"erium s"irant_$ their
thoughts$ actions$ endea#ours are all for so#ereignty and honour$ li%e
;,/,BG*ues 9forza that huffing 3u%e of Milan$ La man of singular 'isdom$
but "rofound ambition$ born to his o'n$ and to the destruction of Italy$L
though it be to their o'n ruin$ and friends! undoing$ they 'ill contend$
they may not cease$ but as a dog in a 'heel$ a bird in a cage$ or a
s0uirrel in a chain$ so ;,/=CGudaeus com"ares them< ;,/=,Gthey climb and
climb still$ 'ith much labour$ but ne#er ma%e an end$ ne#er at the to". A
%night 'ould be a baronet$ and then a lord$ and then a #iscount$ and then
an earl$ Fc.< a doctor$ a dean$ and then a bisho"< from tribune to "raetor<
from bailiff to major< first this office$ and then that< as Pyrrhus in
;,/==GPlutarch$ they 'ill first ha#e Greece$ then Africa$ and then Asia$
and s'ell 'ith Aeso"!s frog so long$ till in the end they burst$ or come
do'n 'ith 9ejanus$ _ad Gemonias scalas_$ and brea% their o'n nec%s< or as
E#angelus the "i"er in *ucian$ that ble' his "i"e so long$ till he fell
do'n dead. If he chance to miss$ and ha#e a can#ass$ he is in a hell on the
other side< so dejected$ that he is ready to hang himself$ turn heretic$
Tur%$ or traitor in an instant. Enraged against his enemies$ he rails$
s'ears$ fights$ slanders$ detracts$ en#ies$ murders& and for his o'n "art$
_si a""etitum e+"lere non "otest$ furore corri"itur_< if he cannot satisfy
his desire (as ;,/=.Godine 'rites) he runs mad. 9o that both 'ays$ hit or
miss$ he is distracted so long as his ambition lasts$ he can loo% for no
other but an+iety and care$ discontent and grief in the meantime$
;,/=?Gmadness itself$ or #iolent death in the end. The e#ent of this is
common to be seen in "o"ulous cities$ or in "rinces! courts$ for a
courtier!s life (as udaeus describes it) Lis a ;,/=@Ggallimaufry of
ambition$ lust$ fraud$ im"osture$ dissimulation$ detraction$ en#y$ "ride<
;,/=-Gthe court$ a common con#enticle of flatterers$ time-ser#ers$
"oliticians$L Fc.< or as ;,/=AG Anthony Perez 'ill$ Lthe suburbs of hell
itself.L If you 'ill see such discontented "ersons$ there you shall li%ely
find them. ;,/=/GAnd 'hich he obser#ed of the mar%ets of old 1ome$
LKui "erjurum con#enire #ult hominem$ mitto in :omitium<
Kui mendacem et gloriosum$ a"ud :luasinae sacrum<
3ites$ damnosos maritos$ sub basilica 0uaerito$L Fc.
Perjured %na#es$ %nights of the "ost$ liars$ crac%ers$ bad husbands$ Fc.
%ee" their se#eral stations< they do still$ and al'ays did in e#ery
common'ealth.
9H9E:T. JII.--;Gree%& "hilarguriaG$ _:o#etousness$ a :ause_.
Plutarch$ in his ;,/=BGboo% 'hether the diseases of the body be more
grie#ous than those of the soul$ is of o"inion$ Lif you 'ill e+amine all
the causes of our miseries in this life$ you shall find them most "art to
ha#e had their beginning from stubborn anger$ that furious desire of
contention$ or some unjust or immoderate affection$ as co#etousness$L Fc.
7rom 'hence Lare 'ars and contentions amongst youNL ;,/.CG9t. Dames as%s& I
'ill add usury$ fraud$ ra"ine$ simony$ o""ression$ lying$ s'earing$ bearing
false 'itness$ Fc. are they not from this fountain of co#etousness$ that
greediness in getting$ tenacity in %ee"ing$ sordidity in s"ending< that
they are so 'ic%ed$ ;,/.,GLunjust against God$ their neighbour$
themsel#es<L all comes hence. LThe desire of money is the root of all e#il$
and they that lust after it$ "ierce themsel#es through 'ith many sorro's$L
, Tim. #i. ,C. 5i""ocrates therefore in his E"istle to :rate#a$ an
herbalist$ gi#es him this good counsel$ that if it 'ere "ossible$ ;,/.=G
Lamongst other herbs$ he should cut u" that 'eed of co#etousness by the
roots$ that there be no remainder left$ and then %no' this for a certainty$
that together 'ith their bodies$ thou mayst 0uic%ly cure all the diseases
of their minds.L 7or it is indeed the "attern$ image$ e"itome of all
melancholy$ the fountain of many miseries$ much discontented care and 'oe<
this Linordinate$ or immoderate desire of gain$ to get or %ee" money$L as
;,/..Gona#enture defines it& or$ as Austin describes it$ a madness of the
soul$ Gregory a torture< :hrysostom$ an insatiable drun%enness< :y"rian$
blindness$ _s"eciosum su""licium_$ a "lague sub#erting %ingdoms$ families$
an ;,/.?Gincurable disease< udaeus$ an ill habit$ ;,/.@GLyielding to no
remedies&L neither Aescula"ius nor Plutus can cure them& a continual
"lague$ saith 9olomon$ and #e+ation of s"irit$ another hell. I %no' there
be some of o"inion$ that co#etous men are ha""y$ and 'orldly$ 'ise$ that
there is more "leasure in getting of 'ealth than in s"ending$ and no
delight in the 'orld li%e unto it. !T'as ;,/.-Gias! "roblem of old$ L4ith
'hat art thou not 'earyN 'ith getting money. 4hat is most delectableN to
gain.L 4hat is it$ tro' you$ that ma%es a "oor man labour all his lifetime$
carry such great burdens$ fare so hardly$ macerate himself$ and endure so
much misery$ undergo such base offices 'ith so great "atience$ to rise u"
early$ and lie do'n late$ if there 'ere not an e+traordinary delight in
getting and %ee"ing of moneyN 4hat ma%es a merchant that hath no need$
_satis su"er0ue domi_$ to range all o#er the 'orld$ through all those
intem"erate ;,/.AG>ones of heat and cold< #oluntarily to #enture his life$
and be content 'ith such miserable famine$ nasty usage$ in a stin%ing shi"<
if there 'ere not a "leasure and ho"e to get money$ 'hich doth season the
rest$ and mitigate his indefatigable "ainsN 4hat ma%es them go into the
bo'els of the earth$ an hundred fathom dee"$ endangering their dearest
li#es$ enduring dam"s and filthy smells$ 'hen they ha#e enough already$ if
they could be content$ and no such cause to labour$ but an e+traordinary
delight they ta%e in riches. This may seem "lausible at first sho'$ a
"o"ular and strong argument< but let him that so thin%s$ consider better of
it$ and he shall soon "ercei#e$ that it is far other'ise than he su""oseth<
it may be ha"ly "leasing at the first$ as most "art all melancholy is. 7or
such men li%ely ha#e some _lucida inter#alla_$ "leasant sym"toms
intermi+ed< but you must note that of ;,/./G:hrysostom$ L!Tis one thing to
be rich$ another to be co#etous&L generally they are all fools$ dizzards$
madmen$ ;,/.BGmiserable 'retches$ li#ing besides themsel#es$ _sine arte
fruendi_$ in "er"etual sla#ery$ fear$ sus"icion$ sorro'$ and discontent$
_"lus aloes 0uam mellis habent_< and are indeed$ Lrather "ossessed by their
money$ than "ossessors&L as ;,/?CG:y"rian hath it$ _manci"ati "ecuniis_<
bound "rentice to their goods$ as ;,/?,GPliny< or as :hrysostom$ _ser#i
di#itiarum_$ sla#es and drudges to their substance< and 'e may conclude of
them all$ as ;,/?=GIalerius doth of Ptolomaeus %ing of :y"rus$ L5e 'as in
title a %ing of that island$ but in his mind$ a miserable drudge of money&L
;,/?.G ------L"otiore metallis
libertate carensL------
'anting his liberty$ 'hich is better than gold. 3amasi""us the 9toic$ in
5orace$ "ro#es that all mortal men dote by fits$ some one 'ay$ some
another$ but that co#etous men ;,/??Gare madder than the rest< and he that
shall truly loo% into their estates$ and e+amine their sym"toms$ shall find
no better of them$ but that they are all ;,/?@Gfools$ as 8abal 'as$ _1e et
nomine_ (,. 1eg. ,@.) 7or 'hat greater folly can there be$ or ;,/?-G
madness$ than to macerate himself 'hen he need notN and 'hen$ as :y"rian
notes$ ;,/?AGLhe may be freed from his burden$ and eased of his "ains$ 'ill
go on still$ his 'ealth increasing$ 'hen he hath enough$ to get more$ to
li#e besides himself$L to star#e his genius$ %ee" bac% from his 'ife
;,/?/Gand children$ neither letting them nor other friends use or enjoy
that 'hich is theirs by right$ and 'hich they much need "erha"s< li%e a
hog$ or dog in the manger$ he doth only %ee" it$ because it shall do nobody
else good$ hurting himself and others& and for a little momentary "elf$
damn his o'n soulN They are commonly sad and tetric by nature$ as Achab!s
s"irit 'as because he could not get 8aboth!s #ineyard$ (,. 1eg. ==.) and if
he lay out his money at any time$ though it be to necessary uses$ to his
o'n children!s good$ he bra'ls and scolds$ his heart is hea#y$ much
dis0uieted he is$ and loath to "art from it& _Miser abstinet et timet uti_$
5or. 5e is of a 'earish$ dry$ "ale constitution$ and cannot slee" for cares
and 'orldly business< his riches$ saith 9olomon$ 'ill not let him slee"$
and unnecessary business 'hich he hea"eth on himself< or if he do slee"$
!tis a #ery un0uiet$ interru"t$ un"leasing slee"& 'ith his bags in his
arms$
------Lcongestis undi0ue sacc
indormit inhians$L------
And though he be at a ban0uet$ or at some merry feast$ Lhe sighs for grief
of heartL (as ;,/?BG:y"rian hath it) Land cannot slee" though it be u"on a
do'n bed< his 'earish body ta%es no rest$L ;,/@CGLtroubled in his
abundance$ and sorro'ful in "lenty$ unha""y for the "resent$ and more
unha""y in the life to come.L asil. 5e is a "er"etual drudge$
;,/@,Grestless in his thoughts$ and ne#er satisfied$ a sla#e$ a 'retch$ a
dust-'orm$ _sem"er 0uod idolo suo immolet$ sedulus obser#at_ :y"r. _"rolog.
ad sermon_ still see%ing 'hat sacrifice he may offer to his golden god$
_"er fas et nefas_$ he cares not ho'$ his trouble is endless$
;,/@=G_crescunt di#itiae$ tamen curtae nescio 0uid sem"er abest rei_& his
'ealth increaseth$ and the more he hath$ the more ;,/@.Ghe 'ants& li%e
Pharaoh!s lean %ine$ 'hich de#oured the fat$ and 'ere not satisfied.
;,/@?GAustin therefore defines co#etousness$ _0uarumlibet rerum inhonestam
et insatiabilem cu"iditatem_ a dishonest and insatiable desire of gain< and
in one of his e"istles com"ares it to hell< ;,/@@GL'hich de#ours all$ and
yet ne#er hath enough$ a bottomless "it$L an endless misery< _in 0uem
sco"ulum a#aritiae cada#erosi senes ut"lurimum im"ingunt_$ and that 'hich
is their greatest corrosi#e$ they are in continual sus"icion$ fear$ and
distrust$ 5e thin%s his o'n 'ife and children are so many thie#es$ and go
about to cozen him$ his ser#ants are all false&
L1em suam "eriisse$ se0ue eradicarier$
Et di#um at0ue hominum clamat continuo fidem$
3e suo tigillo si 0ua e+it foras.L
LIf his doors cree%$ then out he cries anon$
5is goods are gone$ and he is 0uite undone.L
_Timidus Plutus_$ an old "ro#erb$ As fearful as Plutus& so doth
Aristo"hanes and *ucian bring him in fearful still$ "ale$ an+ious$
sus"icious$ and trusting no man$ ;,/@-GLThey are afraid of tem"ests for
their corn< they are afraid of their friends lest they should as% something
of them$ beg or borro'< they are afraid of their enemies lest they hurt
them$ thie#es lest they rob them< they are afraid of 'ar and afraid of
"eace$ afraid of rich and afraid of "oor< afraid of all.L *ast of all$ they
are afraid of 'ant$ that they shall die beggars$ 'hich ma%es them lay u"
still$ and dare not use that they ha#e& 'hat if a dear year come$ or
dearth$ or some lossN and 'ere it not that they are both to ;,/@AGlay out
money on a ro"e$ they 'ould be hanged forth'ith$ and sometimes die to sa#e
charges$ and ma%e a'ay themsel#es$ if their corn and cattle miscarry<
though they ha#e abundance left$ as ;,/@/GAgellius notes. ;,/@BGIalerius
ma%es mention of one that in a famine sold a mouse for =CC "ence$ and
famished himself& such are their cares$ ;,/-CGgriefs and "er"etual fears.
These sym"toms are elegantly e+"ressed by Theo"hrastus in his character of
a co#etous man< ;,/-,GLlying in bed$ he as%ed his 'ife 'hether she shut the
trun%s and chests fast$ the ca"-case be sealed$ and 'hether the hall door
be bolted< and though she say all is 'ell$ he riseth out of his bed in his
shirt$ barefoot and barelegged$ to see 'hether it be so$ 'ith a dar%
lantern searching e#ery corner$ scarce slee"ing a 'in% all night.L *ucian
in that "leasant and 'itty dialogue called Gallus$ brings in Mycillus the
cobbler dis"uting 'ith his coc%$ sometimes Pythagoras< 'here after much
s"eech "ro and con$ to "ro#e the ha""iness of a mean estate$ and
discontents of a rich man$ Pythagoras! coc% in the end$ to illustrate by
e+am"les that 'hich he had said$ brings him to Gny"hon the usurer!s house
at midnight$ and after that to Encrates< 'hom$ they found both a'a%e$
casting u" their accounts$ and telling of their money$ ;,/-=Glean$ dry$
"ale and an+ious$ still sus"ecting lest somebody should ma%e a hole through
the 'all$ and so get in< or if a rat or mouse did but stir$ starting u"on a
sudden$ and running to the door to see 'hether all 'ere fast. Plautus$ in
his Aulularia$ ma%es old Euclio ;,/-.Gcommanding 9ta"hyla his 'ife to shut
the doors fast$ and the fire to be "ut out$ lest anybody should ma%e that
an errand to come to his house& 'hen he 'ashed his hands$ ;,/-?Ghe 'as
loath to fling a'ay the foul 'ater$ com"laining that he 'as undone$ because
the smo%e got out of his roof. And as he 'ent from home$ seeing a cro'
scratch u"on the muc%-hill$ returned in all haste$ ta%ing it for _malum
omen_$ an ill sign$ his money 'as digged u"< 'ith many such. 5e that 'ill
but obser#e their actions$ shall find these and many such "assages not
feigned for s"ort$ but really "erformed$ #erified indeed by such co#etous
and miserable 'retches$ and that it is$
;,/-@G ------Lmanifesta "hrenesis
Ht locu"les moriaris egenti #i#ere fato.L
A mere madness$ to li#e li%e a 'retch$ and die rich.
9H9E:T. JIII.--_*o#e of Gaming$ Fc. and "leasures immoderate< :auses_.
It is a 'onder to see$ ho' many "oor$ distressed$ miserable 'retches$ one
shall meet almost in e#ery "ath and street$ begging for an alms$ that ha#e
been 'ell descended$ and sometimes in flourishing estate$ no' ragged$
tattered$ and ready to be star#ed$ lingering out a "ainful life$ in
discontent and grief of body and mind$ and all through immoderate lust$
gaming$ "leasure and riot. !Tis the common end of all sensual e"icures and
brutish "rodigals$ that are stu"efied and carried a'ay headlong 'ith their
se#eral "leasures and lusts. :ebes in his table$ 9t. Ambrose in his second
boo% of Abel and :ain$ and amongst the rest *ucian in his tract _de Mercede
conductis_$ hath e+cellent 'ell deci"hered such men!s "roceedings in his
"icture of 2"ulentia$ 'hom he feigns to d'ell on the to" of a high mount$
much sought after by many suitors< at their first coming they are generally
entertained by "leasure and dalliance$ and ha#e all the content that
"ossibly may be gi#en$ so long as their money lasts& but 'hen their means
fail$ they are contem"tibly thrust out at a bac% door$ headlong$ and there
left to shame$ re"roach$ des"air. And he at first that had so many
attendants$ "arasites$ and follo'ers$ young and lusty$ richly arrayed$ and
all the dainty fare that might be had$ 'ith all %ind of 'elcome and good
res"ect$ is no' u"on a sudden stri""ed of all$ ;,/--G"ale$ na%ed$ old$
diseased and forsa%en$ cursing his stars$ and ready to strangle himself<
ha#ing no other com"any but re"entance$ sorro'$ grief$ derision$ beggary$
and contem"t$ 'hich are his daily attendants to his life!s end. As the
;,/-AG"rodigal son had e+0uisite music$ merry com"any$ dainty fare at
first< but a sorro'ful rec%oning in the end< so ha#e all such #ain delights
and their follo'ers. ;,/-/G_Tristes #olu"tatum e+itus$ et 0uis0uis
#olu"tatum suarum reminisci #olet$ intelliget_$ as bitter as gall and
'orm'ood is their last< grief of mind$ madness itself. The ordinary roc%s
u"on 'hich such men do im"inge and "reci"itate themsel#es$ are cards$ dice$
ha'%s$ and hounds$ _Insanum #enandi studium_$ one calls it$ _insanae
substructiones_& their mad structures$ dis"orts$ "lays$ Fc.$ 'hen they are
unseasonably used$ im"rudently handled$ and beyond their fortunes. 9ome men
are consumed by mad fantastical buildings$ by ma%ing galleries$ cloisters$
terraces$ 'al%s$ orchards$ gardens$ "ools$ rillets$ bo'ers$ and such li%e
"laces of "leasure< _Inutiles domos_$ ;,/-BGJeno"hon calls them$ 'hich
ho'soe#er they be delightsome things in themsel#es$ and acce"table to all
beholders$ an ornament$ and benefiting some great men& yet un"rofitable to
others$ and the sole o#erthro' of their estates. 7orestus in his
obser#ations hath an e+am"le of such a one that became melancholy u"on the
li%e occasion$ ha#ing consumed his substance in an un"rofitable building$
'hich 'ould after'ard yield him no ad#antage. 2thers$ I say$ are ;,/ACG
o#erthro'n by those mad s"orts of ha'%ing and hunting< honest recreations$
and fit for some great men$ but not for e#ery base inferior "erson< 'hilst
they 'ill maintain their falconers$ dogs$ and hunting nags$ their 'ealth$
saith ;,/A,G9almutze$ Lruns a'ay 'ith hounds$ and their fortunes fly a'ay
'ith ha'%s.L They "ersecute beasts so long$ till in the end they themsel#es
degenerate into beasts$ as ;,/A=GAgri""a ta+eth them$ ;,/A.GActaeon li%e$
for as he 'as eaten to death by his o'n dogs$ so do they de#our themsel#es
and their "atrimonies$ in such idle and unnecessary dis"orts$ neglecting in
the mean time their more necessary business$ and to follo' their #ocations.
2#er-mad too sometimes are our great men in delighting$ and doting too much
on it. ;,/A?GL4hen they dri#e "oor husbandmen from their tillage$L as
;,/A@G9arisburiensis objects$ _Polycrat. l. ,. c. ?_$ Lfling do'n country
farms$ and 'hole to'ns$ to ma%e "ar%s$ and forests$ star#ing men to feed
beasts$ and ;,/A-G"unishing in the mean time such a man that shall molest
their game$ more se#erely than him that is other'ise a common hac%er$ or a
notorious thief.L ut great men are some 'ays to be e+cused$ the meaner
sort ha#e no e#asion 'hy they should not be counted mad. Poggius the
7lorentine tells a merry story to this "ur"ose$ condemning the folly and
im"ertinent business of such %ind of "ersons. A "hysician of Milan$ saith
he$ that cured mad men$ had a "it of 'ater in his house$ in 'hich he %e"t
his "atients$ some u" to the %nees$ some to the girdle$ some to the chin$
_"ro modo insaniae_$ as they 'ere more or less affected. 2ne of them by
chance$ that 'as 'ell reco#ered$ stood in the door$ and seeing a gallant
ride by 'ith a ha'% on his fist$ 'ell mounted$ 'ith his s"aniels after him$
'ould needs %no' to 'hat use all this "re"aration ser#ed< he made ans'er to
%ill certain fo'ls< the "atient demanded again$ 'hat his fo'l might be
'orth 'hich he %illed in a year< he re"lied @ or ,C cro'ns< and 'hen he
urged him farther 'hat his dogs$ horse$ and ha'%s stood him in$ he told him
?CC cro'ns< 'ith that the "atient bad be gone$ as he lo#ed his life and
'elfare$ for if our master come and find thee here$ he 'ill "ut thee in the
"it amongst mad men u" to the chin& ta+ing the madness and folly of such
#ain men that s"end themsel#es in those idle s"orts$ neglecting their
business and necessary affairs. *eo 3ecimus$ that hunting "o"e$ is much
discommended by ;,/AAGDo#ius in his life$ for his immoderate desire of
ha'%ing and hunting$ in so much that (as he saith) he 'ould sometimes li#e
about 2stia 'ee%s and months together$ lea#e suitors ;,/A/Gunres"ected$
bulls and "ardons unsigned$ to his o'n "rejudice$ and many "ri#ate men!s
loss. ;,/ABGLAnd if he had been by chance crossed in his s"ort$ or his game
not so good$ he 'as so im"atient$ that he 'ould re#ile and miscall many
times men of great 'orth 'ith most bitter taunts$ loo% so sour$ be so angry
and 'as"ish$ so grie#ed and molested$ that it is incredible to relate it.L
ut if he had good s"ort$ and been 'ell "leased$ on the other side$
_incredibili munificentia_$ 'ith uns"ea%able bounty and munificence he
'ould re'ard all his fello' hunters$ and deny nothing to any suitor 'hen he
'as in that mood. To say truth$ !tis the common humour of all gamesters$ as
Galataeus obser#es$ if they 'in$ no men li#ing are so jo#ial and merry$ but
;,//CGif they lose$ though it be but a trifle$ t'o or three games at
tables$ or a dealing at cards for t'o "ence a game$ they are so choleric
and testy that no man may s"ea% 'ith them$ and brea% many times into
#iolent "assions$ oaths$ im"recations$ and unbeseeming s"eeches$ little
differing from mad men for the time. Generally of all gamesters and gaming$
if it be e+cessi#e$ thus much 'e may conclude$ that 'hether they 'in or
lose for the "resent$ their 'innings are not _Munera fortunae$ sed
insidiae_ as that 'ise 9eneca determines$ not fortune!s gifts$ but baits$
the common catastro"he is ;,//,Gbeggary$ ;,//=G_Ht "estis #itam$ sic adimit
alea "ecuniam_$ as the "lague ta%es a'ay life$ doth gaming goods$ for
;,//.G _omnes nudi$ ino"es et egeni_<
;,//?G LAlea 9cylla #ora+$ s"ecies certissima furti$
8on contenta bonis animum 0uo0ue "erfida mergit$
7oeda$ fura+$ infamis$ iners$ furiosa$ ruina.L
7or a little "leasure they ta%e$ and some small gains and gettings no' and
then$ their 'i#es and children are ringed in the meantime$ and they
themsel#es 'ith loss of body and soul rue it in the end. I 'ill say nothing
of those "rodigious "rodigals$ _"erdendae "ecuniae$ genitos_$ as he ;,//@G
ta+ed Anthony$ _Kui "atrimonium sine ulla fori calumnia amittunt_$ saith
;,//-G:y"rian$ and ;,//AGmad sybaritical s"endthrifts$ _Kui0ue una comedunt
"atrimonia coena_< that eat u" all at a brea%fast$ at a su""er$ or amongst
ba'ds$ "arasites$ and "layers$ consume themsel#es in an instant$ as if they
had flung it into ;,///GTiber$ 'ith great 'ages$ #ain and idle e+"enses$
Fc.$ not themsel#es only$ but e#en all their friends$ as a man des"erately
s'imming dro'ns him that comes to hel" him$ by suretyshi" and borro'ing
they 'ill 'illingly undo all their associates and allies. ;,//BG _Irati
"ecuniis_$ as he saith$ angry 'ith their money& ;,/BCGL'hat 'ith a 'anton
eye$ a li0uorish tongue$ and a gamesome hand$L 'hen they ha#e indiscreetly
im"o#erished themsel#es$ mortgaged their 'its$ together 'ith their lands$
and entombed their ancestors! fair "ossessions in their bo'els$ they may
lead the rest of their days in "rison$ as many times they do< they re"ent
at leisure< and 'hen all is gone begin to be thrifty& but _9era est in
fundo "arsimonia_$ !tis then too late to loo% about< their ;,/B,Gend is
misery$ sorro'$ shame$ and discontent. And 'ell they deser#e to be infamous
and discontent. ;,/B=G_:atamidiari in Am"hitheatro_$ as by Adrian the
em"eror!s edict they 'ere of old$ _decoctores bonorum suorum_$ so he calls
them$ "rodigal fools$ to be "ublicly shamed$ and hissed out of all
societies$ rather than to be "itied or relie#ed. ;,/B.GThe Tuscans and
oetians brought their ban%ru"ts into the mar%et"lace in a bier 'ith an
em"ty "urse carried before them$ all the boys follo'ing$ 'here they sat all
day _circumstante "lebe_$ to be infamous and ridiculous. At ;,/B?GPadua in
Italy they ha#e a stone called the stone of tur"itude$ near the
senate-house$ 'here s"endthrifts$ and such as disclaim non-"ayment of
debts$ do sit 'ith their hinder "arts bare$ that by that note of disgrace
others may be terrified from all such #ain e+"ense$ or borro'ing more than
they can tell ho' to "ay. The ;,/B@Gci#ilians of old set guardians o#er
such brain-sic% "rodigals$ as they did o#er madmen$ to moderate their
e+"enses$ that they should not so loosely consume their fortunes$ to the
utter undoing of their families.
I may not here omit those t'o main "lagues$ and common dotages of human
%ind$ 'ine and 'omen$ 'hich ha#e infatuated and besotted myriads of "eo"le<
they go commonly together.
;,/B-G LKui #ino indulget$ 0uem0ue aloa deco0uit$ ille
In #enerem "utretL------
To 'hom is sorro'$ saith 9olomon$ Pro. ++iii. .B$ to 'hom is 'oe$ but to
such a one as lo#es drin%N it causeth torture$ (_#ino tortus et ira_) and
bitterness of mind$ 9irac. .,. =,. _Iinum furoris_$ Deremy calls it$ _,@.
ca"._ 'ine of madness$ as 'ell he may$ for _insanire facit sanos_$ it ma%es
sound men sic% and sad$ and 'ise men ;,/BAGmad$ to say and do they %no' not
'hat. _Accidit hodie terribilis casus_ (saith ;,/B/G9. Austin) hear a
miserable accident< :yrillus! son this day in his drin%$ _Matrem
"raegnantem ne0uiter o""ressit$ sororem #iolare #oluit$ "atrem occidit
fere$ et duas alias sorores ad mortem #ulnera#it_$ 'ould ha#e #iolated his
sister$ %illed his father$ Fc. A true saying it 'as of him$ _Iino dari
laetitiam et dolorem_$ drin% causeth mirth$ and drin% causeth sorro'$ drin%
causeth L"o#erty and 'ant$L (Pro#. ++i.) shame and disgrace. _Multi
ignobiles e#asere ob #ini "otum$ et_ (Austin) _amissis honoribus "rofugi
aberrarunt_& many men ha#e made shi"'rec% of their fortunes$ and go li%e
rogues and beggars$ ha#ing turned all their substance into _aurum
"otabile_$ that other'ise might ha#e li#ed in good 'orshi" and ha""y
estate$ and for a fe' hours! "leasure$ for their 5ilary term!s but short$
or ;,/BBGfree madness$ as 9eneca calls it$ "urchase unto themsel#es eternal
tediousness and trouble.
That other madness is on 'omen$ _A"ostatare facit cor_$ saith the 'ise man$
;,BCCG_At0ue homini cerebrum minuit_. Pleasant at first she is$ li%e
3ioscorides 1hododa"hne$ that fair "lant to the eye$ but "oison to the
taste$ the rest as bitter as 'orm'ood in the end (Pro#. #. ?.) and shar" as
a t'o-edged s'ord$ (#ii. =A.) L5er house is the 'ay to hell$ and goes do'n
to the chambers of death.L 4hat more sorro'ful can be saidN they are
miserable in this life$ mad$ beasts$ led li%e ;,BC,GLo+en to the
slaughter&L and that 'hich is 'orse$ 'horemasters and drun%ards shall be
judged$ _amittunt gratiam_$ saith Austin$ _"erdunt gloriam$ incurrunt
damnationem aeternam_. They lose grace and glory<
;,BC=G ------Lbre#is illa #olu"tas
Abrogat aeternum caeli decusL------
they gain hell and eternal damnation.
9H9E:T. JII.--_Philautia$ or 9elf-lo#e$ Iainglory$ Praise$ 5onour$
Immoderate A""lause$ Pride$ o#ermuch Doy$ Fc.$ :auses_.
9elf-lo#e$ "ride$ and #ainglory$ ;,BC.G_caecus amor sui_$ 'hich :hrysostom
calls one of the de#il!s three great nets< ;,BC?GLernard$ an arro' 'hich
"ierceth the soul through$ and slays it< a sly$ insensible enemy$ not
"ercei#ed$L are main causes. 4here neither anger$ lust$ co#etousness$ fear$
sorro'$ Fc.$ nor any other "erturbation can lay hold< this 'ill slyly and
insensibly "er#ert us$ _Kuem non gula #icit$ Philautia$ su"era#it_$ (saith
:y"rian) 'hom surfeiting could not o#erta%e$ self-lo#e hath o#ercome.
;,BC@GL5e hath scorned all money$ bribes$ gifts$ u"right other'ise and
sincere$ hath inserted himself to no fond imagination$ and sustained all
those tyrannical concu"iscences of the body$ hath lost all his honour$
ca"ti#ated by #ainglory.L :hrysostom$ _su". Io._ _Tu sola animum mentem0ue
"eruris$ gloria_. A great assault and cause of our "resent malady$ although
'e do most "art neglect$ ta%e no notice of it$ yet this is a #iolent
batterer of our souls$ causeth melancholy and dotage. This "leasing humour<
this soft and 'his"ering "o"ular air$ _Amabilis insania_< this delectable
frenzy$ most irrefragable "assion$ _Mentis gratissimus error_$ this
acce"table disease$ 'hich so s'eetly sets u"on us$ ra#isheth our senses$
lulls our souls aslee"$ "uffs u" our hearts as so many bladders$ and that
'ithout all feeling$ ;,BC-Ginsomuch as Lthose that are misaffected 'ith it$
ne#er so much as once "ercei#e it$ or thin% of any cure.L 4e commonly lo#e
him best in this ;,BCAGmalady$ that doth us most harm$ and are #ery 'illing
to be hurt< _adulationibus nostris libentur facemus_ (saith ;,BC/G Derome)
'e lo#e him$ 'e lo#e him for it& ;,BCBG_2 onciari sua#e$ sua#e fuit a te
tali haec tribui_< !T'as s'eet to hear it. And as ;,B,CGPliny doth
ingenuously confess to his dear friend Augurinus$ Lall thy 'ritings are
most acce"table$ but those es"ecially that s"ea% of us.L Again$ a little
after to Ma+imus$ ;,B,,GLI cannot e+"ress ho' "leasing it is to me to hear
myself commended.L Though 'e smile to oursel#es$ at least ironically$ 'hen
"arasites bedaub us 'ith false encomiums$ as many "rinces cannot choose but
do$ _Kuum tale 0uid nihil intra se re"ererint_$ 'hen they %no' they come as
far short$ as a mouse to an ele"hant$ of any such #irtues< yet it doth us
good. Though 'e seem many times to be angry$ ;,B,=G Land blush at our o'n
"raises$ yet our souls in'ardly rejoice$ it "uffs us u"<L !tis _falla+
sua#itas$ blandus daemon_$ Lma%es us s'ell beyond our bounds$ and forget
oursel#es.L 5er t'o daughters are lightness of mind$ immoderate joy and
"ride$ not e+cluding those other concomitant #ices$ 'hich ;,B,.GIodocus
*orichius rec%ons u"< bragging$ hy"ocrisy$ "ee#ishness$ and curiosity.
8o' the common cause of this mischief$ ariseth from oursel#es or others$
;,B,?G'e are acti#e and "assi#e. It "roceeds in'ardly from oursel#es$ as 'e
are acti#e causes$ from an o#er'eening conceit 'e ha#e of our good "arts$
o'n 'orth$ ('hich indeed is no 'orth) our bounty$ fa#our$ grace$ #alour$
strength$ 'ealth$ "atience$ mee%ness$ hos"itality$ beauty$ tem"erance$
gentry$ %no'ledge$ 'it$ science$ art$ learning$ our ;,B,@G e+cellent gifts
and fortunes$ for 'hich$ 8arcissus-li%e$ 'e admire$ flatter$ and a""laud
oursel#es$ and thin% all the 'orld esteems so of us< and as deformed 'omen
easily belie#e those that tell them they be fair$ 'e are too credulous of
our o'n good "arts and "raises$ too 'ell "ersuaded of oursel#es. 4e brag
and #enditate our ;,B,-Go'n 'or%s$ and scorn all others in res"ect of us<
_Inflati scientia_$ (saith Paul) our 'isdom$ ;,B,AGour learning$ all our
geese are s'ans$ and 'e as basely esteem and #ilify other men!s$ as 'e do
o#er-highly "rize and #alue our o'n. 4e 'ill not suffer them to be _in
secundis_$ no$ not _in tertiis_< 'hat$ _Mecum confertur Hlysses_N they are
_Mures$ Muscae$ culices "rae se_$ nits and flies com"ared to his ine+orable
and su"ercilious$ eminent and arrogant 'orshi"& though indeed they be far
before him. 2nly 'ise$ only rich$ only fortunate$ #alorous$ and fair$
"uffed u" 'ith this tym"any of self-conceit< ;,B,/Gas that "roud Pharisee$
they are not (as they su""ose) Lli%e other men$L of a "urer and more
"recious metal& ;,B,BG_9oli rei gerendi sunt efficaces_$ 'hich that 'ise
Periander held of such& ;,B=CG_meditantur omne 0ui "rius negotium_$ Fc.
_8o#i 0uendam_ (saith ;,B=,GErasmus) I %ne' one so arrogant that he thought
himself inferior to no man li#ing$ li%e ;,B==G:allisthenes the "hiloso"her$
that neither held Ale+ander!s acts$ or any other subject 'orthy of his "en$
such 'as his insolency< or 9eleucus %ing of 9yria$ 'ho thought none fit to
contend 'ith him but the 1omans. ;,B=.G_Eos solos dignos ratus 0uibuscum de
im"erio certaret_. That 'hich Tully 'rit to Atticus long since$ is still in
force. ;,B=?GLThere 'as ne#er yet true "oet nor orator$ that thought any
other better than himself.L And such for the most "art are your "rinces$
"otentates$ great "hiloso"hers$ historiogra"hers$ authors of sects or
heresies$ and all our great scholars$ as ;,B=@G5ierom defines< La natural
"hiloso"her is a glorious creature$ and a #ery sla#e of rumour$ fame$ and
"o"ular o"inion$L and though they 'rite _de contem"tu gloriae_$ yet as he
obser#es$ they 'ill "ut their names to their boo%s. _Iobis et famae$ me
sem"er dedi_$ saith Trebellius Pollio$ I ha#e 'holly consecrated myself to
you and fame. L!Tis all my desire$ night and day$ !tis all my study to
raise my name.L Proud ;,B=-GPliny seconds him< _Kuam0uam 2_O Fc. and that
#ainglorious ;,B=AGorator is not ashamed to confess in an E"istle of his to
Marcus *ecceius$ _Ardeo incredibili cu"ididate_$ Fc. LI burn 'ith an
incredible desire to ha#e my ;,B=/Gname registered in thy boo%.L 2ut of
this fountain "roceed all those crac%s and brags$--;,B=BG_s"eramus carmina
fingi Posse linenda cedro$ et leni ser#anda cu"resso_--;,B.CG_8on usitata
nec tenui ferar "enna.--nec in terra morabor longius. 8il "ar#um aut humili
modo$ nil mortale lo0uor. 3icar 0ua #iolens obstre"it Ausidus.--E+egi
monumentum aere "erennius. Iam0ue o"us e+egi$ 0uod nec Do#is ira$ nec
ignis$ Fc. cum #enit ille dies$ Fc. "arte tamen meliore mei su"er alta
"erennis astra ferar$ nomen0ue erit indelebile nostrum_. (This of 2#id I
ha#e "ara"hrased in English.)
LAnd 'hen I am dead and gone$
My cor"se laid under a stone
My fame shall yet sur#i#e$
And I shall be ali#e$
In these my 'or%s for e#er$
My glory shall "erse#er$L Fc.
And that of Ennius$
L8emo me lachrymis decoret$ ne0ue funera fletu
7a+it$ curN #olito docta "er ora #irum.L
L*et none shed tears o#er me$ or adorn my bier 'ith sorro'--because I am
eternally in the mouths of men.L 4ith many such "roud strains$ and foolish
flashes too common 'ith 'riters. 8ot so much as 3emocharis on the ;,B.,G
To"ics$ but he 'ill be immortal. _Ty"otius de fama_$ shall be famous$ and
'ell he deser#es$ because he 'rit of fame< and e#ery tri#ial "oet must be
reno'ned$--_Plausu0ue "etit clarescere #ulgi_. L5e see%s the a""lause of
the "ublic.L This "uffing humour it is$ that hath "roduced so many great
tomes$ built such famous monuments$ strong castles$ and Mausolean tombs$ to
ha#e their acts eternised$--_3igito monstrari$ et dicier hic est_< Lto be
"ointed at 'ith the finger$ and to ha#e it said !there he goes$!L to see
their names inscribed$ as Phryne on the 'alls of Thebes$ _Phryne fecit_<
this causeth so many bloody battles$--_Et noctes cogit #igilare serenas_<
Land induces us to 'atch during calm nights.L *ong journeys$ _Magnum iter
intendo$ sed dat mihi gloria #ires_$ LI contem"late a monstrous journey$
but the lo#e of glory strengthens me for it$L gaining honour$ a little
a""lause$ "ride$ self-lo#e$ #ainglory. This is it 'hich ma%es them ta%e
such "ains$ and brea% out into those ridiculous strains$ this high conceit
of themsel#es$ to ;,B.=Gscorn all others< _ridiculo fastu et intolerando
contem"tu_< as ;,B..GPalaemon the grammarian contemned Iarro$ _secum et
natas et morituras literas jactans_$ and brings them to that height of
insolency$ that they cannot endure to be contradicted$ ;,B.?GLor hear of
anything but their o'n commendation$L 'hich 5ierom notes of such %ind of
men. And as ;,B.@GAustin 'ell seconds him$ L!tis their sole study day and
night to be commended and a""lauded.L 4hen as indeed$ in all 'ise men!s
judgments$ _0uibus cor sa"it_$ they are ;,B.-Gmad$ em"ty #essels$ funges$
beside themsel#es$ derided$ _et ut :amelus in "ro#erbio 0uaerens cornua$
etiam 0uas habebat aures amisit_$ ;,B.AGtheir 'or%s are toys$ as an almanac
out of date$ ;,B./G_authoris "ereunt garrulitate sui_$ they see% fame and
immortality$ but rea" dishonour and infamy$ they are a common oblo0uy$
_insensati_$ and come far short of that 'hich they su""ose or e+"ect.
;,B.BG_2 "uer ut sis #italis metuo_$
------L5o' much I dread
Thy days are short$ some lord shall stri%e thee dead.L
2f so many myriads of "oets$ rhetoricians$ "hiloso"hers$ so"histers$ as
;,B?CGEusebius 'ell obser#es$ 'hich ha#e 'ritten in former ages$ scarce one
of a thousand!s 'or%s remains$ _nomina et libri simul cum cor"oribus
interierunt_$ their boo%s and bodies are "erished together. It is not as
they #ainly thin%$ they shall surely be admired and immortal$ as one told
Phili" of Macedon insultingly$ after a #ictory$ that his shado' 'as no
longer than before$ 'e may say to them$
L8os demiramur$ sed non cum deside #ulgo$
9ed #elut 5ar"yas$ Gorgonas$ et 7urias.L
L4e mar#el too$ not as the #ulgar 'e$
ut as 'e Gorgons$ 5ar"ies$ or 7uries see.L
2r if 'e do a""laud$ honour and admire$ _0uota "ars_$ ho' small a "art$ in
res"ect of the 'hole 'orld$ ne#er so much as hears our names$ ho' fe' ta%e
notice of us$ ho' slender a tract$ as scant as Alcibiades! land in a ma"O
And yet e#ery man must and 'ill be immortal$ as he ho"es$ and e+tend his
fame to our anti"odes$ 'hen as half$ no not a 0uarter of his o'n "ro#ince
or city$ neither %no's nor hears of him--but say they did$ 'hat!s a city to
a %ingdom$ a %ingdom to Euro"e$ Euro"e to the 'orld$ the 'orld itself that
must ha#e an end$ if com"ared to the least #isible star in the firmament$
eighteen times bigger than itN and then if those stars be infinite$ and
e#ery star there be a sun$ as some 'ill$ and as this sun of ours hath his
"lanets about him$ all inhabited$ 'hat "ro"ortion bear 'e to them$ and
'here!s our gloryN _2rbem terrarum #ictor 1omanus habebat_$ as he crac%ed
in Petronius$ all the 'orld 'as under Augustus& and so in :onstantine!s
time$ Eusebius brags he go#erned all the 'orld$ _uni#ersum mundum "raeclare
admodum administra#it$--et omnes orbis gentes Im"eratori subjecti_& so of
Ale+ander it is gi#en out$ the four monarchies$ Fc. 'hen as neither Gree%s
nor 1omans e#er had the fifteenth "art of the no' %no'n 'orld$ nor half of
that 'hich 'as then described. 4hat braggadocios are they and 'e thenN
_0uam bre#is hic de nobis sermo_$ as ;,B?,Ghe said$ ;,B?=G_"udebit aucti
nominis_$ ho' short a time$ ho' little a 'hile doth this fame of ours
continueN E#ery "ri#ate "ro#ince$ e#ery small territory and city$ 'hen 'e
ha#e all done$ 'ill yield as generous s"irits$ as bra#e e+am"les in all
res"ects$ as famous as oursel#es$ :ad'allader in 4ales$ 1ollo in 8ormandy$
1obin 5ood and *ittle Dohn$ are as much reno'ned in 9her'ood$ as :aesar in
1ome$ Ale+ander in Greece$ or his 5e"hestion$ ;,B?.G _2mnis aetas omnis0ue
"o"ulus in e+em"lum et admirationem #eniet_$ e#ery to'n$ city$ boo%$ is
full of bra#e soldiers$ senators$ scholars< and though ;,B??Gracyclas 'as
a 'orthy ca"tain$ a good man$ and as they thought$ not to be matched in
*acedaemon$ yet as his mother truly said$ _"lures habet 9"arta racyda
meliores_$ 9"arta had many better men than e#er he 'as< and ho'soe#er thou
admirest thyself$ thy friend$ many an obscure fello' the 'orld ne#er too%
notice of$ had he been in "lace or action$ 'ould ha#e done much better than
he or he$ or thou thyself.
Another %ind of mad men there is o""osite to these$ that are insensibly
mad$ and %no' not of it$ such as contemn all "raise and glory$ thin%
themsel#es most free$ 'hen as indeed they are most mad& _calcant sed alio
fastu_& a com"any of cynics$ such as are mon%s$ hermits$ anchorites$ that
contemn the 'orld$ contemn themsel#es$ contemn all titles$ honours$
offices& and yet in that contem"t are more "roud than any man li#ing
'hatsoe#er. They are "roud in humility$ "roud in that they are not "roud$
_sae"e homo de #anae gloriae contem"tu$ #anius gloriatur_$ as Austin hath
it$ _confess. lib. ,C$ ca". ./_$ li%e 3iogenes$ _intus gloriantur_$ they
brag in'ardly$ and feed themsel#es fat 'ith a self-conceit of sanctity$
'hich is no better than hy"ocrisy. They go in shee"!s russet$ many great
men that might maintain themsel#es in cloth of gold$ and seem to be
dejected$ humble by their out'ard carriage$ 'hen as in'ardly they are
s'ollen full of "ride$ arrogancy$ and self-conceit. And therefore 9eneca
ad#iseth his friend *ucilius$ ;,B?@GLin his attire and gesture$ out'ard
actions$ es"ecially to a#oid all such things as are more notable in
themsel#es& as a rugged attire$ hirsute head$ horrid beard$ contem"t of
money$ coarse lodging$ and 'hatsoe#er leads to fame that o""osite 'ay.L
All this madness yet "roceeds from oursel#es$ the main engine 'hich batters
us is from others$ 'e are merely "assi#e in this business& from a com"any
of "arasites and flatterers$ that 'ith immoderate "raise$ and bombast
e"ithets$ glossing titles$ false eulogiums$ so bedaub and a""laud$ gild
o#er many a silly and undeser#ing man$ that they cla" him 0uite out of his
'its. _1es im"rimis #iolenta est_$ as 5ierom notes$ this common a""lause is
a most #iolent thing$ _laudum "lacenta_$ a drum$ fife$ and trum"et cannot
so animate< that fattens men$ erects and dejects them in an instant. ;,B?-G
_Palma negata macrum$ donata reducit o"imum_. It ma%es them fat and lean$
as frost doth conies. ;,B?AGLAnd 'ho is that mortal man that can so contain
himself$ that if he be immoderately commended and a""lauded$ 'ill not be
mo#edNL *et him be 'hat he 'ill$ those "arasites 'ill o#erturn him& if he
be a %ing$ he is one of the nine 'orthies$ more than a man$ a god
forth'ith$--;,B?/G_edictum 3omini 3ei0ue nostri_& and they 'ill sacrifice
unto him$
;,B?BG ------Ldi#inos si tu "atiaris honores$
Hltro i"si dabimus meritas0ue sacrabimus aras.L
If he be a soldier$ then Themistocles$ E"aminondas$ 5ector$ Achilles$ _duo
fulmina belli$ trium#iri terrarum_$ Fc.$ and the #alour of both 9ci"ios is
too little for him$ he is _in#ictissimus$ serenissimus$ multis tro"haeus
ornatissimus$ naturae$ dominus_$ although he be _le"us galeatus_$ indeed a
#ery co'ard$ a mil%-so"$ ;,B@CGand as he said of Jer+es$ _"ostremus in
"ugna$ "rimus in fuga_$ and such a one as ne#er durst loo% his enemy in the
face. If he be a big man$ then is he a 9amson$ another 5ercules< if he
"ronounce a s"eech$ another Tully or 3emosthenes< as of 5erod in the Acts$
Lthe #oice of God and not of man&L if he can ma%e a #erse$ 5omer$ Iirgil$
Fc.$ And then my silly 'ea% "atient ta%es all these eulogiums to himself<
if he be a scholar so commended for his much reading$ e+cellent style$
method$ Fc.$ he 'ill e#iscerate himself li%e a s"ider$ study to death$
_*audatas ostendit a#is Dunonia "ennas_$ "eacoc%-li%e he 'ill dis"lay all
his feathers. If he be a soldier$ and so a""lauded$ his #alour e+tolled$
though it be _im"ar congressus_$ as that of Troilus and Achilles$ _Infeli+
"uer_$ he 'ill combat 'ith a giant$ run first u"on a breach$ as another
;,B@,GPhili""us$ he 'ill ride into the thic%est of his enemies. :ommend his
house%ee"ing$ and he 'ill beggar himself< commend his tem"erance$ he 'ill
star#e himself.
------Llaudata0ue #irtus
:rescit$ et immensum gloria calcar habet.L;,B@=G
he is mad$ mad$ mad$ no 'oe 'ith him&--_im"atiens consortis erit_$ he 'ill
o#er the ;,B@.GAl"s to be tal%ed of$ or to maintain his credit. :ommend an
ambitious man$ some "roud "rince or "otentate$ _si "lus ae0uo laudetur_
(saith ;,B@?GErasmus) _cristas erigit$ e+uit hominem$ 3eum se "utat_$ he
sets u" his crest$ and 'ill be no longer a man but a God.
;,B@@G ------Lnihil est 0uod credere de se
8on audet 0uum laudatur diis ae0ua "otestas.L;,B@-G
5o' did this 'or% 'ith Ale+ander$ that 'ould needs be Du"iter!s son$ and go
li%e 5ercules in a lion!s s%inN 3omitian a god$ ;,B@AG(_3ominus 3eus noster
sic fieri jubet_$) li%e the ;,B@/GPersian %ings$ 'hose image 'as adored by
all that came into the city of abylon. :ommodus the em"eror 'as so gulled
by his flattering "arasites$ that he must be called 5ercules.
;,B@BGAntonius the 1oman 'ould be cro'ned 'ith i#y$ carried in a chariot$
and adored for acchus. :otys$ %ing of Thrace$ 'as married to ;,B-CG
Miner#a$ and sent three se#eral messengers one after another$ to see if she
'ere come to his bedchamber. 9uch a one 'as ;,B-,GDu"iter Menecrates$
Ma+iminus$ Do#ianus$ 3ioclesianus 5erculeus$ 9a"or the Persian %ing$
brother of the sun and moon$ and our modern Tur%s$ that 'ill be gods on
earth$ %ings of %ings$ God!s shado'$ commanders of all that may be
commanded$ our %ings of :hina and Tartary in this "resent age. 9uch a one
'as Jer+es$ that 'ould 'hi" the sea$ fetter 8e"tune$ _stulta jactantia_$
and send a challenge to Mount Athos< and such are many sottish "rinces$
brought into a fool!s "aradise by their "arasites$ !tis a common humour$
incident to all men$ 'hen they are in great "laces$ or come to the solstice
of honour$ ha#e done$ or deser#ed 'ell$ to a""laud and flatter themsel#es.
_9tultitiam suam "rodunt_$ Fc.$ (saith ;,B-=GPlaterus) your #ery tradesmen
if they be e+cellent$ 'ill crac% and brag$ and sho' their folly in e+cess.
They ha#e good "arts$ and they %no' it$ you need not tell them of it< out
of a conceit of their 'orth$ they go smiling to themsel#es$ a "er"etual
meditation of their tro"hies and "laudits$ they run at last 0uite mad$ and
lose their 'its. ;,B-.GPetrarch$ _lib. , de contem"tu mundi_$ confessed as
much of himself$ and :ardan$ in his fifth boo% of 'isdom$ gi#es an instance
in a smith of Milan$ a fello'-citizen of his$ ;,B-?Gone Galeus de 1ubeis$
that being commended for refining of an instrument of Archimedes$ for joy
ran mad. Plutarch in the life of Arta+er+es$ hath such a li%e story of one
:hamus$ a soldier$ that 'ounded %ing :yrus in battle$ and Lgre' thereu"on
so ;,B-@Garrogant$ that in a short s"ace after he lost his 'its.L 9o many
men$ if any ne' honour$ office$ "referment$ booty$ treasure$ "ossession$ or
"atrimony$ _e+ ins"erato_ fall unto them for immoderate joy$ and continual
meditation of it$ cannot slee" ;,B--Gor tell 'hat they say or do$ they are
so ra#ished on a sudden< and 'ith #ain conceits trans"orted$ there is no
rule 'ith them. E"aminondas$ therefore$ the ne+t day after his *euctrian
#ictory$ ;,B-AGLcame abroad all s0ualid and submiss$L and ga#e no other
reason to his friends of so doing$ than that he "ercei#ed himself the day
before$ by reason of his good fortune$ to be too insolent$ o#ermuch joyed.
That 'ise and #irtuous lady$ ;,B-/GKueen 6atherine$ 3o'ager of England$ in
"ri#ate tal%$ u"on li%e occasion$ said$ that ;,B-BGLshe 'ould not 'illingly
endure the e+tremity of either fortune< but if it 'ere so$ that of
necessity she must undergo the one$ she 'ould be in ad#ersity$ because
comfort 'as ne#er 'anting in it$ but still counsel and go#ernment 'ere
defecti#e in the other&L they could not moderate themsel#es.
9H9E:T. JI.--_*o#e of *earning$ or o#ermuch study. 4ith a 3igression of
the misery of 9cholars$ and 'hy the Muses are Melancholy_.
*eonartus 7uchsius _Instit. lib. iii. sect. ,. ca". ,._ 7eli+ Plater$ _lib.
iii. de mentis alienat_. 5erc. de 9a+onia$ _Tract. "ost. de melanch. ca".
._$ s"ea% of a ;,BACG"eculiar fury$ 'hich comes by o#ermuch study.
7ernelius$ _lib. ,$ ca". ,/_$ ;,BA,G"uts study$ contem"lation$ and
continual meditation$ as an es"ecial cause of madness& and in his _/-
consul._ cites the same 'ords. Do. Arculanus$ _in lib. B$ 1hasis ad
Alnansorem$ ca". ,-_$ amongst other causes rec%ons u" _studium #ehemens_&
so doth *e#inus *emnius$ _lib. de occul. nat. mirac. lib. ,$ ca". ,-._
;,BA=GLMany menL (saith he) Lcome to this malady by continual ;,BA.Gstudy$
and night-'a%ing$ and of all other men$ scholars are most subject to it&L
and such 1hasis adds$ ;,BA?GLthat ha#e commonly the finest 'its.L _:ont.
lib. ,$ tract. B_$ Marsilius 7icinus$ _de sanit. tuenda$ lib. ,. ca". A_$
"uts melancholy amongst one of those fi#e "rinci"al "lagues of students$
!tis a common Maul unto them all$ and almost in some measure an inse"arable
com"anion. Iarro beli%e for that cause calls _Tristes Philoso"hos et
se#eros_$ se#ere$ sad$ dry$ tetric$ are common e"ithets to scholars& and
;,BA@GPatritius therefore$ in the institution of "rinces$ 'ould not ha#e
them to be great students. 7or (as Machia#el holds) study 'ea%ens their
bodies$ dulls the s"irits$ abates their strength and courage< and good
scholars are ne#er good soldiers$ 'hich a certain Goth 'ell "ercei#ed$ for
'hen his countrymen came into Greece$ and 'ould ha#e burned all their
boo%s$ he cried out against it$ by no means they should do it$ ;,BA-G
Llea#e them that "lague$ 'hich in time 'ill consume all their #igour$ and
martial s"irits.L The ;,BAAGTur%s abdicated :ornutus the ne+t heir from the
em"ire$ because he 'as so much gi#en to his boo%& and !tis the common tenet
of the 'orld$ that learning dulls and diminisheth the s"irits$ and so _"er
conse0uens_ "roduceth melancholy.
T'o main reasons may be gi#en of it$ 'hy students should be more subject to
this malady than others. The one is$ they li#e a sedentary$ solitary life$
_sibi et musis_$ free from bodily e+ercise$ and those ordinary dis"orts
'hich other men use& and many times if discontent and idleness concur 'ith
it$ 'hich is too fre0uent$ they are "reci"itated into this gulf on a
sudden& but the common cause is o#ermuch study< too much learning (as
;,BA/G7estus told Paul) hath made thee mad< !tis that other e+treme 'hich
effects it. 9o did Trinca#elius$ _lib. ,$ consil. ,= and ,._$ find by his
e+"erience$ in t'o of his "atients$ a young baron$ and another that
contracted this malady by too #ehement study. 9o 7orestus$ _obser#at. l.
,C$ obser#. ,._$ in a young di#ine in *ou#ain$ that 'as mad$ and said
;,BABGLhe had a ible in his head&L Marsilius 7icinus _de sanit. tuend.
lib. ,$ ca". ,$ .$ ?_$ and _lib. =$ ca". ,-_$ gi#es many reasons$ ;,B/CG
L'hy students dote more often than others.L The first is their negligence<
;,B/,GLother men loo% to their tools$ a "ainter 'ill 'ash his "encils$ a
smith 'ill loo% to his hammer$ an#il$ forge< a husbandman 'ill mend his
"lough-irons$ and grind his hatchet if it be dull< a falconer or huntsman
'ill ha#e an es"ecial care of his ha'%s$ hounds$ horses$ dogs$ Fc.< a
musician 'ill string and unstring his lute$ Fc.< only scholars neglect that
instrument$ their brain and s"irits (I mean) 'hich they daily use$ and by
'hich they range o#erall the 'orld$ 'hich by much study is consumed.L
_Iide_ (saith *ucian) _ne funiculum nimis intendendo ali0uando abrum"as_&
L9ee thou t'ist not the ro"e so hard$ till at length it ;,B/=Gbrea%.L
7acinus in his fourth cha". gi#es some other reasons< 9aturn and Mercury$
the "atrons of learning$ they are both dry "lanets& and 2riganus assigns
the same cause$ 'hy Mercurialists are so "oor$ and most "art beggars< for
that their "resident Mercury had no better fortune himself. The destinies
of old "ut "o#erty u"on him as a "unishment< since 'hen$ "oetry and beggary
are Gemelli$ t'in-born brats$ inse"arable com"anions<
;,B/.G LAnd to this day is e#ery scholar "oor<
Gross gold from them runs headlong to the boor&L
Mercury can hel" them to %no'ledge$ but not to money. The second is
contem"lation$ ;,B/?GL'hich dries the brain and e+tinguisheth natural heat<
for 'hilst the s"irits are intent to meditation abo#e in the head$ the
stomach and li#er are left destitute$ and thence come blac% blood and
crudities by defect of concoction$ and for 'ant of e+ercise the su"erfluous
#a"ours cannot e+hale$L Fc. The same reasons are re"eated by Gomesius$
_lib. ?$ ca". ,$ de sale_ ;,B/@G8ymannus _orat. de Imag._ Do. Ioschius$
_lib. =$ ca". @$ de "este_& and something more they add$ that hard students
are commonly troubled 'ith gouts$ catarrhs$ rheums$ cache+ia$ bradio"e"sia$
bad eyes$ stone and colic$ ;,B/-Gcrudities$ o""ilations$ #ertigo$ 'inds$
consum"tions$ and all such diseases as come by o#ermuch sitting< they are
most "art lean$ dry$ ill-coloured$ s"end their fortunes$ lose their 'its$
and many times their li#es$ and all through immoderate "ains$ and
e+traordinary studies. If you 'ill not belie#e the truth of this$ loo% u"on
great Tostatus and Thomas A0uinas!s 'or%s$ and tell me 'hether those men
too% "ainsN "eruse Austin$ 5ierom$ Fc.$ and many thousands besides.
LKui cu"it o"tatam cursu contingere metam$
Multa tulit$ fecit0ue "uer$ suda#it et alsit.L
L5e that desires this 'ished goal to gain$
Must s'eat and freeze before he can attain$L
and labour hard for it. 9o did 9eneca$ by his o'n confession$ _e". /._
;,B/AGL8ot a day that I s"end idle$ "art of the night I %ee" mine eyes
o"en$ tired 'ith 'a%ing$ and no' slumbering to their continual tas%.L 5ear
Tully _"ro Archia Poeta_& L'hilst others loitered$ and too% their
"leasures$ he 'as continually at his boo%$L so they do that 'ill be
scholars$ and that to the hazard (I say) of their healths$ fortunes$ 'its$
and li#es. 5o' much did Aristotle and Ptolemy s"endN _unius regni "recium_
they say$ more than a %ing!s ransom< ho' many cro'ns "er annum$ to "erfect
arts$ the one about his 5istory of :reatures$ the other on his AlmagestN
5o' much time did Thebet enchorat em"loy$ to find out the motion of the
eighth s"hereN forty years and more$ some 'rite& ho' many "oor scholars
ha#e lost their 'its$ or become dizzards$ neglecting all 'orldly affairs
and their o'n health$ 'ealth$ _esse_ and _bene esse_$ to gain %no'ledge for
'hich$ after all their "ains$ in this 'orld!s esteem they are accounted
ridiculous and silly fools$ idiots$ asses$ and (as oft they are) rejected$
contemned$ derided$ doting$ and mad. *oo% for e+am"les in 5ildesheim
_s"icel. =$ de mania et delirio_& read Trinca#ellius$ _l. .. consil. .-$ et
c. ,A._ Montanus$ _consil. =..._ ;,B//GGarceus _de Dudic. genit. ca". ..._
Mercurialis$ _consil. /-$ ca". =@._ Pros"er ;,B/BG:alenius in his oo% _de
atra bile_< Go to edlam and as%. 2r if they %ee" their 'its$ yet they are
esteemed scrubs and fools by reason of their carriage& Lafter se#en years!
studyL
------Lstatua$ taciturnius e+it$
Plerum0ue et risum "o"uli 0uatit.L------
L5e becomes more silent than a statue$ and generally e+cites "eo"le!s
laughter.L ecause they cannot ride a horse$ 'hich e#ery clo'n can do<
salute and court a gentle'oman$ car#e at table$ cringe and ma%e conges$
'hich e#ery common s'asher can do$ ;,BBCG_hos "o"ulus ridet_$ Fc.$ they are
laughed to scorn$ and accounted silly fools by our gallants. Eea$ many
times$ such is their misery$ they deser#e it& ;,BB,Ga mere scholar$ a mere
ass.
;,BB=G L2bsti"o ca"ite$ et figentes lumine terram$
Murmura cum secum$ et rabiosa silentia rodunt$
At0ue e+"errecto trutinantur #erba labello$
Aegroti #eteris meditantes somnia$ gigni
3e nihilo nihilum< in nihilum nil "osse re#erti.L
;,BB.G ------L'ho do lean a'ry
Their heads$ "iercing the earth 'ith a fi+t eye<
4hen$ by themsel#es$ they gna' their murmuring$
And furious silence$ as !t'ere balancing
Each 'ord u"on their out-stretched li"$ and 'hen
They meditate the dreams of old sic% men$
As$ !2ut of nothing$ nothing can be brought<
And that 'hich is$ can ne!er be turn!d to nought.!L
Thus they go commonly meditating unto themsel#es$ thus they sit$ such is
their action and gesture. 7ulgosus$ _l. /$ c. A_$ ma%es mention ho' Th.
A0uinas su""ing 'ith %ing *e'is of 7rance$ u"on a sudden %noc%ed his fist
u"on the table$ and cried$ _conclusum est contra Manichaeos_$ his 'its 'ere
a 'ool-gathering$ as they say$ and his head busied about other matters$
'hen he "ercei#ed his error$ he 'as much ;,BB?Gabashed. 9uch a story there
is of Archimedes in Iitru#ius$ that ha#ing found out the means to %no' ho'
much gold 'as mingled 'ith the sil#er in %ing 5ieron!s cro'n$ ran na%ed
forth of the bath and cried ;Gree%& heurae%aG$ I ha#e found& ;,BB@GLand 'as
commonly so intent to his studies$ that he ne#er "ercei#ed 'hat 'as done
about him& 'hen the city 'as ta%en$ and the soldiers no' ready to rifle his
house$ he too% no notice of it.L 9t. ernard rode all day long by the
*emnian la%e$ and as%ed at last 'here he 'as$ Marullus$ _lib. =$ ca". ?._
It 'as 3emocritus!s carriage alone that made the Abderites su""ose him to
ha#e been mad$ and send for 5i""ocrates to cure him& if he had been in any
solemn com"any$ he 'ould u"on all occasions fall a laughing. Theo"hrastus
saith as much of 5eraclitus$ for that he continually 'e"t$ and *aertius of
Menedemus *am"sacus$ because he ran li%e a madman$ ;,BB-Gsaying$ Lhe came
from hell as a s"y$ to tell the de#ils 'hat mortal men did.L Eour greatest
students are commonly no better$ silly$ soft fello's in their out'ard
beha#iour$ absurd$ ridiculous to others$ and no 'hit e+"erienced in 'orldly
business< they can measure the hea#ens$ range o#er the 'orld$ teach others
'isdom$ and yet in bargains and contracts they are circum#ented by e#ery
base tradesman. Are not these men foolsN and ho' should they be other'ise$
Lbut as so many sots in schools$ 'henL (as ;,BBAGhe 'ell obser#ed) Lthey
neither hear nor see such things as are commonly "ractised abroadNL ho'
should they get e+"erience$ by 'hat meansN ;,BB/GLI %ne' in my time many
scholars$L saith Aeneas 9yl#ius (in an e"istle of his to Gas"er 9citic%$
chancellor to the em"eror)$ Le+cellent 'ell learned$ but so rude$ so silly$
that they had no common ci#ility$ nor %ne' ho' to manage their domestic or
"ublic affairs.L LPaglarensis 'as amazed$ and said his farmer had surely
cozened him$ 'hen he heard him tell that his so' had ele#en "igs$ and his
ass had but one foal.L To say the best of this "rofession$ I can gi#e no
other testimony of them in general$ than that of Pliny of Isaeus< ;,BBBGL5e
is yet a scholar$ than 'hich %ind of men there is nothing so sim"le$ so
sincere$ none better$ they are most "art harmless$ honest$ u"right$
innocent$ "lain-dealing men.L
8o' because they are commonly subject to such hazards and incon#eniences as
dotage$ madness$ sim"licity$ Fc. Do. Ioschius 'ould ha#e good scholars to
be highly re'arded$ and had in some e+traordinary res"ect abo#e other men$
Lto ha#e greater ;=CCCG"ri#ileges than the rest$ that ad#enture themsel#es
and abbre#iate their li#es for the "ublic good.L ut our "atrons of
learning are so far no'adays from res"ecting the muses$ and gi#ing that
honour to scholars$ or re'ard 'hich they deser#e$ and are allo'ed by those
indulgent "ri#ileges of many noble "rinces$ that after all their "ains
ta%en in the uni#ersities$ cost and charge$ e+"enses$ ir%some hours$
laborious tas%s$ 'earisome days$ dangers$ hazards$ (barred interim from all
"leasures 'hich other men ha#e$ me'ed u" li%e ha'%s all their li#es) if
they chance to 'ade through them$ they shall in the end be rejected$
contemned$ and 'hich is their greatest misery$ dri#en to their shifts$
e+"osed to 'ant$ "o#erty$ and beggary. Their familiar attendants are$
;=CC,G LPallentes morbi$ luctus$ curae0ue labor0ue
Et metus$ et malesuada fames$ et tur"is egestas$
Terribiles #isu formaeL------
LGrief$ labour$ care$ "ale sic%ness$ miseries$
7ear$ filthy "o#erty$ hunger that cries$
Terrible monsters to be seen 'ith eyes.L
If there 'ere nothing else to trouble them$ the conceit of this alone 'ere
enough to ma%e them all melancholy. Most other trades and "rofessions$
after some se#en years! a""renticeshi"$ are enabled by their craft to li#e
of themsel#es. A merchant ad#entures his goods at sea$ and though his
hazard be great$ yet if one shi" return of four$ he li%ely ma%es a sa#ing
#oyage. An husbandman!s gains are almost certain< _0uibus i"se Du"iter
nocere non "otest_ ('hom Do#e himself can!t harm) (!tis ;=CC=G:ato!s
hy"erbole$ a great husband himself)< only scholars methin%s are most
uncertain$ unres"ected$ subject to all casualties$ and hazards. 7or first$
not one of a many "ro#es to be a scholar$ all are not ca"able and docile$
;=CC.G_e+ omniligno non fit Mercurius_& 'e can ma%e majors and officers
e#ery year$ but not scholars& %ings can in#est %nights and barons$ as
9igismund the em"eror confessed< uni#ersities can gi#e degrees< and _Tu
0uod es$ e "o"ulo 0uilibet esse "otest_< but he nor they$ nor all the
'orld$ can gi#e learning$ ma%e "hiloso"hers$ artists$ orators$ "oets< 'e
can soon say$ as 9eneca 'ell notes$ _2 #irum bonum$ o di#item_$ "oint at a
rich man$ a good$ a ha""y man$ a "ros"erous man$ _sum"tuose #estitum$
:alamistratum$ bene olentem$ magno tem"oris im"endio constat haec laudatio$
o #irum literarum_$ but !tis not so easily "erformed to find out a learned
man. *earning is not so 0uic%ly got$ though they may be 'illing to ta%e
"ains$ to that end sufficiently informed$ and liberally maintained by their
"atrons and "arents$ yet fe' can com"ass it. 2r if they be docile$ yet all
men!s 'ills are not ans'erable to their 'its$ they can a""rehend$ but 'ill
not ta%e "ains< they are either seduced by bad com"anions$ _#el in "uellam
im"ingunt$ #el in "oculum_ (they fall in 'ith 'omen or 'ine) and so s"end
their time to their friends! grief and their o'n undoings. 2r "ut case they
be studious$ industrious$ of ri"e 'its$ and "erha"s good ca"acities$ then
ho' many diseases of body and mind must they encounterN 8o labour in the
'orld li%e unto study. It may be$ their tem"erature 'ill not endure it$ but
stri#ing to be e+cellent to %no' all$ they lose health$ 'ealth$ 'it$ life
and all. *et him yet ha""ily esca"e all these hazards$ _aereis intestinis_
'ith a body of brass$ and is no' consummate and ri"e$ he hath "rofited in
his studies$ and "roceeded 'ith all a""lause& after many e+"enses$ he is
fit for "referment$ 'here shall he ha#e itN he is as far to see% it as he
'as (after t'enty years! standing) at the first day of his coming to the
Hni#ersity. 7or 'hat course shall he ta%e$ being no' ca"able and readyN The
most "arable and easy$ and about 'hich many are em"loyed$ is to teach a
school$ turn lecturer or curate$ and for that he shall ha#e falconer!s
'ages$ ten "ound "er annum$ and his diet$ or some small sti"end$ so long as
he can "lease his "atron or the "arish< if they a""ro#e him not (for
usually they do but a year or t'o) as inconstant$ as ;=CC?Gthey that cried
L5osannaL one day$ and L:rucify himL the other< ser#ing-man-li%e$ he must
go loo% a ne' master< if they do$ 'hat is his re'ardN
;=CC@G L5oc 0uo0ue te manet ut "ueros elementa docentem
2ccu"et e+tremis in #icis alba senectus.L
LAt last thy sno'-'hite age in suburb schools$
9hall toil in teaching boys their grammar rules.L
*i%e an ass$ he 'ears out his time for "ro#ender$ and can sho' a stum" rod$
_togam tritam et laceram_ saith ;=CC-G5aedus$ an old torn go'n$ an ensign
of his infelicity$ he hath his labour for his "ain$ a modicum to %ee" him
till he be decre"it$ and that is all. _Grammaticus non est feli+_$ Fc. If
he be a trencher cha"lain in a gentleman!s house$ as it befell ;=CCAG
Eu"hormio$ after some se#en years! ser#ice$ he may "erchance ha#e a li#ing
to the hal#es$ or some small rectory 'ith the mother of the maids at
length$ a "oor %ins'oman$ or a crac%ed chambermaid$ to ha#e and to hold
during the time of his life. ut if he offend his good "atron$ or dis"lease
his lady mistress in the mean time$
;=CC/G L3ucetur Planta #elut ictus ab 5ercule :acus$
Ponetur0ue foras$ si 0uid tenta#erit un0uam
5iscereL------
as 5ercules did by :acus$ he shall be dragged forth of doors by the heels$
a'ay 'ith him. If he bend his forces to some other studies$ 'ith an intent
to be _a secretis_ to some nobleman$ or in such a "lace 'ith an ambassador$
he shall find that these "ersons rise li%e a""rentices one under another$
and in so many tradesmen!s sho"s$ 'hen the master is dead$ the foreman of
the sho" commonly ste"s in his "lace. 8o' for "oets$ rhetoricians$
historians$ "hiloso"hers$ ;=CCBGmathematicians$ so"histers$ Fc.< they are
li%e grassho""ers$ sing they must in summer$ and "ine in the 'inter$ for
there is no "referment for them. E#en so they 'ere at first$ if you 'ill
belie#e that "leasant tale of 9ocrates$ 'hich he told fair Phaedrus under a
"lane-tree$ at the ban%s of the ri#er Iseus< about noon 'hen it 'as hot$
and the grassho""ers made a noise$ he too% that s'eet occasion to tell him
a tale$ ho' grassho""ers 'ere once scholars$ musicians$ "oets$ Fc.$ before
the Muses 'ere born$ and li#ed 'ithout meat and drin%$ and for that cause
'ere turned by Du"iter into grassho""ers. And may be turned again$ _In
Tythoni :icadas$ aut *yciorum ranas_$ for any re'ard I see they are li%e to
ha#e& or else in the mean time$ I 'ould they could li#e$ as they did$
'ithout any #iaticum$ li%e so many ;=C,CGmanucodiatae$ those Indian birds
of "aradise$ as 'e commonly call them$ those I mean that li#e 'ith the air
and de' of hea#en$ and need no other food< for being as they are$ their
;=C,,GLrhetoric only ser#es them to curse their bad fortunes$L and many of
them for 'ant of means are dri#en to hard shifts< from grassho""ers they
turn humble-bees and 'as"s$ "lain "arasites$ and ma%e the muses$ mules$ to
satisfy their hunger-star#ed "aunches$ and get a meal!s meat. To say truth$
!tis the common fortune of most scholars$ to be ser#ile and "oor$ to
com"lain "itifully$ and lay o"en their 'ants to their res"ectless "atrons$
as ;=C,=G:ardan doth$ as ;=C,.GJilander and many others& and 'hich is too
common in those dedicatory e"istles$ for ho"e of gain$ to lie$ flatter$ and
'ith hy"erbolical eulogiums and commendations$ to magnify and e+tol an
illiterate un'orthy idiot$ for his e+cellent #irtues$ 'hom they should
rather$ as ;=C,?GMachia#el obser#es$ #ilify$ and rail at do'nright for his
most notorious #illainies and #ices. 9o they "rostitute themsel#es as
fiddlers$ or mercenary tradesmen$ to ser#e great men!s turns for a small
re'ard. They are li%e ;=C,@GIndians$ they ha#e store of gold$ but %no' not
the 'orth of it& for I am of 9ynesius!s o"inion$ ;=C,-GL6ing 5ieron got
more by 9imonides! ac0uaintance$ than 9imonides did by his<L they ha#e
their best education$ good institution$ sole 0ualification from us$ and
'hen they ha#e done 'ell$ their honour and immortality from us& 'e are the
li#ing tombs$ registers$ and as so many trum"eters of their fames& 'hat 'as
Achilles 'ithout 5omerN Ale+ander 'ithout Arian and :urtiusN 'ho had %no'n
the :aesars$ but for 9uetonius and 3ionN
;=C,AG LIi+erunt fortes ante Agamemnona
Multi& sed omnes illachrymabiles
Hrgentur$ ignoti0ue longa
8octe$ carent 0uia #ate sacro.L
Lefore great Agamemnon reign!d$
1eign!d %ings as great as he$ and bra#e$
4hose huge ambition!s no' contain!d
In the small com"ass of a gra#e&L
LIn endless night$ they slee"$ un'e"t$ un%no'n$
8o bard they had to ma%e all time their o'n.L
they are more beholden to scholars$ than scholars to them< but they
under#alue themsel#es$ and so by those great men are %e"t do'n. *et them
ha#e that encyclo"aedian$ all the learning in the 'orld< they must %ee" it
to themsel#es$ ;=C,/GLli#e in base esteem$ and star#e$ e+ce"t they 'ill
submit$L as udaeus 'ell hath it$ Lso many good "arts$ so many ensigns of
arts$ #irtues$ be sla#ishly obno+ious to some illiterate "otentate$ and
li#e under his insolent 'orshi"$ or honour$ li%e "arasites$L _Kui tan0uam
mures alienum "anem comedunt_. 7or to say truth$ _artes hae$ non sunt
*ucrati#ae_$ as Guido onat that great astrologer could foresee$ they be
not gainful arts these$ _sed esurientes et famelicae_$ but "oor and hungry.
;=C,BG L3at Galenus o"es$ dat Dustinianus honores$
9ed genus et s"ecies cogitur ire "edes&L
LThe rich "hysician$ honour!d la'yers ride$
4hilst the "oor scholar foots it by their side.L
Po#erty is the muses! "atrimony$ and as that "oetical di#inity teacheth us$
'hen Du"iter!s daughters 'ere each of them married to the gods$ the muses
alone 'ere left solitary$ 5elicon forsa%en of all suitors$ and I belie#e it
'as$ because they had no "ortion.
L:allio"e longum caelebs cur #i+it in ae#umN
8em"e nihil dotis$ 0uod numeraret$ erat.L
L4hy did :allio"e li#e so long a maidN
ecause she had no do'ry to be "aid.L
E#er since all their follo'ers are "oor$ forsa%en and left unto themsel#es.
Insomuch$ that as ;=C=CGPetronius argues$ you shall li%ely %no' them by
their clothes. LThere came$L saith he$ Lby chance into my com"any$ a fello'
not #ery s"ruce to loo% on$ that I could "ercei#e by that note alone he 'as
a scholar$ 'hom commonly rich men hate& I as%ed him 'hat he 'as$ he
ans'ered$ a "oet& I demanded again 'hy he 'as so ragged$ he told me this
%ind of learning ne#er made any man rich.L
;=C=,G LKui Pelago credit$ magno se faenore tollit$
Kui "ugnas et rostra "etit$ "raecingitur auro&
Iilis adulator "icto jacet ebrius ostro$
9ola "ruinosis horret facundia "annis.L
LA merchant!s gain is great$ that goes to sea<
A soldier embossed all in gold<
A flatterer lies fo+!d in bra#e array<
A scholar only ragged to behold.L
All 'hich our ordinary students$ right 'ell "ercei#ing in the uni#ersities$
ho' un"rofitable these "oetical$ mathematical$ and "hiloso"hical studies
are$ ho' little res"ected$ ho' fe' "atrons< a""ly themsel#es in all haste
to those three commodious "rofessions of la'$ "hysic$ and di#inity$ sharing
themsel#es bet'een them$ ;=C==Grejecting these arts in the mean time$
history$ "hiloso"hy$ "hilology$ or lightly "assing them o#er$ as "leasant
toys fitting only table-tal%$ and to furnish them 'ith discourse. They are
not so beho#eful& he that can tell his money hath arithmetic enough& he is
a true geometrician$ can measure out a good fortune to himself< a "erfect
astrologer$ that can cast the rise and fall of others$ and mar% their
errant motions to his o'n use. The best o"tics are$ to reflect the beams of
some great man!s fa#our and grace to shine u"on him. 5e is a good engineer
that alone can ma%e an instrument to get "referment. This 'as the common
tenet and "ractice of Poland$ as :romerus obser#ed not long since$ in the
first boo% of his history< their uni#ersities 'ere generally base$ not a
"hiloso"her$ a mathematician$ an anti0uary$ Fc.$ to be found of any note
amongst them$ because they had no set re'ard or sti"end$ but e#ery man
betoo% himself to di#inity$ _hoc solum in #otis habens$ o"imum
sacerdotium_$ a good "arsonage 'as their aim. This 'as the "ractice of some
of our near neighbours$ as ;=C=.G*i"sius in#eighs$ Lthey thrust their
children to the study of la' and di#inity$ before they be informed aright$
or ca"able of such studies.L _9cilicet omnibus artibus antistat s"es lucri$
et formosior est cumulus auri$ 0uam 0uic0uid Graeci *atini0ue delirantes
scri"serunt. E+ hoc numero deinde #eniunt ad gubernacula rei"ub. intersunt
et "raesunt consiliis regum$ o "ater$ o "atria_N so he com"lained$ and so
may others. 7or e#en so 'e find$ to ser#e a great man$ to get an office in
some bisho"!s court (to "ractise in some good to'n) or com"ass a benefice$
is the mar% 'e shoot at$ as being so ad#antageous$ the high'ay to
"referment.
Although many times$ for aught I can see$ these men fail as often as the
rest in their "rojects$ and are as usually frustrate of their ho"es. 7or
let him be a doctor of the la'$ an e+cellent ci#ilian of good 'orth$ 'here
shall he "ractise and e+"atiateN Their fields are so scant$ the ci#il la'
'ith us so contracted 'ith "rohibitions$ so fe' causes$ by reason of those
all-de#ouring munici"al la's$ _0uibus nihil illiteratius_$ saith ;=C=?G
Erasmus$ an illiterate and a barbarous study$ (for though they be ne#er so
'ell learned in it$ I can hardly #ouchsafe them the name of scholars$
e+ce"t they be other'ise 0ualified) and so fe' courts are left to that
"rofession$ such slender offices$ and those commonly to be com"assed at
such dear rates$ that I %no' not ho' an ingenious man should thri#e amongst
them. 8o' for "hysicians$ there are in e#ery #illage so many mounteban%s$
em"irics$ 0uac%sal#ers$ Paracelsians$ as they call themsel#es$ _:aucifici
et sanicidae_ so ;=C=@G:lenard terms them$ 'izards$ alchemists$ "oor
#icars$ cast a"othecaries$ "hysicians! men$ barbers$ and good 'i#es$
"rofessing great s%ill$ that I ma%e great doubt ho' they shall be
maintained$ or 'ho shall be their "atients. esides$ there are so many of
both sorts$ and some of them such har"ies$ so co#etous$ so clamorous$ so
im"udent< and as ;=C=-Ghe said$ litigious idiots$
LKuibus lo0uacis affatim arrogantiae est
Pentiae "arum aut nihil$
8ec ulla mica literarii salis$
:rumenimulga natio&
*o0uuteleia turba$ litium stro"hae$
Maligna litigantium cohors$ togati #ultures$L
L*a#ernae alumni$ Agyrtae$L Fc.
L4hich ha#e no s%ill but "rating arrogance$
8o learning$ such a "urse-mil%ing nation&
Go'n!d #ultures$ thie#es$ and a litigious rout
2f cozeners$ that haunt this occu"ation$L
that they cannot 'ell tell ho' to li#e one by another$ but as he jested in
the :omedy of :loc%s$ they 'ere so many$ ;=C=AG_major "ars "o"uli arida
re"tant fame_$ they are almost star#ed a great "art of them$ and ready to
de#our their fello's$ ;=C=/G_Et no+ia callidilate se corri"ere_$ such a
multitude of "ettifoggers and em"irics$ such im"ostors$ that an honest man
%no's not in 'hat sort to com"ose and beha#e himself in their society$ to
carry himself 'ith credit in so #ile a rout$ _scientiae nomen$ tot
sum"tibus "artum et #igiliis$ "rofiteri dis"udeat$ "ost0uam_$ Fc.
*ast of all to come to our di#ines$ the most noble "rofession and 'orthy of
double honour$ but of all others the most distressed and miserable. If you
'ill not belie#e me$ hear a brief of it$ as it 'as not many years since
"ublicly "reached at Paul!s cross$ ;=C=BGby a gra#e minister then$ and no'
a re#erend bisho" of this land& L4e that are bred u" in learning$ and
destinated by our "arents to this end$ 'e suffer our childhood in the
grammar-school$ 'hich Austin calls _magnam tyrannidem$ et gra#e malum_$ and
com"ares it to the torments of martyrdom< 'hen 'e come to the uni#ersity$
if 'e li#e of the college allo'ance$ as Phalaris objected to the *eontines$
;Gree%& "an ton endeis "laen limou %ai "hobouG$ needy of all things but
hunger and fear$ or if 'e be maintained but "artly by our "arents! cost$ do
e+"end in unnecessary maintenance$ boo%s and degrees$ before 'e come to any
"erfection$ fi#e hundred "ounds$ or a thousand mar%s. If by this "rice of
the e+"ense of time$ our bodies and s"irits$ our substance and "atrimonies$
'e cannot "urchase those small re'ards$ 'hich are ours by la'$ and the
right of inheritance$ a "oor "arsonage$ or a #icarage of @C_l._ "er annum$
but 'e must "ay to the "atron for the lease of a life (a s"ent and out-'orn
life) either in annual "ension$ or abo#e the rate of a co"yhold$ and that
'ith the hazard and loss of our souls$ by simony and "erjury$ and the
forfeiture of all our s"iritual "referments$ in _esse_ and _"osse_$ both
"resent and to come. 4hat father after a 'hile 'ill be so im"ro#ident to
bring u" his son to his great charge$ to this necessary beggaryN 4hat
:hristian 'ill be so irreligious$ to bring u" his son in that course of
life$ 'hich by all "robability and necessity$ _cogit ad tur"ia_$ enforcing
to sin$ 'ill entangle him in simony and "erjury$ 'hen as the "oet said$
_In#itatus ad haec ali0uis de "onte negabit_& a beggar!s brat ta%en from
the bridge 'here he sits a begging$ if he %ne' the incon#enience$ had cause
to refuse it.L This being thus$ ha#e not 'e fished fair all this 'hile$
that are initiate di#ines$ to find no better fruits of our labours$ ;=C.CG
_hoc est cur "alles$ cur 0uis non "randeat hoc est_N do 'e macerate
oursel#es for thisN Is it for this 'e rise so early all the year longN
;=C.,GL*ea"ingL (as he saith) Lout of our beds$ 'hen 'e hear the bell ring$
as if 'e had heard a thundercla".L If this be all the res"ect$ re'ard and
honour 'e shall ha#e$ ;=C.=G_frange le#es calamos$ et scinde Thalia
libellos_& let us gi#e o#er our boo%s$ and beta%e oursel#es to some other
course of life< to 'hat end should 'e studyN ;=C..G_Kuid me litterulas
stulti docuere "arentes_$ 'hat did our "arents mean to ma%e us scholars$ to
be as far to see% of "referment after t'enty years! study$ as 'e 'ere at
first& 'hy do 'e ta%e such "ainsN _Kuid tantum insanis ju#at im"allescere
chartis_N If there be no more ho"e of re'ard$ no better encouragement$ I
say again$ _7range le#es calamos$ et scinde Thalia libellos_< let!s turn
soldiers$ sell our boo%s$ and buy s'ords$ guns$ and "i%es$ or sto" bottles
'ith them$ turn our "hiloso"her!s go'ns$ as :leanthes once did$ into
millers! coats$ lea#e all and rather beta%e oursel#es to any other course
of life$ than to continue longer in this misery. ;=C.?G_Praestat
dentiscal"ia radere$ 0uam literariis monumentis magnatum fa#orem
emendicare_.
Eea$ but methin%s I hear some man e+ce"t at these 'ords$ that though this
be true 'hich I ha#e said of the estate of scholars$ and es"ecially of
di#ines$ that it is miserable and distressed at this time$ that the church
suffers shi"'rec% of her goods$ and that they ha#e just cause to com"lain<
there is a fault$ but 'hence "roceeds itN If the cause 'ere justly
e+amined$ it 'ould be retorted u"on oursel#es$ if 'e 'ere cited at that
tribunal of truth$ 'e should be found guilty$ and not able to e+cuse it
That there is a fault among us$ I confess$ and 'ere there not a buyer$
there 'ould not be a seller< but to him that 'ill consider better of it$ it
'ill more than manifestly a""ear$ that the fountain of these miseries
"roceeds from these gri"ing "atrons. In accusing them$ I do not altogether
e+cuse us< both are faulty$ they and 'e& yet in my judgment$ theirs is the
greater fault$ more a""arent causes and much to be condemned. 7or my "art$
if it be not 'ith me as I 'ould$ or as it should$ I do ascribe the cause$
as ;=C.@G:ardan did in the li%e case< _meo infortunio "otius 0uam illorum
sceleri_$ to ;=C.-Gmine o'n infelicity rather than their naughtiness&
although I ha#e been baffled in my time by some of them$ and ha#e as just
cause to com"lain as another& or rather indeed to mine o'n negligence< for
I 'as e#er li%e that Ale+ander in ;=C.AGPlutarch$ :rassus his tutor in
"hiloso"hy$ 'ho$ though he li#ed many years familiarly 'ith rich :rassus$
'as e#en as "oor 'hen from$ ('hich many 'ondered at) as 'hen he came first
to him< he ne#er as%ed$ the other ne#er ga#e him anything< 'hen he
tra#elled 'ith :rassus he borro'ed a hat of him$ at his return restored it
again. I ha#e had some such noble friends! ac0uaintance and scholars$ but
most "art (common courtesies and ordinary res"ects e+ce"ted) they and I
"arted as 'e met$ they ga#e me as much as I re0uested$ and that 'as--And as
Ale+ander ab Ale+andro _Genial. dier. l. -. c. ,-._ made ans'er to
5ieronymus Massainus$ that 'ondered$ _0uum "lures igna#os et ignobiles ad
dignitates et sacerdotia "romotos 0uotidie #ideret_$ 'hen other men rose$
still he 'as in the same state$ _eodem tenore et fortuna cui mercedem
laborum studiorum0ue deberi "utaret_$ 'hom he thought to deser#e as 'ell as
the rest. 5e made ans'er$ that he 'as content 'ith his "resent estate$ 'as
not ambitious$ and although _objurgabundus suam segnitiem accusaret$ cum
obscurae sortis homines ad sacerdotia et "ontificatus e#ectos_$ Fc.$ he
chid him for his bac%'ardness$ yet he 'as still the same& and for my "art
(though I be not 'orthy "erha"s to carry Ale+ander!s boo%s) yet by some
o#er'eening and 'ell-'ishing friends$ the li%e s"eeches ha#e been used to
me< but I re"lied still 'ith Ale+ander$ that I had enough$ and more
"erad#enture than I deser#ed< and 'ith *ibanius 9o"hista$ that rather chose
('hen honours and offices by the em"eror 'ere offered unto him) to be
_talis 9o"hista$ 0uam tails Magistratus_. I had as lief be still 3emocritus
junior$ and _"ri#us "ri#atus$ si mihi jam daretur o"tio$ 0uam talis
fortasse 3octor$ talis 3ominus.--9ed 0uorsum haec_N 7or the rest !tis on
both sides _facinus detestandum_$ to buy and sell li#ings$ to detain from
the church$ that 'hich God!s and men!s la's ha#e besto'ed on it< but in
them most$ and that from the co#etousness and ignorance of such as are
interested in this business< I name co#etousness in the first "lace$ as the
root of all these mischiefs$ 'hich$ Achan-li%e$ com"els them to commit
sacrilege$ and to ma%e simoniacal com"acts$ (and 'hat not) to their o'n
ends$ ;=C./Gthat %indles God!s 'rath$ brings a "lague$ #engeance$ and a
hea#y #isitation u"on themsel#es and others. 9ome out of that insatiable
desire of filthy lucre$ to be enriched$ care not ho' they come by it _"er
fas et nefas_$ hoo% or croo%$ so they ha#e it. And others 'hen they ha#e
'ith riot and "rodigality embezzled their estates$ to reco#er themsel#es$
ma%e a "rey of the church$ robbing it$ as ;=C.BGDulian the a"ostate did$
s"oil "arsons of their re#enues (in %ee"ing half bac%$ ;=C?CGas a great man
amongst us obser#es&) Land that maintenance on 'hich they should li#e&L by
means 'hereof$ barbarism is increased$ and a great decay of :hristian
"rofessors& for 'ho 'ill a""ly himself to these di#ine studies$ his son$ or
friend$ 'hen after great "ains ta%en$ they shall ha#e nothing 'hereu"on to
li#eN ut 'ith 'hat e#ent do they these thingsN
;=C?,G L2"es0ue totis #iribus #enamini
At inde messis accidit miserrima.L
They toil and moil$ but 'hat rea" theyN They are commonly unfortunate
families that use it$ accursed in their "rogeny$ and$ as common e+"erience
e#inceth$ accursed themsel#es in all their "roceedings. L4ith 'hat faceL
(as ;=C?=Ghe 0uotes out of Aust.) Lcan they e+"ect a blessing or
inheritance from :hrist in hea#en$ that defraud :hrist of his inheritance
here on earthNL I 'ould all our simoniacal "atrons$ and such as detain
tithes$ 'ould read those judicious tracts of 9ir 5enry 9"elman$ and 9ir
Dames 9em"ill$ %nights< those late elaborate and learned treatises of 3r.
Tilslye$ and Mr. Montague$ 'hich they ha#e 'ritten of that subject. ut
though they should read$ it 'ould be to small "ur"ose$ _clames licet et
mare coelo :onfundas_< thunder$ lighten$ "reach hell and damnation$ tell
them !tis a sin$ they 'ill not belie#e it< denounce and terrify$ they ha#e
;=C?.Gcauterised consciences$ they do not attend$ as the enchanted adder$
they sto" their ears. :all them base$ irreligious$ "rofane$ barbarous$
"agans$ atheists$ e"icures$ (as some of them surely are) 'ith the ba'd in
Plautus$ _Euge$ o"time_$ they cry and a""laud themsel#es 'ith that miser$
;=C??G_simul ac nummos contem"lor in arca_& say 'hat you 'ill$ _0uocun0ue
modo rem_& as a dog bar%s at the moon$ to no "ur"ose are your sayings& Ta%e
your hea#en$ let them ha#e money. A base$ "rofane$ e"icurean$ hy"ocritical
rout& for my "art$ let them "retend 'hat zeal they 'ill$ counterfeit
religion$ blear the 'orld!s eyes$ bombast themsel#es$ and stuff out their
greatness 'ith church s"oils$ shine li%e so many "eacoc%s< so cold is my
charity$ so defecti#e in this behalf$ that I shall ne#er thin% better of
them$ than that they are rotten at core$ their bones are full of e"icurean
hy"ocrisy$ and atheistical marro'$ they are 'orse than heathens. 7or as
3ionysius 5alicarnassaeus obser#es$ _Anti0. 1om. lib. A._ ;=C?@G_Primum
locum_$ Fc. LGree%s and arbarians obser#e all religious rites$ and dare
not brea% them for fear of offending their gods<L but our simoniacal
contractors$ our senseless Achans$ our stu"efied "atrons$ fear neither God
nor de#il$ they ha#e e#asions for it$ it is no sin$ or not due _jure
di#ino_$ or if a sin$ no great sin$ Fc. And though they be daily "unished
for it$ and they do manifestly "ercei#e$ that as he said$ frost and fraud
come to foul ends< yet as ;=C?-G:hrysostom follo's it _8ulla e+ "oena sit
correctio$ et 0uasi ad#ersis malitia hominum "ro#ocetur$ crescit 0uotidie
0uod "uniatur_& they are rather 'orse than better$--_iram at0ue animos a
crimine sumunt_$ and the more they are corrected$ the more they offend& but
let them ta%e their course$ ;=C?AG_1ode ca"er #ites_$ go on still as they
begin$ !tis no sin$ let them rejoice secure$ God!s #engeance 'ill o#erta%e
them in the end$ and these ill-gotten goods$ as an eagle!s feathers$ ;=C?/G
'ill consume the rest of their substance< it is ;=C?BG_aurum Tholosanum_$
and 'ill "roduce no better effects. ;=C@CGL*et them lay it u" safe$ and
ma%e their con#eyances ne#er so close$ loc% and shut door$L saith
:hrysostom$ Lyet fraud and co#etousness$ t'o most #iolent thie#es are still
included$ and a little gain e#il gotten 'ill sub#ert the rest of their
goods.L The eagle in Aeso"$ seeing a "iece of flesh no' ready to be
sacrificed$ s'e"t it a'ay 'ith her cla's$ and carried it to her nest< but
there 'as a burning coal stuc% to it by chance$ 'hich una'ares consumed her
young ones$ nest$ and all together. *et our simoniacal church-cho""ing
"atrons$ and sacrilegious har"ies$ loo% for no better success.
A second cause is ignorance$ and from thence contem"t$ _successit odium in
literas ab ignorantia #ulgi_< 'hich ;=C@,GDunius 'ell "ercei#ed& this
hatred and contem"t of learning "roceeds out of ;=C@=Gignorance< as they
are themsel#es barbarous$ idiots$ dull$ illiterate$ and "roud$ so they
esteem of others. _9int Mecaenates$ non deerunt 7lacce Marones_& *et there
be bountiful "atrons$ and there 'ill be "ainful scholars in all sciences.
ut 'hen they contemn learning$ and thin% themsel#es sufficiently
0ualified$ if they can 'rite and read$ scramble at a "iece of e#idence$ or
ha#e so much *atin as that em"eror had$ ;=C@.G_0ui nescit dissimulare$
nescit #i#ere_$ they are unfit to do their country ser#ice$ to "erform or
underta%e any action or em"loyment$ 'hich may tend to the good of a
common'ealth$ e+ce"t it be to fight$ or to do country justice$ 'ith common
sense$ 'hich e#ery yeoman can li%e'ise do. And so they bring u" their
children$ rude as they are themsel#es$ un0ualified$ untaught$ unci#il most
"art. ;=C@?G_Kuis e nostra ju#entute legitime instituitur literisN Kuis
oratores aut Philoso"hos tangitN 0uis historiam legit$ illam rerum
agendarum 0uasi animamN "raeci"itant "arentes #ota sua_$ Fc. !t'as *i"sius!
com"laint to his illiterate countrymen$ it may be ours. 8o' shall these men
judge of a scholar!s 'orth$ that ha#e no 'orth$ that %no' not 'hat belongs
to a student!s labours$ that cannot distinguish bet'een a true scholar and
a droneN or him that by reason of a #oluble tongue$ a strong #oice$ a
"leasing tone$ and some tri#ially "olyanthean hel"s$ steals and gleans a
fe' notes from other men!s har#ests$ and so ma%es a fairer sho'$ than he
that is truly learned indeed& that thin%s it no more to "reach$ than to
s"ea%$ ;=C@@GLor to run a'ay 'ith an em"ty cart<L as a gra#e man said& and
thereu"on #ilify us$ and our "ains< scorn us$ and all learning. ;=C@-G
ecause they are rich$ and ha#e other means to li#e$ they thin% it concerns
them not to %no'$ or to trouble themsel#es 'ith it< a fitter tas% for
younger brothers$ or "oor men!s sons$ to be "en and in%horn men$ "edantical
sla#es$ and no 'hit beseeming the calling of a gentleman$ as 7renchmen and
Germans commonly do$ neglect therefore all human learning$ 'hat ha#e they
to do 'ith itN *et mariners learn astronomy< merchants$ factors study
arithmetic< sur#eyors get them geometry< s"ectacle-ma%ers o"tics<
land-lea"ers geogra"hy< to'n-cler%s rhetoric$ 'hat should he do 'ith a
s"ade$ that hath no ground to dig< or they 'ith learning$ that ha#e no use
of itN thus they reason$ and are not ashamed to let mariners$ a""rentices$
and the basest ser#ants$ be better 0ualified than themsel#es. In former
times$ %ings$ "rinces$ and em"erors$ 'ere the only scholars$ e+cellent in
all faculties. Dulius :aesar mended the year$ and 'rit his o'n
:ommentaries$
;=C@AG ------Lmedia inter "realia sem"er$
9tellarum coeli0ue "lagis$ su"eris0ue #aca#it.L
;=C@/GAntonius$ Adrian$ 8ero$ 9e#e. Dul. Fc. ;=C@BGMichael the em"eror$ and
Isacius$ 'ere so much gi#en to their studies$ that no base fello' 'ould
ta%e so much "ains& 2rion$ Perseus$ Al"honsus$ Ptolomeus$ famous
astronomers< 9abor$ Mithridates$ *ysimachus$ admired "hysicians& Plato!s
%ings all& E#a+$ that Arabian "rince$ a most e+"ert je'eller$ and an
e+0uisite "hiloso"her< the %ings of Egy"t 'ere "riests of old$ chosen and
from thence$--_Idem re+ hominum$ Phoebi0ue sacerdos_& but those heroical
times are "ast< the Muses are no' banished in this bastard age$ _ad sordida
tuguriola_$ to meaner "ersons$ and confined alone almost to uni#ersities.
In those days$ scholars 'ere highly belo#ed$ ;=C-CGhonoured$ esteemed< as
old Ennius by 9ci"io Africanus$ Iirgil by Augustus< 5orace by Meceanas&
"rinces! com"anions< dear to them$ as Anacreon to Polycrates< Philo+enus to
3ionysius$ and highly re'arded. Ale+ander sent Jenocrates the "hiloso"her
fifty talents$ because he 'as "oor$ _#isu rerum$ aut eruditione "raestantes
#iri$ mensis olim regum adhibiti_$ as Philostratus relates of Adrian and
*am"ridius of Ale+ander 9e#erus& famous cler%s came to these "rinces!
courts$ _#elut in *ycaeum_$ as to a uni#ersity$ and 'ere admitted to their
tables$ _0uasi di#um e"ulis accumbentes_< Archilaus$ that Macedonian %ing$
'ould not 'illingly su" 'ithout Euri"ides$ (amongst the rest he dran% to
him at su""er one night$ and ga#e him a cu" of gold for his "ains)
_delectatus "oetae sua#i sermone_< and it 'as fit it should be so< because
as ;=C-,GPlato in his Protagoras 'ell saith$ a good "hiloso"her as much
e+cels other men$ as a great %ing doth the commons of his country< and
again$ ;=C-=G_0uoniam illis nihil deest$ et minime egere solent$ et
disci"linas 0uas "rofitentur$ soli a contem"tu #indicare "ossunt_$ they
needed not to beg so basely$ as they com"el ;=C-.Gscholars in our times to
com"lain of "o#erty$ or crouch to a rich chuff for a meal!s meat$ but could
#indicate themsel#es$ and those arts 'hich they "rofessed. 8o' they 'ould
and cannot& for it is held by some of them$ as an a+iom$ that to %ee" them
"oor$ 'ill ma%e them study< they must be dieted$ as horses to a race$ not
"am"ered$ ;=C-?G_Alendos #olunt$ non saginandos$ ne melioris mentis
flammula e+tinguatur_< a fat bird 'ill not sing$ a fat dog cannot hunt$ and
so by this de"ression of theirs ;=C-@Gsome 'ant means$ others 'ill$ all
'ant ;=C--Gencouragement$ as being forsa%en almost< and generally
contemned. !Tis an old saying$ _9int Mecaenates$ non deerunt 7lacce
Marones_$ and !tis a true saying still. Eet oftentimes I may not deny it
the main fault is in oursel#es. 2ur academics too fre0uently offend in
neglecting "atrons$ as ;=C-AGErasmus 'ell ta+eth$ or ma%ing ill choice of
them< _negligimus oblatos aut am"lectimur "arum a"tos_$ or if 'e get a good
one$ _non studemus mutuis officiis fa#orem ejus alere_$ 'e do not "ly and
follo' him as 'e should. _Idem mihi accidit Adolescenti_ (saith Erasmus)
ac%no'ledging his fault$ _et gra#issime "ecca#i_$ and so may ;=C-/GI say
myself$ I ha#e offended in this$ and so "erad#enture ha#e many others. 4e
did not _s"ondere magnatum fa#oribus$ 0ui cae"erunt nos am"lecti_$ a""ly
oursel#es 'ith that readiness 'e should& idleness$ lo#e of liberty$
_immodicus amor libertatis effecit ut diu cum "erfidis amicis_$ as he
confesseth$ _et "ertinaci "au"erate colluctarer_$ bashfulness$ melancholy$
timorousness$ cause many of us to be too bac%'ard and remiss. 9o some
offend in one e+treme$ but too many on the other$ 'e are most "art too
for'ard$ too solicitous$ too ambitious$ too im"udent< 'e commonly com"lain
_deesse Maecenates_$ of 'ant of encouragement$ 'ant of means$ 'hen as the
true defect is in our o'n 'ant of 'orth$ our insufficiency& did Maecenas
ta%e notice of 5orace or Iirgil till they had sho'n themsel#es firstN or
had a#ius and Me#ius any "atronsN _Egregium s"ecimen dent_$ saith Erasmus$
let them a""ro#e themsel#es 'orthy first$ sufficiently 0ualified for
learning and manners$ before they "resume or im"udently intrude and "ut
themsel#es on great men as too many do$ 'ith such base flattery$
"arasitical colloguing$ such hy"erbolical elogies they do usually insinuate
that it is a shame to hear and see. _Immodicae laudes conciliant in#idiam$
"otius 0uam laudem_$ and #ain commendations derogate from truth$ and 'e
thin% in conclusion$ _non melius de laudato$ "ejus de laudante_$ ill of
both$ the commender and commended. 9o 'e offend$ but the main fault is in
their harshness$ defect of "atrons. 5o' belo#ed of old$ and ho' much
res"ected 'as Plato to 3ionysiusN 5o' dear to Ale+ander 'as Aristotle$
3emeratus to Phili"$ 9olon to :roesus$ Aue+arcus and Trebatius to Augustus$
:assius to Ies"asian$ Plutarch to Trajan$ 9eneca to 8ero$ 9imonides to
5ieronN ho' honouredN
;=C-BG L9ed haec "rius fuere$ nunc recondita
9enent 0uiete$L
those days are gone< _Et s"es$ et ratio studiorum in :aesare tantum_&
;=CACG as he said of old$ 'e may truly say no'$ he is our amulet$ our
;=CA,Gsun$ our sole comfort and refuge$ our Ptolemy$ our common Maecenas$
_Dacobus munificus$ Dacobus "acificus$ mysta Musarum$ 1e+ Platonicus&
Grande decus$ columen0ue nostrum_& a famous scholar himself$ and the sole
"atron$ "illar$ and sustainer of learning& but his 'orth in this %ind is so
'ell %no'n$ that as Paterculus of :ato$ _Dam i"sum laudare nefas sit_& and
'hich ;=CA=G Pliny to Trajan. _9eria te carmina$ honor0ue aeternus
annalium$ non haec bre#is et "udenda "raedicatio colet_. ut he is no'
gone$ the sun of ours set$ and yet no night follo's$ _9ol occubuit$ no+
nulla se0uuta est_. 4e ha#e such another in his room$ ;=CA.G_aureus alter.
A#ulsus$ simili frondescit #irga metallo_$ and long may he reign and
flourish amongst us.
*et me not be malicious$ and lie against my genius$ I may not deny$ but
that 'e ha#e a s"rin%ling of our gentry$ here and there one$ e+cellently
'ell learned$ li%e those 7uggeri in Germany< 3ubartus$ 3u Plessis$ 9adael$
in 7rance< Picus Mirandula$ 9chottus$ arotius$ in Italy< _A""arent rari
nantes in gurgite #asto_. ut they are but fe' in res"ect of the multitude$
the major "art (and some again e+ce"ted$ that are indifferent) are 'holly
bent for ha'%s and hounds$ and carried a'ay many times 'ith intem"erate
lust$ gaming and drin%ing. If they read a boo% at any time (_si 0uod est
interim otii a #enatu$ "oculis$ alea$ scortis_) !tis an English :hronicle$
9t. 5uon of ordeau+$ Amadis de Gaul$ Fc.$ a "lay-boo%$ or some "am"hlet of
ne's$ and that at such seasons only$ 'hen they cannot stir abroad$ to dri#e
a'ay time$ ;=CA?Gtheir sole discourse is dogs$ ha'%s$ horses$ and 'hat
ne'sN If some one ha#e been a tra#eller in Italy$ or as far as the
em"eror!s court$ 'intered in 2rleans$ and can court his mistress in bro%en
7rench$ 'ear his clothes neatly in the ne'est fashion$ sing some choice
outlandish tunes$ discourse of lords$ ladies$ to'ns$ "alaces$ and cities$
he is com"lete and to be admired& ;=CA@Gother'ise he and they are much at
one< no difference bet'een the master and the man$ but 'orshi"ful titles<
'in% and choose bet'i+t him that sits do'n (clothes e+ce"ted) and him that
holds the trencher behind him& yet these men must be our "atrons$ our
go#ernors too sometimes$ statesmen$ magistrates$ noble$ great$ and 'ise by
inheritance.
Mista%e me not (I say again) _Ios o Patritius sanguis_$ you that are 'orthy
senators$ gentlemen$ I honour your names and "ersons$ and 'ith all
submissi#eness$ "rostrate myself to your censure and ser#ice. There are
amongst you$ I do ingenuously confess$ many 'ell-deser#ing "atrons$ and
true "atriots$ of my %no'ledge$ besides many hundreds 'hich I ne#er sa'$ no
doubt$ or heard of$ "illars of our common'ealth$ ;=CA-G'hose 'orth$ bounty$
learning$ for'ardness$ true zeal in religion$ and good esteem of all
scholars$ ought to be consecrated to all "osterity< but of your ran%$ there
are a debauched$ corru"t$ co#etous$ illiterate cre' again$ no better than
stoc%s$ _merum "ecus (testor 3eum$ non mihi #ideri dignos ingenui hominis
a""ellatione)_ barbarous Thracians$ _et 0uis ille thra+ 0ui hoc neget_N a
sordid$ "rofane$ "ernicious com"any$ irreligious$ im"udent and stu"id$ I
%no' not 'hat e"ithets to gi#e them$ enemies to learning$ confounders of
the church$ and the ruin of a common'ealth< "atrons they are by right of
inheritance$ and "ut in trust freely to dis"ose of such li#ings to the
church!s good< but (hard tas%masters they "ro#e) they ta%e a'ay their
stra'$ and com"el them to ma%e their number of bric%& they commonly res"ect
their o'n ends$ commodity is the steer of all their actions$ and him they
"resent in conclusion$ as a man of greatest gifts$ that 'ill gi#e most< no
"enny$ ;=CAAGno "aternoster$ as the saying is. _8isi "reces auro fulcias$
am"lius irritas& ut :erberus offa_$ their attendants and officers must be
bribed$ feed$ and made$ as :erberus is 'ith a so" by him that goes to hell.
It 'as an old saying$ _2mnia 1omae #enalia_ (all things are #enal at 1ome$)
!tis a rag of Po"ery$ 'hich 'ill ne#er be rooted out$ there is no ho"e$ no
good to be done 'ithout money. A cler% may offer himself$ a""ro#e his
;=CA/G'orth$ learning$ honesty$ religion$ zeal$ they 'ill commend him for
it< but ;=CABG_"robitas laudatur et alget_. If he be a man of e+traordinary
"arts$ they 'ill floc% afar off to hear him$ as they did in A"uleius$ to
see Psyche& _multi mortales confluebant ad #idendum saeculi decus$ s"eculum
gloriosum$ laudatur ab omnibus$ s"ectatur ob omnibus$ nec 0uis0uam non re+$
non regius$ cu"idus ejus nu"tiarium "etitor accedit< mirantur 0uidem
di#inam formam omnes$ sed ut simulacrum fabre "olitum mirantur_< many
mortal men came to see fair Psyche the glory of her age$ they did admire
her$ commend$ desire her for her di#ine beauty$ and gaze u"on her< but as
on a "icture< none 'ould marry her$ _0uod indotato_$ fair Psyche had no
money. ;=C/CG9o they do by learning<
;=C/,G ------Ldidicit jam di#es a#arus
Tantum admirari$ tantum laudare disertos$
Ht "ueri Dunonis a#emL------
LEour rich men ha#e no' learn!d of latter days
T!admire$ commend$ and come together
To hear and see a 'orthy scholar s"ea%$
As children do a "eacoc%!s feather.L
5e shall ha#e all the good 'ords that may be gi#en$ ;=C/=Ga "ro"er man$ and
!tis "ity he hath no "referment$ all good 'ishes$ but ine+orable$ indurate
as he is$ he 'ill not "refer him$ though it be in his "o'er$ because he is
_indotatus_$ he hath no money. 2r if he do gi#e him entertainment$ let him
be ne#er so 'ell 0ualified$ "lead affinity$ consanguinity$ sufficiency$ he
shall ser#e se#en years$ as Dacob did for 1achel$ before he shall ha#e it.
;=C/.GIf he 'ill enter at first$ he must get in at that 9imoniacal gate$
come off soundly$ and "ut in good security to "erform all co#enants$ else
he 'ill not deal 'ith$ or admit him. ut if some "oor scholar$ some "arson
chaff$ 'ill offer himself< some trencher cha"lain$ that 'ill ta%e it to the
hal#es$ thirds$ or acce"ts of 'hat he 'ill gi#e$ he is 'elcome< be
conformable$ "reach as he 'ill ha#e him$ he li%es him before a million of
others< for the host is al'ays best chea"& and then as 5ierom said to
:romatius$ _"atella dignum o"erculum_$ such a "atron$ such a cler%< the
cure is 'ell su""lied$ and all "arties "leased. 9o that is still #erified
in our age$ 'hich ;=C/?G:hrysostom com"lained of in his time$ _Kui
o"ulentiores sunt$ in ordinem "arasitorum cogunt eos$ et i"sos tan0uam
canes ad mensas suas enutriunt$ eorum0ue im"udentes. Ienires ini0uarum
coenarum reli0uiis differtiunt$ iisdem "ro arbitro abulentes_& 1ich men
%ee" these lecturers$ and fa'ning "arasites$ li%e so many dogs at their
tables$ and filling their hungry guts 'ith the offals of their meat$ they
abuse them at their "leasure$ and ma%e them say 'hat they "ro"ose.
;=C/@GLAs children do by a bird or a butterfly in a string$ "ull in and let
him out as they list$ do they by their trencher cha"lains$ "rescribe$
command their 'its$ let in and out as to them it seems best.L If the "atron
be "recise$ so must his cha"lain be< if he be "a"istical$ his cler% must be
so too$ or else be turned out. These are those cler%s 'hich ser#e the turn$
'hom they commonly entertain$ and "resent to church li#ings$ 'hilst in the
meantime 'e that are Hni#ersity men$ li%e so many hidebound cal#es in a
"asture$ tarry out our time$ 'ither a'ay as a flo'er ungathered in a
garden$ and are ne#er used< or as so many candles$ illuminate oursel#es
alone$ obscuring one another!s light$ and are not discerned here at all$
the least of 'hich$ translated to a dar% room$ or to some country benefice$
'here it might shine a"art$ 'ould gi#e a fair light$ and be seen o#er all.
4hilst 'e lie 'aiting here as those sic% men did at the Pool of ;=C/-G
ethesda$ till the Angel stirred the 'ater$ e+"ecting a good hour$ they
ste" bet'een$ and beguile us of our "referment. I ha#e not yet said$ if
after long e+"ectation$ much e+"ense$ tra#el$ earnest suit of oursel#es and
friends$ 'e obtain a small benefice at last< our misery begins afresh$ 'e
are suddenly encountered 'ith the flesh$ 'orld$ and de#il$ 'ith a ne'
onset< 'e change a 0uiet life for an ocean of troubles$ 'e come to a
ruinous house$ 'hich before it be habitable$ must be necessarily to our
great damage re"aired< 'e are com"elled to sue for dila"idations$ or else
sued oursel#es$ and scarce yet settled$ 'e are called u"on for our
"redecessor!s arrearages< first-fruits$ tenths$ subsidies$ are instantly to
be "aid$ bene#olence$ "rocurations$ Fc.$ and 'hich is most to be feared$ 'e
light u"on a crac%ed title$ as it befell :lenard of rabant$ for his
rectory$ and charge of his _eginae_< he 'as no sooner inducted$ but
instantly sued$ _ce"imus0ue_ ;=C/AG(saith he) _strenue litigare$ et
im"lacabili bello confligere_& at length after ten years! suit$ as long as
Troy!s siege$ 'hen he had tired himself$ and s"ent his money$ he 'as fain
to lea#e all for 0uietness! sa%e$ and gi#e it u" to his ad#ersary. 2r else
'e are insulted o#er$ and tram"led on by domineering officers$ fleeced by
those greedy har"ies to get more fees< 'e stand in fear of some "recedent
la"se< 'e fall amongst refractory$ seditious sectaries$ "ee#ish "uritans$
"er#erse "a"ists$ a lasci#ious rout of atheistical E"icures$ that 'ill not
be reformed$ or some litigious "eo"le (those 'ild beasts of E"hesus must be
fought 'ith) that 'ill not "ay their dues 'ithout much re"ining$ or
com"elled by long suit< _*aici clericis o""ido infesti_$ an old a+iom$ all
they thin% 'ell gotten that is had from the church$ and by such unci#il$
harsh dealings$ they ma%e their "oor minister 'eary of his "lace$ if not
his life< and "ut case they be 0uiet honest men$ ma%e the best of it$ as
often it falls out$ from a "olite and terse academic$ he must turn rustic$
rude$ melancholise alone$ learn to forget$ or else$ as many do$ become
maltsters$ graziers$ cha"men$ Fc. (no' banished from the academy$ all
commerce of the muses$ and confined to a country #illage$ as 2#id 'as from
1ome to Pontus)$ and daily con#erse 'ith a com"any of idiots and clo'ns.
8os interim 0uod$ attinet (nec enim immunes ab hac no+a sumus) idem realus
manet$ idem nobis$ et si non multo gra#ius$ crimen objici "otest& nostra
enim cul"a sit$ nostra incuria$ nostra a#aritia$ 0uod tam fre0uentes$
foedae0ue fiant in Ecclesia nundinationes$ (tem"lum est #aenale$ deus0ue)
tot sordes in#ehantur$ tanta grassetur im"ietas$ tanta ne0uitia$ tam
insanus miseriarum Euri"us$ et turbarum aestuarium$ nostro in0uam$ omnium
(Academicorum im"rimis) #itio sit. Kuod tot 1es". malis afficiatur$ a nobis
seminarium< ultro malum hoc accersimus$ et 0ua#is contumelia$ 0ua#is
interim miseria digni$ 0ui "ro #irili non occurrimus. Kuid enim fieri "osse
s"eramus$ 0uum tot indies sine delectu "au"eres alumni$ terrae filii$ et
cujuscun0ue ordinis homunciones ad gradus certatim admittanturN 0ui si
definitionem$ distinctionem0ue unam aut alteram memoriter edidicerint$ et
"ro more tot annos in dialectica "osuerint$ non refert 0uo "rofectu$ 0uales
demum sint$ idiotae$ nugatores$ otiatores$ aleatores$ com"otores$ indigni$
libidinis #olu"tatum0ue administri$ L9"onsi Penelo"es$ nebulones$
Alcinoi0ue$L modo tot annos in academia insum"serint$ et se "ro togatis
#enditarint< lucri causa$ et amicorum intercessu "raesentantur< addo etiam
et magnificis nonnun0uam elogiis morum et scientiae< et jam #aledicturi
testimonialibus hisce litteris$ am"lissime conscri"tis in eorum gratiam
honorantur$ abiis$ 0ui fidei suae et e+istimationis jacturam "roculdubio
faciunt. L3octores enim et "rofessoresL (0uod ait ;=C//Gille) Lid unum
curant$ ut e+ "rofessionibus fre0uentibus$ et tumultuariis "otius 0uam
legitimis$ commoda sua "romo#erant$ et e+ dis"endio "ublico suum faciant
incrementum.L Id solum in #otis habent annui "lerum0ue magistratus$ ut ab
inci"ientium numero ;=C/BG"ecunias emungant$ nec multum interest 0ui sint$
literatores an literati$ modo "ingues$ nitidi$ ad as"ectum s"eciosi$ et
0uod #erbo dicam$ "ecuniosi sint. ;=CBCGPhiloso"hastri licentiantur in
artibus$ artem 0ui non habent$ ;=CB,GLEos0ue sa"ientes esse jubent$ 0ui
nulla "raediti sunt sa"ientia$ et nihil ad gradum "raeter0uam #elle
adferunt.L Theologastri (sol#ant modo) satis su"er0ue docti$ "er omnes
honorum gradus e#ehuntur et ascendunt. At0ue hinc fit 0uod tam #iles
scurrae$ tot "assim idiotae$ literarum cre"usculo "ositi$ lar#ae "astorum$
circumforanei$ #agi$ barbi$ fungi$ crassi$ asini$ merum "ecus in
sacrosanctos theologiae aditus$ illotis "edibus irrum"ant$ "raeter
in#erecundam frontem adferentes nihil$ #ulgares 0uasdam 0uis0uilias$ et
scholarium 0uaedam nugamenta$ indigna 0uae #el reci"iantur in tri#iis. 5oc
illud indignum genus hominum et famelicum$ indigum$ #agum$ #entris
manci"ium$ ad sti#am "otius relegandum$ ad haras a"tius 0uam ad aras$ 0uod
di#inas hasce literas tur"iter "rostituit< hi sunt 0ui "ul"ita com"lent$ in
aedes nobilium irre"unt$ et 0uum reli0uis #itae destituantur subsidiis$ ob
cor"oris et animi egestatem$ aliarum in re"ub. "artium minime ca"aces sint<
ad sacram hanc anchoram confugiunt$ sacerdotium 0uo#is modo ca"tantes$ non
e+ sinceritate$ 0uod ;=CB=GPaulus ait$ Lsed cau"onantes #erbum 3ei.L 8e
0uis interim #iris bonis detractum 0uid "utet$ 0uos habet ecclesia
Anglicana 0uam"lurimos$ eggregie doctos$ illustres$ intactae famae$
homines$ et "lures forsan 0uam 0uae#is Euro"ae "ro#incia< ne 0uis a
florentisimis Academiis$ 0uae #iros undi0ua0ue doctissimos$ omni #irtutum
genere sus"iciendos$ abunde "roducunt. Et multo "lures utra0ue habitura$
multo s"lendidior futura$ si non hae sordes s"lendidum lumen ejus
obfuscarent$ obstaret corru"tio$ et cau"onantes 0uaedam har"yae$
"roletarii0ue bonum hoc nobis non in#iderent. 8emo enim tam caeca mente$
0ui non hoc i"sum #ideat& nemo tam stolido ingenio$ 0ui non intelligat< tam
"ertinaci judicio$ 0ui non agnoscat$ ab his idiotis circumforaneis$ sacram
"ollui Theologiam$ ac caelestes Musas 0uasi "ro"hanum 0uiddam "rostitui.
LIiles animae et effrontesL (sic enim *utherus ;=CB.G alicubi #ocat)
Llucelli causa$ ut muscae ad mulctra$ ad nobilium et heroum mensas
ad#olant$ in s"em sacerdotii$L cujuslibet honoris$ officii$ in 0uam#is
aulam$ urbem se ingerunt$ ad 0uod#is se ministerium com"onunt.-- LHt ner#is
alienis mobile lignum--3uciturL--5or. _*ib. II. 9at. A_. ;=CB?G Loffam
se0uentes$ "sittacorum more$ in "raedae s"em 0uid#is effutiunt&L
obsecundantes Parasiti ;=CB@G(Erasmus ait) L0uid#is docent$ dicunt$
scribunt$ suadent$ et contra conscientiam "robant$ non ut salutarem reddant
gregem$ sed ut magnificam sibi "arent fortunam.L ;=CB-GL2"iniones 0uas#is
et decreta contra #erbum 3ei astruunt$ ne non offendant "atronum$ sed ut
retineant fa#orem "rocerum$ et "o"uli "lausum$ sibi0ue i"sis o"es
accumulent.L Eo etenim "lerun0ue animo ad Theologiam accedunt$ non ut rem
di#inam$ sed ut suam facient< non ad Ecclesiae bonum "romo#endum$ sed
e+"ilandum< 0uaerentes$ 0uod Paulus ait$ Lnon 0uae Desu :hristi$ sed 0uae
sua$L non domini thesaurum$ sed ut sibi$ suis0ue thesaurizent. 8ec tantum
iis$ 0ui #ilirrie fortunae$ et abjectae$ sortis sunt$ hoc in usu est& sed
et medios$ summos elatos$ ne dicam E"isco"os$ hoc malum in#asit. ;=CBAG
L3icite "ontifices$ in sacris 0uid facit aurumNL ;=CB/GLsummos sae"e #iros
trans#ersos agit a#aritia$L et 0ui reli0uis morum "robitate "raelucerent<
hi facem "raeferunt ad 9imoniam$ et in corru"tionis hunc sco"ulum
im"ingentes$ non tondent "ecus$ sed deglubunt$ et 0uocun0ue se conferunt$
e+"ilant$ e+hauriunt$ abradunt$ magnum famae suae$ si non animae naufragium
facientes< ut non ab infimis ad summos$ sed a summis ad infimos malum
"romanasse #ideatur$ et illud #erum sit 0uod ille olim lusit$ Lemerat ille
"rius$ #endere jure "otest. 9imoniacus enimL (0uod cum *eone dicam)
Lgratiam non acce"it$ si non acci"it$ non habet$ et si non habet$ nec
gratus "otest esse<L tantum enim absunt istorum nonnulli$ 0ui ad cla#um
sedent a "romo#endo reli0uos$ ut "enitus im"ediant$ "robe sibi conscii$
0uibus artibus illic "er#enerint. ;=CBBGL8am 0ui ob literas emersisse illos
credat$ desi"it< 0ui #ero ingenii$ eruditionis$ e+"erientiae$ "robitatis$
"ietatis$ et Musarum id esse "retium "utatL (0uod olim re#era fuit$ hodie
"romittitur) L"lanissime insanit.L Htcun0ue #el undecun0ue malum hoc
originem ducat$ non ultra 0uaeram$ e+ his "rimordiis cae"it #itiorum
collu#ies$ omnis calamitas$ omne miseriarum agmen in Ecclesiam in#ehitur.
5inc tam fre0uens simonia$ hinc ortae 0uerelae$ fraudes$ im"osturae$ ab hoc
fonte se deri#arunt omnes ne0uitiae. 8e 0uid obiter dicam de ambitione$
adulatione "lus0uam aulica$ ne tristi domicaenio laborent$ de lu+u$ de
foedo nonnun0uam #itae e+em"lo$ 0uo nonnullos offendunt$ de com"otatione
9ybaritica$ Fc. hinc ille s0ualor academicus$ Ltristes hac tem"estate
:amenae$L 0uum 0ui#is homunculus artium ignarus$ hic artibus assurgat$ hunc
in modum "romo#eatur et ditescat$ ambitiosis a""ellationibus insignis$ et
multis dignitatibus augustus #ulgi oculos "erstringat$ bene se habeat$ et
grandia gradiens majestatem 0uandam ac am"litudinem "rae se ferens$
miram0ue sollicitudinem$ barba re#erendus$ toga nitidus$ "ur"ura coruscus$
su"ellectilis s"lendore$ et famulorum numero ma+ime cons"icuus. LKuales
statuaeL (0uod ait ;=,CCGille) L0uae sacris in aedibus columnis im"onuntur$
#elut oneri cedentes #identur$ ac si insudarent$ 0uum re#era sensu sint
carentes$ et nihil sa+eam adju#ent firmitatem&L atlantes #ideri #olunt$
0uum sint statuae la"ideae$ umbratiles re#era homunciones$ fungi$ forsan et
bardi$ nihil a sa+o differentes. Kuum interim docti #iri$ et #ilae
sanctioris ornamentis "raediti$ 0ui aestum diei sustinent$ his ini0ua sorte
ser#iant$ minimo forsan salario contenti$ "uris nominibus nuncu"ati$
humiles$ obscuri$ multo0ue digniores licet$ egentes$ inhonorati #itam
"ri#am "ri#atam agant$ tenui0ue se"ulti sacerdotio$ #el in collegiis suis
in aeternum incarcerati$ inglorie delitescant. 9ed nolo diutius hanc mo#ere
sentinam$ hinc illae lachrymae$ lugubris musarum habitus$ ;=,C,Ghinc i"sa
religio (0uod cum 9ecellio dicam) Lin ludibrium et contem"tum adducitur$L
abjectum sacerdotium (at0ue haec ubi fiunt$ ausim dicere$ et "ulidum ;=,C=G
"utidi dicterium de clero usur"are) L"utidum #ulgus$L ino"s$ rude$
sordidum$ melancholicum$ miserum$ des"icabile$ contemnendum.;=,C.G
MEM. II.
9H9E:T. I--_8on-necessary$ remote$ out'ard$ ad#entitious$ or accidental
causes& as first from the 8urse_.
2f those remote$ out'ard$ ambient$ necessary causes$ I ha#e sufficiently
discoursed in the "recedent member$ the non-necessary follo'< of 'hich$
saith ;=,C?G7uchsius$ no art can be made$ by reason of their uncertainty$
casualty$ and multitude< so called Lnot necessaryL because according to
;=,C@G7ernelius$ Lthey may be a#oided$ and used 'ithout necessity.L Many of
these accidental causes$ 'hich I shall entreat of here$ might ha#e 'ell
been reduced to the former$ because they cannot be a#oided$ but fatally
ha""en to us$ though accidentally$ and una'ares$ at some time or other< the
rest are contingent and ine#itable$ and more "ro"erly inserted in this ran%
of causes. To rec%on u" all is a thing im"ossible< of some therefore most
remar%able of these contingent causes 'hich "roduce melancholy$ I 'ill
briefly s"ea% and in their order.
7rom a child!s nati#ity$ the first ill accident that can li%ely befall him
in this %ind is a bad nurse$ by 'hose means alone he may be tainted 'ith
this ;=,C-Gmalady from his cradle$ Aulus Gellius _l. ,=. c. ,._ brings in
Pha#orinus$ that elo0uent "hiloso"her$ "ro#ing this at large$ ;=,CAG Lthat
there is the same #irtue and "ro"erty in the mil% as in the seed$ and not
in men alone$ but in all other creatures< he gi#es instance in a %id and
lamb$ if either of them suc% of the other!s mil%$ the lamb of the goat!s$
or the %id of the e'e!s$ the 'ool of the one 'ill be hard$ and the hair of
the other soft.L Giraldus :ambrensis _Itinerar. :ambriae$ l. ,. c. =._
confirms this by a notable e+am"le 'hich ha""ened in his time. A so'-"ig by
chance suc%ed a brach$ and 'hen she 'as gro'n ;=,C/GL'ould miraculously
hunt all manner of deer$ and that as 'ell$ or rather better$ than any
ordinary hound.L 5is conclusion is$ ;=,CBGLthat men and beasts "artici"ate
of her nature and conditions by 'hose mil% they are fed.L Pha#orinus urges
it farther$ and demonstrates it more e#idently$ that if a nurse be
;=,,CGLmissha"en$ unchaste$ dishonest$ im"udent$ ;=,,,Gcruel$ or the li%e$
the child that suc%s u"on her breast 'ill be so too<L all other affections
of the mind and diseases are almost engrafted$ as it 'ere$ and im"rinted
into the tem"erature of the infant$ by the nurse!s mil%< as "o+$ le"rosy$
melancholy$ Fc. :ato for some such reason 'ould ma%e his ser#ants! children
suc% u"on his 'ife!s breast$ because by that means they 'ould lo#e him and
his the better$ and in all li%elihood agree 'ith them. A more e#ident
e+am"le that the minds are altered by mil% cannot be gi#en$ than that of
;=,,=G3ion$ 'hich he relates of :aligula!s cruelty< it could neither be
im"uted to father nor mother$ but to his cruel nurse alone$ that anointed
her "a"s 'ith blood still 'hen he suc%ed$ 'hich made him such a murderer$
and to e+"ress her cruelty to a hair& and that of Tiberius$ 'ho 'as a
common drun%ard$ because his nurse 'as such a one. _Et si delira fuerit_
(;=,,.Gone obser#es) _infantulum delirum faciet_$ if she be a fool or dolt$
the child she nurseth 'ill ta%e after her$ or other'ise be misaffected<
'hich 7ranciscus arbarus _l. =. c. ult. de re u+oria_ "ro#es at full$ and
Ant. Gui#arra$ _lib. =. de Marco Aurelio_& the child 'ill surely
"artici"ate. 7or bodily sic%ness there is no doubt to be made. Titus$
Ies"asian!s son$ 'as therefore sic%ly$ because the nurse 'as so$
*am"ridius. And if 'e may belie#e "hysicians$ many times children catch the
"o+ from a bad nurse$ otaldus _ca". -,. de lue #ener._ esides e#il
attendance$ negligence$ and many gross incon#eniences$ 'hich are incident
to nurses$ much danger may so come to the child. ;=,,?G7or these causes
Aristotle _Polit. lib. A. c. ,A._ Pha#orinus and Marcus Aurelius 'ould not
ha#e a child "ut to nurse at all$ but e#ery mother to bring u" her o'n$ of
'hat condition soe#er she be< for a sound and able mother to "ut out her
child to nurse$ is _naturae intem"eries_$ so ;=,,@GGuatso calls it$ !tis
fit therefore she should be nurse herself< the mother 'ill be more careful$
lo#ing$ and attendant$ than any ser#ile 'oman$ or such hired creatures<
this all the 'orld ac%no'ledgeth$ _con#enientissimum est_ (as 1od. a :astro
_de nat. mulierum. lib. ?. c. ,=._ in many 'ords confesseth) _matrem i"sam
lactare infantem_$ LIt is most fit that the mother should suc%le her o'n
infantL--'ho denies that it should be soN--and 'hich some 'omen most
curiously obser#e< amongst the rest$ ;=,,-Gthat 0ueen of 7rance$ a 9"aniard
by birth$ that 'as so "recise and zealous in this behalf$ that 'hen in her
absence a strange nurse had suc%led her child$ she 'as ne#er 0uiet till she
had made the infant #omit it u" again. ut she 'as too jealous. If it be
so$ as many times it is$ they must be "ut forth$ the mother be not fit or
'ell able to be a nurse$ I 'ould then ad#ise such mothers$ as
;=,,AGPlutarch doth in his boo% _de liberis educandis_ and ;=,,/G9. 5ierom$
_li. =. e"ist. =A. *aetae de institut. fil. Magninus "art =. 1eg. sanit.
ca". A._ and the said 1odericus$ that they ma%e choice of a sound 'oman$ of
a good com"le+ion$ honest$ free from bodily diseases$ if it be "ossible$
all "assions and "erturbations of the mind$ as sorro'$ fear$ grief$
;=,,BGfolly$ melancholy. 7or such "assions corru"t the mil%$ and alter the
tem"erature of the child$ 'hich no' being ;=,=CG _Hdum et molle lutum_$ La
moist and soft clay$L is easily seasoned and "er#erted. And if such a nurse
may be found out$ that 'ill be diligent and careful 'ithal$ let Pha#orinus
and M. Aurelius "lead ho' they can against it$ I had rather acce"t of her
in some cases than the mother herself$ and 'hich onacialus the "hysician$
8ic. iesius the "olitician$ _lib. ?. de re"ub. ca". /._ a""ro#es$
;=,=,GL9ome nurses are much to be "referred to some mothers.L 7or 'hy may
not the mother be naught$ a "ee#ish drun%en flirt$ a 'as"ish choleric slut$
a crazed "iece$ a fool (as many mothers are)$ unsound as soon as the nurseN
There is more choice of nurses than mothers< and therefore e+ce"t the
mother be most #irtuous$ staid$ a 'oman of e+cellent good "arts$ and of a
sound com"le+ion$ I 'ould ha#e all children in such cases committed to
discreet strangers. And !tis the only 'ay< as by marriage they are
engrafted to other families to alter the breed$ or if anything be amiss in
the mother$ as *udo#icus Mercatus contends$ _Tom. =. lib. de morb. haered._
to "re#ent diseases and future maladies$ to correct and 0ualify the child!s
ill-dis"osed tem"erature$ 'hich he had from his "arents. This is an
e+cellent remedy$ if good choice be made of such a nurse.
9H9E:T. II.--_Education a :ause of Melancholy_.
Education$ of these accidental causes of melancholy$ may justly challenge
the ne+t "lace$ for if a man esca"e a bad nurse$ he may be undone by e#il
bringing u". ;=,==GDason Pratensis "uts this of education for a "rinci"al
cause< bad "arents$ ste"mothers$ tutors$ masters$ teachers$ too rigorous$
too se#ere$ too remiss or indulgent on the other side$ are often fountains
and furtherers of this disease. Parents and such as ha#e the tuition and
o#ersight of children$ offend many times in that they are too stern$ al'ays
threatening$ chiding$ bra'ling$ 'hi""ing$ or stri%ing< by means of 'hich
their "oor children are so disheartened and co'ed$ that they ne#er after
ha#e any courage$ a merry hour in their li#es$ or ta%e "leasure in
anything. There is a great moderation to be had in such things$ as matters
of so great moment to the ma%ing or marring of a child. 9ome fright their
children 'ith beggars$ bugbears$ and hobgoblins$ if they cry$ or be
other'ise unruly& but they are much to blame in it$ many times$ saith
*a#ater$ _de s"ectris$ "art. ,$ ca". @._ _e+ metu in morbos gra#es incidunt
et noctu dormientes clamant_$ for fear they fall into many diseases$ and
cry out in their slee"$ and are much the 'orse for it all their li#es&
these things ought not at all$ or to be s"aringly done$ and u"on just
occasion. Tyrannical$ im"atient$ hair-brain schoolmasters$ _aridi
magistri_$ so ;=,=.G7abius terms them$ _Ajaces flagelliferi_$ are in this
%ind as bad as hangmen and e+ecutioners$ they ma%e many children endure a
martyrdom all the 'hile they are at school$ 'ith bad diet$ if they board in
their houses$ too much se#erity and ill-usage$ they 0uite "er#ert their
tem"erature of body and mind& still chiding$ railing$ fro'ning$ lashing$
tas%ing$ %ee"ing$ that they are _fracti animis_$ mo"ed many times$ 'eary of
their li#es$ ;=,=?G_nimia se#eritate deficiunt et des"erant_$ and thin% no
sla#ery in the 'orld (as once I did myself) li%e to that of a grammar
scholar. _Praece"torum ine"tiis discruciantur ingenia "uerorum_$ ;=,=@G
saith Erasmus$ they tremble at his #oice$ loo%s$ coming in. 9t. Austin$ in
the first boo% of his _confess. et ? ca._ calls this schooling _meliculosam
necessitatem_$ and else'here a martyrdom$ and confesseth of himself$ ho'
cruelly he 'as tortured in mind for learning Gree%$ _nulla #erba no#eram$
et sae#is terroribus et "oenis$ ut nossem$ instabatur mihi #ehementer_$ I
%no' nothing$ and 'ith cruel terrors and "unishment I 'as daily com"elled.
;=,=-Geza com"lains in li%e case of a rigorous schoolmaster in Paris$ that
made him by his continual thunder and threats once in a mind to dro'n
himself$ had he not met by the 'ay 'ith an uncle of his that #indicated him
from that misery for the time$ by ta%ing him to his house. Trinca#ellius$
_lib. ,. consil. ,-._ had a "atient nineteen years of age$ e+tremely
melancholy$ _ob nimium studium$ Tar#itii et "raece"toris minas_$ by reason
of o#ermuch study$ and his ;=,=AGtutor!s threats. Many masters are
hard-hearted$ and bitter to their ser#ants$ and by that means do so deject$
'ith terrible s"eeches and hard usage so crucify them$ that they become
des"erate$ and can ne#er be recalled.
2thers again$ in that o""osite e+treme$ do as great harm by their too much
remissness$ they gi#e them no bringing u"$ no calling to busy themsel#es
about$ or to li#e in$ teach them no trade$ or set them in any good course<
by means of 'hich their ser#ants$ children$ scholars$ are carried a'ay 'ith
that stream of drun%enness$ idleness$ gaming$ and many such irregular
courses$ that in the end they rue it$ curse their "arents$ and mischief
themsel#es. Too much indulgence causeth the li%e$ ;=,=/G_ine"ta "atris
lenitas et facilitas "ra#a_$ 'hen as Mitio-li%e$ 'ith too much liberty and
too great allo'ance$ they feed their children!s humours$ let them re#el$
'ench$ riot$ s'agger$ and do 'hat they 'ill themsel#es$ and then "unish
them 'ith a noise of musicians<
;=,=BG L2bsonet$ "otet$ oleat unguenta de meo<
AmatN dabitur a me argentum ubi erit commodum.
7ores effregitN restituentur& descidit
IestemN resarcietur.--7aciat 0uod lubet$
9umat$ consumat$ "erdat$ decretum est "ati.L
ut as 3emeo told him$ _tu illum corrum"i sinis_$ your lenity 'ill be his
undoing$ _"rae#idere #ideor jam diem$ illum$ 0uum hic egens "rofugiet
ali0uo militatum_$ I foresee his ruin. 9o "arents often err$ many fond
mothers es"ecially$ dote so much u"on their children$ li%e ;=,.CGAeso"!s
a"e$ till in the end they crush them to death$ _:or"orum nutrices animarum
no#ercae_$ "am"ering u" their bodies to the undoing of their souls& they
'ill not let them be ;=,.,Gcorrected or controlled$ but still soothed u" in
e#erything they do$ that in conclusion Lthey bring sorro'$ shame$ hea#iness
to their "arentsL (Ecclus. ca". +++. /$ B)$ Lbecome 'anton$ stubborn$
'ilful$ and disobedient<L rude$ untaught$ headstrong$ incorrigible$ and
graceless< Lthey lo#e them so foolishly$L saith ;=,.=G:ardan$ Lthat they
rather seem to hate them$ bringing them not u" to #irtue but injury$ not to
learning but to riot$ not to sober life and con#ersation$ but to all
"leasure and licentious beha#iour.L 4ho is he of so little e+"erience that
%no's not this of 7abius to be trueN ;=,..GLEducation is another nature$
altering the mind and 'ill$ and I 'ould to GodL (saith he) L'e oursel#es
did not s"oil our children!s manners$ by our o#ermuch coc%ering and nice
education$ and 'ea%en the strength of their bodies and minds$ that causeth
custom$ custom nature$L Fc. 7or these causes Plutarch in his boo% _de lib.
educ._ and 5ierom. _e"ist. lib. ,. e"ist. ,A. to *aeta de institut.
filiae_$ gi#es a most es"ecial charge to all "arents$ and many good
cautions about bringing u" of children$ that they be not committed to
indiscreet$ "assionate$ bedlam tutors$ light$ giddy-headed$ or co#etous
"ersons$ and s"are for no cost$ that they may be 'ell nurtured and taught$
it being a matter of so great conse0uence. 7or such "arents as do
other'ise$ Plutarch esteems of them ;=,.?GLthat are more careful of their
shoes than of their feet$L that rate their 'ealth abo#e their children. And
he$ saith ;=,.@G:ardan$ Lthat lea#es his son to a co#etous schoolmaster to
be informed$ or to a close Abbey to fast and learn 'isdom together$ doth no
other$ than that he be a learned fool$ or a sic%ly 'ise man.L
9H9E:T. III.--_Terrors and Affrights$ :auses of Melancholy_.
Tully$ in the fourth of his Tusculans$ distinguishes these terrors 'hich
arise from the a""rehension of some terrible object heard or seen$ from
other fears$ and so doth Patritius _lib. @. Tit. ?. de regis institut._ 2f
all fears they are most "ernicious and #iolent$ and so suddenly alter the
'hole tem"erature of the body$ mo#e the soul and s"irits$ stri%e such a
dee" im"ression$ that the "arties can ne#er be reco#ered$ causing more
grie#ous and fiercer melancholy$ as 7eli+ Plater$ _c. .. de mentis
alienat_. ;=,.-Gs"ea%s out of his e+"erience$ than any in'ard cause
'hatsoe#er& Land im"rints itself so forcibly in the s"irits$ brain$
humours$ that if all the mass of blood 'ere let out of the body$ it could
hardly be e+tracted. This horrible %ind of melancholyL (for so he terms it)
Lhad been often brought before him$ and troubles and affrights commonly men
and 'omen$ young and old of all sorts.L ;=,.AG5ercules de 9a+onia calls
this %ind of melancholy (_ab agitatione s"irituum_) by a "eculiar name$ it
comes from the agitation$ motion$ contraction$ dilatation of s"irits$ not
from any distem"erature of humours$ and "roduceth strong effects. This
terror is most usually caused$ as ;=,./GPlutarch 'ill ha#e$ Lfrom some
imminent danger$ 'hen a terrible object is at hand$L heard$ seen$ or
concei#ed$ ;=,.BGLtruly a""earing$ or in a ;=,?CGdream&L and many times the
more sudden the accident$ it is the more #iolent.
;=,?,G L9tat terror animis$ et cor attonitum salit$
Pa#idum0ue tre"idis "al"itat #enis jecur.L
LTheir soul!s affright$ their heart amazed 0ua%es$
The trembling li#er "ants i! th! #eins$ and aches.L
Arthemedorus the grammarian lost his 'its by the une+"ected sight of a
crocodile$ *aurentius _A. de melan_. ;=,?=GThe massacre at *yons$ ,@A=$ in
the reign of :harles IJ.$ 'as so terrible and fearful$ that many ran mad$
some died$ great-bellied 'omen 'ere brought to bed before their time$
generally all affrighted aghast. Many lose their 'its ;=,?.GLby the sudden
sight of some s"ectrum or de#il$ a thing #ery common in all ages$L saith
*a#ater _"art ,. ca". B._ as 2restes did at the sight of the 7uries$ 'hich
a""eared to him in blac% (as ;=,??GPausanias records). The Gree%s call them
;Gree%& mormolucheiaG$ 'hich so terrify their souls$ or if they be but
affrighted by some counterfeit de#ils in jest$
;=,?@G ------Lut "ueri tre"idant$ at0ue omnia caecis
In tenebris metuuntL------
as children in the dar% concei#e hobgoblins$ and are so afraid$ they are
the 'orse for it all their li#es. 9ome by sudden fires$ earth0ua%es$
inundations$ or any such dismal objects& Themiscon the "hysician fell into
a hydro"hobia$ by seeing one sic% of that disease& (3ioscorides _l. -. c.
..._) or by the sight of a monster$ a carcase$ they are dis0uieted many
months follo'ing$ and cannot endure the room 'here a cor"se hath been$ for
a 'orld 'ould not be alone 'ith a dead man$ or lie in that bed many years
after in 'hich a man hath died. At ;=,?-Gasil many little children in the
s"ringtime 'ent to gather flo'ers in a meado' at the to'n!s end$ 'here a
malefactor hung in gibbets< all gazing at it$ one by chance flung a stone$
and made it stir$ by 'hich accident$ the children affrighted ran a'ay< one
slo'er than the rest$ loo%ing bac%$ and seeing the stirred carcase 'ag
to'ards her$ cried out it came after$ and 'as so terribly affrighted$ that
for many days she could not rest$ eat$ or slee"$ she could not be "acified$
but melancholy$ died. ;=,?AGIn the same to'n another child$ beyond the
1hine$ sa' a gra#e o"ened$ and u"on the sight of a carcase$ 'as so troubled
in mind that she could not be comforted$ but a little after de"arted$ and
'as buried by it. Platerus _obser#at. l. ,_$ a gentle'oman of the same city
sa' a fat hog cut u"$ 'hen the entrails 'ere o"ened$ and a noisome sa#our
offended her nose$ she much misli%ed$ and 'ould not longer abide& a
"hysician in "resence$ told her$ as that hog$ so 'as she$ full of filthy
e+crements$ and aggra#ated the matter by some other loathsome instances$
insomuch$ this nice gentle'oman a""rehended it so dee"ly$ that she fell
forth'ith a-#omiting$ 'as so mightily distem"ered in mind and body$ that
'ith all his art and "ersuasions$ for some months after$ he could not
restore her to herself again$ she could not forget it$ or remo#e the object
out of her sight$ _Idem_. Many cannot endure to see a 'ound o"ened$ but
they are offended& a man e+ecuted$ or labour of any fearful disease$ as
"ossession$ a"o"le+ies$ one be'itched< ;=,?/Gor if they read by chance of
some terrible thing$ the sym"toms alone of such a disease$ or that 'hich
they disli%e$ they are instantly troubled in mind$ aghast$ ready to a""ly
it to themsel#es$ they are as much dis0uieted as if they had seen it$ or
'ere so affected themsel#es. _5ecatas sibi #identur somniare_$ they dream
and continually thin% of it. As lamentable effects are caused by such
terrible objects heard$ read$ or seen$ _auditus ma+imos motus in cor"ore
facit_$ as ;=,?BGPlutarch holds$ no sense ma%es greater alteration of body
and mind& sudden s"eech sometimes$ une+"ected ne's$ be they good or bad$
_"rae#isa minus oratio_$ 'ill mo#e as much$ _animum obruere$ et de sede sua
dejicere_$ as a ;=,@CG"hiloso"her obser#es$ 'ill ta%e a'ay our slee" and
a""etite$ disturb and 0uite o#erturn us. *et them bear 'itness that ha#e
heard those tragical alarms$ outcries$ hideous noises$ 'hich are many times
suddenly heard in the dead of the night by irru"tion of enemies and
accidental fires$ Fc.$ those ;=,@,G"anic fears$ 'hich often dri#e men out
of their 'its$ berea#e them of sense$ understanding and all$ some for a
time$ some for their 'hole li#es$ they ne#er reco#er it. The ;=,@=G
Midianites 'ere so affrighted by Gideon!s soldiers$ they brea%ing but e#ery
one a "itcher< and ;=,@.G5annibal!s army by such a "anic fear 'as
discomfited at the 'alls of 1ome. Augusta *i#ia hearing a fe' tragical
#erses recited out of Iirgil$ _Tu Marcellus eris_$ Fc.$ fell do'n dead in a
s'oon. Edinus %ing of 3enmar%$ by a sudden sound 'hich he heard$ ;=,@?G
L'as turned into fury 'ith all his men$L :ranzius$ _l. @$ 3an. hist._ and
Ale+ander ab Ale+andro _l. .. c. @._ Amatus *usitanus had a "atient$ that
by reason of bad tidings became e"ile"ticus$ _cen. =. cura BC_$ :ardan
_subtil. l. ,/_$ sa' one that lost his 'its by mista%ing of an echo. If one
sense alone can cause such #iolent commotions of the mind$ 'hat may 'e
thin% 'hen hearing$ sight$ and those other senses are all troubled at onceN
as by some earth0ua%es$ thunder$ lightning$ tem"ests$ Fc. At ologna in
Italy$ _anno_ ,@C?$ there 'as such a fearful earth0ua%e about ele#en
o!cloc% in the night (as ;=,@@Geroaldus in his boo% _de terrae motu_$ hath
commended to "osterity) that all the city trembled$ the "eo"le thought the
'orld 'as at an end$ _actum de mortalibus_$ such a fearful noise$ it made
such a detestable smell$ the inhabitants 'ere infinitely affrighted$ and
some ran mad. _Audi rem atrocem$ et annalibus memorandam_ (mine author
adds)$ hear a strange story$ and 'orthy to be chronicled& I had a ser#ant
at the same time called 7ulco Argelanus$ a bold and "ro"er man$ so
grie#ously terrified 'ith it$ that he ;=,@-G'as first melancholy$ after
doted$ at last mad$ and made a'ay himself. At ;=,@AG7uscinum in Da"ona
Lthere 'as such an earth0ua%e$ and dar%ness on a sudden$ that many men 'ere
offended 'ith headache$ many o#er'helmed 'ith sorro' and melancholy. At
Meacum 'hole streets and goodly "alaces 'ere o#erturned at the same time$
and there 'as such a hideous noise 'ithal$ li%e thunder$ and filthy smell$
that their hair stared for fear$ and their hearts 0ua%ed$ men and beasts
'ere incredibly terrified. In 9acai$ another city$ the same earth0ua%e 'as
so terrible unto them$ that many 'ere bereft of their senses< and others by
that horrible s"ectacle so much amazed$ that they %ne' not 'hat they did.L
lasius a :hristian$ the re"orter of the ne's$ 'as so affrighted for his
"art$ that though it 'ere t'o months after$ he 'as scarce his o'n man$
neither could he dri#e the remembrance of it out of his mind. Many times$
some years follo'ing$ they 'ill tremble afresh at the ;=,@/Gremembrance or
conceit of such a terrible object$ e#en all their li#es long$ if mention be
made of it. :ornelius Agri""a relates out of Gulielmus Parisiensis$ a story
of one$ that after a distasteful "urge 'hich a "hysician had "rescribed
unto him$ 'as so much mo#ed$ ;=,@BGLthat at the #ery sight of "hysic he
'ould be distem"ered$L though he ne#er so much as smelled to it$ the bo+ of
"hysic long after 'ould gi#e him a "urge< nay$ the #ery remembrance of it
did effect it< ;=,-CGLli%e tra#ellers and seamen$L saith Plutarch$ Lthat
'hen they ha#e been sanded$ or dashed on a roc%$ for e#er after fear not
that mischance only$ but all such dangers 'hatsoe#er.L
9H9E:T. II.--_9coffs$ :alumnies$ bitter Dests$ ho' they cause Melancholy_.
It is an old saying$ ;=,-,GLA blo' 'ith a 'ord stri%es dee"er than a blo'
'ith a s'ord&L and many men are as much galled 'ith a calumny$ a scurrilous
and bitter jest$ a libel$ a "as0uil$ satire$ a"ologue$ e"igram$ stage-"lay
or the li%e$ as 'ith any misfortune 'hatsoe#er. Princes and "otentates$
that are other'ise ha""y$ and ha#e all at command$ secure and free$ _0uibus
"otentia sceleris im"unitatem fecit_$ are grie#ously #e+ed 'ith these
"as0uilling libels$ and satires& they fear a railing ;=,-=GAretine$ more
than an enemy in the field$ 'hich made most "rinces of his time (as some
relate) Lallo' him a liberal "ension$ that he should not ta+ them in his
satires.L ;=,-.GThe Gods had their Momus$ 5omer his >oilus$ Achilles his
Thersites$ Phili" his 3emades& the :aesars themsel#es in 1ome 'ere commonly
taunted. There 'as ne#er 'anting a Petronius$ a *ucian in those times$ nor
'ill be a 1abelais$ an Eu"hormio$ a occalinus in ours. Adrian the si+th
"o"e ;=,-?G'as so highly offended$ and grie#ously #e+ed 'ith "as0uillers at
1ome$ he ga#e command that his statue should be demolished and burned$ the
ashes flung into the ri#er Tiber$ and had done it forth'ith$ had not
*udo#icus 9uessanus$ a facete com"anion$ dissuaded him to the contrary$ by
telling him$ that "as0uil!s ashes 'ould turn to frogs in the bottom of the
ri#er$ and croa% 'orse and louder than before$--_genus irritabile #atum_$
and therefore ;=,-@G9ocrates in Plato ad#iseth all his friends$ Lthat
res"ect their credits$ to stand in a'e of "oets$ for they are terrible
fello's$ can "raise and dis"raise as they see cause.L _5inc 0uam sit
calamus sae#ior ense "atet_. The "ro"het 3a#id com"lains$ Psalm c++iii. ?.
Lthat his soul 'as full of the moc%ing of the 'ealthy$ and of the
des"itefulness of the "roud$L and Psalm l#. ?. Lfor the #oice of the
'ic%ed$ Fc.$ and their hate& his heart trembled 'ithin him$ and the terrors
of death came u"on him< fear and horrible fear$L Fc.$ and Psal. l+i+. =C.
L1ebu%e hath bro%en my heart$ and I am full of hea#iness.L 4ho hath not
li%e cause to com"lain$ and is not so troubled$ that shall fall into the
mouths of such menN for many are of so ;=,--G"etulant a s"leen< and ha#e
that figure 9arcasmus so often in their mouths$ so bitter$ so foolish$ as
;=,-AGalthazar :astilio notes of them$ that Lthey cannot s"ea%$ but they
must bite<L they had rather lose a friend than a jest< and 'hat com"any
soe#er they come in$ they 'ill be scoffing$ insulting o#er their inferiors$
es"ecially o#er such as any 'ay de"end u"on them$ humouring$ misusing$ or
"utting gulleries on some or other till they ha#e made by their humouring
or gulling ;=,-/G_e+ stulto insanum_$ a mo"e or a noddy$ and all to ma%e
themsel#es merry&
;=,-BG ------Ldummodo risum
E+cutiat sibi< non hic cui0uam "arcit amico<L
7riends$ neuters$ enemies$ all are as one$ to ma%e a fool a madman$ is
their s"ort$ and they ha#e no greater felicity than to scoff and deride
others< they must sacrifice to the god of laughter$ 'ith them in ;=,ACG
A"uleius$ once a day$ or else they shall be melancholy themsel#es< they
care not ho' they grind and misuse others$ so they may e+hilarate their o'n
"ersons. Their 'its indeed ser#e them to that sole "ur"ose$ to ma%e s"ort$
to brea% a scurrile jest$ 'hich is _le#issimus ingenii fructus_$ the froth
of 'it$ as ;=,A,GTully holds$ and for this they are often a""lauded$ in all
other discourse$ dry$ barren$ stramineous$ dull and hea#y$ here lies their
genius$ in this they alone e+cel$ "lease themsel#es and others. *eo
3ecimus$ that scoffing "o"e$ as Do#ius hath registered in the 7ourth boo%
of his life$ too% an e+traordinary delight in humouring of silly fello's$
and to "ut gulleries u"on them$ ;=,A=Gby commending some$ "ersuading others
to this or that& he made _e+ stolidis stultissimos$ et ma+ime ridiculos$ e+
stultis insanos_< soft fello's$ star% noddies< and such as 'ere foolish$
0uite mad before he left them. 2ne memorable e+am"le he recites there$ of
Tarascomus of Parma$ a musician that 'as so humoured by *eo 3ecimus$ and
ibiena his second in this business$ that he thought himself to be a man of
most e+cellent s%ill$ ('ho 'as indeed a ninny) they ;=,A.GLmade him set
foolish songs$ and in#ent ne' ridiculous "rece"ts$ 'hich they did highly
commend$L as to tie his arm that "layed on the lute$ to ma%e him stri%e a
s'eeter stro%e$ ;=,A?GLand to "ull do'n the arras hangings$ because the
#oice 'ould be clearer$ by reason of the re#erberation of the 'all.L In the
li%e manner they "ersuaded one araballius of :aieta$ that he 'as as good a
"oet as Petrarch< 'ould ha#e him to be made a laureate "oet$ and in#ite all
his friends to his instalment< and had so "ossessed the "oor man 'ith a
conceit of his e+cellent "oetry$ that 'hen some of his more discreet
friends told him of his folly$ he 'as #ery angry 'ith them$ and said
;=,A@GLthey en#ied his honour$ and "ros"erity&L it 'as strange (saith
Do#ius) to see an old man of -C years$ a #enerable and gra#e old man$ so
gulled. ut 'hat cannot such scoffers do$ es"ecially if they find a soft
creature$ on 'hom they may 'or%N nay$ to say truth$ 'ho is so 'ise$ or so
discreet$ that may not be humoured in this %ind$ es"ecially if some
e+cellent 'its shall set u"on him< he that mads others$ if he 'ere so
humoured$ 'ould be as mad himself$ as much grie#ed and tormented< he might
cry 'ith him in the comedy$ _Proh Du"iter tu homo me$ adigas ad insaniam_.
7or all is in these things as they are ta%en< if he be a silly soul$ and do
not "ercei#e it$ !tis 'ell$ he may ha"ly ma%e others s"ort$ and be no 'hit
troubled himself< but if he be a""rehensi#e of his folly$ and ta%e it to
heart$ then it torments him 'orse than any lash& a bitter jest$ a slander$
a calumny$ "ierceth dee"er than any loss$ danger$ bodily "ain$ or injury
'hatsoe#er< _le#iter enim #olat_$ (it flies s'iftly) as ernard of an
arro'$ _sed gra#iter #ulnerat_$ (but 'ounds dee"ly)$ es"ecially if it shall
"roceed from a #irulent tongue$ Lit cutsL (saith 3a#id) Lli%e a t'o-edged
s'ord. They shoot bitter 'ords as arro's$L Psal. l+i#. @. LAnd they smote
'ith their tongues$L Der. +#iii. ,/$ and that so hard$ that they lea#e an
incurable 'ound behind them. Many men are undone by this means$ mo"ed$ and
so dejected$ that they are ne#er to be reco#ered< and of all other men
li#ing$ those 'hich are actually melancholy$ or inclined to it$ are most
sensible$ (as being sus"icious$ choleric$ a"t to mista%e) and im"atient of
an injury in that %ind& they aggra#ate$ and so meditate continually of it$
that it is a "er"etual corrosi#e$ not to be remo#ed$ till time 'ear it out.
Although they "erad#enture that so scoff$ do it alone in mirth and
merriment$ and hold it _o"timum aliena frui insania_$ an e+cellent thing to
enjoy another man!s madness< yet they must %no'$ that it is a mortal sin
(as ;=,A-GThomas holds) and as the "ro"het ;=,AAG3a#id denounceth$ Lthey
that use it$ shall ne#er d'ell in God!s tabernacle.L
9uch scurrilous jests$ flouts$ and sarcasms$ therefore$ ought not at all to
be used< es"ecially to our betters$ to those that are in misery$ or any 'ay
distressed& for to such$ _aerumnarum incrementa sunt_$ they multi"ly grief$
and as ;=,A/Ghe "ercei#ed$ _In multis "udor$ in multis iracundia_$ Fc.$
many are ashamed$ many #e+ed$ angered$ and there is no greater cause or
furtherer of melancholy. Martin :romerus$ in the 9i+th boo% of his history$
hath a "retty story to this "ur"ose$ of Iladislaus$ the second %ing of
Poland$ and Peter 3unnius$ earl of 9hrine< they had been hunting late$ and
'ere enforced to lodge in a "oor cottage. 4hen they 'ent to bed$ Iladislaus
told the earl in jest$ that his 'ife lay softer 'ith the abbot of 9hrine<
he not able to contain$ re"lied$ _Et tua cum 3abesso_$ and yours 'ith
3abessus$ a gallant young gentleman in the court$ 'hom :hristina the 0ueen
lo#ed. _Tetigit id dictum Princi"is animum_$ these 'ords of his so galled
the "rince$ that he 'as long after _tristis et cogitabundus_$ #ery sad and
melancholy for many months< but they 'ere the earl!s utter undoing& for
'hen :hristina heard of it$ she "ersecuted him to death. 9o"hia the
em"ress$ Dustinian!s 'ife$ bro%e a bitter jest u"on 8arsetes the eunuch$ a
famous ca"tain then dis0uieted for an o#erthro' 'hich he lately had& that
he 'as fitter for a distaff and to %ee" 'omen com"any$ than to 'ield a
s'ord$ or to be general of an army& but it cost her dear$ for he so far
distasted it$ that he 'ent forth'ith to the ad#erse "art$ much troubled in
his thoughts$ caused the *ombards to rebel$ and thence "rocured many
miseries to the common'ealth. Tiberius the em"eror 'ithheld a legacy from
the "eo"le of 1ome$ 'hich his "redecessor Augustus had lately gi#en$ and
"ercei#ing a fello' round a dead corse in the ear$ 'ould needs %no'
'herefore he did so< the fello' re"lied$ that he 'ished the de"arted soul
to signify to Augustus$ the commons of 1ome 'ere yet un"aid& for this
bitter jest the em"eror caused him forth'ith to be slain$ and carry the
ne's himself. 7or this reason$ all those that other'ise a""ro#e of jests in
some cases$ and facete com"anions$ (as 'ho doth notN) let them laugh and be
merry$ _rum"antur et illa :odro_$ !tis laudable and fit$ those yet 'ill by
no means admit them in their com"anies$ that are any 'ay inclined to this
malady& _non jocandum cum iis 0ui miseri sunt$ et aerumnosi_$ no jesting
'ith a discontented "erson. !Tis :astilio!s ca#eat$ ;=,ABGDo. Pontanus$ and
;=,/CGGalateus$ and e#ery good man!s.
LPlay 'ith me$ but hurt me not&
Dest 'ith me$ but shame me not.L
:omitas is a #irtue bet'een rusticity and scurrility$ t'o e+tremes$ as
affability is bet'een flattery and contention$ it must not e+ceed< but be
still accom"anied 'ith that ;=,/,G;Gree%& ablabeiaG or innocency$ _0uae
nemini nocet$ omnem injuriae$ oblationem abhorrens_$ hurts no man$ abhors
all offer of injury. Though a man be liable to such a jest or oblo0uy$ ha#e
been o#erseen$ or committed a foul fact$ yet it is no good manners or
humanity$ to u"braid$ to hit him in the teeth 'ith his offence$ or to scoff
at such a one< !tis an old a+iom$ _tur"is in reum omnis e+"robratio_.;=,/=G
I s"ea% not of such as generally ta+ #ice$ arclay$ Gentilis$ Erasmus$
Agri""a$ 7ishcartus$ Fc.$ the Iarronists and *ucians of our time$
satirists$ e"igrammists$ comedians$ a"ologists$ Fc.$ but such as "ersonate$
rail$ scoff$ calumniate$ "erstringe by name$ or in "resence offend<
;=,/.G L*udit 0ui stolida "rocacitate
8on est 9estius ille sed caballus&L
!Tis horse-"lay this$ and those jests (as he ;=,/?Gsaith) Lare no better
than injuries$L biting jests$ _mordentes et aculeati_$ they are "oisoned
jests$ lea#e a sting behind them$ and ought not to be used.
;=,/@G L9et not thy foot to ma%e the blind to fall<
8or 'ilfully offend thy 'ea%er brother&
8or 'ound the dead 'ith thy tongue!s bitter gall$
8either rejoice thou in the fall of other.L
If these rules could be %e"t$ 'e should ha#e much more ease and 0uietness
than 'e ha#e$ less melancholy$ 'hereas on the contrary$ 'e study to misuse
each other$ ho' to sting and gall$ li%e t'o fighting boors$ bending all our
force and 'it$ friends$ fortune$ to crucify ;=,/-Gone another!s souls< by
means of 'hich$ there is little content and charity$ much #irulency$
hatred$ malice$ and dis0uietness among us.
9H9E:T. I.--_*oss of *iberty$ 9er#itude$ Im"risonment$ ho' they cause
Melancholy_.
To this catalogue of causes$ I may 'ell anne+ loss of liberty$ ser#itude$
or im"risonment$ 'hich to some "ersons is as great a torture as any of the
rest. Though they ha#e all things con#enient$ sum"tuous houses to their
use$ fair 'al%s and gardens$ delicious bo'ers$ galleries$ good fare and
diet$ and all things corres"ondent$ yet they are not content$ because they
are confined$ may not come and go at their "leasure$ ha#e and do 'hat they
'ill$ but li#e ;=,/AG_aliena 0uadra_$ at another man!s table and command.
As it is ;=,//Gin meats so it is in all other things$ "laces$ societies$
s"orts< let them be ne#er so "leasant$ commodious$ 'holesome$ so good< yet
_omnium rerum est satietas_$ there is a loathing satiety of all things. The
children of Israel 'ere tired 'ith manna$ it is ir%some to them so to li#e$
as to a bird in his cage$ or a dog in his %ennel$ they are 'eary of it.
They are ha""y$ it is true$ and ha#e all things$ to another man!s judgment$
that heart can 'ish$ or that they themsel#es can desire$ _bona si sua
norint_& yet they loathe it$ and are tired 'ith the "resent& _Est natura
hominum no#itatis a#ida_< men!s nature is still desirous of ne's$ #ariety$
delights< and our 'andering affections are so irregular in this %ind$ that
they must change$ though it must be to the 'orst. achelors must be
married$ and married men 'ould be bachelors< they do not lo#e their o'n
'i#es$ though other'ise fair$ 'ise$ #irtuous$ and 'ell 0ualified$ because
they are theirs< our "resent estate is still the 'orst$ 'e cannot endure
one course of life long$ _et 0uod modo #o#erat$ odit_$ one calling long$
_esse in honore ju#at$ mo+ dis"licet_< one "lace long$ ;=,/BG_1omae Tibur
amo$ #entosus Tybure 1omam_$ that 'hich 'e earnestly sought$ 'e no'
contemn. _5oc 0uosdam agit ad mortem_$ (saith ;=,BCG9eneca) _0uod "ro"osita
sae"e mutando in eadem re#ol#untur$ et non relin0uunt no#itati locum&
7astidio cae"it esse #ita$ et i"sus mundus$ et subit illud ra"idissimarum
deliciarum$ Kuous0ue eadem_N this alone %ills many a man$ that they are
tied to the same still$ as a horse in a mill$ a dog in a 'heel$ they run
round$ 'ithout alteration or ne's$ their life gro'eth odious$ the 'orld
loathsome$ and that 'hich crosseth their furious delights$ 'hatN still the
sameN Marcus Aurelius and 9olomon$ that had e+"erience of all 'orldly
delights and "leasure$ confessed as much of themsel#es< 'hat they most
desired$ 'as tedious at last$ and that their lust could ne#er be satisfied$
all 'as #anity and affliction of mind.
8o' if it be death itself$ another hell$ to be glutted 'ith one %ind of
s"ort$ dieted 'ith one dish$ tied to one "lace< though they ha#e all things
other'ise as they can desire$ and are in hea#en to another man!s o"inion$
'hat misery and discontent shall they ha#e$ that li#e in sla#ery$ or in
"rison itselfN _Kuod tristius morte$ in ser#itute #i#endum_$ as 5ermolaus
told Ale+ander in ;=,B,G:urtius$ 'orse than death is bondage& ;=,B=G_hoc
animo scito omnes fortes$ ut mortem ser#ituti ante"onant_$ All bra#e men at
arms (Tully holds) are so affected. ;=,B.G_E0uidem ego is sum$ 0ui
ser#itutem e+tremum omnium malorum esse arbitror_& I am he (saith oterus)
that account ser#itude the e+tremity of misery. And 'hat calamity do they
endure$ that li#e 'ith those hard tas%masters$ in gold mines (li%e those
.C$CCC ;=,B?GIndian sla#es at Potosi$ in Peru)$ tin-mines$ lead-mines$
stone-0uarries$ coal-"its$ li%e so many mould'ar"s under ground$ condemned
to the galleys$ to "er"etual drudgery$ hunger$ thirst$ and stri"es$ 'ithout
all ho"e of deli#eryN 5o' are those 'omen in Tur%ey affected$ that most
"art of the year come not abroad< those Italian and 9"anish dames$ that are
me'ed u" li%e ha'%s$ and loc%ed u" by their jealous husbandsN ho' tedious
is it to them that li#e in sto#es and ca#es half a year togetherN as in
Iceland$ Musco#y$ or under the ;=,B@G"ole itself$ 'here they ha#e si+
months! "er"etual night. 8ay$ 'hat misery and discontent do they endure$
that are in "risonN They 'ant all those si+ non-natural things at once$
good air$ good diet$ e+ercise$ com"any$ slee"$ rest$ ease$ Fc.$ that are
bound in chains all day long$ suffer hunger$ and (as ;=,B-G*ucian describes
it) Lmust abide that filthy stin%$ and rattling of chains$ ho'lings$
"itiful outcries$ that "risoners usually ma%e< these things are not only
troublesome$ but intolerable.L They lie nastily among toads and frogs in a
dar% dungeon$ in their o'n dung$ in "ain of body$ in "ain of soul$ as
Dose"h did$ Psal. c#. ,/$ Lthey hurt his feet in the stoc%s$ the iron
entered his soul.L They li#e solitary$ alone$ se0uestered from all com"any
but heart-eating melancholy< and for 'ant of meat$ must eat that bread of
affliction$ "rey u"on themsel#es. 4ell might ;=,BAGArculanus "ut long
im"risonment for a cause$ es"ecially to such as ha#e li#ed jo#ially$ in all
sensuality and lust$ u"on a sudden are estranged and debarred from all
manner of "leasures& as 'ere 5uniades$ Ed'ard$ and 1ichard II.$ Ialerian
the Em"eror$ ajazet the Tur%. If it be ir%some to miss our ordinary
com"anions and re"ast for once a day$ or an hour$ 'hat shall it be to lose
them for e#erN If it be so great a delight to li#e at liberty$ and to enjoy
that #ariety of objects the 'orld affords< 'hat misery and discontent must
it needs bring to him$ that shall no' be cast headlong into that 9"anish
in0uisition$ to fall from hea#en to hell$ to be cubbed u" u"on a sudden$
ho' shall he be "er"le+ed$ 'hat shall become of himN ;=,B/G 1obert 3u%e of
8ormandy being im"risoned by his youngest brother 5enry I.$ _ab illo die
inconsolabili dolore in carcere contabuit_$ saith Matthe' Paris$ from that
day for'ard "ined a'ay 'ith grief. ;=,BBGDugurtha that generous ca"tain$
Lbrought to 1ome in trium"h$ and after im"risoned$ through anguish of his
soul$ and melancholy$ died.L ;==CCG1oger$ isho" of 9alisbury$ the second
man from 6ing 9te"hen (he that built that famous castle of ;==C,G3e#izes in
4iltshire$) 'as so tortured in "rison 'ith hunger$ and all those calamities
accom"anying such men$ ;==C=G_ut #i#ere noluerit$ mori nescierit_$ he 'ould
not li#e$ and could not die$ bet'een fear of death$ and torments of life.
7rancis 6ing of 7rance 'as ta%en "risoner by :harles I.$ _ad mortem fere
melancholicus_$ saith Guicciardini$ melancholy almost to death$ and that in
an instant. ut this is as clear as the sun$ and needs no further
illustration.
9H9E:T. II.--_Po#erty and 4ant$ :auses of Melancholy_.
Po#erty and 'ant are so #iolent o""ugners$ so un'elcome guests$ so much
abhorred of all men$ that I may not omit to s"ea% of them a"art. Po#erty$
although (if considered aright$ to a 'ise$ understanding$ truly regenerate$
and contented man) it be _donum 3ei_$ a blessed estate$ the 'ay to hea#en$
as ;==C.G:hrysostom calls it$ God!s gift$ the mother of modesty$ and much
to be "referred before riches (as shall be sho'n in his ;==C?G"lace)$ yet
as it is esteemed in the 'orld!s censure$ it is a most odious calling$ #ile
and base$ a se#ere torture$ _summum scelus_$ a most intolerable burden< 'e
;==C@Gshun it all$ _cane "ejus et angue_ ('orse than a dog or a sna%e)$ 'e
abhor the name of it$ ;==C-G_Pau"ertas fugitur$ toto0ue arcessitur orbe_$
as being the fountain of all other miseries$ cares$ 'oes$ labours$ and
grie#ances 'hatsoe#er. To a#oid 'hich$ 'e 'ill ta%e any "ains$--_e+tremos
currit mercator ad Indos_$ 'e 'ill lea#e no ha#en$ no coast$ no cree% of
the 'orld unsearched$ though it be to the hazard of our li#es$ 'e 'ill di#e
to the bottom of the sea$ to the bo'els of the earth$ ;==CAGfi#e$ si+$
se#en$ eight$ nine hundred fathom dee"$ through all fi#e zones$ and both
e+tremes of heat and cold& 'e 'ill turn "arasites and sla#es$ "rostitute
oursel#es$ s'ear and lie$ damn our bodies and souls$ forsa%e God$ abjure
religion$ steal$ rob$ murder$ rather than endure this insufferable yo%e of
"o#erty$ 'hich doth so tyrannise$ crucify$ and generally de"ress us.
7or loo% into the 'orld$ and you shall see men most "art esteemed according
to their means$ and ha""y as they are rich& ;==C/G_Hbi0ue tanti 0uis0ue
0uantum habuit fuit_. If he be li%ely to thri#e$ and in the 'ay of
"referment$ 'ho but heN In the #ulgar o"inion$ if a man be 'ealthy$ no
matter ho' he gets it$ of 'hat "arentage$ ho' 0ualified$ ho' #irtuously
endo'ed$ or #illainously inclined< let him be a ba'd$ a gri"e$ an usurer$ a
#illain$ a "agan$ a barbarian$ a 'retch$ ;==CBG*ucian!s tyrant$ Lon 'hom
you may loo% 'ith less security than on the sun<L so that he be rich (and
liberal 'ithal) he shall be honoured$ admired$ adored$ re#erenced$ and
highly ;==,CGmagnified. LThe rich is had in re"utation because of his
goods$L Eccl. +. .,. 5e shall be befriended& Lfor riches gather many
friends$L Pro#. +i+. ?$--_multos numerabit amicos_$ all ;==,,Gha""iness
ebbs and flo's 'ith his money. 5e shall be accounted a gracious lord$ a
Mecaenas$ a benefactor$ a 'ise$ discreet$ a "ro"er$ a #aliant$ a fortunate
man$ of a generous s"irit$ _Pullus Do#is$ et gallinae$ filius albae_& a
ho"eful$ a good man$ a #irtuous$ honest man. _Kuando ego ie Dunonium
"uerum$ et matris "artum #ere aureum_$ as ;==,=GTully said of 2cta#ianus$
'hile he 'as ado"ted :aesar$ and an heir ;==,.Ga""arent of so great a
monarchy$ he 'as a golden child. All ;==,?Ghonour$ offices$ a""lause$ grand
titles$ and turgent e"ithets are "ut u"on him$ _omnes omnia bona dicere_<
all men!s eyes are u"on him$ God bless his good 'orshi"$ his honour<
;==,@Ge#ery man s"ea%s 'ell of him$ e#ery man "resents him$ see%s and sues
to him for his lo#e$ fa#our$ and "rotection$ to ser#e him$ belong unto him$
e#ery man riseth to him$ as to Themistocles in the 2lym"ics$ if he s"ea%$
as of 5erod$ _Io+ 3ei$ non hominis_$ the #oice of God$ not of man. All the
graces$ Ieneres$ "leasures$ elegances attend him$ ;==,-G golden fortune
accom"anies and lodgeth 'ith him< and as to those 1oman em"erors$ is "laced
in his chamber.
;==,AG ------L9ecura na#iget aura$
7ortunam0ue suo tem"eret arbitrio&L
he may sail as he 'ill himself$ and tem"er his estate at his "leasure$
jo#ial days$ s"lendour and magnificence$ s'eet music$ dainty fare$ the good
things$ and fat of the land$ fine clothes$ rich attires$ soft beds$ do'n
"illo's are at his command$ all the 'orld labours for him$ thousands of
artificers are his sla#es to drudge for him$ run$ ride$ and "ost for him&
;==,/G3i#ines (for _Pythia Phili""isat_) la'yers$ "hysicians$ "hiloso"hers$
scholars are his$ 'holly de#ote to his ser#ice. E#ery man see%s his
;==,BGac0uaintance$ his %indred$ to match 'ith him$ though he be an oaf$ a
ninny$ a monster$ a goose-ca"$ _u+orem ducat 3anaen_$ ;===CG'hen$ and 'hom
he 'ill$ _hunc o"tant generum 1e+ et 1egina_--he is an e+cellent
;===,Gmatch for my son$ my daughter$ my niece$ Fc. _Kuic0uid calca#erit
hic$ 1osa fiet_$ let him go 'hither he 'ill$ trum"ets sound$ bells ring$
Fc.$ all ha""iness attends him$ e#ery man is 'illing to entertain him$ he
su"s in ;====GA"ollo 'heresoe#er he comes< 'hat "re"aration is made for his
;===.GentertainmentN fish and fo'l$ s"ices and "erfumes$ all that sea and
land affords. 4hat coo%ery$ mas%ing$ mirth to e+hilarate his "ersonN
;===?G L3a Trebio$ "one ad Trebium$ #is frater ab illia
IlibusNL------
4hat dish 'ill your good 'orshi" eat ofN
;===@G ------Ldulcia "oma$
Et 0uoscun0ue feret cultus tibi fundus honores$
Ante *arem$ gustet #enerabilior *are di#es.L
L9'eet a""les$ and 'hate!er thy fields afford$
efore thy Gods be ser#!d$ let ser#e thy *ord.L
4hat s"ort 'ill your honour ha#eN ha'%ing$ hunting$ fishing$ fo'ling$
bulls$ bears$ cards$ dice$ coc%s$ "layers$ tumblers$ fiddlers$ jesters$
Fc.$ they are at your good 'orshi"!s command. 7air houses$ gardens$
orchards$ terraces$ galleries$ cabinets$ "leasant 'al%s$ delightsome
"laces$ they are at hand& ;===-G_in aureis lac$ #inum in argenteis$
adolescentulae ad nutum s"eciosae_$ 'ine$ 'enches$ Fc. a Tur%ish "aradise$
a hea#en u"on earth. Though he be a silly soft fello'$ and scarce ha#e
common sense$ yet if he be borne to fortunes (as I ha#e said) ;===AG_jure
haereditario sa"ere jubetur_$ he must ha#e honour and office in his course&
;===/G_8emo nisi di#es honore dignus_ (Ambros. _offic. =,._) none so 'orthy
as himself& he shall ha#e it$ _at0ue esto 0uic0uid 9er#ius aut *abeo_. Get
money enough and command ;===BG%ingdoms$ "ro#inces$ armies$ hearts$ hands$
and affections< thou shalt ha#e "o"es$ "atriarchs to be thy cha"lains and
"arasites& thou shalt ha#e (Tamerlane-li%e) %ings to dra' thy coach$ 0ueens
to be thy laundresses$ em"erors thy footstools$ build more to'ns and cities
than great Ale+ander$ abel to'ers$ "yramids and Mausolean tombs$ Fc.
command hea#en and earth$ and tell the 'orld it is thy #assal$ _auro emitur
diadema$ argento caelum "anditur$ denarius "hiloso"hum conducit$ nummus jus
cogit$ obolus literatum "ascit$ metallum sanitatem conciliat$ aes amicos
conglutinat_. ;==.CGAnd therefore not 'ithout good cause$ Dohn de Medicis$
that rich 7lorentine$ 'hen he lay u"on his death-bed$ calling his sons$
:osmo and *aurence$ before him$ amongst other sober sayings$ re"eated this$
_animo 0uieto digredior$ 0uod #os sanos et di#ites "ost me relin0uam_$ LIt
doth me good to thin% yet$ though I be dying$ that I shall lea#e you$ my
children$ sound and rich&L for 'ealth s'ays all. It is not 'ith us$ as
amongst those *acedaemonian senators of *ycurgus in Plutarch$ L5e "referred
that deser#ed best$ 'as most #irtuous and 'orthy of the "lace$ ;==.,Gnot
s'iftness$ or strength$ or 'ealth$ or friends carried it in those days&L
but _inter o"timos o"timus$ inter tem"erantes tem"erantissimus_$ the most
tem"erate and best. 4e ha#e no aristocracies but in contem"lation$ all
oligarchies$ 'herein a fe' rich men domineer$ do 'hat they list$ and are
"ri#ileged by their greatness. ;==.=GThey may freely tres"ass$ and do as
they "lease$ no man dare accuse them$ no not so much as mutter against
them$ there is no notice ta%en of it$ they may securely do it$ li#e after
their o'n la's$ and for their money get "ardons$ indulgences$ redeem their
souls from "urgatory and hell itself$--_clausum "ossidet arca Do#em_. *et
them be e"icures$ or atheists$ libertines$ Machia#ellians$ (as they often
are) ;==..G_Et 0uam#is "erjuris erit$ sine gente$ cruentus_$ they may go
to hea#en through the eye of a needle$ if they 'ill themsel#es$ they may be
canonised for saints$ they shall be ;==.?Ghonourably interred in Mausolean
tombs$ commended by "oets$ registered in histories$ ha#e tem"les and
statues erected to their names$--_e manibus illis--nascentur #iolae_.--If
he be bountiful in his life$ and liberal at his death$ he shall ha#e one to
s'ear$ as he did by :laudius the Em"eror in Tacitus$ he sa' his soul go to
hea#en$ and be miserably lamented at his funeral. _Ambubalarum collegia$
Fc. Trimalcionis to"anta_ in Petronius _recta in caelum abiit_$ 'ent right
to hea#en& a$ base 0uean$ ;==.@GLthou 'ouldst ha#e scorned once in thy
misery to ha#e a "enny from her<L and 'hyN _modio nummos metiit_$ she
measured her money by the bushel. These "rerogati#es do not usually belong
to rich men$ but to such as are most "art seeming rich$ let him ha#e but a
good ;==.-Goutside$ he carries it$ and shall be adored for a god$ as
;==.AG:yrus 'as amongst the Persians$ _ob s"lendidum a""aratum_$ for his
gay attires< no' most men are esteemed according to their clothes. In our
gullish times$ 'hom you "erad#enture in modesty 'ould gi#e "lace to$ as
being decei#ed by his habit$ and "resuming him some great 'orshi"ful man$
belie#e it$ if you shall e+amine his estate$ he 'ill li%ely be "ro#ed a
ser#ing man of no great note$ my lady!s tailor$ his lordshi"!s barber$ or
some such gull$ a 7astidius ris%$ 9ir Petronel 7lash$ a mere outside. 2nly
this res"ect is gi#en him$ that 'heresoe#er he comes$ he may call for 'hat
he 'ill$ and ta%e "lace by reason of his out'ard habit.
ut on the contrary$ if he be "oor$ Pro#. +#. ,@$ Lall his days are
miserable$L he is under hatches$ dejected$ rejected and forsa%en$ "oor in
"urse$ "oor in s"irit< ;==./G_"rout res nobis fluit$ ita et animus se
habet_< ;==.BGmoney gi#es life and soul. Though he be honest$ 'ise$
learned$ 'ell-deser#ing$ noble by birth$ and of e+cellent good "arts< yet
in that he is "oor$ unli%ely to rise$ come to honour$ office$ or good
means$ he is contemned$ neglected$ _frustra sa"it$ inter literas esurit$
amicus molestus_. ;==?CGLIf he s"ea%$ 'hat babbler is thisNL Ecclus$ his
nobility 'ithout 'ealth$ is ;==?,G_"rojecta #ilior alga_$ and he not
esteemed& _nos #iles "ulli nati infelicibus o#is_$ if once "oor$ 'e are
metamor"hosed in an instant$ base sla#es$ #illains$ and #ile drudges<
;==?=Gfor to be "oor$ is to be a %na#e$ a fool$ a 'retch$ a 'ic%ed$ an
odious fello'$ a common eyesore$ say "oor and say all< they are born to
labour$ to misery$ to carry burdens li%e juments$ _"istum stercus comedere_
'ith Hlysses! com"anions$ and as :hremilus objected in Aristo"hanes$ ;==?.G
_salem lingere_$ lic% salt$ to em"ty ja%es$ fay channels$ ;==??Gcarry out
dirt and dunghills$ s'ee" chimneys$ rub horse-heels$ Fc. I say nothing of
Tur%s$ galley-sla#es$ 'hich are bought ;==?@Gand sold li%e juments$ or
those African 8egroes$ or "oor ;==?-GIndian drudges$ _0ui indies hinc inde
deferendis oneribus occumbunt$ nam 0uod a"ud nos bo#es et asini #ehunt$
trahunt_$ Fc. ;==?AG_Id omne misellis Indis_$ they are ugly to behold$ and
though erst s"ruce$ no' rusty and s0ualid$ because "oor$ ;==?/G_immundas
fortunas a0uum est s0ualorem se0ui_$ it is ordinarily so. ;==?BGL2thers eat
to li#e$ but they li#e to drudge$L ;==@CG_ser#ilis et misera gens nihil
recusare audet_$ a ser#ile generation$ that dare refuse no
tas%.--;==@,G_5eus tu 3romo$ ca"e hoc flabellum$ #entulum hinc facito dum
la#amus_$ sirrah blo' 'ind u"on us 'hile 'e 'ash$ and bid your fello' get
him u" betimes in the morning$ be it fair or foul$ he shall run fifty miles
afoot tomorro'$ to carry me a letter to my mistress$ _9ocia ad "istrinam_$
9ocia shall tarry at home and grind malt all day long$ Tristan thresh. Thus
are they commanded$ being indeed some of them as so many footstools for
rich men to tread on$ bloc%s for them to get on horsebac%$ or as
;==@=GL'alls for them to "iss on.L They are commonly such "eo"le$ rude$
silly$ su"erstitious idiots$ nasty$ unclean$ lousy$ "oor$ dejected$
sla#ishly humble& and as ;==@.G*eo Afer obser#es of the commonalty of
Africa$ _natura #iliores sunt$ nec a"ud suos duces majore in "recio 0uam si
canes essent_& ;==@?Gbase by nature$ and no more esteemed than dogs$
_miseram$ laboriosam$ calamitosam #itam agunt$ et ino"em$ infelicem$
rudiores asinis$ ut e brutis "lane natos dicas_& no learning$ no %no'ledge$
no ci#ility$ scarce common$ sense$ nought but barbarism amongst them$
_belluino more #i#unt$ ne0ue calceos gestant$ ne0ue #estes_$ li%e rogues
and #agabonds$ they go barefooted and barelegged$ the soles of their feet
being as hard as horse-hoofs$ as ;==@@G1adzi#ilus obser#ed at 3amietta in
Egy"t$ leading a laborious$ miserable$ 'retched$ unha""y life$ ;==@-GLli%e
beasts and juments$ if not 'orse&L (for a ;==@AG9"aniard in Incatan$ sold
three Indian boys for a cheese$ and a hundred 8egro sla#es for a horse)
their discourse is scurrility$ their _summum bonum_$ a "ot of ale. There is
not any sla#ery 'hich these #illains 'ill not undergo$ _inter illos
"leri0ue latrinas e#acuant$ alii culinariam curant$ alii stabularios agunt$
urinatores et id genus similia e+ercent_$ Fc. li%e those "eo"le that d'ell
in the ;==@/GAl"s$ chimney-s'ee"ers$ ja%es-farmers$ dirt-daubers$ #agrant
rogues$ they labour hard some$ and yet cannot get clothes to "ut on$ or
bread to eat. 7or 'hat can filthy "o#erty gi#e else$ but ;==@BGbeggary$
fulsome nastiness$ s0ualor$ contem"t$ drudgery$ labour$ ugliness$ hunger
and thirst< _"ediculorum$ et "ulicum numerum_N as ;==-CG he 'ell follo'ed
it in Aristo"hanes$ fleas and lice$ _"ro "allio #estem laceram$ et "ro
"ul#inari la"idem bene magnum ad ca"ut_$ rags for his raiment$ and a stone
for his "illo'$ _"ro cathedra$ ru"tae ca"ut urnae_$ he sits in a bro%en
"itcher$ or on a bloc% for a chair$ _et mal#ae$ ramos "ro "anibus comedit_$
he drin%s 'ater$ and li#es on 'ort lea#es$ "ulse$ li%e a hog$ or scra"s
li%e a dog$ _ut nunc nobis #ita afficitur$ 0uis non "utabit insaniam esse$
infelicitatem0ue_N as :hremilus concludes his s"eech$ as 'e "oor men li#e
no'adays$ 'ho 'ill not ta%e our life to be ;==-,G infelicity$ misery$ and
madnessN
If they be of little better condition than those base #illains$
hunger-star#ed beggars$ 'andering rogues$ those ordinary sla#es$ and
day-labouring drudges< yet they are commonly so "reyed u"on by ;==-=G
"olling officers for brea%ing the la's$ by their tyrannising landlords$ so
flayed and fleeced by "er"etual ;==-.Ge+actions$ that though they do
drudge$ fare hard$ and star#e their genius$ they cannot li#e in ;==-?Gsome
countries< but 'hat they ha#e is instantly ta%en from them$ the #ery care
they ta%e to li#e$ to be drudges$ to maintain their "oor families$ their
trouble and an+iety Lta%es a'ay their slee"$L 9irac. +++i. ,$ it ma%es them
'eary of their li#es& 'hen they ha#e ta%en all "ains$ done their utmost and
honest endea#ours$ if they be cast behind by sic%ness$ or o#erta%en 'ith
years$ no man "ities them$ hard-hearted and merciless$ uncharitable as they
are$ they lea#e them so distressed$ to beg$ steal$ murmur$ and ;==-@G
rebel$ or else star#e. The feeling and fear of this misery com"elled those
old 1omans$ 'hom Menenius Agri""a "acified$ to resist their go#ernors&
outla's$ and rebels in most "laces$ to ta%e u" seditious arms$ and in all
ages hath caused u"roars$ murmurings$ seditions$ rebellions$ thefts$
murders$ mutinies$ jars and contentions in e#ery common'ealth& grudging$
re"ining$ com"laining$ discontent in each "ri#ate family$ because they 'ant
means to li#e according to their callings$ bring u" their children$ it
brea%s their hearts$ they cannot do as they 'ould. 8o greater misery than
for a lord to ha#e a %night!s li#ing$ a gentleman a yeoman!s$ not to be
able to li#e as his birth and "lace re0uire. Po#erty and 'ant are generally
corrosi#es to all %inds of men$ es"ecially to such as ha#e been in good and
flourishing estate$ are suddenly distressed$ ;==--Gnobly born$ liberally
brought u"$ and$ by some disaster and casualty miserably dejected. 7or the
rest$ as they ha#e base fortunes$ so ha#e they base minds corres"ondent$
li%e beetles$ _e stercore orti$ e stercore #ictus$ in stercore delicium_$
as they 'ere obscurely born and bred$ so they delight in obscenity< they
are not thoroughly touched 'ith it. _Angustas animas angusto in "ectore
#ersant_. ;==-AGEet$ that 'hich is no small cause of their torments$ if
once they come to be in distress$ they are forsa%en of their fello's$ most
"art neglected$ and left unto themsel#es< as "oor ;==-/GTerence in 1ome 'as
by 9ci"io$ *aelius$ and 7urius$ his great and noble friends.
L8il Publius 9ci"io "rofuit$ nil ei *aelius$ nil 7urius$
Tres "er idem tem"us 0ui agitabant nobiles facillime$
5orum ille o"era ne domum 0uident habuit conductitiam.L;==-BG
!Tis generally so$ _Tem"ora si fuerint nubila$ solus eris_$ he is left cold
and comfortless$ _nullas ad amissas ibit amicus o"es_$ all flee from him as
from a rotten 'all$ no' ready to fall on their heads. Pro#. +i+. ,.
LPo#erty se"arates them from their ;==ACGneighbours.L
;==A,G L3um fortuna fa#et #ultum ser#atis amici$
:um cecidit$ tur"i #ertitis ora fuga.L
L4hilst fortune fa#our!d$ friends$ you smil!d on me$
ut 'hen she fled$ a friend I could not see.L
4hich is 'orse yet$ if he be "oor ;==A=Ge#ery man contemns him$ insults
o#er him$ o""resseth him$ scoffs at$ aggra#ates his misery.
;==A.G LKuum cae"it 0uassata domus subsidere$ "artes
In "roclinatas omne recumbit onus.L
L4hen once the tottering house begins to shrin%$
Thither comes all the 'eight by an instinct.L
8ay they are odious to their o'n brethren$ and dearest friends$ Pro. +i+.
A. L5is brethren hate him if he be "oor$L ;==A?G_omnes #icini oderunt_$
Lhis neighbours hate him$L Pro. +i#. =C$ ;==A@G_omnes me noti ac ignoti
deserunt_$ as he com"lained in the comedy$ friends and strangers$ all
forsa%e me. 4hich is most grie#ous$ "o#erty ma%es men ridiculous$ _8il
habet infeli+ "au"ertas durius in se$ 0uam 0uod ridiculos homines facit_$
they must endure ;==A-Gjests$ taunts$ flouts$ blo's of their betters$ and
ta%e all in good "art to get a meal!s meat& ;==AAG_magnum "au"eries
o""robrium$ jubet 0uid#is et facere et "ati_. 5e must turn "arasite$
jester$ fool$ _cum desi"ientibus desi"ere_< saith ;==A/GEuri"ides$ sla#e$
#illain$ drudge to get a "oor li#ing$ a""ly himself to each man!s humours$
to 'in and "lease$ Fc.$ and be buffeted 'hen he hath all done$ as Hlysses
'as by Melanthius ;==ABGin 5omer$ be re#iled$ baffled$ insulted o#er$ for
;==/CG_"otentiorum stultitia "erferenda est_$ and may not so much as mutter
against it. 5e must turn rogue and #illain< for as the saying is$
_8ecessitas cogit ad tur"ia_$ "o#erty alone ma%es men thie#es$ rebels$
murderers$ traitors$ assassins$ Lbecause of "o#erty 'e ha#e sinned$L
Ecclus. ++#ii. ,$ s'ear and fors'ear$ bear false 'itness$ lie$ dissemble$
anything$ as I say$ to ad#antage themsel#es$ and to relie#e their
necessities& ;==/,G _:ul"ae sceleris0ue magistra est_$ 'hen a man is dri#en
to his shifts$ 'hat 'ill he not doN
;==/=G ------Lsi miserum fortuna 9inonem
7in+it$ #anum etiam mendacem0ue im"roba finget.L
he 'ill betray his father$ "rince$ and country$ turn Tur%$ forsa%e
religion$ abjure God and all$ _nulla tam horrenda "roditio$ 0uam illi lucri
causa_ (saith ;==/.G*eo Afer) _"er"etrare nolint_. ;==/?GPlato$ therefore$
calls "o#erty$ Lthie#ish$ sacrilegious$ filthy$ 'ic%ed$ and mischie#ous&L
and 'ell he might. 7or it ma%es many an u"right man other'ise$ had he not
been in 'ant$ to ta%e bribes$ to be corru"t$ to do against his conscience$
to sell his tongue$ heart$ hand$ Fc.$ to be churlish$ hard$ unmerciful$
unci#il$ to use indirect means to hel" his "resent estate. It ma%es "rinces
to e+act u"on their subjects$ great men tyrannise$ landlords o""ress$
justice mercenary$ la'yers #ultures$ "hysicians har"ies$ friends
im"ortunate$ tradesmen liars$ honest men thie#es$ de#out assassins$ great
men to "rostitute their 'i#es$ daughters$ and themsel#es$ middle sort to
re"ine$ commons to mutiny$ all to grudge$ murmur$ and com"lain. A great
tem"tation to all mischief$ it com"els some miserable 'retches to
counterfeit se#eral diseases$ to dismember$ ma%e themsel#es blind$ lame$ to
ha#e a more "lausible cause to beg$ and lose their limbs to reco#er their
"resent 'ants. Dodocus 3amhoderius$ a la'yer of ruges$ _"ra+i rerum
criminal. c. ,,=._ hath some notable e+am"les of such counterfeit cran%s$
and e#ery #illage almost 'ill yield abundant testimonies amongst us< 'e
ha#e dummerers$ Abraham men$ Fc. And that 'hich is the e+tent of misery$ it
enforceth them through anguish and 'earisomeness of their li#es$ to ma%e
a'ay themsel#es< they had rather be hanged$ dro'ned$ Fc.$ than to li#e
'ithout means.
;==/@G LIn mare caetiferum$ ne te "remat as"era egestas$
3esili$ et a celsis corrue :erne jugis.L
LMuch better !tis to brea% thy nec%$
2r dro'n thyself i! the sea$
Than suffer ir%some "o#erty<
Go ma%e thyself a'ay.L
A 9ybarite of old$ as I find it registered in ;==/-GAthenaeus$ su""ing in
Phiditiis in 9"arta$ and obser#ing their hard fare$ said it 'as no mar#el
if the *acedaemonians 'ere #aliant men< Lfor his "art$ he 'ould rather run
u"on a s'ord "oint (and so 'ould any man in his 'its$) than li#e 'ith such
base diet$ or lead so 'retched a life.L ;==/AGIn Da"onia$ !tis a common
thing to stifle their children if they be "oor$ or to ma%e an abortion$
'hich Aristotle commends. In that ci#il common'ealth of :hina$ ;==//Gthe
mother strangles her child$ if she be not able to bring it u"$ and had
rather lose$ than sell it$ or ha#e it endure such misery as "oor men do.
Arnobius$ _lib. A$ ad#ersus gentes_$ ;==/BG*actantius$ _lib. @. ca". B._
objects as much to those ancient Gree%s and 1omans$ Lthey did e+"ose their
children to 'ild beasts$ strangle$ or %noc% out their brains against a
stone$ in such cases.L If 'e may gi#e credit to ;==BCGMunster$ amongst us
:hristians in *ithuania$ they #oluntarily manci"ate and sell themsel#es$
their 'i#es and children to rich men$ to a#oid hunger and beggary< ;==B,G
many ma%e a'ay themsel#es in this e+tremity. A"icius the 1oman$ 'hen he
cast u" his accounts$ and found but ,CC$CCC cro'ns left$ murdered himself
for fear he should be famished to death. P. 7orestus$ in his medicinal
obser#ations$ hath a memorable e+am"le of t'o brothers of *ou#ain that$
being destitute of means$ became both melancholy$ and in a discontented
humour massacred themsel#es. Another of a merchant$ learned$ 'ise other'ise
and discreet$ but out of a dee" a""rehension he had of a loss at seas$
'ould not be "ersuaded but as ;==B=GIentidius in the "oet$ he should die a
beggar. In a 'ord$ thus much I may conclude of "oor men$ that though they
ha#e good ;==B.G"arts they cannot sho' or ma%e use of them& ;==B?G_ab
ino"ia ad #irtutem obse"ta est #ia_$ !tis hard for a "oor man to ;==B@G
rise$ _haud facile emergunt$ 0uorum #irtutibus obstat res angusta domi_.
;==B-GLThe 'isdom of the "oor is des"ised$ and his 'ords are not heard.L
Eccles. #i. ,B. 5is 'or%s are rejected$ contemned$ for the baseness and
obscurity of the author$ though laudable and good in themsel#es$ they 'ill
not li%ely ta%e.
L8ulla "lacere diu$ ne0ue #i#ere carmina "ossunt$
Kuae scribuntur at0uae "otoribus.L------
L8o #erses can "lease men or li#e long that are 'ritten by 'ater-drin%ers.L
Poor men cannot "lease$ their actions$ counsels$ consultations$ "rojects$
are #ilified in the 'orld!s esteem$ _amittunt consilium in re_$ 'hich
Gnatho long since obser#ed. ;==BAG_9a"iens cre"idas sibi nun0uam nec soleas
fecit_$ a 'ise man ne#er cobbled shoes< as he said of old$ but ho' doth he
"ro#e itN I am sure 'e find it other'ise in our days$ ;==B/G _"ruinosis
horret facundia "annis_. 5omer himself must beg if he 'ant means$ and as by
re"ort sometimes he did ;==BBGLgo from door to door$ and sing ballads$ 'ith
a com"any of boys about him.L This common misery of theirs must needs
distract$ ma%e them discontent and melancholy$ as ordinarily they are$
'ay'ard$ "ee#ish$ li%e a 'eary tra#eller$ for ;=.CCG _7ames et mora bilem
in nares conciunt_$ still murmuring and re"ining& _2b ino"iam morosi sunt$
0uibus est male_$ as Plutarch 0uotes out of Euri"ides$ and that comical
"oet 'ell seconds$
;=.C,G L2mnes 0uibus res sunt minus secundae$ nescio 0uomodo
9us"itiosi$ ad contumeliam omnia acci"iunt magis$
Pro"ter suam im"otentiam se credunt negligi.L
LIf they be in ad#ersity$ they are more sus"icious and a"t to mista%e& they
thin% themsel#es scorned by reason of their misery&L and therefore many
generous s"irits in such cases 'ithdra' themsel#es from all com"any$ as
that comedian ;=.C=GTerence is said to ha#e done< 'hen he "ercei#ed himself
to be forsa%en and "oor$ he #oluntarily banished himself to 9tym"halus$ a
base to'n in Arcadia$ and there miserably died.
;=.C.G ------Lad summam ino"iam redactus$
Ita0ue e cons"ectu omnium abiit Graeciae in terram ultimam.L
8either is it 'ithout cause$ for 'e see men commonly res"ected according to
their means$ (;=.C?G_an di#es sit omnes 0uaerunt$ nemo an bonus_) and
#ilified if they be in bad clothes. ;=.C@GPhilo"haemen the orator 'as set
to cut 'ood$ because he 'as so homely attired$ ;=.C-GTerentius 'as "laced
at the lo'er end of :ecilius! table$ because of his homely outside. ;=.CAG
3ante$ that famous Italian "oet$ by reason his clothes 'ere but mean$ could
not be admitted to sit do'n at a feast. Gnatho scorned his old familiar
friend because of his a""arel$ ;=.C/G_5ominem #ideo "annis$ annis0ue
obsitum$ hic ego illum contem"si "rae me_. 6ing Persius o#ercome sent a
letter to ;=.CBGPaulus Aemilius$ the 1oman general< Persius P. :onsuli. 9.
but he scorned him any ans'er$ _tacite e+"robrans fortunam suam_ (saith
mine author) u"braiding him 'ith a "resent fortune. ;=.,CG:arolus Pugna+$
that great du%e of urgundy$ made 5. 5olland$ late du%e of E+eter$ e+iled$
run after his horse li%e a lac%ey$ and 'ould ta%e no notice of him& ;=.,,G
!tis the common fashion of the 'orld. 9o that such men as are "oor may
justly be discontent$ melancholy$ and com"lain of their "resent misery$ and
all may "ray 'ith ;=.,=G9olomon$ LGi#e me$ 2 *ord$ neither riches nor
"o#erty< feed me 'ith food con#enient for me.L
9H9E:T. III.--_A hea" of other Accidents causing Melancholy$ 3eath of
7riends$ *osses$ Fc._
In this labyrinth of accidental causes$ the farther I 'ander$ the more
intricate I find the "assage$ _multae ambages_$ and ne' causes as so many
by-"aths offer themsel#es to be discussed& to search out all$ 'ere an
5erculean 'or%$ and fitter for Theseus& I 'ill follo' mine intended thread<
and "oint only at some fe' of the chiefest.
_3eath of 7riends_.G Amongst 'hich$ loss and death of friends may challenge
a first "lace$ _multi tristantur_$ as ;=.,.GIi#es 'ell obser#es$ _"ost
delicias$ con#i#ia$ dies festos_$ many are melancholy after a feast$
holiday$ merry meeting$ or some "leasing s"ort$ if they be solitary by
chance$ left alone to themsel#es$ 'ithout em"loyment$ s"ort$ or 'ant their
ordinary com"anions$ some at the de"arture of friends only 'hom they shall
shortly see again$ 'ee" and ho'l$ and loo% after them as a co' lo's after
her calf$ or a child ta%es on that goes to school after holidays. _Ht me
le#arat tuus ad#entus$ sic discessus affli+it_$ ('hich ;=.,?GTully 'rit to
Atticus) thy coming 'as not so 'elcome to me$ as thy de"arture 'as harsh.
Montanus$ _consil. ,.=._ ma%es mention of a country 'oman that "arting 'ith
her friends and nati#e "lace$ became grie#ously melancholy for many years<
and Trallianus of another$ so caused for the absence of her husband& 'hich
is an ordinary "assion amongst our good 'i#es$ if their husband tarry out a
day longer than his a""ointed time$ or brea% his hour$ they ta%e on
"resently 'ith sighs and tears$ he is either robbed$ or dead$ some
mischance or other is surely befallen him$ they cannot eat$ drin%$ slee"$
or be 0uiet in mind$ till they see him again. If "arting of friends$
absence alone can 'or% such #iolent effects$ 'hat shall death do$ 'hen they
must eternally be se"arated$ ne#er in this 'orld to meet againN This is so
grie#ous a torment for the time$ that it ta%es a'ay their a""etite$ desire
of life$ e+tinguisheth all delights$ it causeth dee" sighs and groans$
tears$ e+clamations$
(2 dulce germen matris$ o sanguis meus$
Eheu te"entes$ Fc.--o flos tener.);=.,@G
ho'ling$ roaring$ many bitter "angs$ ;=.,-G_lamentis gemitu0ue et faemineo
ululatu Tecta fremunt_) and by fre0uent meditation e+tends so far
sometimes$ ;=.,AGLthey thin% they see their dead friends continually in
their eyes$L _obser#antes imagines_$ as :onciliator confesseth he sa' his
mother!s ghost "resenting herself still before him. _Kuod nimis miseri
#olunt$ hoc facile credunt_$ still$ still$ still$ that good father$ that
good son$ that good 'ife$ that dear friend runs in their minds& _Totus
animus hac una cogitatione defi+us est_$ all the year long$ as ;=.,/GPliny
com"lains to 1omanus$ Lmethin%s I see Iirginius$ I hear Iirginius$ I tal%
'ith Iirginius$L Fc.
;=.,BG LTe sine$ #ae misero mihi$ lilia nigra #identur$
Pallentes0ue rosae$ nec dulce rubens hyacinthus$
8ullos nec myrtus$ noc laurus s"irat odores.L
They that are most staid and "atient$ are so furiously carried headlong by
the "assion of sorro' in this case$ that bra#e discreet men other'ise$
oftentimes forget themsel#es$ and 'ee" li%e children many months together$
;=.=CG_as if that they to 'ater 'ould_$ and 'ill not be comforted. They are
gone$ they are gone< 'hat shall I doN
LAbstulit atra dies et funere mersit acerbo$
Kuis dabit in lachrymas fontem mihiN 0uis satis altos
Accendet gemitus$ et acerbo #erba doloriN
E+haurit "ietas oculos$ et hiantia frangit
Pectora$ nec "lenos a#ido sinit edere 0uestus$
Magna adeo jactura "remit$L Fc.
L7ountains of tears 'ho gi#es$ 'ho lends me groans$
3ee" sighs sufficient to e+"ress my moansN
Mine eyes are dry$ my breast in "ieces torn$
My loss so great$ I cannot enough mourn.L
9o 9troza 7ilius$ that elegant Italian "oet$ in his E"icedium$ be'ails his
father!s death$ he could moderate his "assions in other matters$ (as he
confesseth) but not in this$ lie yields 'holly to sorro'$
L8unc fateor do terga malis$ mens illa fatiscit$
Indomitus 0uondam #igor et constantia mentis.L
5o' doth ;=.=,GKuintilian com"lain for the loss of his son$ to des"air
almost& :ardan lament his only child in his boo% _de libris "ro"riis_$ and
else'here in many of his tracts$ ;=.==G9t. Ambrose his brother!s deathN _an
ego "ossum non cogitare de te$ aut sine lachrymis cogitareN 2 amari dies$ o
flebiles noctes_$ Fc. L:an I e#er cease to thin% of thee$ and to thin% 'ith
sorro'N 2 bitter days$ 2 nights of sorro'$L Fc. Gregory 8azianzen$ that
noble PulcheriaO _2 decorem$ Fc. flos recens$ "ullulans_$ Fc. Ale+ander$ a
man of most in#incible courage$ after 5e"hestion!s death$ as :urtius
relates$ _triduum jacuit ad moriendum obstinatus_$ lay three days together
u"on the ground$ obstinate$ to die 'ith him$ and 'ould neither eat$ drin%$
nor slee". The 'oman that communed 'ith Esdras (_lib. =. ca". ,C._) 'hen
her son fell do'n dead. Lfled into the field$ and 'ould not return into the
city$ but there resol#ed to remain$ neither to eat nor drin%$ but mourn and
fast until she died.L L1achel 'e"t for her children$ and 'ould not be
comforted because they 'ere not.L Matt. ii. ,/. 9o did Adrian the em"eror
be'ail his Antinous< 5ercules$ 5ylas< 2r"heus$ Eurydice< 3a#id$ Absalom< (2
my dear son Absalom) Austin his mother Monica$ 8iobe her children$ insomuch
that the ;=.=.G"oets feigned her to be turned into a stone$ as being
stu"efied through the e+tremity of grief. ;=.=?G_Aegeas$ signo lugubri
filii consternatus$ in mare se "raeci"itatem dedit_$ im"atient of sorro'
for his son!s death$ dro'ned$ himself. 2ur late "hysicians are full of such
e+am"les. Montanus _consil. =?=._ ;=.=@Ghad a "atient troubled 'ith this
infirmity$ by reason of her husband!s death$ many years together.
Trinca#ellius$ _l. ,. c. ,?._ hath such another$ almost in des"air$ after
his ;=.=-Gmother!s de"arture$ _ut se ferme "raeci"itatem daret_< and ready
through distraction to ma%e a'ay himself& and in his 7ifteenth counsel$
tells a story of one fifty years of age$ Lthat gre' des"erate u"on his
mother!s death<L and cured by 7allo"ius$ fell many years after into a
rela"se$ by the sudden death of a daughter 'hich he had$ and could ne#er
after be reco#ered. The fury of this "assion is so #iolent sometimes$ that
it daunts 'hole %ingdoms and cities. Ies"asian!s death 'as "itifully
lamented all o#er the 1oman em"ire$ _totus orbis lugebat_$ saith Aurelius
Iictor. Ale+ander commanded the battlements of houses to be "ulled do'n$
mules and horses to ha#e their manes shorn off$ and many common soldiers to
be slain$ to accom"any his dear 5e"hestion!s death< 'hich is no' "ractised
amongst the Tartars$ 'hen ;=.=AGa great :ham dieth$ ten or t'el#e thousand
must be slain$ men and horses$ all they meet< and among those the
;=.=/GPagan Indians$ their 'i#es and ser#ants #oluntarily die 'ith them.
*eo 3ecimus 'as so much be'ailed in 1ome after his de"arture$ that as
Do#ius gi#es out$ ;=.=BG_communis salus$ "ublica hilaritas_$ the common
safety of all good fello'shi"$ "eace$ mirth$ and "lenty died 'ith him$
_tan0uam eodem se"ulchro cum *eone condita lugebantur_& for it 'as a golden
age 'hilst he li#ed$ ;=..CGbut after his decease an iron season succeeded$
_barbara #is et foeda #astitas$ et dira malorum omnium incommoda_$ 'ars$
"lagues$ #astity$ discontent. 4hen Augustus :aesar died$ saith Paterculus$
_orbis ruinam timueramus_$ 'e 'ere all afraid$ as if hea#en had fallen u"on
our heads. ;=..,Gudaeus records$ ho' that$ at *e'is the T'elfth his death$
_tam subita mutatio$ ut 0ui "rius digito coelum attingere #idebantur$ nunc
humi dere"ente ser"ere$ sideratos esse diceres_$ they that 'ere erst in
hea#en$ u"on a sudden$ as if they had been "lanet-struc%en$ lay gro#elling
on the ground<
;=..=G L:oncussis cecidere animis$ seu frondibus ingens
9yl#a dolet la"sisL------
they loo%ed li%e cro""ed trees. ;=...GAt 8ancy in *orraine$ 'hen :laudia
Ialesia$ 5enry the 9econd 7rench %ing!s sister$ and the du%e!s 'ife
deceased$ the tem"les for forty days 'ere all shut u"$ no "rayers nor
masses$ but in that room 'here she 'as. The senators all seen in blac%$
Land for a t'el#emonth!s s"ace throughout the city$ they 'ere forbid to
sing or dance.L
;=..?G L8on ulli "astos illis egre diebus
7rigida (3a"hne) bo#es ad flumina$ nulla nec amnem
*iba#it 0uadru"es$ nec graminis attigit herbam.L
LThe s'ains forgot their shee"$ nor near the brin%
2f running 'aters brought their herds to drin%<
The thirsty cattle$ of themsel#es$ abstained
7rom 'ater$ and their grassy fare disdain!d.L
5o' 'ere 'e affected here in England for our Titus$ _deliciae$ humani
generis_$ Prince 5enry!s immature death$ as if all our dearest friends!
li#es had e+haled 'ith hisN ;=..@G9canderbeg!s death 'as not so much
lamented in E"irus. In a 'ord$ as ;=..-Ghe saith of Ed'ard the 7irst at the
ne's of Ed'ard of :aernar#on his son!s birth$ _immortaliter ga#isus_$ he
'as immortally glad$ may 'e say on the contrary of friends! deaths$
_immortaliter gementes_$ 'e are di#erse of us as so many turtles$ eternally
dejected 'ith it.
There is another sorro'$ 'hich arises from the loss of tem"oral goods and
fortunes$ 'hich e0ually afflicts$ and may go hand in hand 'ith the
"receding< loss of time$ loss of honour$ office$ of good name$ of labour$
frustrate ho"es$ 'ill much torment< but in my judgment$ there is no torture
li%e unto it$ or that sooner "rocureth this malady and mischief&
;=..AG LPloratur lachrymis amissa "ecunia #eris&L
L*ost money is be'ailed 'ith grief sincere.L
it 'rings true tears from our eyes$ many sighs$ much sorro' from our
hearts$ and often causes habitual melancholy itself$ Guianerius _tract. ,@.
@._ re"eats this for an es"ecial cause& ;=../GL*oss of friends$ and loss of
goods$ ma%e many men melancholy$ as I ha#e often seen by continual
meditation of such things.L The same causes Arnoldus Iillano#anus
inculcates$ _re#iar. l. ,. c. ,/._ _e+ rerum amissione$ damno$ amicorum
morte_$ Fc. 4ant alone 'ill ma%e a man mad$ to be _9ans argent_ 'ill cause
a dee" and grie#ous melancholy. Many "ersons are affected li%e ;=..BG
Irishmen in this behalf$ 'ho if they ha#e a good scimitar$ had rather ha#e
a blo' on their arm$ than their 'ea"on hurt& they 'ill sooner lose their
life$ than their goods& and the grief that cometh hence$ continueth long
(saith ;=.?CGPlater) Land out of many dis"ositions$ "rocureth an habit.L
;=.?,GMontanus and 7risemelica cured a young man of == years of age$ that
so became melancholy$ _ab amissam "ecuniam_$ for a sum of money 'hich he
had unha""ily lost. 9c%en%ius hath such another story of one melancholy$
because he o#ershot himself$ and s"ent his stoc% in unnecessary building.
;=.?=G1oger that rich bisho" of 9alisbury$ _e+utus o"ibus et castris a 1ege
9te"hano_$ s"oiled of his goods by %ing 9te"hen$ _#i doloris absor"tus$
at0ue in amentiam #ersus$ indecentia fecit_$ through grief ran mad$ s"o%e
and did he %ne' not 'hat. 8othing so familiar$ as for men in such cases$
through anguish of mind to ma%e a'ay themsel#es. A "oor fello' 'ent to hang
himself$ ('hich Ausonius hath elegantly e+"ressed in a neat ;=.?.GE"igram)
but finding by chance a "ot of money$ flung a'ay the ro"e$ and 'ent merrily
home$ but he that hid the gold$ 'hen he missed it$ hanged himself 'ith that
ro"e 'hich the other man had left$ in a discontented humour.
LAt 0ui condiderat$ "ost0uam non re"erit aurum$
A"ta#it collo$ 0uem re"erit la0ueum.L
9uch feral accidents can 'ant and "enury "roduce. e it by suretyshi"$
shi"'rec%$ fire$ s"oil and "illage of soldiers$ or 'hat loss soe#er$ it
boots not$ it 'ill 'or% the li%e effect$ the same desolation in "ro#inces
and cities$ as 'ell as "ri#ate "ersons. The 1omans 'ere miserably dejected
after the battle of :annae$ the men amazed for fear$ the stu"id 'omen tore
their hair and cried. The 5ungarians$ 'hen their %ing *adislaus and bra#est
soldiers 'ere slain by the Tur%s$ _*uctus "ublicus_$ Fc. The Ienetians 'hen
their forces 'ere o#ercome by the 7rench %ing *e'is$ the 7rench and 9"anish
%ings$ "o"e$ em"eror$ all cons"ired against them$ at :ambray$ the 7rench
herald denounced o"en 'ar in the senate& _*auredane Ienetorum du+_$ Fc.$
and they had lost Padua$ ri+ia$ Ierona$ 7orum Dulii$ their territories in
the continent$ and had no' nothing left$ but the city of Ienice itself$ _et
urbi 0uo0ue i"si_ (saith ;=.??Gembus) _timendum "utarent_$ and the loss of
that 'as li%e'ise to be feared$ _tantus re"ente dolor omnes tenuit$ ut
nun0uam$ alias_$ Fc.$ they 'ere "itifully "lunged$ ne#er before in such
lamentable distress. _Anno_ ,@=A$ 'hen 1ome 'as sac%ed by urbonius$ the
common soldiers made such s"oil$ that fair ;=.?@Gchurches 'ere turned to
stables$ old monuments and boo%s made horse-litter$ or burned li%e stra'<
relics$ costly "ictures defaced< altars demolished$ rich hangings$ car"ets$
Fc.$ tram"led in the dirt. ;=.?-GTheir 'i#es and lo#eliest daughters
constu"rated by e#ery base cullion$ as 9ejanus! daughter 'as by the hangman
in "ublic$ before their fathers and husbands! faces. 8oblemen!s children$
and of the 'ealthiest citizens$ reser#ed for "rinces! beds$ 'ere "rostitute
to e#ery common soldier$ and %e"t for concubines< senators and cardinals
themsel#es dragged along the streets$ and "ut to e+0uisite torments$ to
confess 'here their money 'as hid< the rest$ murdered on hea"s$ lay
stin%ing in the streets< infants! brains dashed out before their mothers!
eyes. A lamentable sight it 'as to see so goodly a city so suddenly
defaced$ rich citizens sent a begging to Ienice$ 8a"les$ Ancona$ Fc.$ that
erst li#ed in all manner of delights. ;=.?AGLThose "roud "alaces that e#en
no' #aunted their to"s u" to hea#en$ 'ere dejected as lo' as hell in an
instant.L 4hom 'ill not such misery ma%e discontentN Terence the "oet
dro'ned himself (some say) for the loss of his comedies$ 'hich suffered
shi"'rec%. 4hen a "oor man hath made many hungry meals$ got together a
small sum$ 'hich he loseth in an instant< a scholar s"ent many an hour!s
study to no "ur"ose$ his labours lost$ Fc.$ ho' should it other'ise beN I
may conclude 'ith Gregory$ _tem"oralium amor$ 0uantum afficit$ cum haeret
"ossessio$ tantum 0uum subtrahitur$ urit dolor_< riches do not so much
e+hilarate us 'ith their "ossession$ as they torment us 'ith their loss.
8e+t to sorro' still I may anne+ such accidents as "rocure fear< for
besides those terrors 'hich I ha#e ;=.?/Gbefore touched$ and many other
fears ('hich are infinite) there is a su"erstitious fear$ one of the three
great causes of fear in Aristotle$ commonly caused by "rodigies and dismal
accidents$ 'hich much trouble many of us$ (_8escio 0uid animus mihi
"raesagit mali._) As if a hare cross the 'ay at our going forth$ or a mouse
gna' our clothes& if they bleed three dro"s at nose$ the salt falls to'ards
them$ a blac% s"ot a""ear in their nails$ Fc.$ 'ith many such$ 'hich 3elrio
_Tom. =. l. .. sect. ?._ Austin 8i"hus in his boo% _de Auguriis._ Polydore
Iirg. _l. .. de Prodigas_. 9arisburiensis _Polycrat. l. ,. c. ,.._ discuss
at large. They are so much affected$ that 'ith the #ery strength of
imagination$ fear$ and the de#il!s craft$ ;=.?BGLthey "ull those
misfortunes they sus"ect$ u"on their o'n heads$ and that 'hich they fear$
shall come u"on them$L as 9olomon fortelleth$ Pro#. +. =?. and Isaiah
denounceth$ l+#i. ?. 'hich if ;=.@CGLthey could neglect and contemn$ 'ould
not come to "ass$L _Eorum #ires nostra resident o"inione$ ut morbi gra#itas
Ngrotantium cogitatione_$ they are intended and remitted$ as our o"inion is
fi+ed$ more or less. _8. 8. dat "oenas_$ saith ;=.@,G:rato of such a one$
_utinam non attraheret_& he is "unished$ and is the cause of it ;=.@=G
himself&
;=.@.G_3um fata fugimus fata stulti incurrimus_$ the thing that I feared$
saith Dob$ is fallen u"on me.
As much 'e may say of them that are troubled 'ith their fortunes< or ill
destinies foreseen& _multos angit "raecientia malorum_& The fore%no'ledge
of 'hat shall come to "ass$ crucifies many men& foretold by astrologers$ or
'izards$ _iratum ob coelum_$ be it ill accident$ or death itself& 'hich
often falls out by God!s "ermission< _0uia daemonem timent_ (saith
:hrysostom) _3eus ideo "ermittit accidere_. 9e#erus$ Adrian$ 3omitian$ can
testify as much$ of 'hose fear and sus"icion$ 9ueton$ 5erodian$ and the
rest of those 'riters$ tell strange stories in this behalf. ;=.@?GMontanus
_consil. .,._ hath one e+am"le of a young man$ e+ceeding melancholy u"on
this occasion. 9uch fears ha#e still tormented mortal men in all ages$ by
reason of those lying oracles$ and juggling "riests. ;=.@@GThere 'as a
fountain in Greece$ near :eres! tem"le in Achaia$ 'here the e#ent of such
diseases 'as to be %no'n< LA glass let do'n by a thread$L Fc. Amongst those
:yanean roc%s at the s"rings of *ycia$ 'as the oracle of Thri+eus A"ollo$
L'here all fortunes 'ere foretold$ sic%ness$ health$ or 'hat they 'ould
besides&L so common "eo"le ha#e been al'ays deluded 'ith future e#ents. At
this day$ _Metus futurorum ma+ime tor0uet 9inas_$ this foolish fear$
mightily crucifies them in :hina& as ;=.@-GMatthe' 1iccius the Desuit
informeth us$ in his commentaries of those countries$ of all nations they
are most su"erstitious$ and much tormented in this %ind$ attributing so
much to their di#inators$ _ut i"se metus fidem faciat_$ that fear itself
and conceit$ cause it to ;=.@AGfall out& If he foretell sic%ness such a
day$ that #ery time they 'ill be sic%$ _#i metus afflicti in aegritudinem
cadunt_< and many times die as it is foretold. A true saying$ _Timor
mortis$ morte "ejor_$ the fear of death is 'orse than death itself$ and the
memory of that sad hour$ to some fortunate and rich men$ Lis as bitter as
gall$L Eccl. +li. ,. _In0uietam nobis #itam facit mortis metus_$ a 'orse
"lague cannot ha""en to a man$ than to be so troubled in his mind< !tis
_triste di#ortium_$ a hea#y se"aration$ to lea#e their goods$ 'ith so much
labour got$ "leasures of the 'orld$ 'hich they ha#e so deliciously enjoyed$
friends and com"anions 'hom they so dearly lo#ed$ all at once. A+icchus the
"hiloso"her 'as bold and courageous all his life$ and ga#e good "rece"ts
_de contemnenda morte_$ and against the #anity of the 'orld$ to others< but
being no' ready to die himself$ he 'as mightily dejected$ _hac luce
"ri#aborN his orbabor bonis_N ;=.@/Ghe lamented li%e a child$ Fc. And
though 9ocrates himself 'as there to comfort him$ _ubi "ristina #irtutum
jactatio 2 A+ioche_N L'here is all your boasted #irtue no'$ my friendNL yet
he 'as #ery timorous and im"atient of death$ much troubled in his mind$
_Imbellis "a#or et im"atientia_$ Fc. L2 :lotho$L Mega"etus the tyrant in
*ucian e+claims$ no' ready to de"art$ Llet me li#e a 'hile longer. ;=.@BGI
'ill gi#e thee a thousand talents of gold$ and t'o boles besides$ 'hich I
too% from :leocritus$ 'orth a hundred talents a"iece.L L4oe!s me$L ;=.-CG
saith another$ L'hat goodly manors shall I lea#eO 'hat fertile fieldsO 'hat
a fine houseO 'hat "retty childrenO ho' many ser#antsO 'ho shall gather my
gra"es$ my cornN Must I no' die so 'ell settledN *ea#e all$ so richly and
'ell "ro#idedN 4oe!s me$ 'hat shall I doNL ;=.-,G_Animula #agula$ blandula$
0ua nunc abibis in loca_N
To these tortures of fear and sorro'$ may 'ell be anne+ed curiosity$ that
ir%some$ that tyrannising care$ _nimia solicitudo_$ ;=.-=GLsu"erfluous
industry about un"rofitable things$ and their 0ualities$L as Thomas defines
it& an itching humour or a %ind of longing to see that 'hich is not to be
seen$ to do that 'hich ought not to be done$ to %no' that ;=.-.Gsecret
'hich should not be %no'n$ to eat of the forbidden fruit. 4e commonly
molest and tire oursel#es about things unfit and unnecessary$ as Martha
troubled herself to little "ur"ose. e it in religion$ humanity$ magic$
"hiloso"hy$ "olicy$ any action or study$ !tis a needless trouble$ a mere
torment. 7or 'hat else is school di#inity$ ho' many doth it "uzzleN 'hat
fruitless 0uestions about the Trinity$ resurrection$ election$
"redestination$ re"robation$ hell-fire$ Fc.$ ho' many shall be sa#ed$
damnedN 4hat else is all su"erstition$ but an endless obser#ation of idle
ceremonies$ traditionsN 4hat is most of our "hiloso"hy but a labyrinth of
o"inions$ idle 0uestions$ "ro"ositions$ meta"hysical termsN 9ocrates$
therefore$ held all "hiloso"hers$ ca#illers$ and mad men$ _circa subtilia
:a#illatores "ro insanis habuit$ "alam eos arguens_$ saith ;=.-?GEusebius$
because they commonly sought after such things _0uae nec "erci"i a nobis
ne0ue com"rehendi "osset_$ or "ut case they did understand$ yet they 'ere
altogether un"rofitable. 7or 'hat matter is it for us to %no' ho' high the
Pleiades are$ ho' far distant Perseus and :assio"eia from us$ ho' dee" the
sea$ Fc.$ 'e are neither 'iser$ as he follo's it$ nor modester$ nor better$
nor richer$ nor stronger for the %no'ledge of it. _Kuod su"ra nos nihil ad$
nos_$ I may say the same of those genethliacal studies$ 'hat is astrology
but #ain elections$ "redictionsN all magic$ but a troublesome error$ a
"ernicious fo""eryN "hysic$ but intricate rules and "rescri"tionsN
"hilology$ but #ain criticismsN logic$ needless so"hismsN meta"hysics
themsel#es$ but intricate subtleties$ and fruitless abstractionsN alchemy$
but a bundle of errorsN to 'hat end are such great tomesN 'hy do 'e s"end
so many years in their studiesN Much better to %no' nothing at all$ as
those barbarous Indians are 'holly ignorant$ than as some of us$ to be so
sore #e+ed about un"rofitable toys& _stultus labor est ine"tiarum_$ to
build a house 'ithout "ins$ ma%e a ro"e of sand$ to 'hat endN _cui bono_N
5e studies on$ but as the boy told 9t. Austin$ 'hen I ha#e la#ed the sea
dry$ thou shalt understand the mystery of the Trinity. 5e ma%es
obser#ations$ %ee"s times and seasons< and as ;=.-@G:onradus the em"eror
'ould not touch his ne' bride$ till an astrologer had told him a masculine
hour$ but 'ith 'hat successN 5e tra#els into Euro"e$ Africa$ Asia$
searcheth e#ery cree%$ sea$ city$ mountain$ gulf$ to 'hat endN 9ee one
"romontory (said 9ocrates of old)$ one mountain$ one sea$ one ri#er$ and
see all. An alchemist s"ends his fortunes to find out the "hiloso"her!s
stone forsooth$ cure all diseases$ ma%e men long-li#ed$ #ictorious$
fortunate$ in#isible$ and beggars himself$ misled by those seducing
im"ostors ('hich he shall ne#er attain) to ma%e gold< an anti0uary consumes
his treasure and time to scra"e u" a com"any of old coins$ statues$ rules$
edicts$ manuscri"ts$ Fc.$ he must %no' 'hat 'as done of old in Athens$
1ome$ 'hat lodging$ diet$ houses they had$ and ha#e all the "resent ne's at
first$ though ne#er so remote$ before all others$ 'hat "rojects$ counsels$
consultations$ Fc.$ _0uid Duno in aurem insusurret Do#i_$ 'hat!s no'
decreed in 7rance$ 'hat in Italy& 'ho 'as he$ 'hence comes he$ 'hich 'ay$
'hither goes he$ Fc. Aristotle must find out the motion of Euri"us< Pliny
must needs see Iesu#ius$ but ho' s"ed theyN 2ne loseth goods$ another his
life< Pyrrhus 'ill con0uer Africa first$ and then Asia& he 'ill be a sole
monarch$ a second immortal$ a third rich< a fourth commands. ;=.--G
_Turbine magno s"es solicitae in urbibus errant_< 'e run$ ride$ ta%e
indefatigable "ains$ all u" early$ do'n late$ stri#ing to get that 'hich 'e
had better be 'ithout$ (Ardelion!s busybodies as 'e are) it 'ere much
fitter for us to be 0uiet$ sit still$ and ta%e our ease. 5is sole study is
for 'ords$ that they be--_*e"idae le+eis com"ostae$ ut tesserulae omnes_$
not a syllable mis"laced$ to set out a stramineous subject& as thine is
about a""arel$ to follo' the fashion$ to be terse and "olite$ !tis thy sole
business& both 'ith li%e "rofit. 5is only delight is building$ he s"ends
himself to get curious "ictures$ intricate models and "lots$ another is
'holly ceremonious about titles$ degrees$ inscri"tions& a third is
o#er-solicitous about his diet$ he must ha#e such and such e+0uisite
sauces$ meat so dressed$ so far-fetched$ _"eregrini aeris #olucres_$ so
coo%ed$ Fc.$ something to "ro#o%e thirst$ something anon to 0uench his
thirst. Thus he redeems his a""etite 'ith e+traordinary charge to his
"urse$ is seldom "leased 'ith any meal$ 'hilst a tri#ial stomach useth all
'ith delight and is ne#er offended. Another must ha#e roses in 'inter$
_alieni tem"oris flores_$ sno'-'ater in summer$ fruits before they can be
or are usually ri"e$ artificial gardens and fish"onds on the to"s of
houses$ all things o""osite to the #ulgar sort$ intricate and rare$ or else
they are nothing 'orth. 9o busy$ nice$ curious 'its$ ma%e that
insu""ortable in all #ocations$ trades$ actions$ em"loyments$ 'hich to
duller a""rehensions is not offensi#e$ earnestly see%ing that 'hich others
so scornfully neglect. Thus through our foolish curiosity do 'e macerate
oursel#es$ tire our souls$ and run headlong$ through our indiscretion$
"er#erse 'ill$ and 'ant of go#ernment$ into many needless cares$ and
troubles$ #ain e+"enses$ tedious journeys$ "ainful hours< and 'hen all is
done$ _0uorsum haecN cui bono_N to 'hat endN
;=.-AG L8escire #elle 0uae Magister ma+imus
3ocere non #ult$ erudita inscitia est.L
_Hnfortunate marriage_.G Amongst these "assions and ir%some accidents$
unfortunate marriage may be ran%ed& a condition of life a""ointed by God
himself in Paradise$ an honourable and ha""y estate$ and as great a
felicity as can befall a man in this 'orld$ ;=.-/Gif the "arties can agree
as they ought$ and li#e as ;=.-BG9eneca li#ed 'ith his Paulina< but if they
be une0ually matched$ or at discord$ a greater misery cannot be e+"ected$
to ha#e a scold$ a slut$ a harlot$ a fool$ a fury or a fiend$ there can be
no such "lague. Eccles. ++#i. ,?$ L5e that hath her is as if he held a
scor"ion$L Fc. ++#i. =@$ La 'ic%ed 'ife ma%es a sorry countenance$ a hea#y
heart$ and he had rather d'ell 'ith a lion than %ee" house 'ith such a
'ife.L 5er ;=.ACG"ro"erties Do#ianus Pontanus hath described at large$
_Ant. dial. Tom. =_$ under the name of Eu"horbia. 2r if they be not e0ual
in years$ the li%e mischief ha""ens. :ecilius in _Agellius lib. =. ca".
=._$ com"lains much of an old 'ife$ _dum ejus morti inhio$ egomet mortuus
#i#o inter #i#os_$ 'hilst I ga"e after her death$ I li#e a dead man amongst
the li#ing$ or if they disli%e u"on any occasion$
;=.A,G LDudge 'ho that are unfortunately 'ed
4hat !tis to come into a loathed bed.L
The same incon#enience befalls 'omen.
;=.A=G LAt #os o duri miseram lugete "arentes$
9i ferro aut la0ueo lae#a hac me e+sol#ere sorte
9ustineo&L------
L5ard hearted "arents both lament my fate$
If self I %ill or hang$ to ease my state.L
;=.A.GA young gentle'oman in asil 'as married$ saith 7eli+ Plater$
_obser#at. l. ,_$ to an ancient man against her 'ill$ 'hom she could not
affect< she 'as continually melancholy$ and "ined a'ay for grief< and
though her husband did all he could "ossibly to gi#e her content$ in a
discontented humour at length she hanged herself. Many other stories he
relates in this %ind. Thus men are "lagued 'ith 'omen< they again 'ith men$
'hen they are of di#ers humours and conditions< he a s"endthrift$ she
s"aring< one honest$ the other dishonest$ Fc. Parents many times dis0uiet
their children$ and they their "arents. ;=.A?GLA foolish son is an
hea#iness to his mother.L _Injusta no#erca_& a ste"mother often #e+eth a
'hole family$ is matter of re"entance$ e+ercise of "atience$ fuel of
dissension$ 'hich made :ato!s son e+"ostulate 'ith his father$ 'hy he
should offer to marry his client 9olinius! daughter$ a young 'ench$ _:ujus
causa no#ercam induceret_< 'hat offence had he done$ that he should marry
againN
Hn%ind$ unnatural friends$ e#il neighbours$ bad ser#ants$ debts and
debates$ Fc.$ !t'as :hilon!s sentence$ _comes aeris alieni et litis est
miseria_$ misery and usury do commonly together< suretyshi" is the bane of
many families$ _9"onde$ "raesto no+a est_& Lhe shall be sore #e+ed that is
surety for a stranger$L Pro#. +i. ,@$ Land he that hateth suretyshi" is
sure.L :ontention$ bra'ling$ la'suits$ falling out of neighbours and
friends.--_discordia demens_ (Iirg. _Aen. -_$) are e0ual to the first$
grie#e many a man$ and #e+ his soul. _8ihil sane miserabilius eorum
mentibus_$ (as ;=.A@Goter holds) Lnothing so miserable as such men$ full
of cares$ griefs$ an+ieties$ as if they 'ere stabbed 'ith a shar" s'ord$
fear$ sus"icion$ des"eration$ sorro'$ are their ordinary com"anions.L 2ur
4elshmen are noted by some of their ;=.A-Go'n 'riters$ to consume one
another in this %ind< but 'hosoe#er they are that use it$ these are their
common sym"toms$ es"ecially if they be con#ict or o#ercome$ ;=.AAGcast in a
suit. Arius "ut out of a bisho"ric by Eustathius$ turned heretic$ and li#ed
after discontented all his life. ;=.A/GE#ery re"ulse is of li%e nature<
_heu 0uanta de s"e decidi_O 3isgrace$ infamy$ detraction$ 'ill almost
effect as much$ and that a long time after. 5i""ona+$ a satirical "oet$ so
#ilified and lashed t'o "ainters in his iambics$ _ut ambo la0ueo se
suffocarent_$ ;=.ABGPliny saith$ both hanged themsel#es. All o""ositions$
dangers$ "er"le+ities$ discontents$ ;=./CGto li#e in any sus"ense$ are of
the same ran%& _"otes hoc sub casu ducere somnos_N 4ho can be secure in
such casesN Ill-besto'ed benefits$ ingratitude$ unthan%ful friends$ much
dis0uiet and molest some. Hn%ind s"eeches trouble as many< unci#il carriage
or dogged ans'ers$ 'ea% 'omen abo#e the rest$ if they "roceed from their
surly husbands$ are as bitter as gall$ and not to be digested. A glassman!s
'ife in asil became melancholy because her husband said he 'ould marry
again if she died. L8o cut to un%indness$L as the saying is$ a fro'n and
hard s"eech$ ill res"ect$ a bro'beating$ or bad loo%$ es"ecially to
courtiers$ or such as attend u"on great "ersons$ is "resent death&
_Ingenium #ultu stat0ue cadit0ue suo_$ they ebb and flo' 'ith their
masters! fa#ours. 9ome "ersons are at their 'its! ends$ if by chance they
o#ershoot themsel#es$ in their ordinary s"eeches$ or actions$ 'hich may
after turn to their disad#antage or disgrace$ or ha#e any secret disclosed.
1onseus _e"ist. miscel. =_$ re"orts of a gentle'oman =@ years old$ that
falling foul 'ith one of her gossi"s$ 'as u"braided 'ith a secret infirmity
(no matter 'hat) in "ublic$ and so much grie#ed 'ith it$ that she did
thereu"on _solitudines 0uaerere omnes ab se ablegare$ ac tandem in
gra#issimam incidens melancholiam$ contabescere_$ forsa%e all com"any$
0uite mo"ed$ and in a melancholy humour "ine a'ay. 2thers are as much
tortured to see themsel#es rejected$ contemned$ scorned$ disabled$ defamed$
detracted$ under#alued$ or ;=./,GLleft behind their fello's.L *ucian brings
in Aetamacles$ a "hiloso"her in his _*a"ith. con#i#io_$ much discontented
that he 'as not in#ited amongst the rest$ e+"ostulating the matter$ in a
long e"istle$ 'ith Aristenetus their host. Praete+tatus$ a robed gentleman
in Plutarch$ 'ould not sit do'n at a feast$ because he might not sit
highest$ but 'ent his 'ays all in a chafe. 4e see the common 0uarrelings$
that are ordinary 'ith us$ for ta%ing of the 'all$ "recedency$ and the
li%e$ 'hich though toys in themsel#es$ and things of no moment$ yet they
cause many distem"ers$ much heart-burning amongst us. 8othing "ierceth
dee"er than a contem"t or disgrace$ ;=./=Ges"ecially if they be generous
s"irits$ scarce anything affects them more than to be des"ised or #ilified.
:rato$ _consil. ,-$ l. =_$ e+em"lifies it$ and common e+"erience confirms
it. 2f the same nature is o""ression$ Ecclus. AA$ Lsurely o""ression ma%es
a man mad$L loss of liberty$ 'hich made rutus #enture his life$ :ato %ill
himself$ and ;=./.GTully com"lain$ _2mnem hilaritatem in "er"etuum amisi_$
mine heart!s bro%en$ I shall ne#er loo% u"$ or be merry again$ ;=./?G_haec
jactura intolerabilis_$ to some "arties !tis a most intolerable loss.
anishment a great misery$ as Tyrteus describes it in an e"igram of his$
L8am miserum est "atria amissa$ laribus0ue #agari
Mendicum$ et timida #oce rogare cibos&
2mnibus in#isus$ 0uocun0ue accesserit e+ul
9em"er erit$ sem"er s"retus egens0ue jacet$L Fc.
LA miserable thing !tis so to 'ander$
And li%e a beggar for to 'hine at door$
:ontemn!d of all the 'orld$ an e+ile is$
5ated$ rejected$ needy still and "oor.L
Polynices in his conference 'ith Docasta in ;=./@GEuri"ides$ rec%ons u"
fi#e miseries of a banished man$ the least of 'hich alone 'ere enough to
deject some "usillanimous creatures. 2ftentimes a too great feeling of our
o'n infirmities or im"erfections of body or mind$ 'ill shri#el us u"< as if
'e be long sic%&
L2 beata sanitas$ te "raesente$ amaenum
Ier florit gratiis$ abs0ue te nemo beatus&L
2 blessed healthO Lthou art abo#e all gold and treasure$L Ecclus. +++. ,@$
the "oor man!s riches$ the rich man!s bliss$ 'ithout thee there can be no
ha""iness& or #isited 'ith some loathsome disease$ offensi#e to others$ or
troublesome to oursel#es< as a stin%ing breath$ deformity of our limbs$
croo%edness$ loss of an eye$ leg$ hand$ "aleness$ leanness$ redness$
baldness$ loss or 'ant of hair$ Fc.$ _hic ubi fluere cae"it$ diros ictus
cordi infert_$ saith ;=./-G9ynesius$ he himself troubled not a little _ob
comae defectum_$ the loss of hair alone$ stri%es a cruel stro%e to the
heart. Acco$ an old 'oman$ seeing by chance her face in a true glass (for
she used false flattering glasses beli%e at other times$ as most
gentle'omen do$) _animi dolore in insaniam dela"sa est_$ (:aelius
1hodiginus _l. ,A$ c. =_$) ran mad. ;=./AGrotheus$ the son of Iulcan$
because he 'as ridiculous for his im"erfections$ flung himself into the
fire. *ais of :orinth$ no' gro'n old$ ga#e u" her glass to Ienus$ for she
could hot abide to loo% u"on it. ;=.//G_Kualis sum nolo$ 0ualis eram
ne0ueo_. Generally to fair nice "ieces$ old age and foul linen are t'o most
odious things$ a torment of torments$ they may not abide the thought of it$
;=./BG ------Lo deorum
Kuis0uis haec audis$ utinam inter errem
8uda leones$L
LAnte0uam tur"is macies decentes
2ccu"et malas$ tenerae0ue succus
3efluat "raedae$ s"eciosa 0uaerro
Pascere tigres.L
L5ear me$ some gracious hea#enly "o'er$
*et lions dire this na%ed corse de#our.
My chee%s ere hollo' 'rin%les seize.
Ere yet their rosy bloom decays&
4hile youth yet rolls its #ital flood$
*et tigers friendly riot in my blood.L
To be foul$ ugly$ and deformed$ much better be buried ali#e. 9ome are fair
but barren$ and that galls them. L5annah 'e"t sore$ did not eat$ and 'as
troubled in s"irit$ and all for her barrenness$L , 9am. ,. and Gen. .C.
1achel said Lin the anguish of her soul$ gi#e me a child$ or I shall die&L
another hath too many& one 'as ne#er married$ and that!s his hell$ another
is$ and that!s his "lague. 9ome are troubled in that they are obscure<
others by being traduced$ slandered$ abused$ disgraced$ #ilified$ or any
'ay injured& _minime miror eos_ (as he said) _0ui insanire occi"iunt e+
injuria_$ I mar#el not at all if offences ma%e men mad. 9e#enteen
"articular causes of anger and offence Aristotle rec%ons them u"$ 'hich for
bre#ity!s sa%e I must omit. 8o tidings troubles one< ill re"orts$ rumours$
bad tidings or ne's$ hard ha"$ ill success$ cast in a suit$ #ain ho"es$ or
ho"e deferred$ another& e+"ectation$ _adeo omnibus in rebus molesta sem"er
est e+"ectatio_$ as ;=.BCGPolybius obser#es< one is too eminent$ another
too base born$ and that alone tortures him as much as the rest& one is out
of action$ com"any$ em"loyment< another o#ercome and tormented 'ith 'orldly
cares$ and onerous business. ut 'hat ;=.B,Gtongue can suffice to s"ea% of
allN
Many men catch this malady by eating certain meats$ herbs$ roots$ at
una'ares< as henbane$ nightshade$ cicuta$ mandra%es$ Fc. ;=.B=GA com"any of
young men at Agrigentum in 9icily$ came into a ta#ern< 'here after they had
freely ta%en their li0uor$ 'hether it 'ere the 'ine itself$ or something
mi+ed 'ith it !tis not yet %no'n$ ;=.B.Gbut u"on a sudden they began to be
so troubled in their brains$ and their "hantasy so crazed$ that they
thought they 'ere in a shi" at sea$ and no' ready to be cast a'ay by reason
of a tem"est. 4herefore to a#oid shi"'rec% and "resent dro'ning$ they flung
all the goods in the house out at the 'indo's into the street$ or into the
sea$ as they su""osed< thus they continued mad a "retty season$ and being
brought before the magistrate to gi#e an account of this their fact$ they
told him (not yet reco#ered of their madness) that 'hat 'as done they did
for fear of death$ and to a#oid imminent danger& the s"ectators 'ere all
amazed at this their stu"idity$ and gazed on them still$ 'hilst one of the
ancientest of the com"any$ in a gra#e tone$ e+cused himself to the
magistrate u"on his %nees$ _2 #iri Tritones$ ego in imo jacui_$ I beseech
your deities$ Fc. for I 'as in the bottom of the shi" all the 'hile&
another besought them as so many sea gods to be good unto them$ and if e#er
he and his fello's came to land again$ ;=.B?Ghe 'ould build an altar to
their ser#ice. The magistrate could not sufficiently laugh at this their
madness$ bid them slee" it out$ and so 'ent his 'ays. Many such accidents
fre0uently ha""en$ u"on these un%no'n occasions. 9ome are so caused by
"hilters$ 'andering in the sun$ biting of a mad dog$ a blo' on the head$
stinging 'ith that %ind of s"ider called tarantula$ an ordinary thing if 'e
may belie#e 9%euc%. _l. -. de Ienenis_$ in :alabria and A"ulia in Italy$
:ardan$ _subtil. l. B._ 9caliger _e+ercitat. ,/@._ Their sym"toms are
merrily described by Do#ianus Pontanus$ _Ant. dial._ ho' they dance
altogether$ and are cured by music. ;=.B@G:ardan s"ea%s of certain stones$
if they be carried about one$ 'hich 'ill cause melancholy and madness< he
calls them unha""y$ as an ;=.B-G_adamant$ selenites_$ Fc. L'hich dry u" the
body$ increase cares$ diminish slee"&L :tesias in Persicis$ ma%es mention
of a 'ell in those "arts$ of 'hich if any man drin%$ ;=.BAGLhe is mad for
=? hours.L 9ome lose their 'its by terrible objects (as else'here I ha#e
more ;=.B/Gco"iously dilated) and life itself many times$ as 5i""olitus
affrighted by 8e"tune!s seahorses$ Athemas by Duno!s furies& but these
relations are common in all 'riters.
;=.BBG L5ic alias "oteram$ et "lures subnectere causas$
9ed jumenta #ocant$ et 9ol inclinat$ Eundum est.L
LMany such causes$ much more could I say$
ut that for "ro#ender my cattle stay&
The sun declines$ and I must needs a'ay.L
These causes if they be considered$ and come alone$ I do easily yield$ can
do little of themsel#es$ seldom$ or a"art (an old oa% is not felled at a
blo') though many times they are all sufficient e#ery one& yet if they
concur$ as often they do$ _#is unita fortior< et 0uae non obsunt singula$
multa nocent_$ they may batter a strong constitution< as ;=?CCGAustin said$
Lmany grains and small sands sin% a shi"$ many small dro"s ma%e a flood$L
Fc.$ often reiterated< many dis"ositions "roduce an habit.
MEM. I.
9H9E:T. I.--_:ontinent$ in'ard$ antecedent$ ne+t causes and ho' the body
'or%s on the mind_.
As a "urlieu hunter$ I ha#e hitherto beaten about the circuit of the forest
of this microcosm$ and follo'ed only those out'ard ad#entitious causes. I
'ill no' brea% into the inner rooms$ and ri" u" the antecedent immediate
causes 'hich are there to be found. 7or as the distraction of the mind$
amongst other out'ard causes and "erturbations$ alters the tem"erature of
the body$ so the distraction and distem"er of the body 'ill cause a
distem"erature of the soul$ and !tis hard to decide 'hich of these t'o do
more harm to the other. Plato$ :y"rian$ and some others$ as I ha#e formerly
said$ lay the greatest fault u"on the soul$ e+cusing the body< others again
accusing the body$ e+cuse the soul$ as a "rinci"al agent. Their reasons
are$ because ;=?C,GLthe manners do follo' the tem"erature of the body$L as
Galen "ro#es in his boo% of that subject$ Pros"er :alenius _de Atra bile_$
Dason Pratensis _c. de Mania_$ *emnius _l. ?. c. ,-._ and many others. And
that 'hich Gualter hath commented$ _hom. ,C. in e"ist. Dohannis_$ is most
true$ concu"iscence and originals in$ inclinations$ and bad humours$ are
;=?C=Gradical in e#ery one of us$ causing these "erturbations$ affections$
and se#eral distem"ers$ offering many times #iolence unto the soul. LE#ery
man is tem"ted by his o'n concu"iscence (Dames i. ,?)$ the s"irit is
'illing but the flesh is 'ea%$ and rebelleth against the s"irit$L as our
;=?C.Ga"ostle teacheth us& that methin%s the soul hath the better "lea
against the body$ 'hich so forcibly inclines us$ that 'e cannot resist$
_8ec nos obniti contra$ nec tendere tantum sufficimus_. 5o' the body being
material$ 'or%eth u"on the immaterial soul$ by mediation of humours and
s"irits$ 'hich "artici"ate of both$ and ill-dis"osed organs$ :ornelius
Agri""a hath discoursed _lib. ,. de occult. Philos. ca". -.$ -?$ -@._
*e#inus *emnius _lib. ,. de occult. nat. mir. ca". ,=. et ,-. et =,.
institut. ad o"t. #it_. Per%ins _lib. ,. :ases of :ons. ca". ,=._ T. right
_c. ,C$ ,,$ ,=._ Lin his treatise of melancholy$L for as$ ;=?C?G anger$
fear$ sorro'$ obtrectation$ emulation$ Fc. _si mentis intimos recessus
occu"arint_$ saith ;=?C@G*emnius$ _cor"ori 0uo0ue infesta sunt$ et illi
teterrimos morbos inferunt_$ cause grie#ous diseases in the body$ so bodily
diseases affect the soul by consent. 8o' the chiefest causes "roceed from
the ;=?C-Gheart$ humours$ s"irits& as they are "urer$ or im"urer$ so is the
mind$ and e0ually suffers$ as a lute out of tune$ if one string or one
organ be distem"ered$ all the rest miscarry$ ;=?CAG_cor"us onustum
hesternis #itiis$ animum 0uo0ue "raegra#at una_. The body is _domicilium
animae_$ her house$ abode$ and stay< and as a torch gi#es a better light$ a
s'eeter smell$ according to the matter it is made of< so doth our soul
"erform all her actions$ better or 'orse$ as her organs are dis"osed< or as
'ine sa#ours of the cas% 'herein it is %e"t< the soul recei#es a tincture
from the body$ through 'hich it 'or%s. 4e see this in old men$ children$
Euro"eans< Asians$ hot and cold climes< sanguine are merry$ melancholy sad$
"hlegmatic dull$ by reason of abundance of those humours$ and they cannot
resist such "assions 'hich are inflicted by them. 7or in this infirmity of
human nature$ as Melancthon declares$ the understanding is so tied to$ and
ca"ti#ated by his inferior senses$ that 'ithout their hel" he cannot
e+ercise his functions$ and the 'ill being 'ea%ened$ hath but a small "o'er
to restrain those out'ard "arts$ but suffers herself to be o#erruled by
them< that I must needs conclude 'ith *emnius$ _s"iritus et humores ma+imum
nocumentum obtinent_$ s"irits and humours do most harm in ;=?C/Gtroubling
the soul. 5o' should a man choose but be choleric and angry$ that hath his
body so clogged 'ith abundance of gross humoursN or melancholy$ that is so
in'ardly dis"osedN That thence comes then this malady$ madness$ a"o"le+ies$
lethargies$ Fc. it may not be denied.
8o' this body of ours is most "art distem"ered by some "recedent diseases$
'hich molest his in'ard organs and instruments$ and so _"er conse0uens_
cause melancholy$ according to the consent of the most a""ro#ed "hysicians.
;=?CBGLThis humourL (as A#icenna _l. .. 7en. ,. Tract. ?. c. ,/._ Arnoldus
_bre#iar. l. ,. c. ,/._ Dacchinus _comment. in B 1hasis$ c. ,@._ Montaltus$
_c. ,C._ 8icholas Piso _c. de Melan._ Fc. su""ose) Lis begotten by the
distem"erature of some in'ard "art$ innate$ or left after some
inflammation$ or else included in the blood after an ;=?,CGague$ or some
other malignant disease.L This o"inion of theirs concurs 'ith that of
Galen$ _l. .. c. -. de locis affect_. Guianerius gi#es an instance in one
so caused by a 0uartan ague$ and Montanus _consil. .=._ in a young man of
t'enty-eight years of age$ so distem"ered after a 0uartan$ 'hich had
molested him fi#e years together< 5ildesheim _s"icel. =. de Mania_$ relates
of a 3utch baron$ grie#ously tormented 'ith melancholy after a long
;=?,,Gague& Galen$ _l. de atra bile$ c. ?._ "uts the "lague a cause.
otaldus in his boo% _de lue #ener. c. =._ the 7rench "o+ for a cause$
others$ frenzy$ e"ile"sy$ a"o"le+y$ because those diseases do often
degenerate into this. 2f su""ression of haemorrhoids$ haemorrhagia$ or
bleeding at the nose$ menstruous retentions$ (although they deser#e a
larger e+"lication$ as being the sole cause of a "ro"er %ind of melancholy$
in more ancient maids$ nuns and 'ido's$ handled a"art by 1odericus a
:astro$ and Mercatus$ as I ha#e else'here signified$) or any other
e#acuation sto""ed$ I ha#e already s"o%en. 2nly this I 'ill add$ that this
melancholy 'hich shall be caused by such infirmities$ deser#es to be "itied
of all men$ and to be res"ected 'ith a more tender com"assion$ according to
*aurentius$ as coming from a more ine#itable cause.
9H9E:T. II.--_3istem"erature of "articular Parts$ causes_.
There is almost no "art of the body$ 'hich being distem"ered$ doth not
cause this malady$ as the brain and his "arts$ heart$ li#er$ s"leen$
stomach$ matri+ or 'omb$ "ylorus$ mirach$ mesentery$ hy"ochondries$
mesaraic #eins< and in a 'ord$ saith ;=?,=GArculanus$ Lthere is no "art
'hich causeth not melancholy$ either because it is adust$ or doth not e+"el
the su"erfluity of the nutriment.L 9a#anarola _Pract. major. rubric. ,,.
Tract. -. ca". ,._ is of the same o"inion$ that melancholy is engendered in
each "articular "art$ and ;=?,.G:rato _in consil. ,A. lib. =._ Gordonius$
'ho is _instar omnium$ lib. med. "artic. =. ca". ,B._ confirms as much$
"utting the ;=?,?GLmatter of melancholy$ sometimes in the stomach$ li#er$
heart$ brain$ s"leen$ mirach$ hy"ochondries$ 'hen as the melancholy humour
resides there$ or the li#er is not 'ell cleansed from melancholy blood.L
The brain is a familiar and fre0uent cause$ too hot$ or too cold$ ;=?,@G
Lthrough adust blood so caused$L as Mercurialis 'ill ha#e it$ L'ithin or
'ithout the head$L the brain itself being distem"ered. Those are most a"t
to this disease$ ;=?,-GLthat ha#e a hot heart and moist brain$L 'hich
Montaltus _ca". ,,. de Melanch._ a""ro#es out of 5alyabbas$ 1hasis$ and
A#icenna. Mercurialis _consil. ,,._ assigns the coldness of the brain a
cause$ and 9alustius 9al#ianus _med. lect. l. =. c. ,._ ;=?,AG'ill ha#e it
Larise from a cold and dry distem"erature of the brain.L Piso$ enedictus
Iictorius 7a#entinus$ 'ill ha#e it "roceed from a ;=?,/GLhot distem"erature
of the brain<L and ;=?,BGMontaltus _ca". ,C._ from the brain!s heat$
scorching the blood. The brain is still distem"ered by himself$ or by
consent& by himself or his "ro"er affection$ as 7a#entinus calls it$
;=?=CGLor by #a"ours 'hich arise from the other "arts$ and fume u" into the
head$ altering the animal facilities.L
5ildesheim _s"icel. =. de Mania_$ thin%s it may be caused from a ;=?=,G
Ldistem"erature of the heart< sometimes hot< sometimes cold.L A hot li#er$
and a cold stomach$ are "ut for usual causes of melancholy& Mercurialis
_consil. ,,. et consil. -. consil. /-._ assigns a hot li#er and cold
stomach for ordinary causes. ;=?==GMona#ius$ in an e"istle of his to :rato
in 9coltzius$ is of o"inion$ that hy"ochondriacal melancholy may "roceed
from a cold li#er< the 0uestion is there discussed. Most agree that a hot
li#er is in fault< ;=?=.GLthe li#er is the sho" of humours$ and es"ecially
causeth melancholy by his hot and dry distem"erature.L ;=?=?GLThe stomach
and mesaraic #eins do often concur$ by reason of their obstructions$ and
thence their heat cannot be a#oided$ and many times the matter is so adust
and inflamed in those "arts$ that it degenerates into hy"ochondriacal
melancholy.L Guianerius _c. =. Tract. ,@._ holds the mesaraic #eins to be a
sufficient ;=?=@Gcause alone. The s"leen concurs to this malady$ by all
their consents$ and su""ression of haemorrhoids$ _dum non e+"urget alter a
causa lien_$ saith Montaltus$ if it be ;=?=-GLtoo cold and dry$ and do not
"urge the other "arts as it ought$L _consil. =.._ Montanus "uts the ;=?=AG
Ls"leen sto""edL for a great cause. ;=?=/G:hristo"horus a Iega re"orts of
his %no'ledge$ that he hath %no'n melancholy caused from "utrefied blood in
those seed-#eins and 'omb< ;=?=BGLArculanus$ from that menstruous blood
turned into melancholy$ and seed too long detained (as I ha#e already
declared) by "utrefaction or adustion.L
The mesenterium$ or midriff$ dia"hragma$ is a cause 'hich the ;=?.CGGree%s
called ;Gree%& "hrenasG& because by his inflammation$ the mind is much
troubled 'ith con#ulsions and dotage. All these$ most "art$ offend by
inflammation$ corru"ting humours and s"irits$ in this non-natural
melancholy& for from these are engendered fuliginous and blac% s"irits. And
for that reason ;=?.,GMontaltus _ca". ,C. de causis melan._ 'ill ha#e Lthe
efficient cause of melancholy to be hot and dry$ not a cold and dry
distem"erature$ as some hold$ from the heat of the brain$ roasting the
blood$ immoderate heat of the li#er and bo'els$ and inflammation of the
"ylorus. And so much the rather$ because that$L as Galen holds$ Lall s"ices
inflame the blood$ solitariness$ 'a%ing$ agues$ study$ meditation$ all
'hich heat& and therefore he concludes that this distem"erature causing
ad#entitious melancholy is not cold and dry$ but hot and dry.L ut of this
I ha#e sufficiently treated in the matter of melancholy$ and hold that this
may be true in non-natural melancholy$ 'hich "roduceth madness$ but not in
that natural$ 'hich is more cold$ and being immoderate$ "roduceth a gentle
dotage. ;=?.=G4hich o"inion Geraldus de 9olo maintains in his comment u"on
1hasis.
9H9E:T. III.--_:auses of 5ead-Melancholy_.
After a tedious discourse of the general causes of melancholy$ I am no'
returned at last to treat in brief of the three "articular s"ecies$ and
such causes as "ro"erly a""ertain unto them. Although these causes
"romiscuously concur to each and e#ery "articular %ind$ and commonly
"roduce their effects in that "art 'hich is most ill-dis"osed$ and least
able to resist$ and so cause all three s"ecies$ yet many of them are "ro"er
to some one %ind$ and seldom found in the rest. As for e+am"le$
head-melancholy is commonly caused by a cold or hot distem"erature of the
brain$ according to *aurentius _ca". @ de melan_. but as ;=?..G5ercules de
9a+onia contends$ from that agitation or distem"erature of the animal
s"irits alone. 9alust. 9al#ianus$ before mentioned$ _lib. =. ca". .. de re
med._ 'ill ha#e it "roceed from cold& but that I ta%e of natural
melancholy$ such as are fools and dote& for as Galen 'rites _lib. ?. de
"uls. /._ and A#icenna$ ;=?.?GLa cold and moist brain is an inse"arable
com"anion of folly.L ut this ad#entitious melancholy 'hich is here meant$
is caused of a hot and dry distem"erature$ as ;=?.@G3amascen the Arabian
_lib. .. ca". ==._ thin%s$ and most 'riters& Altomarus and Piso call it
;=?.-GLan innate burning intem"erateness$ turning blood and choler into
melancholy.L oth these o"inions may stand good$ as ruel maintains$ and
:a"i#accius$ _si cerebrum sit calidius_$ ;=?.AGLif the brain be hot$ the
animal s"irits 'ill be hot$ and thence comes madness< if cold$ folly.L
3a#id :rusius _Theat. morb. 5ermet. lib. =. ca". -. de atra bile_$ grants
melancholy to be a disease of an inflamed brain$ but cold not'ithstanding
of itself& _calida "er accidens$ frigida "er se_$ hot by accident only< I
am of :a"i#accius! mind for my "art. 8o' this humour$ according to
9al#ianus$ is sometimes in the substance of the brain$ sometimes contained
in the membranes and tunicles that co#er the brain$ sometimes in the
"assages of the #entricles of the brain$ or #eins of those #entricles. It
follo's many times ;=?./GLfrenzy$ long diseases$ agues$ long abode in hot
"laces$ or under the sun$ a blo' on the head$L as 1hasis informeth us& Piso
adds solitariness$ 'a%ing$ inflammations of the head$ "roceeding most "art
;=?.BGfrom much use of s"ices$ hot 'ines$ hot meats& all 'hich Montanus
rec%ons u" _consil. ==._ for a melancholy De'< and 5eurnius re"eats _ca".
,=. de Mania_& hot baths$ garlic$ onions$ saith Guianerius$ bad air$
corru"t$ much ;=??CG'a%ing$ Fc.$ retention of seed or abundance$ sto""ing
of haemorrhagia$ the midriff misaffected< and according to Trallianus _l.
,. ,-._ immoderate cares$ troubles$ griefs$ discontent$ study$ meditation$
and$ in a 'ord$ the abuse of all those si+ non-natural things. 5ercules de
9a+onia$ _ca". ,-. lib. ,._ 'ill ha#e it caused from a ;=??,Gcautery$ or
boil dried u"$ or an issue. Amatus *usitanus _cent. =. cura. -A._ gi#es
instance in a fello' that had a hole in his arm$ ;=??=GLafter that 'as
healed$ ran mad$ and 'hen the 'ound 'as o"en$ he 'as cured again.L
Trinca#ellius _consil. ,.. lib. ,._ hath an e+am"le of a melancholy man so
caused by o#ermuch continuance in the sun$ fre0uent use of #enery$ and
immoderate e+ercise& and in his _cons. ?B. lib. .._ from a ;=??.Ghead"iece
o#erheated$ 'hich caused head-melancholy. Pros"er :alenus brings in
:ardinal :aesius for a "attern of such as are so melancholy by long study<
but e+am"les are infinite.
9H9E:T. II.--_:auses of 5y"ochondriacal$ or 4indy Melancholy_.
In re"eating of these causes$ I must _crambem bis coctam a""onere_$ say
that again 'hich I ha#e formerly said$ in a""lying them to their "ro"er
s"ecies. 5y"ochondriacal or flatuous melancholy$ is that 'hich the Arabians
call mirachial$ and is in my judgment the most grie#ous and fre0uent$
though ruel and *aurentius ma%e it least dangerous$ and not so hard to be
%no'n or cured. 5is causes are in'ard or out'ard. In'ard from di#ers "arts
or organs$ as midriff$ s"leen$ stomach$ li#er$ "ylorus$ 'omb$ dia"hragma$
mesaraic #eins$ sto""ing of issues$ Fc. Montaltus _ca". ,@._ out of Galen
recites$ ;=???GLheat and obstruction of those mesaraic #eins$ as an
immediate cause$ by 'hich means the "assage of the chilus to the li#er is
detained$ sto""ed or corru"ted$ and turned into rumbling and 'ind.L
Montanus$ _consil. =.._$ hath an e#ident demonstration$ Trinca#elius
another$ _lib. ,$ ca". ,_$ and Plater a third$ _obser#at. lib. ,_$ for a
doctor of the la' #isited 'ith this infirmity$ from the said obstruction
and heat of these mesaraic #eins$ and bo'els< _0uoniam inter #entriculum et
jecur #enae effer#escunt_$ the #eins are inflamed about the li#er and
stomach. 9ometimes those other "arts are together misaffected< and concur
to the "roduction of this malady& a hot li#er and cold stomach$ or cold
belly& loo% for instances in 5ollerius$ Iictor Trinca#elius$ _consil. .@$
l. ._$ 5ildesheim _9"icel. =$ fol. ,.=_$ 9olenander _consil. B$ "ro ci#e
*ugdunensi_$ Montanus _consil. ==B_$ for the Earl of Montfort in Germany$
,@?B$ and 7risimelica in the =.. consultation of the said Montanus. I.
:aesar :laudinus gi#es instance of a cold stomach and o#er-hot li#er$
almost in e#ery consultation$ _con. /B_$ for a certain count< and _con.
,C-_$ for a Polonian baron$ by reason of heat the blood is inflamed$ and
gross #a"ours sent to the heart and brain. Mercurialis subscribes to them$
_cons. /B_$ ;=??@GLthe stomach being misaffected$L 'hich he calls the %ing
of the belly$ because if he be distem"ered$ all the rest suffer 'ith him$
as being de"ri#ed of their nutriment$ or fed 'ith bad nourishment$ by means
of 'hich come crudities$ obstructions$ 'ind$ rumbling$ gri"ing$ Fc.
5ercules de 9a+onia$ besides heat$ 'ill ha#e the 'ea%ness of the li#er and
his obstruction a cause$ _facultatem debilem jecinoris_$ 'hich he calls the
mineral of melancholy. *aurentius assigns this reason$ because the li#er
o#er-hot dra's the meat undigested out of the stomach$ and burneth the
humours. Montanus$ _cons. =??_$ "ro#es that sometimes a cold li#er may be a
cause. *aurentius _c. ,=_$ Trinca#elius _lib. ,=$ consil._$ and Gualter
ruel$ seems to lay the greatest fault u"on the s"leen$ that doth not his
duty in "urging the li#er as he ought$ being too great$ or too little$ in
dra'ing too much blood sometimes to it$ and not e+"elling it$ as P.
:nemiandrus in a ;=??-Gconsultation of his noted _tumorem lienis_$ he names
it$ and the fountain of melancholy. 3iocles su""osed the ground of this
%ind of melancholy to "roceed from the inflammation of the "ylorus$ 'hich
is the nether mouth of the #entricle. 2thers assign the mesenterium or
midriff distem"ered by heat$ the 'omb misaffected$ sto""ing of
haemorrhoids$ 'ith many such. All 'hich *aurentius$ _ca". ,=_$ reduceth to
three$ mesentery$ li#er$ and s"leen$ from 'hence he denominates he"atic$
s"lenetic$ and mesaraic melancholy. 2ut'ard causes$ are bad diet$ care$
griefs$ discontents$ and in a 'ord all those si+ non-natural things$ as
Montanus found by his e+"erience$ _consil. =??._ 9olenander _consil. B_$
for a citizen of *yons$ in 7rance$ gi#es his reader to understand$ that he
%ne' this mischief "rocured by a medicine of cantharides$ 'hich an
uns%ilful "hysician ministered his "atient to drin% _ad #enerem
e+citandam_. ut most commonly fear$ grief$ and some sudden commotion$ or
"erturbation of the mind$ begin it$ in such bodies es"ecially as are
ill-dis"osed. Melancthon$ _tract. ,?$ ca". =$ de anima_$ 'ill ha#e it as
common to men$ as the mother to 'omen$ u"on some grie#ous trouble$ disli%e$
"assion$ or discontent. 7or as :amerarius records in his life$ Melancthon
himself 'as much troubled 'ith it$ and therefore could s"ea% out of
e+"erience. Montanus$ _consil. ==$ "ro delirante Dudaeo_$ confirms it$
;=??AGgrie#ous sym"toms of the mind brought him to it. 1andolotius relates
of himself$ that being one day #ery intent to 'rite out a "hysician!s
notes$ molested by an occasion$ he fell into a hy"ochondriacal fit$ to
a#oid 'hich he dran% the decoction of 'orm'ood$ and 'as freed.
;=??/GMelancthon L(being the disease is so troublesome and fre0uent) holds
it a most necessary and "rofitable study$ for e#ery man to %no' the
accidents of it$ and a dangerous thing to be ignorant$L and 'ould therefore
ha#e all men in some sort to understand the causes$ sym"toms$ and cures of
it.
9H9E:T. I.--_:auses of Melancholy from the 'hole ody_.
As before$ the cause of this %ind of melancholy is in'ard or out'ard.
In'ard$ ;=??BGL'hen the li#er is a"t to engender such a humour$ or the
s"leen 'ea% by nature$ and not able to discharge his office.L A melancholy
tem"erature$ retention of haemorrhoids$ monthly issues$ bleeding at nose$
long diseases$ agues$ and all those si+ non-natural things increase it. ut
es"ecially ;=?@CGbad diet$ as Piso thin%s$ "ulse$ salt meat$ shellfish$
cheese$ blac% 'ine$ Fc. Mercurialis out of A#erroes and A#icenna condemns
all herbs& Galen$ _lib. .$ de loc. affect. ca". A_$ es"ecially cabbage. 9o
li%e'ise fear$ sorro'$ discontents$ Fc.$ but of these before. And thus in
brief you ha#e had the general and "articular causes of melancholy.
8o' go and brag of thy "resent ha""iness$ 'hosoe#er thou art$ brag of thy
tem"erature$ of thy good "arts$ insult$ trium"h$ and boast< thou seest in
'hat a brittle state thou art$ ho' soon thou mayst be dejected$ ho' many
se#eral 'ays$ by bad diet$ bad air$ a small loss$ a little sorro' or
discontent$ an ague$ Fc.< ho' many sudden accidents may "rocure thy ruin$
'hat a small tenure of ha""iness thou hast in this life$ ho' 'ea% and silly
a creature thou art. L5umble thyself$ therefore$ under the mighty hand of
God$L , Peter$ #. -$ %no' thyself$ ac%no'ledge thy "resent misery$ and ma%e
right use of it. _Kui stat #ideat ne cadat._ Thou dost no' flourish$ and
hast _bona animi$ cor"oris$ et fortunae_$ goods of body$ mind$ and fortune$
_nescis 0uid serus secum #es"er ferat_$ thou %no'est not 'hat storms and
tem"ests the late e#ening may bring 'ith it. e not secure then$ Lbe sober
and 'atch$L ;=?@,G_fortunam re#erenter habe_$ if fortunate and rich< if
sic% and "oor$ moderate thyself. I ha#e said.
9E:T. III. MEM. I.
9H9E:T. I.--_9ym"toms$ or 9igns of Melancholy in the ody_.
Parrhasius$ a "ainter of Athens$ amongst those 2lynthian ca"ti#es Phili" of
Macedon brought home to sell$ ;=?@=Gbought one #ery old man< and 'hen he
had him at Athens$ "ut him to e+treme torture and torment$ the better by
his e+am"le to e+"ress the "ains and "assions of his Prometheus$ 'hom he
'as then about to "aint. I need not be so barbarous$ inhuman$ curious$ or
cruel$ for this "ur"ose to torture any "oor melancholy man$ their sym"toms
are "lain$ ob#ious and familiar$ there needs no such accurate obser#ation
or far-fetched object$ they delineate themsel#es$ they #oluntarily betray
themsel#es$ they are too fre0uent in all "laces$ I meet them still as I go$
they cannot conceal it$ their grie#ances are too 'ell %no'n$ I need not
see% far to describe them.
9ym"toms therefore are either ;=?@.Guni#ersal or "articular$ saith
Gordonius$ _lib. med. ca". ,B$ "art. =_$ to "ersons$ to s"ecies< Lsome
signs are secret$ some manifest$ some in the body$ some in the mind$ and
di#ersely #ary$ according to the in'ard or out'ard causes$L :a"i#accius& or
from stars$ according to Do#ianus Pontanus$ _de reb. caelest. lib. ,C$ ca".
,._$ and celestial influences$ or from the humours di#ersely mi+ed$
7icinus$ _lib. ,$ ca". ?$ de sanit. tuenda_& as they are hot$ cold$
natural$ unnatural$ intended$ or remitted$ so 'ill Aetius ha#e
_melancholica deliria multiformia_$ di#ersity of melancholy signs.
*aurentius ascribes them to their se#eral tem"eratures$ delights$ natures$
inclinations$ continuance of time$ as they are sim"le or mi+ed 'ith other
diseases$ as the causes are di#ers$ so must the signs be$ almost infinite$
Altomarus _ca". A$ art. med._ And as 'ine "roduceth di#ers effects$ or that
herb Tortocolla in ;=?@?G*aurentius$ L'hich ma%es some laugh$ some 'ee"$
some slee"$ some dance$ some sing$ some ho'l$ some drin%$L Fc. so doth this
our melancholy humour 'or% se#eral signs in se#eral "arties.
ut to confine them$ these general sym"toms may be reduced to those of the
body or the mind. Those usual signs a""earing in the bodies of such as are
melancholy$ be these cold and dry$ or they are hot and dry$ as the humour
is more or less adust. 7rom ;=?@@Gthese first 0ualities arise many other
second$ as that of ;=?@-Gcolour$ blac%$ s'arthy$ "ale$ ruddy$ Fc.$ some are
_im"ense rubri_$ as Montaltus _ca". ,-_ obser#es out of Galen$ _lib. .$ de
locis affectis_$ #ery red and high coloured. 5i""ocrates in his boo%
;=?@AG_de insania et melan._ rec%ons u" these signs$ that they are ;=?@/G
Llean$ 'ithered$ hollo'-eyed$ loo% old$ 'rin%led$ harsh$ much troubled 'ith
'ind$ and a gri"ing in their bellies$ or bellyache$ belch often$ dry
bellies and hard$ dejected loo%s$ flaggy beards$ singing of the ears$
#ertigo$ light-headed$ little or no slee"$ and that interru"t$ terrible and
fearful dreams$L ;=?@BG_Anna soror$ 0uae$ me sus"ensam insomnia terrent_N
The same sym"toms are re"eated by Melanelius in his boo% of melancholy
collected out of Galen$ 1uffus$ Aetius$ by 1hasis$ Gordonius$ and all the
juniors$ ;=?-CGLcontinual$ shar"$ and stin%ing belchings$ as if their meat
in their stomachs 'ere "utrefied$ or that they had eaten fish$ dry bellies$
absurd and interru"t dreams$ and many fantastical #isions about their eyes$
#ertiginous$ a"t to tremble$ and "rone to #enery.L ;=?-,G9ome add
"al"itation of the heart$ cold s'eat$ as usual sym"toms$ and a lea"ing in
many "arts of the body$ _saltum in multis cor"oris "artibus_$ a %ind of
itching$ saith *aurentius$ on the su"erficies of the s%in$ li%e a
flea-biting sometimes. ;=?-=GMontaltus _ca". =,._ "uts fi+ed eyes and much
t'in%ling of their eyes for a sign$ and so doth A#icenna$ _oculos habentes
"al"itantes$ trauli$ #ehementer rubicundi_$ Fc.$ _lib. .. 7en. ,. Tract. ?.
ca". ,/._ They stut most "art$ 'hich he too% out of 5i""ocrates! a"horisms.
;=?-.G1hasis ma%es Lheadache and a binding hea#iness for a "rinci"al
to%en$ much lea"ing of 'ind about the s%in$ as 'ell as stutting$ or
tri""ing in s"eech$ Fc.$ hollo' eyes$ gross #eins$ and broad li"s.L To some
too$ if they be far gone$ mimical gestures are too familiar$ laughing$
grinning$ fleering$ murmuring$ tal%ing to themsel#es$ 'ith strange mouths
and faces$ inarticulate #oices$ e+clamations$ Fc. And although they be
commonly lean$ hirsute$ uncheerful in countenance$ 'ithered$ and not so
"leasant to behold$ by reason of those continual fears$ griefs$ and
#e+ations$ dull$ hea#y$ lazy$ restless$ una"t to go about any business< yet
their memories are most "art good$ they ha#e ha""y 'its$ and e+cellent
a""rehensions. Their hot and dry brains ma%e them they cannot slee"$
_Ingentes habent et crebras #igilias_ (Arteus) mighty and often 'atchings$
sometimes 'a%ing for a month$ a year together. ;=?-?G5ercules de 9a+onia
faithfully a#erreth$ that he hath heard his mother s'ear$ she sle"t not for
se#en months together& Trinca#elius$ _Tom. =. cons. ,-._ s"ea%s of one that
'a%ed @C days$ and 9%en%ius hath e+am"les of t'o years$ and all 'ithout
offence. In natural actions their a""etite is greater than their
concoction$ _multa a""etunt "auca digerunt_ as 1hasis hath it$ they co#et
to eat$ but cannot digest. And although they ;=?-@GLdo eat much$ yet they
are lean$ ill-li%ing$L saith Areteus$ L'ithered and hard$ much troubled
'ith costi#eness$L crudities$ o""ilations$ s"itting$ belching$ Fc. Their
"ulse is rare and slo'$ e+ce"t it be of the ;=?--G:arotides$ 'hich is #ery
strong< but that #aries according to their intended "assions or
"erturbations$ as 9truthius hath "ro#ed at large$ _9"igmaticae. artis l. ?.
c. ,.._ To say truth$ in such chronic diseases the "ulse is not much to be
res"ected$ there being so much su"erstition in it$ as ;=?-AG:rato notes$
and so many differences in Galen$ that he dares say they may not be
obser#ed$ or understood of any man.
Their urine is most "art "ale$ and lo' coloured$ _urina "auca acris$
biliosa_ (Areteus)$ not much in 0uantity< but this$ in my judgment$ is all
out as uncertain as the other$ #arying so often according to se#eral
"ersons$ habits$ and other occasions not to be res"ected in chronic
diseases. ;=?-/GLTheir melancholy e+crements in some #ery much$ in others
little$ as the s"leen "lays his "art$L and thence "roceeds 'ind$
"al"itation of the heart$ short breath$ "lenty of humidity in the stomach$
hea#iness of heart and heartache$ and intolerable stu"idity and dullness of
s"irits. Their e+crements or stool hard$ blac% to some and little. If the
heart$ brain$ li#er$ s"leen$ be misaffected$ as usually they are$ many
incon#eniences "roceed from them$ many diseases accom"any$ as incubus$
;=?-BGa"o"le+y$ e"ile"sy$ #ertigo$ those fre0uent 'a%ings and terrible
dreams$ ;=?ACGintem"esti#e laughing$ 'ee"ing$ sighing$ sobbing$
bashfulness$ blushing$ trembling$ s'eating$ s'ooning$ Fc. ;=?A,GAll their
senses are troubled$ they thin% they see$ hear$ smell$ and touch that 'hich
they do not$ as shall be "ro#ed in the follo'ing discourse.
9H9E:T. II.--_9ym"toms or 9igns in the Mind_.
_7ear_.G Arculanus _in B. 1hasis ad Almansor. ca". ,-._ 'ill ha#e these
sym"toms to be infinite$ as indeed they are$ #arying according to the
"arties$ Lfor scarce is there one of a thousand that dotes ali%e$L ;=?A=G
*aurentius _c. ,-._ 9ome fe' of greater note I 'ill "oint at< and amongst
the rest$ fear and sorro'$ 'hich as they are fre0uent causes$ so if they
"erse#ere long$ according to 5i""ocrates ;=?A.Gand Galen!s a"horisms$ they
are most assured signs$ inse"arable com"anions$ and characters of
melancholy< of "resent melancholy and habituated$ saith Montaltus _ca".
,,._ and common to them all$ as the said 5i""ocrates$ Galen$ A#icenna$ and
all 8eoterics hold. ut as hounds many times run a'ay 'ith a false cry$
ne#er "ercei#ing themsel#es to be at a fault$ so do they. 7or 3iocles of
old$ ('hom Galen confutes$) and amongst the juniors$ ;=?A?G5ercules de
9a+onia$ 'ith *od. Mercatus _ca". ,A. l. ,. de melan._$ ta%es just
e+ce"tions$ at this a"horism of 5i""ocrates$ !tis not al'ays true$ or so
generally to be understood$ Lfear and sorro' are no common sym"toms to all
melancholy< u"on more serious consideration$ I find someL (saith he) Lthat
are not so at all. 9ome indeed are sad$ and not fearful< some fearful and
not sad< some neither fearful nor sad< some both.L 7our %inds he e+ce"ts$
fanatical "ersons$ such as 'ere :assandra$ 8anto$ 8icostrata$ Mo"sus$
Proteus$ the sibyls$ 'hom ;=?A@GAristotle confesseth to ha#e been dee"ly
melancholy. a"tista Porta seconds him$ _Physiog. lib. ,$ ca". /_$ they
'ere _atra bile "erciti_& demoniacal "ersons$ and such as s"ea% strange
languages$ are of this ran%& some "oets$ such as laugh al'ays$ and thin%
themsel#es %ings$ cardinals$ Fc.$ sanguine they are$ "leasantly dis"osed
most "art$ and so continue. ;=?A-Ga"tista Portia confines fear and sorro'
to them that are cold< but lo#ers$ 9ibyls$ enthusiasts$ he 'holly e+cludes.
9o that I thin% I may truly conclude$ they are not al'ays sad and fearful$
but usually so& and that ;=?AAG'ithout a cause$ _timent de non timendis_$
(Gordonius$) _0uae0ue momenti non sunt_$ Lalthough not all ali%eL (saith
Altomarus)$ ;=?A/GLyet all li%ely fear$L ;=?ABGLsome 'ith an e+traordinary
and a mighty fear$L Areteus. ;=?/CGLMany fear death$ and yet in a contrary
humour$ ma%e a'ay themsel#es$L Galen$ _lib. .. de loc. affec. ca". A._ 9ome
are afraid that hea#en 'ill fall on their heads& some they are damned$ or
shall be. ;=?/,GLThey are troubled 'ith scru"les of consciences$
distrusting God!s mercies$ thin% they shall go certainly to hell$ the de#il
'ill ha#e them$ and ma%e great lamentation$L Dason Pratensis. 7ear of
de#ils$ death$ that they shall be so sic%$ of some such or such disease$
ready to tremble at e#ery object$ they shall die themsel#es forth'ith$ or
that some of their dear friends or near allies are certainly dead< imminent
danger$ loss$ disgrace still torment others$ Fc.< that they are all glass$
and therefore 'ill suffer no man to come near them& that they are all cor%$
as light as feathers< others as hea#y as lead< some are afraid their heads
'ill fall off their shoulders$ that they ha#e frogs in their bellies$ Fc.
;=?/=GMontanus _consil. =._$ s"ea%s of one Lthat durst not 'al% alone from
home$ for fear he should s'oon or die.L A second ;=?/.GLfears e#ery man he
meets 'ill rob him$ 0uarrel 'ith him$ or %ill him.L A third dares not
#enture to 'al% alone$ for fear he should meet the de#il$ a thief$ be sic%<
fears all old 'omen as 'itches$ and e#ery blac% dog or cat he sees he
sus"ecteth to be a de#il$ e#ery "erson comes near him is maleficiated$
e#ery creature$ all intend to hurt him$ see% his ruin< another dares not go
o#er a bridge$ come near a "ool$ roc%$ stee" hill$ lie in a chamber 'here
cross beams are$ for fear he be tem"ted to hang$ dro'n$ or "reci"itate
himself. If he be in a silent auditory$ as at a sermon$ he is afraid he
shall s"ea% aloud at una'ares$ something indecent$ unfit to be said. If he
be loc%ed in a close room$ he is afraid of being stifled for 'ant of air$
and still carries biscuit$ a0ua#itae$ or some strong 'aters about him$ for
fear of deli0uiums$ or being sic%< or if he be in a throng$ middle of a
church$ multitude$ 'here he may not 'ell get out$ though he sit at ease$ he
is so misaffected. 5e 'ill freely "romise$ underta%e any business
beforehand$ but 'hen it comes to be "erformed$ he dare not ad#enture$ but
fears an infinite number of dangers$ disasters$ Fc. 9ome are ;=?/?G Lafraid
to be burned$ or that the ;=?/@Gground 'ill sin% under them$ or
;=?/-Gs'allo' them 0uic%$ or that the %ing 'ill call them in 0uestion for
some fact they ne#er did (1hasis _cont._) and that they shall surely be
e+ecuted.L The terror of such a death troubles them$ and they fear as much
and are e0ually tormented in mind$ ;=?/AGLas they that ha#e committed a
murder$ and are "ensi#e 'ithout a cause$ as if they 'ere no' "resently to
be "ut to death.L Plater$ _ca". .. de mentis alienat._ They are afraid of
some loss$ danger$ that they shall surely lose their li#es$ goods$ and all
they ha#e$ but 'hy they %no' not. Trinca#elius$ _consil. ,.. lib. ,._ had a
"atient that 'ould needs ma%e a'ay himself$ for fear of being hanged$ and
could not be "ersuaded for three years together$ but that he had %illed a
man. Plater$ _obser#at. lib. ,._ hath t'o other e+am"les of such as feared
to be e+ecuted 'ithout a cause. If they come in a "lace 'here a robbery$
theft$ or any such offence hath been done$ they "resently fear they are
sus"ected$ and many times betray themsel#es 'ithout a cause. *e'is JI.$ the
7rench %ing$ sus"ected e#ery man a traitor that came about him$ durst trust
no officer. _Alii formidolosi omnium$ alii 0uorundam_ (7racatorius _lib. =.
de Intellect._) ;=?//GLsome fear all ali%e$ some certain men$ and cannot
endure their com"anies$ are sic% in them$ or if they be from home.L 9ome
sus"ect ;=?/BGtreason still$ others Lare afraid of their ;=?BCGdearest and
nearest friends.L (_Melanelius e Galeno$ 1uffo$ Aetio_$) and dare not be
alone in the dar% for fear of hobgoblins and de#ils& he sus"ects e#erything
he hears or sees to be a de#il$ or enchanted$ and imagineth a thousand
chimeras and #isions$ 'hich to his thin%ing he certainly sees$ bugbears$
tal%s 'ith blac% men$ ghosts$ goblins$ Fc.$ ;=?B,G_2mnes se terrent aurae$
sonus e+citat omnis._ Another through bashfulness$ sus"icion$ and
timorousness 'ill not be seen abroad$ ;=?B=GLlo#es dar%ness as life$ and
cannot endure the light$L or to sit in lightsome "laces$ his hat still in
his eyes$ he 'ill neither see nor be seen by his good'ill$ 5i""ocrates$
_lib. de Insania et Melancholia_. 5e dare not come in com"any for fear he
should be misused$ disgraced$ o#ershoot himself in gesture or s"eeches$ or
be sic%< he thin%s e#ery man obser#es him$ aims at him$ derides him$ o'es
him malice. Most "art ;=?B.GLthey are afraid they are be'itched$ "ossessed$
or "oisoned by their enemies$ and sometimes they sus"ect their nearest
friends& he thin%s something s"ea%s or tal%s 'ithin him$ and he belcheth of
the "oison.L :hristo"horus a Iega$ _lib. =. ca". ,._ had a "atient so
troubled$ that by no "ersuasion or "hysic he could be reclaimed. 9ome are
afraid that they shall ha#e e#ery fearful disease they see others ha#e$
hear of$ or read$ and dare not therefore hear or read of any such subject$
no not of melancholy itself$ lest by a""lying to themsel#es that 'hich they
hear or read$ they should aggra#ate and increase it. If they see one
"ossessed$ be'itched$ an e"ile"tic "aro+ysm$ a man sha%ing 'ith the "alsy$
or giddy-headed$ reeling or standing in a dangerous "lace$ Fc.$ for many
days after it runs in their minds$ they are afraid they shall be so too$
they are in li%e danger$ as Per%ins _c. ,=. sc. ,=._ 'ell obser#es in his
:ases of :onscience and many times by #iolence of imagination they "roduce
it. They cannot endure to see any terrible object$ as a monster$ a man
e+ecuted$ a carcase$ hear the de#il named$ or any tragical relation seen$
but they 0ua%e for fear$ _5ecatas somniare sibi #identur_ (*ucian) they
dream of hobgoblins$ and may not get it out of their minds a long time
after& they a""ly (as I ha#e said) all they hear$ see$ read$ to themsel#es<
as ;=?B?G7eli+ Plater notes of some young "hysicians$ that study to cure
diseases$ catch them themsel#es$ 'ill be sic%$ and a""ro"riate all sym"toms
they find related of others$ to their o'n "ersons. And therefore (_0uod
iterum moneo$ licet nauseam "aret lectori$ malo decem "otius #erba$ decies
re"etita licet abundare$ 0uam unum desiderari_) I 'ould ad#ise him that is
actually melancholy not to read this tract of 9ym"toms$ lest he dis0uiet or
ma%e himself for a time 'orse$ and more melancholy than he 'as before.
Generally of them all ta%e this$ _de inanibus sem"er con0ueruntur et
timent_$ saith Aretius< they com"lain of toys$ and fear ;=?B@G'ithout a
cause$ and still thin% their melancholy to be most grie#ous$ none so bad as
they are$ though it be nothing in res"ect$ yet ne#er any man sure 'as so
troubled$ or in this sort. As really tormented and "er"le+ed$ in as great
an agony for toys and trifles (such things as they 'ill after laugh at
themsel#es) as if they 'ere most material and essential matters indeed$
'orthy to be feared$ and 'ill not be satisfied. Pacify them for one$ they
are instantly troubled 'ith some other fear< al'ays afraid of something
'hich they foolishly imagine or concei#e to themsel#es$ 'hich ne#er
"erad#enture 'as$ ne#er can be$ ne#er li%ely 'ill be< troubled in mind u"on
e#ery small occasion$ un0uiet$ still com"laining$ grie#ing$ #e+ing$
sus"ecting$ grudging$ discontent$ and cannot be freed so long as melancholy
continues. 2r if their minds be more 0uiet for the "resent$ and they free
from foreign fears$ out'ard accidents$ yet their bodies are out of tune$
they sus"ect some "art or other to be amiss$ no' their head aches$ heart$
stomach$ s"leen$ Fc. is misaffected$ they shall surely ha#e this or that
disease< still troubled in body$ mind$ or both$ and through 'ind$ corru"t
fantasy$ some accidental distem"er$ continually molested. Eet for all this$
as ;=?B-GDacchinus notes$ Lin all other things they are 'ise$ staid$
discreet$ and do nothing unbeseeming their dignity$ "erson$ or "lace$ this
foolish$ ridiculous$ and childish fear e+ce"ted<L 'hich so much$ so
continually tortures and crucifies their souls$ li%e a bar%ing dog that
al'ays ba'ls$ but seldom bites$ this fear e#er molesteth$ and so long as
melancholy lasteth$ cannot be a#oided.
9orro' is that other character$ and inse"arable com"anion$ as indi#idual as
9aint :osmus and 3amian$ _fidus Achates_$ as all 'riters 'itness$ a common
sym"tom$ a continual$ and still 'ithout any e#ident cause$ ;=?BAG_moerent
omnes$ et si roges eos reddere causam$ non "ossunt_& grie#ing still$ but
'hy they cannot tell& _Agelasti$ moesti$ cogitabundi_$ they loo% as if they
had ne'ly come forth of Tro"honius! den. And though they laugh many times$
and seem to be e+traordinary merry (as they 'ill by fits)$ yet e+treme
lum"ish again in an instant$ dull and hea#y$ _semel et simul_$ merry and
sad$ but most "art sad& ;=?B/G_9i 0ua "lacent$ abeunt< inimica tenacius
haerent_& sorro' stic%s by them still continually$ gna'ing as the #ulture
did ;=?BBGTitius! bo'els$ and they cannot a#oid it. 8o sooner are their
eyes o"en$ but after terrible and troublesome dreams their hea#y hearts
begin to sigh& they are still fretting$ chafing$ sighing$ grie#ing$
com"laining$ finding faults$ re"ining$ grudging$ 'ee"ing$
_5eautontimorumenoi_$ #e+ing themsel#es$ ;=@CCGdis0uieted in mind$ 'ith
restless$ un0uiet thoughts$ discontent$ either for their o'n$ other men!s
or "ublic affairs$ such as concern them not< things "ast$ "resent$ or to
come$ the remembrance of some disgrace$ loss$ injury$ abuses$ Fc. troubles
them no' being idle afresh$ as if it 'ere ne' done< they are afflicted
other'ise for some danger$ loss$ 'ant$ shame$ misery$ that 'ill certainly
come$ as they sus"ect and mistrust. *ugubris Ate fro'ns u"on them$ insomuch
that Areteus 'ell calls it _angorem animi_$ a #e+ation of the mind$ a
"er"etual agony. They can hardly be "leased$ or eased$ though in other
men!s o"inion most ha""y$ go$ tarry$ run$ ride$ ;=@C,G--_"ost e0uitem sedet
atra cura_& they cannot a#oid this feral "lague$ let them come in 'hat
com"any they 'ill$ ;=@C=G_haeret leteri lethalis arundo_$ as to a deer that
is struc%$ 'hether he run$ go$ rest 'ith the herd$ or alone$ this grief
remains& irresolution$ inconstancy$ #anity of mind$ their fear$ torture$
care$ jealousy$ sus"icion$ Fc.$ continues$ and they cannot be relie#ed. 9o
;=@C.Ghe com"lained in the "oet$
L3omum re#ertor moestus$ at0ue animo fere
Perturbato$ at0ue incerto "rae aegritudine$
Assido$ accurrunt ser#i& succos detrahunt$
Iideo alios festinare$ lectos sternere$
:oenam a""arare$ "ro se 0uis0ue sedulo
7aciebant$ 0uo illam mihi lenirent miseriam.L
L5e came home sorro'ful$ and troubled in his mind$ his ser#ants did all
they "ossibly could to "lease him< one "ulled off his soc%s$ another made
ready his bed$ a third his su""er$ all did their utmost endea#ours to ease
his grief$ and e+hilarate his "erson$ he 'as "rofoundly melancholy$ he had
lost his son$ _illud angebat_$ that 'as his :ordolium$ his "ain$ his agony
'hich could not be remo#ed.L
_Taedium #itae._G 5ence it "roceeds many times$ that they are 'eary of
their li#es$ and feral thoughts to offer #iolence to their o'n "ersons come
into their minds$ _taedium #itae_ is a common sym"tom$ _tarda fluunt$
ingrata0ue tem"ora_$ they are soon tired 'ith all things< they 'ill no'
tarry$ no' be gone< no' in bed they 'ill rise$ no' u"$ then go to bed$ no'
"leased$ then again dis"leased< no' they li%e$ by and by disli%e all$ 'eary
of all$ _se0uitur nunc #i#endi$ nunc moriendi cu"ido_$ saith Aurelianus$
_lib. ,. ca". -_$ but most "art ;=@C?G_#itam damnant_$ discontent$
dis0uieted$ "er"le+ed u"on e#ery light$ or no occasion$ object& often
tem"ted$ I say$ to ma%e a'ay themsel#es& ;=@C@G_Ii#ere nolunt$ mori
nesciunt_& they cannot die$ they 'ill not li#e& they com"lain$ 'ee"$
lament$ and thin% they lead a most miserable life$ ne#er 'as any man so
bad$ or so before$ e#ery "oor man they see is most fortunate in res"ect of
them$ e#ery beggar that comes to the door is ha""ier than they are$ they
could be contented to change li#es 'ith them$ es"ecially if they be alone$
idle$ and "arted from their ordinary com"any$ molested$ dis"leased$ or
"ro#o%ed& grief$ fear$ agony$ discontent$ 'earisomeness$ laziness$
sus"icion$ or some such "assion forcibly seizeth on them. Eet by and by
'hen they come in com"any again$ 'hich they li%e$ or be "leased$ _suam
sententiam rursus damnant$ et #itae solatia delectantur_$ as 2cta#ius
5oratianus obser#es$ _lib. =. ca". @_$ they condemn their former misli%e$
and are 'ell "leased to li#e. And so they continue$ till 'ith some fresh
discontent they be molested again$ and then they are 'eary of their li#es$
'eary of all$ they 'ill die$ and sho' rather a necessity to li#e$ than a
desire. :laudius the em"eror$ as ;=@C-G 9ueton describes him$ had a s"ice
of this disease$ for 'hen he 'as tormented 'ith the "ain of his stomach$ he
had a conceit to ma%e a'ay himself. Dulius :aesar :laudinus$ _consil. /?._
had a Polonian to his "atient$ so affected$ that through ;=@CAGfear and
sorro'$ 'ith 'hich he 'as still dis0uieted$ hated his o'n life$ 'ished for
death e#ery moment$ and to be freed of his misery. Mercurialis another$ and
another that 'as often minded to des"atch himself$ and so continued for
many years.
_9us"icion$ Dealousy._G 9us"icion$ and jealousy$ are general sym"toms& they
are commonly distrustful$ a"t to mista%e$ and am"lify$ _facile
irascibiles_$ ;=@C/Gtesty$ "ettish$ "ee#ish$ and ready to snarl u"on e#ery
;=@CBGsmall occasion$ _cum amicissimis_$ and 'ithout a cause$ _datum #el
non datum_$ it 'ill be _scandalum acce"tum_. If they s"ea% in jest$ he
ta%es it in good earnest. If they be not saluted$ in#ited$ consulted 'ith$
called to counsel$ Fc.$ or that any res"ect$ small com"liment$ or ceremony
be omitted$ they thin% themsel#es neglected$ and contemned< for a time that
tortures them. If t'o tal% together$ discourse$ 'his"er$ jest$ or tell a
tale in general$ he thin%s "resently they mean him$ a""lies all to himself$
_de se "utat omnia dici_. 2r if they tal% 'ith him$ he is ready to
misconstrue e#ery 'ord they s"ea%$ and inter"ret it to the 'orst< he cannot
endure any man to loo% steadily on him$ s"ea% to him almost$ laugh$ jest$
or be familiar$ or hem$ or "oint$ cough$ or s"it$ or ma%e a noise
sometimes$ Fc. ;=@,CG5e thin%s they laugh or "oint at him$ or do it in
disgrace of him$ circum#ent him$ contemn him< e#ery man loo%s at him$ he is
"ale$ red$ s'eats for fear and anger$ lest somebody should obser#e him. 5e
'or%s u"on it$ and long after this false conceit of an abuse troubles him.
Montanus _consil. ==._ gi#es instance in a melancholy De'$ that 'as
_Iracundior Adria_$ so 'as"ish and sus"icious$ _tam facile iratus_$ that no
man could tell ho' to carry himself in his com"any.
_Inconstancy._G Inconstant they are in all their actions$ #ertiginous$
restless$ una"t to resol#e of any business$ they 'ill and 'ill not$
"ersuaded to and fro u"on e#ery small occasion$ or 'ord s"o%en& and yet if
once they be resol#ed$ obstinate$ hard to be reconciled. If they abhor$
disli%e$ or distaste$ once settled$ though to the better by odds$ by no
counsel$ or "ersuasion$ to be remo#ed. Eet in most things 'a#ering$
irresolute$ unable to deliberate$ through fear$ _faciunt$ et mo+ facti
"oenitent (Areteus) a#ari$ et "aulo "ost "rodigi_. 8o' "rodigal$ and then
co#etous$ they do$ and by-and-by re"ent them of that 'hich they ha#e done$
so that both 'ays they are troubled$ 'hether they do or do not$ 'ant or
ha#e$ hit or miss$ dis0uieted of all hands$ soon 'eary$ and still see%ing
change$ restless$ I say$ fic%le$ fugiti#e$ they may not abide to tarry in
one "lace long.
;=@,,G L1omae rus o"tans$ absentem rusticus urbem
Tollit ad astraL------
no com"any long$ or to "erse#ere in any action or business.
;=@,=G LEt similis regum "ueris$ "a""are minutum
Poscit$ et iratus mammae lallare recusat$L
eftsoons "leased$ and anon dis"leased$ as a man that!s bitten 'ith fleas$
or that cannot slee" turns to and fro in his bed$ their restless minds are
tossed and #ary$ they ha#e no "atience to read out a boo%$ to "lay out a
game or t'o$ 'al% a mile$ sit an hour$ Fc.$ erected and dejected in an
instant< animated to underta%e$ and u"on a 'ord s"o%en again discouraged.
_Passionate._G E+treme "assionate$ _Kuic0uid #olunt #alde #olunt_< and 'hat
they desire$ they do most furiously see%< an+ious e#er$ and #ery
solicitous$ distrustful$ and timorous$ en#ious$ malicious$ "rofuse one
'hile$ s"aring another$ but most "art co#etous$ muttering$ re"ining$
discontent$ and still com"laining$ grudging$ "ee#ish$ _injuriarum tenaces_$
"rone to re#enge$ soon troubled$ and most #iolent in all their
imaginations$ not affable in s"eech$ or a"t to #ulgar com"liment$ but
surly$ dull$ sad$ austere< _cogitabundi_ still$ #ery intent$ and as ;=@,.G
Albertus 3urer "aints melancholy$ li%e a sad 'oman leaning on her arm 'ith
fi+ed loo%s$ neglected habit$ Fc.$ held therefore by some "roud$ soft$
sottish$ or half-mad$ as the Abderites esteemed of 3emocritus& and yet of a
dee" reach$ e+cellent a""rehension$ judicious$ 'ise$ and 'itty& for I am of
that ;=@,?Gnobleman!s mind$ LMelancholy ad#anceth men!s conceits$ more than
any humour 'hatsoe#er$L im"ro#es their meditations more than any strong
drin% or sac%. They are of "rofound judgment in some things$ although in
others _non recte judicant in0uieti_$ saith 7racastorius$ _lib. =. de
Intell_. And as Arculanus$ _c. ,-. in B. 1hasis_$ terms it$ _Dudicium
"lerum0ue "er#ersum$ corru"ti$ cum judicant honesta inhonesta$ et amicitiam
habent "ro inimicitia_& they count honesty dishonesty$ friends as enemies$
they 'ill abuse their best friends$ and dare not offend their enemies.
:o'ards most "art _et ad inferendam injuriam timidissimi_$ saith :ardan$
_lib. /. ca". ?. de rerum #arietate_& loath to offend$ and if they chance
to o#ershoot themsel#es in 'ord or deed& or any small business or
circumstance be omitted$ forgotten$ they are miserably tormented$ and frame
a thousand dangers and incon#eniences to themsel#es$ _e+ musca ele"hantem_$
if once they conceit it& o#erjoyed 'ith e#ery good rumour$ tale$ or
"ros"erous e#ent$ trans"orted beyond themsel#es& 'ith e#ery small cross
again$ bad ne's$ misconcei#ed injury$ loss$ danger$ afflicted beyond
measure$ in great agony$ "er"le+ed$ dejected$ astonished$ im"atient$
utterly undone& fearful$ sus"icious of all. Eet again$ many of them
des"erate harebrains$ rash$ careless$ fit to be assassinates$ as being #oid
of all fear and sorro'$ according to ;=@,@G5ercules de 9a+onia$ LMost
audacious$ and such as dare 'al% alone in the night$ through deserts and
dangerous "laces$ fearing none.L
_Amorous_.G LThey are "rone to lo#e$L and ;=@,-Geasy to be ta%en< _Pro"ensi
ad amorem et e+candescentiam_ (Montaltus _ca". =,._) 0uic%ly enamoured$ and
dote u"on all$ lo#e one dearly$ till they see another$ and then dote on
her$ _Et hanc$ et hanc$ et illam$ et omnes_$ the "resent mo#es most$ and
the last commonly they lo#e best. Eet some again _Anterotes_$ cannot endure
the sight of a 'oman$ abhor the se+$ as that same melancholy ;=@,AGdu%e of
Musco#y$ that 'as instantly sic%$ if he came but in sight of them< and that
;=@,/GAnchorite$ that fell into a cold "alsy$ 'hen a 'oman 'as brought
before him.
_5umorous_.G 5umorous they are beyond all measure$ sometimes "rofusely
laughing$ e+traordinarily merry$ and then again 'ee"ing 'ithout a cause$
('hich is familiar 'ith many gentle'omen$) groaning$ sighing$ "ensi#e$ sad$
almost distracted$ _multa absurda fingunt$ et a ratione aliena_ (saith
;=@,BG7rambesarius)$ they feign many absurdities$ #ain$ #oid of reason& one
su""oseth himself to be a dog$ coc%$ bear$ horse$ glass$ butter$ Fc. 5e is
a giant$ a d'arf$ as strong as an hundred men$ a lord$ du%e$ "rince$ Fc.
And if he be told he hath a stin%ing breath$ a great nose$ that he is sic%$
or inclined to such or such a disease$ he belie#es it eftsoons$ and
"erad#enture by force of imagination 'ill 'or% it out. Many of them are
immo#able$ and fi+ed in their conceits$ others #ary u"on e#ery object$
heard or seen. If they see a stage-"lay$ they run u"on that a 'ee% after<
if they hear music$ or see dancing$ they ha#e nought but bag"i"es in their
brain& if they see a combat$ they are all for arms. ;=@=CGIf abused$ an
abuse troubles them long after< if crossed$ that cross$ Fc. 1estless in
their thoughts and actions$ continually meditating$ _Ielut aegri somnia$
#anae finguntur s"ecies_< more li%e dreams$ than men a'a%e$ they fain a
com"any of antic$ fantastical conceits$ they ha#e most fri#olous thoughts$
im"ossible to be effected< and sometimes thin% #erily they hear and see
"resent before their eyes such "hantasms or goblins$ they fear$ sus"ect$ or
concei#e$ they still tal% 'ith$ and follo' them. In fine$ _cogitationes
somniantibus similes$ id #igilant$ 0uod alii somniant cogitabundi_$ still$
saith A#icenna$ they 'a%e$ as others dream$ and such for the most "art are
their imaginations and conceits$ ;=@=,Gabsurd$ #ain$ foolish toys$ yet they
are ;=@==Gmost curious and solicitous$ continual$ _et su"ra modum_$ 1hasis
_cont. lib. ,. ca". B._ _"raemeditantur de ali0ua re_. As serious in a toy$
as if it 'ere a most necessary business$ of great moment$ im"ortance$ and
still$ still$ still thin%ing of it& _sae#iunt in se_$ macerating
themsel#es. Though they do tal% 'ith you$ and seem to be other'ise
em"loyed$ and to your thin%ing #ery intent and busy$ still that toy runs in
their mind$ that fear$ that sus"icion$ that abuse$ that jealousy$ that
agony$ that #e+ation$ that cross$ that castle in the air$ that crotchet$
that 'himsy$ that fiction$ that "leasant 'a%ing dream$ 'hatsoe#er it is.
_8ec interrogant_ (saith ;=@=.G7racastorius) _nec interrogatis recte
res"ondent_. They do not much heed 'hat you say$ their mind is on another
matter< as% 'hat you 'ill$ they do not attend$ or much intend that business
they are about$ but forget themsel#es 'hat they are saying$ doing$ or
should other'ise say or do$ 'hither they are going$ distracted 'ith their
o'n melancholy thoughts. 2ne laughs u"on a sudden$ another smiles to
himself$ a third fro'ns$ calls$ his li"s go still$ he acts 'ith his hand as
he 'al%s$ Fc. !Tis "ro"er to all melancholy men$ saith ;=@=?GMercurialis$
_con. ,,._ L4hat conceit they ha#e once entertained$ to be most intent$
#iolent$ and continually about it.L _In#itas occurrit_$ do 'hat they may
they cannot be rid of it$ against their 'ills they must thin% of it a
thousand times o#er$ _Per"etuo molestantur nec obli#isci "ossunt_$ they are
continually troubled 'ith it$ in com"any$ out of com"any< at meat$ at
e+ercise$ at all times and "laces$ ;=@=@G_non desinunt ea$ 0uae$ minime
#olunt$ cogitare_$ if it be offensi#e es"ecially$ they cannot forget it$
they may not rest or slee" for it$ but still tormenting themsel#es$
_9ysi"hi sa+um #ol#unt sibi i"sis_$ as ;=@=-Grunner obser#es$ _Per"etua
calamitas et miserabile flagellum_.
_ashfulness._G ;=@=AG:rato$ ;=@=/G*aurentius$ and 7ernelius$ "ut
bashfulness for an ordinary sym"tom$ _sabrusticus "udor_$ or _#itiosus
"udor_$ is a thing 'hich much haunts and torments them. If they ha#e been
misused$ derided$ disgraced$ chidden$ Fc.$ or by any "erturbation of mind$
misaffected$ it so far troubles them$ that they become 0uite mo"ed many
times$ and so disheartened$ dejected$ they dare not come abroad$ into
strange com"anies es"ecially$ or manage their ordinary affairs$ so
childish$ timorous$ and bashful$ they can loo% no man in the face< some are
more dis0uieted in this %ind$ some less$ longer some$ others shorter$ by
fits$ Fc.$ though some on the other side (according to ;=@=BG7racastorius)
be _in#erecundi et "ertinaces_$ im"udent and "ee#ish. ut most "art they
are #ery shamefaced$ and that ma%es them 'ith Pet. lesensis$ :hristo"her
Hrs'ic%$ and many such$ to refuse honours$ offices$ and "referments$ 'hich
sometimes fall into their mouths$ they cannot s"ea%$ or "ut forth
themsel#es as others can$ _timor hos$ "udor im"edit illos_$ timorousness
and bashfulness hinder their "roceedings$ they are contented 'ith their
"resent estate$ un'illing to underta%e any office$ and therefore ne#er
li%ely to rise. 7or that cause they seldom #isit their friends$ e+ce"t some
familiars& _"aucilo0ui_$ of fe' 'ords$ and oftentimes 'holly silent. ;=@.CG
7rambeserius$ a 7renchman$ had t'o such "atients$ _omnino taciturnos_$
their friends could not get them to s"ea%& 1odericus a 7onseca _consult.
tom. =. /@. consil._ gi#es instance in a young man$ of t'enty-se#en years
of age$ that 'as fre0uently silent$ bashful$ mo"ed$ solitary$ that 'ould
not eat his meat$ or slee"$ and yet again by fits a"t to be angry$ Fc.
_9olitariness._G Most "art they are$ as Plater notes$ _desides$ taciturni$
aegre im"ulsi$ nec nisi coacti "rocedunt_$ Fc. they 'ill scarce be
com"elled to do that 'hich concerns them$ though it be for their good$ so
diffident$ so dull$ of small or no com"liment$ unsociable$ hard to be
ac0uainted 'ith$ es"ecially of strangers< they had rather 'rite their minds
than s"ea%$ and abo#e all things lo#e solitariness. _2b #olu"tatem$ an ob
timorem soli sunt_N Are they so solitary for "leasure (one as%s$) or "ainN
for both< yet I rather thin% for fear and sorro'$ Fc.
;=@.,G L5inc metuunt cu"iunt0ue$ dolent fugiunt0ue$ nec auras
1es"iciunt$ clausi tenebris$ et carcere caeco.L
L5ence !tis they grie#e and fear$ a#oiding light$
And shut themsel#es in "rison dar% from sight.L
As ellero"hon in ;=@.=G5omer$
LKui miser in syl#is moerens errabat o"acis$
I"se suum cor edens$ hominum #estigia #itans.L
LThat 'andered in the 'oods sad all alone$
7orsa%ing men!s society$ ma%ing great moan.L
They delight in floods and 'aters$ desert "laces$ to 'al% alone in
orchards$ gardens$ "ri#ate 'al%s$ bac% lanes$ a#erse from com"any$ as
3iogenes in his tub$ or Timon Misanthro"us ;=@..G$ they abhor all
com"anions at last$ e#en their nearest ac0uaintances and most familiar
friends$ for they ha#e a conceit (I say) e#ery man obser#es them$ 'ill
deride$ laugh to scorn$ or misuse them$ confining themsel#es therefore
'holly to their "ri#ate houses or chambers$ _fugiunt homines sine causa_
(saith 1hasis) _et odio habent_$ _cont. l. ,. c. B._ they 'ill diet
themsel#es$ feed and li#e alone. It 'as one of the chiefest reasons 'hy the
citizens of Abdera sus"ected 3emocritus to be melancholy and mad$ because
that$ as 5i""ocrates related in his E"istle to Philo"aemenes$ ;=@.?GLhe
forsoo% the city$ li#ed in gro#es and hollo' trees$ u"on a green ban% by a
broo% side$ or confluence of 'aters all day long$ and all night.L _Kuae
0uidem_ (saith he) _"lurimum atra bile #e+atis et melancholicis e#eniunt$
deserta fre0uentant$ hominum0ue congressum a#ersantur_< ;=@.@G'hich is an
ordinary thing 'ith melancholy men. The Egy"tians therefore in their
hierogly"hics e+"ressed a melancholy man by a hare sitting in her form$ as
being a most timorous and solitary creature$ Pierius _5ierogly"h. l. ,=._
ut this$ and all "recedent sym"toms$ are more or less a""arent$ as the
humour is intended or remitted$ hardly "ercei#ed in some$ or not all$ most
manifest in others. :hildish in some$ terrible in others< to be derided in
one$ "itied or admired in another< to him by fits$ to a second continuate&
and ho'soe#er these sym"toms be common and incident to all "ersons$ yet
they are the more remar%able$ fre0uent$ furious and #iolent in melancholy
men. To s"ea% in a 'ord$ there is nothing so #ain$ absurd$ ridiculous$
e+tra#agant$ im"ossible$ incredible$ so monstrous a chimera$ so "rodigious
and strange$ ;=@.-Gsuch as "ainters and "oets durst not attem"t$ 'hich they
'ill not really fear$ feign$ sus"ect and imagine unto themsel#es& and that
'hich ;=@.AG*od. Ii#es said in a jest of a silly country fello'$ that
%illed his ass for drin%ing u" the moon$ _ut lunam mundo redderet_$ you may
truly say of them in earnest< they 'ill act$ concei#e all e+tremes$
contrarieties$ and contradictions$ and that in infinite #arieties.
_Melancholici "lane incredibilia sibi "ersuadent$ ut #i+ omnibus saeculis
duo re"erti sint$ 0ui idem imaginati sint (Erastus de *amiis)_$ scarce t'o
of t'o thousand that concur in the same sym"toms. The to'er of abel ne#er
yielded such confusion of tongues$ as the chaos of melancholy doth #ariety
of sym"toms. There is in all melancholy _similitudo dissimilis_$ li%e men!s
faces$ a disagreeing li%eness still< and as in a ri#er 'e s'im in the same
"lace$ though not in the same numerical 'ater< as the same instrument
affords se#eral lessons$ so the same disease yields di#ersity of sym"toms.
4hich ho'soe#er they be di#erse$ intricate$ and hard to be confined$ I 'ill
ad#enture yet in such a #ast confusion and generality to bring them into
some order< and so descend to "articulars.
9H9E:T. III.--_Particular 9ym"toms from the influence of 9tars$ "arts of
the ody$ and 5umours_.
9ome men ha#e "eculiar sym"toms$ according to their tem"erament and crisis$
'hich they had from the stars and those celestial influences$ #ariety of
'its and dis"ositions$ as Anthony >ara contends$ _Anat. ingen. sect. ,.
memb. ,,$ ,=$ ,.$ ,?._ _"lurimum irritant influentiae$ caelestes$ unde
cientur animi aegritudines et morbi cor"orum_. ;=@./G2ne saith$ di#erse
diseases of the body and mind "roceed from their influences$ ;=@.BGas I
ha#e already "ro#ed out of Ptolemy$ Pontanus$ *emnius$ :ardan$ and others
as they are "rinci"al significators of manners$ diseases$ mutually
irradiated$ or lords of the geniture$ Fc. Ptolomeus in his centilo0uy$
5ermes$ or 'hosoe#er else the author of that tract$ attributes all these
sym"toms$ 'hich are in melancholy men$ to celestial influences& 'hich
o"inion Mercurialis _de affect$ lib. ca". ,C._ rejects< but$ as I say$
;=@?CGDo#ianus Pontanus and others stiffly defend. That some are solitary$
dull$ hea#y$ churlish< some again blithe$ bu+om$ light$ and merry$ they
ascribe 'holly to the stars. As if 9aturn be "redominant in his nati#ity$
and cause melancholy in his tem"erature$ then ;=@?,Ghe shall be #ery
austere$ sullen$ churlish$ blac% of colour$ "rofound in his cogitations$
full of cares$ miseries$ and discontents$ sad and fearful$ al'ays silent$
solitary$ still delighting in husbandry$ in 'oods$ orchards$ gardens$
ri#ers$ "onds$ "ools$ dar% 'al%s and close& _:ogitationes sunt #elle
aedificare$ #elle arbores "lantare$ agros colere_$ Fc. To catch birds$
fishes$ Fc. still contri#ing and musing of such matters. If Du"iter
domineers$ they are more ambitious$ still meditating of %ingdoms$
magistracies$ offices$ honours$ or that they are "rinces$ "otentates$ and
ho' they 'ould carry themsel#es$ Fc. If Mars$ they are all for 'ars$ bra#e
combats$ monomachies$ testy$ choleric$ harebrain$ rash$ furious$ and
#iolent in their actions. They 'ill feign themsel#es #ictors$ commanders$
are "assionate and satirical in their s"eeches$ great braggers$ ruddy of
colour. And though they be "oor in sho'$ #ile and base$ yet li%e Tele"hus
and Peleus in the ;=@?=G"oet$ _Am"ullas jactant et ses0ui"edalia #erba_$
Lforget their s'elling and gigantic 'ords$L their mouths are full of
myriads$ and tetrarchs at their tongues! end. If the sun$ they 'ill be
lords$ em"erors$ in conceit at least$ and monarchs$ gi#e offices$ honours$
Fc. If Ienus$ they are still courting of their mistresses$ and most a"t to
lo#e$ amorously gi#en$ they seem to hear music$ "lays$ see fine "ictures$
dancers$ merriments$ and the li%e. E#er in lo#e$ and dote on all they see.
Mercurialists are solitary$ much in contem"lation$ subtle$ "oets$
"hiloso"hers$ and musing most "art about such matters. If the moon ha#e a
hand$ they are all for "eregrinations$ sea #oyages$ much affected 'ith
tra#els$ to discourse$ read$ meditate of such things< 'andering in their
thoughts$ di#erse$ much delighting in 'aters$ to fish$ fo'l$ Fc.
ut the most immediate sym"toms "roceed from the tem"erature itself$ and
the organical "arts$ as head$ li#er$ s"leen$ mesaraic #eins$ heart$ 'omb$
stomach$ Fc.$ and most es"ecially from distem"erature of s"irits ('hich$ as
;=@?.G5ercules de 9a+onia contends$ are 'holly immaterial)$ or from the
four humours in those seats$ 'hether they be hot or cold$ natural$
unnatural$ innate or ad#entitious$ intended or remitted$ sim"le or mi+ed$
their di#erse mi+tures$ and se#eral adustions$ combinations$ 'hich may be
as di#ersely #aried$ as those ;=@??Gfour first 0ualities in ;=@?@G :la#ius$
and "roduce as many se#eral sym"toms and monstrous fictions as 'ine doth
effect$ 'hich as Andreas achius obser#es$ _lib. .. de #ino$ ca". =C._ are
infinite. 2f greater note be these.
If it be natural melancholy$ as *od. Mercatus$ _lib. ,. ca". ,A. de melan._
T. right. _c. ,-._ hath largely described$ either of the s"leen$ or of the
#eins$ faulty by e+cess of 0uantity$ or thic%ness of substance$ it is a
cold and dry humour$ as Montanus affirms$ _consil. =-_ the "arties are sad$
timorous and fearful. Pros"er :alenus$ in his boo% _de atra bile_$ 'ill
ha#e them to be more stu"id than ordinary$ cold$ hea#y$ solitary$ sluggish.
_9i multam atram bilem et frigidam habent_. 5ercules de 9a+onia$ _c. ,B. l.
A._ ;=@?-GLholds these that are naturally melancholy$ to be of a leaden
colour or blac%$L and so doth Guianerius$ _c. .. tract. ,@._ and such as
thin% themsel#es dead many times$ or that they see$ tal% 'ith blac% men$
dead men$ s"irits and goblins fre0uently$ if it be in e+cess. These
sym"toms #ary according to the mi+ture of those four humours adust$ 'hich
is unnatural melancholy. 7or as Trallianus hath 'ritten$ _ca". ,-. l. A._
;=@?AGLThere is not one cause of this melancholy$ nor one humour 'hich
begets$ but di#ers di#ersely intermi+ed$ from 'hence "roceeds this #ariety
of sym"toms&L and those #arying again as they are hot or cold. ;=@?/GL:old
melancholyL (saith enedic. Iittorius 7a#entinus _"ract. mag._) Lis a cause
of dotage$ and more mild sym"toms$ if hot or more adust$ of more #iolent
"assions$ and furies.L 7racastorius$ _l. =. de intellect._ 'ill ha#e us to
consider 'ell of it$ ;=@?BGL'ith 'hat %ind of melancholy e#ery one is
troubled$ for it much a#ails to %no' it< one is enraged by fer#ent heat$
another is "ossessed by sad and cold< one is fearful$ shamefaced< the other
im"udent and bold<L as Aja+$ _Arma ra"it su"eros0ue furens in"raelia
"oscit_& 0uite mad or tending to madness. _8unc hos$ nunc im"etit illos._
ellero"hon on the other side$ _solis errat male sanus in agris_$ 'anders
alone in the 'oods< one des"airs$ 'ee"s$ and is 'eary of his life$ another
laughs$ Fc. All 'hich #ariety is "roduced from the se#eral degrees of heat
and cold$ 'hich ;=@@CG5ercules de 9a+onia 'ill ha#e 'holly "roceed from the
distem"erature of s"irits alone$ animal es"ecially$ and those immaterial$
the ne+t and immediate causes of melancholy$ as they are hot$ cold$ dry$
moist$ and from their agitation "roceeds that di#ersity of sym"toms$ 'hich
he rec%ons u"$ in the ;=@@,Gthirteenth cha". of his Tract of Melancholy$
and that largely through e#ery "art. 2thers 'ill ha#e them come from the
di#erse adustion of the four humours$ 'hich in this unnatural melancholy$
by corru"tion of blood$ adust choler$ or melancholy natural$ ;=@@=GLby
e+cessi#e distem"er of heat turned$ in com"arison of the natural$ into a
shar" lye by force of adustion$ cause$ according to the di#ersity of their
matter$ di#erse and strange sym"toms$L 'hich T. right rec%ons u" in his
follo'ing cha"ter. 9o doth ;=@@.GArculanus$ according to the four "rinci"al
humours adust$ and many others.
7or e+am"le$ if it "roceed from "hlegm$ ('hich is seldom and not so
fre0uently as the rest) ;=@@?Git stirs u" dull sym"toms$ and a %ind of
stu"idity$ or im"assionate hurt& they are slee"y$ saith ;=@@@G9a#anarola$
dull$ slo'$ cold$ bloc%ish$ ass-li%e$ _Asininam melancholiam_$ ;=@@-G
Melancthon calls it$ Lthey are much gi#en to 'ee"ing$ and delight in
'aters$ "onds$ "ools$ ri#ers$ fishing$ fo'ling$L Fc. (Arnoldus _bre#iar. ,.
ca". ,/._) They are ;=@@AG"ale of colour$ slothful$ a"t to slee"$ hea#y<
;=@@/Gmuch troubled 'ith headache$ continual meditation$ and muttering to
themsel#es< they dream of 'aters$ ;=@@BGthat they are in danger of
dro'ning$ and fear such things$ 1hasis. They are fatter than others that
are melancholy$ of a muddy com"le+ion$ a"ter to s"it$ ;=@-CG slee"$ more
troubled 'ith rheum than the rest$ and ha#e their eyes still fi+ed on the
ground. 9uch a "atient had 5ercules de 9a+onia$ a 'ido' in Ienice$ that 'as
fat and #ery slee"y still< :hristo"horus a Iega another affected in the
same sort. If it be in#eterate or #iolent$ the sym"toms are more e#ident$
they "lainly denote and are ridiculous to others$ in all their gestures$
actions$ s"eeches< imagining im"ossibilities$ as he in :hristo"horus a
Iega$ that thought he 'as a tun of 'ine$ ;=@-,Gand that 9iennois$ that
resol#ed 'ithin himself not to "iss$ for fear he should dro'n all the to'n.
If it "roceed from blood adust$ or that there be a mi+ture of blood in it$
;=@-=GLsuch are commonly ruddy of com"le+ion$ and high-coloured$L according
to 9alust. 9al#ianus$ and 5ercules de 9a+onia. And as 9a#anarola$ Iittorius
7a#entinus Em"er. farther adds$ ;=@-.GLthe #eins of their eyes be red$ as
'ell as their faces.L They are much inclined to laughter$ 'itty and merry$
conceited in discourse$ "leasant$ if they be not far gone$ much gi#en to
music$ dancing$ and to be in 'omen!s com"any. They meditate 'holly on such
things$ and thin% ;=@-?GLthey see or hear "lays$ dancing$ and suchli%e
s"ortsL (free from all fear and sorro'$ as ;=@-@G5ercules de 9a+onia
su""oseth.) If they be more strongly "ossessed 'ith this %ind of
melancholy$ Arnoldus adds$ _re#iar. lib. ,. ca". ,/._ *i%e him of Argos in
the Poet$ that sate laughing ;=@--Gall day long$ as if he had been at a
theatre. 9uch another is mentioned by ;=@-AGAristotle$ li#ing at Abydos$ a
to'n of Asia Minor$ that 'ould sit after the same fashion$ as if he had
been u"on a stage$ and sometimes act himself< no' cla" his hands$ and
laugh$ as if he had been 'ell "leased 'ith the sight. 4olfius relates of a
country fello' called runsellius$ subject to this humour$ ;=@-/GLthat
being by chance at a sermon$ sa' a 'oman fall off from a form half aslee"$
at 'hich object most of the com"any laughed$ but he for his "art 'as so
much mo#ed$ that for three 'hole days after he did nothing but laugh$ by
'hich means he 'as much 'ea%ened$ and 'orse a long time follo'ing.L 9uch a
one 'as old 9o"hocles$ and 3emocritus himself had _hilare delirium_$ much
in this #ein. *aurentius _ca". .. de melan._ thin%s this %ind of
melancholy$ 'hich is a little adust 'ith some mi+ture of blood$ to be that
'hich Aristotle meant$ 'hen he said melancholy men of all others are most
'itty$ 'hich causeth many times a di#ine ra#ishment$ and a %ind of
_enthusiasmus_$ 'hich stirreth them u" to be e+cellent "hiloso"hers$ "oets$
"ro"hets$ Fc. Mercurialis$ _consil. ,,C._ gi#es instance in a young man his
"atient$ sanguine melancholy$ ;=@-BGLof a great 'it$ and e+cellently
learned.L
If it arise from choler adust$ they are bold and im"udent$ and of a more
harebrain dis"osition$ a"t to 0uarrel$ and thin% of such things$ battles$
combats$ and their manhood$ furious< im"atient in discourse$ stiff$
irrefragable and "rodigious in their tenets< and if they be mo#ed$ most
#iolent$ outrageous$ ;=@ACGready to disgrace$ "ro#o%e any$ to %ill
themsel#es and others< Arnoldus adds$ star% mad by fits$ ;=@A,GLthey slee"
little$ their urine is subtle and fiery.L (Guianerius.) LIn their fits you
shall hear them s"ea% all manner of languages$ 5ebre'$ Gree%$ and *atin$
that ne#er 'ere taught or %ne' them before.L A""onensis in _com. in Pro.
sec. .C._ s"ea%s of a mad 'oman that s"a%e e+cellent good *atin& and 1hasis
%ne' another$ that could "ro"hecy in her fit$ and foretell things truly to
come. ;=@A=GGuianerius had a "atient could ma%e *atin #erses 'hen the moon
'as combust$ other'ise illiterate. A#icenna and some of his adherents 'ill
ha#e these sym"toms$ 'hen they ha""en$ to "roceed from the de#il$ and that
they are rather _demoniaci_$ "ossessed$ than mad or melancholy$ or both
together$ as Dason Pratensis thin%s$ _Immiscent se mali genii_$ Fc. but
most ascribe it to the humour$ 'hich o"inion Montaltus _ca". =,._ stiffly
maintains$ confuting A#icenna and the rest$ referring it 'holly to the
0uality and dis"osition of the humour and subject. :ardan _de rerum #ar.
lib. /. ca". ,C._ holds these men of all others fit to be assassins$ bold$
hardy$ fierce$ and ad#enturous$ to underta%e anything by reason of their
choler adust. ;=@A.GLThis humour$ saith he$ "re"ares them to endure death
itself$ and all manner of torments 'ith in#incible courage$ and !tis a
'onder to see 'ith 'hat alacrity they 'ill undergo such tortures$L _ut
su"ra naturam res #ideatur_& he ascribes this generosity$ fury$ or rather
stu"idity$ to this adustion of choler and melancholy& but I ta%e these
rather to be mad or des"erate$ than "ro"erly melancholy< for commonly this
humour so adust and hot$ degenerates into madness.
If it come from melancholy itself adust$ those men$ saith A#icenna$ ;=@A?G
Lare usually sad and solitary$ and that continually$ and in e+cess$ more
than ordinarily sus"icious more fearful$ and ha#e long$ sore$ and most
corru"t imaginations<L cold and blac%$ bashful$ and so solitary$ that as
;=@A@GArnoldus 'rites$ Lthey 'ill endure no com"any$ they dream of gra#es
still$ and dead men$ and thin% themsel#es be'itched or dead&L if it be
e+treme$ they thin% they hear hideous noises$ see and tal% ;=@A-GL'ith
blac% men$ and con#erse familiarly 'ith de#ils$ and such strange chimeras
and #isions$L (Gordonius) or that they are "ossessed by them$ that somebody
tal%s to them$ or 'ithin them. _Tales melancholici "lerum0ue daemoniaci_$
Montaltus _consil. =-. e+ A#icenna_. Ialescus de Taranta had such a 'oman
in cure$ ;=@AAGLthat thought she had to do 'ith the de#il&L and Gentilis
7ulgosus _0uaest. @@._ 'rites that he had a melancholy friend$ that ;=@A/G
Lhad a blac% man in the li%eness of a soldierL still follo'ing him
'heresoe#er he 'as. *aurentius _ca". A._ hath many stories of such as ha#e
thought themsel#es be'itched by their enemies< and some that 'ould eat no
meat as being dead. ;=@ABG_Anno_ ,@@C an ad#ocate of Paris fell into such a
melancholy fit$ that he belie#ed #erily he 'as dead$ he could not be
"ersuaded other'ise$ or to eat or drin%$ till a %insman of his$ a scholar
of ourges$ did eat before him dressed li%e a corse. The story$ saith
9erres$ 'as acted in a comedy before :harles the 8inth. 9ome thin% they are
beasts$ 'ol#es$ hogs$ and cry li%e dogs$ fo+es$ bray li%e asses$ and lo'
li%e %ine$ as 6ing Praetus! daughters. ;=@/CG5ildesheim _s"icel. =. de
mania_$ hath an e+am"le of a 3utch baron so affected$ and Trinca#elius
_lib. ,. consil. ,,._ another of a nobleman in his country$ ;=@/,GLthat
thought he 'as certainly a beast$ and 'ould imitate most of their #oices$L
'ith many such sym"toms$ 'hich may "ro"erly be reduced to this %ind.
If it "roceed from the se#eral combinations of these four humours$ or
s"irits$ 5erc. de 9a+on. adds hot$ cold$ dry$ moist$ dar%$ confused$
settled$ constringed$ as it "artici"ates of matter$ or is 'ithout matter$
the sym"toms are li%e'ise mi+ed. 2ne thin%s himself a giant$ another a
d'arf. 2ne is hea#y as lead$ another is as light as a feather. Marcellus
3onatus _l. =. ca". ?,._ ma%es mention out of 9eneca$ of one 9eneccio$ a
rich man$ ;=@/=GLthat thought himself and e#erything else he had$ great&
great 'ife$ great horses$ could not abide little things$ but 'ould ha#e
great "ots to drin% in$ great hose$ and great shoes bigger than his feet.L
*i%e her in ;=@/.GTrallianus$ that su""osed she Lcould sha%e all the 'orld
'ith her finger$L and 'as afraid to clinch her hand together$ lest she
should crush the 'orld li%e an a""le in "ieces& or him in Galen$ that
thought he 'as ;=@/?GAtlas$ and sustained hea#en 'ith his shoulders.
Another thin%s himself so little$ that he can cree" into a mouse-hole& one
fears hea#en 'ill fall on his head& a second is a coc%< and such a one$
;=@/@GGuianerius saith he sa' at Padua$ that 'ould cla" his hands together
and cro'. ;=@/-GAnother thin%s he is a nightingale$ and therefore sings all
the night long< another he is all glass$ a "itcher$ and 'ill therefore let
nobody come near him$ and such a one ;=@/AG*aurentius gi#es out u"on his
credit$ that he %ne' in 7rance. :hristo"horus a Iega _ca". .. lib. ,?._
9%en%ius and Marcellus 3onatus _l. =. ca". ,._ ha#e many such e+am"les$ and
one amongst the rest of a ba%er in 7errara that thought he 'as com"osed of
butter$ and durst not sit in the sun$ or come near the fire for fear of
being melted& of another that thought he 'as a case of leather$ stuffed
'ith 'ind. 9ome laugh$ 'ee"< some are mad$ some dejected$ mo"ed$ in much
agony$ some by fits$ others continuate$ Fc. 9ome ha#e a corru"t ear$ they
thin% they hear music$ or some hideous noise as their "hantasy concei#es$
corru"t eyes$ some smelling$ some one sense$ some another. ;=@//G*e'is the
Ele#enth had a conceit e#erything did stin% about him$ all the odoriferous
"erfumes they could get$ 'ould not ease him$ but still he smelled a filthy
stin%. A melancholy 7rench "oet in ;=@/BG*aurentius$ being sic% of a fe#er$
and troubled 'ith 'a%ing$ by his "hysicians 'as a""ointed to use _unguentum
"o"uleum_ to anoint his tem"les< but he so distasted the smell of it$ that
for many years after$ all that came near him he imagined to scent of it$
and 'ould let no man tal% 'ith him but aloof off$ or 'ear any ne' clothes$
because he thought still they smelled of it< in all other things 'ise and
discreet$ he 'ould tal% sensibly$ sa#e only in this. A gentleman in
*imousin$ saith Anthony Ierdeur$ 'as "ersuaded he had but one leg$
affrighted by a 'ild boar$ that by chance struc% him on the leg< he could
not be satisfied his leg 'as sound (in all other things 'ell) until t'o
7ranciscans by chance coming that 'ay$ fully remo#ed him from the conceit.
_9ed abunde fabularum audi#imus_$--enough of story-telling.
9H9E:T. II.--_9ym"toms from Education$ :ustom$ continuance of Time$ our
:ondition$ mi+ed 'ith other 3iseases$ by 7its$ Inclination$ Fc._
Another great occasion of the #ariety of these sym"toms "roceeds from
custom$ disci"line$ education$ and se#eral inclinations$ ;=@BCGLthis humour
'ill im"rint in melancholy men the objects most ans'erable to their
condition of life$ and ordinary actions$ and dis"ose men according to their
se#eral studies and callings.L If an ambitious man become melancholy$ he
forth'ith thin%s he is a %ing$ an em"eror$ a monarch$ and 'al%s alone$
"leasing himself 'ith a #ain ho"e of some future "referment$ or "resent as
he su""oseth$ and 'ithal acts a lord!s "art$ ta%es u"on him to be some
statesman or magnifico$ ma%es conges$ gi#es entertainment$ loo%s big$ Fc.
7rancisco 9anso#ino records of a melancholy man in :remona$ that 'ould not
be induced to belie#e but that he 'as "o"e$ ga#e "ardons$ made cardinals$
Fc. ;=@B,G:hristo"horus a Iega ma%es mention of another of his
ac0uaintance$ that thought he 'as a %ing$ dri#en from his %ingdom$ and 'as
#ery an+ious to reco#er his estate. A co#etous "erson is still con#ersant
about "urchasing of lands and tenements$ "lotting in his mind ho' to
com"ass such and such manors$ as if he 'ere already lord of$ and able to go
through 'ith it< all he sees is his$ _re_ or _s"e_$ he hath de#oured it in
ho"e$ or else in conceit esteems it his o'n& li%e him in ;=@B=GAthenaeus$
that thought all the shi"s in the ha#en to be his o'n. A lasci#ious
_inamorato_ "lots all the day long to "lease his mistress$ acts and struts$
and carries himself as if she 'ere in "resence$ still dreaming of her$ as
Pam"hilus of his Glycerium$ or as some do in their morning slee". ;=@B.G
Marcellus 3onatus %ne' such a gentle'oman in Mantua$ called Elionora
Meliorina$ that constantly belie#ed she 'as married to a %ing$ and ;=@B?G
L'ould %neel do'n and tal% 'ith him$ as if he had been there "resent 'ith
his associates< and if she had found by chance a "iece of glass in a
muc%-hill or in the street$ she 'ould say that it 'as a je'el sent from her
lord and husband.L If de#out and religious$ he is all for fasting$ "rayer$
ceremonies$ alms$ inter"retations$ #isions$ "ro"hecies$ re#elations$ ;=@B@G
he is ins"ired by the 5oly Ghost$ full of the s"irit& one 'hile he is
sa#ed$ another 'hile damned$ or still troubled in mind for his sins$ the
de#il 'ill surely ha#e him$ Fc. more of these in the third "artition of
lo#e-melancholy. ;=@B-GA scholar!s mind is busied about his studies$ he
a""lauds himself for that he hath done$ or ho"es to do$ one 'hile fearing
to be out in his ne+t e+ercise$ another 'hile contemning all censures<
en#ies one$ emulates another< or else 'ith indefatigable "ains and
meditation$ consumes himself. 9o of the rest$ all 'hich #ary according to
the more remiss and #iolent im"ression of the object$ or as the humour
itself is intended or remitted. 7or some are so gently melancholy$ that in
all their carriage$ and to the out'ard a""rehension of others it can hardly
be discerned$ yet to them an intolerable burden$ and not to be endured.
;=@BAG_Kuaedam occulta 0uaedam manifesta_$ some signs are manifest and
ob#ious to all at all times$ some to fe'$ or seldom$ or hardly "ercei#ed<
let them %ee" their o'n council$ none 'ill ta%e notice or sus"ect them.
LThey do not e+"ress in out'ard sho' their de"ra#ed imaginations$L as
;=@B/G5ercules de 9a+onia obser#es$ Lbut conceal them 'holly to themsel#es$
and are #ery 'ise men$ as I ha#e often seen< some fear$ some do not fear at
all$ as such as thin% themsel#es %ings or dead$ some ha#e more signs$ some
fe'er$ some great$ some less$L some #e+$ fret$ still fear$ grie#e$ lament$
sus"ect$ laugh$ sing$ 'ee"$ chafe$ Fc. by fits (as I ha#e said) or more
during and "ermanent. 9ome dote in one thing$ are most childish$ and
ridiculous$ and to be 'ondered at in that$ and yet for all other matters
most discreet and 'ise. To some it is in dis"osition$ to another in habit<
and as they 'rite of heat and cold$ 'e may say of this humour$ one is
_melancholicus ad octo_$ a second t'o degrees less$ a third half'ay. !Tis
su"er"articular$ _ses0uialtera$ ses0uitertia_$ and _su"erbi"artiens
tertias$ 0uintas Melancholiae_$ Fc. all those geometrical "ro"ortions are
too little to e+"ress it. ;=@BBGLIt comes to many by fits$ and goes< to
others it is continuate&L many (saith ;=-CCG7a#entinus) Lin s"ring and fall
only are molested$L some once a year$ as that 1oman ;=-C,G Galen s"ea%s of&
;=-C=Gone$ at the conjunction of the moon alone$ or some unfortunate
as"ects$ at such and such set hours and times$ li%e the sea-tides$ to some
'omen 'hen they be 'ith child$ as ;=-C.GPlater notes$ ne#er other'ise& to
others !tis settled and fi+ed< to one led about and #ariable still by that
_ignis fatuus_ of "hantasy$ li%e an _arthritis_ or running gout$ !tis here
and there$ and in e#ery joint$ al'ays molesting some "art or other< or if
the body be free$ in a myriad of forms e+ercising the mind. A second once
"erad#enture in his life hath a most grie#ous fit$ once in se#en years$
once in fi#e years$ e#en to the e+tremity of madness$ death$ or dotage$ and
that u"on$ some feral accident or "erturbation$ terrible object$ and for a
time$ ne#er "erha"s so before$ ne#er after. A third is mo#ed u"on all such
troublesome objects$ cross fortune$ disaster$ and #iolent "assions$
other'ise free$ once troubled in three or four years. A fourth$ if things
be to his mind$ or he in action$ 'ell "leased$ in good com"any$ is most
jocund$ and of a good com"le+ion& if idle$ or alone$ a la mort$ or carried
a'ay 'holly 'ith "leasant dreams and "hantasies$ but if once crossed and
dis"leased$
LPectore conci"iet nil nisi triste suo<L
L5e 'ill imagine naught sa#e sadness in his heart<L
his countenance is altered on a sudden$ his heart hea#y$ ir%some thoughts
crucify his soul$ and in an instant he is mo"ed or 'eary of his life$ he
'ill %ill himself. A fifth com"lains in his youth$ a si+th in his middle
age$ the last in his old age.
Generally thus much 'e may conclude of melancholy< that it is ;=-C?Gmost
"leasant at first$ I say$ _mentis gratissimus error_$ ;=-C@Ga most
delightsome humour$ to be alone$ d'ell alone$ 'al% alone$ meditate$ lie in
bed 'hole days$ dreaming a'a%e as it 'ere$ and frame a thousand fantastical
imaginations unto themsel#es. They are ne#er better "leased than 'hen they
are so doing$ they are in "aradise for the time$ and cannot 'ell endure to
be interru"t< 'ith him in the "oet$ ;=-C-G_"ol me occidistis amici$ non
ser#astis ait_N you ha#e undone him$ he com"lains$ if you trouble him& tell
him 'hat incon#enience 'ill follo'$ 'hat 'ill be the e#ent$ all is one$
_canis ad #omitum_$ ;=-CAG!tis so "leasant he cannot refrain. 5e may thus
continue "erad#enture many years by reason of a strong tem"erature$ or some
mi+ture of business$ 'hich may di#ert his cogitations& but at the last
_laesa imaginatio_$ his "hantasy is crazed$ and no' habituated to such
toys$ cannot but 'or% still li%e a fate$ the scene alters u"on a sudden$
fear and sorro' su""lant those "leasing thoughts$ sus"icion$ discontent$
and "er"etual an+iety succeed in their "laces< so by little and little$ by
that shoeing-horn of idleness$ and #oluntary solitariness$ melancholy this
feral fiend is dra'n on$ ;=-C/G_et 0uantum #ertice ad auras Aethereas$
tantum radice in Tartara tendit_$ Le+tending u"$ by its branches$ so far
to'ards 5ea#en$ as$ by its roots$ it does do'n to'ards Tartarus<L it 'as
not so delicious at first$ as no' it is bitter and harsh< a can%ered soul
macerated 'ith cares and discontents$ _taedium #itae_$ im"atience$ agony$
inconstancy$ irresolution$ "reci"itate them unto uns"ea%able miseries. They
cannot endure com"any$ light$ or life itself$ some unfit for action$ and
the li%e. ;=-CBGTheir bodies are lean and dried u"$ 'ithered$ ugly$ their
loo%s harsh$ #ery dull$ and their souls tormented$ as they are more or less
entangled$ as the humour hath been intended$ or according to the
continuance of time they ha#e been troubled.
To discern all 'hich sym"toms the better$ ;=-,CG1hasis the Arabian ma%es
three degrees of them. The first is$ _falsa cogitatio_$ false conceits and
idle thoughts& to misconstrue and am"lify$ aggra#ating e#erything they
concei#e or fear< the second is$ _falso cogitata lo0ui_$ to tal% to
themsel#es$ or to use inarticulate incondite #oices$ s"eeches$ obsolete
gestures$ and "lainly to utter their minds and conceits of their hearts$ by
their 'ords and actions$ as to laugh$ 'ee"$ to be silent$ not to slee"$ eat
their meat$ Fc.& the third is to "ut in "ractice ;=-,,Gthat 'hich they
thin% or s"ea%. 9a#anarola$ _1ub. ,,. tract. /. ca". ,. de aegritudine_$
confirms as much$ ;=-,=GL'hen he begins to e+"ress that in 'ords$ 'hich he
concei#es in his heart$ or tal%s idly$ or goes from one thing to another$L
'hich ;=-,.GGordonius calls _nec ca"ut habentia$ nec caudam_$ (Lha#ing
neither head nor tail$L) he is in the middle 'ay& ;=-,?G Lbut 'hen he
begins to act it li%e'ise$ and to "ut his fo""eries in e+ecution$ he is
then in the e+tent of melancholy$ or madness itself.L This "rogress of
melancholy you shall easily obser#e in them that ha#e been so affected$
they go smiling to themsel#es at first$ at length they laugh out< at first
solitary$ at last they can endure no com"any& or if they do$ they are no'
dizzards$ "ast sense and shame$ 0uite mo"ed$ they care not 'hat they say or
do$ all their actions$ 'ords$ gestures$ are furious or ridiculous. At first
his mind is troubled$ he doth not attend 'hat is said$ if you tell him a
tale$ he cries at last$ 'hat said youN but in the end he mutters to
himself$ as old 'omen do many times$ or old men 'hen they sit alone$ u"on a
sudden they laugh$ 'hoo"$ halloo$ or run a'ay$ and s'ear they see or hear
"layers$ ;=-,@Gde#ils$ hobgoblins$ ghosts$ stri%e$ or strut$ Fc.$ gro'
humorous in the end< li%e him in the "oet$ _sae"e ducentos$ sae"e decem
ser#os_$ (Lat one time follo'ed by t'o hundred ser#ants$ at another only by
tenL) he 'ill dress himself$ and undress$ careless at last$ gro's
insensible$ stu"id$ or mad. ;=-,-G5e ho'ls li%e a 'olf$ bar%s li%e a dog$
and ra#es li%e Aja+ and 2restes$ hears music and outcries$ 'hich no man
else hears. As ;=-,AGhe did 'hom Amatus *usitanus mentioneth _cent. .$
cura. @@_$ or that 'oman in ;=-,/G9"ringer$ that s"a%e many languages$ and
said she 'as "ossessed& that farmer in ;=-,BGPros"er :alenius$ that
dis"uted and discoursed learnedly in "hiloso"hy and astronomy$ 'ith
Ale+ander Achilles his master$ at ologna$ in Italy. ut of these I ha#e
already s"o%en.
4ho can sufficiently s"ea% of these sym"toms$ or "rescribe rules to
com"rehend themN as Echo to the "ainter in Ausonius$ _#ane 0uid affectas_$
Fc.$ foolish fello'< 'hat 'iltN if you must needs "aint me$ "aint a #oice$
_et similem si #is "ingere$ "inge sonum_< if you 'ill describe melancholy$
describe a fantastical conceit$ a corru"t imagination$ #ain thoughts and
different$ 'hich 'ho can doN The four and t'enty letters ma%e no more
#ariety of 'ords in di#erse languages$ than melancholy conceits "roduce
di#ersity of sym"toms in se#eral "ersons. They are irregular$ obscure$
#arious$ so infinite$ Proteus himself is not so di#erse$ you may as 'ell
ma%e the moon a ne' coat$ as a true character of a melancholy man< as soon
find the motion of a bird in the air$ as the heart of man$ a melancholy
man. They are so confused$ I say$ di#erse$ intermi+ed 'ith other diseases.
As the s"ecies be confounded ('hich ;=-=CGI ha#e sho'ed) so are the
sym"toms< sometimes 'ith headache$ cache+ia$ dro"sy$ stone< as you may
"ercei#e by those se#eral e+am"les and illustrations$ collected by ;=-=,G
5ildesheim _s"icel. =._ Mercurialis _consil. ,,/. ca". - and ,,._ 'ith
headache$ e"ile"sy$ "ria"ismus. Trinca#elius _consil. ,=. lib. ,. consil.
?B._ 'ith gout& _caninus a""etitus_. Montanus _consil. =-$ Fc. =.$ =.?$
=?B_$ 'ith falling-sic%ness$ headache$ #ertigo$ lycanthro"ia$ Fc. D. :aesar
:laudinus _consult. ?. consult. /B and ,,-._ 'ith gout$ agues$
haemorrhoids$ stone$ Fc.$ 'ho can distinguish these melancholy sym"toms so
intermi+ed 'ith others$ or a""ly them to their se#eral %inds$ confine them
into methodN !Tis hard I confess$ yet I ha#e dis"osed of them as I could$
and 'ill descend to "articularise them according to their s"ecies. 7or
hitherto I ha#e e+"atiated in more general lists or terms$ s"ea%ing
"romiscuously of such ordinary signs$ 'hich occur amongst 'riters. 8ot that
they are all to be found in one man$ for that 'ere to "aint a monster or
chimera$ not a man& but some in one$ some in another$ and that successi#ely
or at se#eral times.
4hich I ha#e been the more curious to e+"ress and re"ort< not to u"braid
any miserable man$ or by 'ay of derision$ (I rather "ity them$) but the
better to discern$ to a""ly remedies unto them< and to sho' that the best
and soundest of us all is in great danger< ho' much 'e ought to fear our
o'n fic%le estates$ remember our miseries and #anities$ e+amine and
humiliate oursel#es$ see% to God$ and call to 5im for mercy$ that needs not
loo% for any rods to scourge oursel#es$ since 'e carry them in our bo'els$
and that our souls are in a miserable ca"ti#ity$ if the light of grace and
hea#enly truth doth not shine continually u"on us& and by our discretion to
moderate oursel#es$ to be more circums"ect and 'ary in the midst of these
dangers.
MEM. II.
9H9E:T. I.--_9ym"toms of 5ead-Melancholy_.
LIf ;=-==Gno sym"toms a""ear about the stomach$ nor the blood be
misaffected$ and fear and sorro' continue$ it is to be thought the brain
itself is troubled$ by reason of a melancholy juice bred in it$ or
other'ise con#eyed into it$ and that e#il juice is from the distem"erature
of the "art$ or left after some inflammation$L thus far Piso. ut this is
not al'ays true$ for blood and hy"ochondries both are often affected e#en
in head-melancholy. ;=-=.G5ercules de 9a+onia differs here from the common
current of 'riters$ "utting "eculiar signs of head-melancholy$ from the
sole distem"erature of s"irits in the brain$ as they are hot$ cold$ dry$
moist$ Lall 'ithout matter from the motion alone$ and tenebrosity of
s"irits<L of melancholy 'hich "roceeds from humours by adustion$ he treats
a"art$ 'ith their se#eral sym"toms and cures. The common signs$ if it be by
essence in the head$ Lare ruddiness of face$ high sanguine com"le+ion$ most
"art _rubore saturato_$L ;=-=?Gone calls it$ a bluish$ and sometimes full
of "im"les$ 'ith red eyes. A#icenna _l. .$ 7en. =$ Tract. ?$ c. ,/._
3uretus and others out of Galen$ _de affect. l. .$ c. -._ ;=-=@G5ercules de
9a+onia to this of redness of face$ adds Lhea#iness of the head$ fi+ed and
hollo' eyes.L ;=-=-GLIf it "roceed from dryness of the brain$ then their
heads 'ill be light$ #ertiginous$ and they most a"t to 'a%e$ and to
continue 'hole months together 'ithout slee". 7e' e+crements in their eyes
and nostrils$ and often bald by reason of e+cess of dryness$L Montaltus
adds$ _c. ,A._ If it "roceed from moisture& dullness$ dro'siness$ headache
follo's< and as 9alust. 9al#ianus$ _c. ,$ l. =_$ out of his o'n e+"erience
found$ e"ile"tical$ 'ith a multitude of humours in the head. They are #ery
bashful$ if ruddy$ a"t to blush$ and to be red u"on all occasions$
_"raesertim si metus accesserit_. ut the chiefest sym"tom to discern this
s"ecies$ as I ha#e said$ is this$ that there be no notable signs in the
stomach$ hy"ochondries$ or else'here$ _digna_$ as ;=-=AG Montaltus terms
them$ or of greater note$ because oftentimes the "assions of the stomach
concur 'ith them. 4ind is common to all three s"ecies$ and is not e+cluded$
only that of the hy"ochondries is ;=-=/Gmore 'indy than the rest$ saith
5ollerius. Aetius _tetrab. l. =$ sc. =$ c. B and ,C_$ maintains the same$
;=-=BGif there be more signs$ and more e#ident in the head than else'here$
the brain is "rimarily affected$ and "rescribes head-melancholy to be cured
by meats amongst the rest$ #oid of 'ind$ and good juice$ not e+cluding
'ind$ or corru"t blood$ e#en in head-melancholy itself& but these s"ecies
are often confounded$ and so are their sym"toms$ as I ha#e already "ro#ed.
The sym"toms of the mind are su"erfluous and continual cogitations<
;=-.CGLfor 'hen the head is heated$ it scorcheth the blood$ and from thence
"roceed melancholy fumes$ 'hich trouble the mind$L A#icenna. They are #ery
choleric$ and soon hot$ solitary$ sad$ often silent$ 'atchful$ discontent$
Montaltus$ _ca". =?._ If anything trouble them$ they cannot slee"$ but fret
themsel#es still$ till another object mitigate$ or time 'ear it out. They
ha#e grie#ous "assions$ and immoderate "erturbations of the mind$ fear$
sorro'$ Fc.$ yet not so continuate$ but that they are sometimes merry$ a"t
to "rofuse laughter$ 'hich is more to be 'ondered at$ and that by the
authority of ;=-.,GGalen himself$ by reason of mi+ture of blood$ _"raerubri
jocosis delectantur$ et irrisores "lerum0ue sunt_$ if they be ruddy$ they
are delighted in jests$ and oftentimes scoffers themsel#es$ conceited& and
as 1odericus a Iega comments on that "lace of Galen$ merry$ 'itty$ of a
"leasant dis"osition$ and yet grie#ously melancholy anon after& _omnia
discunt sine doctore_$ saith Aretus$ they learn 'ithout a teacher& and as
;=-.=G*aurentius su""oseth$ those feral "assions and sym"toms of such as
thin% themsel#es glass$ "itchers$ feathers$ Fc.$ s"ea% strange languages$
_a colore cerebri_ (if it be in e+cess) from the brain!s distem"ered heat.
9H9E:T. II.--_9ym"toms of 'indy 5y"ochondriacal Melancholy_.
LIn this hy"ochondriacal or flatuous melancholy$ the sym"toms are so
ambiguous$L saith ;=-..G:rato in a counsel of his for a noble'oman$ Lthat
the most e+0uisite "hysicians cannot determine of the "art affected.L
Matthe' 7laccius$ consulted about a noble matron$ confessed as much$ that
in this malady he 'ith 5ollerius$ 7racastorius$ 7alo"ius$ and others$ being
to gi#e their sentence of a "arty labouring of hy"ochondriacal melancholy$
could not find out by the sym"toms 'hich "art 'as most es"ecially affected<
some said the 'omb$ some heart$ some stomach$ Fc.$ and therefore :rato$
_consil. =?. lib. ,._ boldly a#ers$ that in this di#ersity of sym"toms$
'hich commonly accom"any this disease$ ;=-.?GLno "hysician can truly say
'hat "art is affected.L Galen _lib. .. de loc. affect._$ rec%ons u" these
ordinary sym"toms$ 'hich all the 8eoterics re"eat of 3iocles< only this
fault he finds 'ith him$ that he "uts not fear and sorro' amongst the other
signs. Trinca#elius e+cuseth 3iocles$ _lib. .. consil. .@._ because that
oftentimes in a strong head and constitution$ a generous s"irit$ and a
#aliant$ these sym"toms a""ear not$ by reason of his #alour and courage.
;=-.@G5ercules de 9a+onia (to 'hom I subscribe) is of the same mind ('hich
I ha#e before touched) that fear and sorro' are not general sym"toms< some
fear and are not sad< some be sad and fear not< some neither fear nor
grie#e. The rest are these$ beside fear and sorro'$ ;=-.-GLshar" belchings$
fulsome crudities$ heat in the bo'els$ 'ind and rumbling in the guts$
#ehement gri"ings$ "ain in the belly and stomach sometimes$ after meat that
is hard of concoction$ much 'atering of the stomach$ and moist s"ittle$
cold s'eat$ _im"ortunus sudor_$ unseasonable s'eat all o#er the body$L as
2cta#ius 5oratianus _lib. =. ca". @._ calls it< Lcold joints$ indigestion$
;=-.AGthey cannot endure their o'n fulsome belchings$ continual 'ind about
their hy"ochondries$ heat and gri"ing in their bo'els$ _"raecordia sursum
con#elluntur_$ midriff and bo'els are "ulled u"$ the #eins about their eyes
loo% red$ and s'ell from #a"ours and 'ind.L Their ears sing no' and then$
#ertigo and giddiness come by fits$ turbulent dreams$ dryness$ leanness$
a"t they are to s'eat u"on all occasions$ of all colours and com"le+ions.
Many of them are high-coloured es"ecially after meals$ 'hich sym"tom
:ardinal :aecius 'as much troubled 'ith$ and of 'hich he com"lained to
Pros"er :alenus his "hysician$ he could not eat$ or drin% a cu" of 'ine$
but he 'as as red in the face as if he had been at a mayor!s feast. That
sym"tom alone #e+eth many. ;=-./G9ome again are blac%$ "ale$ ruddy$
sometimes their shoulders and shoulder blades ache$ there is a lea"ing all
o#er their bodies$ sudden trembling$ a "al"itation of the heart$ and that
_cardiaca "assio_$ grief in the mouth of the stomach$ 'hich ma%eth the
"atient thin% his heart itself acheth$ and sometimes suffocation$
_difficultas anhelitus_$ short breath$ hard 'ind$ strong "ulse$ s'ooning.
Montanus _consil. @@._ Trinca#elius _lib. .. consil. .-. et .A._ 7ernelius
_cons. ?.._ 7rambesarius _consult. lib. ,. consil. ,A._ 5ildesheim$
:laudinus$ Fc.$ gi#e instance of e#ery "articular. The "eculiar sym"toms
'hich "ro"erly belong to each "art be these. If it "roceed from the
stomach$ saith ;=-.BG9a#anarola$ !tis full of "ain 'ind. Guianerius adds$
#ertigo$ nausea$ much s"itting$ Fc. If from the mirach$ a s'elling and 'ind
in the hy"ochondries$ a loathing$ and a""etite to #omit$ "ulling u"'ard. If
from the heart$ aching and trembling of it$ much hea#iness. If from the
li#er$ there is usually a "ain in the right hy"ochondry. If from the
s"leen$ hardness and grief in the left hy"ochondry$ a rumbling$ much
a""etite and small digestion$ A#icenna. If from the mesaraic #eins and
li#er on the other side$ little or no a""etite$ 5erc. de 9a+onia. If from
the hy"ochondries$ a rumbling inflation$ concoction is hindered$ often
belching$ Fc. And from these crudities$ 'indy #a"ours ascend u" to the
brain 'hich trouble the imagination$ and cause fear$ sorro'$ dullness$
hea#iness$ many terrible conceits and chimeras$ as *emnius 'ell obser#es$
_l. ,. c. ,-._ Las ;=-?CGa blac% and thic% cloud co#ers the sun$ and
interce"ts his beams and light$ so doth this melancholy #a"our obnubilate
the mind$ enforce it to many absurd thoughts and imaginations$L and com"el
good$ 'ise$ honest$ discreet men (arising to the brain from the ;=-?,G
lo'er "arts$ Las smo%e out of a chimneyL) to dote$ s"ea%$ and do that 'hich
becomes them not$ their "ersons$ callings$ 'isdoms. 2ne by reason of those
ascending #a"ours and gri"ings$ rumbling beneath$ 'ill not be "ersuaded but
that he hath a ser"ent in his guts$ a #i"er$ another frogs. Trallianus
relates a story of a 'oman$ that imagined she had s'allo'ed an eel$ or a
ser"ent$ and 7eli+ Platerus$ _obser#at. lib. ,._ hath a most memorable
e+am"le of a countryman of his$ that by chance$ falling into a "it 'here
frogs and frogs! s"a'n 'as$ and a little of that 'ater s'allo'ed$ began to
sus"ect that he had li%e'ise s'allo'ed frogs! s"a'n$ and 'ith that conceit
and fear$ his "hantasy 'rought so far$ that he #erily thought he had young
li#e frogs in his belly$ _0ui #i#ebant e+ alimento suo_$ that li#ed by his
nourishment$ and 'as so certainly "ersuaded of it$ that for many years
after'ards he could not be rectified in his conceit& 5e studied "hysic
se#en years together to cure himself$ tra#elled into Italy$ 7rance and
Germany to confer 'ith the best "hysicians about it$ and A.3. ,-CB$ as%ed
his counsel amongst the rest< he told him it 'as 'ind$ his conceit$ Fc.$
but _mordicus contradicere$ et ore$ et scri"tis "robare nitebatur_& no
saying 'ould ser#e$ it 'as no 'ind$ but real frogs& Land do you not hear
them croa%NL Platerus 'ould ha#e decei#ed him$ by "utting li#e frog!s into
his e+crements< but he$ being a "hysician himself$ 'ould not be decei#ed$
_#ir "rudens alias$ et doctus_ a 'ise and learned man other'ise$ a doctor
of "hysic$ and after se#en years! dotage in this %ind$ _a "hantasia
liberatus est_$ he 'as cured. *aurentius and Goulart ha#e many such
e+am"les$ if you be desirous to read them. 2ne commodity abo#e the rest
'hich are melancholy$ these 'indy flatuous ha#e$ _lucidia inter#alla_$
their sym"toms and "ains are not usually so continuate as the rest$ but
come by fits$ fear and sorro'$ and the rest& yet in another they e+ceed all
others< and that is$ ;=-?=Gthey are lu+urious$ incontinent$ and "rone to
#enery$ by reason of 'ind$ _et facile amant$ et 0uamlibet fere amant_.
(Dason Pratensis) ;=-?.G1hasis is of o"inion$ that Ienus doth many of them
much good< the other sym"toms of the mind be common 'ith the rest.
9H9E:T. III.--_9ym"toms of Melancholy abounding in the 'hole body_.
Their bodies that are affected 'ith this uni#ersal melancholy are most "art
blac%$ ;=-??GLthe melancholy juice is redundant all o#er$L hirsute they
are$ and lean$ they ha#e broad #eins$ their blood is gross and thic% ;=-?@G
LTheir s"leen is 'ea%$L and a li#er a"t to engender the humour< they ha#e
%e"t bad diet$ or ha#e had some e#acuation sto""ed$ as haemorrhoids$ or
months in 'omen$ 'hich ;=-?-GTrallianus$ in the cure$ 'ould ha#e carefully
to be in0uired$ and 'ithal to obser#e of 'hat com"le+ion the "arty is of$
blac% or red. 7or as 7orrestus and 5ollerius contend$ if ;=-?AGthey be
blac%$ it "roceeds from abundance of natural melancholy< if it "roceed from
cares$ agony$ discontents$ diet$ e+ercise$ Fc.$ they may be as 'ell of any
other colour& red$ yello'$ "ale$ as blac%$ and yet their 'hole blood
corru"t& _"raerubri colore sae"e sunt tales$ sae"e fla#i_$ (saith ;=-?/G
Montaltus _ca". ==._) The best 'ay to discern this s"ecies$ is to let them
bleed$ if the blood be corru"t$ thic% and blac%$ and they 'ithal free from
those hy"ochondriacal sym"toms$ and not so grie#ously troubled 'ith them$
or those of the head$ it argues they are melancholy$ _a toto cor"ore_. The
fumes 'hich arise from this corru"t blood$ disturb the mind$ and ma%e them
fearful and sorro'ful$ hea#y hearted$ as the rest$ dejected$ discontented$
solitary$ silent$ 'eary of their li#es$ dull and hea#y$ or merry$ Fc.$ and
if far gone$ that 'hich A"uleius 'ished to his enemy$ by 'ay of
im"recation$ is true in them< ;=-?BGL3ead men!s bones$ hobgoblins$ ghosts
are e#er in their minds$ and meet them still in e#ery turn& all the
bugbears of the night$ and terrors$ fairy-babes of tombs$ and gra#es are
before their eyes$ and in their thoughts$ as to 'omen and children$ if they
be in the dar% alone.L If they hear$ or read$ or see any tragical object$
it stic%s by them$ they are afraid of death$ and yet 'eary of their li#es$
in their discontented humours they 0uarrel 'ith all the 'orld$ bitterly
in#eigh$ ta+ satirically$ and because they cannot other'ise #ent their
"assions or redress 'hat is amiss$ as they mean$ they 'ill by #iolent death
at last be re#enged on themsel#es.
9H9E:T. II.--_9ym"toms of Maids$ 8uns$ and 4ido's! Melancholy_.
ecause *odo#icus Mercatus in his second boo% _de mulier. affect. ca". ?._
and 1odericus a :astro _de morb. mulier. ca". .. lib. =._ t'o famous
"hysicians in 9"ain$ 3aniel 9ennertus of 4ittenberg _lib. ,. "art =. ca".
,.._ 'ith others$ ha#e #ouchsafed in their 'or%s not long since "ublished$
to 'rite t'o just treatises _de Melancholia #irginum$ Monialium et
Iiduarum_$ as a "articular s"ecies of melancholy ('hich I ha#e already
s"ecified) distinct from the rest< ;=-@CG(for it much differs from that
'hich commonly befalls men and other 'omen$ as ha#ing one only cause "ro"er
to 'omen alone) I may not omit in this general sur#ey of melancholy
sym"toms$ to set do'n the "articular signs of such "arties so misaffected.
The causes are assigned out of 5i""ocrates$ :leo"atra$ Moschion$ and those
old _Gynaeciorum 9cri"tores_$ of this feral malady$ in more ancient maids$
'ido's$ and barren 'omen$ _ob se"tum trans#ersum #iolatum_$ saith Mercatus$
by reason of the midriff or _3ia"hragma_$ heart and brain offended 'ith
those #icious #a"ours 'hich come from menstruous blood$ _inflammationem
arteriae circa dorsum_$ 1odericus adds$ an inflammation of the bac%$ 'hich
'ith the rest is offended by ;=-@,Gthat fuliginous e+halation of corru"t
seed$ troubling the brain$ heart and mind< the brain$ I say$ not in
essence$ but by consent$ _Hni#ersa enim hujus affectus causa ab utero
"endet$ et a sanguinis menstrui malitia_$ for in a 'ord$ the 'hole malady
"roceeds from that inflammation$ "utridity$ blac% smo%y #a"ours$ Fc.$ from
thence comes care$ sorro'$ and an+iety$ obfuscation of s"irits$ agony$
des"eration$ and the li%e$ 'hich are intended or remitted< _si amatorius
accesserit ardor_$ or any other #iolent object or "erturbation of mind.
This melancholy may ha""en to 'ido's$ 'ith much care and sorro'$ as
fre0uently it doth$ by reason of a sudden alteration of their accustomed
course of life$ Fc. To such as lie in childbed _ob su""ressam
"urgationem_< but to nuns and more ancient maids$ and some barren 'omen for
the causes abo#esaid$ !tis more familiar$ _crebrius his 0uam reli0uis
accidit$ in0uit 1odericus_$ the rest are not altogether e+cluded.
2ut of these causes 1odericus defines it 'ith Areteus$ to be _angorem
animi_$ a #e+ation of the mind$ a sudden sorro' from a small$ light$ or no
occasion$ ;=-@=G'ith a %ind of still dotage and grief of some "art or
other$ head$ heart$ breasts$ sides$ bac%$ belly$ Fc.$ 'ith much
solitariness$ 'ee"ing$ distraction$ Fc.$ from 'hich they are sometimes
suddenly deli#ered$ because it comes and goes by fits$ and is not so
"ermanent as other melancholy.
ut to lea#e this brief descri"tion$ the most ordinary sym"toms be these$
_"ulsatio ju+ta dorsum_$ a beating about the bac%$ 'hich is almost
"er"etual$ the s%in is many times rough$ s0ualid$ es"ecially$ as Areteus
obser#es$ about the arms$ %nees$ and %nuc%les. The midriff and
heart-strings do burn and beat #ery fearfully$ and 'hen this #a"our or fume
is stirred$ flieth u"'ard$ the heart itself beats$ is sore grie#ed$ and
faints$ _fauces siccitate "raecluduntur$ ut difficulter "ossit ab uteri
strangulatione decerni_$ li%e fits of the mother$ _Al#us "leris0ue nil
reddit$ aliis e+iguum$ acre$ biliosum$ lotium fla#um_. They com"lain many
times$ saith Mercatus$ of a great "ain in their heads$ about their hearts$
and hy"ochondries$ and so li%e'ise in their breasts$ 'hich are often sore$
sometimes ready to s'oon$ their faces are inflamed$ and red$ they are dry$
thirsty$ suddenly hot$ much troubled 'ith 'ind$ cannot slee"$ Fc. And from
hence "roceed _ferina deliramenta_$ a brutish %ind of dotage$ troublesome
slee"$ terrible dreams in the night$ _subrusticus "udor et #erecundia
igna#a_$ a foolish %ind of bashfulness to some$ "er#erse conceits and
o"inions$ ;=-@.Gdejection of mind$ much discontent$ "re"osterous judgment.
They are a"t to loath$ disli%e$ disdain$ to be 'eary of e#ery object$ Fc.$
each thing almost is tedious to them$ they "ine a'ay$ #oid of counsel$ a"t
to 'ee"$ and tremble$ timorous$ fearful$ sad$ and out of all ho"e of better
fortunes. They ta%e delight in nothing for the time$ but lo#e to be alone
and solitary$ though that do them more harm& and thus they are affected so
long as this #a"our lasteth< but by-and-by$ as "leasant and merry as e#er
they 'ere in their li#es$ they sing$ discourse$ and laugh in any good
com"any$ u"on all occasions$ and so by fits it ta%es them no' and then$
e+ce"t the malady be in#eterate$ and then !tis more fre0uent$ #ehement$ and
continuate. Many of them cannot tell ho' to e+"ress themsel#es in 'ords$ or
ho' it holds them$ 'hat ails them$ you cannot understand them$ or 'ell tell
'hat to ma%e of their sayings< so far gone sometimes$ so stu"efied and
distracted$ they thin% themsel#es be'itched$ they are in des"air$ _a"tae ad
fletum$ des"erationem$ dolores mammis et hy"ocondriis_. Mercatus therefore
adds$ no' their breasts$ no' their hy"ochondries$ belly and sides$ then
their heart and head aches$ no' heat$ then 'ind$ no' this$ no' that
offends$ they are 'eary of all< ;=-@?Gand yet 'ill not$ cannot again tell
ho'$ 'here or 'hat offends them$ though they be in great "ain$ agony$ and
fre0uently com"lain$ grie#ing$ sighing$ 'ee"ing$ and discontented still$
_sine causa manifesta_$ most "art$ yet I say they 'ill com"lain$ grudge$
lament$ and not be "ersuaded$ but that they are troubled 'ith an e#il
s"irit$ 'hich is fre0uent in Germany$ saith 1odericus$ amongst the common
sort& and to such as are most grie#ously affected$ (for he ma%es three
degrees of this disease in 'omen$) they are in des"air$ surely fores"o%en
or be'itched$ and in e+tremity of their dotage$ ('eary of their li#es$)
some of them 'ill attem"t to ma%e a'ay themsel#es. 9ome thin% they see
#isions$ confer 'ith s"irits and de#ils$ they shall surely be damned$ are
afraid of some treachery$ imminent danger$ and the li%e$ they 'ill not
s"ea%$ ma%e ans'er to any 0uestion$ but are almost distracted$ mad$ or
stu"id for the time$ and by fits& and thus it holds them$ as they are more
or less affected$ and as the inner humour is intended or remitted$ or by
out'ard objects and "erturbations aggra#ated$ solitariness$ idleness$ Fc.
Many other maladies there are incident to young 'omen$ out of that one and
only cause abo#e s"ecified$ many feral diseases. I 'ill not so much as
mention their names$ melancholy alone is the subject of my "resent
discourse$ from 'hich I 'ill not s'er#e. The se#eral cures of this
infirmity$ concerning diet$ 'hich must be #ery s"aring$ "hlebotomy$ "hysic$
internal$ e+ternal remedies$ are at large in great #ariety in ;=-@@G
1odericus a :astro$ 9ennertus$ and Mercatus$ 'hich 'hoso 'ill$ as occasion
ser#es$ may ma%e use of. ut the best and surest remedy of all$ is to see
them 'ell "laced$ and married to good husbands in due time$ _hinc illae$
lachrymae_$ that is the "rimary cause$ and this the ready cure$ to gi#e
them content to their desires. I 'rite not this to "atronise any 'anton$
idle flirt$ lasci#ious or light house'i#es$ 'hich are too for'ard many
times$ unruly$ and a"t to cast a'ay themsel#es on him that comes ne+t$
'ithout all care$ counsel$ circums"ection$ and judgment. If religion$ good
disci"line$ honest education$ 'holesome e+hortation$ fair "romises$ fame
and loss of good name cannot inhibit and deter such$ ('hich to chaste and
sober maids cannot choose but a#ail much$) labour and e+ercise$ strict
diet$ rigour and threats may more o""ortunely be used$ and are able of
themsel#es to 0ualify and di#ert an ill-dis"osed tem"erament. 7or seldom
should you see an hired ser#ant$ a "oor handmaid$ though ancient$ that is
%e"t hard to her 'or%$ and bodily labour$ a coarse country 'ench troubled
in this %ind$ but noble #irgins$ nice gentle'omen$ such as are solitary and
idle$ li#e at ease$ lead a life out of action and em"loyment$ that fare
'ell$ in great houses and jo#ial com"anies$ ill-dis"osed "erad#enture of
themsel#es$ and not 'illing to ma%e any resistance$ discontented other'ise$
of 'ea% judgment$ able bodies$ and subject to "assions$ (_grandiores
#irgines_$ saith Mercatus$ _steriles et #iduae "lerum0ue melancholicae_$)
such for the most "art are misaffected$ and "rone to this disease. I do not
so much "ity them that may other'ise be eased$ but those alone that out of
a strong tem"erament$ innate constitution$ are #iolently carried a'ay 'ith
this torrent of in'ard humours$ and though #ery modest of themsel#es$
sober$ religious$ #irtuous$ and 'ell gi#en$ (as many so distressed maids
are$) yet cannot ma%e resistance$ these grie#ances 'ill a""ear$ this malady
'ill ta%e "lace$ and no' manifestly sho' itself$ and may not other'ise be
hel"ed. ut 'here am IN Into 'hat subject ha#e I rushedN 4hat ha#e I to do
'ith nuns$ maids$ #irgins$ 'ido'sN I am a bachelor myself$ and lead a
monastic life in a college$ _nae ego sane ine"tus 0ui haec di+erim_$) I
confess !tis an indecorum$ and as Pallas a #irgin blushed$ 'hen Du"iter by
chance s"a%e of lo#e matters in her "resence$ and turned a'ay her face< _me
re"rimam_ though my subject necessarily re0uire it$ I 'ill say no more.
And yet I must and 'ill say something more$ add a 'ord or t'o _in gratiam
#irginum et #iduarum_$ in fa#our of all such distressed "arties$ in
commiseration of their "resent estate. And as I cannot choose but condole
their misha" that labour of this infirmity$ and are destitute of hel" in
this case$ so must I needs in#eigh against them that are in fault$ more
than manifest causes$ and as bitterly ta+ those tyrannising
"seudo"oliticians$ su"erstitious orders$ rash #o's$ hard-hearted "arents$
guardians$ unnatural friends$ allies$ (call them ho' you 'ill$) those
careless and stu"id o#erseers$ that out of 'orldly res"ects$ co#etousness$
su"ine negligence$ their o'n "ri#ate ends (_cum sibi sit interim bene_) can
so se#erely reject$ stubbornly neglect$ and im"iously contemn$ 'ithout all
remorse and "ity$ the tears$ sighs$ groans$ and grie#ous miseries of such
"oor souls committed to their charge. 5o' odious and abominable are those
su"erstitious and rash #o's of Po"ish monasteries$ so to bind and enforce
men and 'omen to #o' #irginity$ to lead a single life$ against the la's of
nature$ o""osite to religion$ "olicy$ and humanity$ so to star#e$ to offer
#iolence$ to su""ress the #igour of youth$ by rigorous statutes$ se#ere
la's$ #ain "ersuasions$ to debar them of that to 'hich by their innate
tem"erature they are so furiously inclined$ urgently carried$ and sometimes
"reci"itated$ e#en irresistibly led$ to the "rejudice of their soul!s
health$ and good estate of body and mind& and all for base and "ri#ate
res"ects$ to maintain their gross su"erstition$ to enrich themsel#es and
their territories as they falsely su""ose$ by hindering some marriages$
that the 'orld be not full of beggars$ and their "arishes "estered 'ith
or"hans< stu"id "oliticians< _haeccine fieri flagilia_N ought these things
so to be carriedN better marry than burn$ saith the A"ostle$ but they are
other'ise "ersuaded. They 'ill by all means 0uench their neighbour!s house
if it be on fire$ but that fire of lust 'hich brea%s out into such
lamentable flames$ they 'ill not ta%e notice of$ their o'n bo'els
oftentimes$ flesh and blood shall so rage and burn$ and they 'ill not see
it& _miserum est_$ saith Austin$ _sei"sum non miserescere_$ and they are
miserable in the meantime that cannot "ity themsel#es$ the common good of
all$ and _"er conse0uens_ their o'n estates. 7or let them but consider 'hat
fearful maladies$ feral diseases$ gross incon#eniences$ come to both se+es
by this enforced tem"erance$ it troubles me to thin% of$ much more to
relate those fre0uent abortions and murdering of infants in their nunneries
(read ;=-@-G6emnisius and others)$ and notorious fornications$ those
9"intrias$ Tribadas$ Ambubeias$ Fc.$ those ra"es$ incests$ adulteries$
mastu"rations$ sodomies$ buggeries of mon%s and friars. 9ee ale!s
#isitation of abbeys$ ;=-@AGMercurialis$ 1odericus a :astro$ Peter
7orestus$ and di#ers "hysicians< I %no' their ordinary a"ologies and
e+cuses for these things$ _sed #iderint Politici$ Medici$ Theologi_$ I
shall more o""ortunely meet 'ith them ;=-@/Gelse'here.
;=-@BG LIllius #iduae$ aut "atronum Iirginis hujus$
8e me forte "utes$ #erbum non am"lius addam.L
MEM. III.
_Immediate cause of these "recedent 9ym"toms_.
To gi#e some satisfaction to melancholy men that are troubled 'ith these
sym"toms$ a better means in my judgment cannot be ta%en$ than to sho' them
the causes 'hence they "roceed< not from de#ils as they su""ose$ or that
they are be'itched or forsa%en of God$ hear or see$ Fc. as many of them
thin%$ but from natural and in'ard causes$ that so %no'ing them$ they may
better a#oid the effects$ or at least endure them 'ith more "atience. The
most grie#ous and common sym"toms are fear and sorro'$ and that 'ithout a
cause to the 'isest and discreetest men$ in this malady not to be a#oided.
The reason 'hy they are so$ Aetius discusseth at large$ _Tetrabib. =. =._
in his first "roblem out of Galen$ _lib. =. de causis sym"t. ,._ 7or Galen
im"uteth all to the cold that is blac%$ and thin%s that the s"irits being
dar%ened$ and the substance of the brain cloudy and dar%$ all the objects
thereof a""ear terrible$ and the ;=--CGmind itself$ by those dar%$ obscure$
gross fumes$ ascending from blac% humours$ is in continual dar%ness$ fear$
and sorro'< di#ers terrible monstrous fictions in a thousand sha"es and
a""aritions occur$ 'ith #iolent "assions$ by 'hich the brain and fantasy
are troubled and ecli"sed. ;=--,G7racastorius$ _lib. =. de intellect_$
L'ill ha#e cold to be the cause of fear and sorro'< for such as are cold
are ill-dis"osed to mirth$ dull$ and hea#y$ by nature solitary$ silent< and
not for any in'ard dar%ness (as "hysicians thin%) for many melancholy men
dare boldly be$ continue$ and 'al% in the dar%$ and delight in it&L _solum
frigidi timidi_& if they be hot$ they are merry< and the more hot$ the more
furious$ and #oid of fear$ as 'e see in madmen< but this reason holds not$
for then no melancholy$ "roceeding from choler adust$ should fear.
;=--=GA#erroes scoffs at Galen for his reasons$ and brings fi#e arguments
to re"el them& so doth 5erc. de 9a+onia$ _Tract. de Melanch. ca". .._
assigning other causes$ 'hich are co"iously censured and confuted by
Aelianus Montaltus$ _ca". @ and -._ *od. Mercatus _de Inter. morb. cur.
lib. ,. ca". ,A._ Altomarus$ _ca". A. de mel._ Guianerius$ _tract. ,@. c.
,._ right _ca". .A._ *aurentius$ _ca". @._ Ialesius$ _med. cont. lib. @$
con. ,._ ;=--.GL3istem"erature$L they conclude$ Lma%es blac% juice$
blac%ness obscures the s"irits$ the s"irits obscured$ cause fear and
sorro'.L *aurentius$ _ca". ,.._ su""oseth these blac% fumes offend
s"ecially the dia"hragma or midriff$ and so _"er conse0uens_ the mind$
'hich is obscured as ;=--?Gthe sun by a cloud. To this o"inion of Galen$
almost all the Gree%s and Arabians subscribe$ the *atins ne' and old$
_internae$ tenebrae offuscant animum$ ut e+ternae nocent "ueris_$ as
children are affrighted in the dar%$ so are melancholy men at all times$
;=--@Gas ha#ing the in'ard cause 'ith them$ and still carrying it about.
4hich blac% #a"ours$ 'hether they "roceed from the blac% blood about the
heart$ as T. 4. Des. thin%s in his treatise of the "assions of the mind$ or
stomach$ s"leen$ midriff$ or all the misaffected "arts together$ it boots
not$ they %ee" the mind in a "er"etual dungeon$ and o""ress it 'ith
continual fears$ an+ieties$ sorro's$ Fc. It is an ordinary thing for such
as are sound to laugh at this dejected "usillanimity$ and those other
sym"toms of melancholy$ to ma%e themsel#es merry 'ith them$ and to 'onder
at such$ as toys and trifles$ 'hich may be resisted and 'ithstood$ if they
'ill themsel#es& but let him that so 'onders$ consider 'ith himself$ that
if a man should tell him on a sudden$ some of his es"ecial friends 'ere
dead$ could he choose but grie#eN 2r set him u"on a stee" roc%$ 'here he
should be in danger to be "reci"itated$ could he be secureN 5is heart 'ould
tremble for fear$ and his head be giddy. P. yaras$ _Tract. de "est._ gi#es
instance (as I ha#e said) ;=---GLand "ut caseL (saith he) Lin one that
'al%s u"on a "lan%$ if it lie on the ground$ he can safely do it& but if
the same "lan% be laid o#er some dee" 'ater$ instead of a bridge$ he is
#ehemently mo#ed$ and !tis nothing but his imagination$ _forma cadendi
im"ressa_$ to 'hich his other members and faculties obey.L Eea$ but you
infer$ that such men ha#e a just cause to fear$ a true object of fear< so
ha#e melancholy men an in'ard cause$ a "er"etual fume and dar%ness$ causing
fear$ grief$ sus"icion$ 'hich they carry 'ith them$ an object 'hich cannot
be remo#ed< but stic%s as close$ and is as inse"arable as a shado' to a
body$ and 'ho can e+"el or o#errun his shado'N 1emo#e heat of the li#er$ a
cold stomach$ 'ea% s"leen& remo#e those adust humours and #a"ours arising
from them$ blac% blood from the heart$ all out'ard "erturbations$ ta%e a'ay
the cause$ and then bid them not grie#e nor fear$ or be hea#y$ dull$
lum"ish$ other'ise counsel can do little good< you may as 'ell bid him that
is sic% of an ague not to be a dry< or him that is 'ounded not to feel
"ain.
9us"icion follo's fear and sorro' at heels$ arising out of the same
fountain$ so thin%s ;=--AG7racastorius$ Lthat fear is the cause of
sus"icion$ and still they sus"ect some treachery$ or some secret
machination to be framed against them$ still they distrust.L 1estlessness
"roceeds from the same s"ring$ #ariety of fumes ma%e them li%e and disli%e.
9olitariness$ a#oiding of light$ that they are 'eary of their li#es$ hate
the 'orld$ arise from the same causes$ for their s"irits and humours are
o""osite to light$ fear ma%es them a#oid com"any$ and absent themsel#es$
lest they should be misused$ hissed at$ or o#ershoot themsel#es$ 'hich
still they sus"ect. They are "rone to #enery by reason of 'ind. Angry$
'as"ish$ and fretting still$ out of abundance of choler$ 'hich causeth
fearful dreams and #iolent "erturbations to them$ both slee"ing and 'a%ing&
That they su""ose they ha#e no heads$ fly$ sin%$ they are "ots$ glasses$
Fc. is 'ind in their heads. ;=--/G5erc. de 9a+onia doth ascribe this to the
se#eral motions in the animal s"irits$ Ltheir dilation$ contraction$
confusion$ alteration$ tenebrosity$ hot or cold distem"erature$L e+cluding
all material humours. ;=--BG7racastorius Laccounts it a thing 'orthy of
in0uisition$ 'hy they should entertain such false conceits$ as that they
ha#e horns$ great noses$ that they are birds$ beasts$L Fc.$ 'hy they should
thin% themsel#es %ings$ lords$ cardinals. 7or the first$ ;=-ACG
7racastorius gi#es t'o reasons& L2ne is the dis"osition of the body< the
other$ the occasion of the fantasy$L as if their eyes be "urblind$ their
ears sing$ by reason of some cold and rheum$ Fc. To the second$ *aurentius
ans'ers$ the imagination in'ardly or out'ardly mo#ed$ re"resents to the
understanding$ not enticements only$ to fa#our the "assion or disli%e$ but
a #ery intensi#e "leasure follo's the "assion or dis"leasure$ and the 'ill
and reason are ca"ti#ated by delighting in it.
4hy students and lo#ers are so often melancholy and mad$ the "hiloso"her of
;=-A,G:onimbra assigns this reason$ Lbecause by a #ehement and continual
meditation of that 'here'ith they are affected$ they fetch u" the s"irits
into the brain$ and 'ith the heat brought 'ith them$ they incend it beyond
measure& and the cells of the inner senses dissol#e their tem"erature$
'hich being dissol#ed$ they cannot "erform their offices as they ought.L
4hy melancholy men are 'itty$ 'hich Aristotle hath long since maintained in
his "roblems< and that ;=-A=Gall learned men$ famous "hiloso"hers$ and
la'gi#ers$ _ad unum fere omnes melancholici_$ ha#e still been melancholy$
is a "roblem much contro#erted. Dason Pratensis 'ill ha#e it understood of
natural melancholy$ 'hich o"inion Melancthon inclines to$ in his boo% _de
Anima_$ and Marcilius 7icinus _de san. tuend. lib. ,. ca". @._ but not
sim"le$ for that ma%es men stu"id$ hea#y$ dull$ being cold and dry$
fearful$ fools$ and solitary$ but mi+ed 'ith the other humours$ "hlegm only
e+ce"ted< and they not adust$ ;=-A.Gbut so mi+ed as that blood he half$
'ith little or no adustion$ that they be neither too hot nor too cold.
A"onensis$ cited by Melancthon$ thin%s it "roceeds from melancholy adust$
e+cluding all natural melancholy as too cold. *aurentius condemns his
tenet$ because adustion of humours ma%es men mad$ as lime burns 'hen 'ater
is cast on it. It must be mi+ed 'ith blood$ and some'hat adust$ and so that
old a"horism of Aristotle may be #erified$ _8ullum magnum ingenium sine
mi+tura dementiae_$ no e+cellent 'it 'ithout a mi+ture of madness.
7racastorius shall decide the contro#ersy$ ;=-A?GL"hlegmatic are dull&
sanguine li#ely$ "leasant$ acce"table$ and merry$ but not 'itty< choleric
are too s'ift in motion$ and furious$ im"atient of contem"lation$ deceitful
'its& melancholy men ha#e the most e+cellent 'its$ but not all< this humour
may be hot or cold$ thic%$ or thin< if too hot$ they are furious and mad&
if too cold$ dull$ stu"id$ timorous$ and sad& if tem"erate$ e+cellent$
rather inclining to that e+treme of heat$ than cold.L This sentence of his
'ill agree 'ith that of 5eraclitus$ a dry light ma%es a 'ise mind$
tem"erate heat and dryness are the chief causes of a good 'it< therefore$
saith Aelian$ an ele"hant is the 'isest of all brute beasts$ because his
brain is driest$ _et ob atrae$ bilis ca"iam_& this reason :ardan a""ro#es$
_subtil. l. ,=._ Do. a"tista 9il#aticus$ a "hysician of Milan$ in his
first contro#ersy$ hath co"iously handled this 0uestion& 1ulandus in his
"roblems$ :aelius 1hodiginus$ _lib. ,A._ Ialleriola _-to. narrat. med._
5erc. de 9a+onia$ _Tract. "osth. de mel. ca". .._ *odo#icus Mercatus$ _de
inter. morb. cur. lib. ca". ,A._ a"tista Porta$ _Physiog. lib. ,. c. ,.._
and many others.
4ee"ing$ sighing$ laughing$ itching$ trembling$ s'eating$ blushing$ hearing
and seeing strange noises$ #isions$ 'ind$ crudity$ are motions of the body$
de"ending u"on these "recedent motions of the mind& neither are tears$
affections$ but actions (as 9caliger holds) ;=-A@GLthe #oice of such as are
afraid$ trembles$ because the heart is sha%enL (_:onimb. "rob. -. sec. ..
de som._) 'hy they stutter or falter in their s"eech$ Mercurialis and
Montaltus$ _ca". ,A._ gi#e li%e reasons out of 5i""ocrates$ ;=-A-GLdryness$
'hich ma%es the ner#es of the tongue tor"id.L 7ast s"ea%ing ('hich is a
sym"tom of some fe') Aetius 'ill ha#e caused ;=-AAG Lfrom abundance of
'ind$ and s'iftness of imagination&L ;=-A/GLbaldness comes from e+cess of
dryness$L hirsuteness from a dry tem"erature. The cause of much 'a%ing in a
dry brain$ continual meditation$ discontent$ fears and cares$ that suffer
not the mind to be at rest$ incontinency is from 'ind$ and a hot li#er$
Montanus$ _cons. =-._ 1umbling in the guts is caused from 'ind$ and 'ind
from ill concoction$ 'ea%ness of natural heat$ or a distem"ered heat and
cold< ;=-ABGPal"itation of the heart from #a"ours$ hea#iness and aching
from the same cause. That the belly is hard$ 'ind is a cause$ and of that
lea"ing in many "arts. 1edness of the face$ and itching$ as if they 'ere
flea-bitten$ or stung 'ith "ismires$ from a shar" subtle 'ind. ;=-/CG:old
s'eat from #a"ours arising from the hy"ochondries$ 'hich "itch u"on the
s%in< leanness for 'ant of good nourishment. 4hy their a""etite is so
great$ ;=-/,GAetius ans'ers& _2s #entris frigescit_$ cold in those inner
"arts$ cold belly$ and hot li#er$ causeth crudity$ and intention "roceeds
from "erturbations$ ;=-/=Gour souls for 'ant of s"irits cannot attend
e+actly to so many intenti#e o"erations$ being e+haust$ and o#ers'ayed by
"assion$ she cannot consider the reasons 'hich may dissuade her from such
affections.
;=-/.Gashfulness and blushing$ is a "assion "ro"er to men alone$ and is
not only caused for ;=-/?Gsome shame and ignominy$ or that they are guilty
unto themsel#es of some foul fact committed$ but as ;=-/@G7racastorius 'ell
determines$ _ob defectum "ro"rium$ et timorem_$ Lfrom fear$ and a conceit
of our defects< the face labours and is troubled at his "resence that sees
our defects$ and nature 'illing to hel"$ sends thither heat$ heat dra's the
subtlest blood$ and so 'e blush. They that are bold$ arrogant$ and
careless$ seldom or ne#er blush$ but such as are fearful.L Anthonius
*odo#icus$ in his boo% _de "udore_$ 'ill ha#e this subtle blood to arise in
the face$ not so much for the re#erence of our betters in "resence$
;=-/-GLbut for joy and "leasure$ or if anything at una'ares shall "ass from
us$ a sudden accident$ occurse$ or meeting&L ('hich 3isarius in ;=-/AG
Macrobius confirms) any object heard or seen$ for blind men ne#er blush$ as
3andinus obser#es$ the night and dar%ness ma%e men im"udent. 2r that 'e be
staid before our betters$ or in com"any 'e li%e not$ or if anything molest
and offend us$ _erubescentia_ turns to _rubor_$ blushing to a continuate
redness. ;=-//G9ometimes the e+tremity of the ears tingle$ and are red$
sometimes the 'hole face$ _Etsi nihil #itiosum commiseris_$ as *odo#icus
holds& though Aristotle is of o"inion$ _omnis "udor e+ #itio commisso_$ all
shame for some offence. ut 'e find other'ise$ it may as 'ell "roceed
;=-/BGfrom fear$ from force and ine+"erience$ (so ;=-BCG3andinus holds) as
#ice< a hot li#er$ saith 3uretus (_notis in 5ollerium_&) Lfrom a hot brain$
from 'ind$ the lungs heated$ or after drin%ing of 'ine$ strong drin%$
"erturbations$L Fc.
*aughter 'hat it is$ saith ;=-B,GTully$ Lho' caused$ 'here$ and so suddenly
brea%s out$ that desirous to stay it$ 'e cannot$ ho' it comes to "ossess
and stir our face$ #eins$ eyes$ countenance$ mouth$ sides$ let 3emocritus
determine.L The cause that it often affects melancholy men so much$ is
gi#en by Gomesius$ _lib. .. de sale genial. ca". ,/._ abundance of "leasant
#a"ours$ 'hich$ in sanguine melancholy es"ecially$ brea% from the heart$
;=-B=GLand tic%le the midriff$ because it is trans#erse and full of ner#es&
by 'hich titillation the sense being mo#ed$ and arteries distended$ or
"ulled$ the s"irits from thence mo#e and "ossess the sides$ #eins$
countenance$ eyes.L 9ee more in Dossius _de risu et fletu_$ Ii#es _. de
Anima_. Tears$ as 9caliger defines$ "roceed from grief and "ity$ ;=-B.GLor
from the heating of a moist brain$ for a dry cannot 'ee".L
That they see and hear so many "hantasms$ chimeras$ noises$ #isions$ Fc. as
7ienus hath discoursed at large in his boo% of imagination$ and ;=-B?G
*a#ater _de s"ectris$ "art. ,. ca". =. .. ?._ their corru"t "hantasy ma%es
them see and hear that 'hich indeed is neither heard nor seen$ _Kui multum
jejunant$ aut noctes ducunt insomnes_$ they that much fast$ or 'ant slee"$
as melancholy or sic% men commonly do$ see #isions$ or such as are
'ea%-sighted$ #ery timorous by nature$ mad$ distracted$ or earnestly see%.
_9abini 0uod #olunt somniant_$ as the saying is$ they dream of that they
desire. *i%e 9armiento the 9"aniard$ 'ho 'hen he 'as sent to disco#er the
straits of Magellan$ and confine "laces$ by the Prore+ of Peru$ standing on
the to" of a hill$ _Amaenissimam "lanitiem des"icere sibi #isus fuit$
aedificia magnifica$ 0uam"lurimos Pagos$ alias Turres$ s"lendida Tem"la_$
and bra#e cities$ built li%e ours in Euro"e$ not$ saith mine ;=-B@Gauthor$
that there 'as any such thing$ but that he 'as _#anissimus et nimis
credulus_$ and 'ould fain ha#e had it so. 2r as ;=-B-G*od. Mercatus "ro#es$
by reason of in'ard #a"ours$ and humours from blood$ choler$ Fc. di#ersely
mi+ed$ they a""rehend and see out'ardly$ as they su""ose$ di#ers images$
'hich indeed are not. As they that drin% 'ine thin% all runs round$ 'hen it
is in their o'n brain< so is it 'ith these men$ the fault and cause is
in'ard$ as Galen affirms$ ;=-BAGmad men and such as are near death$ _0uas
e+tra se #idere "utant Imagines$ intra oculos habent_$ !tis in their brain$
'hich seems to be before them< the brain as a conca#e glass reflects solid
bodies. _9enes etiam decre"iti cerebrum habent conca#um et aridum$ ut
imaginentur se #idere_ (saith ;=-B/Goissardus) _0uae non sunt_$ old men
are too fre0uently mista%en and dote in li%e case& or as he that loo%eth
through a "iece of red glass$ judgeth e#erything he sees to be red< corru"t
#a"ours mounting from the body to the head$ and distilling again from
thence to the eyes$ 'hen they ha#e mingled themsel#es 'ith the 'atery
crystal 'hich recei#eth the shado's of things to be seen$ ma%e all things
a""ear of the same colour$ 'hich remains in the humour that o#ers"reads our
sight$ as to melancholy men all is blac%$ to "hlegmatic all 'hite$ Fc. 2r
else as before the organs corru"t by a corru"t "hantasy$ as *emnius$ _lib.
,. ca". ,-._ 'ell 0uotes$ ;=-BBGLcause a great agitation of s"irits$ and
humours$ 'hich 'ander to and fro in all the cree%s of the brain$ and cause
such a""aritions before their eyes.L 2ne thin%s he reads something 'ritten
in the moon$ as Pythagoras is said to ha#e done of old$ another smells
brimstone$ hears :erberus bar%& 2restes no' mad su""osed he sa' the furies
tormenting him$ and his mother still ready to run u"on him$
;=ACCG L2 mater obsecro noli me "erse0ui
5is furiis$ as"ectu anguineis$ horribilibus$
Ecce ecce me in#adunt$ in me jam ruunt<L
but Electra told him thus ra#ing in his mad fit$ he sa' no such sights at
all$ it 'as but his crazed imagination.
;=AC,G LKuiesce$ 0uiesce miser in linteis tuis$
8on cernis etenim 0uae #idere te "utas.L
9o Pentheus (in acchis Euri"idis) sa' t'o suns$ t'o Thebes$ his brain
alone 'as troubled. 9ic%ness is an ordinary cause of such sights. :ardan$
_subtil. /._ _Mens aegra laboribus et jejuniis fracta$ facit eos #idere$
audire_$ Fc. And$ 2siander beheld strange #isions$ and Ale+ander ab
Ale+andro both$ in their sic%ness$ 'hich he relates _de rerum #arietat.
lib. /. ca". ??._ Albategnius that noble Arabian$ on his death-bed$ sa' a
shi" ascending and descending$ 'hich 7racastorius records of his friend
a"tista Tirrianus. 4ea% sight and a #ain "ersuasion 'ithal$ may effect as
much$ and second causes concurring$ as an oar in 'ater ma%es a refraction$
and seems bigger$ bended double$ Fc. The thic%ness of the air may cause
such effects$ or any object not 'ell-discerned in the dar%$ fear and
"hantasy 'ill sus"ect to be a ghost$ a de#il$ Fc. ;=AC=G_Kuod nimis miseri
timent$ hoc facile credunt_$ 'e are a"t to belie#e$ and mista%e in such
cases. Marcellus 3onatus$ _lib. =. ca". ,._ brings in a story out of
Aristotle$ of one Ante"haron 'hich li%ely sa'$ 'heresoe#er he 'as$ his o'n
image in the air$ as in a glass. Iitellio$ _lib. ,C. "ers"ect._ hath such
another instance of a familiar ac0uaintance of his$ that after the 'ant of
three or four nights slee"$ as he 'as riding by a ri#er side$ sa' another
riding 'ith him$ and using all such gestures as he did$ but 'hen more light
a""eared$ it #anished. Eremites and anchorites ha#e fre0uently such absurd
#isions$ re#elations by reason of much fasting$ and bad diet$ many are
decei#ed by legerdemain$ as 9cot hath 'ell sho'ed in his boo% of the
disco#ery of 'itchcraft$ and :ardan$ _subtil. ,/._ suffites$ "erfumes$
suffumigations$ mi+ed candles$ "ers"ecti#e glasses$ and such natural
causes$ ma%e men loo% as if they 'ere dead$ or 'ith horse-heads$
bull!s-horns$ and such li%e brutish sha"es$ the room full of sna%es$
adders$ dar%$ light$ green$ red$ of all colours$ as you may "ercei#e in
a"tista Porta$ Ale+is$ Albertus$ and others$ glo'-'orms$ fire-dra%es$
meteors$ _Ignis fatuus_$ 'hich Plinius$ _lib. =. ca". .A._ calls :astor and
Pollu+$ 'ith many such that a""ear in moorish grounds$ about churchyards$
moist #alleys$ or 'here battles ha#e been fought$ the causes of 'hich read
in Goclenius$ Ielouris$ 7ic%ius$ Fc. such fears are often done$ to frighten
children 'ith s0uibs$ rotten 'ood$ Fc. to ma%e fol%s loo% as if they 'ere
dead$ ;=AC.G_solito majores_$ bigger$ lesser$ fairer$ fouler$ _ut astantes
sine ca"itibus #ideantur< aut toti igniti$ aut forma daemonum$ acci"e "ilos
canis nigri_$ Fc. saith Albertus< and so !tis ordinary to see strange
uncouth sights by cato"trics& 'ho %no's not that if in a dar% room$ the
light be admitted at one only little hole$ and a "a"er or glass "ut u"on
it$ the sun shining$ 'ill re"resent on the o""osite 'all all such objects
as are illuminated by his raysN 'ith conca#e and cylinder glasses$ 'e may
reflect any sha"e of men$ de#ils$ antics$ (as magicians most "art do$ to
gull a silly s"ectator in a dar% room)$ 'e 'ill oursel#es$ and that hanging
in the air$ 'hen !tis nothing but such an horrible image as ;=AC?GAgri""a
demonstrates$ "laced in another room. 1oger acon of old is said to ha#e
re"resented his o'n image 'al%ing in the air by this art$ though no such
thing a""ear in his "ers"ecti#es. ut most "art it is in the brain that
decei#es them$ although I may not deny$ but that oftentimes the de#il
deludes them$ ta%es his o""ortunity to suggest$ and re"resent #ain objects
to melancholy men$ and such as are ill affected. To these you may add the
%na#ish im"ostures of jugglers$ e+orcists$ mass-"riests$ and mounteban%s$
of 'hom 1oger acon s"ea%s$ Fc. _de miraculis naturae et artis. ca". ,._
;=AC@Gthey can counterfeit the #oices of all birds and brute beasts almost$
all tones and tunes of men$ and s"ea% 'ithin their throats$ as if they
s"o%e afar off$ that they ma%e their auditors belie#e they hear s"irits$
and are thence much astonished and affrighted 'ith it. esides$ those
artificial de#ices to o#erhear their confessions$ li%e that 'his"ering
"lace of Gloucester ;=AC-G'ith us$ or li%e the du%e!s "lace at Mantua in
Italy$ 'here the sound is re#erberated by a conca#e 'all< a reason of 'hich
lancanus in his Echometria gi#es$ and mathematically demonstrates.
9o that the hearing is as fre0uently deluded as the sight$ from the same
causes almost$ as he that hears bells$ 'ill ma%e them sound 'hat he list.
LAs the fool thin%eth$ so the bell clin%eth.L Theo"hilus in Galen thought
he heard music$ from #a"ours 'hich made his ears sound$ Fc. 9ome are
decei#ed by echoes$ some by roaring of 'aters$ or conca#es and
re#erberation of air in the ground$ hollo' "laces and 'alls. ;=ACAGAt
:adurcum$ in A0uitaine$ 'ords and sentences are re"eated by a strange echo
to the full$ or 'hatsoe#er you shall "lay u"on a musical instrument$ more
distinctly and louder$ than they are s"o%en at first. 9ome echoes re"eat a
thing s"o%en se#en times$ as at 2lym"us$ in Macedonia$ as Pliny relates$
_lib. .-. ca". ,@._ 9ome t'el#e times$ as at :harenton$ a #illage near
Paris$ in 7rance. At 3el"hos$ in Greece$ heretofore 'as a miraculous echo$
and so in many other "laces. :ardan$ _subtil. l. ,/_$ hath 'onderful
stories of such as ha#e been deluded by these echoes. lancanus the Desuit$
in his Echometria$ hath #ariety of e+am"les$ and gi#es his reader full
satisfaction of all such sounds by 'ay of demonstration. ;=AC/GAt arrey$
an isle in the 9e#ern mouth$ they seem to hear a smith!s forge< so at
*i"ari$ and those sul"hureous isles$ and many such li%e$ 'hich 2laus s"ea%s
of in the continent of 9candia$ and those northern countries. :ardan _de
rerum #ar. l. ,@$ c. /?_$ mentioneth a 'oman$ that still su""osed she heard
the de#il call her$ and s"ea%ing to her$ she 'as a "ainter!s 'ife in Milan&
and many such illusions and #oices$ 'hich "roceed most "art from a corru"t
imagination.
4hence it comes to "ass$ that they "ro"hesy$ s"ea% se#eral languages$ tal%
of astronomy$ and other un%no'n sciences to them (of 'hich they ha#e been
e#er ignorant)& ;=ACBGI ha#e in brief touched$ only this I 'ill here add$
that Arculanus$ _odin. lib. .$ ca". -$ daemon._ and some others$ ;=A,CG
hold as a manifest to%en that such "ersons are "ossessed 'ith the de#il< so
doth ;=A,,G5ercules de 9a+onia$ and A""onensis$ and fit only to be cured by
a "riest. ut ;=A,=GGuianerius$ ;=A,.GMontaltus$ Pom"oriatius of Padua$ and
*emnius _lib. =. ca". =_$ refer it 'holly to the ill-dis"osition of the
;=A,?Ghumour$ and that out of the authority of Aristotle _"rob. .C. ,_$
because such sym"toms are cured by "urging< and as by the stri%ing of a
flint fire is enforced$ so by the #ehement motion of s"irits$ they do
_elicere #oces inauditas_$ com"el strange s"eeches to be s"o%en& another
argument he hath from Plato!s _reminiscentia_$ 'hich all out as li%ely as
that 'hich ;=A,@GMarsilius 7icinus s"ea%s of his friend Pierleonus< by a
di#ine %ind of infusion he understood the secrets of nature$ and tenets of
Grecian and barbarian "hiloso"hers$ before e#er he heard of$ sa'$ or read
their 'or%s& but in this I should rather hold 'ith A#icenna and his
associates$ that such sym"toms "roceed from e#il s"irits$ 'hich ta%e all
o""ortunities of humours decayed$ or other'ise to "er#ert the soul of man&
and besides$ the humour itself is _balneum diaboli_$ the de#il!s bath< and
as Agri""a "ro#es$ doth entice him to seize u"on them.
9E:T. II. MEM. I.
_Prognostics of Melancholy_.
Prognostics$ or signs of things to come$ are either good or bad. If this
malady be not hereditary$ and ta%en at the beginning$ there is good ho"e of
cure$ _recens curationem non habet difficilem_$ saith A#icenna$ _l. .$ 7en.
,$ Tract. ?$ c. ,/._ That 'hich is 'ith laughter$ of all others is most
secure$ gentle$ and remiss$ 5ercules de 9a+onia. ;=A,-GLIf that e#acuation
of haemorrhoids$ or _#arices_$ 'hich they call the 'ater bet'een the s%in$
shall ha""en to a melancholy man$ his misery is ended$L 5i""ocrates _A"hor.
-$ ,,._ Galen _l. -$ de morbis #ulgar. com. /_$ confirms the same< and to
this a"horism of 5i""ocrates$ all the Arabians$ ne' and old *atins
subscribe< Montaltus _c. =@_$ 5ercules de 9a+onia$ Mercurialis$ Iittorius
7a#entinus$ Fc. 9%en%ius$ _l. ,$ obser#at. med. c. de Mania_$ illustrates
this a"horism$ 'ith an e+am"le of one 3aniel 7ederer a co""ersmith that 'as
long melancholy$ and in the end mad about the =Ath year of his age$ these
_#arices_ or 'ater began to arise in his thighs$ and he 'as freed from his
madness. Marius the 1oman 'as so cured$ some$ say$ though 'ith great "ain.
9%en%ius hath some other instances of 'omen that ha#e been hel"ed by
flo'ing of their mouths$ 'hich before 'ere sto""ed. That the o"ening of the
haemorrhoids 'ill do as much for men$ all "hysicians jointly signify$ so
they be #oluntary$ some say$ and not by com"ulsion. All melancholy are
better after a 0uartan< ;=A,AGDobertus saith$ scarce any man hath that ague
t'ice< but 'hether it free him from this malady$ !tis a 0uestion< for many
"hysicians ascribe all long agues for es"ecial causes$ and a 0uartan ague
amongst the rest. ;=A,/G1hasis _cont. lib. ,$ tract. B._ L4hen melancholy
gets out at the su"erficies of the s%in$ or settles brea%ing out in scabs$
le"rosy$ mor"he'$ or is "urged by stools$ or by the urine$ or that the
s"leen is enlarged$ and those _#arices_ a""ear$ the disease is dissol#ed.L
Guianerius$ _ca". @$ tract. ,@_$ adds dro"sy$ jaundice$ dysentery$ le"rosy$
as good signs$ to these scabs$ mor"he's$ and brea%ing out$ and "ro#es it
out of the -th of 5i""ocrates! A"horisms.
E#il "rognostics on the other "art. _In#eterata melancholia incurabilis_$
if it be in#eterate$ it is ;=A,BGincurable$ a common a+iom$ _aut
difficulter curabilis_ as they say that ma%e the best$ hardly cured. This
Galen 'itnesseth$ _l. .$ de loc. affect. ca". -_$ ;=A=CGLbe it in 'hom it
'ill$ or from 'hat cause soe#er$ it is e#er long$ 'ay'ard$ tedious$ and
hard to be cured$ if once it be habituated.L As *ucian said of the gout$
she 'as ;=A=,GLthe 0ueen of diseases$ and ine+orable$L may 'e say of
melancholy. Eet Paracelsus 'ill ha#e all diseases 'hatsoe#er curable$ and
laughs at them 'hich thin% other'ise$ as T. Erastus _"ar. ._$ objects to
him< although in another "lace$ hereditary diseases he accounts incurable$
and by no art to be remo#ed. ;=A==G5ildesheim _s"icel. =$ de mel._ holds it
less dangerous if only ;=A=.GLimagination be hurt$ and not reason$L
;=A=?GLthe gentlest is from blood. 4orse from choler adust$ but the 'orst
of all from melancholy "utrefied.L ;=A=@Gruel esteems hy"ochondriacal
least dangerous$ and the other t'o s"ecies (o""osite to Galen) hardest to
be cured. ;=A=-GThe cure is hard in man$ but much more difficult in 'omen.
And both men and 'omen must ta%e notice of that saying of Montanus _consil.
=.C$ "ro Abate Italo_$ ;=A=AGLThis malady doth commonly accom"any them to
their gra#e< "hysicians may ease$ and it may lie hid for a time$ but they
cannot 0uite cure it$ but it 'ill return again more #iolent and shar" than
at first$ and that u"on e#ery small occasion or error&L as in Mercury!s
'eather-beaten statue$ that 'as once all o#er gilt$ the o"en "arts 'ere
clean$ yet there 'as _in fimbriis aurum_$ in the chin%s a remnant of gold&
there 'ill be some relics of melancholy left in the "urest bodies (if once
tainted) not so easily to be rooted out. ;=A=/G 2ftentimes it degenerates
into e"ile"sy$ a"o"le+y$ con#ulsions$ and blindness& by the authority of
5i""ocrates and Galen$ ;=A=BGall a#er$ if once it "ossess the #entricles of
the brain$ 7rambesarius$ and 9alust. 9al#ianus adds$ if it get into the
o"tic ner#es$ blindness. Mercurialis$ _consil. =C_$ had a 'oman to his
"atient$ that from melancholy became e"ile"tic and blind. ;=A.CGIf it come
from a cold cause$ or so continue cold$ or increase$ e"ile"sy< con#ulsions
follo'$ and blindness$ or else in the end they are mo"ed$ sottish$ and in
all their actions$ s"eeches$ and gestures$ ridiculous. ;=A.,GIf it come
from a hot cause$ they are more furious$ and boisterous$ and in conclusion
mad. _:alescentem melancholiam sae"ius se0uitur mania_. ;=A.=GIf it heat
and increase$ that is the common e#ent$ ;=A..G_"er circuitus$ aut sem"er
insanit_$ he is mad by fits$ or altogether. 7or as ;=A.?G9ennertus contends
out of :rato$ there is _seminarius ignis_ in this humour$ the #ery seeds of
fire. If it come from melancholy natural adust$ and in e+cess$ they are
often demoniacal$ Montanus.
;=A.@G9eldom this malady "rocures death$ e+ce"t ('hich is the greatest$
most grie#ous calamity$ and the misery of all miseries$) they ma%e a'ay
themsel#es$ 'hich is a fre0uent thing$ and familiar amongst them. !Tis
;=A.-G5i""ocrates! obser#ation$ Galen!s sentence$ _Etsi mortem timent$
tamen "lerum0ue sibi i"sis mortem consciscunt_$ _l. .. de locis affec. ca".
A._ The doom of all "hysicians. !Tis ;=A.AG1abbi Moses! A"horism$ the
"rognosticon of A#icenna$ 1hasis$ Aetius$ Gordonius$ Ialescus$ Altomarus$
9alust. 9al#ianus$ :a"i#accius$ Mercatus$ 5ercules de 9a+onia$ Piso$ ruel$
7uchsius$ all$ Fc.
;=A./G LEt sae"e us0ue adeo mortis formidine #itae
Perci"it infeli+ odium lucis0ue #idendae$
Ht sibi consciscat maerenti "ectore lethum.L
LAnd so far forth death!s terror doth affright$
5e ma%es a'ay himself$ and hates the light
To ma%e an end of fear and grief of heart$
5e #oluntary dies to ease his smart.L
In such sort doth the torture and e+tremity of his misery torment him$ that
he can ta%e no "leasure in his life$ but is in a manner enforced to offer
#iolence unto himself$ to be freed from his "resent insufferable "ains. 9o
some (saith ;=A.BG7racastorius) Lin fury$ but most in des"air$ sorro'$
fear$ and out of the anguish and #e+ation of their souls$ offer #iolence to
themsel#es& for their life is unha""y and miserable. They can ta%e no rest
in the night$ nor slee"$ or if they do slumber$ fearful dreams astonish
them.L In the daytime they are affrighted still by some terrible object$
and torn in "ieces 'ith sus"icion$ fear$ sorro'$ discontents$ cares$ shame$
anguish$ Fc. as so many 'ild horses$ that they cannot be 0uiet an hour$ a
minute of time$ but e#en against their 'ills they are intent$ and still
thin%ing of it$ they cannot forget it$ it grinds their souls day and night$
they are "er"etually tormented$ a burden to themsel#es$ as Dob 'as$ they
can neither eat$ drin% or slee". Psal. c#ii. ,/. LTheir soul abhorreth all
meat$ and they are brought to death!s door$ ;=A?CGbeing bound in misery and
iron&L they ;=A?,Gcurse their stars 'ith Dob$ ;=A?=GLand day of their
birth$ and 'ish for death&L for as Pineda and most inter"reters hold$ Dob
'as e#en melancholy to des"air$ and almost ;=A?.Gmadness itself< they
murmur many times against the 'orld$ friends$ allies$ all man%ind$ e#en
against God himself in the bitterness of their "assion$ ;=A??G_#i#ere
nolunt$ mori nesciunt_$ li#e they 'ill not$ die they cannot. And in the
midst of these s0ualid$ ugly$ and such ir%some days$ they see% at last$
finding no comfort$ ;=A?@Gno remedy in this 'retched life$ to be eased of
all by death. _2mnia a""etunt bonum_$ all creatures see% the best$ and for
their good as they ho"e$ _sub s"ecie_$ in sho' at least$ _#el 0uia mori
"ulchrum "utant_ (saith ;=A?-G5i""ocrates) _#el 0uia "utant inde se
majoribus malis liberari_$ to be freed as they 'ish. Though many times$ as
Aeso"!s fishes$ they lea" from the frying-"an into the fire itself$ yet
they ho"e to be eased by this means& and therefore (saith 7eli+
;=A?AGPlaterus) Lafter many tedious days at last$ either by dro'ning$
hanging$ or some such fearful end$L they "reci"itate or ma%e a'ay
themsel#es& Lmany lamentable e+am"les are daily seen amongst us&L _alius
ante$ fores se la0ueo sus"endit_ (as 9eneca notes)$ _alius se "raeci"ita#it
a tecto$ ne dominum stomachantem audiret$ alius ne reduceretur a fuga
ferrum redegit in #iscera_$ Lone hangs himself before his o'n
door$--another thro's himself from the house-to"$ to a#oid his master!s
anger$--a third$ to esca"e e+"ulsion$ "lunges a dagger into his heart$L--so
many causes there are--_5is amor e+itio est$ furor his_--lo#e$ grief$
anger$ madness$ and shame$ Fc. !Tis a common calamity$ ;=A?/Ga fatal end to
this disease$ they are condemned to a #iolent death$ by a jury of
"hysicians$ furiously dis"osed$ carried headlong by their tyrannising
'ills$ enforced by miseries$ and there remains no more to such "ersons$ if
that hea#enly Physician$ by his assisting grace and mercy alone do not
"re#ent$ (for no human "ersuasion or art can hel") but to be their o'n
butchers$ and e+ecute themsel#es. 9ocrates his _cicuta_$ *ucretia!s dagger$
Timon!s halter$ are yet to be had< :ato!s %nife$ and 8ero!s s'ord are left
behind them$ as so many fatal engines$ be0ueathed to "osterity$ and 'ill be
used to the 'orld!s end$ by such distressed souls& so intolerable$
insufferable$ grie#ous$ and #iolent is their "ain$ ;=A?BGso uns"ea%able and
continuate. 2ne day of grief is an hundred years$ as :ardan obser#es& !Tis
_carnificina hominum$ angor animi_$ as 'ell saith Areteus$ a "lague of the
soul$ the cram" and con#ulsion of the soul$ an e"itome of hell< and if
there be a hell u"on earth$ it is to be found in a melancholy man!s heart.
L7or that dee" torture may be call!d an hell$
4hen more is felt$ than one hath "o'er to tell.L
Eea$ that 'hich scoffing *ucian said of the gout in jest$ I may truly
affirm of melancholy in earnest.
;=A@CG L2 triste nomenO o diis odibile
Melancholia lacrymosa$ :ocyti filia$
Tu Tartari s"ecubus o"acis edita
Erinnys$ utero 0uam Megara suo tulit$
Et ab uberibus aluit$ cui0ue "ar#idae
Amarulentum in os lac Alecto dedit$
2mnes abominabilem te daemones
Produ+ere in lucem$ e+itio mortalium. _Et "aulo "ost_
8on Du"iter ferit tale telum fulminis$
8on ulla sic "rocella sae#it ae0uoris$
8on im"etuosi tanta #is est turbinis.
An as"eros sustineo morsus :erberiN
8um #irus Echidnae membra mea de"asciturN
Aut tunica sanie tincta 8essi sanguinisN
Illacrymabile et immedicabile malum hoc.L
L2 sad and odious nameO a name so fell$
Is this of melancholy$ brat of hell.
There born in hellish dar%ness doth it d'ell$
The 7uries brought it u"$ Megara!s teat$
Alecto ga#e it bitter mil% to eat.
And all cons"ir!d a bane to mortal men$
To bring this de#il out of that blac% den.
Du"iter!s thunderbolt$ not storm at sea$
8or 'hirl'ind doth our hearts so much dismay.
4hatN am I bit by that fierce :erberusN
2r stung by ;=A@,Gser"ent so "estiferousN
2r "ut on shirt that!s di"t in 8essus! bloodN
My "ain!s "ast cure< "hysic can do no good.L
8o torture of body li%e unto it$ _9iculi non in#enere tyranni majus
tormentum_$ no stra""adoes$ hot irons$ Phalaris! bulls$
;=A@=G L8ec ira deum tantum$ nec tela$ nec hostis$
Kuantum sola noces animis illa"sa.L
LDo#e!s 'rath$ nor de#ils can
3o so much harm to th! soul of man.L
All fears$ griefs$ sus"icions$ discontents$ imbonites$ insua#ities are
s'allo'ed u"$ and dro'ned in this Euri"us$ this Irish sea$ this ocean of
misery$ as so many small broo%s< !tis _coagulum omnium aerumnarum_& 'hich
;=A@.GAmmianus a""lied to his distressed Palladins. I say of our melancholy
man$ he is the cream of human ad#ersity$ the ;=A@?G 0uintessence$ and
u"shot< all other diseases 'hatsoe#er$ are but flea-bitings to melancholy
in e+tent& !Tis the "ith of them all$ ;=A@@G _5os"itium est calamitatis<
0uid #erbis o"us est_N
LKuamcun0ue malam rem 0uaeris$ illic re"eries&L
L4hat need more 'ordsN !tis calamities inn$
4here see% for any mischief$ !tis 'ithin<L
and a melancholy man is that true Prometheus$ 'hich is bound to :aucasus<
the true Titius$ 'hose bo'els are still by a #ulture de#oured (as "oets
feign) for so doth ;=A@-G*ilius Geraldus inter"ret it$ of an+ieties$ and
those gri"ing cares$ and so ought it to be understood. In all other
maladies$ 'e see% for hel"$ if a leg or an arm ache$ through any
distem"erature or 'ound$ or that 'e ha#e an ordinary disease$ abo#e all
things 'hatsoe#er$ 'e desire hel" and health$ a "resent reco#ery$ if by any
means "ossible it may be "rocured< 'e 'ill freely "art 'ith all our other
fortunes$ substance$ endure any misery$ drin% bitter "otions$ s'allo' those
distasteful "ills$ suffer our joints to be seared$ to be cut off$ anything
for future health& so s'eet$ so dear$ so "recious abo#e all other things in
this 'orld is life& !tis that 'e chiefly desire$ long life and ha""y days$
;=A@AG_multos da Du"iter annos_$ increase of years all men 'ish< but to a
melancholy man$ nothing so tedious$ nothing so odious< that 'hich they so
carefully see% to "reser#e ;=A@/Ghe abhors$ he alone< so intolerable are
his "ains< some ma%e a 0uestion$ _gra#iores morbi cor"oris an animi_$
'hether the diseases of the body or mind be more grie#ous$ but there is no
com"arison$ no doubt to be made of it$ _multo enim sae#ior longe0ue est
atrocior animi$ 0uam cor"oris cruciatus_ (*em. _l. ,. c. ,=._) the diseases
of the mind are far more grie#ous.--_Totum hic "ro #ulnere cor"us_$ body
and soul is misaffected here$ but the soul es"ecially. 9o :ardan testifies
_de rerum #ar. lib. /. ?C._ ;=A@BGMa+imus Tyrius a Platonist$ and Plutarch$
ha#e made just #olumes to "ro#e it. ;=A-CG_3ies adimit aegritudinem
hominibus_$ in other diseases there is some ho"e li%ely$ but these unha""y
men are born to misery$ "ast all ho"e of reco#ery$ incurably sic%$ the
longer they li#e the 'orse they are$ and death alone must ease them.
Another doubt is made by some "hiloso"hers$ 'hether it be la'ful for a man
in such e+tremity of "ain and grief$ to ma%e a'ay himself& and ho' these
men that so do are to be censured. The Platonists a""ro#e of it$ that it is
la'ful in such cases$ and u"on a necessity< Plotinus _l. de beatitud. c.
A._ and 9ocrates himself defends it$ in Plato!s Phaedon$ Lif any man labour
of an incurable disease$ he may des"atch himself$ if it be to his good.L
E"icurus and his follo'ers$ the cynics and stoics in general affirm it$
E"ictetus and ;=A-,G9eneca amongst the rest$ _0uamcun0ue #eram esse #iam ad
libertatem_$ any 'ay is allo'able that leads to liberty$ ;=A-=GLlet us gi#e
God than%s$ that no man is com"elled to li#e against his 'ill<L ;=A-.G
_0uid ad hominem claustra$ career$ custodiaN liberum ostium habet_$ death
is al'ays ready and at hand. _Iides illum "raeci"item locum$ illud flumen_$
dost thou see that stee" "lace$ that ri#er$ that "it$ that tree$ there!s
liberty at hand$ _effugia ser#itutis et doloris sunt_$ as that *aconian lad
cast himself headlong (_non ser#iam aiebat "uer_) to be freed of his
misery& e#ery #ein in thy body$ if these be _nimis o"erosi e+itus_$ 'ill
set thee free$ _0uid tua refert finem facias an acci"ias_N there!s no
necessity for a man to li#e in misery. _Malum est necessitati #i#ere< sed
in necessitate #i#ere$ necessitas nulla est. Igna#us 0ui sine causa
moritur$ et stultus 0ui cum dolore #i#it_. _Idem e"i. @/._ 4herefore hath
our mother the earth brought out "oisons$ saith ;=A-?GPliny$ in so great a
0uantity$ but that men in distress might ma%e a'ay themsel#esN 'hich %ings
of old had e#er in a readiness$ _ad incerta fortunae #enenum sub custode
"rom"tum_$ *i#y 'rites$ and e+ecutioners al'ays at hand. 9"eusi""es being
sic% 'as met by 3iogenes$ and carried on his sla#es! shoulders$ he made his
moan to the "hiloso"her< but I "ity thee not$ 0uoth 3iogenes$ _0ui cum
talis #i#ere sustines_$ thou mayst be freed 'hen thou 'ilt$ meaning by
death. ;=A-@G9eneca therefore commends :ato$ 3ido$ and *ucretia$ for their
generous courage in so doing$ and others that #oluntarily die$ to a#oid a
greater mischief$ to free themsel#es from misery$ to sa#e their honour$ or
#indicate their good name$ as :leo"atra did$ as 9o"honisba$ 9y"ha+!s 'ife
did$ 5annibal did$ as Dunius rutus$ as Iibius Iirus$ and those :am"anian
senators in *i#y (_3ec. .. lib. -._) to esca"e the 1oman tyranny$ that
"oisoned themsel#es. Themistocles dran% bull!s blood$ rather than he 'ould
fight against his country$ and 3emosthenes chose rather to drin% "oison$
Publius :rassi _filius_$ :ensorius and Plancus$ those heroical 1omans to
ma%e a'ay themsel#es$ than to fall into their enemies! hands. 5o' many
myriads besides in all ages might I remember$ _0ui sibi lethum Insontes
"e""erere manu_$ Fc. ;=A--G1hasis in the Maccabees is magnified for it$
9amson!s death a""ro#ed. 9o did 9aul and Donas sin$ and many 'orthy men and
'omen$ _0uorum memoria celebratur in Ecclesia_$ saith ;=A-AG*eminchus$ for
%illing themsel#es to sa#e their chastity and honour$ 'hen 1ome 'as ta%en$
as Austin instances$ _l. ,. de :i#it. 3ei$ ca". ,-._ Derome #indicateth the
same in _Ionam_ and Ambrose$ _l. .. de #irginitate_ commendeth Pelagia for
so doing. Eusebius$ _lib. /. ca". ,@._ admires a 1oman matron for the same
fact to sa#e herself from the lust of Ma+entius the Tyrant. Adelhelmus$
abbot of Malmesbury$ calls them _eatas #irgines 0uae sic_$ Fc. Titus
Pom"onius Atticus$ that 'ise$ discreet$ reno'ned 1oman senator$ Tully!s
dear friend$ 'hen he had been long sic%$ as he su""osed$ of an incurable
disease$ _#itam0ue "roduceret ad augendos dolores$ sine s"e salutis_$ 'as
resol#ed #oluntarily by famine to des"atch himself to be rid of his "ain<
and 'hen as Agri""a$ and the rest of his 'ee"ing friends earnestly besought
him$ _osculantes obsecrarent ne id 0uod natura cogeret$ i"se acceleraret_$
not to offer #iolence to himself$ L'ith a settled resolution he desired
again they 'ould a""ro#e of his good intent$ and not see% to dehort him
from it&L and so constantly died$ _"reces0ue eorum taciturna sua
obstinatione de"ressit_. E#en so did :orellius 1ufus$ another gra#e
senator$ by the relation of Plinius 9ecundus$ _e"ist. lib. ,. e"ist. ,=._
famish himself to death< _"edibus corre"tus cum incredibiles cruciatus et
indignissima tormenta "ateretur$ a cibis omnino abstinuit_< ;=A-/Gneither
he nor 5is"illa his 'ife could di#ert him$ but _destinatus mori obstinate
magis_$ Fc. die he 'ould$ and die he did. 9o did *ycurgus$ Aristotle$ >eno$
:hrysi""us$ Em"edocles$ 'ith myriads$ Fc. In 'ars for a man to run rashly
u"on imminent danger$ and "resent death$ is accounted #alour and
magnanimity$ ;=A-BGto be the cause of his o'n$ and many a thousand!s ruin
besides$ to commit 'ilful murder in a manner$ of himself and others$ is a
glorious thing$ and he shall be cro'ned for it. The ;=AACG Massegatae in
former times$ ;=AA,Garbiccians$ and I %no' not 'hat nations besides$ did
stifle their old men$ after se#enty years$ to free them from those
grie#ances incident to that age. 9o did the inhabitants of the island of
:hoa$ because their air 'as "ure and good$ and the "eo"le generally long
li#ed$ _ante#ertebant fatum suum$ "rius0uam manci forent$ aut imbecillitas
accederet$ "a"a#ere #el cicuta_$ 'ith "o""y or hemloc% they "re#ented
death. 9ir Thomas More in his Hto"ia commends #oluntary death$ if he be
_sibi aut aliis molestus_$ troublesome to himself or others$ (;=AA=G
Les"ecially if to li#e be a torment to him$) let him free himself 'ith his
o'n hands from this tedious life$ as from a "rison$ or suffer himself to be
freed by others.L ;=AA.GAnd !tis the same tenet 'hich *aertius relates of
>eno$ of old$ _Duste sa"iens sibi mortem consciscit$ si in acerbis
doloribus #ersetur$ membrorum mutilatione aut morbis aegre curandis_$ and
'hich Plato _B. de legibus_ a""ro#es$ if old age$ "o#erty$ ignominy$ Fc.
o""ress$ and 'hich 7abius e+"resseth in effect. (_Praefat. A. Institut_.)
_8emo nisi sua cul"a diu dolet_. It is an ordinary thing in :hina$ (saith
Mat. 1iccius the Desuit$) ;=AA?GLif they be in des"air of better fortunes$
or tired and tortured 'ith misery$ to berea#e themsel#es of life$ and many
times$ to s"ite their enemies the more$ to hang at their door.L Tacitus the
historian$ Plutarch the "hiloso"her$ much a""ro#e a #oluntary de"arture$
and Aust. _de ci#. 3ei$ l. ,. c. =B._ defends a #iolent death$ so that it
be underta%en in a good cause$ _nemo sic mortuus$ 0ui non fuerat_
_ali0uando moriturus_< _0uid autem interest$ 0uo mortis genere #ita ista
finiatur$ 0uando ille cui finitur$ iterum mori non cogitur_N Fc. ;=AA@Gno
man so #oluntarily dies$ but _#olens nolens_$ he must die at last$ and our
life is subject to innumerable casualties$ 'ho %no's 'hen they may ha""en$
_utrum satius est unam "er"eti moriendo$ an omnes timere #i#endo_$ ;=AA-G
rather suffer one$ than fear all. L3eath is better than a bitter life$L
Eccl. +++. ,A. ;=AAAGand a harder choice to li#e in fear$ than by once
dying$ to be freed from all. Theombrotus Ambraciotes "ersuaded I %no' not
ho' many hundreds of his auditors$ by a luculent oration he made of the
miseries of this$ and ha""iness of that other life$ to "reci"itate
themsel#es. And ha#ing read Plato!s di#ine tract _de anima_$ for e+am"le!s
sa%e led the 'ay first. That neat e"igram of :allimachus 'ill tell you as
much$
;=AA/G LDam0ue #ale 9oli cum diceret Ambrociotes$
In 9tygios fertur desiluisse lacus$
Morte nihil dignum "assus& sed forte Platonis
3i#ini e+imum de nece legit o"us.L
;=AABG:alenus and his Indians hated of old to die a natural death& the
:ircumcellians and 3onatists$ loathing life$ com"elled others to ma%e them
a'ay$ 'ith many such& ;=A/CGbut these are false and "agan "ositions$
"rofane stoical "arado+es$ 'ic%ed e+am"les$ it boots not 'hat heathen
"hiloso"hers determine in this %ind$ they are im"ious$ abominable$ and u"on
a 'rong ground. L8o e#il is to be done that good may come of it<L _reclamat
:hristus$ reclamat 9cri"tura_$ God$ and all good men are ;=A/,Gagainst it&
5e that stabs another$ can %ill his body< but he that stabs himself$ %ills
his o'n soul. ;=A/=G_Male meretur$ 0ui dat mendico$ 0uod edat_< _nam et
illud 0uod dat$ "erit_< _et illi "roducit #itam ad miseriam_& he that gi#es
a beggar an alms (as that comical "oet said) doth ill$ because he doth but
"rolong his miseries. ut *actantius _l. -. c. A. de #ero cultu_$ calls it
a detestable o"inion$ and fully confutes it$ _lib. .. de sa". ca". ,/._ and
9. Austin$ _e"ist. @=. ad Macedonium$ ca". -,. ad 3ulcitium Tribunum_& so
doth 5ierom to Marcella of lesilla!s death$ _8on reci"io tales animas_$
Fc.$ he calls such men _martyres stultae Philoso"hiae_& so doth :y"rian _de
du"lici martyrio< 9i 0ui sic moriantur$ aut infirmitas$ aut ambitio$ aut
dementia cogit eos_< !tis mere madness so to do$ ;=A/.G_furore est ne
moriare mori_. To this effect 'rites Arist. _.. Ethic._ *i"sius _Manuduc.
ad 9toicam Philoso"hiaem lib. .. dissertat. =.._ but it needs no
confutation. This only let me add$ that in some cases$ those ;=A/?Ghard
censures of such as offer #iolence to their o'n "ersons$ or in some
des"erate fit to others$ 'hich sometimes they do$ by stabbing$ slashing$
Fc. are to be mitigated$ as in such as are mad$ beside themsel#es for the
time$ or found to ha#e been long melancholy$ and that in e+tremity$ they
%no' not 'hat they do$ de"ri#ed of reason$ judgment$ all$ ;=A/@Gas a shi"
that is #oid of a "ilot$ must needs im"inge u"on the ne+t roc% or sands$
and suffer shi"'rec%. ;=A/-GP. 7orestus hath a story of t'o melancholy
brethren$ that made a'ay themsel#es$ and for so foul a fact$ 'ere
accordingly censured to be infamously buried$ as in such cases they use& to
terrify others$ as it did the Milesian #irgins of old< but u"on farther
e+amination of their misery and madness$ the censure 'as ;=A/AGre#o%ed$ and
they 'ere solemnly interred$ as 9aul 'as by 3a#id$ = 9am. ii. ?. and 9eneca
'ell ad#iseth$ _Irascere interfectori$ sed miserere interfecti_< be justly
offended 'ith him as he 'as a murderer$ but "ity him no' as a dead man.
Thus of their goods and bodies 'e can dis"ose< but 'hat shall become of
their souls$ God alone can tell< his mercy may come _inter "ontem et
fontem$ inter gladium et jugulum_$ bet'i+t the bridge and the broo%$ the
%nife and the throat. _Kuod cui0uam contigit$ 0ui#is "otest_& 4ho %no's ho'
he may be tem"tedN It is his case$ it may be thine& ;=A//G_Kuae sua sors
hodie est$ eras fore #estra "otest._ 4e ought not to be so rash and
rigorous in our censures$ as some are< charity 'ill judge and ho"e the
best& God be merciful unto us all.
T5E 9E82P9I9 27 T5E 9E:283 PA1TITI28.
:ure of melancholy is either
_9ect ,._ General to all$ 'hich contains
Hnla'ful means forbidden$
_Memb. ,._ 7rom the de#il$ magicians$ 'itches$ Fc.$ by charms$
s"ells$ incantations$ Fc.
_Kuest. ,._ 4hether they can cure this$ or other such li%e
diseasesN
_Kuest. =._ 4hether$ if they can so cure$ it be la'ful to
see% to them for hel"N
or *a'ful means$ 'hich are
_Memb. =._ Immediately from God$ _a Do#e "rinci"ium_ by "rayer
Fc.
_Memb. .. Kuest. ,._ 4hether saints and their relics can hel"
this infirmityN
_Kuest. =._ 4hether it be la'ful to sue to them for aid.
or _Memb. ?._ Mediately by 8ature 'hich concerns and 'or%s by
_9ubsect. ,._ Physician$ in 'hom is re0uired science$
confidence$ honesty$ Fc.
_9ubsect. =._ Patient$ in 'hom is re0uired obedience$
constancy$ 'illingness$ "atience$ confidence$ bounty$ Fc.$
not to "ractise on himself.
_9ubsect. .._ Physic$ 'hich consists of
3ietetical ;9ymbol& AriesG
Pharmaceutical ;9ymbol& TaurusG
:hirurgical ;9ymbol& GeminiG
or Particular to the three distinct s"ecies$ ;9ymbol& :ancerG ;9ymbol&
*eoG ;9ymbol& IirgoG
;9ymbol& AriesG _9ect. =._ 3ietetical$ 'hich consists in reforming those
si+ non-natural things$ as in
3iet rectified _,. Memb._
Matter and 0uality _, 9ubs._
9uch meats as are easy of digestion$ 'ell-dressed$ hot$ sod$ Fc.$
young$ moist$ of good nourishment$ Fc.
read of "ure 'heat$ 'ell-ba%ed.
4ater clear from the fountain.
4ine and drin% not too strong$ Fc.
7lesh
Mountain birds$ "artridge$ "heasant$ 0uails$ Fc. 5en$ ca"on$
mutton$ #eal$ %id$ rabbit$ Fc.
7ish
That li#e in gra#elly 'aters$ as "i%e$ "erch$ trout$
sea-fish$ solid$ 'hite$ Fc.
5erbs
orage$ bugloss$ balm$ succory$ endi#e$ #iolets$ in broth$
not ra'$ Fc.
7ruits and roots.
1aisins of the sun$ a""les corrected for 'ind$ oranges$ Fc.$
"arsni"s$ "otatoes$ Fc.
or _9ubs. =._ Kuantity.
At seasonable and unusual times of re"ast$ in good order$ not
before the first be concocted$ s"aring$ not o#ermuch of one
dish.
_Memb. =._ 1ectification of retention and e#acuation$ as costi#eness$
#enery$ bleeding at nose$ months sto""ed$ baths$ Fc.
_Memb. .._ Air rectified$ 'ith a digression of the air
8aturally in the choice and site of our country$ d'elling-"lace$ to
be hot and moist$ light$ 'holesome$ "leasant Fc.
Artificially$ by often change of air$ a#oiding 'inds$ fogs$ tem"ests$
o"ening 'indo's$ "erfumes$ Fc.
_Memb. ?._ E+ercise
2f body and mind$ but moderate$ as ha'%ing$ hunting$ riding$
shooting$ bo'ling$ fishing$ fo'ling$ 'al%ing in fair fields$
galleries$ tennis$ bar.
2f mind$ as chess$ cards$ tables Fc.$ to see "lays$ mas%s$ Fc.$
serious studies$ business$ all honest recreations.
_Memb. @._ 1ectification of 'a%ing and terrible dreams$ Fc.
_Memb. -._ 1ectification of "assions and "erturbations of the mind.
;9ymbol& *ibraG
_Memb. -._ Passions and "erturbations of the mind rectified.
7rom himself
_9ubsect. ,._ y using all good means of hel"$ confessing to a
friend$ Fc.
A#oiding all occasions of his infirmity.
8ot gi#ing 'ay to "assions$ but resisting to his utmost.
or from his friends.
_9ubsect. =._ y fair and foul means$ counsel$ comfort$ good
"ersuasion$ 'itty de#ices$ fictions$ and$ if it be "ossible$ to
satisfy his mind.
_9ubsect. .._ Music of all sorts a"tly a""lied.
_9ubsect. ?._ Mirth and merry com"any.
_9ect. .._ A consolatory digression$ containing remedies to all
discontents and "assions of the mind.
_Memb. ,._ General discontents and grie#ances satisfied.
_Memb. =._ Particular discontents$ as deformity of body$
sic%ness$ baseness of birth$ Fc.
_Memb. .._ Po#erty and 'ant$ such calamites and ad#ersities.
_Memb. ?._ Against ser#itude$ loss of liberty$ im"risonment$
banishment$ Fc.
_Memb. @._ Against #ain fears$ sorro's for death of friends$ or
other'ise.
_Memb. -._ Against en#y$ li#or$ hatred$ malice$ emulation$
ambition$ and self-lo#e$ Fc.
_Memb. A._ Against re"ulses$ abuses$ injuries$ contem"ts$
disgraces$ contumelies$ slanders$ and scoffs$ Fc.
_Memb. /._ Against all other grie#ous and ordinary sym"toms of
this disease of melancholy.
;9ymbol& TaurusG _9ect. ?._ Pharmaceutics$ or Physic 'hich cureth 'ith
medicines$ 'ith a digression of this %ind of "hysic$ is either _Memb. ,.
9ubsect. ,._
General to all
Alterati#e
9im"les altering melancholy$ 'ith a digression of e+otic sim"les
_=. 9ubs._
5erbs. _.. 9ubs._
To the heart< borage$ bugloss$ scorzonera$ Fc.
To the head< balm$ ho"s$ nenu"har$ Fc.
*i#er< eu"atory$ artemisia$ Fc.
9tomach< 'orm'ood$ centaury$ "ennyroyal.
9"leen< ceterache$ ash$ tamaris%.
To Purify the blood< endi#e$ succory$ Fc.
Against 'ind< origan$ fennel$ aniseed$ Fc.
_?. 9ubs_ Precious stones< as smaragdes$ chelidonies$ Fc.
Minerals<
or com"ounds altering melancholy$ 'ith a digression of com"ounds.
_@. 9ubs._
In'ardly ta%en
*i0uid
fluid
4ines< as of hellebore$ bugloss$ tamaris%$ Fc.
9yru"s of borage$ bugloss$ ho"s$ e"ithyme$
endi#e$ succory$ Fc.
or consisting.
:onser#es of #iolets$ maidenhair$ borage$
bugloss$ roses$ Fc.
:onfections< treacle$ mithridate$ eclegms or
linctures.
or solid$ as those aromatical confections.
hot
3iambra$ dianthos.
3iamargaritum calidum.
3iamoscum dulce.
Electuarium de gemmis.
*aetificans Galeni et 1hasis.
or cold
3iamargaritum frigidum.
3iarrhodon abbatis.
3iacorolli$ diacodium 'ith their tables.
:ondites of all sorts$ Fc.
or 2ut'ardly used$ as
2ils of camomile$ #iolets$ roses$ Fc.
2intments$ alablastritum$ "o"uleum$ Fc.
*iniments$ "lasters$ cerotes$ cata"lasms$ frontals$
fomentations$ e"ithymes$ sac%s$ bags$ odoraments$
"osies$ Fc.
or Purging ;9ymbol& Moon-.P?G
or Particular to three distinct s"ecies$ ;9ymbol& :ancerG ;9ymbol& *eoG
;9ymbol& IirgoG.
Medicines "urging melancholy are either _Memb. =._
9im"les "urging melancholy
_,. 9ubs._ H"'ard$ as #omits
Asrabecca$ laurel$ 'hite hellebore$ scilla$ or sea-onion$
antimony$ tobacco
or 3o'n'ard. _=. 9ubs._
More gentle< as senna$ e"ithyme$ "oly"ody$ mirobalanes$ fumitory$
Fc.
9tronger< aloes$ la"is Armenus$ la"is lazuli$ blac% hellebore.
or _.. 9ubs._ :om"ounds "urging melancholy
9u"erior "arts
Mouth
s'allo'ed
*i0uid$ as "otions$ jule"s$ syru"s$ 'ine of hellebore$
bugloss$ Fc.
9olid$ as la"is Armenus$ and lazuli$ "ills of Indie$
"ills of fumitory$ Fc.
Electuaries$ diasena$ confection of hamech$
hierologladium$ Fc.
or 8ot s'allo'ed$ as gargarisms$ masticatories$ Fc.
or 8ostrils$ sneezing "o'ders$ odoraments$ "erfumes$ Fc.
or Inferior "arts$ as clysters strong and 'ea%$ and su""ositories of
:astilian soa"$ honey boiled$ Fc.
;9ymbol& GeminiG :hirurgical "hysic$ 'hich consists of _Memb. .._
Phlebotomy$ to all "arts almost$ and all the distinct s"ecies.
4ith %nife$ horseleeches.
:u""ing-glasses.
:auteries$ and searing 'ith hot irons$ boring.
3ro"a+ and sina"ismus.
Issues to se#eral "arts$ and u"on se#eral occasions.
;9ymbol& :ancerG _9ect. @._ :ure of head-melancholy. _Memb. ,._
_,. 9ubsect._ Moderate diet$ meat of good juice$ moistening$ easy of
digestion.
Good air.
9lee" more than ordinary.
E+crements daily to be #oided by art or nature.
E+ercise of body and mind not too #iolent$ or too remiss$ "assions of the
mind$ and "erturbations to be a#oided.
_9ubsect. =._ loodletting$ if there be need$ or that the blood be
corru"t$ in the arm$ forehead$ Fc.$ or 'ith cu""ing-glasses.
_9ubsect. .._ Pre"arati#es and "urgers.
Pre"arati#es< as syru" of borage$ bugloss$ e"ithyme$ ho"s$ 'ith their
distilled 'aters$ Fc.
Purgers< as Montanus$ and Matthiolus _helleborismus$ Kuercetanus_$
syru" of hellebore$ e+tract of hellebore$ "ul#is 5ali$ antimony
"re"ared$ _1ulandi a0ua mirabilis_< 'hich are used$ if gentler
medicines 'ill not ta%e "lace$ 'ith Arnoldus$ _#inum buglossatum_$
senna$ cassia$ mirobalanes$ _aurum "otabile_$ or before 5amech$
Pil. Indae$ 5iera$ Pil. de la". Armeno$ lazuli.
_9ubsect. ?._ A#erters.
:ardan!s nettles$ frictions$ clysters$ su""ositories$ sneezings$
masticatories$ nasals$ cu""ing-glasses.
To o"en the haemorrhoids 'ith horseleeches$ to a""ly horseleeches to
the forehead 'ithout scarification$ to the shoulders$ thighs.
Issues$ boring$ cauteries$ hot irons in the suture of the cro'n.
_9ubsect. @._ :ordials$ resol#ers$ hinderers.
A cu" of 'ine or strong drin%.
ezars stone$ amber$ s"ice.
:onser#es of borage$ bugloss$ roses$ fumitory.
:onfection of Alchermes.
_Electuarium laetificans Galeni et 1hasis_$ Fc.
_3iamargaritum frig. diaboraginatum_$ Fc.
_9ubsect. -._ :orrectors of accidents$ as$
2doraments of roses$ #iolets.
Irrigations of the head$ 'ith the decoctions of nym"hea$ lettuce$
mallo's$ Fc.
E"ithymes$ ointments$ bags to the heart.
7omentations of oil for the belly.
aths of s'eet 'ater$ in 'hich 'ere sod mallo's$ #iolets$ roses$
'ater-lilies$ borage flo'ers$ ramsheads$ Fc.
To "rocure slee"$ and are
In'ardly ta%en$
9im"les
Po""y$ nym"hea$ lettuce$ roses$ "urslane$ henbane$
mandra%e$ nightshade$ o"ium$ Fc.
or :om"ounds.
*i0uid$ as syru"s of "o""y$ #erbasco$ #iolets$ roses.
9olid$ as _re0uies 8icholai$ Philonium$ 1omanum$ *audanum
Paracelsi_.
or 2ut'ardly used$ as
2il of nym"hea$ "o""y$ #iolets$ roses$ mandra%e$ nutmegs.
2doraments of #inegar$ rose'ater$ o"ium.
7rontals of rose-ca%e$ rose-#inegar$ nutmeg.
2intments$ alablastritum$ unguentum "o"uleum$ sim"le or mi+ed
'ith o"ium.
Irrigations of the head$ feet$ s"onges$ music$ murmur and
noise of 'aters.
7rictions of the head and out'ard "arts$ sacculi of henbane$
'orm'ood at his "illo'$ Fc.
Against terrible dreams< not to su" late$ or eat "eas$ cabbage$
#enison$ meats hea#y of digestion$ use balm$ hart!s-tongue$ Fc.
Against ruddiness and blushing$ in'ard and out'ard remedies.
;9ymbol& *eoG _=. Memb._ :ure of melancholy o#er the body.
3iet$ "re"arati#es$ "urges$ a#erters$ cordials$ correctors$ as before.
Phlebotomy in this %ind more necessary$ and more fre0uent.
To correct and cleanse the blood 'ith fumitory$ senna$ succory$
dandelion$ endi#e$ Fc.
;9ymbol& IirgoG :ure of hy"ochondriacal or 'indy melancholy. _.. Memb._
_9ubsect. ,_ Phlebotomy$ if need re0uire.
3iet$ "re"arati#es$ a#erters$ cordials$ "urgers$ as before$ sa#ing that
they must not be so #ehement.
Hse of "ennyroyal$ 'orm'ood$ centaury sod$ 'hich alone hath cured many.
To "ro#o%e urine 'ith aniseed$ daucus$ asarum$ Fc.$ and stools$ if need
be$ by clysters and su""ositories.
To res"ect the s"leen$ stomach$ li#er$ hy"ochondries.
To use treacle no' and then in 'inter.
To #omit after meals sometimes$ if it be in#eterate.
_9ubsect. =._ To e+"el 'ind.
In'ardly Ta%en$
9im"les$
1oots$
Galanga$ gentian$ enula$ angelica$ calamus aromaticus$
zedoary$ china$ condite ginger$ Fc.
5erbs$
Pennyroyal$ rue$ calamint$ bay lea#es$ and berries$
scordium$ bethany$ la#ender$ camomile$ centaury$
'orm'ood$ cumin$ broom$ orange "ills.
9"ices$
9affron$ cinnamon$ mace$ nutmeg$ "e""er$ mus%$ zedoary
'ith 'ine$ Fc.
9eeds$
Aniseed$ fennel-seed$ ammi$ cary$ cumin$ nettle$ bays$
"arsley$ grana "aradisi.
or :om"ounds$ as
3ianisum$ diagalanga$ diaciminum$ diacalaminthes$ electuarium
de baccis lauri$ benedicta la+ati#a$ Fc. "ul#ia
carminati#us$ and "ul#is descri". Antidotario 7lorentine$
aromaticum$ rosatum$ Mithridate.
or 2ut'ardly used$ as cu""ing-glasses to the hy"ochonries 'ithout
scarification$ oil of camomile$ rue$ aniseed$ their decoctions$ Fc.
T5E 9E:283 PA1TITI28.
T5E :H1E 27 ME*A8:52*E.
T5E 7I19T 9E:TI28$ MEME1$ 9H9E:TI28.
_Hnla'ful :ures rejected_.
In#eterate Melancholy$ ho'soe#er it may seem to be a continuate$ ine+orable
disease$ hard to be cured$ accom"anying them to their gra#es$ most "art$ as
;=A/BGMontanus obser#es$ yet many times it may be hel"ed$ e#en that 'hich
is most #iolent$ or at least$ according to the same ;=ABCGauthor$ Lit may
be mitigated and much eased.L _8il des"erandum._ It may be hard to cure$
but not im"ossible for him that is most grie#ously affected$ if he but
'illing to be hel"ed.
H"on this good ho"e I 'ill "roceed$ using the same method in the cure$
'hich I ha#e formerly used in the rehearsing of the causes< first general$
then "articular< and those according to their se#eral s"ecies. 2f these
cures some be la'ful$ some again unla'ful$ 'hich though fre0uent$ familiar$
and often used$ yet justly censured$ and to be contro#erted. As first$
'hether by these diabolical means$ 'hich are commonly "ractised by the
de#il and his ministers$ sorcerers$ 'itches$ magicians$ Fc.$ by s"ells$
cabilistical 'ords$ charms$ characters$ images$ amulets$ ligatures$
"hilters$ incantations$ Fc.$ this disease and the li%e may be curedN and if
they may$ 'hether it be la'ful to ma%e use of them$ those magnetical cures$
or for our good to see% after such means in any caseN The first$ 'hether
they can do any such cures$ is 0uestioned amongst many 'riters$ some
affirming$ some denying. Ialesius$ _cont. med. lib. @. ca". -. Malleus
Maleficar_$ 5eurnius$ _lib. .. "ract. med. ca". =/._ :aelius _lib. ,-. c.
,-._ 3elrio _Tom. .._ 4ierus _lib. =. de "raestig. daem._ *ibanius *a#ater
_de s"ect. "art. =. ca". A._ 5olbrenner the *utheran in Pistorium$ Polydore
Iirg. _l. ,. de "rodig._ Tandlerus$ *emnius$ (5i""ocrates and A#icenna
amongst the rest) deny that s"irits or de#ils ha#e any "o'er o#er us$ and
refer all 'ith Pom"onatius of Padua to natural causes and humours. 2f the
other o"inion are odinus _3aemonamantiae$ lib. .$ ca". =._ Arnoldus$
Marcellus Em"yricus$ I. Pistorius$ Paracelsus _A"odi+. Magic._ Agri""a
_lib. =. de occult. Philos. ca". .-. -B. A,. A=. et l. .$ c. =.$ et ,C._
Marcilius 7icinus _de #it. coelit. com"ar. ca". ,.. ,@. ,/. =,. Fc._
Galeottus _de "romiscua doct. ca". =?._ Do#ianus Pontanus _Tom. =. Plin.
lib. =/$ c. =._ 9trabo$ _lib. ,@._ Geog. *eo 9ua#ius& Goclenius _de ung.
armar._ 2s'oldus :rollius$ Ernestus urgra#ius$ 3r. 7lud$ Fc. :ardan _de
subt._ brings many "roofs out of Ars 8otoria$ and 9olomon!s decayed 'or%s$
old 5ermes$ Artefius$ :ostaben *uca$ Picatri+$ Fc. that such cures may be
done. They can ma%e fire it shall not burn$ fetch bac% thie#es or stolen
goods$ sho' their absent faces in a glass$ ma%e ser"ents lie still$ stanch
blood$ sal#e gouts$ e"ile"sies$ biting of mad dogs$ toothache$ melancholy$
_et omnia mundi mala_$ ma%e men immortal$ young again as the ;=AB,G9"anish
mar0uis is said to ha#e done by one of his sla#es$ and some$ 'hich jugglers
in ;=AB=G:hina maintain still (as Tragaltius 'rites) that they can do by
their e+traordinary s%ill in "hysic$ and some of our modern chemists by
their strange limbec%s$ by their s"ells$ "hiloso"her!s stones and charms.
;=AB.GLMany doubt$L saith 8icholas Taurellus$ L'hether the de#il can cure
such diseases he hath not made$ and some flatly deny it$ ho'soe#er common
e+"erience confirms to our astonishment$ that magicians can 'or% such
feats$ and that the de#il 'ithout im"ediment can "enetrate through all the
"arts of our bodies$ and cure such maladies by means to us un%no'n.L 3aneus
in his tract _de 9ortiariis_ subscribes to this of Taurellus< Erastus _de
lamiis_$ maintaineth as much$ and so do most di#ines$ out of their
e+cellent %no'ledge and long e+"erience they can commit ;=AB?G_agentes cum
"atientibus$ colligere semina rerum$ ea0ue materiae a""licare_$ as Austin
infers _de :i#. 3ei et de Trinit. lib. .. ca". A. et /._ they can 'or%
stu"endous and admirable conclusions< 'e see the effects only$ but not the
causes of them. 8othing so familiar as to hear of such cures. 9orcerers are
too common< cunning men$ 'izards$ and 'hite-'itches$ as they call them$ in
e#ery #illage$ 'hich if they be sought unto$ 'ill hel" almost all
infirmities of body and mind$ _9er#atores_ in *atin$ and they ha#e commonly
9t. :atherine!s 'heel "rinted in the roof of their mouth$ or in some other
"art about them$ _resistunt incantatorum "raestigiis_ (;=AB@Goissardus
'rites) _morbos a sagis motos "ro"ulsant_ Fc.$ that to doubt of it any
longer$ ;=AB-GLor not to belie#e$ 'ere to run into that other sce"tical
e+treme of incredulity$L saith Taurellus. *eo 9ua#ius in his comment u"on
Paracelsus seems to ma%e it an art$ 'hich ought to be a""ro#ed< Pistorius
and others stiffly maintain the use of charms$ 'ords$ characters$ Fc. _Ars
#era est$ sed "auci artifices re"eriuntur_< the art is true$ but there be
but a fe' that ha#e s%ill in it. Marcellius 3onatus _lib. =. de hist$ mir.
ca". ,._ "ro#es out of Dose"hus! eight boo%s of anti0uities$ that
;=ABAGL9olomon so cured all the diseases of the mind by s"ells$ charms$ and
dro#e a'ay de#ils$ and that Eleazer did as much before Ies"asian.L *angius
in his _med. e"ist._ holds Du"iter Menecrates$ that did so many stu"endous
cures in his time$ to ha#e used this art$ and that he 'as no other than a
magician. Many famous cures are daily done in this %ind$ the de#il is an
e+"ert "hysician$ as Godelman calls him$ _lib. ,. ca". ,/._ and God "ermits
oftentimes these 'itches and magicians to "roduce such effects$ as *a#ater
_ca". .. lib. /. "art. .. ca". ,._ Polid. Iirg. _lib. ,. de "rodigiis_$
3elrio and others admit. 9uch cures may be done$ and as Paracels. _Tom. ?.
de morb. ament._ stiffly maintains$ ;=AB/GLthey cannot other'ise be cured
but by s"ells$ seals$ and s"iritual "hysic.L ;=ABBGArnoldus$ _lib. de
sigillis_$ sets do'n the ma%ing of them$ so doth 1ulandus and many others.
_5oc "osito_$ they can effect such cures$ the main 0uestion is$ 'hether it
be la'ful in a des"erate case to cra#e their hel"$ or as% a 'izard!s
ad#ice. !Tis a common "ractice of some men to go first to a 'itch$ and then
to a "hysician$ if one cannot the other shall$ _7lectere si ne0ueant
su"eros Acheronta mo#ebunt_. ;=/CCGLIt matters not$L saith Paracelsus$
L'hether it be God or the de#il$ angels$ or unclean s"irits cure him$ so
that he be eased.L If a man fall into a ditch$ as he "rosecutes it$ 'hat
matter is it 'hether a friend or an enemy hel" him outN and if I be
troubled 'ith such a malady$ 'hat care I 'hether the de#il himself$ or any
of his ministers by God!s "ermission$ redeem meN 5e calls a ;=/C,G
magician$ God!s minister and his #icar$ a""lying that of _#os estis dii_
"rofanely to them$ for 'hich he is lashed by T. Erastus _"art. ,. fol. ?@._
And else'here he encourageth his "atients to ha#e a good faith$ ;=/C=G La
strong imagination$ and they shall find the effects& let di#ines say to the
contrary 'hat they 'ill.L 5e "ro#es and contends that many diseases cannot
other'ise be cured. _Incantatione orti incantatione curari debent_< if they
be caused by incantation$ ;=/C.Gthey must be cured by incantation.
:onstantinus _lib. ?._ a""ro#es of such remedies& artolus the la'yer$
Peter Aerodius _rerum Dudic. lib. .. tit. A._ 9alicetus Godefridus$ 'ith
others of that sect$ allo' of them< _modo sint ad sanitatem 0uae a magis
fiunt$ secus non_$ so they be for the "arties good$ or not at all. ut
these men are confuted by 1emigius$ odinus$ _daem. lib. .. ca" =._
Godelmanus _lib. ,. ca". /_$ 4ierus$ 3elrio _lib. -. 0uaest. =. tom. ..
mag. in0uis._ Erastus _de *amiis_< all our ;=/C?Gdi#ines$ schoolmen$ and
such as 'rite cases of conscience are against it$ the scri"ture itself
absolutely forbids it as a mortal sin$ *e#it. ca". +#iii. +i+. ++. 3eut.
+#iii. Fc. 1om. #iii. ,B. LE#il is not to be done$ that good may come of
it.L Much better it 'ere for such "atients that are so troubled$ to endure
a little misery in this life$ than to hazard their souls! health for e#er$
and as 3elrio counselleth$ ;=/C@GLmuch better die$ than be so cured.L 9ome
ta%e u"on them to e+"el de#ils by natural remedies$ and magical e+orcisms$
'hich they seem to a""ro#e out of the "ractice of the "rimiti#e church$ as
that abo#e cited of Dose"hus$ Eleazer$ Irenaeus$ Tertullian$ Austin.
Eusebius ma%es mention of such$ and magic itself hath been "ublicly
"rofessed in some uni#ersities$ as of old in 9alamanca in 9"ain$ and 6ra%o'
in Poland& but condemned anno ,.,/$ by the chancellor and uni#ersity of
;=/C-GParis. 2ur "ontifical 'riters retain many of these adjurations and
forms of e+orcisms still in the church< besides those in ba"tism used$ they
e+orcise meats$ and such as are "ossessed$ as they hold$ in :hrist!s name.
1ead 5ieron. Mengus _ca". .._ Pet. Tyreus$ _"art. .. ca". /._ 4hat
e+orcisms they "rescribe$ besides those ordinary means of ;=/CAGLfire
suffumigations$ lights$ cutting the air 'ith s'ords$L _ca". @A._ herbs$
odours& of 'hich Tostatus treats$ _=. 1eg. ca". ,-. 0uaest. ?._$ you shall
find many #ain and fri#olous su"erstitious forms of e+orcisms among them$
not to be tolerated$ or endured.
MEM. II.
_*a'ful :ures$ first from God_.
eing so clearly e#inced$ as it is$ all unla'ful cures are to be refused$
it remains to treat of such as are to be admitted$ and those are commonly
such 'hich God hath a""ointed$ ;=/C/Gby #irtue of stones$ herbs$ "lants$
meats$ and the li%e$ 'hich are "re"ared and a""lied to our use$ by art and
industry of "hysicians$ 'ho are the dis"ensers of such treasures for our
good$ and to be ;=/CBGLhonoured for necessities! sa%e$L God!s intermediate
ministers$ to 'hom in our infirmities 'e are to see% for hel". Eet not so
that 'e rely too much$ or 'holly u"on them& _a Do#e "rinci"ium_$ 'e must
first begin 'ith ;=/,CG"rayer$ and then use "hysic< not one 'ithout the
other$ but both together. To "ray alone$ and reject ordinary means$ is to
do li%e him in Aeso"$ that 'hen his cart 'as stalled$ lay flat on his bac%$
and cried aloud hel" 5ercules$ but that 'as to little "ur"ose$ e+ce"t as
his friend ad#ised him$ _rotis tute i"se annitaris_$ he 'hi""ed his horses
'ithal$ and "ut his shoulder to the 'heel. God 'or%s by means$ as :hrist
cured the blind man 'ith clay and s"ittle& _2randum est ut sit mens sana in
cor"ore sano_. As 'e must "ray for health of body and mind$ so 'e must use
our utmost endea#ours to "reser#e and continue it. 9ome %ind of de#ils are
not cast out but by fasting and "rayer$ and both necessarily re0uired$ not
one 'ithout the other. 7or all the "hysic 'e can use$ art$ e+cellent
industry$ is to no "ur"ose 'ithout calling u"on God$ _nil ju#at immensos
:ratero "romittere montes_& it is in #ain to see% for hel"$ run$ ride$
e+ce"t God bless us.
;=/,,G ------Lnon 9iculi da"es
3ulcem elaborabunt sa"orem.
8on animum cytherae#e cantus.L
;=/,=G L8on domus et fundus$ non aeris acer#us et auri
Aegroto "ossunt domino deducere febres.L
;=/,.G L4ith house$ 'ith land$ 'ith money$ and 'ith gold$
The master!s fe#er 'ill not be controll!d.L
4e must use our "rayer and "hysic both together& and so no doubt but our
"rayers 'ill be a#ailable$ and our "hysic ta%e effect. !Tis that 5eze%iah
"ractised$ = 6ing. ++. *u%e the E#angelist& and 'hich 'e are enjoined$
:oloss. i#. not the "atient only$ but the "hysician himself. 5i""ocrates$ a
heathen$ re0uired this in a good "ractitioner$ and so did Galen$ _lib. de
Plat. et 5i"". dog. lib. B. ca". ,@._ and in that tract of his$ _an mores
se0uantur tem". cor. ca. ,,._. !tis a rule 'hich he doth inculcate$ ;=/,?G
and many others. 5y"erius in his first boo% _de sacr. scri"t. lect._
s"ea%ing of that ha""iness and good success 'hich all "hysicians desire and
ho"e for in their cures$ ;=/,@GLtells them that it is not to be e+"ected$
e+ce"t 'ith a true faith they call u"on God$ and teach their "atients to do
the li%e.L The council of *ateran$ _:anon ==._ decreed they should do so&
the fathers of the church ha#e still ad#ised as much& 'hatsoe#er thou
ta%est in hand (saith ;=/,-GGregory) Llet God be of thy counsel$ consult
'ith him< that healeth those that are bro%en in heart$ (Psal. c+l#ii. ..)
and bindeth u" their sores.L 2ther'ise as the "ro"het Deremiah$ ca". +l#i.
,,. denounced to Egy"t$ In #ain shalt thou use many medicines$ for thou
shalt ha#e no health. It is the same counsel 'hich ;=/,AG:omineus that
"olitic historiogra"her gi#es to all :hristian "rinces$ u"on occasion of
that unha""y o#erthro' of :harles 3u%e of urgundy$ by means of 'hich he
'as e+tremely melancholy$ and sic% to death& insomuch that neither "hysic
nor "ersuasion could do him any good$ "ercei#ing his "re"osterous error
beli%e$ ad#iseth all great men in such cases$ ;=/,/GLto "ray first to God
'ith all submission and "enitency$ to confess their sins$ and then to use
"hysic.L The #ery same fault it 'as$ 'hich the "ro"het re"rehends in Asa
%ing of Dudah$ that he relied more on "hysic than on God$ and by all means
'ould ha#e him to amend it. And !tis a fit caution to be obser#ed of all
other sorts of men. The "ro"het 3a#id 'as so obser#ant of this "rece"t$
that in his greatest misery and #e+ation of mind$ he "ut this rule first in
"ractice. Psal. l++#ii. .. L4hen I am in hea#iness$ I 'ill thin% on God.L
Psal. l+++#i. ?. L:omfort the soul of thy ser#ant$ for unto thee I lift u"
my soul&L and #erse A. LIn the day of trouble 'ill I call u"on thee$ for
thou hearest me.L Psal. li#. ,. L9a#e me$ 2 God$ by thy name$L Fc. Psal.
l+++ii. Psal. ++. And !tis the common "ractice of all good men$ Psal. c#ii.
,.. L'hen their heart 'as humbled 'ith hea#iness$ they cried to the *ord in
their troubles$ and he deli#ered them from their distress.L And they ha#e
found good success in so doing$ as 3a#id confesseth$ Psal. +++. ,=. LThou
hast turned my mourning into joy$ thou hast loosed my sac%cloth$ and girded
me 'ith gladness.L Therefore he ad#iseth all others to do the li%e$ Psal.
+++i. =?. LAll ye that trust in the *ord$ be strong$ and he shall establish
your heart.L It is re"orted by ;=/,BG9uidas$ s"ea%ing of 5eze%iah$ that
there 'as a great boo% of old$ of 6ing 9olomon!s 'riting$ 'hich contained
medicines for all manner of diseases$ and lay o"en still as they came into
the tem"le& but 5eze%iah %ing of Derusalem$ caused it to be ta%en a'ay$
because it made the "eo"le secure$ to neglect their duty in calling and
relying u"on God$ out of a confidence on those remedies. ;=/=CGMinutius
that 'orthy consul of 1ome in an oration he made to his soldiers$ 'as much
offended 'ith them$ and ta+ed their ignorance$ that in their misery called
more on him than u"on God. A general fault it is all o#er the 'orld$ and
Minutius!s s"eech concerns us all$ 'e rely more on "hysic$ and see% oftener
to "hysicians$ than to God himself. As much faulty are they that "rescribe$
as they that as%$ res"ecting 'holly their gain$ and trusting more to their
ordinary recei"ts and medicines many times$ than to him that made them. I
'ould 'ish all "atients in this behalf$ in the midst of their melancholy$
to remember that of 9iracides$ Ecc. i. ,,. and ,=. LThe fear of the *ord is
glory and gladness$ and rejoicing. The fear of the *ord ma%eth a merry
heart$ and gi#eth gladness$ and joy$ and long life&L and all such as
"rescribe "hysic$ to begin _in nomine 3ei_$ as ;=/=,GMesue did$ to imitate
*aelius a 7onte Eugubinus$ that in all his consultations$ still concludes
'ith a "rayer for the good success of his business< and to remember that of
:reto one of their "redecessors$ _fuge a#aritiam$ et sine oratione et
in#ocations 3ei nihil facias_ a#oid co#etousness$ and do nothing 'ithout
in#ocation u"on God.
MEM. III.
_4hether it be la'ful to see% to 9aints for Aid in this 3isease_.
That 'e must "ray to God$ no man doubts< but 'hether 'e should "ray to
saints in such cases$ or 'hether they can do us any good$ it may be
la'fully contro#erted. 4hether their images$ shrines$ relics$ consecrated
things$ holy 'ater$ medals$ benedictions$ those di#ine amulets$ holy
e+orcisms$ and the sign of the cross$ be a#ailable in this diseaseN The
"a"ists on the one side stiffly maintain ho' many melancholy$ mad$
demoniacal "ersons are daily cured at 9t. Anthony!s :hurch in Padua$ at 9t.
Iitus! in Germany$ by our *ady of *oretto in Italy$ our *ady of 9ichem in
the *o' :ountries& ;=/==G_Kuae et caecis lumen$ aegris salutem$ mortuis
#itam$ claudis gressum reddit$ omnes morbos cor"oris$ animi$ curat$ et in
i"sos daemones im"erium e+ercet_< she cures halt$ lame$ blind$ all diseases
of body and mind$ and commands the de#il himself$ saith *i"sius.
Lt'enty-fi#e thousand in a day come thither$L ;=/=.G_0uis nisi numen in
illum locum sic indu+it_< 'ho brought themN _in auribus$ in oculis omnium
gesta$ no#ae no#itia_< ne' ne's lately done$ our eyes and ears are full of
her cures$ and 'ho can relate them allN They ha#e a "ro"er saint almost for
e#ery "eculiar infirmity& for "oison$ gouts$ agues$ Petronella& 9t. 1omanus
for such as are "ossessed< Ialentine for the falling sic%ness< 9t. Iitus
for madmen$ Fc. and as of old ;=/=?GPliny rec%ons u" Gods for all diseases$
(_7ebri fanum dicalum est_) *ilius Giraldus re"eats many of her ceremonies&
all affections of the mind 'ere heretofore accounted gods$ ;=/=@Glo#e$ and
sorro'$ #irtue$ honour$ liberty$ contumely$ im"udency$ had their tem"les$
tem"ests$ seasons$ _:re"itus Ientris$ dea Iacuna$ dea :loacina_$ there 'as
a goddess of idleness$ a goddess of the draught$ or ja%es$ Prema$ Premunda$
Pria"us$ ba'dy gods$ and gods for all ;=/=-G offices. Iarro rec%ons u"
.C$CCC gods& *ucian ma%es Podagra the gout a goddess$ and assigns her
"riests and ministers& and melancholy comes not behind< for as Austin
mentioneth$ _lib. ?. de :i#it. 3ei$ ca". B._ there 'as of old _Angerona
dea_$ and she had her cha"el and feasts$ to 'hom (saith ;=/=AGMacrobius)
they did offer sacrifice yearly$ that she might be "acified as 'ell as the
rest. !Tis no ne' thing$ you see this of "a"ists< and in my judgment$ that
old doting *i"sius might ha#e fitter dedicated his ;=/=/G"en after all his
labours$ to this our goddess of melancholy$ than to his _Iirgo 5alensis_$
and been her cha"lain$ it 'ould ha#e become him better& but he$ "oor man$
thought no harm in that 'hich he did$ and 'ill not be "ersuaded but that he
doth 'ell$ he hath so many "atrons$ and honourable "recedents in the li%e
%ind$ that justify as much$ as eagerly$ and more than he there saith of his
lady and mistress& read but su"erstitious :oster and Gretser!s Tract _de
:ruce_$ *aur. Arcturus _7anteus de In#oc. 9anct._ ellarmine$ 3elrio _dis.
mag. tom. .. l. -. 0uaest. =. sect. .._ Greg. Tolosanus _tom. =. lib. /.
ca". =?._ 9ynta+. 9trozius :icogna _lib. ?. ca". B._ Tyreus$ 5ieronymus
Mengus$ and you shall find infinite e+am"les of cures done in this %ind$ by
holy 'aters$ relics$ crosses$ e+orcisms$ amulets$ images$ consecrated
beads$ Fc. arradius the Desuit boldly gi#es it out$ that :hrist!s
countenance$ and the Iirgin Mary!s$ 'ould cure melancholy$ if one had
loo%ed steadfastly on them. P. Morales the 9"aniard in his boo% _de "ulch.
Des. et Mar._ confirms the same out of :arthusianus$ and I %no' not 'hom$
that it 'as a common "ro#erb in those days$ for such as 'ere troubled in
mind to say$ _eamus ad #idendum filium Mariae_$ let us see the son of Mary$
as they no' do "ost to 9t. Anthony!s in Padua$ or to 9t. 5ilary!s at
Poitiers in 7rance. ;=/=BG In a closet of that church$ there is at this day
9t. 5ilary!s bed to be seen$ Lto 'hich they bring all the madmen in the
country$ and after some "rayers and other ceremonies$ they lay them do'n
there to slee"$ and so they reco#er.L It is an ordinary thing in those
"arts$ to send all their madmen to 9t. 5ilary!s cradle. They say the li%e
of 9t. Tubery in ;=/.CG another "lace. Giraldus :ambrensis _Itin. :amb. c.
,._ tells strange stories of 9t. :iricius! staff$ that 'ould cure this and
all other diseases. 2thers say as much (as ;=/.,G5os"inian obser#es) of the
three %ings of :ologne< their names 'ritten in "archment$ and hung about a
"atient!s nec%$ 'ith the sign of the cross$ 'ill "roduce li%e effects. 1ead
*i""omanus$ or that golden legend of Dacobus de Ioragine$ you shall ha#e
infinite stories$ or those ne' relations of our ;=/.=GDesuits in Da"an and
:hina$ of Mat. 1iccius$ Acosta$ *oyola$ Ja#erius!s life$ Fc. Das"er elga$
a Desuit$ cured a mad 'oman by hanging 9t. Dohn!s gos"el about her nec%$
and many such. 5oly 'ater did as much in Da"an$ Fc. 8othing so familiar in
their 'or%s$ as such e+am"les.
ut 'e on the other side see% to God alone. 4e say 'ith 3a#id$ Psal. +l#i.
,. LGod is our ho"e and strength$ and hel" in trouble$ ready to be found.L
7or their catalogue of e+am"les$ 'e ma%e no other ans'er$ but that they are
false fictions$ or diabolical illusions$ counterfeit miracles. 4e cannot
deny but that it is an ordinary thing on 9t. Anthony!s day in Padua$ to
bring di#erse madmen and demoniacal "ersons to be cured& yet 'e ma%e a
doubt 'hether such "arties be so affected indeed$ but "re"ared by their
"riests$ by certain ointments and drams$ to cozen the commonalty$ as ;=/..G
5ildesheim 'ell saith< the li%e is commonly "ractised in ohemia as
Mathiolus gi#es us to understand in his "reface to his comment u"on
3ioscorides. ut 'e need not run so far for e+am"les in this %ind$ 'e ha#e
a just #olume "ublished at home to this "ur"ose. ;=/.?GLA declaration of
egregious "o"ish im"ostures$ to 'ithdra' the hearts of religious men under
the "retence of casting out of de#ils$ "ractised by 7ather Edmunds$ alias
4eston$ a Desuit$ and di#ers 1omish "riests$ his 'ic%ed associates$L 'ith
the se#eral "arties! names$ confessions$ e+aminations$ Fc. 'hich 'ere
"retended to be "ossessed. ut these are ordinary tric%s only to get
o"inion and money$ mere im"ostures. Aescula"ius of old$ that counterfeit
God$ did as many famous cures< his tem"le (as ;=/.@G9trabo relates) 'as
daily full of "atients$ and as many se#eral tables$ inscri"tions$ "endants$
donories$ Fc. to be seen in his church$ as at this day our *ady of
*oretto!s in Italy. It 'as a custom long since$
------Lsus"endisse "otenti
Iestimenta maris deo.L;=/.-G _5or. 2d. ,. lib. @. 2d._
To do the li%e$ in former times they 'ere seduced and deluded as they are
no'. !Tis the same de#il still$ called heretofore A"ollo$ Mars$ 8e"tune$
Ienus$ Aescula"ius$ Fc. as ;=/.AG*actantius _lib. =. de orig. erroris$ c.
,A._ obser#es. The same Du"iter and those bad angels are no' 'orshi""ed and
adored by the name of 9t. 9ebastian$ arbara$ Fc. :hristo"her and George
are come in their "laces. 2ur lady succeeds Ienus (as they use her in many
offices)$ the rest are other'ise su""lied$ as ;=/./G*a#ater 'rites$ and so
they are deluded. ;=/.BGLAnd God often 'in%s at these im"ostures$ because
they forsa%e his 'ord$ and beta%e themsel#es to the de#il$ as they do that
see% after holy 'ater$ crosses$L Fc. 4ierus$ _lib. ?. ca". .._ 4hat can
these men "lead for themsel#es more than those heathen gods$ the same cures
done by both$ the same s"irit that seduceth< but read more of the Pagan
god!s effects in Austin _de :i#itate 3ei$ l. ,C. ca". -._ and of
Aescula"ius es"ecially in :icogna _l. .. ca". /._ or "ut case they could
hel"$ 'hy should 'e rather see% to them$ than to :hrist himself$ since that
he so %indly in#ites us unto him$ L:ome unto me all ye that are hea#y
laden$ and I 'ill ease you$L Mat. +i. and 'e %no' that there is one God$
Lone Mediator bet'een God and man$ Desus :hrist$L (, Tim. ii. @) L'ho ga#e
himself a ransom for all men.L 4e %no' that L'e ha#e an ;=/?CG ad#ocate
'ith the 7ather$ Desus :hristL (, Doh. ii. ,.) that there is no Lother name
under hea#en$ by 'hich 'e can be sa#ed$ but by his$L 'ho is al'ays ready to
hear us$ and sits at the right hand of God$ and from ;=/?,G 'hom 'e can
ha#e no re"ulse$ _solus #ult$ solus "otest$ curat uni#ersos tan0uam
singulos$ et ;=/?=Gunum0uem0ue nostrum et solum_$ 'e are all as one to him$
he cares for us all as one$ and 'hy should 'e then see% to any other but to
him.
MEM. II.
9H9E:T. I.--_Physician$ Patient$ Physic_.
2f those di#erse gifts 'hich our a"ostle Paul saith God hath besto'ed on
man$ this of "hysic is not the least$ but most necessary$ and es"ecially
conducing to the good of man%ind. 8e+t therefore to God in all our
e+tremities (Lfor of the most high cometh healing$L Ecclus. +++#iii. =.) 'e
must see% to$ and rely u"on the Physician$ ;=/?.G'ho is _Manus 3ei_$ saith
5iero"hilus$ and to 'hom he hath gi#en %no'ledge$ that he might be
glorified in his 'ondrous 'or%s. L4ith such doth he heal men$ and ta%e a'ay
their "ains$L Ecclus. +++#iii. -. A. L'hen thou hast need of him$ let him
not go from thee. The hour may come that their enter"rises may ha#e good
success$L #er. ,.. It is not therefore to be doubted$ that if 'e see% a
"hysician as 'e ought$ 'e may be eased of our infirmities$ such a one I
mean as is sufficient$ and 'orthily so called< for there be many
mounteban%s$ 0uac%sal#ers$ em"irics$ in e#ery street almost$ and in e#ery
#illage$ that ta%e u"on them this name$ ma%e this noble and "rofitable art
to be e#il s"o%en of and contemned$ by reason of these base and illiterate
artificers& but such a "hysician I s"ea% of$ as is a""ro#ed$ learned$
s%ilful$ honest$ Fc.$ of 'hose duty 4ec%er$ _Antid. ca". =._ and _9ynta+.
med._ :rato$ Dulius Ale+andrinus _medic._ 5eurnius _"ra+. med. lib. .. ca".
,._ Fc. treat at large. 7or this "articular disease$ him that shall ta%e
u"on him to cure it$ ;=/??GParacelsus 'ill ha#e to be a magician$ a
chemist$ a "hiloso"her$ an astrologer< Thurnesserus$ 9e#erinus the 3ane$
and some other of his follo'ers$ re0uire as much& Lmany of them cannot be
cured but by magic.L ;=/?@GParacelsus is so stiff for those chemical
medicines$ that in his cures he 'ill admit almost of no other "hysic$
deriding in the mean time 5i""ocrates$ Galen$ and all their follo'ers& but
magic$ and all such remedies I ha#e already censured$ and shall s"ea% of
chemistry ;=/?-Gelse'here. Astrology is re0uired by many famous "hysicians$
by 7icinus$ :rato$ 7ernelius< ;=/?AGdoubted of$ and e+"loded by others& I
'ill not ta%e u"on me to decide the contro#ersy myself$ Dohannes 5ossurtus$
Thomas oderius$ and Maginus in the "reface to his mathematical "hysic$
shall determine for me. Many "hysicians e+"lode astrology in "hysic (saith
he)$ there is no use of it$ _unam artem ac 0uasi temerarium insectantur$ ac
gloriam sibi ab ejus im"eritia$ aucu"ari_& but I 'ill re"ro#e "hysicians by
"hysicians$ that defend and "rofess it$ 5i""ocrates$ Galen$ A#icen. Fc.$
that count them butchers 'ithout it$ _homicidas medicos Astrologiae
ignaros_$ Fc. Paracelsus goes farther$ and 'ill ha#e his "hysician
;=/?/G"redestinated to this man!s cure$ this malady< and time of cure$ the
scheme of each geniture ins"ected$ gathering of herbs$ of administering
astrologically obser#ed< in 'hich Thurnesserus and some iatromathematical
"rofessors$ are too su"erstitious in my judgment. ;=/?BGL5ellebore 'ill
hel"$ but not al'ay$ not gi#en by e#ery "hysician$L Fc. but these men are
too "erem"tory and self-conceited as I thin%. ut 'hat do I do$ inter"osing
in that 'hich is beyond my reachN A blind man cannot judge of colours$ nor
I "erad#enture of these things. 2nly thus much I 'ould re0uire$ honesty in
e#ery "hysician$ that he be not o#er-careless or co#etous$ har"y-li%e to
ma%e a "rey of his "atient< _:arnificis nam0ue est_ (as ;=/@CG4ec%er notes)
_inter i"sos cruciatus ingens "recium e+"oscere_$ as a hungry chirurgeon
often "roduces and 'ire-dra's his cure$ so long as there is any ho"e of
"ay$ _8on missura cutem$ nisi "lena cruoris hirudo._ ;=/@,GMany of them$ to
get a fee$ 'ill gi#e "hysic to e#ery one that comes$ 'hen there is no
cause$ and they do so _irritare silentem morbum_$ as ;=/@=G5eurnius
com"lains$ stir u" a silent disease$ as it often falleth out$ 'hich by good
counsel$ good ad#ice alone$ might ha#e been ha""ily com"osed$ or by
rectification of those si+ non-natural things other'ise cured. This is
_8aturae bellum inferre_$ to o""ugn nature$ and to ma%e a strong body 'ea%.
Arnoldus in his / and ,, A"horisms gi#es cautions against$ and e+"ressly
forbiddeth it. ;=/@.GLA 'ise "hysician 'ill not gi#e "hysic$ but u"on
necessity$ and first try medicinal diet$ before he "roceed to medicinal
cure.L ;=/@?GIn another "lace he laughs those men to scorn$ that thin%
_longis syru"is e+"ugnare daemones et animi "hantasmata_$ they can "urge
fantastical imaginations and the de#il by "hysic. Another caution is$ that
they "roceed u"on good grounds$ if so be there be need of "hysic$ and not
mista%e the disease< they are often decei#ed by the ;=/@@Gsimilitude of
sym"toms$ saith 5eurnius$ and I could gi#e instance in many consultations$
'herein they ha#e "rescribed o""osite "hysic. 9ometimes they go too
"erfunctorily to 'or%$ in not "rescribing a just ;=/@-Gcourse of "hysic& To
stir u" the humour$ and not to "urge it$ doth often more harm than good.
Montanus _consil. .C._ in#eighs against such "erturbations$ Lthat "urge to
the hal#es$ tire nature$ and molest the body to no "ur"ose.L !Tis a crabbed
humour to "urge$ and as *aurentius calls this disease$ the re"roach of
"hysicians& _essardus$ flagellum medicorum_$ their lash< and for that
cause$ more carefully to be res"ected. Though the "atient be a#erse$ saith
*aurentius$ desire hel"$ and refuse it again$ though he neglect his o'n
health$ it beho#es a good "hysician not to lea#e him hel"less. ut most
"art they offend in that other e+treme$ they "rescribe too much "hysic$ and
tire out their bodies 'ith continual "otions$ to no "ur"ose. Aetius
_tetrabib. =. =. ser. ca". BC._ 'ill ha#e them by all means therefore
;=/@AGLto gi#e some res"ite to nature$L to lea#e off no' and then< and
*aelius a 7onte Eugubinus in his consultations$ found it (as he there
'itnesseth) often #erified by e+"erience$ ;=/@/GLthat after a deal of
"hysic to no "ur"ose$ left to themsel#es$ they ha#e reco#ered.L !Tis that
'hich 8ic. Piso$ 3onatus Altomarus$ still inculcate$ _dare re0uiem
naturae_$ to gi#e nature rest.
9H9E:T. II.--_:oncerning the Patient_.
4hen these "recedent cautions are accurately %e"t$ and that 'e ha#e no' got
a s%ilful$ an honest "hysician to our mind$ if his "atient 'ill not be
conformable$ and content to be ruled by him$ all his endea#ours 'ill come
to no good end. Many things are necessarily to be obser#ed and continued on
the "atient!s behalf& 7irst that he be not too niggardly miserable of his
"urse$ or thin% it too much he besto's u"on himself$ and to sa#e charges
endanger his health. The Abderites$ 'hen they sent for ;=/@BG5i""ocrates$
"romised him 'hat re'ard he 'ould$ ;=/-CGLall the gold they had$ if all the
city 'ere gold he should ha#e it.L 8aaman the 9yrian$ 'hen he 'ent into
Israel to Elisha to be cured of his le"rosy$ too% 'ith him ten talents of
sil#er$ si+ thousand "ieces of gold$ and ten changes of raiment$ (= 6ings
#. @.) Another thing is$ that out of bashfulness he do not conceal his
grief< if aught trouble his mind$ let him freely disclose it$ _9tultorum
incurata "udor malus ulcera celat_& by that means he "rocures to himself
much mischief$ and runs into a greater incon#enience& he must be 'illing to
be cured$ and earnestly desire it. _Pars sanitatis #elle sanare fuit_$
(9eneca). !Tis a "art of his cure to 'ish his o'n health$ and not to defer
it too long.
;=/-,G LKui blandiendo dulce nutri#it malum$
9oro recusat ferre 0uod subiit jugum.L
L5e that by cherishing a mischief doth "ro#o%e$
Too late at last refuseth to cast off his yo%e$L
;=/-=G L5elleborum frustra cum jam cutis aegra tumebit$
Poscentes #ideas< #enienti occurrite morbo.L
L4hen the s%in s'ells$ to see% it to a""ease
4ith hellebore$ is #ain< meet your disease.L
y this means many times$ or through their ignorance in not ta%ing notice
of their grie#ance and danger of it$ contem"t$ su"ine negligence$
e+tenuation$ 'retchedness and "ee#ishness< they undo themsel#es. The
citizens$ I %no' not of 'hat city no'$ 'hen rumour 'as brought their
enemies 'ere coming$ could not abide to hear it< and 'hen the "lague begins
in many "laces and they certainly %no' it$ they command silence and hush it
u"< but after they see their foes no' marching to their gates$ and ready to
sur"rise them$ they begin to fortify and resist 'hen !tis too late< 'hen$
the sic%ness brea%s out and can be no longer concealed$ then they lament
their su"ine negligence& !tis no other'ise 'ith these men. And often out of
"rejudice$ a loathing$ and distaste of "hysic$ they had rather die$ or do
'orse$ than ta%e any of it. Larbarous immanityL (;=/-.GMelancthon terms
it) Land folly to be de"lored$ so to contemn the "rece"ts of health$ good
remedies$ and #oluntarily to "ull death$ and many maladies u"on their o'n
heads.L Though many again are in that other e+treme too "rofuse$
sus"icious$ and jealous of their health$ too a"t to ta%e "hysic on e#ery
small occasion$ to aggra#ate e#ery slender "assion$ im"erfection$
im"ediment& if their finger do but ache$ run$ ride$ send for a "hysician$
as many gentle'omen do$ that are sic%$ 'ithout a cause$ e#en 'hen they 'ill
themsel#es$ u"on e#ery toy or small discontent$ and 'hen he comes$ they
ma%e it 'orse than it is$ by am"lifying that 'hich is not. ;=/-?G5ier.
:a"i#accius sets it do'n as a common fault of all Lmelancholy "ersons to
say their sym"toms are greater than they are$ to hel" themsel#es.L And
'hich ;=/-@GMercurialis notes$ _consil. @.._ Lto be more troublesome to
their "hysicians$ than other ordinary "atients$ that they may ha#e change
of "hysic.L
A third thing to be re0uired in a "atient$ is confidence$ to be of good
cheer$ and ha#e sure ho"e that his "hysician can hel" him. ;=/--G3amascen
the Arabian re0uires li%e'ise in the "hysician himself$ that he be
confident he can cure him$ other'ise his "hysic 'ill not be effectual$ and
"romise 'ithal that he 'ill certainly hel" him$ ma%e him belie#e so at
least. ;=/-AGGaleottus gi#es this reason$ because the form of health is
contained in the "hysician!s mind$ and as Galen$ holds ;=/-/GLconfidence
and ho"e to be more good than "hysic$L he cures most in 'hom most are
confident. A+iocus sic% almost to death$ at the #ery sight of 9ocrates
reco#ered his former health. Paracelsus assigns it for an only cause$ 'hy
5i""ocrates 'as so fortunate in his cures$ not for any e+traordinary s%ill
he had< ;=/-BGbut Lbecause the common "eo"le had a most strong conceit of
his 'orth.L To this of confidence 'e may add "erse#erance$ obedience$ and
constancy$ not to change his "hysician$ or disli%e him u"on e#ery toy< for
he that so doth (saith ;=/ACGDanus 3amascen) Lor consults 'ith many$ falls
into many errors< or that useth many medicines.L It 'as a chief ca#eat of
;=/A,G9eneca to his friend *ucilius$ that he should not alter his
"hysician$ or "rescribed "hysic& L8othing hinders health more< a 'ound can
ne#er be cured$ that hath se#eral "lasters.L :rato _consil. ,/-._ ta+eth
all melancholy "ersons of this fault& ;=/A=GL!Tis "ro"er to them$ if things
fall not out to their mind$ and that they ha#e not "resent ease$ to see%
another and another<L (as they do commonly that ha#e sore eyes) Lt'enty one
after another$ and they still "romise all to cure them$ try a thousand
remedies< and by this means they increase their malady$ ma%e it most
dangerous and difficult to be cured.L LThey try manyL (saith ;=/A.G
Montanus) Land "rofit by none&L and for this cause$ _consil. =?._ he
enjoins his "atient before he ta%e him in hand$ ;=/A?GL"erse#erance and
sufferance$ for in such a small time no great matter can be effected$ and
u"on that condition he 'ill administer "hysic$ other'ise all his endea#our
and counsel 'ould be to small "ur"ose.L And in his _.,. counsel_ for a
notable matron$ he tells her$ ;=/A@GLif she 'ill be cured$ she must be of a
most abiding "atience$ faithful obedience$ and singular "erse#erance< if
she remit$ or des"air$ she can e+"ect or ho"e for no good success.L
_:onsil. =.C._ for an Italian Abbot$ he ma%es it one of the greatest
reasons 'hy this disease is so incurable$ ;=/A-GLbecause the "arties are so
restless$ and im"atient$ and 'ill therefore ha#e him that intends to be
eased$L ;=/AAGLto ta%e "hysic$ not for a month$ a year$ but to a""ly
himself to their "rescri"tions all the days of his life.L *ast of all$ it
is re0uired that the "atient be not too bold to "ractise u"on himself$
'ithout an a""ro#ed "hysician!s consent$ or to try conclusions$ if he read
a recei"t in a boo%< for so$ many grossly mista%e$ and do themsel#es more
harm than good. That 'hich is conducing to one man$ in one case$ the same
time is o""osite to another. ;=/A/GAn ass and a mule 'ent laden o#er a
broo%$ the one 'ith salt$ the other 'ith 'ool& the mule!s "ac% 'as 'et by
chance$ the salt melted$ his burden the lighter$ and he thereby much eased&
he told the ass$ 'ho$ thin%ing to s"eed as 'ell$ 'et his "ac% li%e'ise at
the ne+t 'ater$ but it 'as much the hea#ier$ he 0uite tired. 9o one thing
may be good and bad to se#eral "arties$ u"on di#erse occasions. LMany
thingsL (saith ;=/ABG Penottus) Lare 'ritten in our boo%s$ 'hich seem to
the reader to be e+cellent remedies$ but they that ma%e use of them are
often decei#ed$ and ta%e for "hysic "oison.L I remember in Ialleriola!s
obser#ations$ a story of one Dohn a"tist a 8ea"olitan$ that finding by
chance a "am"hlet in Italian$ 'ritten in "raise of hellebore$ 'ould needs
ad#enture on himself$ and too% one dram for one scru"le$ and had not he
been sent for$ the "oor fello' had "oisoned himself. 7rom 'hence he
concludes out of 3amascenus _= et .. A"horis._ ;=//CGLthat 'ithout
e+0uisite %no'ledge$ to 'or% out of boo%s is most dangerous& ho' unsa#oury
a thing it is to belie#e 'riters$ and ta%e u"on trust$ as this "atient
"ercei#ed by his o'n "eril.L I could recite such another e+am"le of mine
o'n %no'ledge$ of a friend of mine$ that finding a recei"t in rassi#ola$
'ould needs ta%e hellebore in substance$ and try it on his o'n "erson< but
had not some of his familiars come to #isit him by chance$ he had by his
indiscretion hazarded himself& many such I ha#e obser#ed. These are those
ordinary cautions$ 'hich I should thin% fit to be noted$ and he that shall
%ee" them$ as ;=//,G Montanus saith$ shall surely be much eased$ if not
thoroughly cured.
9H9E:T. III.--_:oncerning Physic_.
Physic itself in the last "lace is to be considered< Lfor the *ord hath
created medicines of the earth$ and he that is 'ise 'ill not abhor them.L
Ecclus. +++#iii. ?. #er. A.;CCCCG Lof such doth the a"othecary ma%e a
confection$L Fc. 2f these medicines there be di#erse and infinite %inds$
"lants$ metals$ animals$ Fc.$ and those of se#eral natures$ some good for
one$ hurtful to another& some no+ious in themsel#es$ corrected by art$ #ery
'holesome and good$ sim"les$ mi+ed$ Fc.$ and therefore left to be managed
by discreet and s%ilful "hysicians$ and thence a""lied to man!s use. To
this "ur"ose they ha#e in#ented method$ and se#eral rules of art$ to "ut
these remedies in order$ for their "articular ends. Physic (as 5i""ocrates
defines it) is nought else but ;=//=GLaddition and subtraction<L and as it
is re0uired in all other diseases$ so in this of melancholy it ought to be
most accurate$ it being (as ;=//.GMercurialis ac%no'ledgeth) so common an
affection in these our times$ and therefore fit to be understood. 9e#eral
"rescri"ts and methods I find in se#eral men$ some ta%e u"on them to cure
all maladies 'ith one medicine$ se#erally a""lied$ as that "anacea$ _aurum
"otabile_$ so much contro#erted in these days$ _herba solis_$ Fc.
Paracelsus reduceth all diseases to four "rinci"al heads$ to 'hom
9e#erinus$ 1a#elascus$ *eo 9ua#ius$ and others adhere and imitate& those
are le"rosy$ gout$ dro"sy$ falling-sic%ness. To 'hich they reduce the rest<
as to le"rosy$ ulcers$ itches$ furfurs$ scabs$ Fc. To gout$ stone$ colic$
toothache$ headache$ Fc. To dro"sy$ agues$ jaundice$ cache+ia$ Fc. To the
falling-sic%ness$ belong "alsy$ #ertigo$ cram"s$ con#ulsions$ incubus$
a"o"le+y$ Fc. ;=//?GLIf any of these four "rinci"al be curedL (saith
1a#elascus) Lall the inferior are cured$L and the same remedies commonly
ser#e& but this is too general$ and by some contradicted& for this "eculiar
disease of melancholy$ of 'hich I am no' to s"ea%$ I find se#eral cures$
se#eral methods and "rescri"ts. They that intend the "ractic cure of
melancholy$ saith 3uretus in his notes to 5ollerius$ set do'n nine "eculiar
sco"es or ends< 9a#anarola "rescribes se#en es"ecial canons. Aelianus
Montaltus _ca". =-._ 7a#entinus in his em"irics$ 5ercules de 9a+onia$ Fc.$
ha#e their se#eral injunctions and rules$ all tending to one end. The
ordinary is threefold$ 'hich I mean to follo'. ;Gree%& 3iaitaeti%aeG$
_Pharmaceutica_$ and _:hirurgica_$ diet$ or li#ing$ a"othecary$ chirurgery$
'hich 4ec%er$ :rato$ Guianerius$ Fc.$ and most$ "rescribe< of 'hich I 'ill
insist$ and s"ea% in their order.
9E:T. II. MEM. I.
9H9E:T. I.--_3iet rectified in substance_.
3iet$ ;Gree%& 3iaitaeti%aeG$ _#ictus_$ or li#ing$ according to ;=//@G
7uchsius and others$ com"rehends those si+ non-natural things$ 'hich I ha#e
before s"ecified$ are es"ecial causes$ and being rectified$ a sole or chief
"art of the cure. ;=//-GDohannes Arculanus$ _ca". ,-. in B. 1hasis_$
accounts the rectifying of these si+ a sufficient cure. Guianerius$ _tract.
,@$ ca". B._ calls them$ _"ro"riam et "rimam curam_$ the "rinci"al cure& so
doth Montanus$ :rato$ Mercurialis$ Altomarus$ Fc.$ first to be tried$
*emnius$ _instit. ca". ==_$ names them the hinges of our health$ ;=//AGno
ho"e of reco#ery 'ithout them. 1einerus 9olenander$ in his se#enth
consultation for a 9"anish young gentle'oman$ that 'as so melancholy she
abhorred all com"any$ and 'ould not sit at table 'ith her familiar friends$
"rescribes this "hysic abo#e the rest$ ;=///Gno good to be done 'ithout it.
;=//BGAretus$ _lib. ,. ca". A._ an old "hysician$ is of o"inion$ that this
is enough of itself$ if the "arty be not too far gone in sic%ness.
;=/BCG:rato$ in a consultation of his for a noble "atient$ tells him
"lainly$ that if his highness 'ill %ee" but a good diet$ he 'ill 'arrant
him his former health. ;=/B,GMontanus$ _consil. =A._ for a nobleman of
7rance$ admonisheth his lordshi" to be most circums"ect in his diet$ or
else all his other "hysic 'ill ;=/B=Gbe to small "ur"ose. The same
injunction I find #erbatim in D. :aesar :laudinus$ _1es"on. .?. 9coltzii_$
_consil. ,/.._ Trallianus$ _ca". ,-. lib. ,._ *aelius a 7onte Aeugubinus
often brags$ that he hath done more cures in this %ind by rectification of
diet$ than all other "hysic besides. 9o that in a 'ord I may say to most
melancholy men$ as the fo+ said to the 'easel$ that could not get out of
the garner$ _Macra ca#um re"etes$ 0uem macra subisti_$ ;=/B.Gthe si+
non-natural things caused it$ and they must cure it. 4hich ho'soe#er I
treat of$ as "ro"er to the meridian of melancholy$ yet ne#ertheless$ that
'hich is here said 'ith him in ;=/B?GTully$ though 'rit es"ecially for the
good of his friends at Tarentum and 9icily$ yet it 'ill generally ser#e
;=/B@Gmost other diseases$ and hel" them li%e'ise$ if it be obser#ed.
2f these si+ non-natural things$ the first is diet$ "ro"erly so called$
'hich consists in meat and drin%$ in 'hich 'e must consider substance$
0uantity$ 0uality$ and that o""osite to the "recedent. In substance$ such
meats are generally commended$ 'hich are ;=/B-GLmoist$ easy of digestion$
and not a"t to engender 'ind$ not fried$ nor roasted$ but sodL (saith
Ialescus$ Altomarus$ Piso$ Fc.) Lhot and moist$ and of good nourishment<L
:rato$ _consil. =,. lib. =._ admits roast meat$ ;=/BAGif the burned and
scorched _su"erficies_$ the bro'n 'e call it$ be "ared off. 9al#ianus$
_lib. =. ca". ,._ cries out on cold and dry meats< ;=/B/Gyoung flesh and
tender is a""ro#ed$ as of %id$ rabbits$ chic%ens$ #eal$ mutton$ ca"ons$
hens$ "artridge$ "heasant$ 0uails$ and all mountain birds$ 'hich are so
familiar in some "arts of Africa$ and in Italy$ and as ;=/BBG3ublinius
re"orts$ the common food of boors and clo'ns in Palestine. Galen ta%es
e+ce"tion at mutton$ but 'ithout 0uestion he means that rammy mutton$ 'hich
is in Tur%ey and Asia Minor$ 'hich ha#e those great fleshy tails$ of
forty-eight "ounds 'eight$ as Iertomannus 'itnesseth$ _na#ig. lib. =.
ca". @._ The lean of fat meat is best$ and all manner of broths$ and
"ottage$ 'ith borage$ lettuce$ and such 'holesome herbs are e+cellent good$
es"ecially of a coc% boiled< all s"oon meat. Arabians commend brains$ but
;=BCCG*aurentius$ _c. /._ e+ce"ts against them$ and so do many others<
;=BC,Geggs are justified as a nutriti#e 'holesome meat$ butter and oil may
"ass$ but 'ith some limitation< so ;=BC=G:rato confines it$ and Lto some
men s"aringly at set times$ or in sauce$L and so sugar and honey are
a""ro#ed. ;=BC.GAll shar" and sour sauces must be a#oided$ and s"ices$ or
at least seldom used& and so saffron sometimes in broth may be tolerated<
but these things may be more freely used$ as the tem"erature of the "arty
is hot or cold$ or as he shall find incon#enience by them. The thinnest$
'hitest$ smallest 'ine is best$ not thic%$ nor strong< and so of beer$ the
middling is fittest. read of good 'heat$ "ure$ 'ell "urged from the bran
is "referred< *aurentius$ _ca". /._ 'ould ha#e it %neaded 'ith rain 'ater$
if it may be gotten.
_4ater_.G Pure$ thin$ light 'ater by all means use$ of good smell and
taste$ li%e to the air in sight$ such as is soon hot$ soon cold$ and 'hich
5i""ocrates so much a""ro#es$ if at least it may be had. 1ain 'ater is
"urest$ so that it fall not do'n in great dro"s$ and be used forth'ith$ for
it 0uic%ly "utrefies. 8e+t to it fountain 'ater that riseth in the east$
and runneth east'ard$ from a 0uic% running s"ring$ from flinty$ chal%y$
gra#elly grounds& and the longer a ri#er runneth$ it is commonly the
"urest$ though many s"rings do yield the best 'ater at their fountains. The
'aters in hotter countries$ as in Tur%ey$ Persia$ India$ 'ithin the
tro"ics$ are fre0uently "urer than ours in the north$ more subtile$ thin$
and lighter$ as our merchants obser#e$ by four ounces in a "ound$
"leasanter to drin%$ as good as our beer$ and some of them$ as :hoas"is in
Persia$ "referred by the Persian %ings$ before 'ine itself.
;=BC?G L:litorio 0uicun0ue sitim de fonte le#arit
Iina fugit gaudet0ue meris abstemius undis.L
Many ri#ers I deny not are muddy still$ 'hite$ thic%$ li%e those in :hina$
8ile in Egy"t$ Tiber at 1ome$ but after they be settled t'o or three days$
defecate and clear$ #ery commodious$ useful and good. Many ma%e use of dee"
'ells$ as of old in the 5oly *and$ la%es$ cisterns$ 'hen they cannot be
better "ro#ided< to fetch it in carts or gondolas$ as in Ienice$ or camels!
bac%s$ as at :airo in Egy"t$ ;=BC@G1adzi#ilius obser#ed /CCC camels daily
there$ em"loyed about that business< some %ee" it in trun%s$ as in the East
Indies$ made four s0uare 'ith descending ste"s$ and !tis not amiss$ for I
'ould not ha#e any one so nice as that Grecian :alis$ sister to 8ice"horus$
em"eror of :onstantino"le$ and ;=BC-Gmarried to 3ominitus 9il#ius$ du%e of
Ienice$ that out of incredible 'antonness$ _communi a0ua uti nolebat_$
'ould use no #ulgar 'ater< but she died _tanta_ (saith mine author)
_foetidissimi "uris co"ia_$ of so fulsome a disease$ that no 'ater could
'ash her clean. ;=BCAGPlato 'ould not ha#e a tra#eller lodge in a city that
is not go#erned by la's$ or hath not a 0uic% stream running by it< _illud
enim animum$ hoc corrum"it #aletudinem_$ one corru"ts the body$ the other
the mind. ut this is more than needs$ too much curiosity is naught$ in
time of necessity any 'ater is allo'ed. 5o'soe#er$ "ure 'ater is best$ and
'hich (as Pindarus holds) is better than gold< an es"ecial ornament it is$
and L#ery commodious to a cityL (according to ;=BC/GIegetius) L'hen fresh
s"rings are included 'ithin the 'alls$L as at :orinth$ in the midst of the
to'n almost$ there 'as _ar+ altissima scatens fontibus_$ a goodly mount
full of fresh 'ater s"rings& Lif nature afford them not they must be had by
art.L It is a 'onder to read of those ;=BCBGstu"end a0ueducts$ and infinite
cost hath been besto'ed in 1ome of old$ :onstantino"le$ :arthage$
Ale+andria$ and such "o"ulous cities$ to con#ey good and 'holesome 'aters&
read ;=B,CG7rontinus$ *i"sius _de admir._ ;=B,,GPlinius$ _lib. .. ca". ,,_$
9trabo in his _Geogr._ That a0ueduct of :laudius 'as most eminent$ fetched
u"on arches fifteen miles$ e#ery arch ,CB feet high& they had fourteen such
other a0ueducts$ besides la%es and cisterns$ ACC as I ta%e it< ;=B,=Ge#ery
house had "ri#ate "i"es and channels to ser#e them for their use. Peter
Gillius$ in his accurate descri"tion of :onstantino"le$ s"ea%s of an old
cistern 'hich he 'ent do'n to see$ ..- feet long$ ,/C feet broad$ built of
marble$ co#ered o#er 'ith arch-'or%$ and sustained by ..- "illars$ ,= feet
asunder$ and in ele#en ro's$ to contain s'eet 'ater. Infinite cost in
channels and cisterns$ from 8ilus to Ale+andria$ hath been formerly
besto'ed$ to the admiration of these times< ;=B,.Gtheir cisterns so
curiously cemented and com"osed$ that a beholder 'ould ta%e them to be all
of one stone& 'hen the foundation is laid$ and cistern made$ their house is
half built. That 9ego#ian a0ueduct in 9"ain$ is much 'ondered at in these
days$ ;=B,?Gu"on three ro's of "illars$ one abo#e another$ con#eying s'eet
'ater to e#ery house& but each city almost is full of such a0ueducts.
Amongst the rest ;=B,@Ghe is eternally to be commended$ that brought that
ne' stream to the north side of *ondon at his o'n charge& and Mr. 2tho
8icholson$ founder of our 'ater'or%s and elegant conduit in 2+ford. 9o much
ha#e all times attributed to this element$ to be con#eniently "ro#ided of
it& although Galen hath ta%en e+ce"tions at such 'aters$ 'hich run through
leaden "i"es$ _ob cerussam 0uae in iis generatur_$ for that unctuous
ceruse$ 'hich causeth dysenteries and flu+es< ;=B,-Gyet as Alsarius :rucius
of Genna 'ell ans'ers$ it is o""osite to common e+"erience. If that 'ere
true$ most of our Italian cities$ Mont"elier in 7rance$ 'ith infinite
others$ 'ould find this incon#enience$ but there is no such matter. 7or
"ri#ate families$ in 'hat sort they should furnish themsel#es$ let them
consult 'ith P. :rescentius$ _de Agric. l. ,. c. ?_$ Pam"hilius 5irelacus$
and the rest.
Amongst fishes$ those are most allo'ed of$ that li#e in gra#elly or sandy
'aters$ "i%es$ "erch$ trout$ gudgeon$ smelts$ flounders$ Fc. 5i""olitus
9al#ianus ta%es e+ce"tion at car"< but I dare boldly say 'ith ;=B,AG
3ubra#ius$ it is an e+cellent meat$ if it come not from ;=B,/Gmuddy "ools$
that it retain not an unsa#oury taste. Erinacius Marinus is much commended
by 2ribatius$ Aetius$ and most of our late 'riters.
;=B,BG:rato$ _consil. =,. lib. =._ censures all manner of fruits$ as
subject to "utrefaction$ yet tolerable at sometimes$ after meals$ at second
course$ they %ee" do'n #a"ours$ and ha#e their use. 9'eet fruits are best$
as s'eet cherries$ "lums$ s'eet a""les$ "earmains$ and "i""ins$ 'hich
*aurentius e+tols$ as ha#ing a "eculiar "ro"erty against this disease$ and
Plater magnifies$ _omnibus modis a""ro"riata con#eniunt_$ but they must be
corrected for their 'indiness& ri"e gra"es are good$ and raisins of the
sun$ mus%-melons 'ell corrected$ and s"aringly used. 7igs are allo'ed$ and
almonds blanched. Trallianus discommends figs$ ;=B=CG9al#ianus oli#es and
ca"ers$ 'hich ;=B=,Gothers es"ecially li%e of$ and so of "istic% nuts.
Montanus and Mercurialis out of A#enzoar$ admit "eaches$ ;=B==G"ears$ and
a""les ba%ed after meals$ only corrected 'ith sugar$ and aniseed$ or
fennel-seed$ and so they may be "rofitably ta%en$ because they strengthen
the stomach$ and %ee" do'n #a"ours. The li%e may be said of "reser#ed
cherries$ "lums$ marmalade of "lums$ 0uinces$ Fc.$ but not to drin% after
them. ;=B=.GPomegranates$ lemons$ oranges are tolerated$ if they be not too
shar".
;=B=?G:rato 'ill admit of no herbs$ but borage$ bugloss$ endi#e$ fennel$
aniseed$ baum< :allenius and Arnoldus tolerate lettuce$ s"inach$ beets$ Fc.
The same :rato 'ill allo' no roots at all to be eaten. 9ome a""ro#e of
"otatoes$ "arsni"s$ but all corrected for 'ind. 8o ra' salads< but as
*aurentius "rescribes$ in broths< and so :rato commends many of them& or to
use borage$ ho"s$ baum$ stee"ed in their ordinary drin%. ;=B=@GA#enzoar
magnifies the juice of a "omegranate$ if it be s'eet$ and es"ecially rose
'ater$ 'hich he 'ould ha#e to be used in e#ery dish$ 'hich they "ut in
"ractice in those hot countries$ about 3amascus$ 'here (if 'e may belie#e
the relations of Iertomannus) many hogsheads of rose 'ater are to be sold
in the mar%et at once$ it is in so great re0uest 'ith them.
9H9E:T. II.--_3iet rectified in 0uantity_.
Man alone$ saith ;=B=-G:ardan$ eats and drin%s 'ithout a""etite$ and useth
all his "leasure 'ithout necessity$ _animae #itio_$ and thence come many
incon#eniences unto him. 7or there is no meat 'hatsoe#er$ though other'ise
'holesome and good$ but if unseasonably ta%en$ or immoderately used$ more
than the stomach can 'ell bear$ it 'ill engender crudity$ and do much harm.
Therefore ;=B=AG:rato ad#iseth his "atient to eat but t'ice a day$ and that
at his set meals$ by no means to eat 'ithout an a""etite$ or u"on a full
stomach$ and to "ut se#en hours! difference bet'een dinner and su""er.
4hich rule if 'e did obser#e in our colleges$ it 'ould be much better for
our healths& but custom$ that tyrant$ so "re#ails$ that contrary to all
good order and rules of "hysic$ 'e scarce admit of fi#e. If after se#en
hours! tarrying he shall ha#e no stomach$ let him defer his meal$ or eat
#ery little at his ordinary time of re"ast. This #ery counsel 'as gi#en by
Pros"er :alenus to :ardinal :aesius$ labouring of this disease< and ;=B=/G
Platerus "rescribes it to a "atient of his$ to be most se#erely %e"t.
Guianerius admits of three meals a day$ but Montanus$ _consil. =.. "ro. Ab.
Italo_$ ties him "recisely to t'o. And as he must not eat o#ermuch$ so he
may not absolutely fast< for as :elsus contends$ _lib. ,. Dacchinus ,@. in
B. 1hasis_$ ;=B=BGre"letion and inanition may both do harm in t'o contrary
e+tremes. Moreo#er$ that 'hich he doth eat$ must be 'ell ;=B.CGche'ed$ and
not hastily gobbled$ for that causeth crudity and 'ind< and by all means to
eat no more than he can 'ell digest. L9ome thin%L (saith ;=B.,G
Trinca#elius$ _lib. ,,. ca". =B. de curand. "art. hum._) Lthe more they eat
the more they nourish themsel#es&L eat and li#e$ as the "ro#erb is$ Lnot
%no'ing that only re"airs man$ 'hich is 'ell concocted$ not that 'hich is
de#oured.L Melancholy men most "art ha#e good ;=B.=Ga""etites$ but ill
digestion$ and for that cause they must be sure to rise 'ith an a""etite<
and that 'hich 9ocrates and 3isarius the "hysicians in ;=B..GMacrobius so
much re0uire$ 9t. 5ierom enjoins 1usticus to eat and drin% no more than$
'ill ;=B.?Gsatisfy hunger and thirst. ;=B.@G*essius$ the Desuit$ holds
t'el#e$ thirteen$ or fourteen ounces$ or in our northern countries$ si+teen
at most$ (for all students$ 'ea%lings$ and such as lead an idle sedentary
life) of meat$ bread$ Fc.$ a fit "ro"ortion for a 'hole day$ and as much or
little more of drin%. 8othing "esters the body and mind sooner than to be
still fed$ to eat and ingurgitate beyond all measure$ as many do. ;=B.-G
Ly o#ermuch eating and continual feasts they stifle nature$ and cho%e u"
themsel#es< 'hich$ had they li#ed coarsely$ or li%e galley sla#es been tied
to an oar$ might ha#e ha""ily "rolonged many fair years.L
A great incon#enience comes by #ariety of dishes$ 'hich causeth the
"recedent distem"erature$ ;=B.AGLthan 'hichL (saith A#icenna) Lnothing is
'orse< to feed on di#ersity of meats$ or o#ermuch$L 9ertorius-li%e$ _in
lucem caenare_$ and as commonly they do in Musco#y and Iceland$ to "rolong
their meals all day long$ or all night. 2ur northern countries offend
es"ecially in this$ and 'e in this island (_am"liter #i#entes in "randiis
et caenis_$ as ;=B./GPolydore notes) are most liberal feeders$ but to our
o'n hurt. ;=B.BG_Persicos odi "uer a""aratus_& LE+cess of meat breedeth
sic%ness$ and gluttony causeth choleric diseases& by surfeiting many
"erish$ but he that dieteth himself "rolongeth his life$L Ecclus. +++#ii.
=B$ .C. 4e account it a great glory for a man to ha#e his table daily
furnished 'ith #ariety of meats& but hear the "hysician$ he "ulls thee by
the ear as thou sittest$ and telleth thee$ ;=B?CGLthat nothing can be more
no+ious to thy health than such #ariety and "lenty.L Tem"erance is a bridle
of gold$ and he that can use it aright$ ;=B?,G_ego non summis #iris
com"aro$ sed simillimum 3eo judico_$ is li%er a God than a man& for as it
'ill transform a beast to a man again$ so 'ill it ma%e a man a God. To
"reser#e thine honour$ health$ and to a#oid therefore all those inflations$
torments$ obstructions$ crudities$ and diseases that come by a full diet$
the best 'ay is to ;=B?=Gfeed s"aringly of one or t'o dishes at most$ to
ha#e _#entrem bene moratum_$ as 9eneca calls it$ ;=B?.GLto choose one of
many$ and to feed on that alone$L as :rato ad#iseth his "atient. The same
counsel ;=B??GPros"er :alenus gi#es to :ardinal :aesius$ to use a moderate
and sim"le diet& and though his table be jo#ially furnished by reason of
his state and guests$ yet for his o'n "art to single out some one sa#oury
dish and feed on it. The same is inculcated by ;=B?@G:rato$ _consil. B. l.
=._ to a noble "ersonage affected 'ith this grie#ance$ he 'ould ha#e his
highness to dine or su" alone$ 'ithout all his honourable attendance and
courtly com"any$ 'ith a "ri#ate friend or so$ ;=B?-Ga dish or t'o$ a cu" of
1henish 'ine$ Fc. Montanus$ _consil. =?._ for a noble matron enjoins her
one dish$ and by no means to drin% bet'een meals. The li%e$ _consil. ==B._
or not to eat till he be an hungry$ 'hich rule erengarius did most
strictly obser#e$ as 5ilbertus$ _:enomecensis E"isc._ 'rites in his life$
------Lcui non fuit un0uam
Ante sitim "otus$ nec cibus ante famem$L
and 'hich all tem"erate men do constantly %ee". It is a fre0uent solemnity
still used 'ith us$ 'hen friends meet$ to go to the alehouse or ta#ern$
they are not sociable other'ise& and if they #isit one another!s houses$
they must both eat and drin%. I re"rehend it not moderately used< but to
some men nothing can be more offensi#e< they had better$ I s"ea% it 'ith
9aint ;=B?AGAmbrose$ "our so much 'ater in their shoes.
It much a#ails li%e'ise to %ee" good order in our diet$ ;=B?/GLto eat
li0uid things first$ broths$ fish$ and such meats as are sooner corru"ted
in the stomach< harder meats of digestion must come last.L :rato 'ould ha#e
the su""er less than the dinner$ 'hich :ardan$ _:ontradict. lib. ,. tract.
@. contradict. ,/._ disallo's$ and that by the authority of Galen. _A. art.
curat. ca". -._ and for four reasons he 'ill ha#e the su""er biggest& I
ha#e read many treatises to this "ur"ose$ I %no' not ho' it may concern
some fe' sic% men$ but for my "art generally for all$ I should subscribe to
that custom of the 1omans$ to ma%e a s"aring dinner$ and a liberal su""er<
all their "re"aration and in#itation 'as still at su""er$ no mention of
dinner. Many reasons I could gi#e$ but 'hen all is said _"ro_ and _con_$
;=B?BG:ardan!s rule is best$ to %ee" that 'e are accustomed unto$ though it
be naught$ and to follo' our dis"osition and a""etite in some things is not
amiss< to eat sometimes of a dish 'hich is hurtful$ if 'e ha#e an
e+traordinary li%ing to it. Ale+ander 9e#erus lo#ed hares and a""les abo#e
all other meats$ as ;=B@CG*am"ridius relates in his life& one "o"e "or%$
another "eacoc%$ Fc.< 'hat harm came of itN I conclude our o'n e+"erience
is the best "hysician< that diet 'hich is most "ro"itious to one$ is often
"ernicious to another$ such is the #ariety of "alates$ humours$ and
tem"eratures$ let e#ery man obser#e$ and be a la' unto himself. Tiberius$
in ;=B@,GTacitus$ did laugh at all such$ that thirty years of age 'ould as%
counsel of others concerning matters of diet< I say the same.
These fe' rules of diet he that %ee"s$ shall surely find great ease and
s"eedy remedy by it. It is a 'onder to relate that "rodigious tem"erance of
some hermits$ anchorites$ and fathers of the church& he that shall but read
their li#es$ 'ritten by 5ierom$ Athanasius$ Fc.$ ho' abstemious heathens
ha#e been in this %ind$ those :urii and 7abritii$ those old "hiloso"hers$
as Pliny records$ _lib. ,,._ Jeno"hon$ _lib. ,. de #it. 9ocrat._ Em"erors
and %ings$ as 8ice"horus relates$ _Eccles. hist. lib. ,/. ca". /._ of
Mauritius$ *udo#icus Pius$ Fc.$ and that admirable ;=B@=Ge+am"le of
*udo#icus :ornarus$ a "atrician of Ienice$ cannot but admire them. This
ha#e they done #oluntarily and in health< 'hat shall these "ri#ate men do
that are #isited 'ith sic%ness$ and necessarily ;=B@.Genjoined to reco#er$
and continue their healthN It is a hard thing to obser#e a strict diet$ _et
0ui medice #i#it$ misere #i#it_$ ;=B@?Gas the saying is$ _0uale hoc i"sum
erit #i#ere$ his si "ri#atus fueris_N as good be buried$ as so much
debarred of his a""etite< _e+cessit medicina malum_$ the "hysic is more
troublesome than the disease$ so he com"lained in the "oet$ so thou
thin%est& yet he that lo#es himself 'ill easily endure this little misery$
to a#oid a greater incon#enience< _e malis minimum_ better do this than do
'orse. And as ;=B@@GTully holds$ Lbetter be a tem"erate old man than a
lasci#ious youth.L !Tis the only s'eet thing ('hich he ad#iseth) so to
moderate oursel#es$ that 'e may ha#e _senectutem in ju#entute$ et in
ju#entute senectutem_$ be youthful in our old age$ staid in our youth$
discreet and tem"erate in both.
MEM. II.
_1etention and E#acuation rectified_.
I ha#e declared in the causes 'hat harm costi#eness hath done in "rocuring
this disease< if it be so no+ious$ the o""osite must needs be good$ or mean
at least$ as indeed it is$ and to this cure necessarily re0uired< _ma+ime
conducit_$ saith Montaltus$ _ca". =A._ it #ery much a#ails. ;=B@-G
Altomarus$ _ca". A_$ Lcommends 'al%ing in a morning$ into some fair green
"leasant fields$ but by all means first$ by art or nature$ he 'ill ha#e
these ordinary e+crements e#acuated.L Piso calls it$ _eneficium #entris_$
the benefit$ hel" or "leasure of the belly$ for it doth much ease it.
*aurentius$ _ca". /_$ :rato$ _consil. =,. l. =._ "rescribes it once a day
at least& 'here nature is defecti#e$ art must su""ly$ by those leniti#e
electuaries$ su""ositories$ condite "runes$ tur"entine$ clysters$ as shall
be sho'n. Pros"er :alenus$ _lib. de atra bile_$ commends clysters in
hy"ochondriacal melancholy$ still to be used as occasion ser#es< ;=B@AG
Peter :nemander in a consultation of his _"ro hy"ocondriaco_$ 'ill ha#e his
"atient continually loose$ and to that end sets do'n there many forms of
"otions and clysters. Mercurialis$ _consil. //._ if this benefit come not
of its o'n accord$ "rescribes ;=B@/Gclysters in the first "lace& so doth
Montanus$ _consil. =?. consil. ., et ==B._ he commends tur"entine to that
"ur"ose& the same he ingeminates$ _consil. =.C._ for an Italian abbot. !Tis
#ery good to 'ash his hands and face often$ to shift his clothes$ to ha#e
fair linen about him$ to be decently and comely attired$ for _sordes
#itiant_$ nastiness defiles and dejects any man that is so #oluntarily$ or
com"elled by 'ant$ it dulleth the s"irits.
aths are either artificial or natural$ both ha#e their s"ecial uses in
this malady$ and as ;=B@BGAle+ander su""oseth$ _lib. ,. ca". ,-._ yield as
s"eedy a remedy as any other "hysic 'hatsoe#er. Aetius 'ould ha#e them
daily used$ _assidua balnea_$ _Tetra. =. sect. =. c. B._ Galen crac%s ho'
many se#eral cures he hath "erformed in this %ind by use of baths alone$
and 1ufus "ills$ moistening them 'hich are other'ise dry. 1hasis ma%es it a
"rinci"al cure$ _Tota cura sit in humectando_$ to bathe and after'ards
anoint 'ith oil. Dason Pratensis$ *aurentius$ _ca". /._ and Montanus set
do'n their "eculiar forms of artificial baths. :rato$ _consil. ,A. lib. =._
commends mallo's$ camomile$ #iolets$ borage to be boiled in it$ and
sometimes fair 'ater alone$ and in his follo'ing counsel$ _alneum a0uae
dulcis solum sae"issime "rofuisse com"ertum habemus_. 9o doth 7uchsius$
_lib. ,. ca". ..._ _7risimelica$ =. consil. ?=._ in Trinca#elius. 9ome
beside herbs "rescribe a ram!s head and other things to be boiled. ;=B-CG
7ernelius$ _consil. ??._ 'ill ha#e them used ten or t'el#e days together<
to 'hich he must enter fasting$ and so continue in a tem"erate heat$ and
after that frictions all o#er the body. *elius Aegubinus$ _consil. ,?=._
and :hristo"h. Aererus$ in a consultation of his$ hold once or t'ice a 'ee%
sufficient to bathe$ the ;=B-,GL'ater to be 'arm$ not hot$ for fear of
s'eating.L 7eli+ Plater$ _obser#. lib. ,._ for a melancholy la'yer$ ;=B-=G
L'ill ha#e lotions of the head still joined to these baths$ 'ith a ley
'herein ca"ital herbs ha#e been boiled.L ;=B-.G*aurentius s"ea%s of baths
of mil%$ 'hich I find a""ro#ed by many others. And still after bath$ the
body to be anointed 'ith oil of bitter almonds$ of #iolets$ ne' or fresh
butter$ ;=B-?Gca"on!s grease$ es"ecially the bac%bone$ and then lotions of
the head$ embrocations$ Fc. These %inds of baths ha#e been in former times
much fre0uented$ and di#ersely #aried$ and are still in general use in
those eastern countries. The 1omans had their "ublic baths #ery sum"tuous
and stu"end$ as those of Antoninus and 3iocletian. Plin. .-. saith there
'ere an infinite number of them in 1ome$ and mightily fre0uented< some
bathed se#en times a day$ as :ommodus the em"eror is re"orted to ha#e done<
usually t'ice a day$ and they 'ere after anointed 'ith most costly
ointments& rich 'omen bathed themsel#es in mil%$ some in the mil% of fi#e
hundred she-asses at once& 'e ha#e many ruins of such$ baths found in this
island$ amongst those "arietines and rubbish of old 1oman to'ns. *i"sius$
_de mag. Hrb. 1om. l. .$ c. /_$ 1osinus$ 9cot of Ant'er"$ and other
anti0uaries$ tell strange stories of their baths. Gillius$ _l. ?. ca". ult.
To"ogr. :onstant._ rec%ons u" ,@@ "ublic ;=B-@Gbaths in :onstantino"le$ of
fair building< they are still ;=B--Gfre0uented in that city by the Tur%s of
all sorts$ men and 'omen$ and all o#er Greece$ and those hot countries< to
absterge beli%e that fulsomeness of s'eat$ to 'hich they are there subject.
;=B-AGusbe0uius$ in his e"istles$ is #ery co"ious in describing the manner
of them$ ho' their 'omen go co#ered$ a maid follo'ing 'ith a bo+ of
ointment to rub them. The richer sort ha#e "ri#ate baths in their houses<
the "oorer go to the common$ and are generally so curious in this behalf$
that they 'ill not eat nor drin% until they ha#e bathed$ before and after
meals some$ ;=B-/GLand 'ill not ma%e 'ater (but they 'ill 'ash their hands)
or go to stool.L *eo Afer. _l. .._ ma%es mention of one hundred se#eral
baths at 7ez in Africa$ most sum"tuous$ and such as ha#e great re#enues
belonging to them. u+torf. _ca". ,?$ 9ynagog. Dud._ s"ea%s of many
ceremonies amongst the De's in this %ind< they are #ery su"erstitious in
their baths$ es"ecially 'omen.
8atural baths are "raised by some$ discommended by others< but it is in a
di#ers res"ect. ;=B-BGMarcus$ _de 2ddis in 5i". affect._ consulted about
baths$ condemns them for the heat of the li#er$ because they dry too fast<
and yet by and by$ ;=BACGin another counsel for the same disease$ he
a""ro#es them because they cleanse by reason of the sul"hur$ and 'ould ha#e
their 'ater to be drun%. Areteus$ _c. A._ commends alum baths abo#e the
rest< and ;=BA,GMercurialis$ _consil. //._ those of *ucca in that
hy"ochondriacal "assion. L5e 'ould ha#e his "atient tarry there fifteen
days together$ and drin% the 'ater of them$ and to be buc%eted$ or ha#e the
'ater "oured on his head.L Dohn a"tista$ _9yl#aticus cont. -?._ commends
all the baths in Italy$ and drin%ing of their 'ater$ 'hether they be iron$
alum$ sul"hur< so doth ;=BA=G5ercules de 9a+onia. ut in that they cause
s'eat and dry so much$ he confines himself to hy"ochondriacal melancholy
alone$ e+ce"ting that of the head and the other. Trinca#elius$ _consil. ,?.
lib. ,._ refers those ;=BA.GPorrectan baths before the rest$ because of the
mi+ture of brass$ iron$ alum$ and _consil. .@. l. .._ for a melancholy
la'yer$ and _consil. .-._ in that hy"ochondriacal "assion$ the ;=BA?Gbaths
of A0uaria$ and _.-. consil._ the drin%ing of them. 7risimelica$ consulted
amongst the rest in Trinca#elius$ _consil. ?=. lib. =._ "refers the 'aters
of ;=BA@GA"ona before all artificial baths 'hatsoe#er in this disease$ and
'ould ha#e one nine years affected 'ith hy"ochondriacal "assions fly to
them as to a ;=BA-Gholy anchor. 2f the same mind is Trinca#elius himself
there$ and yet both "ut a hot li#er in the same "arty for a cause$ and send
him to the 'aters of 9t. 5elen$ 'hich are much hotter. Montanus$ _consil.
=.C._ magnifies the ;=BAAG:halderinian baths$ and _consil =.A. et =.B._ he
e+horteth to the same$ but 'ith this caution$ ;=BA/GLthat the li#er be
out'ardly anointed 'ith some coolers that it be not o#erheated.L ut these
baths must be 'arily fre0uented by melancholy "ersons$ or if used$ to such
as are #ery cold of themsel#es$ for as Gabelius concludes of all 3utch
baths$ and es"ecially of those of aden$ Lthey are good for all cold
diseases$ ;=BABGnaught for choleric$ hot and dry$ and all infirmities
"roceeding of choler$ inflammations of the s"leen and li#er.L 2ur English
baths$ as they are hot$ must needs incur the same censure& but 3. Turner of
old$ and 3. Dones ha#e 'ritten at large of them. 2f cold baths I find
little or no mention in any "hysician$ some s"ea% against them&
;=B/CG:ardan alone out of Agathinus commends Lbathing in fresh ri#ers$ and
cold 'aters$ and ad#iseth all such as mean to li#e long to use it$ for it
agrees 'ith all ages and com"le+ions$ and is most "rofitable for hot
tem"eratures.L As for s'eating$ urine$ bloodletting by haemrods$ or
other'ise$ I shall else'here more o""ortunely s"ea% of them.
Immoderate Ienus in e+cess$ as it is a cause$ or in defect< so moderately
used to some "arties an only hel"$ a "resent remedy. Peter 7orestus calls
it _a"tissimum remedium_$ a most a""osite remedy$ ;=B/,GLremitting anger$
and reason$ that 'as other'ise bound.L A#icenna _7en. .. =C._ 2ribasius
_med. collect. lib. -. ca". .A._ contend out of 1uffus and others$ ;=B/=G
Lthat many madmen$ melancholy$ and labouring of the falling sic%ness$ ha#e
been cured by this alone.L Montaltus _ca". =A. de melan._ 'ill ha#e it
dri#e a'ay sorro'$ and all illusions of the brain$ to "urge the heart and
brain from ill smo%es and #a"ours that offend them& ;=B/.GLand if it be
omitted$L as Ialescus su""oseth$ Lit ma%es the mind sad$ the body dull and
hea#y.L Many other incon#eniences are rec%oned u" by Mercatus$ and by
1odericus a :astro$ in their tracts _de melancholia #irginum et monialium<
ob seminis retentionem sa#iunt sae"e moniales et #irgines_$ but as Platerus
adds$ _si nubant sanantur_$ they ra#e single$ and "ine a'ay$ much
discontent$ but marriage mends all. Marcellus 3onatus _lib. =. med. hist.
ca". ,._ tells a story to confirm this out of Ale+ander enedictus$ of a
maid that 'as mad$ _ob menses inhibitos$ cum in officinam meritoriam
incidisset$ a 0uindecem #iris eadem nocte com"ressa$ mensium largo
"roflu#io$ 0uod "luribus annis ante constiterat$ non sine magno "udore mane
menti restituta discessit_. ut this must be 'arily understood$ for as
Arnoldus objects$ _lib. ,. bre#iar. ,/. ca"._ _Kuid coitus ad melancholicum
succum_N 4hat affinity ha#e these t'oN ;=B/?GLe+ce"t it be manifest that
su"erabundance of seed$ or fullness of blood be a cause$ or that lo#e$ or
an e+traordinary desire of Ienus$ ha#e gone before$L or that as *od.
Mercatus e+ce"ts$ they be #ery flatuous$ and ha#e been other'ise accustomed
unto it. Montaltus _ca". =A._ 'ill not allo' of moderate Ienus to such as
ha#e the gout$ "alsy$ e"ile"sy$ melancholy$ e+ce"t they be #ery lusty$ and
full of blood. ;=B/@G*odo#icus Antonius _lib. med. miscet._ in his cha"ter
of Ienus$ forbids it utterly to all 'restlers$ ditchers$ labouring men$ Fc.
;=B/-G7icinus and ;=B/AGMarsilius :ognatus "uts Ienus one of the fi#e
mortal enemies of a student& Lit consumes the s"irits$ and 'ea%eneth the
brain.L 5alyabbas the Arabian$ _@. Theor. ca". .-._ and Dason Pratensis
ma%e it the fountain of most diseases$ ;=B//GLbut most "ernicious to them
'ho are cold and dry&L a melancholy man must not meddle 'ith it$ but in
some cases. Plutarch in his boo% _de san. tuend._ accounts of it as one of
the three "rinci"al signs and "reser#ers of health$ tem"erance in this
%ind& ;=B/BGLto rise 'ith an a""etite$ to be ready to 'or%$ and abstain
from #enery$L _tria saluberrima_$ are three most healthful things. 4e see
their o""osites ho' "ernicious they are to man%ind$ as to all other
creatures they bring death$ and many feral diseases& _Immodicis bre#is est
aetas et rara senectus_. Aristotle gi#es instance in s"arro's$ 'hich are
_"arum #i#aces ob salacitatem_$ ;=BBCGshort li#ed because of their
salacity$ 'hich is #ery fre0uent$ as 9co""ius in Pria"us 'ill better inform
you. The e+tremes being both bad$ ;=BB,Gthe medium is to be %e"t$ 'hich
cannot easily be determined. 9ome are better able to sustain$ such as are
hot and moist$ "hlegmatic$ as 5i""ocrates insinuateth$ some strong and
lusty$ 'ell fed li%e ;=BB=G5ercules$ ;=BB.G Proculus the em"eror$ lusty
*aurence$ ;=BB?G_"rostibulum faeminae Messalina_ the em"ress$ that by
"hilters$ and such %ind of lasci#ious meats$ use all means to ;=BB@Genable
themsel#es& and brag of it in the end$ _confodi multas enim$ occidi #ero
"aucas "er #entrem #idisti_$ as that 9"anish ;=BB-G:elestina merrily said&
others im"otent$ of a cold and dry constitution$ cannot sustain those
gymnics 'ithout great hurt done to their o'n bodies$ of 'hich number
(though they be #ery "rone to it) are melancholy men for the most "art.
MEM. III.
_Air rectified. 4ith a digression of the Air_.
As a long-'inged ha'%$ 'hen he is first 'histled off the fist$ mounts
aloft$ and for his "leasure fetcheth many a circuit in the air$ still
soaring higher and higher$ till he be come to his full "itch$ and in the
end 'hen the game is s"rung$ comes do'n amain$ and stoo"s u"on a sudden& so
'ill I$ ha#ing no' come at last into these am"le fields of air$ 'herein I
may freely e+"atiate and e+ercise myself for my recreation$ a'hile ro#e$
'ander round about the 'orld$ mount aloft to those ethereal orbs and
celestial s"heres$ and so descend to my former elements again. In 'hich
"rogress I 'ill first see 'hether that relation of the friar of ;=BBAG
2+ford be true$ concerning those northern "arts under the "ole (if I meet
_obiter_ 'ith the 'andering De'$ Elias Artife+$ or *ucian!s
_Icaromeni""us_$ they shall be my guides) 'hether there be such ?. Euri"es$
and a great roc% of loadstones$ 'hich may cause the needle in the com"ass
still to bend that 'ay$ and 'hat should be the true cause of the #ariation
of the com"ass$ ;=BB/Gis it a magnetical roc%$ or the "ole-star$ as :ardan
'ill< or some other star in the bear$ as Marsilius 7icinus< or a magnetical
meridian$ as Maurolieus< _Iel situs in #ena terrae_$ as Agricola< or the
nearness of the ne+t continent$ as :abeus 'ill< or some other cause$ as
9caliger$ :ortesius$ :onimbricenses$ Peregrinus contend< 'hy at the Azores
it loo%s directly north$ other'ise notN In the Mediterranean or *e#ant (as
some obser#e) it #aries A. grad. by and by ,=. and then ==. In the altic
9eas$ near 1asceburg in 7inland$ the needle runs round$ if any shi"s come
that 'ay$ though ;=BBBGMartin 1idley 'rite other'ise$ that the needle near
the Pole 'ill hardly be forced from his direction. !Tis fit to be in0uired
'hether certain rules may be made of it$ as _,,. grad. *ond. #ariat. alibi
.-._ Fc. and that 'hich is more "rodigious$ the #ariation #aries in the
same "lace$ no' ta%en accurately$ !tis so much after a fe' years 0uite
altered from that it 'as& till 'e ha#e better intelligence$ let our 3r.
Gilbert$ and 8icholas ;.CCCG:abeus the Desuit$ that ha#e both 'ritten great
#olumes of this subject$ satisfy these in0uisitors. 4hether the sea be o"en
and na#igable by the Pole arctic$ and 'hich is the li%eliest 'ay$ that of
artison the 5ollander$ under the Pole itself$ 'hich for some reasons I
hold best& or by 7retum 3a#is$ or 8o#a >embla. 4hether ;.CC,G5udson!s
disco#ery be true of a ne' found ocean$ any li%elihood of utton!s ay in
@C. degrees$ 5ubberd!s 5o"e in -C. that of _ut ultra_ near 9ir Thomas 1oe!s
'elcome in 8orth'est 7o+$ being that the sea ebbs and flo's constantly
there ,@. foot in ,=. hours$ as our ;.CC=Gne' cards inform us that
:alifornia is not a ca"e$ but an island$ and the 'est 'inds ma%e the nea"
tides e0ual to the s"ring$ or that there be any "robability to "ass by the
straits of Anian to :hina$ by the "romontory of Tabin. If there be$ I shall
soon "ercei#e 'hether ;.CC.GMarcus Polus the Ienetian!s narration be true
or false$ of that great city of Kuinsay and :ambalu< 'hether there be any
such "laces$ or that as ;.CC?GMatth. 1iccius the Desuit hath 'ritten$ :hina
and :ataia be all one$ the great :ham of Tartary and the %ing of :hina be
the same< Juntain and Kuinsay$ and the city of :ambalu be that ne' Pe%ing$
or such a 'all ?CC leagues long to "art :hina from Tartary& 'hether
;.CC@GPresbyter Dohn be in Asia or Africa< M. Polus Ienetus "uts him in
Asia$ ;.CC-Gthe most recei#ed o"inion is$ that he is em"eror of the
Abyssines$ 'hich of old 'as Ethio"ia$ no' 8ubia$ under the e0uator in
Africa. 4hether ;.CCAGGuinea be an island or "art of the continent$ or that
hungry ;.CC/G9"aniard!s disco#ery of _Terra Australis Incognita_$ or
Magellanica$ be as true as that of Mercurius ritannius$ or his of Hto"ia$
or his of *ucinia. And yet in li%elihood it may be so$ for 'ithout all
0uestion it being e+tended from the tro"ic of :a"ricorn to the circle
Antarctic$ and lying as it doth in the tem"erate zone$ cannot choose but
yield in time some flourishing %ingdoms to succeeding ages$ as America did
unto the 9"aniards. 9houten and *e Meir ha#e done 'ell in the disco#ery of
the 9traits of Magellan$ in finding a more con#enient "assage to _Mare
"acificum_& methin%s some of our modern argonauts should "rosecute the
rest. As I go by Madagascar$ I 'ould see that great bird ;.CCBGruc%$ that
can carry a man and horse or an ele"hant$ 'ith that Arabian "hoeni+
described by ;.C,CGAdricomius< see the "elicans of Egy"t$ those 9cythian
gry"hes in Asia& and after'ards in Africa e+amine the fountains of 8ilus$
'hether 5erodotus$ ;.C,,G9eneca$ Plin. _lib. @. ca". B._ 9trabo. _lib. @._
gi#e a true cause of his annual flo'ing$ ;.C,=GPaga"hetta discourse rightly
of it$ or of 8iger and 9enegal< e+amine :ardan$ ;.C,.G9caliger!s reasons$
and the rest. Is it from those Etesian 'inds$ or melting of sno' in the
mountains under the e0uator (for Dordan yearly o#erflo's 'hen the sno'
melts in Mount *ibanus)$ or from those great dro""ing "er"etual sho'ers
'hich are so fre0uent to the inhabitants 'ithin the tro"ics$ 'hen the sun
is #ertical$ and cause such #ast inundations in 9enegal$ Maragnan$ 2ronoco
and the rest of those great ri#ers in >ona Torrida$ 'hich ha#e all commonly
the same "assions at set times& and by good husbandry and "olicy hereafter
no doubt may come to be as "o"ulous$ as 'ell tilled$ as fruitful$ as Egy"t
itself or :auchinthinaN I 'ould obser#e all those motions of the sea$ and
from 'hat cause they "roceed$ from the moon (as the #ulgar hold) or earth!s
motion$ 'hich Galileus$ in the fourth dialogue of his system of the 'orld$
so eagerly "ro#es$ and firmly demonstrates< or 'inds$ as ;.C,?G some 'ill.
4hy in that 0uiet ocean of >ur$ _in mari "acifico_$ it is scarce "ercei#ed$
in our ritish seas most #iolent$ in the Mediterranean and 1ed 9ea so
#ehement$ irregular$ and di#erseN 4hy the current in that Atlantic 2cean
should still be in some "laces from$ in some again to'ards the north$ and
'hy they come sooner than goN and so from Moabar to Madagascar in that
Indian 2cean$ the merchants come in three 'ee%s$ as ;.C,@G9caliger
discusseth$ they return scarce in three months$ 'ith the same or li%e
'inds& the continual current is from east to 'est. 4hether Mount Athos$
Pelion$ 2lym"us$ 2ssa$ :aucasus$ Atlas$ be so high as Pliny$ 9olinus$ Mela
relate$ abo#e clouds$ meteors$ _ubi nec aurae nec #enti s"irant_ (insomuch
that they that ascend die suddenly #ery often$ the air is so subtile$) ,=@C
"aces high$ according to that measure of 3icearchus$ or A/ miles
"er"endicularly high$ as Dacobus Mazonius$ _sec. .. et ?._ e+"ounding that
"lace of Aristotle about :aucasus< and as ;.C,-Glancanus the Desuit
contends out of :la#ius and 8onius demonstrations _de :re"usculis_& or
rather .= stadiums$ as the most recei#ed o"inion is< or ? miles$ 'hich the
height of no mountain doth "er"endicularly e+ceed$ and is e0ual to the
greatest de"ths of the sea$ 'hich is$ as 9caliger holds$ ,@/C "aces$ E+er.
./$ others ,CC "aces. I 'ould see those inner "arts of America$ 'hether
there be any such great city of Manoa$ or Eldorado$ in that golden em"ire$
'here the high'ays are as much beaten (one re"orts) as bet'een Madrid and
Ialadolid in 9"ain< or any such Amazons as he relates$ or gigantic
Patagones in :hica< 'ith that miraculous mountain ;.C,AGEbouya"ab in the
8orthern razil$ _cujus jugum sternitur in amoenissimam "lanitiem_$ Fc. or
that of Pariacacca so high ele#ated in Peru. ;.C,/GThe "ea% of Tenerife ho'
high it isN AC miles$ or @C as Patricius holds$ or B as 9nellius
demonstrates in his Eratosthenes& see that strange ;.C,BG:ir%nic%zer%sey
la%e in :arniola$ 'hose 'aters gush so fast out of the ground$ that they
'ill o#erta%e a s'ift horseman$ and by and by 'ith as incredible celerity
are su""ed u"& 'hich *azius and 4ernerus ma%e an argument of the Argonauts
sailing under ground. And that #ast den or hole called ;.C=CGEsmellen in
Musco#ia$ _0uae #isitur horriendo hiatu_$ Fc. 'hich if anything casually
fall in$ ma%es such a roaring noise$ that no thunder$ or ordnance$ or
'arli%e engine can ma%e the li%e< such another is Gilber!s :a#e in *a"land$
'ith many the li%e. I 'ould e+amine the :as"ian 9ea$ and see 'here and ho'
it e+onerates itself$ after it hath ta%en in Iolga$ Da+ares$ 2+us$ and
those great ri#ers< at the mouth of 2by$ or 'hereN 4hat #ent the Me+ican
la%e hath$ the Titicacan in Peru$ or that circular "ool in the #ale of
Tera"eia$ of 'hich Acosta _l. .. c. ,-._ hot in a cold country$ the s"ring
of 'hich boils u" in the middle t'enty foot s0uare$ and hath no #ent but
e+halation& and that of _Mare mortuum_ in Palestine$ of Thrasymene$ at
Peruzium in Italy& the Mediterranean itself. 7or from the ocean$ at the
9traits of Gibraltar$ there is a "er"etual current into the *e#ant$ and so
li%e'ise by the Thracian os"horus out of the Eu+ine or lac% 9ea$ besides
all those great ri#ers of 8ile$ Po$ 1hone$ Fc. ho' is this 'ater consumed$
by the sun or other'iseN I 'ould find out 'ith Trajan the fountains of
3anube$ of Ganges$ 2+us$ see those Egy"tian "yramids$ Trajan!s bridge$
_Grotto de 9ybilla_$ *ucullus!s fish"onds$ the tem"le of 8idrose$ Fc.
(And$ if I could$ obser#e 'hat becomes of s'allo's$ stor%s$ cranes$
cuc%oos$ nightingales$ redstarts$ and many other %ind of singing birds$
'ater-fo'ls$ ha'%s$ Fc. some of them are only seen in summer$ some in
'inter< some are obser#ed in the ;.C=,Gsno'$ and at no other times$ each
ha#e their seasons. In 'inter not a bird is in Musco#y to be found$ but at
the s"ring in an instant the 'oods and hedges are full of them$ saith
;.C==G5erbastein& ho' comes it to "assN 3o they slee" in 'inter$ li%e
Gesner!s Al"ine mice< or do they lie hid (as ;.C=.G2laus affirms) Lin the
bottom of la%es and ri#ers$ _s"iritum continentes_N often so found by
fishermen in Poland and 9candia$ t'o together$ mouth to mouth$ 'ing to
'ing< and 'hen the s"ring comes they re#i#e again$ or if they be brought
into a sto#e$ or to the fireside.L 2r do they follo' the sun$ as Peter
Martyr _legat abylonica l. =._ manifestly con#icts$ out of his o'n
%no'ledge< for 'hen he 'as ambassador in Egy"t$ he sa' s'allo's$ 9"anish
%ites$ ;.C=?Gand many such other Euro"ean birds$ in 3ecember and Danuary
#ery familiarly flying$ and in great abundance$ about Ale+andria$ _ubi
floridae tunc arbores ac #iridaria_. 2r lie they hid in ca#es$ roc%s$ and
hollo' trees$ as most thin%$ in dee" tin-mines or sea-cliffs$ as ;.C=@GMr.
:are' gi#es outN I conclude of them all$ for my "art$ as ;.C=-GMunster doth
of cranes and stor%s< 'hence they come$ 'hither they go$ _incom"ertum
adhuc_$ as yet 'e %no' not. 4e see them here$ some in summer$ some in
'inter< Ltheir coming and going is sure in the night& in the "lains of
AsiaL (saith he) Lthe stor%s meet on such a set day$ he that comes last is
torn in "ieces$ and so they get them gone.L Many strange "laces$ Isthmi$
Euri"i$ :hersonesi$ cree%s$ ha#ens$ "romontories$ straits$ *a%es$ baths$
roc%s$ mountains$ "laces$ and fields$ 'here cities ha#e been ruined or
s'allo'ed$ battles fought$ creatures$ sea-monsters$ remora$ Fc. minerals$
#egetals. >oo"hytes 'ere fit to be considered in such an e+"edition$ and
amongst the rest that of ;.C=AG5arbastein his Tartar lamb$ ;.C=/G5ector
oethius goosebearing tree in the orchards$ to 'hich :ardan _lib. A. ca".
.-. de rerum #arietat._ subscribes& ;.C=BGIertomannus 'onderful "alm$ that
;.C.CG fly in 5is"aniola$ that shines li%e a torch in the night$ that one
may 'ell see to 'rite< those s"herical stones in :uba 'hich nature hath so
made$ and those li%e birds$ beasts$ fishes$ cro'ns$ s'ords$ sa's$ "ots$ Fc.
usually found in the metal mines in 9a+ony about Mansfield$ and in Poland
near 8o%o' and Pallu%ie$ as ;.C.,GMunster and others relate. Many rare
creatures and no#elties each "art of the 'orld affords& amongst the rest$ I
'ould %no' for a certain 'hether there be any such men$ as *eo 9ua#ius$ in
his comment on Paracelsus _de sanit. tuend_. and ;.C.=GGaguinus records in
his descri"tion of Musco#y$ Lthat in *ucomoria$ a "ro#ince in 1ussia$ lie
fast aslee" as dead all 'inter$ from the =A of 8o#ember$ li%e frogs and
s'allo's$ benumbed 'ith cold$ but about the =? of A"ril in the s"ring they
re#i#e again$ and go about their business.L I 'ould e+amine that
demonstration of Ale+ander Picolomineus$ 'hether the earth!s su"erficies be
bigger than the seas& or that of Archimedes be true$ the su"erficies of all
'ater is e#enN 9earch the de"th$ and see that #ariety of sea-monsters and
fishes$ mermaids$ seamen$ horses$ Fc. 'hich it affords. 2r 'hether that be
true 'hich Dordanus runus scoffs at$ that if God did not detain it$ the
sea 'ould o#erflo' the earth by reason of his higher site$ and 'hich
Dose"hus lancanus the Desuit in his inter"retation on those mathematical
"laces of Aristotle$ foolishly fears$ and in a just tract "ro#es by many
circumstances$ that in time the sea 'ill 'aste a'ay the land$ and all the
globe of the earth shall be co#ered 'ith 'aters< _risum teneatis amici_N
'hat the sea ta%es a'ay in one "lace it adds in another. Methin%s he might
rather sus"ect the sea should in time be filled by land$ trees gro' u"$
carcasses$ Fc. that all-de#ouring fire$ _omnia de#orans et consumens_$ 'ill
sooner co#er and dry u" the #ast ocean 'ith sand and ashes. I 'ould e+amine
the true seat of that terrestrial ;.C..G"aradise$ and 'here 2"hir 'as
'hence 9olomon did fetch his gold& from Peruana$ 'hich some su""ose$ or
that Aurea :hersonesus$ as 3ominicus 8iger$ Arias Montanus$ Goro"ius$ and
others 'ill. I 'ould censure all Pliny!s$ 9olinus!$ 9trabo!s$ 9ir Dohn
Mande#ille!s$ 2laus Magnus!$ Marcus Polus! lies$ correct those errors in
na#igation$ reform cosmogra"hical charts$ and rectify longitudes$ if it
'ere "ossible< not by the com"ass$ as some dream$ 'ith Mar% 1idley in his
treatise of magnetical bodies$ _ca". ?.._ for as :abeus _magnet "hilos.
lib. .. ca". ?._ fully resol#es$ there is no ho"e thence$ yet I 'ould
obser#e some better means to find them out.
I 'ould ha#e a con#enient "lace to go do'n 'ith 2r"heus$ Hlysses$ 5ercules$
;.C.?G*ucian!s Meni""us$ at 9t. Patric%!s "urgatory$ at Tro"honius! den$
5ecla in Iceland$ Aetna in 9icily$ to descend and see 'hat is done in the
bo'els of the earth& do stones and metals gro' there stillN ho' come fir
trees to be ;.C.@Gdigged out from to"s of hills$ as in our mosses$ and
marshes all o#er Euro"eN 5o' come they to dig u" fish bones$ shells$ beams$
iron'or%s$ many fathoms under ground$ and anchors in mountains far remote
from all seasN ;.C.-GAnno ,?-C at ern in 9'itzerland @C fathom dee" a shi"
'as digged out of a mountain$ 'here they got metal ore$ in 'hich 'ere ?/
carcasses of men$ 'ith other merchandise. That such things are ordinarily
found in to"s of hills$ Aristotle insinuates in his meteors$
;.C.AGPom"onius Mela in his first boo%$ _c. de 8umidia_$ and familiarly in
the Al"s$ saith ;.C./Glancanus the Desuit$ the li%e is to be seen& came
this from earth0ua%es$ or from 8oah!s flood$ as :hristians su""ose$ or is
there a #icissitude of sea and land$ as Ana+imenes held of old$ the
mountains of Thessaly 'ould become seas$ and seas again mountainsN The
'hole 'orld beli%e should be ne' moulded$ 'hen it seemed good to those
all-commanding "o'ers$ and turned inside out$ as 'e do haycoc%s in har#est$
to" to bottom$ or bottom to to"& or as 'e turn a""les to the fire$ mo#e the
'orld u"on his centre< that 'hich is under the "oles no'$ should be
translated to the e0uinoctial$ and that 'hich is under the torrid zone to
the circle arctic and antarctic another 'hile$ and so be reci"rocally
'armed by the sun& or if the 'orlds be infinite$ and e#ery fi+ed star a
sun$ 'ith his com"assing "lanets (as runus and :am"anella conclude) cast
three or four 'orlds into one< or else of one 'orld ma%e three or four ne'$
as it shall seem to them best. To "roceed$ if the earth be =,$@CC miles in
;.C.BGcom"ass$ its diameter is A$CCC from us to our anti"odes$ and 'hat
shall be com"rehended in all that s"aceN 4hat is the centre of the earthN
is it "ure element only$ as Aristotle decrees$ inhabited (as ;.C?CG
Paracelsus thin%s) 'ith creatures$ 'hose chaos is the earth& or 'ith
fairies$ as the 'oods and 'aters (according to him) are 'ith nym"hs$ or as
the air 'ith s"iritsN 3ionisiodorus$ a mathematician in ;.C?,GPliny$ that
sent a letter$ _ad su"eros_ after he 'as dead$ from the centre of the
earth$ to signify 'hat distance the same centre 'as from the _su"erficies_
of the same$ #iz. ?=$CCC stadiums$ might ha#e done 'ell to ha#e satisfied
all these doubts. 2r is it the "lace of hell$ as Iirgil in his Aenides$
Plato$ *ucian$ 3ante$ and others "oetically describe it$ and as many of our
di#ines thin%N In good earnest$ Anthony 1usca$ one of the society of that
Ambrosian :ollege$ in Milan$ in his great #olume _de Inferno$ lib. ,. ca".
?A._ is stiff in this tenet$ !tis a cor"oreal fire to'$ _ca". @. I. =._ as
he there dis"utes. L4hatsoe#er "hiloso"hers 'riteL (saith ;.C?=G9urius)
Lthere be certain mouths of hell$ and "laces a""ointed for the "unishment
of men!s souls$ as at 5ecla in Iceland$ 'here the ghosts of dead men are
familiarly seen$ and sometimes tal% 'ith the li#ing& God 'ould ha#e such
#isible "laces$ that mortal men might be certainly informed$ that there be
such "unishments after death$ and learn hence to fear God.L 6ranzius _3an.
hist. lib. =. ca". =?._ subscribes to this o"inion of 9urius$ so doth
:olerus _ca". ,=. lib. de immortal animae_ (out of the authority beli%e of
9t. Gregory$ 3urand$ and the rest of the schoolmen$ 'ho deri#e as much from
Aetna in 9icily$ *i"ari$ 5iera$ and those sul"hureous #ulcanian islands)
ma%ing Terra del 7uego$ and those fre0uent #olcanoes in America$ of 'hich
Acosta _lib. .. ca". =?._ that fearful mount 5ec%lebirg in 8or'ay$ an
es"ecial argument to "ro#e it$ ;.C?.GL'here lamentable screeches and
ho'lings are continually heard$ 'hich stri%e a terror to the auditors<
fiery chariots are commonly seen to bring in the souls of men in the
li%eness of cro's$ and de#ils ordinarily go in and out.L 9uch another "roof
is that "lace near the Pyramids in Egy"t$ by :airo$ as 'ell to confirm this
as the resurrection$ mentioned by ;.C??G6ornmannus _mirac. mort. lib. ,.
ca". .C._ :amerarius _o"er. suc. ca". .A._ redenbachius _"ereg. ter.
sanct._ and some others$ L'here once a year dead bodies arise about March$
and 'al%$ after a'hile hide themsel#es again& thousands of "eo"le come
yearly to see them.L ut these and such li%e testimonies others reject$ as
fables$ illusions of s"irits$ and they 'ill ha#e no such local %no'n "lace$
more than 9ty+ or Phlegethon$ Pluto!s court$ or that "oetical _Infernus_$
'here 5omer!s soul 'as seen hanging on a tree$ Fc.$ to 'hich they ferried
o#er in :haron!s boat$ or 'ent do'n at 5ermione in Greece$ _com"endiaria ad
Infernos #ia_$ 'hich is the shortest cut$ _0uia nullum a mortuis naulum eo
loci e+"oscunt_$ (saith ;.C?@GGerbelius) and besides there 'ere no fees to
be "aid. 4ell then$ is it hell$ or "urgatory$ as ellarmine& or _*imbus
"atrum_$ as Gallucius 'ill$ and as 1usca 'ill (for they ha#e made ma"s of
it) ;.C?-Gor Ignatius "arlerN Iirgil$ sometimes bisho" of 9altburg (as
A#entinus _anno_ A?@ relates) by onifacius bisho" of Mentz 'as therefore
called in 0uestion$ because he held anti"odes ('hich they made a doubt
'hether :hrist died for) and so by that means too% a'ay the seat of hell$
or so contracted it$ that it could bear no "ro"ortion to hea#en$ and
contradicted that o"inion of Austin$ asil$ *actantius that held the earth
round as a trencher ('hom Acosta and common e+"erience more largely
confute) but not as a ball< and Derusalem 'here :hrist died the middle of
it< or 3elos$ as the fabulous Gree%s feigned& because 'hen Du"iter let t'o
eagles loose$ to fly from the 'orld!s ends east and 'est$ they met at
3elos. ut that scru"le of onifacius is no' 0uite ta%en a'ay by our latter
di#ines& 7ranciscus 1ibera$ _in ca". ,?. A"ocaly"s._ 'ill ha#e hell a
material and local fire in the centre of the earth$ =CC Italian miles in
diameter$ as he defines it out of those 'ords$ _E+i#it sanguis de
terra--"er stadia mille se+centa_$ Fc. ut *essius _lib. ,.. de moribus
di#inis$ ca". =?._ 'ill ha#e this local hell far less$ one 3utch mile in
diameter$ all filled 'ith fire and brimstone& because$ as he there
demonstrates$ that s"ace$ cubically multi"lied$ 'ill ma%e a s"here able to
hold eight hundred thousand millions of damned bodies (allo'ing each body
si+ foot s0uare) 'hich 'ill abundantly suffice< _:um cerium sit$ in0uit$
facta subductione$ non futuros centies mille milliones damnandorum._ ut if
it be no material fire (as 9co. Thomas$ ona#enture$ 9oncinas$ Ioscius$ and
others argue) it may be there or else'here$ as 6ec%erman dis"utes _9ystem.
Theol._ for sure some'here it is$ _certum est alicubi$ etsi definitus
circulus non assignetur._ I 'ill end the contro#ersy in ;.C?AGAustin!s
'ords$ Letter doubt of things concealed$ than to contend about
uncertainties$ 'here Abraham!s bosom is$ and hell fire&L ;.C?/G_Ii+ a
mansuetis$ a contentiosis nun0uam in#enitur_< scarce the mee%$ the
contentious shall ne#er find. If it be solid earth$ !tis the fountain of
metals$ 'aters$ 'hich by his innate tem"er turns air into 'ater$ 'hich
s"rings u" in se#eral chin%s$ to moisten the earth!s _su"erficies_$ and
that in a tenfold "ro"ortion (as Aristotle holds) or else these fountains
come directly from the sea$ by ;.C?BGsecret "assages$ and so made fresh
again$ by running through the bo'els of the earth< and are either thic%$
thin$ hot$ cold$ as the matter or minerals are by 'hich they "ass< or as
Peter Martyr _2cean. 3ecad. lib. B._ and some others hold$ from ;.C@CG
abundance of rain that falls$ or from that ambient heat and cold$ 'hich
alters that in'ard heat$ and so _"er conse0uens_ the generation of 'aters.
2r else it may be full of 'ind$ or a sul"hureous innate fire$ as our
meteorologists inform us$ 'hich sometimes brea%ing out$ causeth those
horrible earth0ua%es$ 'hich are so fre0uent in these days in Da"an$ :hina$
and oftentimes s'allo' u" 'hole cities. *et *ucian!s Meni""us consult 'ith
or as% of Tiresias$ if you 'ill not belie#e "hiloso"hers$ he shall clear
all your doubts 'hen he ma%es a second #oyage.
In the mean time let us consider of that 'hich is _sub dio_$ and find out a
true cause$ if it be "ossible$ of such accidents$ meteors$ alterations$ as
ha""en abo#e ground. 4hence "roceed that #ariety of manners$ and a distinct
character (as it 'ere) to se#eral nationsN 9ome are 'ise$ subtile$ 'itty<
others dull$ sad and hea#y< some big$ some little$ as Tully de 7ato$ Plato
in Timaeo$ Iegetius and odine "ro#e at large$ _method. ca". @._ some soft$
and some hardy$ barbarous$ ci#il$ blac%$ dun$ 'hite$ is it from the air$
from the soil$ influence of stars$ or some other secret causeN 4hy doth
Africa breed so many #enomous beasts$ Ireland noneN Athens o'ls$ :rete
noneN ;.C@,G4hy hath 3aulis and Thebes no s'allo's (so Pausanius informeth
us) as 'ell as the rest of Greece$ ;.C@=GIthaca no hares$ Pontus asses$
9cythia s'ineN 'hence comes this #ariety of com"le+ions$ colours$ "lants$
birds$ beasts$ ;.C@.Gmetals$ "eculiar almost to e#ery "laceN 4hy so many
thousand strange birds and beasts "ro"er to America alone$ as Acosta
demands _lib. ?. ca". .-._ 'ere they created in the si+ days$ or e#er in
8oah!s ar%N if there$ 'hy are they not dis"ersed and found in other
countriesN It is a thing (saith he) hath long held me in sus"ense< no
Gree%$ *atin$ 5ebre' e#er heard of them before$ and yet as differing from
our Euro"ean animals$ as an egg and a chestnut& and 'hich is more$ %ine$
horses$ shee"$ Fc.$ till the 9"aniards brought them$ 'ere ne#er heard of in
those "artsN 5o' comes it to "ass$ that in the same site$ in one latitude$
to such as are _Perioeci_$ there should be such difference of soil$
com"le+ion$ colour$ metal$ air$ Fc. The 9"aniards are 'hite$ and so are
Italians$ 'hen as the inhabitants about ;.C@?G_:a"ut bonae s"ei_ are
blac%amoors$ and yet both ali%e distant from the e0uator& nay they that
d'ell in the same "arallel line 'ith these 8egroes$ as about the 9traits of
Magellan$ are 'hite coloured$ and yet some in Presbyter Dohn!s country in
Ethio"ia are dun< they in >eilan and Malabar "arallel 'ith them again
blac%& Manamota"a in Africa$ and 9t. Thomas Isle are e+treme hot$ both
under the line$ coal blac% their inhabitants$ 'hereas in Peru they are
0uite o""osite in colour$ #ery tem"erate$ or rather cold$ and yet both
ali%e ele#ated. Mosco' in @.. degrees of latitude e+treme cold$ as those
northern countries usually are$ ha#ing one "er"etual hard frost all 'inter
long< and in @=. deg. lat. sometimes hard frost and sno' all summer$ as
utton!s ay$ Fc.$ or by fits< and yet ;.C@@GEngland near the same
latitude$ and Ireland$ #ery moist$ 'arm$ and more tem"erate in 'inter than
9"ain$ Italy$ or 7rance. Is it the sea that causeth this difference$ and
the air that comes from it& 4hy then is ;.C@-GIster so cold near the
Eu+ine$ Pontus$ ithynia$ and all Thrace< _frigidas regiones_ Maginus calls
them$ and yet their latitude is but ?=. 'hich should be hot& ;.C@AG
Kue#ira$ or 8o#a Albion in America$ bordering on the sea$ 'as so cold in
Duly$ that our ;.C@/GEnglishmen could hardly endure it. At 8oremberga in
?@. lat. all the sea is frozen ice$ and yet in a more southern latitude
than ours. 8e' England$ and the island of :ambrial :olchos$ 'hich that
noble gentleman Mr. Iaughan$ or 2r"heus junior$ describes in his Golden
7leece$ is in the same latitude 'ith little ritain in 7rance$ and yet
their 'inter begins not till Danuary$ their s"ring till May< 'hich search
he accounts 'orthy of an astrologer& is this from the easterly 'inds$ or
melting of ice and sno' dissol#ed 'ithin the circle arctic< or that the air
being thic%$ is longer before it be 'arm by the sunbeams$ and once heated
li%e an o#en 'ill %ee" itself from coldN 2ur climes breed lice$ ;.C@BG
5ungary and Ireland _male audiunt_ in this %ind< come to the Azores$ by a
secret #irtue of that air they are instantly consumed$ and all our Euro"ean
#ermin almost$ saith 2rtelius. Egy"t is 'atered 'ith 8ilus not far from the
sea$ and yet there it seldom or ne#er rains& 1hodes$ an island of the same
nature$ yields not a cloud$ and yet our islands e#er dro""ing and inclining
to rain. The Atlantic 2cean is still subject to storms$ but in 3el >ur$ or
_Mare "acifico_$ seldom or ne#er any. Is it from tro"ic stars$ _a"ertio
"ortarum_$ in the dodecotemories or constellations$ the moon!s mansions$
such as"ects of "lanets$ such 'inds$ or dissol#ing air$ or thic% air$ 'hich
causeth this and the li%e differences of heat and coldN odin relates of a
Portugal ambassador$ that coming from ;.C-CG*isbon to ;.C-,G3anzig in
9"ruce$ found greater heat there than at any time at home. 3on Garcia de
9yl#a$ legate to Phili" III.$ %ing of 9"ain$ residing at Is"ahan in Persia$
,-,B$ in his letter to the Mar0uess of edmar$ ma%es mention of greater
cold in Is"ahan$ 'hose lat. is .,. gr. than e#er he felt in 9"ain$ or any
"art of Euro"e. The torrid zone 'as by our "redecessors held to be
uninhabitable$ but by our modern tra#ellers found to be most tem"erate$
bede'ed 'ith fre0uent rains$ and moistening sho'ers$ the breeze and cooling
blasts in some "arts$ as ;.C-=GAcosta describes$ most "leasant and fertile.
Arica in :hile is by re"ort one of the s'eetest "laces that e#er the sun
shined on$ _2lym"us terrae_$ a hea#en on earth& ho' incom"arably do some
e+tol Me+ico in 8o#a 5is"ania$ Peru$ razil$ Fc.$ in some again hard$ dry$
sandy$ barren$ a #ery desert$ and still in the same latitude. Many times 'e
find great di#ersity of air in the same ;.C-.Gcountry$ by reason of the
site to seas$ hills or dales$ 'ant of 'ater$ nature of soil$ and the li%e&
as in 9"ain Arragon is _as"era et sicca_$ harsh and e#il inhabited<
Estremadura is dry$ sandy$ barren most "art$ e+treme hot by reason of his
"lains< Andalusia another "aradise< Ialencia a most "leasant air$ and
continually green< so is it about ;.C-?GGranada$ on the one side fertile
"lains$ on the other$ continual sno' to be seen all summer long on the hill
to"s. That their houses in the Al"s are three 0uarters of the year co#ered
'ith sno'$ 'ho %no's notN That Tenerife is so cold at the to"$ e+treme hot
at the bottom& Mons Atlas in Africa$ *ibanus in Palestine$ 'ith many such$
_tantos inter ardores fidos ni#ibus_$ ;.C-@GTacitus calls them$ and
1adzi#ilus _e"ist. =. fol. =A._ yields it to be far hotter there than in
any "art of Italy& !tis true< but they are highly ele#ated$ near the middle
region$ and therefore cold$ _ob "aucam solarium radiorum refractionem_$ as
9errarius ans'ers$ _com. in. .. ca". Dosua 0uaest. @._ Abulensis _0uaest.
.A._ In the heat of summer$ in the %ing!s "alace in Escurial$ the air is
most tem"erate$ by reason of a cold blast 'hich comes from the sno'y
mountains of 9ierra de :adarama hard by$ 'hen as in Toledo it is #ery hot&
so in all other countries. The causes of these alterations are commonly by
reason of their nearness (I say) to the middle region< but this di#ersity
of air$ in "laces e0ually situated$ ele#ated and distant from the "ole$ can
hardly be satisfied 'ith that di#ersity of "lants$ birds$ beasts$ 'hich is
so familiar 'ith us& 'ith Indians$ e#ery'here$ the sun is e0ually distant$
the same #ertical stars$ the same irradiations of "lanets$ as"ects li%e$
the same nearness of seas$ the same su"erficies$ the same soil$ or not much
different. Hnder the e0uator itself$ amongst the 9ierras$ Andes$ *anos$ as
5errera$ *aet$ and ;.C--GAcosta contend$ there is _tam mirabilis et
ino"inata #arietas_$ such #ariety of 'eather$ _ut merito e+erceat ingenia_$
that no "hiloso"hy can yet find out the true cause of it. 4hen I consider
ho' tem"erate it is in one "lace$ saith ;.C-AGAcosta$ 'ithin the tro"ic of
:a"ricorn$ as about *a"lata$ and yet hard by at Potosi$ in that same
altitude$ mountainous ali%e$ e+treme cold< e+treme hot in razil$ Fc. _5ic
ego_$ saith Acosta$ _"hiloso"hiam Aristotelis meteorologicam #ehementer
irrisi$ cum_$ Fc.$ 'hen the sun comes nearest to them$ they ha#e great
tem"ests$ storms$ thunder and lightning$ great store of rain$ sno'$ and the
foulest 'eather& 'hen the sun is #ertical$ their ri#ers o#erflo'$ the
morning fair and hot$ noonday cold and moist& all 'hich is o""osite to us.
5o' comes it to "assN 9caliger _"oetices l. .. c. ,-._ discourseth thus of
this subject. 5o' comes$ or 'herefore is this _temeraria siderum
dis"ositio_$ this rash "lacing of stars$ or as E"icurus 'ill$ _fortuita_$
or accidentalN 4hy are some big$ some little$ 'hy are they so confusedly$
une0ually situated in the hea#ens$ and set so much out of orderN In all
other things nature is e0ual$ "ro"ortionable$ and constant< there be
_justae dimensiones$ et "rudens "artium dis"ositio_$ as in the fabric of
man$ his eyes$ ears$ nose$ face$ members are corres"ondent$ _cur non idem
coelo o"ere omnium "ulcherrimo_N 4hy are the hea#ens so irregular$ _ne0ue
"aribus molibus$ ne0ue "aribus inter#allis_$ 'hence is this differenceN
_3i#ersos_ (he concludes) _efficere locorum Genios_$ to ma%e di#ersity of
countries$ soils$ manners$ customs$ characters$ and constitutions among us$
_ut 0uantum #icinia ad charitatem addat$ sidera distrahant ad "erniciem_$
and so by this means _flu#io #el monte distincti sunt dissimiles_$ the same
"laces almost shall be distinguished in manners. ut this reason is 'ea%
and most insufficient. The fi+ed stars are remo#ed since Ptolemy!s time =-.
gr. from the first of Aries$ and if the earth be immo#able$ as their site
#aries$ so should countries #ary$ and di#erse alterations 'ould follo'. ut
this 'e "ercei#e not< as in Tully!s time 'ith us in ritain$ _coelum #isu
foedum$ et in 0uo facile generantur nubes_$ Fc.$ !tis so still. 4herefore
odine _Theat. nat. lib. =._ and some others$ 'ill ha#e all these
alterations and effects immediately to "roceed from those genii$ s"irits$
angels$ 'hich rule and domineer in se#eral "laces< they cause storms$
thunder$ lightning$ earth0ua%es$ ruins$ tem"ests$ great 'inds$ floods$ Fc.$
the "hiloso"hers of :onimbra$ 'ill refer this di#ersity to the influence of
that em"yrean hea#en& for some say the eccentricity of the sun is come
nearer to the earth than in Ptolemy!s time$ the #irtue therefore of all the
#egetals is decayed$ ;.C-/Gmen gro' less$ Fc. There are that obser#e ne'
motions of the hea#ens$ ne' stars$ _"alantia sidera_$ comets$ clouds$ call
them 'hat you 'ill$ li%e those Medicean$ urbonian$ Austrian "lanets$
lately detected$ 'hich do not decay$ but come and go$ rise higher and
lo'er$ hide and sho' themsel#es amongst the fi+ed stars$ amongst the
"lanets$ abo#e and beneath the moon$ at set times$ no' nearer$ no' farther
off$ together$ asunder< as he that "lays u"on a sac%but by "ulling it u"
and do'n alters his tones and tunes$ do they their stations and "laces$
though to us undiscerned< and from those motions "roceed (as they concei#e)
di#erse alterations. :la#ius conjectures other'ise$ but they be but
conjectures. About 3amascus in :oeli-9yria is a ;.C-BGParadise$ by reason
of the "lenty of 'aters$ _in "rom"tu causa est_$ and the deserts of Arabia
barren$ because of roc%s$ rolling seas of sands$ and dry mountains _0uod
ina0uosa_ (saith Adricomius) _montes habens as"eros$ sa+osos$ "raeci"ites$
horroris et mortis s"eciem "rae se ferentes_$ Luninhabitable therefore of
men$ birds$ beasts$ #oid of all green trees$ "lants$ and fruits$ a #ast
roc%y horrid 'ilderness$ 'hich by no art can be manured$ !tis e#ident.L
ohemia is cold$ for that it lies all along to the north. ut 'hy should it
be so hot in Egy"t$ or there ne#er rainN 4hy should those ;.CACGetesian and
northeastern 'inds blo' continually and constantly so long together$ in
some "laces$ at set times$ one 'ay still$ in the dog-days only& here
"er"etual drought$ there dro""ing sho'ers< here foggy mists$ there a
"leasant air< here ;.CA,Gterrible thunder and lightning at such set
seasons$ here frozen seas all the year$ there o"en in the same latitude$ to
the rest no such thing$ nay 0uite o""osite is to be foundN 9ometimes (as in
;.CA=GPeru) on the one side of the mountains it is hot$ on the other cold$
here sno'$ there 'ind$ 'ith infinite such. 7romundus in his Meteors 'ill
e+cuse or sol#e all this by the sun!s motion$ but 'hen there is such
di#ersity to such as _Perioeci_ or #ery near site$ ho' can that "osition
holdN
4ho can gi#e a reason of this di#ersity of meteors$ that it should rain
;.CA.Gstones$ frogs$ mice$ Fc. 1ats$ 'hich they call _lemmer_ in 8or'ay$
and are manifestly obser#ed (as ;.CA?GMunster 'rites) by the inhabitants$
to descend and fall 'ith some feculent sho'ers$ and li%e so many locusts$
consume all that is green. *eo Afer s"ea%s as much of locusts$ about 7ez in
arbary there be infinite s'arms in their fields u"on a sudden& so at Aries
in 7rance$ ,@@.$ the li%e ha""ened by the same mischief$ all their grass
and fruits 'ere de#oured$ _magna incolarum admiratione et consternatione_
(as Ialleriola _obser. med. lib. ,. obser. ,._ relates) _coelum subito
obumbrabant_$ Fc. he concludes$ ;.CA@Git could not be from natural causes$
they cannot imagine 'hence they come$ but from hea#en. Are these and such
creatures$ corn$ 'ood$ stones$ 'orms$ 'ool$ blood$ Fc. lifted u" into the
middle region by the sunbeams$ as ;.CA-Garacellus the "hysician dis"utes$
and thence let fall 'ith sho'ers$ or there engenderedN ;.CAAG:ornelius
Gemma is of that o"inion$ they are there concei#ed by celestial influences&
others su""ose they are immediately from God$ or "rodigies raised by art
and illusions of s"irits$ 'hich are "rinces of the air< to 'hom odin.
_lib. =. Theat. 8at_. subscribes. In fine$ of meteors in general$
Aristotle!s reasons are e+"loded by ernardinus Telesius$ by Paracelsus his
"rinci"les confuted$ and other causes assigned$ sal$ sul"hur$ mercury$ in
'hich his disci"les are so e+"ert$ that they can alter elements$ and
se"arate at their "leasure$ ma%e "er"etual motions$ not as :ardan$ Tasneir$
Peregrinus$ by some magnetical #irtue$ but by mi+ture of elements< imitate
thunder$ li%e 9almoneus$ sno'$ hail$ the sea!s ebbing and flo'ing$ gi#e
life to creatures (as they say) 'ithout generation$ and 'hat notN P. 8onius
9aluciensis and 6e"ler ta%e u"on them to demonstrate that no meteors$
clouds$ fogs$ ;.CA/G#a"ours$ arise higher than fifty or eighty miles$ and
all the rest to be "urer air or element of fire& 'hich ;.CABG:ardan$
;.C/CGTycho$ and ;.C/,GDohn Pena manifestly confute by refractions$ and
many other arguments$ there is no such element of fire at all. If$ as Tycho
"ro#es$ the moon be distant from us fifty and si+ty semi-diameters of the
earth& and as Peter 8onius 'ill ha#e it$ the air be so angust$ 'hat
"ro"ortion is there bet'i+t the other three elements and itN To 'hat use
ser#es itN Is it full of s"irits 'hich inhabit it$ as the Paracelsians and
Platonists hold$ the higher the more noble$ ;.C/=Gfull of birds$ or a mere
#acuum to no "ur"oseN It is much contro#erted bet'een Tycho rahe and
:hristo"her 1otman$ the landgra#e of 5esse!s mathematician$ in their
astronomical e"istles$ 'hether it be the same _3ia"hanum_ clearness$ matter
of air and hea#ens$ or t'o distinct essencesN :hristo"her 1otman$ Dohn
Pena$ Dordanus runus$ 'ith many other late mathematicians$ contend it is
the same and one matter throughout$ sa#ing that the higher still the "urer
it is$ and more subtile< as they find by e+"erience in the to" of some
hills in ;.C/.GAmerica< if a man ascend$ he faints instantly for 'ant of
thic%er air to refrigerate the heart. Acosta$ _l. .. c. B._ calls this
mountain Periacaca in Peru< it ma%es men cast and #omit$ he saith$ that
climb it$ as some other of those Andes do in the deserts of :hile for fi#e
hundred miles together$ and for e+tremity of cold to lose their fingers and
toes. Tycho 'ill ha#e t'o distinct matters of hea#en and air< but to say
truth$ 'ith some small 0ualification$ they ha#e one and the self-same
o"inion about the essence and matter of hea#ens< that it is not hard and
im"enetrable$ as "eri"atetics hold$ trans"arent$ of a _0uinta essentia_$
;.C/?GLbut that it is "enetrable and soft as the air itself is$ and that
the "lanets mo#e in it$ as birds in the air$ fishes in the sea.L This they
"ro#e by motion of comets$ and other'ise (though :laremontius in his
Antitycho stiffly o""oses)$ 'hich are not generated$ as Aristotle teacheth$
in the aerial region$ of a hot and dry e+halation$ and so consumed& but as
Ana+agoras and 3emocritus held of old$ of a celestial matter& and as ;.C/@G
Tycho$ ;.C/-GEliseus$ 1oeslin$ Thaddeus$ 5aggesius$ Pena$ 1otman$
7racastorius$ demonstrate by their "rogress$ "aralla+es$ refractions$
motions of the "lanets$ 'hich interfere and cut one another!s orbs$ no'
higher$ and then lo'er$ as ;9ymbol& MarsG amongst the rest$ 'hich
sometimes$ as ;.C/AG6e"ler confirms by his o'n$ and Tycho!s accurate
obser#ations$ comes nearer the earth than the ;9ymbol& 9unG and is again
eftsoons aloft in Du"iter!s orb< and ;.C//Gother sufficient reasons$ far
abo#e the moon& e+"loding in the meantime that element of fire$ those
fictitious first 'atery mo#ers$ those hea#ens I mean abo#e the firmament$
'hich 3elrio$ *odo#icus Imola$ Patricius$ and many of the fathers affirm<
those monstrous orbs of eccentrics$ and _Eccentre E"icycles deserentes_.
4hich ho'soe#er Ptolemy$ Alhasen$ Iitellio$ Purbachius$ Maginus$ :la#ius$
and many of their associates$ stiffly maintain to be real orbs$ eccentric$
concentric$ circles ae0uant$ Fc. are absurd and ridiculous. 7or 'ho is so
mad to thin% that there should be so many circles$ li%e subordinate 'heels
in a cloc%$ all im"enetrable and hard$ as they feign$ add and subtract at
their "leasure. ;.C/BGMaginus ma%es ele#en hea#ens$ subdi#ided into their
orbs and circles$ and all too little to ser#e those "articular a""earances&
7racastorius$ se#enty-t'o homocentrics< Tycho rahe$ 8icholas 1amerus$
5eliseus 1oeslin$ ha#e "eculiar hy"otheses of their o'n in#entions< and
they be but in#entions$ as most of them ac%no'ledge$ as 'e admit of
e0uators$ tro"ics$ colures$ circles arctic and antarctic$ for doctrine!s
sa%e (though 1amus thin%s them all unnecessary)$ they 'ill ha#e them
su""osed only for method and order. Tycho hath feigned I %no' not ho' many
subdi#isions of e"icycles in e"icycles$ Fc.$ to calculate and e+"ress the
moon!s motion& but 'hen all is done$ as a su""osition$ and no other'ise<
not (as he holds) hard$ im"enetrable$ subtile$ trans"arent$ Fc.$ or ma%ing
music$ as Pythagoras maintained of old$ and 1obert :onstantine of late$ but
still$ 0uiet$ li0uid$ o"en$ Fc.
If the hea#ens then be "enetrable$ as these men deli#er$ and no lets$ it
'ere not amiss in this aerial "rogress$ to ma%e 'ings and fly u"$ 'hich
that Tur% in usbe0uius made his fello'-citizens in :onstantino"le belie#e
he 'ould "erform& and some ne'-fangled 'its$ methin%s$ should some time or
other find out& or if that may not be$ yet 'ith a Galileo!s glass$ or
Icaromeni""us! 'ings in *ucian$ command the s"heres and hea#ens$ and see
'hat is done amongst them. 4hether there be generation and corru"tion$ as
some thin%$ by reason of ethereal comets$ that in :assio"ea$ ,@A=$ that in
:ygno$ ,-CC$ that in 9agittarius$ ,-C?$ and many li%e$ 'hich by no means
Dul. :aesar la Galla$ that Italian "hiloso"her$ in his "hysical dis"utation
'ith Galileis _de "henomenis in orbe lunae$ ca". B._ 'ill admit& or that
they 'ere created _ab initio_$ and sho' themsel#es at set times. and as
;.CBCG5elisaeus 1oeslin contends$ ha#e "oles$ a+le-trees$ circles of their
o'n$ and regular motions. 7or$ _non "ereunt$ sed minuuntur et dis"arent_$
;.CB,Glancanus holds they come and go by fits$ casting their tails still
from the sun& some of them$ as a burning-glass$ "rojects the sunbeams from
it< though not al'ays neither& for sometimes a comet casts his tail from
Ienus$ as Tycho obser#es. And as ;.CB=G5elisaeus 1oeslin of some others$
from the moon$ 'ith little stars about them _ad stu"orem astronomorum< cum
multis aliis in coelo miraculis_$ all 'hich argue 'ith those Medicean$
Austrian$ and urbonian stars$ that the hea#en of the "lanets is
indistinct$ "ure$ and o"en$ in 'hich the "lanets mo#e _certis legibus ac
metis_. E+amine li%e'ise$ _An coelum sit coloratum_N 4hether the stars be
of that bigness$ distance$ as astronomers relate$ so many in ;.CB.Gnumber$
,C=-$ or ,A=@$ as D. ayerus< or as some 1abbins$ =B$CCC myriads< or as
Galileo disco#ers by his glasses$ infinite$ and that _#ia lactea_$ a
confused light of small stars$ li%e so many nails in a door& or all in a
ro'$ li%e those ,=$CCC isles of the Maldi#es in the Indian oceanN 4hether
the least #isible star in the eighth s"here be eighteen times bigger than
the earth< and as Tycho calculates$ ,?$CCC semi-diameters distant from itN
4hether they be thic%er "arts of the orbs$ as Aristotle deli#ers& or so
many habitable 'orlds$ as 3emocritusN 4hether they ha#e light of their o'n$
or from the sun$ or gi#e light round$ as Patritius discoursethN _An ae0ue
distent a centra mundi_N 4hether light be of their essence< and that light
be a substance or an accidentN 4hether they be hot by themsel#es$ or by
accident cause heatN 4hether there be such a "recession of the e0uino+es as
:o"ernicus holds$ or that the eighth s"here mo#eN _An bene "hiloso"hentur_$
1. acon and D. 3ee$ _A"horism. de multi"licatione s"ecierum_N 4hether
there be any such images ascending 'ith each degree of the zodiac in the
east$ as Aliacensis feignsN _An a0ua su"er coelum_N as Patritius and the
schoolmen 'ill$ a crystalline ;.CB?G'atery hea#en$ 'hich is ;.CB@G
certainly to be understood of that in the middle regionN for other'ise$ if
at 8oah!s flood the 'ater came from thence$ it must be abo#e a hundred
years falling do'n to us$ as ;.CB-Gsome calculate. esides$ _An terra sit
animata_N 'hich some so confidently belie#e$ 'ith 2r"heus$ 5ermes$
A#erroes$ from 'hich all other souls of men$ beasts$ de#ils$ "lants$
fishes$ Fc. are deri#ed$ and into 'hich again$ after some re#olutions$ as
Plato in his Timaeus$ Plotinus in his Enneades more largely discuss$ they
return (see :halcidius and ennius$ Plato!s commentators)$ as all
"hiloso"hical matter$ _in materiam "rimam_. 6e"lerus$ Patritius$ and some
other 8eoterics$ ha#e in "art re#i#ed this o"inion. And that e#ery star in
hea#en hath a soul$ angel or intelligence to animate or mo#e it$ Fc. 2r to
omit all smaller contro#ersies$ as matters of less moment$ and e+amine that
main "arado+$ of the earth!s motion$ no' so much in 0uestion& Aristarchus
9amius$ Pythagoras maintained it of old$ 3emocritus and many of their
scholars$ 3idacus Astunica$ Anthony 7ascarinus$ a :armelite$ and some other
commentators$ 'ill ha#e Dob to insinuate as much$ _ca". B. #er. ?._ _Kui
commo#et terram de loco suo_$ Fc.$ and that this one "lace of scri"ture
ma%es more for the earth!s motion than all the other "ro#e against it< 'hom
Pineda confutes most contradict. 5o'soe#er$ it is re#i#ed since by
:o"ernicus$ not as a truth$ but a su""osition$ as he himself confesseth in
the "reface to "o"e 8icholas$ but no' maintained in good earnest by ;.CBAG
:alcagninus$ Telesius$ 6e"ler$ 1otman$ Gilbert$ 3igges$ Galileo$
:am"anella$ and es"ecially by ;.CB/G*ansbergius$ _naturae$ rationi$ et
#eritati consentaneum_$ by 2riganus$ and some ;.CBBGothers of his
follo'ers. 7or if the earth be the centre of the 'orld$ stand still$ and
the hea#ens mo#e$ as the most recei#ed ;.,CCGo"inion is$ 'hich they call
_inordinatam coeli dis"ositionem_$ though stiffly maintained by Tycho$
Ptolemeus$ and their adherents$ _0uis ille furor_N Fc. 'hat fury is that$
saith ;.,C,G3r. Gilbert$ _satis animose_$ as :abeus notes$ that shall dri#e
the hea#ens about 'ith such incom"rehensible celerity in t'enty-four hours$
'hen as e#ery "oint of the firmament$ and in the e0uator$ must needs mo#e
(so ;.,C=G:la#ius calculates) ,A-$--C in one =?-th "art of an hour$ and an
arro' out of a bo' must go se#en times about the earth$ 'hilst a man can
say an A#e Maria$ if it %ee" the same s"ace$ or com"ass the earth ,//?
times in an hour$ 'hich is _su"ra humanam cogitationem_$ beyond human
conceit& _ocyor et jaculo$ et #entos$ ae0uante sagitta_. A man could not
ride so much ground$ going ?C miles a day$ in =BC? years$ as the firmament
goes in =. hours& or so much in =C. years$ as the firmament in one minute&
_0uod incredibile #idetur_& and the ;.,C.G"ole-star$ 'hich to our thin%ing
scarce mo#eth out of his "lace$ goeth a bigger circuit than the sun$ 'hose
diameter is much larger than the diameter of the hea#en of the sun$ and
=C$CCC semi-diameters of the earth from us$ 'ith the rest of the fi+ed
stars$ as Tycho "ro#es. To a#oid therefore these im"ossibilities$ they
ascribe a tri"le motion to the earth$ the sun immo#able in the centre of
the 'hole 'orld$ the earth centre of the moon$ alone$ abo#e ;9ymbol& MarsG
and ;9ymbol& MercuryG$ beneath ;9ymbol& 9aturnG$ ;9ymbol& Du"iterG$
;9ymbol& MarsG (or as ;.,C?G2riganus and others 'ill$ one single motion to
the earth$ still "laced in the centre of the 'orld$ 'hich is more "robable)
a single motion to the firmament$ 'hich mo#es in .C or =- thousand years<
and so the "lanets$ 9aturn in .C years absol#es his sole and "ro"er motion$
Du"iter in ,=$ Mars in .$ Fc. and so sol#e all a""earances better than any
'ay 'hatsoe#er& calculate all motions$ be they in _longum_ or _latum_$
direct$ stationary$ retrograde$ ascent or descent$ 'ithout e"icycles$
intricate eccentrics$ Fc. _rectius commodius0ue "er unicum motum terrae_$
saith *ansbergius$ much more certain than by those Al"honsine$ or any such
tables$ 'hich are grounded from those other su""ositions. And !tis true
they say$ according to o"tic "rinci"les$ the #isible a""earances of the
"lanets do so indeed ans'er to their magnitudes and orbs$ and come nearest
to mathematical obser#ations and "recedent calculations$ there is no
re"ugnancy to "hysical a+ioms$ because no "enetration of orbs< but then
bet'een the s"here of 9aturn and the firmament$ there is such an incredible
and #ast ;.,C@Gs"ace or distance (A$CCC$CCC semi-diameters of the earth$ as
Tycho calculates) #oid of stars& and besides$ they do so enhance the
bigness of the stars$ enlarge their circuit$ to sol#e those ordinary
objections of "aralla+es and retrogradations of the fi+ed stars$ that
alteration of the "oles$ ele#ation in se#eral "laces or latitude of cities
here on earth (for$ say they$ if a man!s eye 'ere in the firmament$ he
should not at all discern that great annual motion of the earth$ but it
'ould still a""ear _"unctum indi#isibile_ and seem to be fi+ed in one
"lace$ of the same bigness) that it is 0uite o""osite to reason$ to natural
"hiloso"hy$ and all out as absurd as dis"ro"ortional (so some 'ill) as
"rodigious$ as that of the sun!s s'ift motion of hea#ens. ut _hoc "osito_$
to grant this their tenet of the earth!s motion& if the earth mo#e$ it is a
"lanet$ and shines to them in the moon$ and to the other "lanetary
inhabitants$ as the moon and they do to us u"on the earth& but shine she
doth$ as Galileo$ ;.,C-G 6e"ler$ and others "ro#e$ and then _"er
conse0uens_$ the rest of the "lanets are inhabited$ as 'ell as the moon$
'hich he grants in his dissertation 'ith Galileo!s _8uncius 9idereus_$
;.,CAGLthat there be Do#ial and 9aturn inhabitants$L Fc.$ and those se#eral
"lanets ha#e their se#eral moons about them$ as the earth hath hers$ as
Galileo hath already e#inced by his glasses& ;.,C/Gfour about Du"iter$ t'o
about 9aturn (though 9itius the 7lorentine$ 7ortunius *icetus$ and Dul.
:aesar le Galla ca#il at it) yet 6e"ler$ the em"eror!s mathematician$
confirms out of his e+"erience$ that he sa' as much by the same hel"$ and
more about Mars$ Ienus$ and the rest they ho"e to find out$ "erad#enture
e#en amongst the fi+ed stars$ 'hich runus and rutius ha#e already
a#erred. Then (I say) the earth and they be "lanets ali%e$ mo#ed about the
sun$ the common centre of the 'orld ali%e$ and it may be those t'o green
children 'hich ;.,CBG 8ubrigensis s"ea%s of in his time$ that fell from
hea#en$ came from thence< and that famous stone that fell from hea#en in
Aristotle!s time$ olym". /?$ _anno tertio$ ad :a"uas 7luenta_$ recorded by
*aertius and others$ or Ancile or buc%ler in 8uma!s time$ recorded by
7estus. 4e may li%e'ise insert 'ith :am"anella and runus$ that 'hich
Pythagoras$ Aristarchus$ 9amius$ 5eraclitus$ E"icurus$ Melissus$
3emocritus$ *euci""us maintained in their ages$ there be ;.,,CGinfinite
'orlds$ and infinite earths or systems$ _in infinito aethere_$ 'hich
;.,,,GEusebius collects out of their tenets$ because infinite stars and
"lanets li%e unto this of ours$ 'hich some stic% not still to maintain and
"ublicly defend$ _s"erabundus e+"ecto innumerabilium mundorum in
aeternitate "er ambulationem_$ Fc. (8ic. 5ill. *ondinensis _"hilos.
E"icur._) 7or if the firmament be of such an incom"arable bigness$ as these
:o"ernical giants 'ill ha#e it$ _infinitum$ aut infinito "ro+imum_$ so #ast
and full of innumerable stars$ as being infinite in e+tent$ one abo#e
another$ some higher$ some lo'er$ some nearer$ some farther off$ and so far
asunder$ and those so huge and great$ insomuch that if the 'hole s"here of
9aturn$ and all that is included in it$ _totum aggregatum_ (as 7romundus of
*ou#ain in his tract$ _de immobilitate terrae_ argues) _e#ehatur inter
stellas$ #ideri a nobis non "oterat$ tam immanis est distantia inter
tellurem et fi+as$ sed instar "uncti_$ Fc. If our 'orld be small in
res"ect$ 'hy may 'e not su""ose a "lurality of 'orlds$ those infinite stars
#isible in the firmament to be so many suns$ 'ith "articular fi+ed centres<
to ha#e li%e'ise their subordinate "lanets$ as the sun hath his dancing
still round himN 'hich :ardinal :usanus$ 4al%arinus$ runus$ and some
others ha#e held$ and some still maintain$ _Animae$ Aristotelismo
innutritae$ et minutis s"eculationibus assuetae$ secus forsan_$ Fc. Though
they seem close to us$ they are infinitely distant$ and so _"er
conse0uens_$ there are infinite habitable 'orlds& 'hat hindersN 4hy should
not an infinite cause (as God is) "roduce infinite effectsN as 8ic. 5ill.
_3emocrit. "hilos._ dis"utes& 6e"ler (I confess) 'ill by no means admit of
runus!s infinite 'orlds$ or that the fi+ed stars should be so many suns$
'ith their com"assing "lanets$ yet the said ;.,,=G6e"ler bet'een jest and
earnest in his "ers"ecti#es$ lunar geogra"hy$ ;.,,.G F _somnio suo$
dissertat. cum nunc. sider._ seems in "art to agree 'ith this$ and "artly
to contradict< for the "lanets$ he yields them to be inhabited$ he doubts
of the stars< and so doth Tycho in his astronomical e"istles$ out of a
consideration of their #astity and greatness$ brea% out into some such li%e
s"eeches$ that he 'ill ne#er belie#e those great and huge bodies 'ere made
to no other use than this that 'e "ercei#e$ to illuminate the earth$ a
"oint insensible in res"ect of the 'hole. ut 'ho shall d'ell in these #ast
bodies$ earths$ 'orlds$ ;.,,?G Lif they be inhabitedN rational creaturesNL
as 6e"ler demands$ Lor ha#e they souls to be sa#edN or do they inhabit a
better "art of the 'orld than 'e doN Are 'e or they lords of the 'orldN And
ho' are all things made for manNL _3ifficile est nodum hunc e+"edire$ eo
0uod nondum omnia 0uae huc "ertinent e+"lorata habemus_& !tis hard to
determine& this only he "ro#es$ that 'e are in _"raeci"uo mundi sinu_$ in
the best "lace$ best 'orld$ nearest the heart of the sun. ;.,,@GThomas
:am"anella$ a :alabrian mon%$ in his second boo% _de sensu rerum$ ca". ?_$
subscribes to this of 6e"ler< that they are inhabited he certainly
su""oseth$ but 'ith 'hat %ind of creatures he cannot say$ he labours to
"ro#e it by all means& and that there are infinite 'orlds$ ha#ing made an
a"ology for Galileo$ and dedicates this tenet of his to :ardinal :ajetanus.
2thers freely s"ea%$ mutter$ and 'ould "ersuade the 'orld (as ;.,,-GMarinus
Marcenus com"lains) that our modern di#ines are too se#ere and rigid
against mathematicians< ignorant and "ee#ish$ in not admitting their true
demonstrations and certain obser#ations$ that they tyrannise o#er art$
science$ and all "hiloso"hy$ in su""ressing their labours (saith
Pom"onatius)$ forbidding them to 'rite$ to s"ea% a truth$ all to maintain
their su"erstition$ and for their "rofit!s sa%e. As for those "laces of
9cri"ture 'hich o""ugn it$ they 'ill ha#e s"o%en _ad ca"tum #ulgi_$ and if
rightly understood$ and fa#ourably inter"reted$ not at all against it< and
as 2tho Gasman$ _Astrol. ca". ,. "art. ,._ notes$ many great di#ines$
besides Por"hyrius$ Proclus$ 9im"licius$ and those heathen "hiloso"hers$
_doctrina et aetate #enerandi$ Mosis Genesin mundanam "o"ularis nescio
cujus ruditatis$ 0uae longa absit a #era Philoso"horum eruditione$
insimulant_& for Moses ma%es mention but of t'o "lanets$ ;9ymbol& 9unG and
;9ymbol& Moon-.P?G$ no four elements$ Fc. 1ead more on him$ in
;.,,AGGrossius and Dunius. ut to "roceed$ these and such li%e insolent and
bold attem"ts$ "rodigious "arado+es$ inferences must needs follo'$ if it
once be granted$ 'hich 1otman$ 6e"ler$ Gilbert$ 3iggeus$ 2riganus$ Galileo$
and others$ maintain of the earth!s motion$ that !tis a "lanet$ and shines
as the moon doth$ 'hich contains in it ;.,,/GLboth land and sea as the moon
doth&L for so they find by their glasses that _Maculae in facie *unae_$
Lthe brighter "arts are earth$ the dus%y sea$L 'hich Thales$ Plutarch$ and
Pythagoras formerly taught& and manifestly discern hills and dales$ and
such li%e conca#ities$ if 'e may subscribe to and belie#e Galileo!s
obser#ations. ut to a#oid these "arado+es of the earth!s motion ('hich the
:hurch of 1ome hath lately ;.,,BGcondemned as heretical$ as a""ears by
lancanus and 7romundus!s 'ritings) our latter mathematicians ha#e rolled
all the stones that may be stirred& and to sol#e all a""earances and
objections$ ha#e in#ented ne' hy"otheses$ and fabricated ne' systems of the
'orld$ out of their o'n 3edalaean heads. 7racastorius 'ill ha#e the earth
stand still$ as before< and to a#oid that su""osition of eccentrics and
e"icycles$ he hath coined se#enty-t'o homocentrics$ to sol#e all
a""earances. 8icholas 1amerus 'ill ha#e the earth the centre of the 'orld$
but mo#able$ and the eighth s"here immo#able$ the fi#e u""er "lanets to
mo#e about the sun$ the sun and moon about the earth. 2f 'hich orbs Tycho
rahe "uts the earth the centre immo#able$ the stars immo#able$ the rest
'ith 1amerus$ the "lanets 'ithout orbs to 'ander in the air$ %ee" time and
distance$ true motion$ according to that #irtue 'hich God hath gi#en them.
;.,=CG5elisaeus 1oeslin censureth both$ 'ith :o"ernicus ('hose hy"othesis
_de terrae motu_$ Phili""us *ansbergius hath lately #indicated$ and
demonstrated 'ith solid arguments in a just #olume$ Dansonius :aesins
;.,=,Ghath illustrated in a s"here.) The said Dohannes *ansbergius$ ,-..$
hath since defended his assertion against all the ca#ils and calumnies of
7romundus his Anti-Aristarchus$ a"tista Morinus$ and Petrus artholinus&
7romundus$ ,-.?$ hath 'ritten against him again$ D. 1osseus of Aberdeen$
Fc. (sound drums and trum"ets) 'hilst 1oeslin (I say) censures all$ and
Ptolemeus himself as insufficient& one offends against natural "hiloso"hy$
another against o"tic "rinci"les$ a third against mathematical$ as not
ans'ering to astronomical obser#ations& one "uts a great s"ace bet'een
9aturn!s orb and the eighth s"here$ another too narro'. In his o'n
hy"othesis he ma%es the earth as before the uni#ersal centre$ the sun to
the fi#e u""er "lanets$ to the eighth s"here he ascribes diurnal motion$
eccentrics$ and e"icycles to the se#en "lanets$ 'hich hath been formerly
e+"loded< and so$ _3um #itant stulti #itia in contraria currunt_$ ;.,==Gas
a tin%er sto"s one hole and ma%es t'o$ he corrects them$ and doth 'orse
himself& reforms some$ and mars all. In the mean time$ the 'orld is tossed
in a blan%et amongst them$ they hoist the earth u" and do'n li%e a ball$
ma%e it stand and go at their "leasures& one saith the sun stands$ another
he mo#es< a third comes in$ ta%ing them all at rebound$ and lest there
should any "arado+ be 'anting$ he ;.,=.Gfinds certain s"ots and clouds in
the sun$ by the hel" of glasses$ 'hich multi"ly (saith 6e"lerus) a thing
seen a thousand times bigger _in "lano_$ and ma%es it come thirty-t'o times
nearer to the eye of the beholder& but see the demonstration of this glass
in ;.,=?GTarde$ by means of 'hich$ the sun must turn round u"on his o'n
centre$ or they about the sun. 7abricius "uts only three$ and those in the
sun& A"elles ,@$ and those 'ithout the sun$ floating li%e the :yanean Isles
in the Eu+ine sea. ;.,=@GTarde$ the 7renchman$ hath obser#ed thirty-three$
and those neither s"ots nor clouds$ as Galileo$ _E"ist. ad Ialserum_$
su""oseth$ but "lanets concentric 'ith the sun$ and not far from him 'ith
regular motions. ;.,=-G:hristo"her 9hemer$ a German 9uisser Desuit$ _Hrsica
1osa_$ di#ides them _in maculas et faculas_$ and 'ill ha#e them to be fi+ed
_in 9olis su"erficie_& and to absol#e their "eriodical and regular motion
in t'enty-se#en or t'enty-eight days$ holding 'ithal the rotation of the
sun u"on his centre< and all are so confident$ that they ha#e made schemes
and tables of their motions. The ;.,=AG5ollander$ in his _dissertatiuncula
cum A"elle_$ censures all< and thus they disagree amongst themsel#es$ old
and ne'$ irreconcilable in their o"inions< thus Aristarchus$ thus
5i""archus$ thus Ptolemeus$ thus Albateginus$ thus Alfraganus$ thus Tycho$
thus 1amerus$ thus 1oeslinus$ thus 7racastorius$ thus :o"ernicus and his
adherents$ thus :la#ius and Maginus$ Fc.$ 'ith their follo'ers$ #ary and
determine of these celestial orbs and bodies& and so 'hilst these men
contend about the sun and moon$ li%e the "hiloso"hers in *ucian$ it is to
be feared$ the sun and moon 'ill hide themsel#es$ and be as much offended
as ;.,=/Gshe 'as 'ith those$ and send another messenger to Du"iter$ by some
ne'-fangled Icaromeni""us$ to ma%e an end of all those curious
contro#ersies$ and scatter them abroad.
ut 'hy should the sun and moon be angry$ or ta%e e+ce"tions at
mathematicians and "hiloso"hersN 'hen as the li%e measure is offered unto
God himself$ by a com"any of theologasters& they are not contented to see
the sun and moon$ measure their site and biggest distance in a glass$
calculate their motions$ or #isit the moon in a "oetical fiction$ or a
dream$ as he saith$ ;.,=BG_Auda+ facinus et memorabile nunc inci"iam$ ne0ue
hoc saeculo usur"atum "rius$ 0uid in *unae regno hac nocte gestum sit
e+"onam$ et 0uo nemo un0uam nisi somniando "er#enit_$ ;.,.CGbut he and
Meni""us& or as ;.,.,GPeter :uneus$ _ona fide agam$ nihil eorum 0uae
scri"turus sum$ #erum esse scitote$ Fc. 0uae nec facta$ nec futura sunt$
dicam$ ;.,.=Gstili tantum et ingenii causa_$ not in jest$ but in good
earnest these gigantical :yclo"s 'ill transcend s"heres$ hea#en$ stars$
into that Em"yrean hea#en< soar higher yet$ and see 'hat God himself doth.
The De'ish Talmudists ta%e u"on them to determine ho' God s"ends his 'hole
time$ sometimes "laying 'ith *e#iathan$ sometimes o#erseeing the 'orld$
Fc.$ li%e *ucian!s Du"iter$ that s"ent much of the year in "ainting
butterflies! 'ings$ and seeing 'ho offered sacrifice< telling the hours
'hen it should rain$ ho' much sno' should fall in such a "lace$ 'hich 'ay
the 'ind should stand in Greece$ 'hich 'ay in Africa. In the Tur%s!
Alcoran$ Mahomet is ta%en u" to hea#en$ u"on a Pegasus sent on "ur"ose for
him$ as he lay in bed 'ith his 'ife$ and after some conference 'ith God is
set on ground again. The "agans "aint him and mangle him after a thousand
fashions< our heretics$ schismatics$ and some schoolmen$ come not far
behind& some "aint him in the habit of an old man$ and ma%e ma"s of hea#en$
number the angels$ tell their se#eral ;.,..Gnames$ offices& some deny God
and his "ro#idence$ some ta%e his office out of his hands$ 'ill ;.,.?Gbind
and loose in hea#en$ release$ "ardon$ forgi#e$ and be 0uarter-master 'ith
him& some call his Godhead in 0uestion$ his "o'er$ and attributes$ his
mercy$ justice$ "ro#idence& they 'ill %no' 'ith ;.,.@G:ecilius$ 'hy good
and bad are "unished together$ 'ar$ fires$ "lagues$ infest all ali%e$ 'hy
'ic%ed men flourish$ good are "oor$ in "rison$ sic%$ and ill at ease. 4hy
doth he suffer so much mischief and e#il to be done$ if he be ;.,.-Gable to
hel"N 'hy doth he not assist good$ or resist bad$ reform our 'ills$ if he
be not the author of sin$ and let such enormities be committed$ un'orthy of
his %no'ledge$ 'isdom$ go#ernment$ mercy$ and "ro#idence$ 'hy lets he all
things be done by fortune and chanceN 2thers as "rodigiously in0uire after
his omni"otency$ _an "ossit "lures similes creare deosN an e+ scarcibaeo
deumN Fc.$ et 0uo demum ruetis sacrificuli_N 9ome$ by #isions and
re#elations$ ta%e u"on them to be familiar 'ith God$ and to be of "ri#y
council 'ith him< they 'ill tell ho' many$ and 'ho shall be sa#ed$ 'hen the
'orld shall come to an end$ 'hat year$ 'hat month$ and 'hatsoe#er else God
hath reser#ed unto himself$ and to his angels. 9ome again$ curious
fantastics$ 'ill %no' more than this$ and in0uire 'ith ;.,.AGE"icurus$ 'hat
God did before the 'orld 'as madeN 'as he idleN 4here did he bideN 4hat did
he ma%e the 'orld ofN 'hy did he then ma%e it$ and not beforeN If he made
it ne'$ or to ha#e an end$ ho' is he unchangeable$ infinite$ Fc. 9ome 'ill
dis"ute$ ca#il$ and object$ as Dulian did of old$ 'hom :yril confutes$ as
9imon Magus is feigned to do$ in that ;.,./Gdialogue bet'i+t him and Peter&
and Ammonius the "hiloso"her$ in that dialogical dis"utation 'ith >acharias
the :hristian. If God be infinitely and only good$ 'hy should he alter or
destroy the 'orldN if he confound that 'hich is good$ ho' shall himself
continue goodN If he "ull it do'n because e#il$ ho' shall he be free from
the e#il that made it e#ilN Fc.$ 'ith many such absurd and brain-sic%
0uestions$ intricacies$ froth of human 'it$ and e+crements of curiosity$
Fc.$ 'hich$ as our 9a#iour told his in0uisiti#e disci"les$ are not fit for
them to %no'. ut hooO I am no' gone 0uite out of sight$ I am almost giddy
'ith ro#ing about& I could ha#e ranged farther yet< but I am an infant$ and
not ;.,.BGable to di#e into these "rofundities$ or sound these de"ths< not
able to understand$ much less to discuss. I lea#e the contem"lation of
these things to stronger 'its$ that ha#e better ability$ and ha""ier
leisure to 'ade into such "hiloso"hical mysteries< for "ut case I 'ere as
able as 'illing$ yet 'hat can one man doN I 'ill conclude 'ith
;.,?CG9caliger$ _8e0ua0uam nos homines sumus$ sed "artes hominis$ e+
omnibus ali0uid fieri "otest$ id0ue non magnum< e+ singulis fere nihil_.
esides (as 8azianzen hath it) _3eus latere nos multa #oluit_< and 'ith
9eneca$ _ca". .@. de :ometis_$ _Kuid miramur tam rara mundi s"ectacula non
teneri certis legibus$ nondum intelligiN multae sunt gentes 0uae tantum de
facie sciunt coelum$ #eniet$ tem"us fortasse$ 0uo ista 0uae$ nunc latent in
lucem dies e+trahat longioris ae#i diligentia$ una aetas non sufficit$
"osteri_$ Fc.$ 'hen God sees his time$ he 'ill re#eal these mysteries to
mortal men$ and sho' that to some fe' at last$ 'hich he hath concealed so
long. 7or I am of ;.,?,Ghis mind$ that :olumbus did not find out America by
chance$ but God directed him at that time to disco#er it& it 'as contingent
to him$ but necessary to God< he re#eals and conceals to 'hom and 'hen he
'ill. And 'hich ;.,?=Gone said of history and records of former times$ LGod
in his "ro#idence$ to chec% our "resum"tuous in0uisition$ 'ra"s u" all
things in uncertainty$ bars us from long anti0uity$ and bounds our search
'ithin the com"ass of some fe' ages&L many good things are lost$ 'hich our
"redecessors made use of$ as Pancirola 'ill better inform you< many ne'
things are daily in#ented$ to the "ublic good< so %ingdoms$ men$ and
%no'ledge ebb and flo'$ are hid and re#ealed$ and 'hen you ha#e all done$
as the Preacher concluded$ _8ihil est sub sole no#um_ (nothing ne' under
the sun.) ut my melancholy s"aniel!s 0uest$ my game is s"rung$ and I must
suddenly come do'n and follo'.
Dason Pratensis$ in his boo% _de morbis ca"itis_$ and cha"ter of
Melancholy$ hath these 'ords out of Galen$ ;.,?.GL*et them come to me to
%no' 'hat meat and drin% they shall use$ and besides that$ I 'ill teach
them 'hat tem"er of ambient air they shall ma%e choice of$ 'hat 'ind$ 'hat
countries they shall choose$ and 'hat a#oid.L 2ut of 'hich lines of his$
thus much 'e may gather$ that to this cure of melancholy$ amongst other
things$ the rectification of air is necessarily re0uired. This is
"erformed$ either in reforming natural or artificial air. 8atural is that
'hich is in our election to choose or a#oid& and !tis either general$ to
countries$ "ro#inces< "articular$ to cities$ to'ns$ #illages$ or "ri#ate
houses. 4hat harm those e+tremities of heat or cold do in this malady$ I
ha#e formerly sho'n& the medium must needs be good$ 'here the air is
tem"erate$ serene$ 0uiet$ free from bogs$ fens$ mists$ all manner of
"utrefaction$ contagious and filthy noisome smells. The ;.,??GEgy"tians by
all geogra"hers are commended to be _hilares_$ a conceited and merry
nation& 'hich I can ascribe to no other cause than the serenity of their
air. They that li#e in the 2rcades are registered by ;.,?@G5ector oethius
and ;.,?-G:ardan$ to be of fair com"le+ion$ long-li#ed$ most healthful$
free from all manner of infirmities of body and mind$ by reason of a shar"
"urifying air$ 'hich comes from the sea. The oeotians in Greece 'ere dull
and hea#y$ _crassi oeoti_$ by reason of a foggy air in 'hich they li#ed$
;.,?AG_oeotum in crasso jurares aere natum_$ Attica most acute$ "leasant$
and refined. The clime changes not so much customs$ manners$ 'its (as
Aristotle _Polit. lib. -. ca". ?._ Iegetius$ Plato$ odine$ _method. hist.
ca". @._ hath "ro#ed at large) as constitutions of their bodies$ and
tem"erature itself. In all "articular "ro#inces 'e see it confirmed by
e+"erience$ as the air is$ so are the inhabitants$ dull$ hea#y$ 'itty$
subtle$ neat$ cleanly$ clo'nish$ sic%$ and sound. In ;.,?/GPerigord in
7rance the air is subtle$ healthful$ seldom any "lague or contagious
disease$ but hilly and barren& the men sound$ nimble$ and lusty< but in
some "arts of Guienne$ full of moors and marshes$ the "eo"le dull$ hea#y$
and subject to many infirmities. 4ho sees not a great difference bet'een
9urrey$ 9usse+$ and 1omney Marsh$ the 'olds in *incolnshire and the fens.
5e therefore that lo#es his health$ if his ability 'ill gi#e him lea#e$
must often shift "laces$ and ma%e choice of such as are 'holesome$
"leasant$ and con#enient& there is nothing better than change of air in
this malady$ and generally for health to 'ander u" and do'n$ as those
;.,?BG_Tartari >amolhenses_$ that li#e in hordes$ and ta%e o""ortunity of
times$ "laces$ seasons. The %ings of Persia had their summer and 'inter
houses< in 'inter at 9ardis$ in summer at 9usa< no' at Perse"olis$ then at
Pasargada. :yrus li#ed se#en cold months at abylon$ three at 9usa$ t'o at
Ecbatana$ saith ;.,@CGJeno"hon$ and had by that means a "er"etual s"ring.
The great Tur% sojourns sometimes at :onstantino"le$ sometimes at
Adriano"le$ Fc. The %ings of 9"ain ha#e their Escurial in heat of summer$
;.,@,GMadrid for a 'holesome seat$ Ialladolid a "leasant site$ Fc.$ #ariety
of _secessus_ as all "rinces and great men ha#e$ and their se#eral
"rogresses to this "ur"ose. *ucullus the 1oman had his house at 1ome$ at
aiae$ Fc. ;.,@=G4hen :n. Pom"eius$ Marcus :icero (saith Plutarch) and many
noble men in the summer came to see him$ at su""er Pom"eius jested 'ith
him$ that it 'as an elegant and "leasant #illage$ full of 'indo's$
galleries$ and all offices fit for a summer house< but in his judgment #ery
unfit for 'inter& *ucullus made ans'er that the lord of the house had 'it
li%e a crane$ that changeth her country 'ith the season< he had other
houses furnished$ and built for that "ur"ose$ all out as commodious as
this. 9o Tully had his Tusculan$ Plinius his *auretan #illage$ and e#ery
gentleman of any fashion in our times hath the li%e. The ;.,@.Gbisho" of
E+eter had fourteen se#eral houses all furnished$ in times "ast. In Italy$
though they bide in cities in 'inter$ 'hich is more gentlemanli%e$ all the
summer they come abroad to their country-houses$ to recreate themsel#es.
2ur gentry in England li#e most "art in the country (e+ce"t it be some fe'
castles) building still in bottoms (saith ;.,@?GDo#ius) or near 'oods$
_corona arborum #irentium_< you shall %no' a #illage by a tuft of trees at
or about it$ to a#oid those strong 'inds 'here'ith the island is infested$
and cold 'inter blasts. 9ome discommend moated houses$ as un'holesome< so
:amden saith of ;.,@@GE'-elme$ that it 'as therefore unfre0uented$ _ob
stagni #icini halitus_$ and all such "laces as be near la%es or ri#ers. ut
I am of o"inion that these incon#eniences 'ill be mitigated$ or easily
corrected by good fires$ as ;.,@-Gone re"orts of Ienice$ that
_gra#eolentia_ and fog of the moors is sufficiently 0ualified by those
innumerable smo%es. 8ay more$ ;.,@AGThomas Philol. 1a#ennas$ a great
"hysician$ contends that the Ienetians are generally longer-li#ed than any
city in Euro"e$ and li#e many of them ,=C years. ut it is not 'ater sim"ly
that so much offends$ as the slime and noisome smells that accom"any such
o#erflo'ed "laces$ 'hich is but at some fe' seasons after a flood$ and is
sufficiently recom"ensed 'ith s'eet smells and as"ects in summer$ _Ier
"inget #ario gemmantia "rata colore_$ and many other commodities of
"leasure and "rofit< or else may be corrected by the site$ if it be
some'hat remote from the 'ater$ as *indley$ ;.,@/G_2rton su"er montem_$
;.,@BG3rayton$ or a little more ele#ated$ though nearer$ as ;.,-CG:aucut$
;.,-,GAmington$ ;.,-=GPoles'orth$ ;.,-.G4eddington (to insist in such
"laces best to me %no'n$ u"on the ri#er of An%er$ in 4ar'ic%shire$ ;.,-?G
9'arston$ and ;.,-@G3ra%esly u"on Trent). 2r ho'soe#er they be unseasonable
in 'inter$ or at some times$ they ha#e their good use in summer. If so be
that their means be so slender as they may not admit of any such #ariety$
but must determine once for all$ and ma%e one house ser#e each season$ I
%no' no men that ha#e gi#en better rules in this behalf than our husbandry
'riters. ;.,--G:ato and :olumella "rescribe a good house to stand by a
na#igable ri#er$ good high'ays$ near some city$ and in a good soil$ but
that is more for commodity than health.
The best soil commonly yields the 'orst air$ a dry sandy "lat is fittest to
build u"on$ and such as is rather hilly than "lain$ full of do'ns$ a
:ots'old country$ as being most commodious for ha'%ing$ hunting$ 'ood$
'aters$ and all manner of "leasures. Perigord in 7rance is barren$ yet by
reason of the e+cellency of the air$ and such "leasures that it affords$
much inhabited by the nobility< as 8uremberg in Germany$ Toledo in 9"ain.
2ur countryman Tusser 'ill tell us so much$ that the fieldone is for
"rofit$ the 'oodland for "leasure and health< the one commonly a dee" clay$
therefore noisome in 'inter$ and subject to bad high'ays& the other a dry
sand. Pro#ision may be had else'here$ and our to'ns are generally bigger in
the 'oodland than the fieldone$ more fre0uent and "o"ulous$ and gentlemen
more delight to d'ell in such "laces. 9utton :oldfield in 4ar'ic%shire
('here I 'as once a grammar scholar)$ may be a sufficient 'itness$ 'hich
stands$ as :amden notes$ _loco ingrato et sterili_$ but in an e+cellent
air$ and full of all manner of "leasures. ;.,-AG4adley in er%shire is
situate in a #ale$ though not so fertile a soil as some #ales afford$ yet a
most commodious site$ 'holesome$ in a delicious air$ a rich and "leasant
seat. 9o 9egra#e in *eicestershire ('hich to'n ;.,-/GI am no' bound to
remember) is situated in a cham"aign$ at the edge of the 'olds$ and more
barren than the #illages about it$ yet no "lace li%ely yields a better air.
And he that built that fair house$ ;.,-BG4ollerton in 8ottinghamshire$ is
much to be commended (though the tract be sandy and barren about it) for
ma%ing choice of such a "lace. :onstantine$ _lib. =. ca". de Agricult._
"raiseth mountains$ hilly$ stee" "laces$ abo#e the rest by the seaside$ and
such as loo% to'ard the ;.,ACGnorth u"on some great ri#er$ as ;.,A,G
7armac% in 3erbyshire$ on the Trent$ en#ironed 'ith hills$ o"en only to the
north$ li%e Mount Edgecombe in :orn'all$ 'hich Mr. ;.,A=G:are' so much
admires for an e+cellent seat& such is the general site of ohemia&
_serenat oreas_$ the north 'ind clarifies$ ;.,A.GLbut near la%es or
marshes$ in holes$ obscure "laces$ or to the south and 'est$ he utterly
dis"ro#es$L those 'inds are un'holesome$ "utrefying$ and ma%e men subject
to diseases. The best building for health$ according to him$ is in ;.,A?G
Lhigh "laces$ and in an e+cellent "ros"ect$L li%e that of :uddeston in
2+fordshire ('hich "lace I must _honoris ergo_ mention) is lately and
fairly ;.,A@Gbuilt in a good air$ good "ros"ect$ good soil$ both for "rofit
and "leasure$ not so easily to be matched. P. :rescentius$ in his _lib. ,.
de Agric. ca". @._ is #ery co"ious in this subject$ ho' a house should be
'holesomely sited$ in a good coast$ good air$ 'ind$ Fc.$ Iarro _de re rust.
lib. ,. ca". ,=._ ;.,A-Gforbids la%es and ri#ers$ marshy and manured
grounds$ they cause a bad air$ gross diseases$ hard to be cured& ;.,AAGLif
it be so that he cannot hel" it$ better (as he ad#iseth) sell thy house and
land than lose thine health.L 5e that res"ects not this in choosing of his
seat$ or building his house$ is _mente ca"tus_$ mad$ ;.,A/G:ato saith$ Land
his d'elling ne+t to hell itself$L according to :olumella& he commends$ in
conclusion$ the middle of a hill$ u"on a descent. a"tista$ _Porta Iillae$
lib. ,. ca". ==._ censures Iarro$ :ato$ :olumella$ and those ancient
rustics$ a""ro#ing many things$ disallo'ing some$ and 'ill by all means
ha#e the front of a house stand to the south$ 'hich ho' it may be good in
Italy and hotter climes$ I %no' not$ in our northern countries I am sure it
is best& 9te"hanus$ a 7renchman$ _"raedio rustic. lib. ,. ca". ?._
subscribes to this$ a""ro#ing es"ecially the descent of a hill south or
south-east$ 'ith trees to the north$ so that it be 'ell 'atered< a
condition in all sites 'hich must not be omitted$ as 5erbastein inculcates$
_lib. ,._ Dulius :aesar :laudinus$ a "hysician$ _consult. =?_$ for a
nobleman in Poland$ melancholy gi#en$ ad#iseth him to d'ell in a house
inclining to the ;.,ABGeast$ and ;.,/CGby all means to "ro#ide the air be
clear and s'eet< 'hich Montanus$ _consil. ==B_$ counselleth the earl of
Monfort$ his "atient$ to inhabit a "leasant house$ and in a good air. If it
be so the natural site may not be altered of our city$ to'n$ #illage$ yet
by artificial means it may be hel"ed. In hot countries$ therefore$ they
ma%e the streets of their cities #ery narro'$ all o#er 9"ain$ Africa$
Italy$ Greece$ and many cities of 7rance$ in *anguedoc es"ecially$ and
Pro#ence$ those southern "arts& Mont"elier$ the habitation and uni#ersity
of "hysicians$ is so built$ 'ith high houses$ narro' streets$ to di#ert the
sun!s scalding rays$ 'hich Tacitus commends$ _lib. ,@. Annat._$ as most
agreeing to their health$ ;.,/,GLbecause the height of buildings$ and
narro'ness of streets$ %ee" a'ay the sunbeams.L 9ome cities use galleries$
or arched cloisters to'ards the street$ as 3amascus$ ologna$ Padua$ erne
in 9'itzerland$ 4estchester 'ith us$ as 'ell to a#oid tem"ests$ as the
sun!s scorching heat. They build on high hills$ in hot countries$ for more
air< or to the seaside$ as aiae$ 8a"les$ Fc. In our northern countries 'e
are o""osite$ 'e commend straight$ broad$ o"en$ fair streets$ as most
befitting and agreeing to our clime. 4e build in bottoms for 'armth& and
that site of Mitylene in the island of *esbos$ in the Aegean sea$ 'hich
Iitru#ius so much discommends$ magnificently built 'ith fair houses$ _sed
im"rudenter "ositam_ unad#isedly sited$ because it lay along to the south$
and 'hen the south 'ind ble'$ the "eo"le 'ere all sic%$ 'ould ma%e an
e+cellent site in our northern climes.
2f that artificial site of houses I ha#e sufficiently discoursed& if the
"lan of the d'elling may not be altered$ yet there is much in choice of
such a chamber or room$ in o""ortune o"ening and shutting of 'indo's$
e+cluding foreign air and 'inds$ and 'al%ing abroad at con#enient times.
;.,/=G:rato$ a German$ commends east and south site (disallo'ing cold air
and northern 'inds in this case$ rainy 'eather and misty days)$ free from
"utrefaction$ fens$ bogs$ and muc%--hills. If the air be such$ o"en no
'indo's$ come not abroad. Montanus 'ill ha#e his "atient not to ;.,/.Gstir
at all$ if the 'ind be big or tem"estuous$ as most "art in March it is 'ith
us< or in cloudy$ lo'ering$ dar% days$ as in 8o#ember$ 'hich 'e commonly
call the blac% month< or stormy$ let the 'ind stand ho' it 'ill$ _consil.
=A. and .C._ he must not ;.,/?GLo"en a casement in bad 'eather$L or in a
boisterous season$ _consil. =BB_$ he es"ecially forbids us to o"en 'indo's
to a south 'ind. The best sites for chamber 'indo's$ in my judgment$ are
north$ east$ south$ and 'hich is the 'orst$ 'est. *e#inus *emnius$ _lib. ..
ca". .. de occult. nat. mir._ attributes so much to air$ and rectifying of
'ind and 'indo's$ that he holds it alone sufficient to ma%e a man sic% or
'ell< to alter body and mind. ;.,/@GLA clear air cheers u" the s"irits$
e+hilarates the mind< a thic%$ blac%$ misty$ tem"estuous$ contracts$
o#erthro's.L Great heed is therefore to be ta%en at 'hat times 'e 'al%$ ho'
'e "lace our 'indo's$ lights$ and houses$ ho' 'e let in or e+clude this
ambient air. The Egy"tians$ to a#oid immoderate heat$ ma%e their 'indo's on
the to" of the house li%e chimneys$ 'ith t'o tunnels to dra' a thorough
air. In 9"ain they commonly ma%e great o""osite 'indo's 'ithout glass$
still shutting those 'hich are ne+t to the sun& so li%e'ise in Tur%ey and
Italy (Ienice e+ce"ted$ 'hich brags of her stately glazed "alaces) they use
"a"er 'indo's to li%e "ur"ose< and lie$ _sub dio_$ in the to" of their
flat-roofed houses$ so slee"ing under the cano"y of hea#en. In some "arts
of ;.,/-GItaly they ha#e 'indmills$ to dra' a cooling air out of hollo'
ca#es$ and dis"erse the same through all the chambers of their "alaces$ to
refresh them< as at :ostoza$ the house of :aesareo Trento$ a gentleman of
Iicenza$ and else'here. Many e+cellent means are in#ented to correct nature
by art. If none of these courses hel"$ the best 'ay is to ma%e artificial
air$ 'hich ho'soe#er is "rofitable and good$ still to be made hot and
moist$ and to be seasoned 'ith s'eet "erfumes$ ;.,/AG"leasant and lightsome
as it may be< to ha#e roses$ #iolets$ and s'eet-smelling flo'ers e#er in
their 'indo's$ "osies in their hand. *aurentius commends 'ater-lilies$ a
#essel of 'arm 'ater to e#a"orate in the room$ 'hich 'ill ma%e a more
delightful "erfume$ if there be added orange-flo'ers$ "ills of citrons$
rosemary$ clo#es$ bays$ rose'ater$ rose-#inegar$ benzoin$ laudanum$ styra+$
and such li%e gums$ 'hich ma%e a "leasant and acce"table "erfume.
;.,//Gessardus isantinus "refers the smo%e of juni"er to melancholy
"ersons$ 'hich is in great re0uest 'ith us at 2+ford$ to s'eeten our
chambers. ;.,/BGGuianerius "rescribes the air to be moistened 'ith 'ater$
and s'eet herbs boiled in it$ #ine$ and sallo' lea#es$ Fc.$ ;.,BCG to
bes"rin%le the ground and "osts 'ith rose'ater$ rose-#inegar$ 'hich
A#icenna much a""ro#es. 2f colours it is good to behold green$ red$ yello'$
and 'hite$ and by all means to ha#e light enough$ 'ith 'indo's in the day$
'a+ candles in the night$ neat chambers$ good fires in 'inter$ merry
com"anions< for though melancholy "ersons lo#e to be dar% and alone$ yet
dar%ness is a great increaser of the humour.
Although our ordinary air be good by nature or art$ yet it is not amiss$ as
I ha#e said$ still to alter it< no better "hysic for a melancholy man than
change of air$ and #ariety of "laces$ to tra#el abroad and see fashions.
;.,B,G*eo Afer s"ea%s of many of his countrymen so cured$ 'ithout all other
"hysic& amongst the 8egroes$ Lthere is such an e+cellent air$ that if any
of them be sic% else'here$ and brought thither$ he is instantly reco#ered$
of 'hich he 'as often an eye'itness.L ;.,B=G*i"sius$ >uinger$ and some
others$ add as much of ordinary tra#el. 8o man$ saith *i"sius$ in an
e"istle to Phil. *anoius$ a noble friend of his$ no' ready to ma%e a
#oyage$ ;.,B.GLcan be such a stoc% or stone$ 'hom that "leasant s"eculation
of countries$ cities$ to'ns$ ri#ers$ 'ill not affect.L ;.,B?G 9eneca the
"hiloso"her 'as infinitely ta%en 'ith the sight of 9ci"io Africanus! house$
near *internum$ to #ie' those old buildings$ cisterns$ baths$ tombs$ Fc.
And ho' 'as ;.,B@GTully "leased 'ith the sight of Athens$ to behold those
ancient and fair buildings$ 'ith a remembrance of their 'orthy inhabitants.
Paulus Aemilius$ that reno'ned 1oman ca"tain$ after he had con0uered
Perseus$ the last %ing of Macedonia$ and no' made an end of his tedious
'ars$ though he had been long absent from 1ome$ and much there desired$
about the beginning of autumn (as ;.,B-G*i#y describes it) made a "leasant
"eregrination all o#er Greece$ accom"anied 'ith his son 9ci"io$ and
Atheneus the brother of %ing Eumenes$ lea#ing the charge of his army 'ith
9ul"icius Gallus. y Thessaly he 'ent to 3el"hos$ thence to Megaris$ Aulis$
Athens$ Argos$ *acedaemon$ Megalo"olis$ Fc. 5e too% great content$
e+ceeding delight in that his #oyage$ as 'ho doth not that shall attem"t
the li%e$ though his tra#el be _ad jactationem magis 0uam ad usum rei"ub._
(as ;.,BAGone 'ell obser#es) to crac%$ gaze$ see fine sights and fashions$
s"end time$ rather than for his o'n or "ublic goodN (as it is to many
gallants that tra#el out their best days$ together 'ith their means$
manners$ honesty$ religion) yet it a#aileth ho'soe#er. 7or "eregrination
charms our senses 'ith such uns"ea%able and s'eet #ariety$ ;.,B/Gthat some
count him unha""y that ne#er tra#elled$ and "ity his case$ that from his
cradle to his old age beholds the same still< still$ still the same$ the
same. Insomuch that ;.,BBG1hasis$ _cont. lib. ,. Tract. =._ doth not only
commend$ but enjoin tra#el$ and such #ariety of objects to a melancholy
man$ Land to lie in di#erse inns$ to be dra'n into se#eral com"anies&L
Montaltus$ _ca". .-._ and many neoterics are of the same mind& :elsus
ad#iseth him therefore that 'ill continue his health$ to ha#e _#arium #itae
genus_$ di#ersity of callings$ occu"ations$ to be busied about$ ;.=CCG
Lsometimes to li#e in the city$ sometimes in the country< no' to study or
'or%$ to be intent$ then again to ha'% or hunt$ s'im$ run$ ride$ or
e+ercise himself.L A good "ros"ect alone 'ill ease melancholy$ as :omesius
contends$ _lib. =. c. A. de 9ale_. The citizens of ;.=C,Garcino$ saith he$
other'ise "enned in$ melancholy$ and stirring little abroad$ are much
delighted 'ith that "leasant "ros"ect their city hath into the sea$ 'hich
li%e that of old Athens besides Aegina 9alamina$ and many "leasant islands$
had all the #ariety of delicious objects& so are those 8ea"olitans and
inhabitants of Genoa$ to see the shi"s$ boats$ and "assengers go by$ out of
their 'indo's$ their 'hole cities being situated on the side of a hill$
li%e Pera by :onstantino"le$ so that each house almost hath a free "ros"ect
to the sea$ as some "art of *ondon to the Thames& or to ha#e a free
"ros"ect all o#er the city at once$ as at Granada in 9"ain$ and 7ez in
Africa$ the ri#er running bet'i+t t'o declining hills$ the stee"ness
causeth each house almost$ as 'ell to o#ersee$ as to be o#erseen of the
rest. E#ery country is full of such ;.=C=Gdelightsome "ros"ects$ as 'ell
'ithin land$ as by sea$ as 5ermon and ;.=C.G1ama in Palestina$ :olalto in
Italy$ the to" of Magetus$ or Acrocorinthus$ that old decayed castle in
:orinth$ from 'hich Pelo"onessus$ Greece$ the Ionian and Aegean seas 'ere
_semel et simul_ at one #ie' to be ta%en. In Egy"t the s0uare to" of the
great "yramid$ three hundred yards in height$ and so the 9ultan!s "alace in
Grand :airo$ the country being "lain$ hath a mar#ellous fair "ros"ect as
'ell o#er 8ilus$ as that great city$ fi#e Italian miles long$ and t'o
broad$ by the ri#er side& from mount 9ion in Derusalem$ the 5oly *and is of
all sides to be seen& such high "laces are infinite& 'ith us those of the
best note are Glastonbury to'er$ o+ 5ill in 9urrey$ e#er castle$ 1od'ay
Grange$ ;.=C?G4alsby in *incolnshire$ 'here I lately recei#ed a real
%indness$ by the munificence of the right honourable my noble lady and
"atroness$ the *ady 7rances$ countess do'ager of E+eter& and t'o amongst
the rest$ 'hich I may not omit for #icinity!s sa%e$ 2ldbury in the confines
of 4ar'ic%shire$ 'here I ha#e often loo%ed about me 'ith great delight$ at
the foot of 'hich hill ;.=C@GI 'as born& and 5anbury in 9taffordshire$
contiguous to 'hich is 7alde$ a "leasant #illage$ and an ancient "atrimony
belonging to our family$ no' in the "ossession of mine elder brother$
4illiam urton$ Es0uire. ;.=C-Garclay the 9cot commends that of Green'ich
to'er for one of the best "ros"ects in Euro"e$ to see *ondon on the one
side$ the Thames$ shi"s$ and "leasant meado's on the other. There be those
that say as much and more of 9t. Mar%!s stee"le in Ienice. Eet these are at
too great a distance& some are es"ecially affected 'ith such objects as be
near$ to see "assengers go by in some great road'ay$ or boats in a ri#er$
_in subjectum forum des"icere_$ to o#ersee a fair$ a mar%et"lace$ or out of
a "leasant 'indo' into some thoroughfare street$ to behold a continual
concourse$ a "romiscuous rout$ coming and going$ or a multitude of
s"ectators at a theatre$ a mas%$ or some such li%e sho'. ut I ro#e& the
sum is this$ that #ariety of actions$ objects$ air$ "laces$ are e+cellent
good in this infirmity$ and all others$ good for man$ good for beast.
;.=CAG:onstantine the em"eror$ _lib. ,/. ca". ,.. e+ *eontio_$ Lholds it an
only cure for rotten shee"$ and any manner of sic% cattle.L *aelius a 7onte
Aegubinus$ that great doctor$ at the latter end of many of his
consultations (as commonly he doth set do'n 'hat success his "hysic had$)
in melancholy most es"ecially a""ro#es of this abo#e all other remedies
'hatsoe#er$ as a""ears _consult. -B. consult. ==B._ Fc. ;.=C/GLMany other
things hel"ed$ but change of air 'as that 'hich 'rought the cure$ and did
most good.L
MEM. II.
_E+ercise rectified of ody and Mind_.
To that great incon#enience$ 'hich comes on the one side by immoderate and
unseasonable e+ercise$ too much solitariness and idleness on the other$
must be o""osed as an antidote$ a moderate and seasonable use of it$ and
that both of body and mind$ as a most material circumstance$ much conducing
to this cure$ and to the general "reser#ation of our health. The hea#ens
themsel#es run continually round$ the sun riseth and sets$ the moon
increaseth and decreaseth$ stars and "lanets %ee" their constant motions$
the air is still tossed by the 'inds$ the 'aters ebb and flo' to their
conser#ation no doubt$ to teach us that 'e should e#er be in action. 7or
'hich cause 5ieron "rescribes 1usticus the mon%$ that he be al'ays occu"ied
about some business or other$ ;.=CBGLthat the de#il do not find him idle.L
;.=,CG9eneca 'ould ha#e a man do something$ though it be to no "ur"ose.
;.=,,GJeno"hon 'isheth one rather to "lay at tables$ dice$ or ma%e a jester
of himself (though he might be far better em"loyed) than do nothing. The
;.=,=GEgy"tians of old$ and many flourishing common'ealths since$ ha#e
enjoined labour and e+ercise to all sorts of men$ to be of some #ocation
and calling$ and gi#e an account of their time$ to "re#ent those grie#ous
mischiefs that come by idleness& Lfor as fodder$ 'hi"$ and burthen belong
to the ass& so meat$ correction$ and 'or% unto the ser#ant$L Ecclus.
+++iii. =.. The Tur%s enjoin all men 'hatsoe#er$ of 'hat degree$ to be of
some trade or other$ the Grand 9ignior himself is not e+cused. ;.=,.GLIn
our memoryL (saith 9abellicus) LMahomet the Tur%$ he that con0uered Greece$
at that #ery time 'hen he heard ambassadors of other "rinces$ did either
car#e or cut 'ooden s"oons$ or frame something u"on a table.L ;.=,?GThis
"resent sultan ma%es notches for bo's. The De's are most se#ere in this
e+amination of time. All 'ell-go#erned "laces$ to'ns$ families$ and e#ery
discreet "erson 'ill be a la' unto himself. ut amongst us the badge of
gentry is idleness& to be of no calling$ not to labour$ for that!s
derogatory to their birth$ to be a mere s"ectator$ a drone$ _fruges
consumere natus_$ to ha#e no necessary em"loyment to busy himself about in
church and common'ealth (some fe' go#ernors e+em"ted)$ Lbut to rise to
eat$L Fc.$ to s"end his days in ha'%ing$ hunting$ Fc.$ and such li%e
dis"orts and recreations (;.=,@G'hich our casuists ta+)$ are the sole
e+ercise almost$ and ordinary actions of our nobility$ and in 'hich they
are too immoderate. And thence it comes to "ass$ that in city and country
so many grie#ances of body and mind$ and this feral disease of melancholy
so fre0uently rageth$ and no' domineers almost all o#er Euro"e amongst our
great ones. They %no' not ho' to s"end their time (dis"orts e+ce"ted$ 'hich
are all their business)$ 'hat to do$ or other'ise ho' to besto' themsel#es&
li%e our modern 7renchmen$ that had rather lose a "ound of blood in a
single combat$ than a dro" of s'eat in any honest labour. E#ery man almost
hath something or other to em"loy himself about$ some #ocation$ some trade$
but they do all by ministers and ser#ants$ _ad otia dunta+at se natos
e+istimant$ imo ad sui i"sius "lerum0ue et aliorum "erniciem_$ ;.=,-Gas one
freely ta+eth such %ind of men$ they are all for "astimes$ !tis all their
study$ all their in#ention tends to this alone$ to dri#e a'ay time$ as if
they 'ere born some of them to no other ends. Therefore to correct and
a#oid these errors and incon#eniences$ our di#ines$ "hysicians$ and
"oliticians$ so much labour$ and so seriously e+hort< and for this disease
in "articular$ ;.=,AGLthere can be no better cure than continual business$L
as 1hasis holds$ Lto ha#e some em"loyment or other$ 'hich may set their
mind a'or%$ and distract their cogitations.L 1iches may not easily be had
'ithout labour and industry$ nor learning 'ithout study$ neither can our
health be "reser#ed 'ithout bodily e+ercise. If it be of the body$
Guianerius allo's that e+ercise 'hich is gentle$ ;.=,/GLand still after
those ordinary fricationsL 'hich must be used e#ery morning. Montaltus$
_ca". =-._ and Dason Pratensis use almost the same 'ords$ highly commending
e+ercise if it be moderate< La 'onderful hel" so used$L :rato calls it$L
and a great means to "reser#e our health$ as adding strength to the 'hole
body$ increasing natural heat$ by means of 'hich the nutriment is 'ell
concocted in the stomach$ li#er$ and #eins$ fe' or no crudities left$ is
ha""ily distributed o#er all the body.L esides$ it e+"els e+crements by
s'eat and other insensible #a"ours< insomuch$ that ;.=,BGGalen "refers
e+ercise before all "hysic$ rectification of diet$ or any regimen in 'hat
%ind soe#er< !tis nature!s "hysician. ;.==CG7ulgentius$ out of Gordonius
_de conser#. #it. hom. lib. ,. ca". A._ terms e+ercise$ La s"ur of a dull$
slee"y nature$ the comforter of the members$ cure of infirmity$ death of
diseases$ destruction of all mischiefs and #ices.L The fittest time for
e+ercise is a little before dinner$ a little before su""er$ ;.==,Gor at any
time 'hen the body is em"ty. Montanus$ _consil. .,._ "rescribes it e#ery
morning to his "atient$ and that$ as ;.===G:alenus adds$ Lafter he hath
done his ordinary needs$ rubbed his body$ 'ashed his hands and face$ combed
his head and gargarised.L 4hat %ind of e+ercise he should use$ Galen tells
us$ _lib. =. et .. de sanit. tuend._ and in 'hat measure$ ;.==.G Ltill the
body be ready to s'eat$L and roused u"< _ad ruborem_$ some say$ _non ad
sudorem_$ lest it should dry the body too much< others enjoin those
'holesome businesses$ as to dig so long in his garden$ to hold the "lough$
and the li%e. 9ome "rescribe fre0uent and #iolent labour and e+ercises$ as
sa'ing e#ery day so long together (_e"id. -._ 5i""ocrates confounds them)$
but that is in some cases$ to some "eculiar men< ;.==?Gthe most forbid$ and
by no means 'ill ha#e it go farther than a beginning s'eat$ as being
;.==@G"erilous if it e+ceed.
2f these labours$ e+ercises$ and recreations$ 'hich are li%e'ise included$
some "ro"erly belong to the body$ some to the mind$ some more easy$ some
hard$ some 'ith delight$ some 'ithout$ some 'ithin doors$ some natural$
some are artificial. Amongst bodily e+ercises$ Galen commends _ludum "ar#ae
"ilae_$ to "lay at ball$ be it 'ith the hand or rac%et$ in tennis-courts or
other'ise$ it e+erciseth each "art of the body$ and doth much good$ so that
they s'eat not too much. It 'as in great re0uest of old amongst the Gree%s$
1omans$ arbarians$ mentioned by 5omer$ 5erodotus$ and Plinius. 9ome 'rite$
that Aganella$ a fair maid of :orcyra$ 'as the in#entor of it$ for she
"resented the first ball that e#er 'as made to 8ausica$ the daughter of
6ing Alcinous$ and taught her ho' to use it.
The ordinary s"orts 'hich are used abroad are ha'%ing$ hunting$ _hilares
#enandi labores_$ ;.==-Gone calls them$ because they recreate body and
mind$ ;.==AGanother$ the ;.==/GLbest e+ercise that is$ by 'hich alone many
ha#e been ;.==BGfreed from all feral diseases.L 5egesi""us$ _lib. ,. ca".
.A._ relates of 5erod$ that he 'as eased of a grie#ous melancholy by that
means. Plato$ _A. de leg_. highly magnifies it$ di#iding it into three
"arts$ Lby land$ 'ater$ air.L Jeno"hon$ in _:yro"aed_. graces it 'ith a
great name$ _3eorum munus_$ the gift of the gods$ a "rincely s"ort$ 'hich
they ha#e e#er used$ saith *angius$ _e"ist. @B. lib. =._ as 'ell for health
as "leasure$ and do at this day$ it being the sole almost and ordinary
s"ort of our noblemen in Euro"e$ and else'here all o#er the 'orld. ohemus$
_de mor. gent. lib. .. ca". ,=._ styles it therefore$ _studium nobilium$
communiter #enantur$ 0uod sibi solis licere contendunt_$ !tis all their
study$ their e+ercise$ ordinary business$ all their tal%& and indeed some
dote too much after it$ they can do nothing else$ discourse of naught else.
Paulus Do#ius$ _descr. rit._ doth in some sort ta+ our ;.=.CG LEnglish
nobility for it$ for li#ing in the country so much$ and too fre0uent use of
it$ as if they had no other means but ha'%ing and hunting to a""ro#e
themsel#es gentlemen 'ith.L
5a'%ing comes near to hunting$ the one in the air$ as the other on the
earth$ a s"ort as much affected as the other$ by some "referred. ;.=.,GIt
'as ne#er heard of amongst the 1omans$ in#ented some t'el#e hundred years
since$ and first mentioned by 7irmicus$ _lib. @. ca". /._ The Gree%
em"erors began it$ and no' nothing so fre0uent& he is nobody that in the
season hath not a ha'% on his fist. A great art$ and many ;.=.=Gboo%s
'ritten of it. It is a 'onder to hear ;.=..G'hat is related of the Tur%s!
officers in this behalf$ ho' many thousand men are em"loyed about it$ ho'
many ha'%s of all sorts$ ho' much re#enues consumed on that only dis"ort$
ho' much time is s"ent at Adriano"le alone e#ery year to that "ur"ose. The
;.=.?GPersian %ings ha'% after butterflies 'ith s"arro's made to that use$
and stares& lesser ha'%s for lesser games they ha#e$ and bigger for the
rest$ that they may "roduce their s"ort to all seasons. The Musco#ian
em"erors reclaim eagles to fly at hinds$ fo+es$ Fc.$ and such a one 'as
sent for a "resent to ;.=.@GKueen Elizabeth& some reclaim ra#ens$ castrils$
"ies$ Fc.$ and man them for their "leasures.
7o'ling is more troublesome$ but all out as delightsome to some sorts of
men$ be it 'ith guns$ lime$ nets$ glades$ gins$ strings$ baits$ "itfalls$
"i"es$ calls$ stal%ing-horses$ setting-dogs$ decoy-duc%s$ Fc.$ or
other'ise. 9ome much delight to ta%e lar%s 'ith day-nets$ small birds 'ith
chaff-nets$ "lo#ers$ "artridge$ herons$ sni"e$ Fc. 5enry the Third$ %ing of
:astile (as Mariana the Desuit re"orts of him$ _lib. .. ca". A._) 'as much
affected ;.=.-GL'ith catching of 0uails$L and many gentlemen ta%e a
singular "leasure at morning and e#ening to go abroad 'ith their
0uail-"i"es$ and 'ill ta%e any "ains to satisfy their delight in that %ind.
The ;.=.AGItalians ha#e gardens fitted to such use$ 'ith nets$ bushes$
glades$ s"aring no cost or industry$ and are #ery much affected 'ith the
s"ort. Tycho rahe$ that great astronomer$ in the chorogra"hy of his Isle
of 5uena$ and :astle of Hraniburge$ "uts do'n his nets$ and manner of
catching small birds$ as an ornament and a recreation$ 'herein he himself
'as sometimes em"loyed.
7ishing is a %ind of hunting by 'ater$ be it 'ith nets$ 'eels$ baits$
angling$ or other'ise$ and yields all out as much "leasure to some men as
dogs or ha'%s< ;.=./GL4hen they dra' their fish u"on the ban%$L saith 8ic.
5enselius _9ilesiogra"hiae$ ca". .._ s"ea%ing of that e+traordinary delight
his countrymen too% in fishing$ and in ma%ing of "ools. Dames 3ubra#ius$
that Mora#ian$ in his boo% _de "isc._ telleth$ ho' tra#elling by the
high'ay side in 9ilesia$ he found a nobleman$ ;.=.BGLbooted u" to the
groins$L 'ading himself$ "ulling the nets$ and labouring as much as any
fisherman of them all& and 'hen some beli%e objected to him the baseness of
his office$ he e+cused himself$ ;.=?CGLthat if other men might hunt hares$
'hy should not he hunt car"sNL Many gentlemen in li%e sort 'ith us 'ill
'ade u" to the arm-holes u"on such occasions$ and #oluntarily underta%e
that to satisfy their "leasures$ 'hich a "oor man for a good sti"end 'ould
scarce be hired to undergo. Plutarch$ in his boo% _de soler. animal._
s"ea%s against all fishing$ ;.=?,GLas a filthy$ base$ illiberal em"loyment$
ha#ing neither 'it nor "ers"icacity in it$ nor 'orth the labour.L ut he
that shall consider the #ariety of baits for all seasons$ and "retty
de#ices 'hich our anglers ha#e in#ented$ "eculiar lines$ false flies$
se#eral sleights$ Fc. 'ill say$ that it deser#es li%e commendation$
re0uires as much study and "ers"icacity as the rest$ and is to be "referred
before many of them. ecause ha'%ing and hunting are #ery laborious$ much
riding$ and many dangers accom"any them< but this is still and 0uiet& and
if so be the angler catch no fish$ yet he hath a 'holesome 'al% to the
broo%side$ "leasant shade by the s'eet sil#er streams< he hath good air$
and s'eet smells of fine fresh meado' flo'ers$ he hears the melodious
harmony of birds$ he sees the s'ans$ herons$ duc%s$ 'ater-horns$ coots$
Fc.$ and many other fo'l$ 'ith their brood$ 'hich he thin%eth better than
the noise of hounds$ or blast of horns$ and all the s"ort that they can
ma%e.
Many other s"orts and recreations there be$ much in use$ as ringing$
bo'ling$ shooting$ 'hich Ascam recommends in a just #olume$ and hath in
former times been enjoined by statute$ as a defensi#e e+ercise$ and an
;.=?=Ghonour to our land$ as 'ell may 'itness our #ictories in 7rance.
6eel"ins$ tron%s$ 0uoits$ "itching bars$ hurling$ 'restling$ lea"ing$
running$ fencing$ mustering$ s'imming$ 'asters$ foils$ football$ balloon$
0uintain$ Fc.$ and many such$ 'hich are the common recreations of the
country fol%s. 1iding of great horses$ running at rings$ tilts and
tournaments$ horse races$ 'ild-goose chases$ 'hich are the dis"orts of
greater men$ and good in themsel#es$ though many gentlemen by that means
gallo" 0uite out of their fortunes.
ut the most "leasant of all out'ard "astimes is that of ;.=?.GAreteus$
_deambulatio "er amoena loca_$ to ma%e a "etty "rogress$ a merry journey
no' and then 'ith some good com"anions$ to #isit friends$ see cities$
castles$ to'ns$
;.=??G LIisere sae"e amnes nitidos$ "er amaena0ue Tem"e$
Et "lacidas summis sectari in montibus auras.L
LTo see the "leasant fields$ the crystal fountains$
And ta%e the gentle air amongst the mountains.L
;.=?@GTo 'al% amongst orchards$ gardens$ bo'ers$ mounts$ and arbours$
artificial 'ildernesses$ green thic%ets$ arches$ gro#es$ la'ns$ ri#ulets$
fountains$ and such li%e "leasant "laces$ li%e that Antiochian 3a"hne$
broo%s$ "ools$ fish"onds$ bet'een 'ood and 'ater$ in a fair meado'$ by a
ri#er side$ ;.=?-G_ubi #ariae$ a#ium cantationes$ florum colores$ "ratorum
frutices_$ Fc. to dis"ort in some "leasant "lain$ "ar%$ run u" a stee" hill
sometimes$ or sit in a shady seat$ must needs be a delectable recreation.
_5ortus "rinci"is et domus ad delectationem facia$ cum syl#a$ monte et
"iscina$ #ulgo la montagna_& the "rince!s garden at 7errara ;.=?AG9chottus
highly magnifies$ 'ith the gro#es$ mountains$ "onds$ for a delectable
"ros"ect$ he 'as much affected 'ith it& a Persian "aradise$ or "leasant
"ar%$ could not be more delectable in his sight. 9t. ernard$ in the
descri"tion of his monastery$ is almost ra#ished 'ith the "leasures of it.
LA sic% ;.=?/GmanL (saith he) Lsits u"on a green ban%$ and 'hen the
dog-star "archeth the "lains$ and dries u" ri#ers$ he lies in a shady
bo'er$ _7ronde sub arborea fer#entia tem"erat astra_$ and feeds his eyes
'ith #ariety of objects$ herbs$ trees$ to comfort his misery$ he recei#es
many delightsome smells$ and fills his ears 'ith that s'eet and #arious
harmony of birds& good GodL (saith he)$ L'hat a com"any of "leasures hast
thou made for manOL 5e that should be admitted on a sudden to the sight of
such a "alace as that of Escurial in 9"ain$ or to that 'hich the Moors
built at Granada$ 7ontainebleau in 7rance$ the Tur%!s gardens in his
seraglio$ 'herein all manner of birds and beasts are %e"t for "leasure<
'ol#es$ bears$ lyn+es$ tigers$ lions$ ele"hants$ Fc.$ or u"on the ban%s of
that Thracian os"horus& the "o"e!s el#edere in 1ome$ ;.=?BGas "leasing as
those _horti "ensiles_ in abylon$ or that Indian %ing!s delightsome garden
in ;.=@CGAelian< or ;.=@,Gthose famous gardens of the *ord :antelo' in
7rance$ could$ not choose$ though he 'ere ne#er so ill "aid$ but be much
recreated for the time< or many of our noblemen!s gardens at home. To ta%e
a boat in a "leasant e#ening$ and 'ith music ;.=@=Gto ro' u"on the 'aters$
'hich Plutarch so much a""lauds$ Elian admires$ u"on the ri#er Pineus& in
those Thessalian fields$ beset 'ith green bays$ 'here birds so s'eetly sing
that "assengers$ enchanted as it 'ere 'ith their hea#enly music$ _omnium
laborum et curarum obli#iscantur_$ forget forth'ith all labours$ care$ and
grief& or in a gondola through the Grand :anal in Ienice$ to see those
goodly "alaces$ must needs refresh and gi#e content to a melancholy dull
s"irit. 2r to see the inner rooms of a fair-built and sum"tuous edifice$ as
that of the Persian %ings$ so much reno'ned by 3iodorus and :urtius$ in
'hich all 'as almost beaten gold$ ;.=@.Gchairs$ stools$ thrones$
tabernacles$ and "illars of gold$ "lane trees$ and #ines of gold$ gra"es of
"recious stones$ all the other ornaments of "ure gold$
;.=@?G L7ulget gemma floris$ et jas"ide ful#a su"elle+$
9trata micant TyrioL------
4ith s'eet odours and "erfumes$ generous 'ines$ o"i"arous fare$ Fc.$
besides the gallantest young men$ the fairest ;.=@@G#irgins$ _"uellae
scitulae ministrantes_$ the rarest beauties the 'orld could afford$ and
those set out 'ith costly and curious attires$ _ad stu"orem us0ue
s"ectantium_$ 'ith e+0uisite music$ as in ;.=@-GTrimaltion!s house$ in
e#ery chamber s'eet #oices e#er sounding day and night$ _incom"arabilis
lu+us_$ all delights and "leasures in each %ind 'hich to "lease the senses
could "ossibly be de#ised or had$ _con#i#es coronati$ delitiis ebrii_$ Fc.
Telemachus$ in 5omer$ is brought in as one ra#ished almost at the sight of
that magnificent "alace$ and rich furniture of Menelaus$ 'hen he beheld
;.=@AG LAeris fulgorem et resonantia tecta corusco
Auro$ at0ue electro nitido$ secto0ue ele"hanto$
Argento0ue simul. Talis Do#is ardua sedes$
Aula0ue coelicolum stellans s"lendescit 2lym"o.L
L9uch glittering of gold and brightest brass to shine$
:lear amber$ sil#er "ure$ and i#ory so fine&
Du"iter!s lofty "alace$ 'here the gods do d'ell$
4as e#en such a one$ and did it not e+cel.L
It 'ill _la+are animos_$ refresh the soul of man to see fair-built cities$
streets$ theatres$ tem"les$ obelis%s$ Fc. The tem"le of Derusalem 'as so
fairly built of 'hite marble$ 'ith so many "yramids co#ered 'ith gold<
_tectum0ue tem"li ful#o coruscans auro$ nimio suo fulgore obcaecabat oculos
itinerantium_$ 'as so glorious$ and so glistened afar off$ that the
s"ectators might not 'ell abide the sight of it. ut the inner "arts 'ere
all so curiously set out 'ith cedar$ gold$ je'els$ Fc.$ as he said of
:leo"atra!s "alace in Egy"t$--;.=@/G_:rassum0ue trabes absconderat aurum_$
that the beholders 'ere amazed. 4hat so "leasant as to see some "ageant or
sight go by$ as at coronations$ 'eddings$ and such li%e solemnities$ to see
an ambassador or a "rince met$ recei#ed$ entertained 'ith mas%s$ sho's$
fire'or%s$ Fc. To see t'o %ings fight in single combat$ as Porus and
Ale+ander< :anute and Edmund Ironside< 9canderbeg and 7erat assa the Tur%<
'hen not honour alone but life itself is at sta%e$ as the ;.=@BG"oet of
5ector$
------Lnec enim "ro tergore Tauri$
Pro bo#e nec certamen erat$ 0uae "raemia cursus
Esse solent$ sed "ro magni #ira0ue anima0ue--5ectoris.L
To behold a battle fought$ li%e that of :recy$ or Agincourt$ or Poitiers$
_0ua nescio_ (saith 7roissart) _an #etustas ullam "roferre "ossit
clariorem_. To see one of :aesar!s trium"hs in old 1ome re#i#ed$ or the
li%e. To be "resent at an inter#ie'$ ;.=-CGas that famous of 5enry the
Eighth and 7rancis the 7irst$ so much reno'ned all o#er Euro"e< _ubi tanto
a""aratu_ (saith 5ubertus Ieillius) _tam0ue trium"hali "om"a ambo reges com
eorum conjugibus coiere$ ut nulla un0uam aetas tam celebria festa #iderit
aut audieriti_$ no age e#er sa' the li%e. 9o infinitely "leasant are such
sho's$ to the sight of 'hich oftentimes they 'ill come hundreds of miles$
gi#e any money for a "lace$ and remember many years after 'ith singular
delight. odine$ 'hen he 'as ambassador in England$ said he sa' the
noblemen go in their robes to the "arliament house$ _summa cum jucunditate
#idimus_$ he 'as much affected 'ith the sight of it. Pom"onius :olumna$
saith Do#ius in his life$ sa' thirteen 7renchmen$ and so many Italians$
once fight for a 'hole army& _Kuod jucundissimum s"ectaculum in #ita dicit
sua_$ the "leasantest sight that e#er he sa' in his life. 4ho 'ould not
ha#e been affected 'ith such a s"ectacleN 2r that single combat of ;.=-,G
reaute the 7renchman$ and Anthony 9chets a 3utchman$ before the 'alls of
9yl#aducis in rabant$ anno ,-CC. They 'ere t'enty-t'o horse on the one
side$ as many on the other$ 'hich li%e *i#y!s 5oratii$ Tor0uati and :or#ini
fought for their o'n glory and country!s honour$ in the sight and #ie' of
their 'hole city and army. ;.=-=G4hen Dulius :aesar 'arred about the ban%s
of 1hone$ there came a barbarian "rince to see him and the 1oman army$ and
'hen he had beheld :aesar a good 'hile$ ;.=-.GLI see the gods no'L (saith
he) L'hich before I heard of$L _nec feliciorem ullam #itae meae aut o"ta#i$
aut sensi diem_& it 'as the ha""iest day that e#er he had in his life. 9uch
a sight alone 'ere able of itself to dri#e a'ay melancholy< if not for
e#er$ yet it must needs e+"el it for a time. 1adzi#ilus 'as much ta%en 'ith
the "asha!s "alace in :airo$ and amongst many other objects 'hich that
"lace afforded$ 'ith that solemnity of cutting the ban%s of the 8ile by
Imbram Pasha$ 'hen it o#erflo'ed$ besides t'o or three hundred gilded
galleys on the 'ater$ he sa' t'o millions of men gathered together on the
land$ 'ith turbans as 'hite as sno'< and !t'as a goodly sight. The #ery
reading of feasts$ trium"hs$ inter#ie's$ nu"tials$ tilts$ tournaments$
combats$ and monomachies$ is most acce"table and "leasant. ;.=-?G
7ranciscus Modius hath made a large collection of such solemnities in t'o
great tomes$ 'hich 'hoso 'ill may "eruse. The ins"ection alone of those
curious iconogra"hies of tem"les and "alaces$ as that of the *ateran church
in Albertus 3urer$ that of the tem"le of Derusalem in ;.=-@GDose"hus$
Adricomius$ and Iillal"andus& that of the Escurial in Guadas$ of 3iana at
E"hesus in Pliny$ 8ero!s golden "alace in 1ome$ ;.=--GDustinian!s in
:onstantino"le$ that Peru#ian Dugo!s in ;.=-AG:usco$ _ut non ab hominibus$
sed a daemoniis constructum #ideatur_< 9t. Mar%!s in Ienice$ by Ignatius$
'ith many such< _"riscorum artificum o"era_ (saith that ;.=-/Ginter"reter
of Pausanias)$ the rare 'or%manshi" of those ancient Gree%s$ in theatres$
obelis%s$ tem"les$ statues$ gold$ sil#er$ i#ory$ marble images$ _non minore
ferme 0uum leguntur$ 0uam 0uum cernuntur$ animum delectatione com"lent_$
affect one as much by reading almost as by sight.
The country hath his recreations$ the city his se#eral gymnics and
e+ercises$ May games$ feasts$ 'a%es$ and merry meetings$ to solace
themsel#es< the #ery being in the country< that life itself is a sufficient
recreation to some men$ to enjoy such "leasures$ as those old "atriarchs
did. 3iocletian$ the em"eror$ 'as so much affected 'ith it$ that he ga#e
o#er his sce"tre$ and turned gardener. :onstantine 'rote t'enty boo%s of
husbandry. *ysander$ 'hen ambassadors came to see him$ bragged of nothing
more than of his orchard$ _hi sunt ordines mei_. 4hat shall I say of
:incinnatus$ :ato$ Tully$ and many suchN ho' they ha#e been "leased 'ith
it$ to "rune$ "lant$ inoculate and graft$ to sho' so many se#eral %inds of
"ears$ a""les$ "lums$ "eaches$ Fc.
;.=-BG L8unc ca"tare feras la0ueo$ nunc fallere #isco$
At0ue etiam magnos canibus circundare saltus
Insidias a#ibus moliri$ incendere #e"res.L
L9ometimes 'ith tra"s decei#e$ 'ith line and string
To catch 'ild birds and beasts$ encom"assing
The gro#e 'ith dogs$ and out of bushes firing.L
------Let nidos a#iumscrutari$L Fc.
Ducundus$ in his "reface to :ato$ Iarro$ :olumella$ Fc.$ "ut out by him$
confesseth of himself$ that he 'as mightily delighted 'ith these husbandry
studies$ and too% e+traordinary "leasure in them& if the theory or
s"eculation can so much affect$ 'hat shall the "lace and e+ercise itself$
the "ractical "art doN The same confession I find in 5erbastein$ Porta$
:amerarius$ and many others$ 'hich ha#e 'ritten of that subject. If my
testimony 'ere aught 'orth$ I could say as much of myself< I am _#ere
9aturnus_< no man e#er too% more delight in s"rings$ 'oods$ gro#es$
gardens$ 'al%s$ fish"onds$ ri#ers$ Fc. ut
;.=ACG LTantalus a labris sitiens fugientia ca"tat
7lumina<L
And so do I< _Ielle licet$ "otiri non licet_.;.=A,G
E#ery "alace$ e#ery city almost hath its "eculiar 'al%s$ cloisters$
terraces$ gro#es$ theatres$ "ageants$ games$ and se#eral recreations< e#ery
country$ some "rofessed gymnics to e+hilarate their minds$ and e+ercise
their bodies. The ;.=A=GGree%s had their 2lym"ian$ Pythian$ Isthmian$
8emean games$ in honour of 8e"tune$ Du"iter$ A"ollo< Athens hers& some for
honour$ garlands$ cro'ns< for ;.=A.Gbeauty$ dancing$ running$ lea"ing$ li%e
our sil#er games. The ;.=A?G1omans had their feasts$ as the Athenians$ and
*acedaemonians held their "ublic ban0uets$ in Pritanaeo$ Panathenaeis$
Thes"eriis$ Phiditiis$ "lays$ naumachies$ "laces for sea-fights$
;.=A@Gtheatres$ am"hitheatres able to contain AC$CCC men$ 'herein they had
se#eral delightsome sho's to e+hilarate the "eo"le< ;.=A-G gladiators$
combats of men 'ith themsel#es$ 'ith 'ild beasts$ and 'ild beasts one 'ith
another$ li%e our bull-baitings$ or bear-baitings (in 'hich many countrymen
and citizens amongst us so much delight and so fre0uently use)$ dancers on
ro"es. Dugglers$ 'restlers$ comedies$ tragedies$ "ublicly e+hibited at the
em"eror!s and city!s charge$ and that 'ith incredible cost and
magnificence. In the *o'-:ountries (as ;.=AAGMeteran relates) before these
'ars$ they had many solemn feasts$ "lays$ challenges$ artillery gardens$
colleges of rhymers$ rhetoricians$ "oets& and to this day$ such "laces are
curiously maintained in Amsterdam$ as a""ears by that descri"tion of
Isaacus Pontanus$ _rerum Amstelrod. lib. =. ca". =@._ 9o li%e'ise not long
since at 7riburg in Germany$ as is e#ident by that relation of
;.=A/G8eander$ they had _*udos se"tennales_$ solemn "lays e#ery se#en
years$ 'hich ocerus$ one of their o'n "oets$ hath elegantly described&
;.=ABG LAt nunc magnifico s"ectacula structa "aratu
Kuid memorem$ #eteri non concessura Kuirino$
*udorum "om"a$L Fc.
In Italy they ha#e solemn declamations of certain select young gentlemen in
7lorence (li%e those reciters in old 1ome)$ and "ublic theatres in most of
their cities$ for stage-"layers and others$ to e+ercise and recreate
themsel#es. All seasons almost$ all "laces$ ha#e their se#eral "astimes<
some in summer$ some in 'inter< some abroad$ some 'ithin& some of the body$
some of the mind& and di#erse men ha#e di#erse recreations and e+ercises.
3omitian$ the em"eror$ 'as much delighted 'ith catching flies< Augustus to
"lay 'ith nuts amongst children< ;.=/CGAle+ander 9e#erus 'as often "leased
to "lay 'ith 'hel"s and young "igs. ;.=/,GAdrian 'as so 'holly enamoured
'ith dogs and horses$ that he besto'ed monuments and tombs of them$ and
buried them in gra#es. In foul 'eather$ or 'hen they can use no other
con#enient s"orts$ by reason of the time$ as 'e do coc%-fighting$ to a#oid
idleness$ I thin%$ (though some be more seriously ta%en 'ith it$ s"end much
time$ cost and charges$ and are too solicitous about it) ;.=/=G9e#erus used
"artridges and 0uails$ as many 7renchmen do still$ and to %ee" birds in
cages$ 'ith 'hich he 'as much "leased$ 'hen at any time he had leisure from
"ublic cares and businesses. 5e had (saith *am"ridius) tame "heasants$
duc%s$ "artridges$ "eacoc%s$ and some =C$CCC ring-do#es and "igeons.
usbe0uius$ the em"eror!s orator$ 'hen he lay in :onstantino"le$ and could
not stir much abroad$ %e"t for his recreation$ busying himself to see them
fed$ almost all manner of strange birds and beasts< this 'as something$
though not to e+ercise his body$ yet to refresh his mind. :onradus Gesner$
at >urich in 9'itzerland$ %e"t so li%e'ise for his "leasure$ a great
com"any of 'ild beasts< and (as he saith) too% great delight to see them
eat their meat. Tur%ey gentle'omen$ that are "er"etual "risoners$ still
me'ed u" according to the custom of the "lace$ ha#e little else beside
their household business$ or to "lay 'ith their children to dri#e a'ay
time$ but to dally 'ith their cats$ 'hich they ha#e _in delitiis_$ as many
of our ladies and gentle'omen use mon%eys and little dogs. The ordinary
recreations 'hich 'e ha#e in 'inter$ and in most solitary times busy our
minds 'ith$ are cards$ tables and dice$ sho#elboard$ chess-"lay$ the
"hiloso"her!s game$ small trun%s$ shuttlecoc%$ billiards$ music$ mas%s$
singing$ dancing$ Eule-games$ frolics$ jests$ riddles$ catches$ "ur"oses$
0uestions and commands$ ;.=/.Gmerry tales of errant %nights$ 0ueens$
lo#ers$ lords$ ladies$ giants$ d'arfs$ thie#es$ cheaters$ 'itches$ fairies$
goblins$ friars$ Fc.$ such as the old 'oman told Psyche in ;.=/?GA"uleius$
occace no#els$ and the rest$ _0uarum auditione "ueri delectantur$ senes
narratione_$ 'hich some delight to hear$ some to tell< all are 'ell "leased
'ith. Amaranthus$ the "hiloso"her$ met 5ermocles$ 3io"hantus and Philolaus$
his com"anions$ one day busily discoursing about E"icurus and 3emocritus!
tenets$ #ery solicitous 'hich 'as most "robable and came nearest to truth&
to "ut them out of that surly contro#ersy$ and to refresh their s"irits$ he
told them a "leasant tale of 9tratocles the "hysician!s 'edding$ and of all
the "articulars$ the com"any$ the cheer$ the music$ Fc.$ for he 'as ne'
come from it< 'ith 'hich relation they 'ere so much delighted$ that
Philolaus 'ished a blessing to his heart$ and many a good 'edding$;.=/@G
many such merry meetings might he be at$ Lto "lease himself 'ith the sight$
and others 'ith the narration of it.L 8e's are generally 'elcome to all our
ears$ _a#ide audimus$ aures enim hominum no#itate laetantur_ (;.=/-Gas
Pliny obser#es)$ 'e long after rumour to hear and listen to it$
;.=/AG_densum humeris bibit aure #ulgus_. 4e are most "art too in0uisiti#e
and a"t to hear%en after ne's$ 'hich :aesar$ in his ;.=//G:ommentaries$
obser#es of the old Gauls$ they 'ould be in0uiring of e#ery carrier and
"assenger 'hat they had heard or seen$ 'hat ne's abroadN
------L0uid toto fiat in orbe$
Kuid 9eres$ 0uid Thraces agant$ secreta no#ercae$
Et "ueri$ 0uis amet$L Fc.
as at an ordinary 'ith us$ ba%ehouse or barber!s sho". 4hen that great
Gonsal#a 'as u"on some dis"leasure confined by 6ing 7erdinand to the city
of *o+a in Andalusia$ the only$ comfort (saith ;.=/BGDo#ius) he had to
ease his melancholy thoughts$ 'as to hear ne's$ and to listen after those
ordinary occurrences 'hich 'ere brought him _cum "rimis_$ by letters or
other'ise out of the remotest "arts of Euro"e. 9ome men!s 'hole delight is$
to ta%e tobacco$ and drin% all day long in a ta#ern or alehouse$ to
discourse$ sing$ jest$ roar$ tal% of a coc% and bull o#er a "ot$ Fc. 2r
'hen three or four good com"anions meet$ tell old stories by the fireside$
or in the sun$ as old fol%s usually do$ _0uae a"rici meminere senes_$
remembering afresh and 'ith "leasure ancient matters$ and such li%e
accidents$ 'hich ha""ened in their younger years& others! best "astime is
to game$ nothing to them so "leasant. ;.=BCG_5ic Ieneri indulget$ hunc
deco0uit alea_--many too nicely ta%e e+ce"tions at cards$ ;.=B,Gtables$
and dice$ and such mi+ed lusorious lots$ 'hom Gata%er 'ell confutes. 4hich
though they be honest recreations in themsel#es$ yet may justly be
other'ise e+ce"ted at$ as they are often abused$ and forbidden as things
most "ernicious< _insanam rem et damnosam_$ ;.=B=G*emnius calls it. L7or
most "art in these %ind of dis"orts !tis not art or s%ill$ but subtlety$
cony-catching$ %na#ery$ chance and fortune carries all a'ay&L !tis
_ambulatoria "ecunia_$
;.=B.G ------L"uncto mobilis horae
Permutat dominos$ et cedit in altera jura.L
They labour most "art not to "ass their time in honest dis"ort$ but for
filthy lucre$ and co#etousness of money. _In foedissimum lucrum et
a#aritiam hominum con#ertitur_$ as 3aneus obser#es. _7ons fraudum et
maleficiorum_$ !tis the fountain of cozenage and #illainy. ;.=B?GLA thing
so common all o#er Euro"e at this day$ and so generally abused$ that many
men are utterly undone by it$L their means s"ent$ "atrimonies consumed$
they and their "osterity beggared< besides s'earing$ 'rangling$ drin%ing$
loss of time$ and such incon#eniences$ 'hich are ordinary concomitants&
;.=B@GLfor 'hen once they ha#e got a haunt of such com"anies$ and habit of
gaming$ they can hardly be dra'n from it$ but as an itch it 'ill tic%le
them$ and as it is 'ith 'horemasters$ once entered$ they cannot easily
lea#e it off&L _Ie+at mentes insania cu"ido_$ they are mad u"on their
s"ort. And in conclusion ('hich :harles the 9e#enth$ that good 7rench %ing$
"ublished in an edict against gamesters) _unde "iae et hilaris #itae$
suffugium sibi suis0ue liberis$ toti0ue familiae_$ Fc. LThat 'hich 'as once
their li#elihood$ should ha#e maintained 'ife$ children$ family$ is no'
s"ent and gone<L _maeror et egestas_$ Fc.$ sorro' and beggary succeeds. 9o
good things may be abused$ and that 'hich 'as first in#ented to ;.=B-G
refresh men!s 'eary s"irits$ 'hen they come from other labours and studies
to e+hilarate the mind$ to entertain time and com"any$ tedious other'ise in
those long solitary 'inter nights$ and %ee" them from 'orse matters$ an
honest e+ercise is contrarily "er#erted.
:hess-"lay is a good and 'itty e+ercise of the mind for some %ind of men$
and fit for such melancholy$ 1hasis holds$ as are idle$ and ha#e
e+tra#agant im"ertinent thoughts$ or troubled 'ith cares$ nothing better to
distract their mind$ and alter their meditations& in#ented (some say) by
the ;.=BAGgeneral of an army in a famine$ to %ee" soldiers from mutiny& but
if it "roceed from o#ermuch study$ in such a case it may do more harm than
good< it is a game too troublesome for some men!s brains$ too full of
an+iety$ all out as bad as study< besides it is a testy choleric game$ and
#ery offensi#e to him that loseth the mate. ;.=B/G4illiam the :on0ueror$ in
his younger years$ "laying at chess 'ith the Prince of 7rance (3au"hine 'as
not anne+ed to that cro'n in those days) losing a mate$ %noc%ed the
chess-board about his "ate$ 'hich 'as a cause after'ard of much enmity
bet'een them. 7or some such reason it is beli%e$ that Patritius$ in his _..
boo%$ tit. ,=. de reg. instit_. forbids his "rince to "lay at chess<
ha'%ing and hunting$ riding$ Fc. he 'ill allo'< and this to other men$ but
by no means to him. In Musco#y$ 'here they li#e in sto#es and hot houses
all 'inter long$ come seldom or little abroad$ it is again #ery necessary$
and therefore in those "arts$ (saith ;.=BBG5erbastein) much used. At 7ez in
Africa$ 'here the li%e incon#enience of %ee"ing 'ithin doors is through
heat$ it is #ery laudable< and (as ;..CCG*eo Afer relates) as much
fre0uented. A s"ort fit for idle gentle'omen$ soldiers in garrison$ and
courtiers that ha#e nought but lo#e matters to busy themsel#es about$ but
not altogether so con#enient for such as are students. The li%e I may say
of :ol. ru+er!s "hiloso"hy game$ 3. 7ul%e!s _Metromachia_ and his
_2uronomachia_$ 'ith the rest of those intricate astrological and
geometrical fictions$ for such es"ecially as are mathematically gi#en< and
the rest of those curious games.
3ancing$ singing$ mas%ing$ mumming$ stage "lays$ ho'soe#er they be hea#ily
censured by some se#ere :atos$ yet if o""ortunely and soberly used$ may
justly be a""ro#ed. _Melius est foedere$ 0uam saltare_$ ;..C,Gsaith Austin&
but 'hat is that if they delight in itN ;..C=G_8emo saltat sobrius_. ut in
'hat %ind of danceN I %no' these s"orts ha#e many o""ugners$ 'hole #olumes
'rit against them< 'hen as all they say (if duly considered) is but
_ignoratio Elenchi_< and some again$ because they are no' cold and 'ay'ard$
"ast themsel#es$ ca#il at all such youthful s"orts in others$ as he did in
the comedy< they thin% them$ _illico nasci senes_$ Fc. 9ome out of
"re"osterous zeal object many times tri#ial arguments$ and because of some
abuse$ 'ill 0uite ta%e a'ay the good use$ as if they should forbid 'ine
because it ma%es men drun%< but in my judgment they are too stern& there
Lis a time for all things$ a time to mourn$ a time to dance$L Eccles. iii.
?. La time to embrace$ a time not to embrace$L (#erse @.) Land nothing
better than that a man should rejoice in his o'n 'or%s$L #erse ==< for my
"art$ I 'ill subscribe to the %ing!s declaration$ and 'as e#er of that
mind$ those May games$ 'a%es$ and 4hitsun ales$ Fc.$ if they be not at
unseasonable hours$ may justly be "ermitted. *et them freely feast$ sing
and dance$ ha#e their "u""et-"lays$ hobby-horses$ tabors$ cro'ds$ bag"i"es$
Fc.$ "lay at ball$ and barley-brea%s$ and 'hat s"orts and recreations they
li%e best. In 7ranconia$ a "ro#ince of Germany$ (saith ;..C.GAubanus
ohemus) the old fol%s$ after e#ening "rayer$ 'ent to the alehouse$ the
younger sort to dance& and to say truth 'ith ;..C?G9alisburiensis$ _satius
fuerat sic otiari$ 0uam tur"ius occu"ari_$ better to do so than 'orse$ as
'ithout 0uestion other'ise (such is the corru"tion of man!s nature) many of
them 'ill do. 7or that cause$ "lays$ mas%s$ jesters$ gladiators$ tumblers$
jugglers$ Fc.$ and all that cre' is admitted and 'in%ed at& ;..C@G_Tota
jocularium scena "rocedit$ et ideo s"ectacula admissa sunt$ et infinita
tyrocinia #anitatum$ ut his occu"entur$ 0ui "erniciosius otiari solent_&
that they might be busied about such toys$ that 'ould other'ise more
"erniciously be idle. 9o that as ;..C-GTacitus said of the astrologers in
1ome$ 'e may say of them$ _genus hominum est 0uod in ci#itate nostra et
#itabitur sem"er et retinebitur_$ they are a debauched com"any most "art$
still s"o%en against$ as 'ell they deser#e some of them (for I so relish
and distinguish them as fiddlers$ and musicians)$ and yet e#er retained.
LE#il is not to be done (I confess) that good may come of it&L but this is
e#il _"er accidens_$ and in a 0ualified sense$ to a#oid a greater
incon#enience$ may justly be tolerated. 9ir Thomas More$ in his Hto"ian
:ommon'ealth$ ;..CAGLas he 'ill ha#e none idle$ so 'ill he ha#e no man
labour o#er hard$ to be toiled out li%e a horse$ !tis more than sla#ish
infelicity$ the life of most of our hired ser#ants and tradesmen else'hereL
(e+ce"ting his Hto"ians) Lbut half the day allotted for 'or%$ and half for
honest recreation$ or 'hatsoe#er em"loyment they shall thin% fit for
themsel#es.L If one half day in a 'ee% 'ere allo'ed to our household
ser#ants for their merry meetings$ by their hard masters$ or in a year some
feasts$ li%e those 1oman 9aturnals$ I thin% they 'ould labour harder all
the rest of their time$ and both "arties be better "leased& but this needs
not (you 'ill say)$ for some of them do nought but loiter all the 'ee%
long.
This 'hich I aim at$ is for such as are _fracti animis_$ troubled in mind$
to ease them$ o#er-toiled on the one "art$ to refresh& o#er idle on the
other$ to %ee" themsel#es busied. And to this "ur"ose$ as any labour or
em"loyment 'ill ser#e to the one$ any honest recreation 'ill conduce to the
other$ so that it be moderate and s"aring$ as the use of meat and drin%<
not to s"end all their life in gaming$ "laying$ and "astimes$ as too many
gentlemen do< but to re#i#e our bodies and recreate our souls 'ith honest
s"orts& of 'hich as there be di#erse sorts$ and "eculiar to se#eral
callings$ ages$ se+es$ conditions$ so there be "ro"er for se#eral seasons$
and those of distinct natures$ to fit that #ariety of humours 'hich is
amongst them$ that if one 'ill not$ another may& some in summer$ some in
'inter$ some gentle$ some more #iolent$ some for the mind alone$ some for
the body and mind& (as to some it is both business and a "leasant
recreation to o#ersee 'or%men of all sorts$ husbandry$ cattle$ horses$ Fc.
To build$ "lot$ "roject$ to ma%e models$ cast u" accounts$ Fc.) some
'ithout$ some 'ithin doors< ne'$ old$ Fc.$ as the season ser#eth$ and as
men are inclined. It is re"orted of Phili""us onus$ that good du%e of
urgundy (by *odo#icus Ii#es$ in E"ist. and Pont. ;..C/G5euter in his
history) that the said du%e$ at the marriage of Eleonora$ sister to the
%ing of Portugal$ at ruges in 7landers$ 'hich 'as solemnised in the dee"
of 'inter$ 'hen$ as by reason of unseasonable 'eather$ he could neither
ha'% nor hunt$ and 'as no' tired 'ith cards$ dice$ Fc.$ and such other
domestic s"orts$ or to see ladies dance$ 'ith some of his courtiers$ he
'ould in the e#ening 'al% disguised all about the to'n. It so fortuned$ as
he 'as 'al%ing late one night$ he found a country fello' dead drun%$
snorting on a bul%< ;..CBGhe caused his follo'ers to bring him to his
"alace$ and there stri""ing him of his old clothes$ and attiring him after
the court fashion$ 'hen he 'a%ed$ he and they 'ere all ready to attend u"on
his e+cellency$ "ersuading him he 'as some great du%e. The "oor fello'
admiring ho' he came there$ 'as ser#ed in state all the day long< after
su""er he sa' them dance$ heard music$ and the rest of those court-li%e
"leasures& but late at night$ 'hen he 'as 'ell ti""led$ and again fast
aslee"$ they "ut on his old robes$ and so con#eyed him to the "lace 'here
they first found him. 8o' the fello' had not made them so good s"ort the
day before as he did 'hen he returned to himself< all the jest 'as$ to see
ho' he ;..,CGloo%ed u"on it. In conclusion$ after some little admiration$
the "oor man told his friends he had seen a #ision$ constantly belie#ed it$
'ould not other'ise be "ersuaded$ and so the jest ended. ;..,,GAntiochus
E"i"hanes 'ould often disguise himself$ steal from his court$ and go into
merchants!$ goldsmiths!$ and other tradesmen!s sho"s$ sit and tal% 'ith
them$ and sometimes ride or 'al% alone$ and fall aboard 'ith any tin%er$
clo'n$ ser#ing man$ carrier$ or 'homsoe#er he met first. 9ometimes he did
_e+ ins"erato_ gi#e a "oor fello' money$ to see ho' he 'ould loo%$ or on
set "ur"ose lose his "urse as he 'ent$ to 'atch 'ho found it$ and 'ithal
ho' he 'ould be affected$ and 'ith such objects he 'as much delighted. Many
such tric%s are ordinarily "ut in "ractice by great men$ to e+hilarate
themsel#es and others$ all 'hich are harmless jests$ and ha#e their good
uses.
ut amongst those e+ercises$ or recreations of the mind 'ithin doors$ there
is none so general$ so a"tly to be a""lied to all sorts of men$ so fit and
"ro"er to e+"el idleness and melancholy$ as that of study& _9tudia$
senectutem oblectant$ adolescentiam$ alunt$ secundas res ornant$ ad#ersis
"erfugium et solatium "raebent$ domi delectant_$ Fc.$ find the rest in
Tully _"ro Archia Poeta._ ;..,=G4hat so full of content$ as to read$ 'al%$
and see ma"s$ "ictures$ statues$ je'els$ marbles$ 'hich some so much
magnify$ as those that Phidias made of old so e+0uisite and "leasing to be
beheld$ that as ;..,.G:hrysostom thin%eth$ Lif any man be sic%ly$ troubled
in mind$ or that cannot slee" for grief$ and shall but stand o#er against
one of Phidias! images$ he 'ill forget all care$ or 'hatsoe#er else may
molest him$ in an instantNL There be those as much ta%en 'ith Michael
Angelo!s$ 1a"hael de Hrbino!s$ 7rancesco 7rancia!s "ieces$ and many of
those Italian and 3utch "ainters$ 'hich 'ere e+cellent in their ages< and
esteem of it as a most "leasing sight$ to #ie' those neat architectures$
de#ices$ escutcheons$ coats of arms$ read such boo%s$ to "eruse old coins
of se#eral sorts in a fair gallery< artificial 'or%s$ "ers"ecti#e glasses$
old relics$ 1oman anti0uities$ #ariety of colours. A good "icture is _falsa
#eritas$ et muta "oesis_& and though (as ;..,?GIi#es saith) _artificialia
delectant$ sed mo+ fastidimus_$ artificial toys "lease but for a time< yet
'ho is he that 'ill not be mo#ed 'ith them for the "resentN 4hen Achilles
'as tormented and sad for the loss of his dear friend Patroclus$ his mother
Thetis brought him a most elaborate and curious buc%ler made by Iulcan$ in
'hich 'ere engra#en sun$ moon$ stars$ "lanets$ sea$ land$ men fighting$
running$ riding$ 'omen scolding$ hills$ dales$ to'ns$ castles$ broo%s$
ri#ers$ trees$ Fc.$ 'ith many "retty landsca"es$ and "ers"ecti#e "ieces&
'ith sight of 'hich he 'as infinitely delighted$ and much eased of his
grief.
;..,@G L:ontinuo eo s"ectaculo ca"tus delenito maerore
2blectabatur$ in manibus tenens dei s"lendida dona.L
4ho 'ill not be affected so in li%e case$ or see those 'ell-furnished
cloisters and galleries of the 1oman cardinals$ so richly stored 'ith all
modern "ictures$ old statues and anti0uitiesN _:um se--s"ectando recreet
simul et legendo_$ to see their "ictures alone and read the descri"tion$ as
;..,-Goisardus 'ell adds$ 'hom 'ill it not affectN 'hich ozius$
Pom"onius$ *aetus$ Marlianus$ 9chottus$ :a#elerius$ *igorius$ Fc.$ and he
himself hath 'ell "erformed of late. 2r in some "rince!s cabinets$ li%e
that of the great du%es in 7lorence$ of 7eli+ Platerus in asil$ or
noblemen!s houses$ to see such #ariety of attires$ faces$ so many$ so rare$
and such e+0uisite "ieces$ of men$ birds$ beasts$ Fc.$ to see those
e+cellent landsca"es$ 3utch 'or%s$ and curious cuts of 9adlier of Prague$
Albertus 3urer$ Goltzius Irintes$ Fc.$ such "leasant "ieces of "ers"ecti#e$
Indian "ictures made of feathers$ :hina 'or%s$ frames$ thaumaturgical
motions$ e+otic toys$ Fc. 4ho is he that is no' 'holly o#ercome 'ith
idleness$ or other'ise in#ol#ed in a labyrinth of 'orldly cares$ troubles
and discontents$ that 'ill not be much lightened in his mind by reading of
some enticing story$ true or feigned$ 'hereas in a glass he shall obser#e
'hat our forefathers ha#e done$ the beginnings$ ruins$ falls$ "eriods of
common'ealths$ "ri#ate men!s actions dis"layed to the life$ Fc. ;..,AG
Plutarch therefore calls them$ _secundas mensas et bellaria_$ the second
course and jun%ets$ because they 'ere usually read at noblemen!s feasts.
4ho is not earnestly affected 'ith a "assionate s"eech$ 'ell "enned$ an
elegant "oem$ or some "leasant be'itching discourse$ li%e that of ;..,/G
5eliodorus$ _ubi oblectatio 0uaedam "lacide fuit$ cum hilaritate
conjuncta_N Dulian the A"ostate 'as so ta%en 'ith an oration of *ibanius$
the so"hister$ that$ as he confesseth$ he could not be 0uiet till he had
read it all out. _*egi orationem tuam magna e+ "arte$ hesterna die ante
"randium$ "ransus #ero sine ulla intermissione totam absol#i_. ;..,BG_2
argumentaO 2 com"ositionemO_ I may say the same of this or that "leasing
tract$ 'hich 'ill dra' his attention along 'ith it. To most %ind of men it
is an e+traordinary delight to study. 7or 'hat a 'orld of boo%s offers
itself$ in all subjects$ arts$ and sciences$ to the s'eet content and
ca"acity of the readerN In arithmetic$ geometry$ "ers"ecti#e$ o"tics$
astronomy$ architecture$ scul"ture$ "ainting$ of 'hich so many and such
elaborate treatises are of late 'ritten& in mechanics and their mysteries$
military matters$ na#igation$ ;..=CGriding of horses$ ;..=,Gfencing$
s'imming$ gardening$ "lanting$ great tomes of husbandry$ coo%ery$ falconry$
hunting$ fishing$ fo'ling$ Fc.$ 'ith e+0uisite "ictures of all s"orts$
games$ and 'hat notN In music$ meta"hysics$ natural and moral "hiloso"hy$
"hilology$ in "olicy$ heraldry$ genealogy$ chronology$ Fc.$ they afford
great tomes$ or those studies of ;..==Ganti0uity$ Fc.$ _et ;..=.G0uid
subtilius Arithmeticis in#entionibus$ 0uid jucundius Musicis rationibus$
0uid di#inius Astronomicis$ 0uid rectius Geometricis demonstrationibus_N
4hat so sure$ 'hat so "leasantN 5e that shall but see that geometrical
to'er of Garezenda at ologna in Italy$ the stee"le and cloc% at 9trasburg$
'ill admire the effects of art$ or that engine of Archimedes$ to remo#e the
earth itself$ if he had but a "lace to fasten his instrument& Archimedes
:oclea$ and rare de#ices to corri#ate 'aters$ musical instruments$ and
tri-syllable echoes again$ again$ and again re"eated$ 'ith myriads of such.
4hat #ast tomes are e+tant in la'$ "hysic$ and di#inity$ for "rofit$
"leasure$ "ractice$ s"eculation$ in #erse or "rose$ Fc.O their names alone
are the subject of 'hole #olumes$ 'e ha#e thousands of authors of all
sorts$ many great libraries full 'ell furnished$ li%e so many dishes of
meat$ ser#ed out for se#eral "alates< and he is a #ery bloc% that is
affected 'ith none of them. 9ome ta%e an infinite delight to study the #ery
languages 'herein these boo%s are 'ritten$ 5ebre'$ Gree%$ 9yriac$ :haldee$
Arabic$ Fc. Methin%s it 'ould "lease any man to loo% u"on a geogra"hical
ma"$ ;..=?G_sau#i animum delectatione allicere$ ob incredibilem rerum
#arietatem et jucunditatem$ et ad "leniorem sui cognitionem e+citare_$
chorogra"hical$ to"ogra"hical delineations$ to behold$ as it 'ere$ all the
remote "ro#inces$ to'ns$ cities of the 'orld$ and ne#er to go forth of the
limits of his study$ to measure by the seale and com"ass their e+tent$
distance$ e+amine their site. :harles the Great$ as Platina 'rites$ had
three fair sil#er tables$ in one of 'hich su"erficies 'as a large ma" of
:onstantino"le$ in the second 1ome neatly engra#ed$ in the third an
e+0uisite descri"tion of the 'hole 'orld$ and much delight he too% in them.
4hat greater "leasure can there no' be$ than to #ie' those elaborate ma"s
of 2rtelius$ ;..=@GMercator$ 5ondius$ Fc.N To "eruse those boo%s of cities$
"ut out by raunus and 5ogenbergiusN To read those e+0uisite descri"tions
of Maginus$ Munster$ 5errera$ *aet$ Merula$ oterus$ *eander$ Albertus$
:amden$ *eo Afer$ Adricomius$ 8ic. Gerbelius$ Fc.N Those famous e+"editions
of :hristo"h. :olumbus$ Americus Ies"ucius$ Marcus Polus the Ienetian$ *od.
Iertomannus$ Aloysius :adamustus$ Fc.N Those accurate diaries of
Portuguese$ 5ollanders$ of artison$ 2li#er a 8ort$ Fc. 5a%luyt!s #oyages$
Pet. Martyr!s 3ecades$ enzo$ *erius$ *inschoten!s relations$ those
5odoe"oricons of Dod. a Meggen$ rocard the mon%$ redenbachius$ Do.
3ublinius$ 9ands$ Fc.$ to Derusalem$ Egy"t$ and other remote "laces of the
'orldN those "leasant itineraries of Paulus 5entzerus$ Dodocus 9incerus$
3u+ Polonus$ Fc.$ to read ellonius! obser#ations$ P. Gillius his sur#eys<
those "arts of America$ set out$ and curiously cut in "ictures$ by 7ratres
a ry. To see a 'ell-cut herbal$ herbs$ trees$ flo'ers$ "lants$ all
#egetables e+"ressed in their "ro"er colours to the life$ as that of
Matthiolus u"on 3ioscorides$ 3elacam"ius$ *obel$ auhinus$ and that last
#oluminous and mighty herbal of eslar of 8uremberg$ 'herein almost e#ery
"lant is to his o'n bigness. To see birds$ beasts$ and fishes of the sea$
s"iders$ gnats$ ser"ents$ flies$ Fc.$ all creatures set out by the same
art$ and truly e+"ressed in li#ely colours$ 'ith an e+act descri"tion of
their natures$ #irtues$ 0ualities$ Fc.$ as hath been accurately "erformed
by Aelian$ Gesner$ Hlysses Aldro#andus$ ellonius$ 1ondoletius$ 5i""olitus
9al#ianus$ Fc. ;..=-G_Arcana coeli$ naturae secreta$ ordinem uni#ersi scire
majoris felicitatis et dulcedinis est$ 0uam cogitatione 0uis asse0ui
"ossit$ aut mortalis s"erare_. 4hat more "leasing studies can there be than
the mathematics$ theoretical or "ractical "artsN as to sur#ey land$ ma%e
ma"s$ models$ dials$ Fc.$ 'ith 'hich I 'as e#er much delighted myself.
_Tails est Mathematum "ulchritudo_ (saith ;..=AG Plutarch) _ut his indignum
sit di#itiarum "haleras istas et bullas$ et "uellaria s"ectacula
com"arari_< such is the e+cellency of these studies$ that all those
ornaments and childish bubbles of 'ealth$ are not 'orthy to be com"ared to
them& _credi mihi_ ( ;..=/Gsaith one) _e+tingui dulce erit Mathematicarum
artium studio_$ I could e#en li#e and die 'ith such meditation$ ;..=BGand
ta%e more delight$ true content of mind in them$ than thou hast in all thy
'ealth and s"ort$ ho' rich soe#er thou art. And as ;...CG:ardan 'ell
seconds me$ _5onorificum magis est et gloriosum haec intelligere$ 0uam
"ro#inciis "raeesse$ formosum aut ditem ju#enem esse_. ;...,GThe li%e
"leasure there is in all other studies$ to such as are truly addicted to
them$ ;...=G_ea sua#itas_ (one holds) _ut cum 0uis ea degusta#erit$ 0uasi
"oculis :irceis ca"tus$ non "ossit un0uam ab illis di#elli_< the li%e
s'eetness$ 'hich as :irce!s cu" be'itcheth a student$ he cannot lea#e off$
as 'ell may 'itness those many laborious hours$ days and nights$ s"ent in
the #oluminous treatises 'ritten by them< the same content. ;....GDulius
9caliger 'as so much affected 'ith "oetry$ that he bra%e out into a
"athetical "rotestation$ he had rather be the author of t'el#e #erses in
*ucan$ or such an ode in ;...?G5orace$ than em"eror of Germany.
;...@G8icholas Gerbelius$ that good old man$ 'as so much ra#ished 'ith a
fe' Gree% authors restored to light$ 'ith ho"e and desire of enjoying the
rest$ that he e+claims forth'ith$ _Arabibus at0ue Indis omnibus erimus
ditiores_$ 'e shall be richer than all the Arabic or Indian "rinces< of
such ;...-Gesteem they 'ere 'ith him$ incom"arable 'orth and #alue. 9eneca
"refers >eno and :hrysi""us$ t'o doting stoics (he 'as so much enamoured of
their 'or%s)$ before any "rince or general of an army< and 2rontius$ the
mathematician$ so far admires Archimedes$ that he calls him _3i#inum et
homine majorem_$ a "etty god$ more than a man< and 'ell he might$ for aught
I see$ if you res"ect fame or 'orth. Pindarus$ of Thebes$ is as much
reno'ned for his "oems$ as E"aminondas$ Pelo"idas$ 5ercules or acchus$ his
fello' citizens$ for their 'arli%e actions< _et si famam res"icias$ non
"auciores Aristotelis 0uam Ale+andri meminerunt_ (as :ardan notes)$
Aristotle is more %no'n than Ale+ander< for 'e ha#e a bare relation of
Ale+ander!s deeds$ but Aristotle$ _totus #i#it in monumentis_$ is 'hole in
his 'or%s& yet I stand not u"on this< the delight is it$ 'hich I aim at$ so
great "leasure$ such s'eet content there is in study. ;...AG6ing Dames$
,-C@$ 'hen he came to see our Hni#ersity of 2+ford$ and amongst other
edifices no' 'ent to #ie' that famous library$ rene'ed by 9ir Thomas
odley$ in imitation of Ale+ander$ at his de"arture bra%e out into that
noble s"eech$ If I 'ere not a %ing$ I 'ould be a uni#ersity man& ;.../G
Land if it 'ere so that I must be a "risoner$ if I might ha#e my 'ish$ I
'ould desire to ha#e no other "rison than that library$ and to be chained
together 'ith so many good authors _et mortuis magistris_.L 9o s'eet is the
delight of study$ the more learning they ha#e (as he that hath a dro"sy$
the more he drin%s the thirstier he is) the more they co#et to learn$ and
the last day is _"rioris disci"ulus_< harsh at first learning is$ _radices
amarcae_$ but _fractus dulces_$ according to that of Isocrates$ "leasant at
last< the longer they li#e$ the more they are enamoured 'ith the Muses.
5einsius$ the %ee"er of the library at *eyden in 5olland$ 'as me'ed u" in
it all the year long& and that 'hich to thy thin%ing should ha#e bred a
loathing$ caused in him a greater li%ing. ;...BGLI no soonerL (saith he)
Lcome into the library$ but I bolt the door to me$ e+cluding lust$
ambition$ a#arice$ and all such #ices$ 'hose nurse is idleness$ the mother
of ignorance$ and melancholy herself$ and in the #ery la" of eternity$
amongst so many di#ine souls$ I ta%e my seat$ 'ith so lofty a s"irit and
s'eet content$ that I "ity all our great ones$ and rich men that %no' not
this ha""iness.L I am not ignorant in the meantime (not'ithstanding this
'hich I ha#e said) ho' barbarously and basely$ for the most "art$ our ruder
gentry esteem of libraries and boo%s$ ho' they neglect and contemn so great
a treasure$ so inestimable a benefit$ as Aeso"!s coc% did the je'el he
found in the dunghill< and all through error$ ignorance$ and 'ant of
education. And !tis a 'onder$ 'ithal$ to obser#e ho' much they 'ill #ainly
cast a'ay in unnecessary e+"enses$ _0uot modis "ereant_ (saith
;..?CGErasmus) _magnatibus "ecuniae$ 0uantum absumant alea$ scorta$
com"otationes$ "rofectiones non necessariae$ "om"ae$ bella 0uaesita$
ambitio$ cola+$ morio$ ludio_$ Fc.$ 'hat in ha'%s$ hounds$ la'suits$ #ain
building$ gormandising$ drin%ing$ s"orts$ "lays$ "astimes$ Fc. If a
'ell-minded man to the Muses$ 'ould sue to some of them for an e+hibition$
to the farther maintenance or enlargement of such a 'or%$ be it college$
lecture$ library$ or 'hatsoe#er else may tend to the ad#ancement of
learning$ they are so un'illing$ so a#erse$ that they had rather see these
'hich are already$ 'ith such cost and care erected$ utterly ruined$
demolished or other'ise em"loyed< for they re"ine many and grudge at such
gifts and re#enues so besto'ed& and therefore it 'ere in #ain$ as Erasmus
'ell notes$ _#el ab his$ #el a negotiatoribus 0ui se Mammonae dediderunt$
im"robum fortasse tale officium e+igere_$ to solicit or as% anything of
such men that are li%ely damned to riches< to this "ur"ose. 7or my "art I
"ity these men$ _stultos jubeo esse libenter_$ let them go as they are$ in
the catalogue of Ignoramus. 5o' much$ on the other side$ are all 'e bound
that are scholars$ to those munificent Ptolemies$ bountiful Maecenases$
heroical "atrons$ di#ine s"irits$
;..?,G ------L0ui nobis haec otio fecerunt$ nam0ue erit ille mihi sem"er
3eusL------
LThese blessings$ friend$ a 3eity besto'!d$
7or ne#er can I deem him less than God.L
that ha#e "ro#ided for us so many 'ell-furnished libraries$ as 'ell in our
"ublic academies in most cities$ as in our "ri#ate collegesN 5o' shall I
remember ;..?=G9ir Thomas odley$ amongst the rest$ ;..?.G2tho 8icholson$
and the 1ight 1e#erend Dohn 4illiams$ *ord isho" of *incoln ('ith many
other "ious acts)$ 'ho besides that at 9t. Dohn!s :ollege in :ambridge$
that in 4estminster$ is no' li%e'ise in _7ieri_ 'ith a library at *incoln
(a noble "recedent for all cor"orate to'ns and cities to imitate)$ _2 0uam
te memorem (#ir illustrissime) 0uibus elogiis_N ut to my tas% again.
4hosoe#er he is therefore that is o#errun 'ith solitariness$ or carried
a'ay 'ith "leasing melancholy and #ain conceits$ and for 'ant of em"loyment
%no's not ho' to s"end his time$ or crucified 'ith 'orldly care$ I can
"rescribe him no better remedy than this of study$ to com"ose himself to
the learning of some art or science. Pro#ided al'ays that this malady
"roceed not from o#ermuch study< for in such case he adds fuel to the fire$
and nothing can be more "ernicious& let him ta%e heed he do not o#erstretch
his 'its$ and ma%e a s%eleton of himself< or such inamoratos as read
nothing but "lay-boo%s$ idle "oems$ jests$ Amadis de Gaul$ the 6night of
the 9un$ the 9e#en :ham"ions$ Palmerin de 2li#a$ 5uon of ordeau+$ Fc. 9uch
many times "ro#e in the end as mad as 3on Kui+ote. 9tudy is only "rescribed
to those that are other'ise idle$ troubled in mind$ or carried headlong
'ith #ain thoughts and imaginations$ to distract their cogitations
(although #ariety of study$ or some serious subject$ 'ould do the former no
harm) and di#ert their continual meditations another 'ay. 8othing in this
case better than study< _sem"er ali0uid memoriter ediscant_$ saith Piso$
let them learn something 'ithout boo%$ transcribe$ translate$ Fc. 1ead the
9cri"tures$ 'hich 5y"erius$ _lib. ,. de 0uotid. scri"t. lec. fol. AA._
holds a#ailable of itself$ ;..??GLthe mind is erected thereby from all
'orldly cares$ and hath much 0uiet and tran0uillity.L 7or as ;..?@GAustin
'ell hath it$ !tis _scientia scientiarum$ omni melle dulcior$ omni "ane
sua#ior$ omni #ino$ hilarior_& !tis the best ne"enthe$ surest cordial$
s'eetest alterati#e$ "resentest di#erter& for neither as ;..?-G:hrysostom
'ell adds$ Lthose boughs and lea#es of trees 'hich are "lashed for cattle
to stand under$ in the heat of the day$ in summer$ so much refresh them
'ith their acce"table shade$ as the reading of the 9cri"ture doth recreate
and comfort a distressed soul$ in sorro' and affliction.L Paul bids L"ray
continually<L _0uod cibus cor"ori$ lectio animae facit_$ saith 9eneca$ as
meat is to the body$ such is reading to the soul. ;..?AGLTo be at leisure
'ithout boo%s is another hell$ and to be buried ali#e.L ;..?/G:ardan calls
a library the "hysic of the soul< ;..?BGLdi#ine authors fortify the mind$
ma%e men bold and constant< and (as 5y"erius adds) godly conference 'ill
not "ermit the mind to be tortured 'ith absurd cogitations.L 1hasis enjoins
continual conference to such melancholy men$ "er"etual discourse of some
history$ tale$ "oem$ ne's$ Fc.$ _alternos sermones edere ac bibere$ ae0ue
jucundum 0uam cibus$ si#e "otus_$ 'hich feeds the mind as meat and drin%
doth the body$ and "leaseth as much& and therefore the said 1hasis$ not
'ithout good cause$ 'ould ha#e somebody still tal% seriously$ or dis"ute
'ith them$ and sometimes ;..@CGLto ca#il and 'rangleL (so that it brea% not
out to a #iolent "erturbation)$ Lfor such altercation is li%e stirring of a
dead fire to ma%e it burn afresh$L it 'hets a dull s"irit$ Land 'ill not
suffer the mind to be dro'ned in those "rofound cogitations$ 'hich
melancholy men are commonly troubled 'ith.L ;..@,G7erdinand and Al"honsus$
%ings of Arragon and 9icily$ 'ere both cured by reading the history$ one of
:urtius$ the other of *i#y$ 'hen no "rescribed "hysic 'ould ta%e "lace.
;..@=G:amerarius relates as much of *orenzo de! Medici. 5eathen
"hiloso"hers arc so full of di#ine "rece"ts in this %ind$ that$ as some
thin%$ they alone are able to settle a distressed mind. ;..@.G_9unt #erba
et #oces$ 0uibus liunc lenire dolorem_$ Fc. E"ictetus$ Plutarch$ and
9eneca< _0ualis ille$ 0uae tela_$ saith *i"sius$ _ad#ersus omnes animi
casus administrat$ et i"sam mortem$ 0uomodo #itia eri"it$ infert #irtutes_N
'hen I read 9eneca$ ;..@?GLmethin%s I am beyond all human fortunes$ on the
to" of a hill abo#e mortality.L Plutarch saith as much of 5omer$ for 'hich
cause beli%e 8iceratus$ in Jeno"hon$ 'as made by his "arents to con 5omer!s
Iliads and 2dysseys 'ithout boo%$ _ut in #irum bonum e#aderet_$ as 'ell to
ma%e him a good and honest man$ as to a#oid idleness. If this comfort be
got from "hiloso"hy$ 'hat shall be had from di#inityN 4hat shall Austin$
:y"rian$ Gregory$ ernard!s di#ine meditations afford usN
;..@@G LKui 0uid sit "ulchrum$ 0uid tur"e$ 0uid utile$ 0uid non$
Plenius et melius :hrysi""o et :rantore dicunt.L
8ay$ 'hat shall the 9cri"ture itselfN 4hich is li%e an a"othecary!s sho"$
'herein are all remedies for all infirmities of mind$ "urgati#es$ cordials$
alterati#es$ corroborati#es$ leniti#es$ Fc. LE#ery disease of the soul$L
saith ;..@-GAustin$ Lhath a "eculiar medicine in the 9cri"ture< this only
is re0uired$ that the sic% man ta%e the "otion 'hich God hath already
tem"ered.L ;..@AGGregory calls it La glass 'herein 'e may see all our
infirmities$L _ignitum collo0uium_$ Psalm c+i+. ,?C. ;..@/G2rigen a charm.
And therefore 5ierom "rescribes 1usticus the mon%$ ;..@BGLcontinually to
read the 9cri"ture$ and to meditate on that 'hich he hath read< for as
mastication is to meat$ so is meditation on that 'hich 'e read.L I 'ould
for these causes 'ish him that$ is melancholy to use both human and di#ine
authors$ #oluntarily to im"ose some tas% u"on himself$ to di#ert his
melancholy thoughts& to study the art of memory$ :osmus 1osselius$ Pet.
1a#ennas$ 9cen%elius! 3etectus$ or "ractise brachygra"hy$ Fc.$ that 'ill
as% a great deal of attention& or let him demonstrate a "ro"osition in
Euclid$ in his fi#e last boo%s$ e+tract a s0uare root$ or study Algebra&
than 'hich$ as ;..-CG:la#ius holds$ Lin all human disci"lines nothing can
be more e+cellent and "leasant$ so abstruse and recondite$ so be'itching$
so miraculous$ so ra#ishing$ so easy 'ithal and full of delight$L _omnem
humanum ca"tum su"erare #idetur_. y this means you may define _e+ ungue
leonem_$ as the di#erb is$ by his thumb alone the bigness of 5ercules$ or
the true dimensions of the great ;..-,G:olossus$ 9olomon!s tem"le$ and
3omitian!s am"hitheatre out of a little "art. y this art you may
contem"late the #ariation of the t'enty-three letters$ 'hich may be so
infinitely #aried$ that the 'ords com"licated and deduced thence 'ill not
be contained 'ithin the com"ass of the firmament< ten 'ords may be #aried
?C$.=C se#eral 'ays& by this art you may e+amine ho' many men may stand one
by another in the 'hole su"erficies of the earth$ some say
,?/$?@-$/CC$CCC$CCC$ _assignando singulis "assum 0uadratum_ (assigning a
s0uare foot to each)$ ho' many men$ su""osing all the 'orld as habitable as
7rance$ as fruitful and so long-li#ed$ may be born in -C$CCC years$ and so
may you demonstrate 'ith ;..-=GArchimedes ho' many sands the mass of the
'hole 'orld might contain if all sandy$ if you did but first %no' ho' much
a small cube as big as a mustard-seed might hold$ 'ith infinite such. ut
in all nature 'hat is there so stu"endous as to e+amine and calculate the
motion of the "lanets$ their magnitudes$ a"ogees$ "erigees$ eccentricities$
ho' far distant from the earth$ the bigness$ thic%ness$ com"ass of the
firmament$ each star$ 'ith their diameters and circumference$ a""arent
area$ su"erficies$ by those curious hel"s of glasses$ astrolabes$ se+tants$
0uadrants$ of 'hich Tycho rahe in his mechanics$ o"tics (;..-.Gdi#ine
o"tics) arithmetic$ geometry$ and such li%e arts and instrumentsN 4hat so
intricate and "leasing 'ithal$ as to "eruse and "ractise 5eron
Ale+andrinus!s 'or%s$ _de s"iritalibus$ de machinis bellicis$ de machina se
mo#ente_$ Dordani 8emorarii _de "onderibus "ro"osit. ,._$ that "leasant
tract of Machometes ragdedinus _de su"erficierum di#isionibus_$
A"ollonius!s :onics$ or :ommandinus!s labours in that %ind$ _de centro
gra#itatis_$ 'ith many such geometrical theorems and "roblemsN Those rare
instruments and mechanical in#entions of Dac. essonus$ and :ardan to this
"ur"ose$ 'ith many such e+"eriments intimated long since by 1oger acon$ in
his tract _de ;..-?G9ecretis artis et naturae_$ as to ma%e a chariot to
mo#e _sine animali_$ di#ing boats$ to 'al% on the 'ater by art$ and to fly
in the air$ to ma%e se#eral cranes and "ulleys$ _0uibus homo trahat ad se
mille homines_$ lift u" and remo#e great 'eights$ mills to mo#e themsel#es$
Archita!s do#e$ Albertus!s brazen head$ and such thaumaturgical 'or%s. ut
es"ecially to do strange miracles by glasses$ of 'hich Proclus and acon
'rit of old$ burning glasses$ multi"lying glasses$ "ers"ecti#es$ _ut unus
homo a""areat e+ercitus_$ to see afar off$ to re"resent solid bodies by
cylinders and conca#es$ to 'al% in the air$ _ut #eraciter #ideant_$ (saith
acon) _aurum et argentum et 0uic0uid aliud #olunt$ et 0uum #eniant ad
locum #isionis$ nihil in#eniant_$ 'hich glasses are much "erfected of late
by a"tista Porta and Galileo$ and much more is "romised by Maginus and
Midorgius$ to be "erformed in this %ind. _2tocousticons_ some s"ea% of$ to
intend hearing$ as the other do sight< Marcellus Irenc%en$ a 5ollander$ in
his e"istle to urgra#ius$ ma%es mention of a friend of his that is about
an instrument$ _0uo #idebit 0uae in altero horizonte sint_. ut our
alchemists$ methin%s$ and 1osicrucians afford most rarities$ and are fuller
of e+"eriments& they can ma%e gold$ se"arate and alter metals$ e+tract
oils$ salts$ lees$ and do more strange 'or%s than Geber$ *ullius$ acon$ or
any of those ancients. :rollius hath made after his master Paracelsus$
_aurum fulminans_$ or _aurum #olatile_$ 'hich shall imitate thunder and
lightning$ and crac% louder than any gun"o'der< :ornelius 3rible a
"er"etual motion$ ine+tinguishable lights$ _linum non ardens_$ 'ith many
such feats< see his boo% _de natura elementorum_$ besides hail$ 'ind$ sno'$
thunder$ lightning$ Fc.$ those strange fire'or%s$ de#ilish "etards$ and
such li%e 'arli%e machinations deri#ed hence$ of 'hich read Tartalea and
others. Ernestus urgra#ius$ a disci"le of Paracelsus$ hath "ublished a
discourse$ in 'hich he s"ecifies a lam" to be made of man!s blood$ _*ucerna
#itae et mortis inde+_$ so he terms it$ 'hich chemically "re"ared forty
days$ and after'ards %e"t in a glass$ shall sho' all the accidents of this
life< _si lam"us hic clarus$ tunc homo hilaris et sanus cor"ore et animo<
si nebulosus et de"ressus$ male afficitur$ et sic "ro statu hominis
#ariatur$ unde sum"tus sanguis_< ;..-@Gand 'hich is most 'onderful$ it dies
'ith the "arty$ _cum homine "erit$ et e#anescit_$ the lam" and the man
'hence the blood 'as ta%en$ are e+tinguished together. The same author hath
another tract of Mumia (all out as #ain and "rodigious as the first) by
'hich he 'ill cure most diseases$ and transfer them from a man to a beast$
by dra'ing blood from one$ and a""lying it to the other$ _#el in "lantam
deri#are_$ and an Ale+i-"harmacum$ of 'hich 1oger acon of old in his
_Tract. de retardanda senectute_$ to ma%e a man young again$ li#e three or
four hundred years. esides "anaceas$ martial amulets$ _unguentum
armarium_$ balsams$ strange e+tracts$ eli+irs$ and such li%e
magico-magnetical cures. 8o' 'hat so "leasing can there be as the
s"eculation of these things$ to read and e+amine such e+"eriments$ or if a
man be more mathematically gi#en$ to calculate$ or "eruse 8a"ier!s
*ogarithms$ or those tables of artificial ;..--Gsines and tangents$ not
long since set out by mine old collegiate$ good friend$ and late
fello'-student of :hrist :hurch in 2+ford$ ;..-AGMr. Edmund Gunter$ 'hich
'ill "erform that by addition and subtraction only$ 'hich heretofore
1egiomontanus!s tables did by multi"lication and di#ision$ or those
elaborate conclusions of his ;..-/Gsector$ 0uadrant$ and cross-staff. 2r
let him that is melancholy calculate s"herical triangles$ s0uare a circle$
cast a nati#ity$ 'hich ho'soe#er some ta+$ I say 'ith ;..-BGGarcaeus$
_dabimus hoc "etulantibus ingeniis_$ 'e 'ill in some cases allo'& or let
him ma%e an _e"hemerides_$ read 9uisset the calculator!s 'or%s$ 9caliger
_de emendatione tem"orum_$ and Peta#ius his ad#ersary$ till he understand
them$ "eruse subtle 9cotus and 9uarez!s meta"hysics$ or school di#inity$
2ccam$ Thomas$ Entisberus$ 3urand$ Fc. If those other do not affect him$
and his means be great$ to em"loy his "urse and fill his head$ he may go
find the "hiloso"her!s stone< he may a""ly his mind$ I say$ to heraldry$
anti0uity$ in#ent im"resses$ emblems< ma%e e"ithalamiums$ e"ita"hs$
elegies$ e"igrams$ "alindroma e"igrammata$ anagrams$ chronograms$
acrostics$ u"on his friends! names< or 'rite a comment on Martianus
:a"ella$ Tertullian _de "allio_$ the 8ubian geogra"hy$ or u"on Aelia *aelia
:ris"is$ as many idle fello's ha#e essayed< and rather than do nothing$
#ary a ;..ACG#erse a thousand 'ays 'ith Putean$ so torturing his 'its$ or
as 1ainnerus of *uneburg$ ;..A,G=,@C times in his _Proteus Poeticus_$ or
9caliger$ :hrysolithus$ :le""issius$ and others$ ha#e in li%e sort done. If
such #oluntary tas%s$ "leasure and delight$ or crabbedness of these
studies$ 'ill not yet di#ert their idle thoughts$ and alienate their
imaginations$ they must be com"elled$ saith :hristo"horus a Iega$ _cogi
debent_$ _l. @. c. ,?_$ u"on some mulct$ if they "erform it not$ _0uod e+
officio incumbat_$ loss of credit or disgrace$ such as our "ublic
Hni#ersity e+ercises. 7or$ as he that "lays for nothing 'ill not heed his
game< no more 'ill #oluntary em"loyment so thoroughly affect a student$
e+ce"t he be #ery intent of himself$ and ta%e an e+traordinary delight in
the study$ about 'hich he is con#ersant. It should be of that nature his
business$ 'hich _#olens nolens_ he must necessarily undergo$ and 'ithout
great loss$ mulct$ shame$ or hindrance$ he may not omit.
8o' for 'omen$ instead of laborious studies$ they ha#e curious needle'or%s$
cut-'or%s$ s"inning$ bone-lace$ and many "retty de#ices of their o'n
ma%ing$ to adorn their houses$ cushions$ car"ets$ chairs$ stools$ (Lfor she
eats not the bread of idleness$L Pro#. +++i. =A. _0uaesi#it lanam et
linum_) confections$ conser#es$ distillations$ Fc.$ 'hich they sho' to
strangers.
;..A=G LI"sa comes "raeses0ue o"eris #enientibus ultro
5os"itibus monstrare solet$ non segniter horas
:ontestata suas$ sed nec sibi de"ertisse.L
L4hich to her guests she sho's$ 'ith all her "elf$
Thus far my maids$ but this I did myself.L
This they ha#e to busy themsel#es about$ household offices$ Fc.$ ;..A.G
neat gardens$ full of e+otic$ #ersicolour$ di#ersely #aried$ s'eet-smelling
flo'ers$ and "lants in all %inds$ 'hich they are most ambitious to get$
curious to "reser#e and %ee"$ "roud to "ossess$ and much many times brag
of. Their merry meetings and fre0uent #isitations$ mutual in#itations in
good to'ns$ I #oluntarily omit$ 'hich are so much in use$ gossi"ing among
the meaner sort$ Fc.$ old fol%s ha#e their beads& an e+cellent in#ention to
%ee" them from idleness$ that are by nature melancholy$ and "ast all
affairs$ to say so many "aternosters$ a#emarias$ creeds$ if it 'ere not
"rofane and su"erstitious. In a 'ord$ body and mind must be e+ercised$ not
one$ but both$ and that in a mediocrity< other'ise it 'ill cause a great
incon#enience. If the body be o#ertired$ it tires the mind. The mind
o""resseth the body$ as 'ith students it oftentimes falls out$ 'ho (as
;..A?GPlutarch obser#es) ha#e no care of the body$ Lbut com"el that 'hich
is mortal to do as much as that 'hich is immortal& that 'hich is earthly$
as that 'hich is ethereal. ut as the o+ tired$ told the camel$ (both
ser#ing one master) that refused to carry some "art of his burden$ before
it 'ere long he should be com"elled to carry all his "ac%$ and s%in to boot
('hich by and by$ the o+ being dead$ fell out)$ the body may say to the
soul$ that 'ill gi#e him no res"ite or remission& a little after$ an ague$
#ertigo$ consum"tion$ seizeth on them both$ all his study is omitted$ and
they must be com"elled to be sic% together&L he that tenders his o'n good
estate$ and health$ must let them dra' 'ith e0ual yo%e$ both ali%e$ ;..A@G
Lthat so they may ha""ily enjoy their 'ished health.L
MEM. I.
_4a%ing and terrible 3reams rectified_.
As 'a%ing that hurts$ by all means must be a#oided$ so slee"$ 'hich so much
hel"s$ by li%e 'ays$ ;..A-GLmust be "rocured$ by nature or art$ in'ard or
out'ard medicines$ and be "rotracted longer than ordinary$ if it may be$ as
being an es"ecial hel".L It moistens and fattens the body$ concocts$ and
hel"s digestion (as 'e see in dormice$ and those Al"ine mice that slee" all
'inter)$ 'hich Gesner s"ea%s of$ 'hen they are so found slee"ing under the
sno' in the dead of 'inter$ as fat as butter. It e+"els cares$ "acifies the
mind$ refresheth the 'eary limbs after long 'or%&
;..AAG9omne 0uies rerum$ "lacidissime somne deorum$
Pa+ animi$ 0uem cura fugit$ 0ui cor"ora duris
7essa ministeriis mulces re"aras0ue labori.L
L9lee"$ rest of things$ 2 "leasing deity$
Peace of the soul$ 'hich cares dost crucify$
4eary bodies refresh and mollify.L
The chiefest thing in all "hysic$ ;..A/GParacelsus calls it$ _omnia arcana
gemmarum su"erans et metallorum_. The fittest time is ;..ABGLt'o or three
hours after su""er$ 'hen as the meat is no' settled at the bottom of the
stomach$ and !tis good to lie on the right side first$ because at that site
the li#er doth rest under the stomach$ not molesting any 'ay$ but heating
him as a fire doth a %ettle$ that is "ut to it. After the first slee" !tis
not amiss to lie on the left side$ that the meat may the better descend<L
and sometimes again on the belly$ but ne#er on the bac%. 9e#en or eight
hours is a com"etent time for a melancholy man to rest$ as :rato thin%s<
but as some do$ to lie in bed and not slee"$ a day$ or half a day together$
to gi#e assent to "leasing conceits and #ain imaginations$ is many 'ays
"ernicious. To "rocure this s'eet moistening slee"$ it!s best to ta%e a'ay
the occasions (if it be "ossible) that hinder it$ and then to use such
in'ard or out'ard remedies$ 'hich may cause it. _:onstat hodie_ (saith
oissardus in his tract _de magia$ ca". ?._) _multos ita fascinari ut
noctes integras e+igant insomnes$ summa$ in0uietudine animorum et
cor"orum_< many cannot slee" for 'itches and fascinations$ 'hich are too
familiar in some "laces< they call it$ _dare alicui malam noctem_. ut the
ordinary causes are heat and dryness$ 'hich must first be remo#ed& ;../CGa
hot and dry brain ne#er slee"s 'ell& grief$ fears$ cares$ e+"ectations$
an+ieties$ great businesses$ ;../,G_In aurum utram0ue otiose ut dormias_$
and all #iolent "erturbations of the mind$ must in some sort be 0ualified$
before 'e can ho"e for any good re"ose. 5e that slee"s in the daytime$ or
is in sus"ense$ fear$ any 'ay troubled in mind$ or goes to bed u"on a full
;../=Gstomach$ may ne#er ho"e for 0uiet rest in the night< _nec enim
meritoria somnos admittunt_$ as the ;../.G"oet saith< inns and such li%e
troublesome "laces are not for slee"< one calls ostler$ another ta"ster$
one cries and shouts$ another sings$ 'hoo"s$ halloos$
;../?G ------Labsentem cantat amicam$
Multa "rolutus #a""a nauta at0ue #iator.L
4ho not accustomed to such noises can slee" amongst themN 5e that 'ill
intend to ta%e his rest must go to bed _animo securo$ 0uieto et libero_$
'ith a ;../@Gsecure and com"osed mind$ in a 0uiet "lace& _omnia noctes
erunt "lacida com"osta 0uiete_& and if that 'ill not ser#e$ or may not be
obtained$ to see% then such means as are re0uisite. To lie in clean linen
and s'eet< before he goes to bed$ or in bed$ to hear ;../-GLs'eet music$L
'hich 7icinus commends$ _lib. ,. ca". =?_$ or as Dobertus$ _med. "ract.
lib. .. ca". ,C._ ;../AGLto read some "leasant author till he be aslee"$ to
ha#e a basin of 'ater still dro""ing by his bedside$L or to lie near that
"leasant murmur$ _lene sonantis a0uae_. 9ome floodgates$ arches$ falls of
'ater$ li%e *ondon ridge$ or some continuate noise 'hich may benumb the
senses$ _lenis motus$ silentium et tenebra$ tum et i"sa #oluntas somnos
faciunt_< as a gentle noise to some "rocures slee"$ so$ 'hich ernardinus
Tilesius$ _lib. de somno_$ 'ell obser#es$ silence$ in a dar% room$ and the
'ill itself$ is most a#ailable to others. Piso commends frications$ Andre'
orde a good draught of strong drin% before one goes to bed< I say$ a
nutmeg and ale$ or a good draught of Muscadine$ 'ith a toast and nutmeg$ or
a "osset of the same$ 'hich many use in a morning$ but methin%s$ for such
as ha#e dry brains$ are much more "ro"er at night< some "rescribe a ;..//G
su" of #inegar as they go to bed$ a s"oonful$ saith Aetius _Tetrabib. lib.
=. ser. =. ca". ,C. lib. -. ca". ,C._ Aegineta$ _lib. .. ca". ,?._ Piso$ La
little after meat$L ;../BGLbecause it rarefies melancholy$ and "rocures an
a""etite to slee".L _3onat. ab Altomar. ca". A._ and Mercurialis a""ro#e of
it$ if the malady "roceed from the ;..BCGs"leen. 9alust. 9al#ian. _lib. =.
ca". ,. de remed._ 5ercules de 9a+onia _in Pan. Aelinus_$ Montaltus _de
morb. ca"itis$ ca". =/. de Melan._ are altogether against it. *od.
Mercatus$ _de inter. Morb. cau. lib. ,. ca". ,A._ in some cases doth allo'
it. ;..B,G1hasis seems to deliberate of it$ though 9imeon commend it (in
sauce "erad#enture) he ma%es a 0uestion of it& as for baths$ fomentations$
oils$ "otions$ sim"les or com"ounds$ in'ardly ta%en to this "ur"ose$ ;..B=G
I shall s"ea% of them else'here. If$ in the midst of the night$ 'hen they
lie a'a%e$ 'hich is usual to toss and tumble$ and not slee"$ ;..B.G
1anzo#ius 'ould ha#e them$ if it be in 'arm 'eather$ to rise and 'al% three
or four turns (till they be cold) about the chamber$ and then go to bed
again.
Against fearful and troublesome dreams$ Incubus and such incon#eniences$
'here'ith melancholy men are molested$ the best remedy is to eat a light
su""er$ and of such meats as are easy of digestion$ no hare$ #enison$ beef$
Fc.$ not to lie on his bac%$ not to meditate or thin% in the daytime of any
terrible objects$ or es"ecially tal% of them before he goes to bed. 7or$ as
he said in *ucian after such conference$ _5ecates somniare mihi #ideor_$ I
can thin% of nothing but hobgoblins& and as Tully notes$ ;..B?G Lfor the
most "art our s"eeches in the daytime cause our fantasy to 'or% u"on the
li%e in our slee"$L 'hich Ennius 'rites of 5omer& _Et canis in somnis
le"oris #estigia latrat_& as a dog dreams of a hare$ so do men on such
subjects they thought on last.
;..B@G L9omnia 0uae mentes ludunt #olitantibus umbris$
8ec delubra deum$ nec ab aethere numina mittunt$
9ed sibi 0uis0ue facit$L Fc.
7or that cause 'hen Ptolemy$ %ing of Egy"t$ had "osed the se#enty
inter"reters in order$ and as%ed the nineteenth man 'hat 'ould ma%e one
slee" 0uietly in the night$ he told him$ ;..B-GLthe best 'ay 'as to ha#e
di#ine and celestial meditations$ and to use honest actions in the daytime.
;..BAG*od. Ii#es 'onders ho' schoolmen could slee" 0uietly$ and 'ere not
terrified in the night$ or 'al% in the dar%$ they had such monstrous
0uestions$ and thought of such terrible matters all day long.L They had
need$ amongst the rest$ to sacrifice to god Mor"heus$ 'hom ;..B/G
Philostratus "aints in a 'hite and blac% coat$ 'ith a horn and i#ory bo+
full of dreams$ of the same colours$ to signify good and bad. If you 'ill
%no' ho' to inter"ret them$ read Artemidorus$ 9ambucus and :ardan< but ho'
to hel" them$ ;..BBGI must refer you to a more con#enient "lace.
MEM. II.
9H9E:T. I.--_Perturbations of the mind rectified. 7rom himself$ by
resisting to the utmost$ confessing his grief to a friend$ Fc._
4hosoe#er he is that shall ho"e to cure this malady in himself or any
other$ must first rectify these "assions and "erturbations of the mind& the
chiefest cure consists in them. A 0uiet mind is that _#olu"tas_$ or _summum
bonum_ of E"icurus$ _non dolere$ curis #acare$ animo tran0uillo esse_$ not
to grie#e$ but to 'ant cares$ and ha#e a 0uiet soul$ is the only "leasure
of the 'orld$ as 9eneca truly recites his o"inion$ not that of eating and
drin%ing$ 'hich injurious Aristotle maliciously "uts u"on him$ and for
'hich he is still mista%en$ _male audit et #a"ulat_$ slandered 'ithout a
cause$ and lashed by all "osterity. ;.?CCGL7ear and sorro'$ therefore$ are
es"ecially to be a#oided$ and the mind to be mitigated 'ith mirth$
constancy$ good ho"e< #ain terror$ bad objects are to be remo#ed$ and all
such "ersons in 'hose com"anies they be not 'ell "leased.L Gualter ruel.
7ernelius$ _consil. ?.._ Mercurialis$ _consil. -._ Piso$ Dacchinus$ _ca".
,@. in B. 1hasis_$ :a"i#accius$ 5ildesheim$ Fc.$ all inculcate this as an
es"ecial means of their cure$ that their ;.?C,GLminds be 0uietly "acified$
#ain conceits di#erted$ if it be "ossible$ 'ith terrors$ cares$L ;.?C=G
Lfi+ed studies$ cogitations$ and 'hatsoe#er it is that shall any 'ay molest
or trouble the soul$L because that other'ise there is no good to be done.
;.?C.GLThe body!s mischiefs$L as Plato "ro#es$ L"roceed from the soul& and
if the mind be not first satisfied$ the body can ne#er be cured.L
Alcibiades ra#es (saith ;.?C?GMa+imus Tyrius) and is sic%$ his furious
desires carry him from *yceus to the "leading "lace$ thence to the sea$ so
into 9icily$ thence to *acedaemon$ thence to Persia$ thence to 9amos$ then
again to Athens< :ritias tyranniseth o#er all the city< 9ardana"alus is
lo#esic%< these men are ill-affected all$ and can ne#er be cured$ till
their minds be other'ise 0ualified. :rato$ therefore$ in that often-cited
:ounsel of his for a nobleman his "atient$ 'hen he had sufficiently
informed him in diet$ air$ e+ercise$ Ienus$ slee"$ concludes 'ith these as
matters of greatest moment$ _Kuod reli0uum est$ animae accidentia
corrigantur_$ from 'hich alone "roceeds melancholy< they are the fountain$
the subject$ the hinges 'hereon it turns$ and must necessarily be reformed.
;.?C@GL7or anger stirs choler$ heats the blood and #ital s"irits< sorro' on
the other side refrigerates the body$ and e+tinguisheth natural heat$
o#erthro's a""etite$ hinders concoction$ dries u" the tem"erature$ and
"er#erts the understanding&L fear dissol#es the s"irits$ infects the heart$
attenuates the soul& and for these causes all "assions and "erturbations
must$ to the uttermost of our "o'er and most seriously$ be remo#ed.
Aelianus Montaltus attributes so much to them$ ;.?C-GLthat he holds the
rectification of them alone to be sufficient to the cure of melancholy in
most "atients.L Many are fully cured 'hen they ha#e seen or heard$ Fc.$
enjoy their desires$ or be secured and satisfied in their minds< Galen$ the
common master of them all$ from 'hose fountain they fetch 'ater$ brags$
_lib. ,. de san. tuend._$ that he$ for his "art$ hath cured di#ers of this
infirmity$ _solum animis ad rectum institutis_$ by right settling alone of
their minds.
Eea$ but you 'ill here infer$ that this is e+cellent good indeed if it
could be done< but ho' shall it be effected$ by 'hom$ 'hat art$ 'hat meansN
_hic labor$ hoc o"us est._ !Tis a natural infirmity$ a most "o'erful
ad#ersary$ all men are subject to "assions$ and melancholy abo#e all
others$ as being distem"ered by their innate humours$ abundance of choler
adust$ 'ea%ness of "arts$ out'ard occurrences< and ho' shall they be
a#oidedN The 'isest men$ greatest "hiloso"hers of most e+cellent 'it$
reason$ judgment$ di#ine s"irits$ cannot moderate themsel#es in this
behalf< such as are sound in body and mind$ 9toics$ heroes$ 5omer!s gods$
all are "assionate$ and furiously carried sometimes< and ho' shall 'e that
are already crazed$ _fracti animis_$ sic% in body$ sic% in mind$ resistN 'e
cannot "erform it. Eou may ad#ise and gi#e good "rece"ts$ as 'ho cannotN
ut ho' shall they be "ut in "racticeN I may not deny but our "assions are
#iolent$ and tyrannise of us$ yet there be means to curb them< though they
be headstrong$ they may be tamed$ they may be 0ualified$ if he himself or
his friends 'ill but use their honest endea#ours$ or ma%e use of such
ordinary hel"s as are commonly "rescribed.
5e himself (I say)< from the "atient himself the first and chiefest remedy
must be had< for if he be a#erse$ "ee#ish$ 'as"ish$ gi#e 'ay 'holly to his
"assions$ 'ill not see% to be hel"ed$ or be ruled by his friends$ ho' is it
"ossible he should be curedN ut if he be 'illing at least$ gentle$
tractable$ and desire his o'n good$ no doubt but he may _magnam morbi
de"onere "artem_$ be eased at least$ if not cured. 5e himself must do his
utmost endea#our to resist and 'ithstand the beginnings. _Princi"iis
obsta_$ LGi#e not 'ater "assage$ no not a little$L Ecclus. ++#. =A. If they
o"en a little$ they 'ill ma%e a greater breach at length. 4hatsoe#er it is
that runneth in his mind$ #ain conceit$ be it "leasing or dis"leasing$
'hich so much affects or troubleth him$ ;.?CAGLby all "ossible means he
must 'ithstand it$ e+"el those #ain$ false$ fri#olous imaginations$ absurd
conceits$ feigned fears and sorro's< from 'hich$L saith Piso$ Lthis disease
"rimarily "roceeds$ and ta%es his first occasion or beginning$ by doing
something or other that shall be o""osite unto them$ thin%ing of something
else$ "ersuading by reason$ or ho'soe#er to ma%e a sudden alteration of
them.L Though he ha#e hitherto run in a full career$ and "reci"itated
himself$ follo'ing his "assions$ gi#ing reins to his a""etite$ let him no'
sto" u"on a sudden$ curb himself in< and as ;.?C/G*emnius ad#iseth$ Lstri#e
against 'ith all his "o'er$ to the utmost of his endea#our$ and not cherish
those fond imaginations$ 'hich so co#ertly cree" into his mind$ most
"leasing and amiable at first$ but bitter as gall at last$ and so
headstrong$ that by no reason$ art$ counsel$ or "ersuasion$ they may be
sha%en off.L Though he be far gone$ and habituated unto such fantastical
imaginations$ yet as ;.?CBGTully and Plutarch ad#ise$ let him o""ose$
fortify$ or "re"are himself against them$ by "remeditation$ reason$ or as
'e do by a croo%ed staff$ bend himself another 'ay.
;.?,CG LTu tamen interea effugito 0uae tristia mentem
9olicitant$ "rocul esse jube curas0ue metum0ue
Pallentum$ ultrices iras$ sint omnia laeta.L
LIn the meantime e+"el them from thy mind$
Pale fears$ sad cares$ and griefs 'hich do it grind$
1e#engeful anger$ "ain and discontent$
*et all thy soul be set on merriment.L
_:uras tolle gra#es$ irasci crede "rofanum_. If it be idleness hath caused
this infirmity$ or that he "ercei#e himself gi#en to solitariness$ to 'al%
alone$ and "lease his mind 'ith fond imaginations$ let him by all means
a#oid it< !tis a bosom enemy$ !tis delightsome melancholy$ a friend in
sho'$ but a secret de#il$ a s'eet "oison$ it 'ill in the end be his
undoing< let him go "resently$ tas% or set himself a 'or%$ get some good
com"any. If he "roceed$ as a gnat flies about a candle$ so long till at
length he burn his bod#$ so in the end he 'ill undo himself& if it be any
harsh object$ ill com"any$ let him "resently go from it. If by his o'n
default$ through ill diet$ bad air$ 'ant of e+ercise$ Fc.$ let him no'
begin to reform himself. LIt 'ould be a "erfect remedy against all
corru"tion$ if$L as ;.?,,G1oger acon hath it$ L'e could but moderate
oursel#es in those si+ non-natural things.L ;.?,=GLIf it be any disgrace$
abuse$ tem"oral loss$ calumny$ death of friends$ im"risonment$ banishment$
be not troubled 'ith it$ do not fear$ be not angry$ grie#e not at it$ but
'ith all courage sustain it.L (Gordonius$ _lib. ,. c. ,@. de conser. #it._)
_Tu contra audentior ito_. ;.?,.GIf it be sic%ness$ ill success$ or any
ad#ersity that hath caused it$ o""ose an in#incible courage$ Lfortify
thyself by God!s 'ord$ or other'ise$L _mala bonis "ersuadenda_$ set
"ros"erity against ad#ersity$ as 'e refresh our eyes by seeing some
"leasant meado'$ fountain$ "icture$ or the li%e& recreate thy mind by some
contrary object$ 'ith some more "leasing meditation di#ert thy thoughts.
Eea$ but you infer again$ _facile consilium damus aliis_$ 'e can easily
gi#e counsel to others< e#ery man$ as the saying is$ can tame a shre' but
he that hath her< _si hic esses$ aliter sentires_< if you 'ere in our
misery$ you 'ould find it other'ise$ !tis not so easily "erformed. 4e %no'
this to be true< 'e should moderate oursel#es$ but 'e are furiously
carried$ 'e cannot ma%e use of such "rece"ts$ 'e are o#ercome$ sic%$ _male
sani_$ distem"ered and habituated to these courses$ 'e can ma%e no
resistance< you may as 'ell bid him that is diseased not to feel "ain$ as a
melancholy man not to fear$ not to be sad& !tis 'ithin his blood$ his
brains$ his 'hole tem"erature$ it cannot be remo#ed. ut he may choose
'hether he 'ill gi#e 'ay too far unto it$ he may in some sort correct
himself. A "hiloso"her 'as bitten 'ith a mad dog$ and as the nature of that
disease is to abhor all 'aters$ and li0uid things$ and to thin% still they
see the "icture of a dog before them& he 'ent for all this$ _reluctante
se_$ to the bath$ and seeing there (as he thought) in the 'ater the "icture
of a dog$ 'ith reason o#ercame this conceit$ _0uid cani cum balneo_N 'hat
should a dog do in a bathN a mere conceit. Thou thin%est thou hearest and
seest de#ils$ blac% men$ Fc.$ !tis not so$ !tis thy corru"t fantasy< settle
thine imagination$ thou art 'ell. Thou thin%est thou hast a great nose$
thou art sic%$ e#ery man obser#es thee$ laughs thee to scorn< "ersuade
thyself !tis no such matter& this is fear only$ and #ain sus"icion. Thou
art discontent$ thou art sad and hea#y< but 'hyN u"on 'hat groundN consider
of it& thou art jealous$ timorous$ sus"icious< for 'hat causeN e+amine it
thoroughly$ thou shalt find none at all$ or such as is to be contemned<
such as thou 'ilt surely deride$ and contemn in thyself$ 'hen it is "ast.
1ule thyself then 'ith reason$ satisfy thyself$ accustom thyself$ 'ean
thyself from such fond conceits$ #ain fears$ strong imaginations$ restless
thoughts. Thou mayst do it< _Est in nobis assuescere_ (as Plutarch saith)$
'e may frame oursel#es as 'e 'ill. As he that useth an u"right shoe$ may
correct the obli0uity$ or croo%edness$ by 'earing it on the other side< 'e
may o#ercome "assions if 'e 'ill. _Kuic0uid sibi im"era#it animus obtinuit_
(as ;.?,?G9eneca saith) _nulli tam feri affectus$ ut non disci"lina
"erdomentur_$ 'hatsoe#er the 'ill desires$ she may command& no such cruel
affections$ but by disci"line they may be tamed< #oluntarily thou 'ilt not
do this or that$ 'hich thou oughtest to do$ or refrain$ Fc.$ but 'hen thou
art lashed li%e a dull jade$ thou 'ilt reform it& fear of a 'hi" 'ill ma%e
thee do$ or not do. 3o that #oluntarily then 'hich thou canst do$ and must
do by com"ulsion< thou mayst refrain if thou 'ilt$ and master thine
affections. ;.?,@GLAs in a cityL (saith Melancthon) Lthey do by stubborn
rebellious rogues$ that 'ill not submit themsel#es to "olitical judgment$
com"el them by force< so must 'e do by our affections. If the heart 'ill
not lay aside those #icious motions$ and the fantasy those fond
imaginations$ 'e ha#e another form of go#ernment to enforce and refrain our
out'ard members$ that they be not led by our "assions.L If a""etite 'ill
not obey$ let the mo#ing faculty o#errule her$ let her resist and com"el
her to do other'ise. In an ague the a""etite 'ould drin%< sore eyes that
itch 'ould be rubbed< but reason saith no$ and therefore the mo#ing faculty
'ill not do it. 2ur fantasy 'ould intrude a thousand fears$ sus"icions$
chimeras u"on us$ but 'e ha#e reason to resist$ yet 'e let it be o#erborne
by our a""etite< ;.?,-GLimagination enforceth s"irits$ 'hich$ by an
admirable league of nature$ com"el the ner#es to obey$ and they our se#eral
limbs&L 'e gi#e too much 'ay to our "assions. And as to him that is sic% of
an ague$ all things are distasteful and un"leasant$ _non e+ cibi #itio_
saith Plutarch$ not in the meat$ but in our taste& so many things are
offensi#e to us$ not of themsel#es$ but out of our corru"t judgment$
jealousy$ sus"icion$ and the li%e& 'e "ull these mischiefs u"on our o'n
heads.
If then our judgment be so de"ra#ed$ our reason o#erruled$ 'ill
"reci"itated$ that 'e cannot see% our o'n good$ or moderate oursel#es$ as
in this disease commonly it is$ the best 'ay for ease is to im"art our
misery to some friend$ not to smother it u" in our o'n breast& _aliter
#itium crescit0ue tegendo_$ Fc.$ and that 'hich 'as most offensi#e to us$ a
cause of fear and grief$ _0uod nunc te co0uit_$ another hell< for ;.?,AG
_strangulat inclusus dolor at0ue e+aestuat intus_$ grief concealed
strangles the soul< but 'hen as 'e shall but im"art it to some discreet$
trusty$ lo#ing friend$ it is ;.?,/Ginstantly remo#ed$ by his counsel
ha""ily$ 'isdom$ "ersuasion$ ad#ice$ his good means$ 'hich 'e could not
other'ise a""ly unto oursel#es. A friend!s counsel is a charm$ li%e
mandra%e 'ine$ _curas so"it_< and as a ;.?,BGbull that is tied to a
fig-tree becomes gentle on a sudden ('hich some$ saith ;.?=CGPlutarch$
inter"ret of good 'ords)$ so is a sa#age$ obdurate heart mollified by fair
s"eeches. LAll ad#ersity finds ease in com"lainingL (as ;.?=,GIsidore
holds)$ Land !tis a solace to relate it$L ;.?==G;Gree%& Agathae de
"arai"hasis estin etairouG. 7riends! confabulations are comfortable at all
times$ as fire in 'inter$ shade in summer$ _0uale so"or fessis in gramine_$
meat and drin% to him that is hungry or athirst< 3emocritus!s collyrium is
not so so#ereign to the eyes as this is to the heart< good 'ords are
cheerful and "o'erful of themsel#es$ but much more from friends$ as so many
"ro"s$ mutually sustaining each other li%e i#y and a 'all$ 'hich :amerarius
hath 'ell illustrated in an emblem. _*enit animum sim"le+ #el sae"e
narratio_$ the sim"le narration many times easeth our distressed mind$ and
in the midst of greatest e+tremities< so di#erse ha#e been relie#ed$ by
;.?=.Ge+onerating themsel#es to a faithful friend& he sees that 'hich 'e
cannot see for "assion and discontent$ he "acifies our minds$ he 'ill ease
our "ain$ assuage our anger< _0uanta inde #olu"tas$ 0uanta securitas_$
:hrysostom adds$ 'hat "leasure$ 'hat security by that meansO ;.?=?GL8othing
so a#ailable$ or that so much refresheth the soul of man.L Tully$ as I
remember$ in an e"istle to his dear friend Atticus$ much condoles the
defect of such a friend. ;.?=@GLI li#e hereL (saith he) Lin a great city$
'here I ha#e a multitude of ac0uaintance$ but not a man of all that com"any
'ith 'hom I dare familiarly breathe$ or freely jest. 4herefore I e+"ect
thee$ I desire thee$ I send for thee< for there be many things 'hich
trouble and molest me$ 'hich had I but thee in "resence$ I could 0uic%ly
disburden myself of in a 'al%ing discourse.L The li%e$ "erad#enture$ may he
and he say 'ith that old man in the comedy$
;.?=-G L8emo est meorum amicorum hodie$
A"ud 0uem e+"romere occulta mea audeam.L
and much incon#enience may both he and he suffer in the meantime by it. 5e
or he$ or 'hosoe#er then labours of this malady$ by all means let him get
some trusty friend$ ;.?=AG_9em"er habens Pyladem0ue ali0uem 0ui curet
2restem_$ a Pylades$ to 'hom freely and securely he may o"en himself. 7or
as in all other occurrences$ so it is in this$ _9i 0uis in coelum
ascendisset_$ Fc. as he said in ;.?=/GTully$ if a man had gone to hea#en$
Lseen the beauty of the s%ies$L stars errant$ fi+ed$ Fc.$ _insua#is erit
admiratio_$ it 'ill do him no "leasure$ e+ce"t he ha#e somebody to im"art
'hat he hath seen. It is the best thing in the 'orld$ as ;.?=BG9eneca
therefore ad#iseth in such a case$ Lto get a trusty friend$ to 'hom 'e may
freely and sincerely "our out our secrets< nothing so delighteth and easeth
the mind$ as 'hen 'e ha#e a "re"ared bosom$ to 'hich our secrets may
descend$ of 'hose conscience 'e are assured as our o'n$ 'hose s"eech may
ease our succourless estate$ counsel relie#e$ mirth e+"el our mourning$ and
'hose #ery sight may be acce"table unto us.L It 'as the counsel 'hich that
"olitic ;.?.CG:omineus ga#e to all "rinces$ and others distressed in mind$
by occasion of :harles 3u%e of urgundy$ that 'as much "er"le+ed$ Lfirst to
"ray to God$ and lay himself o"en to him$ and then to some s"ecial friend$
'hom 'e hold most dear$ to tell all our grie#ances to him< nothing so
forcible to strengthen$ recreate$ and heal the 'ounded soul of a miserable
man.L
9H9E:T. II.--_5el" from friends by counsel$ comfort$ fair and foul means$
'itty de#ices$ satisfaction$ alteration of his course of life$ remo#ing
objects$ Fc._
4hen the "atient of himself is not able to resist$ or o#ercome these
heart-eating "assions$ his friends or "hysician must be ready to su""ly
that 'hich is 'anting. _9uae erit humanitatis et sa"ientiae_ ('hich ;.?.,G
Tully enjoineth in li%e case) _si0uid erratum$ curare$ aut im"ro#isum$ sua
diligentia corrigere._ They must all join< _nec satis medico_$ saith ;.?.=G
5i""ocrates$ _suum fecisse officium$ nisi suum 0uo0ue aegrotus$ suum
astantes_$ Fc. 7irst$ they must es"ecially be'are$ a melancholy
discontented "erson (be it in 'hat %ind of melancholy soe#er) ne#er be left
alone or idle& but as "hysicians "rescribe "hysic$ _cum custodia_$ let them
not be left unto themsel#es$ but 'ith some com"any or other$ lest by that
means they aggra#ate and increase their disease< _non o"ortet aegros
humjusmodi esse solos #el inter ignotos$ #el inter eos 0uos non amant aut
negligunt_$ as 1od. a 7onseca$ _tom. ,. consul. .@._ "rescribes. _*ugentes
custodire solemus_ (saith ;.?..G9eneca) _ne solitudine male utantur_< 'e
'atch a sorro'ful "erson$ lest he abuse his solitariness$ and so should 'e
do a melancholy man< set him about some business$ e+ercise or recreation$
'hich may di#ert his thoughts$ and still %ee" him other'ise intent< for his
fantasy is so restless$ o"erati#e and 0uic%$ that if it be not in "er"etual
action$ e#er em"loyed$ it 'ill 'or% u"on itself$ melancholise$ and be
carried a'ay instantly$ 'ith some fear$ jealousy$ discontent$ sus"icion$
some #ain conceit or other. If his 'ea%ness be such that he cannot discern
'hat is amiss$ correct$ or satisfy$ it beho#es them by counsel$ comfort$ or
"ersuasion$ by fair or foul means$ to alienate his mind$ by some artificial
in#ention$ or some contrary "ersuasion$ to remo#e all objects$ causes$
com"anies$ occasions$ as may any 'ays molest him$ to humour him$ "lease
him$ di#ert him$ and if it be "ossible$ by altering his course of life$ to
gi#e him security and satisfaction. If he conceal his grie#ances$ and 'ill
not be %no'n of them$ ;.?.?GLthey must obser#e by his loo%s$ gestures$
motions$ fantasy$ 'hat it is that offends$L and then to a""ly remedies unto
him& many are instantly cured$ 'hen their minds are satisfied.
;.?.@GAle+ander ma%es mention of a 'oman$ Lthat by reason of her husband!s
long absence in tra#el$ 'as e+ceeding "ee#ish and melancholy$ but 'hen she
heard her husband 'as returned$ beyond all e+"ectation$ at the first sight
of him$ she 'as freed from all fear$ 'ithout hel" of any other "hysic
restored to her former health.L Trinca#ellius$ _consil. ,=. lib. ,._ hath
such a story of a Ienetian$ that being much troubled 'ith melancholy$
;.?.-GLand ready to die for grief$ 'hen he heard his 'ife 'as brought to
bed of a son$ instantly reco#ered.L As Ale+ander concludes$ ;.?.AGLIf our
imaginations be not in#eterate$ by this art they may be cured$ es"ecially
if they "roceed from such a cause.L 8o better 'ay to satisfy$ than to
remo#e the object$ cause$ occasion$ if by any art or means "ossible 'e may
find it out. If he grie#e$ stand in fear$ be in sus"icion$ sus"ense$ or any
'ay molested$ secure him$ _9ol#itur malum_$ gi#e him satisfaction$ the cure
is ended< alter his course of life$ there needs no other "hysic. If the
"arty be sad$ or other'ise affected$ LconsiderL (saith ;.?./GTrallianus)
Lthe manner of it$ all circumstances$ and forth'ith ma%e a sudden
alteration$L by remo#ing the occasions$ a#oid all terrible objects$ heard
or seen$ ;.?.BGLmonstrous and "rodigious as"ects$L tales of de#ils$
s"irits$ ghosts$ tragical stories< to such as are in fear they stri%e a
great im"ression$ rene'ed many times$ and recall such chimeras and terrible
fictions into their minds. ;.??CGLMa%e not so much as mention of them in
"ri#ate tal%$ or a dumb sho' tending to that "ur"ose& such thingsL (saith
Galateus) Lare offensi#e to their imaginations.L And to those that are no'
in sorro'$ ;.??,G9eneca Lforbids all sad com"anions$ and such as lament< a
groaning com"anion is an enemy to 0uietness.L ;.??=GL2r if there be any
such "arty$ at 'hose "resence the "atient is not 'ell "leased$ he must be
remo#ed& gentle s"eeches$ and fair means$ must first be tried< no harsh
language used$ or uncomfortable 'ords< and not e+"el$ as some do$ one
madness 'ith another< he that so doth$ is madder than the "atient himself&L
all things must be 0uietly com"osed< _e#ersa non e#ertenda$ sed erigenda_$
things do'n must not be dejected$ but reared$ as :rato counselleth< ;.??.G
Lhe must be 0uietly and gently used$L and 'e should not do anything against
his mind$ but by little and little effect it. As a horse that starts at a
drum or trum"et$ and 'ill not endure the shooting of a "iece$ may be so
manned by art$ and animated$ that he cannot only endure$ but is much more
generous at the hearing of such things$ much more courageous than before$
and much delighteth in it& they must not be reformed _e+ abru"to_$ but by
all art and insinuation$ made to such com"anies$ as"ects$ objects they
could not formerly a'ay 'ith. Many at first cannot endure the sight of a
green 'ound$ a sic% man$ 'hich after'ard become good chirurgeons$ bold
em"irics& a horse starts at a rotten "ost afar off$ 'hich coming near he
0uietly "asseth. !Tis much in the manner of ma%ing such %ind of "ersons$ be
they ne#er so a#erse from com"any$ bashful$ solitary$ timorous$ they may be
made at last 'ith those 1oman matrons$ to desire nothing more than in a
"ublic sho'$ to see a full com"any of gladiators breathe out their last.
If they may not other'ise be accustomed to broo% such distasteful and
dis"leasing objects$ the best 'ay then is generally to a#oid them.
Montanus$ _consil. ==B._ to the Earl of Montfort$ a courtier$ and his
melancholy "atient$ ad#iseth him to lea#e the court$ by reason of those
continual discontents$ crosses$ abuses$ ;.???GLcares$ sus"icions$
emulations$ ambition$ anger$ jealousy$ 'hich that "lace afforded$ and 'hich
surely caused him to be so melancholy at the first&L _Ma+ima 0uae0ue domus
ser#is est "lena su"erbis_< a com"any of scoffers and "roud jac%s are
commonly con#ersant and attend in such "laces$ and able to ma%e any man
that is of a soft$ 0uiet dis"osition (as many times they do) _e+ stulto
insanum_$ if once they humour him$ a #ery idiot$ or star% mad. A thing too
much "ractised in all common societies$ and they ha#e no better s"ort than
to ma%e themsel#es merry by abusing some silly fello'$ or to ta%e ad#antage
of another man!s 'ea%ness. In such cases as in a "lague$ the best remedy is
_cito longe tarde_& (for to such a "arty$ es"ecially if he be a""rehensi#e$
there can be no greater misery) to get him 0uic%ly gone far enough off$ and
not to be o#erhasty in his return. If he be so stu"id that he do not
a""rehend it$ his friends should ta%e some order$ and by their discretion
su""ly that 'hich is 'anting in him$ as in all other cases they ought to
do. If they see a man melancholy gi#en$ solitary$ a#erse from com"any$
"lease himself 'ith such "ri#ate and #ain meditations$ though he delight in
it$ they ought by all means see% to di#ert him$ to dehort him$ to tell him
of the e#ent and danger that may come of it. If they see a man idle$ that
by reason of his means other'ise 'ill beta%e himself to no course of life$
they ought seriously to admonish him$ he ma%es a noose to entangle himself$
his 'ant of em"loyment 'ill be his undoing. If he ha#e sustained any great
loss$ suffered a re"ulse$ disgrace$ Fc.$ if it be "ossible$ relie#e him. If
he desire aught$ let him be satisfied< if in sus"ense$ fear$ sus"icion$ let
him be secured& and if it may con#eniently be$ gi#e him his heart!s
content< for the body cannot be cured till the mind be satisfied. ;.??@G
9ocrates$ in Plato$ 'ould "rescribe no "hysic for :harmides! headache$
Ltill first he had eased his troubled mind< body and soul must be cured
together$ as head and eyes.L
;.??-G L2culum non curabis sine toto ca"ite$
8ec ca"ut sine toto cor"ora$
8ec totum cor"us sine anima.L
If that may not be ho"ed or e+"ected$ yet ease him 'ith comfort$ cheerful
s"eeches$ fair "romises$ and good 'ords$ "ersuade him$ ad#ise him. LMany$L
saith ;.??AGGalen$ Lha#e been cured by good counsel and "ersuasion alone.L
L5ea#iness of the heart of man doth bring it do'n$ but a good 'ord
rejoiceth it$L Pro#. +ii. =@. LAnd there is he that s"ea%eth 'ords li%e the
"ric%ing of a s'ord$ but the tongue of a 'ise man is health$L #er. ,/.
_2ratio$ nam0ue saucii animi est remedium_$ a gentle s"eech is the true
cure of a 'ounded soul$ as ;.??/GPlutarch contends out of Aeschylus and
Euri"ides& Lif it be 'isely administered it easeth grief and "ain$ as
di#erse remedies do many other diseases.L !Tis _incantationis instar_$ a
charm$ _aestuantis animi refrigerium_$ that true 8e"enthe of 5omer$ 'hich
'as no Indian "lant$ or feigned medicine$ 'hich E"idamna$ Thonis! 'ife$
sent 5elena for a to%en$ as Macrobius$ _A. 9aturnal._ Goro"ius _5ermat.
lib. B._ Greg. 8azianzen$ and others su""ose$ but o""ortunity of s"eech&
for 5elena!s bo'l$ Medea!s unction$ Ienus!s girdle$ :irce!s cu"$ cannot so
enchant$ so forcibly mo#e or alter as it doth. A letter sent or read 'ill
do as much< _multum alle#or 0uum tuas literas lego_$ I am much eased$ as
;.??BGTully 'rote to Pom"onius Atticus$ 'hen I read thy letters$ and as
Dulianus the A"ostate once signified to Ma+imus the "hiloso"her< as
Ale+ander sle"t 'ith 5omer!s 'or%s$ so do I 'ith thine e"istles$ _tan0uam
Paeoniis medicamentis$ eas0ue assidue tan0uam$ recentes et no#as iteramus<
scribe ergo$ et assidue scribe_$ or else come thyself< _amicus ad amicum
#enies_. Assuredly a 'ise and 'ell-s"o%en man may do 'hat he 'ill in such a
case< a good orator alone$ as ;.?@CGTully holds$ can alter affections by
"o'er of his elo0uence$ Lcomfort such as are afflicted$ erect such as are
de"ressed$ e+"el and mitigate fear$ lust$ anger$L Fc. And ho' "o'erful is
the charm of a discreet and dear friendN _Ille regit dictis animos et
tem"erat iras_. 4hat may not he effectN As ;.?@,G:hremes told Menedemus$
L7ear not$ conceal it not$ 2 friendO but tell me 'hat it is that troubles
thee$ and I shall surely hel" thee by comfort$ counsel$ or in the matter
itself.L ;.?@=G Arnoldus$ _lib. ,. bre#iar. ca". ,/._ s"ea%s of a usurer in
his time$ that u"on a loss$ much melancholy and discontent$ 'as so cured.
As imagination$ fear$ grief$ cause such "assions$ so conceits alone$
rectified by good ho"e$ counsel$ Fc.$ are able again to hel"& and !tis
incredible ho' much they can do in such a case$ as ;.?@.GTrinca#ellius
illustrates by an e+am"le of a "atient of his< Por"hyrius$ the "hiloso"her$
in Plotinus!s life ('ritten by him)$ relates$ that being in a discontented
humour through insufferable anguish of mind$ he 'as going to ma%e a'ay
himself& but meeting by chance his master Plotinus$ 'ho "ercei#ing by his
distracted loo%s all 'as not 'ell$ urged him to confess his grief& 'hich
'hen he had heard$ he used such comfortable s"eeches$ that he redeemed him
_e faucibus Erebi_$ "acified his un0uiet mind$ insomuch that he 'as easily
reconciled to himself$ and much abashed to thin% after'ards that he should
e#er entertain so #ile a motion. y all means$ therefore$ fair "romises$
good 'ords$ gentle "ersuasions$ are to be used$ not to be too rigorous at
first$ ;.?@?GLor to insult o#er them$ not to deride$ neglect$ or contemn$L
but rather$ as *emnius e+horteth$ Lto "ity$ and by all "lausible means to
see% to redress them&L but if satisfaction may not be had$ mild courses$
"romises$ comfortable s"eeches$ and good counsel 'ill not ta%e "lace< then
as :hristo"horus a Iega determines$ _lib. .. ca". ,?. de Mel._ to handle
them more roughly$ to threaten and chide$ saith ;.?@@GAltomarus$ terrify
sometimes$ or as 9al#ianus 'ill ha#e them$ to be lashed and 'hi""ed$ as 'e
do by a starting horse$ ;.?@-Gthat is affrighted 'ithout a cause$ or as
;.?@AG1hasis ad#iseth$ Lone 'hile to s"ea% fair and flatter$ another 'hile
to terrify and chide$ as they shall see cause.L
4hen none of these "recedent remedies 'ill a#ail$ it 'ill not be amiss$
'hich 9a#anarola and Aelian Montaltus so much commend$ _cla#um cla#o
"ellere_$ ;.?@/GLto dri#e out one "assion 'ith another$ or by some contrary
"assion$L as they do bleeding at nose by letting blood in the arm$ to e+"el
one fear 'ith another$ one grief 'ith another. ;.?@BG :hristo"horus a Iega
accounts it rational "hysic$ _non alienum a ratione_& and *emnius much
a""ro#es it$ Lto use a hard 'edge to a hard %not$L to dri#e out one disease
'ith another$ to "ull out a tooth$ or 'ound him$ to geld him$ saith
;.?-CGPlaterus$ as they did e"ile"tical "atients of old$ because it 0uite
alters the tem"erature$ that the "ain of the one may mitigate the grief of
the other< ;.?-,GLand I %ne' one that 'as so cured of a 0uartan ague$ by
the sudden coming of his enemies u"on him.L If 'e may belie#e ;.?-=GPliny$
'hom 9caliger calls _mendaciorum "atrem_$ the father of lies$ K. 7abius
Ma+imus$ that reno'ned consul of 1ome$ in a battle fought 'ith the %ing of
the Allobroges$ at the ri#er Isaurus$ 'as so rid of a 0uartan ague.
Ialesius$ in his contro#ersies$ holds this an e+cellent remedy$ and if it
be discreetly used in this malady$ better than any "hysic.
9ometimes again by some ;.?-.Gfeigned lie$ strange ne's$ 'itty de#ice$
artificial in#ention$ it is not amiss to decei#e them. ;.?-?GLAs they hate
those$L saith Ale+ander$ Lthat neglect or deride$ so they 'ill gi#e ear to
such as 'ill soothe them u". If they say they ha#e s'allo'ed frogs or a
sna%e$ by all means grant it$ and tell them you can easily cure it<L !tis
an ordinary thing. Philodotus$ the "hysician$ cured a melancholy %ing$ that
thought his head 'as off$ by "utting a leaden ca" thereon< the 'eight made
him "ercei#e it$ and freed him of his fond imagination. A 'oman$ in the
said Ale+ander$ s'allo'ed a ser"ent as she thought< he ga#e her a #omit$
and con#eyed a ser"ent$ such as she concei#ed$ into the basin< u"on the
sight of it she 'as amended. The "leasantest dotage that e#er I read$ saith
;.?-@G*aurentius$ 'as of a gentleman at 9enes in Italy$ 'ho 'as afraid to
"iss$ lest all the to'n should be dro'ned< the "hysicians caused the bells
to be rung bac%'ard$ and told him the to'n 'as on fire$ 'hereu"on he made
'ater$ and 'as immediately cured. Another su""osed his nose so big that he
should dash it against the 'all if he stirred< his "hysician too% a great
"iece of flesh$ and holding it in his hand$ "inched him by the nose$ ma%ing
him belie#e that flesh 'as cut from it. 7orestus$ _obs. lib. ,._ had a
melancholy "atient$ 'ho thought he 'as dead$ ;.?--GLhe "ut a fello' in a
chest$ li%e a dead man$ by his bedside$ and made him rear himself a little$
and eat& the melancholy man as%ed the counterfeit$ 'hether dead men use to
eat meatN 5e told him yea< 'hereu"on he did eat li%e'ise and 'as cured.L
*emnius$ _lib. =. ca". -. de ?. com"le+_$ hath many such instances$ and
Do#ianus Pontanus$ _lib. ?. ca". =. of 4isd._ of the li%e< but amongst the
rest I find one most memorable$ registered in the ;.?-AG7rench chronicles
of an ad#ocate of Paris before mentioned$ 'ho belie#ed #erily he 'as dead$
Fc. I read a multitude of e+am"les of melancholy men cured by such
artificial in#entions.
9H9E:T. III.--_Music a remedy_.
Many and sundry are the means 'hich "hiloso"hers and "hysicians ha#e
"rescribed to e+hilarate a sorro'ful heart$ to di#ert those fi+ed and
intent cares and meditations$ 'hich in this malady so much offend< but in
my judgment none so "resent$ none so "o'erful$ none so a""osite as a cu" of
strong drin%$ mirth$ music$ and merry com"any. Ecclus. +l. =C. L4ine and
music rejoice the heart.L ;.?-/G1hasis$ _cont. B. Tract. ,@._ Altomarus$
_ca". A._ Aelianus Montaltus$ _c. =-._ 7icinus$ ened. Iictor. 7a#entinus
are almost immoderate in the commendation of it< a most forcible medicine
;.?-BGDacchinus calls it& Dason Pratensis$ La most admirable thing$ and
'orthy of consideration$ that can so mollify the mind$ and stay those
tem"estuous affections of it.L _Musica est mentis medicina moestae_$ a
roaring-meg against melancholy$ to rear and re#i#e the languishing soul<
;.?ACGLaffecting not only the ears$ but the #ery arteries$ the #ital and
animal s"irits$ it erects the mind$ and ma%es it nimble.L *emnius$ _instit$
ca". ??._ This it 'ill effect in the most dull$ se#ere and sorro'ful souls$
;.?A,GLe+"el grief 'ith mirth$ and if there be any clouds$ dust$ or dregs
of cares yet lur%ing in our thoughts$ most "o'erfully it 'i"es them all
a'ay$L 9alisbur. _"olit. lib. ,. ca". -._ and that 'hich is more$ it 'ill
"erform all this in an instant& ;.?A=GL:heer u" the countenance$ e+"el
austerity$ bring in hilarityL (Girald. :amb. _ca". ,=. To"og. 5iber._)
Linform our manners$ mitigate anger<L Athenaeus (_3i"noso"hist. lib. ,?.
ca". ,C._) calleth it an infinite treasure to such as are endo'ed 'ith it&
_3ulcisonum reficit tristia corda melos_$ Eobanus 5essus. Many other
"ro"erties ;.?A.G:assiodorus$ _e"ist. ?._ rec%ons u" of this our di#ine
music$ not only to e+"el the greatest griefs$ but Lit doth e+tenuate fears
and furies$ a""easeth cruelty$ abateth hea#iness$ and to such as are
'atchful it causeth 0uiet rest< it ta%es a'ay s"leen and hatred$L be it
instrumental$ #ocal$ 'ith strings$ 'ind$ ;.?A?G_Kuae$ a s"iritu$ sine
manuum de+teritate gubernetur_$ Fc. it cures all ir%someness and hea#iness
of the soul. ;.?A@G*abouring men that sing to their 'or%$ can tell as much$
and so can soldiers 'hen they go to fight$ 'hom terror of death cannot so
much affright$ as the sound of trum"et$ drum$ fife$ and such li%e music
animates< _metus enim mortis_$ as ;.?A-G:ensorinus informeth us$ _musica
de"ellitur_. LIt ma%es a child 0uiet$L the nurse!s song$ and many times the
sound of a trum"et on a sudden$ bells ringing$ a carman!s 'histle$ a boy
singing some ballad tune early in the streets$ alters$ re#i#es$ recreates a
restless "atient that cannot slee" in the night$ Fc. In a 'ord$ it is so
"o'erful a thing that it ra#isheth the soul$ _regina sensuum_$ the 0ueen of
the senses$ by s'eet "leasure ('hich is a ha""y cure)$ and cor"oral tunes
"acify our incor"oreal soul$ _sine ore lo0uens$ dominatum in animam
e+ercet_$ and carries it beyond itself$ hel"s$ ele#ates$ e+tends it.
9caliger$ _e+ercit. .C=_$ gi#es a reason of these effects$ ;.?AAGLbecause
the s"irits about the heart ta%e in that trembling and dancing air into the
body$ are mo#ed together$ and stirred u" 'ith it$L or else the mind$ as
some su""ose harmonically com"osed$ is roused u" at the tunes of music. And
!tis not only men that are so affected$ but almost all other creatures. Eou
%no' the tale of 5ercules Gallus$ 2r"heus$ and Am"hion$ _felices animas_
2#id calls them$ that could _sa+a mo#ere sono testudinis_$ Fc. ma%e stoc%s
and stones$ as 'ell as beasts and other animals$ dance after their "i"es&
the dog and hare$ 'olf and lamb< _#icinum0ue lu"o "raebuit agna latus<
clamosus graculus$ stridula corni+$ et Do#is a0uila_$ as Philostratus
describes it in his images$ stood all ga"ing u"on 2r"heus< and ;.?A/Gtrees
"ulled u" by the roots came to hear him$ _Et comitem 0uercum "inus amica
trahit_.
Arion made fishes follo' him$ 'hich$ as common e+"erience e#inceth$ ;.?ABG
are much affected 'ith music. All singing birds are much "leased 'ith it$
es"ecially nightingales$ if 'e may belie#e :alcagninus< and bees amongst
the rest$ though they be flying a'ay$ 'hen they hear any tingling sound$
'ill tarry behind. ;.?/CGL5arts$ hinds$ horses$ dogs$ bears$ are
e+ceedingly delighted 'ith it.L 9cal$ _e+erc. .C=._ Ele"hants$ Agri""a
adds$ _lib. =. ca". =?._ and in *ydia in the midst of a la%e there be
certain floating islands (if ye 'ill belie#e it)$ that after music 'ill
dance.
ut to lea#e all declamatory s"eeches in "raise ;.?/,Gof di#ine music$ I
'ill confine myself to my "ro"er subject& besides that e+cellent "o'er it
hath to e+"el many other diseases$ it is a so#ereign remedy against ;.?/=G
des"air and melancholy$ and 'ill dri#e a'ay the de#il himself. :anus$ a
1hodian fiddler$ in ;.?/.GPhilostratus$ 'hen A"ollonius 'as in0uisiti#e to
%no' 'hat he could do 'ith his "i"e$ told him$ LThat he 'ould ma%e a
melancholy man merry$ and him that 'as merry much merrier than before$ a
lo#er more enamoured$ a religious man more de#out.L Ismenias the Theban$
;.?/?G:hiron the centaur$ is said to ha#e cured this and many other
diseases by music alone& as no' they do those$ saith ;.?/@Godine$ that are
troubled 'ith 9t. Iitus!s edlam dance. ;.?/-GTimotheus$ the musician$
com"elled Ale+ander to s%i" u" and do'n$ and lea#e his dinner (li%e the
tale of the 7riar and the oy)$ 'hom Austin$ _de ci#. 3ei$ lib. ,A. ca".
,?._ so much commends for it. 4ho hath not heard ho' 3a#id!s harmony dro#e
a'ay the e#il s"irits from %ing 9aul$ , 9am. +#i. and Elisha 'hen he 'as
much troubled by im"ortunate %ings$ called for a minstrel$ Land 'hen he
"layed$ the hand of the *ord came u"on him$L = 6ings iii. :ensorinus _de
natali$ ca". ,=._ re"orts ho' Ascle"iades the "hysician hel"ed many frantic
"ersons by this means$ _"hreneticorum mentes morbo turbatas_--Dason
Pratensis$ _ca". de Mania_$ hath many e+am"les$ ho' :linias and Em"edocles
cured some des"erately melancholy$ and some mad by this our music. 4hich
because it hath such e+cellent #irtues$ beli%e ;.?/AG5omer brings in
Phemius "laying$ and the Muses singing at the ban0uet of the gods.
Aristotle$ _Polit. l. /. c. @_$ Plato _=. de legibus_$ highly a""ro#e it$
and so do all "oliticians. The Gree%s$ 1omans$ ha#e graced music$ and made
it one of the liberal sciences$ though it be no' become mercenary. All
ci#il :ommon'ealths allo' it& :neius Manlius (as ;.?//G*i#ius relates)
_anno ab urb. cond._ @-A. brought first out of Asia to 1ome singing
'enches$ "layers$ jesters$ and all %inds of music to their feasts. Eour
"rinces$ em"erors$ and "ersons of any 0uality$ maintain it in their courts<
no mirth 'ithout music. 9ir Thomas More$ in his absolute Hto"ian
common'ealth$ allo's music as an a""endi+ to e#ery meal$ and that
throughout$ to all sorts. E"ictetus calls _mensam mutam "raese"e_$ a table
'ithout music a manger& for Lthe concert of musicians at a ban0uet is a
carbuncle set in gold< and as the signet of an emerald 'ell trimmed 'ith
gold$ so is the melody of music in a "leasant ban0uet.L Ecclus. +++ii. @$
-. ;.?/BG*ouis the Ele#enth$ 'hen he in#ited Ed'ard the 7ourth to come to
Paris$ told him that as a "rinci"al "art of his entertainment$ he should
hear s'eet #oices of children$ Ionic and *ydian tunes$ e+0uisite music$ he
should ha#e a --$ and the cardinal of ourbon to be his confessor$ 'hich he
used as a most "lausible argument& as to a sensual man indeed it is. ;.?BCG
*ucian in his boo%$ _de saltatione_$ is not ashamed to confess that he too%
infinite delight in singing$ dancing$ music$ 'omen!s com"any$ and such li%e
"leasures& Land if thouL (saith he) Ldidst but hear them "lay and dance$ I
%no' thou 'ouldst be so 'ell "leased 'ith the object$ that thou 'ouldst
dance for com"any thyself$ 'ithout doubt thou 'ilt be ta%en 'ith it.L 9o
9caliger ingenuously confesseth$ _e+ercit. =A?._ ;.?B,GLI am beyond all
measure affected 'ith music$ I do most 'illingly behold them dance$ I am
mightily detained and allured 'ith that grace and comeliness of fair 'omen$
I am 'ell "leased to be idle amongst them.L And 'hat young man is notN As
it is acce"table and conducing to most$ so es"ecially to a melancholy man.
Pro#ided al'ays$ his disease "roceed not originally from it$ that he be not
some light _inamarato_$ some idle fantastic$ 'ho ca"ers in conceit all the
day long$ and thin%s of nothing else$ but ho' to ma%e jigs$ sonnets$
madrigals$ in commendation of his mistress. In such cases music is most
"ernicious$ as a s"ur to a free horse 'ill ma%e him run himself blind$ or
brea% his 'ind< _Incitamentum enim amoris musica_$ for music enchants$ as
Menander holds$ it 'ill ma%e such melancholy "ersons mad$ and the sound of
those jigs and horn"i"es 'ill not be remo#ed out of the ears a 'ee% after.
;.?B=GPlato for this reason forbids music and 'ine to all young men$
because they are most "art amorous$ _ne ignis addatur igni_$ lest one fire
increase another. Many men are melancholy by hearing music$ but it is a
"leasing melancholy that it causeth< and therefore to such as are
discontent$ in 'oe$ fear$ sorro'$ or dejected$ it is a most "resent remedy&
it e+"els cares$ alters their grie#ed minds$ and easeth in an instant.
2ther'ise$ saith ;.?B.GPlutarch$ _Musica magis dementat 0uam #inum_< music
ma%es some men mad as a tiger< li%e Astol"hos! horn in Ariosto< or
Mercury!s golden 'and in 5omer$ that made some 'a%e$ others slee"$ it hath
di#ers effects& and ;.?B?GTheo"hrastus right 'ell "ro"hesied$ that diseases
'ere either "rocured by music$ or mitigated.
9H9E:T. II.--_Mirth and merry com"any$ fair objects$ remedies_.
Mirth and merry com"any may not be se"arated from music$ both concerning
and necessarily re0uired in this business. LMirth$L (saith ;.?B@GIi#es)
L"urgeth the blood$ confirms health$ causeth a fresh$ "leasing$ and fine
colour$L "rorogues life$ 'hets the 'it$ ma%es the body young$ li#ely and
fit for any manner of em"loyment. The merrier the heart the longer the
life< LA merry heart is the life of the flesh$L Pro#. +i#. .C. LGladness
"rolongs his days$L Ecclus. +++. ==< and this is one of the three
9alernitan doctors$ 3r. Merryman$ 3r. 3iet$ 3r. Kuiet$ ;.?B-G'hich cure all
diseases--_Mens hilaris$ re0uies$ moderata dieta_. ;.?BAGGomesius$
_"raefat. lib. .. de sal. gen._ is a great magnifier of honest mirth$ by
'hich (saith he) L'e cure many "assions of the mind in oursel#es$ and in
our friends<L 'hich ;.?B/GGalateus assigns for a cause 'hy 'e lo#e merry
com"anions& and 'ell they deser#e it$ being that as ;.?BBGMagninus holds$ a
merry com"anion is better than any music$ and as the saying is$ _comes
jucundus in #ia "ro #ehiculo_$ as a 'agon to him that is 'earied on the
'ay. _Ducunda confabulatio$ sales$ joci_$ "leasant discourse$ jests$
conceits$ merry tales$ _melliti #erborum globuli_$ as Petronius$ ;.@CCG
Pliny$ ;.@C,G9"ondanus$ ;.@C=G:aelius$ and many good authors "lead$ are
that sole 8e"enthes of 5omer$ 5elena!s bo'l$ Ienus!s girdle$ so reno'ned of
old ;.@C.Gto e+"el grief and care$ to cause mirth and gladness of heart$ if
they be rightly understood$ or seasonably a""lied. In a 'ord$
;.@C?G LAmor$ #olu"tas$ Ienus$ gaudium$
Docus$ ludus$ sermo sua#is$ sua#iatio.L
LGratification$ "leasure$ lo#e$ joy$
Mirth$ s"ort$ "leasant 'ords and no alloy$L
are the true 8e"enthes. 7or these causes our "hysicians generally "rescribe
this as a "rinci"al engine to batter the 'alls of melancholy$ a chief
antidote$ and a sufficient cure of itself. Ly all meansL (saith ;.@C@G
Mesue) L"rocure mirth to these men in such things as are heard$ seen$
tasted$ or smelled$ or any 'ay "ercei#ed$ and let them ha#e all enticements
and fair "romises$ the sight of e+cellent beauties$ attires$ ornaments$
delightsome "assages to distract their minds from fear and sorro'$ and such
things on 'hich they are so fi+ed and intent.L ;.@C-GL*et them use hunting$
s"orts$ "lays$ jests$ merry com"any$L as 1hasis "rescribes$ L'hich 'ill not
let the mind be molested$ a cu" of good drin% no' and then$ hear music$ and
ha#e such com"anions 'ith 'hom they are es"ecially delighted<L ;.@CAGLmerry
tales or toys$ drin%ing$ singing$ dancing$ and 'hatsoe#er else may "rocure
mirth&L and by no means$ saith Guianerius$ suffer them to be alone.
enedictus Iictorius 7a#entinus$ in his em"irics$ accounts it an es"ecial
remedy against melancholy$ ;.@C/GLto hear and see singing$ dancing$
mas%ers$ mummers$ to con#erse 'ith such merry fello's and fair maids.L L7or
the beauty of a 'oman cheereth the countenance$L Ecclus. +++#i. ==. ;.@CBG
eauty alone is a so#ereign remedy against fear$ grief$ and all melancholy
fits< a charm$ as Peter de la 9eine and many other 'riters affirm$ a
ban0uet itself< he gi#es instance in discontented Menelaus$ that 'as so
often freed by 5elena!s fair face& and ;.@,CGTully$ _. Tusc_. cites
E"icurus as a chief "atron of this tenet. To e+"el grief$ and "rocure
"leasure$ s'eet smells$ good diet$ touch$ taste$ embracing$ singing$
dancing$ s"orts$ "lays$ and abo#e the rest$ e+0uisite beauties$ _0uibus
oculi jucunde mo#entur et animi_$ are most "o'erful means$ _ob#ia forma_$
to meet or see a fair maid "ass by$ or to be in com"any 'ith her. 5e found
it by e+"erience$ and made good use of it in his o'n "erson$ if Plutarch
belie him not< for he rec%ons u" the names of some more elegant "ieces<
;.@,,G*eontia$ oedina$ 5edieia$ 8icedia$ that 'ere fre0uently seen in
E"icurus! garden$ and #ery familiar in his house. 8either did he try it
himself alone$ but if 'e may gi#e credit to ;.@,=GAtheneus$ he "ractised it
u"on others. 7or 'hen a sad and sic% "atient 'as brought unto him to be
cured$ Lhe laid him on a do'n bed$ cro'ned him 'ith a garland of
s'eet-smelling flo'ers$ in a fair "erfumed closet delicately set out$ and
after a "ortion or t'o of good drin%$ 'hich he administered$ he brought in
a beautiful young ;.@,.G'ench that could "lay u"on a lute$ sing$ and
dance$L Fc. Tully$ _.. Tusc._ scoffs at E"icurus$ for this his "rofane
"hysic (as 'ell he deser#ed)$ and yet Pha#orinus and 9tobeus highly a""ro#e
of it< most of our looser "hysicians in some cases$ to such "arties
es"ecially$ allo' of this< and all of them 'ill ha#e a melancholy$ sad$ and
discontented "erson$ ma%e fre0uent use of honest s"orts$ com"anies$ and
recreations$ _et incitandos ad Ienerem_$ as ;.@,?G1odericus a 7onseca 'ill$
_as"ectu et contactu "ulcherrimarum foeminarum_$ to be dra'n to such
consorts$ 'hether they 'ill or no. 8ot to be an auditor only$ or a
s"ectator$ but sometimes an actor himself. _3ulce est desi"ere in loco_$ to
"lay the fool no' and then is not amiss$ there is a time for all things.
Gra#e 9ocrates 'ould be merry by fits$ sing$ dance$ and ta%e his li0uor
too$ or else Theodoret belies him< so 'ould old :ato$ ;.@,@GTully by his
o'n confession$ and the rest. Jeno"hon$ in his _9ym"os._ brings in 9ocrates
as a "rinci"al actor$ no man merrier than himself$ and sometimes he 'ould
;.@,-GLride a coc%horse 'ith his children.L--_e0uitare in arundine longa_.
(Though Alcibiades scoffed at him for it) and 'ell he might< for no' and
then (saith Plutarch) the most #irtuous$ honest$ and gra#est men 'ill use
feasts$ jests$ and toys$ as 'e do sauce to our meats. 9o did 9ci"io and
*aelius$
;.@,AG LKui ubi se a #ulgo et scena in secreta remorant$
Iirtus 9ci"iadae et mitis sa"ientia *aeli$
8ugari cum illo$ et discincti ludere$ donec
3eco0ueretur olus$ solitiL------
LIalorous 9ci"io and gentle *aelius$
1emo#ed from the scene and rout so clamorous$
4ere 'ont to recreate themsel#es their robes laid by$
4hilst su""er by the coo% 'as ma%ing ready.L
Machia#el$ in the eighth boo% of his 7lorentine history$ gi#es this note of
:osmo de Medici$ the 'isest and gra#est man of his time in Italy$ that he
'ould ;.@,/GLno' and then "lay the most egregious fool in his carriage$ and
'as so much gi#en to jesters$ "layers and childish s"orts$ to ma%e himself
merry$ that he that should but consider his gra#ity on the one "art$ his
folly and lightness on the other$ 'ould surely say$ there 'ere t'o distinct
"ersons in him.L 8o' methin%s he did 'ell in it$ though ;.@,BG
9alisburiensis be of o"inion$ that magistrates$ senators$ and gra#e men$
should not descend to lighter s"orts$ _ne res"ublica ludere #ideatur_& but
as Themistocles$ still %ee" a stern and constant carriage. I commend :osmo
de Medici and :astruccius :astrucanus$ than 'hom Italy ne#er %ne' a
'orthier ca"tain$ another Ale+ander$ if ;.@=CGMachia#el do not decei#e us
in his life& L'hen a friend of his re"rehended him for dancing beside his
dignity$L (beli%e at some cushion dance) he told him again$ _0ui sa"it
interdiu$ #i+ un0uam noctii desi"it_$ he that is 'ise in the day may dote a
little in the night. Paulus Do#ius relates as much of Po"e *eo 3ecimus$
that he 'as a gra#e$ discreet$ staid man$ yet sometimes most free$ and too
o"en in his s"orts. And !tis not altogether ;.@=,Gunfit or misbeseeming the
gra#ity of such a man$ if that decorum of time$ "lace$ and such
circumstances be obser#ed. ;.@==G_Misce stultitiam consiliis bre#em_--and
as ;.@=.Ghe said in an e"igram to his 'ife$ I 'ould ha#e e#ery man say to
himself$ or to his friend$
LMoll$ once in "leasant com"any by chance$
I 'ished that you for com"any 'ould dance&
4hich you refus!d$ and said$ your years re0uire$
8o'$ matron-li%e$ both manners and attire.
4ell$ Moll$ if needs you 'ill be matron-li%e$
Then trust to this$ I 'ill thee matron-li%e&
Eet so to you my lo#e$ may ne#er lessen$
As you for church$ house$ bed$ obser#e this lesson&
9it in the church as solemn as a saint$
8o deed$ 'ord$ thought$ your due de#otion taint&
Ieil$ if you 'ill$ your head$ your soul re#eal
To him that only 'ounded souls can heal&
e in my house as busy as a bee.
5a#ing a sting for e#ery one but me<
uzzing in e#ery corner$ gath!ring honey&
*et nothing 'aste$ that costs or yieldeth money.
;.@=?G And 'hen thou seest my heart to mirth incline$
Thy tongue$ 'it$ blood$ 'arm 'ith good cheer and 'ine&
Then of s'eet s"orts let no occasion sca"e$
ut be as 'anton$ toying as an a"e.L
Those old ;.@=@GGree%s had their _*ubentiam 3eam_$ goddess of "leasure$ and
the *acedaemonians$ instructed from *ycurgus$ did _3eo 1isui sucrificare_$
after their 'ars es"ecially$ and in times of "eace$ 'hich 'as used in
Thessaly$ as it a""ears by that of ;.@=-GA"uleius$ 'ho 'as made an
instrument of their laughter himself& ;.@=AGLecause laughter and merriment
'as to season their labours and modester life.L ;.@=/G_1isus enim di#um
at0ue< hominum est aeterna #olu"tas_. Princes use jesters$ "layers$ and
ha#e those masters of re#els in their courts. The 1omans at e#ery su""er
(for they had no solemn dinner) used music$ gladiators$ jesters$ Fc. as
;.@=BG9uetonius relates of Tiberius$ 3ion of :ommodus$ and so did the
Gree%s. esides music$ in Jeno"hon!s _9ym"os._ _Phili""us ridendi artife+_$
Phili"$ a jester$ 'as brought to ma%e s"ort. Paulus Do#ius$ in the ele#enth
boo% of his history$ hath a "retty digression of our English customs$ 'hich
ho'soe#er some may misconstrue$ I$ for my "art$ 'ill inter"ret to the best.
;.@.CGLThe 'hole nation beyond all other mortal men$ is most gi#en to
ban0ueting and feasts< for they "rolong them many hours together$ 'ith
dainty cheer$ e+0uisite music$ and facete jesters$ and after'ards they fall
a dancing and courting their mistresses$ till it be late in the night.L
Iolateran gi#es the same testimony of this island$ commending our jo#ial
manner of entertainment and good mirth$ and methin%s he saith 'ell$ there
is no harm in it< long may they use it$ and all such modest s"orts. :tesias
re"orts of a Persian %ing$ that had ,@C maids attending at his table$ to
"lay$ sing$ and dance by turns< and ;.@.,G*il. Geraldus of an Egy"tian
"rince$ that %e"t nine #irgins still to 'ait u"on him$ and those of most
e+cellent feature$ and s'eet #oices$ 'hich after'ards ga#e occasion to the
Gree%s of that fiction of the nine Muses. The %ing of Ethio"ia in Africa$
most of our Asiatic "rinces ha#e done so and do< those 9o"hies$ Mogors$
Tur%s$ Fc. solace themsel#es after su""er amongst their 0ueens and
concubines$ _0uae jucundioris oblectamenti causa_ (;.@.=Gsaith mine author)
_coram rege "sallere et saltare consue#erant_$ ta%ing great "leasure to see
and hear them sing and dance. This and many such means to e+hilarate the
heart of men$ ha#e been still "ractised in all ages$ as %no'ing there is no
better thing to the "reser#ation of man!s life. 4hat shall I say$ then$ but
to e#ery melancholy man$
;.@..G LHtere con#i#is$ non tristibus utere amicis$
Kuos nugae et risus$ et joca salsa ju#ant.L
L7east often$ and use friends not still so sad$
4hose jests and merriments may ma%e thee glad.L
Hse honest and chaste s"orts$ scenical sho's$ "lays$ games< ;.@.?G
_Accedant ju#enum0ue :hori$ mistae0ue "uellae_. And as Marsilius 7icinus
concludes an e"istle to ernard :anisianus$ and some other of his friends$
'ill I this tract to all good students$ ;.@.@GL*i#e merrily$ 2 my friends$
free from cares$ "er"le+ity$ anguish$ grief of mind$ li#e merrily$L
_laetitia caelum #os crea#it_& ;.@.-GLAgain and again I re0uest you to be
merry$ if anything trouble your hearts$ or #e+ your souls$ neglect and
contemn it$L ;.@.AGLlet it "ass.L ;.@./GLAnd this I enjoin you$ not as a
di#ine alone$ but as a "hysician< for 'ithout this mirth$ 'hich is the life
and 0uintessence of "hysic$ medicines$ and 'hatsoe#er is used and a""lied
to "rolong the life of man$ is dull$ dead$ and of no force.L _3um fata
sinunt$ #i#ite laeti_ (9eneca)$ I say be merry.
;.@.BG L8ec lusibus #irentem
Iiduemus hanc ju#entam.L
It 'as Tiresias the "ro"het!s council to ;.@?CGMeni""us$ that tra#elled all
the 'orld o#er$ e#en do'n to hell itself to see% content$ and his last
fare'ell to Meni""us$ to be merry. ;.@?,GL:ontemn the 'orldL (saith he)
Land count that is in it #anity and toys< this only co#et all thy life
long< be not curious$ or o#er solicitous in anything$ but 'ith a 'ell
com"osed and contented estate to enjoy thyself$ and abo#e all things to be
merry.L
;.@?=G L9i 8umerus uti censet sine amore jocis0ue$
8il est jucundum$ #i#as in amore jocis0ue.L
8othing better (to conclude 'ith 9olomon$ Eccles. iii. ==)$ Lthan that a
man should rejoice in his affairs.L !Tis the same ad#ice 'hich e#ery
"hysician in this case rings to his "atient$ as :a"i#accius to his$ ;.@?.G
La#oid o#ermuch study and "erturbations of the mind$ and as much as in thee
lies li#e at heart!s-ease&L Pros"er :alenus to that melancholy :ardinal
:aesius$ ;.@??GLamidst thy serious studies and business$ use jests and
conceits$ "lays and toys$ and 'hatsoe#er else may recreate thy mind.L
8othing better than mirth and merry com"any in this malady. ;.@?@GLIt
begins 'ith sorro'L (saith Montanus)$ Lit must be e+"elled 'ith hilarity.L
ut see the mischief< many men$ %no'ing that merry com"any is the only
medicine against melancholy$ 'ill therefore neglect their business< and in
another e+treme$ s"end all their days among good fello's in a ta#ern or an
alehouse$ and %no' not other'ise ho' to besto' their time but in drin%ing<
malt-'orms$ men-fishes$ or 'ater-sna%es$ ;.@?-G_Kui bibunt solum ranarum
more$ nihil comedentes_$ li%e so many frogs in a "uddle. !Tis their sole
e+ercise to eat$ and drin%< to sacrifice to Iolu"ia$ 1umina$ Edulica$
Potina$ Mellona$ is all their religion. They 'ish for Philo+enus! nec%$
Du"iter!s trinoctium$ and that the sun 'ould stand still as in Doshua!s
time$ to satisfy their lust$ that they might _dies noctes0ue "ergraecari et
bibere_. 7lourishing 'its$ and men of good "arts$ good fashion$ and good
'orth$ basely "rostitute themsel#es to e#ery rogue!s com"any$ to ta%e
tobacco and drin%$ to roar and sing scurrilous songs in base "laces.
;.@?AG LIn#enies ali0uem cum "ercussore jacentem$
Permistum nautis$ aut furibus$ aut fugiti#is.L
4hich Thomas Erastus objects to Paracelsus$ that he 'ould be drin%ing all
day long 'ith carmen and ta"sters in a brothel-house$ is too fre0uent among
us$ 'ith men of better note& li%e Timocreon of 1hodes$ _multa bibens$ et
multa #orans_$ Fc. They dro'n their 'its$ seethe their brains in ale$
consume their fortunes$ lose their time$ 'ea%en their tem"eratures$
contract filthy diseases$ rheums$ dro"sies$ calentures$ tremor$ get s'ollen
jugulars$ "im"led red faces$ sore eyes$ Fc.< heat their li#ers$ alter their
com"le+ions$ s"oil their stomachs$ o#erthro' their bodies< for drin% dro'ns
more than the sea and all the ri#ers that fall into it (mere funges and
cas%s)$ confound their souls$ su""ress reason$ go from 9cylla to :harybdis$
and use that 'hich is a hel" to their undoing. ;.@?/G_Kuid refert morbo an
ferro "eream#e ruina_N ;.@?BG4hen the lac% Prince 'ent to set the e+iled
%ing of :astile into his %ingdom$ there 'as a terrible battle fought
bet'een the English and the 9"anish& at last the 9"anish fled$ the English
follo'ed them to the ri#er side$ 'here some dro'ned themsel#es to a#oid
their enemies$ the rest 'ere %illed. 8o' tell me 'hat difference is bet'een
dro'ning and %illingN As good be melancholy still$ as drun%en beasts and
beggars. :om"any a sole comfort$ and an only remedy to all %ind of
discontent$ is their sole misery and cause of "erdition. As 5ermione
lamented in Euri"ides$ _malae mulieres me fecerunt malam_. E#il com"any
marred her$ may they justly com"lain$ bad com"anions ha#e been their bane.
7or$ ;.@@CG_malus malum #ult ut sit sui similis_< one drun%ard in a
com"any$ one thief$ one 'horemaster$ 'ill by his good'ill ma%e all the rest
as bad as himself$
;.@@,G ------LEt si
8octurnos jures te formidare #a"ores$L
be of 'hat com"le+ion you 'ill$ inclination$ lo#e or hate$ be it good or
bad$ if you come amongst them$ you must do as they do< yea$ ;.@@=Gthough it
be to the "rejudice of your health$ you must drin% _#enenum "ro #ino_. And
so li%e grassho""ers$ 'hilst they sing o#er their cu"s all summer$ they
star#e in 'inter< and for a little #ain merriment shall find a sorro'ful
rec%oning in the end.
9E:T. III. MEM. I.
_A :onsolatory 3igression$ containing the 1emedies of all manner of
3iscontents_.
ecause in the "receding section I ha#e made mention of good counsel$
comfortable s"eeches$ "ersuasion$ ho' necessarily they are re0uired to the
cure of a discontented or troubled mind$ ho' "resent a remedy they yield$
and many times a sole sufficient cure of themsel#es< I ha#e thought fit in
this follo'ing section$ a little to digress (if at least it be to digress
in this subject)$ to collect and glean a fe' remedies$ and comfortable
s"eeches out of our best orators$ "hiloso"hers$ di#ines$ and fathers of the
church$ tending to this "ur"ose. I confess$ many ha#e co"iously 'ritten of
this subject$ Plato$ 9eneca$ Plutarch$ Jeno"hon$ E"ictetus$ Theo"hrastus$
Jenocrates$ Grantor$ *ucian$ oethius& and some of late$ 9adoletus$ :ardan$
udaeus$ 9tella$ Petrarch$ Erasmus$ besides Austin$ :y"rian$ ernard$ Fc.
And they so 'ell$ that as 5ierome in li%e case said$ _si nostrum areret
ingenium$ de illorum "osset fontibus irrigari_$ if our barren 'its 'ere
dried u"$ they might be co"iously irrigated from those 'ell-s"rings& and I
shall but _actum agere_< yet because these tracts are not so ob#ious and
common$ I 'ill e"itomise$ and briefly insert some of their di#ine "rece"ts$
reducing their #oluminous and #ast treatises to my small scale< for it 'ere
other'ise im"ossible to bring so great #essels into so little a cree%. And
although (as :ardan said of his boo% _de consol._) ;.@@.GLI %no'
beforehand$ this tract of mine many 'ill contemn and reject< they that are
fortunate$ ha""y$ and in flourishing estate$ ha#e no need of such
consolatory s"eeches< they that are miserable and unha""y$ thin% them
insufficient to ease their grie#ed minds$ and comfort their misery&L yet I
'ill go on< for this must needs do some good to such as are ha""y$ to bring
them to a moderation$ and ma%e them reflect and %no' themsel#es$ by seeing
the inconstancy of human felicity$ others! misery< and to such as are
distressed$ if they 'ill but attend and consider of this$ it cannot choose
but gi#e some content and comfort. ;.@@?GL!Tis true$ no medicine can cure
all diseases$ some affections of the mind are altogether incurable< yet
these hel"s of art$ "hysic$ and "hiloso"hy must not be contemned.L Arrianus
and Plotinus are stiff in the contrary o"inion$ that such "rece"ts can do
little good. oethius himself cannot comfort in some cases$ they 'ill
reject such s"eeches li%e bread of stones$ _Insana stultae mentis haec
solatia._ ;.@@@G
L4ords add no courage$L 'hich ;.@@-G:atiline once said to his soldiers$ La
ca"tain!s oration doth not ma%e a co'ard a #aliant man&L and as Dob ;.@@AG
feelingly said to his friends$ Lyou are but miserable comforters all.L !Tis
to no "ur"ose in that #ulgar "hrase to use a com"any of obsolete sentences$
and familiar sayings& as ;.@@/GPlinius 9ecundus$ being no' sorro'ful and
hea#y for the de"arture of his dear friend :ornelius 1ufus$ a 1oman
senator$ 'rote to his fello' Tiro in li%e case$ _adhibe solatia$ sed no#a
ali0ua$ sed fortia$ 0uae audierim nun0uam$ legerim nun0uam& nam 0uae
audi#i$ 0uae legi omnia$ tanto dolore su"erantur_$ either say something
that I ne#er read nor heard of before$ or else hold thy "eace. Most men
'ill here e+ce"t tri#ial consolations$ ordinary s"eeches$ and %no'n
"ersuasions in this behalf 'ill be of small force< 'hat can any man say
that hath not been saidN To 'hat end are such "araenetical discoursesN you
may as soon remo#e Mount :aucasus$ as alter some men!s affections. Eet sure
I thin% they cannot choose but do some good$ and comfort and ease a little$
though it be the same again$ I 'ill say it$ and u"on that ho"e I 'ill
ad#enture. ;.@@BG_8on meus hic sermo_$ !tis not my s"eech this$ but of
9eneca$ Plutarch$ E"ictetus$ Austin$ ernard$ :hrist and his A"ostles. If I
ma%e nothing$ as ;.@-CGMontaigne said in li%e case$ I 'ill mar nothing<
!tis not my doctrine but my study$ I ho"e I shall do nobody 'rong to s"ea%
'hat I thin%$ and deser#e not blame in im"arting my mind. If it be not for
thy ease$ it may for mine o'n< so Tully$ :ardan$ and oethius 'rote _de
consol_. as 'ell to hel" themsel#es as others< be it as it may I 'ill
essay.
3iscontents and grie#ances are either general or "articular< general are
'ars$ "lagues$ dearths$ famine$ fires$ inundations$ unseasonable 'eather$
e"idemical diseases 'hich afflict 'hole %ingdoms$ territories$ cities< or
"eculiar to "ri#ate men$ ;.@-,Gas cares$ crosses$ losses$ death of friends$
"o#erty$ 'ant$ sic%ness$ orbities$ injuries$ abuses$ Fc. Generally all
discontent$ ;.@-=G_homines 0uatimur fortunae$ salo_. 8o condition free$
_0uis0ue suos "atimur manes_. E#en in the midst of our mirth and jollity$
there is some grudging$ some com"laint< as ;.@-.Ghe saith$ our 'hole life
is a glycy"icron$ a bitter s'eet "assion$ honey and gall mi+ed together$ 'e
are all miserable and discontent$ 'ho can deny itN If all$ and that it be a
common calamity$ an ine#itable necessity$ all distressed$ then as :ardan
infers$ ;.@-?GL'ho art thou that ho"est to go freeN 4hy dost thou not
grie#e thou art a mortal man$ and not go#ernor of the 'orldNL _7erre 0uam
sortem "atiuntur omnes$ 8emo recuset_$ ;.@-@GLIf it be common to all$ 'hy
should one man be more dis0uieted than anotherNL If thou alone 'ert
distressed$ it 'ere indeed more ir%some$ and less to be endured< but 'hen
the calamity is common$ comfort thyself 'ith this$ thou hast more fello's$
_9olamen miseris socios habuisse doloris_< !tis not thy sole case$ and 'hy
shouldst thou be so im"atientN ;.@--GLAye$ but alas 'e are more miserable
than others$ 'hat shall 'e doN esides "ri#ate miseries$ 'e li#e in
"er"etual fear and danger of common enemies& 'e ha#e ellona!s 'hi"s$ and
"itiful outcries$ for e"ithalamiums< for "leasant music$ that fearful noise
of ordnance$ drums$ and 'arli%e trum"ets still sounding in our ears<
instead of nu"tial torches$ 'e ha#e firing of to'ns and cities< for
trium"hs$ lamentations< for joy$ tears.L ;.@-AGL9o it is$ and so it 'as$
and so it e#er 'ill be. 5e that refuseth to see and hear$ to suffer this$
is not fit to li#e in this 'orld$ and %no's not the common condition of all
men$ to 'hom so long as they li#e$ 'ith a reci"rocal course$ joys and
sorro's are anne+ed$ and succeed one another.L It is ine#itable$ it may not
be a#oided$ and 'hy then shouldst thou be so much troubledN _Gra#e nihil
est homini 0uod fert necessitas_$ as ;.@-/GTully deems out of an old "oet$
Lthat 'hich is necessary cannot be grie#ous.L If it be so$ then comfort
thyself in this$ ;.@-BGLthat 'hether thou 'ilt or no$ it must be endured&L
ma%e a #irtue of necessity$ and conform thyself to undergo it. ;.@ACG_9i
longa est$ le#is est< si gra#is est$ bre#is est._ If it be long$ !tis
light< if grie#ous$ it cannot last. It 'ill a'ay$ _dies dolorem minuit_$
and if nought else$ time 'ill 'ear it out< custom 'ill ease it< ;.@A,G
obli#ion is a common medicine for all losses$ injuries$ griefs$ and
detriments 'hatsoe#er$ ;.@A=GLand 'hen they are once "ast$ this commodity
comes of infelicity$ it ma%es the rest of our life s'eeter unto us&L ;.@A.G
_At0ue haec olim meminisse ju#abit_$ Lrecollection of the "ast is
"leasant&L Lthe "ri#ation and 'ant of a thing many times ma%es it more
"leasant and delightsome than before it 'as.L 4e must not thin% the
ha""iest of us all to esca"e here 'ithout some misfortunes$
;.@A?G ------LHs0ue adeo nulla est sincera #olu"tas$
9olicitum0ue ali0uid laetis inter#enit.L------
5ea#en and earth are much unli%e& ;.@A@GLThose hea#enly bodies indeed are
freely carried in their orbs 'ithout any im"ediment or interru"tion$ to
continue their course for innumerable ages$ and ma%e their con#ersions& but
men are urged 'ith many difficulties$ and ha#e di#erse hindrances$
o""ositions still crossing$ interru"ting their endea#ours and desires$ and
no mortal man is free from this la' of nature.L 4e must not therefore ho"e
to ha#e all things ans'er our o'n e+"ectation$ to ha#e a continuance of
good success and fortunes$ _7ortuna nun0uam "er"etuo est bona_. And as
Minutius 7eli+$ the 1oman consul$ told that insulting :oriolanus$ drun%
'ith his good fortunes$ loo% not for that success thou hast hitherto had<
;.@A-GLIt ne#er yet ha""ened to any man since the beginning of the 'orld$
nor e#er 'ill$ to ha#e all things according to his desire$ or to 'hom
fortune 'as ne#er o""osite and ad#erse.L E#en so it fell out to him as he
foretold. And so to others$ e#en to that ha""iness of Augustus< though he
'ere Du"iter!s almoner$ Pluto!s treasurer$ 8e"tune!s admiral$ it could not
secure him. 9uch 'as Alcibiades!s fortune$ 8arsetes$ that great Gonsal#us$
and most famous men!s$ that as ;.@AAGDo#ius concludes$ Lit is almost fatal
to great "rinces$ through their o'n default or other'ise circum#ented 'ith
en#y and malice$ to lose their honours$ and die contumeliously.L !Tis so$
still hath been$ and e#er 'ill be$ _8ihil est ab omni "arte beatum_$
LThere!s no "erfection is so absolute$
That some im"urity doth not "ollute.L
4hatsoe#er is under the moon is subject to corru"tion$ alteration< and so
long as thou li#est u"on earth loo% not for other. ;.@A/GLThou shalt not
here find "eaceable and cheerful days$ 0uiet times$ but rather clouds$
storms$ calumnies$ such is our fate.L And as those errant "lanets in their
distinct orbs ha#e their se#eral motions$ sometimes direct$ stationary$
retrograde$ in a"ogee$ "erigee$ oriental$ occidental$ combust$ feral$ free$
and as our astrologers 'ill$ ha#e their fortitudes and debilities$ by
reason of those good and bad irradiations$ conferred to each other!s site
in the hea#ens$ in their terms$ houses$ case$ detriments$ Fc. 9o 'e rise
and fall in this 'orld$ ebb and flo'$ in and out$ reared and dejected$ lead
a troublesome life$ subject to many accidents and casualties of fortunes$
#ariety of "assions$ infirmities as 'ell from oursel#es as others.
Eea$ but thou thin%est thou art more miserable than the rest$ other men are
ha""y but in res"ect of thee$ their miseries are but flea-bitings to thine$
thou alone art unha""y$ none so bad as thyself. Eet if$ as 9ocrates said$
;.@ABGLAll men in the 'orld should come and bring their grie#ances
together$ of body$ mind$ fortune$ sores$ ulcers$ madness$ e"ile"sies$
agues$ and all those common calamities of beggary$ 'ant$ ser#itude$
im"risonment$ and lay them on a hea" to be e0ually di#ided$ 'ouldst thou
share ali%e$ and ta%e thy "ortionN or be as thou artN 4ithout 0uestion thou
'ouldst be as thou art.L If some Du"iter should say$ to gi#e us all
content$
;.@/CG LDam faciam 0uod #ultis< eris tu$ 0ui modo miles$
Mercator< tu consultus modo$ rusticus< hinc #os$
Ios hinc mutatis discedite "artibus< eia
Kuid slatisN nolint.L
L4ell be!t so then< you master soldier
9hall be a merchant< you sir la'yer
A country gentlemen< go you to this$
That side you< 'hy stand yeN it!s 'ell as !tis.L
;.@/,GLE#ery man %no's his o'n$ but not others! defects and miseries< and
!tis the nature of all men still to reflect u"on themsel#es$ their o'n
misfortunes$L not to e+amine or consider other men!s$ not to com"are
themsel#es 'ith others& To recount their miseries$ but not their good
gifts$ fortunes$ benefits$ 'hich they ha#e$ or ruminate on their ad#ersity$
but not once to thin% on their "ros"erity$ not 'hat they ha#e$ but 'hat
they 'ant& to loo% still on them that go before$ but not on those infinite
numbers that come after. ;.@/=GL4hereas many a man 'ould thin% himself in
hea#en$ a "retty "rince$ if he had but the least "art of that fortune 'hich
thou so much re"inest at$ abhorrest and accountest a most #ile and 'retched
estate.L 5o' many thousands 'ant that 'hich thou hastN ho' many myriads of
"oor sla#es$ ca"ti#es$ of such as 'or% day and night in coal-"its$
tin-mines$ 'ith sore toil to maintain a "oor li#ing$ of such as labour in
body and mind$ li#e in e+treme anguish$ and "ain$ all 'hich thou art free
fromN _2 fortunatos nimium bona si sua norint_& Thou art most ha""y if thou
couldst be content$ and ac%no'ledge thy ha""iness< ;.@/.G_1em carendo$ non
fruendo cognoscimus_$ 'hen thou shalt hereafter come to 'ant that 'hich
thou no' loathest$ abhorrest$ and art 'eary of$ and tired 'ith$ 'hen !tis
"ast thou 'ilt say thou 'ert most ha""y& and after a little miss$ 'ish 'ith
all thine heart thou hadst the same content again$ mightst lead but such a
life$ a 'orld for such a life& the remembrance of it is "leasant. e silent
then$ ;.@/?Grest satisfied$ _desine$ intuens0ue in aliorum infortunia
solare mentem_$ comfort thyself 'ith other men!s misfortunes$ and as the
mould'ar" in Aeso" told the fo+$ com"laining for 'ant of a tail$ and the
rest of his com"anions$ _tacete$ 0uando me occulis ca"tum #idetis_$ you
com"lain of toys$ but I am blind$ be 0uiet. I say to thee be thou
satisfied. It is ;.@/@Grecorded of the hares$ that 'ith a general consent
they 'ent to dro'n themsel#es$ out of a feeling of their misery< but 'hen
they sa' a com"any of frogs more fearful than they 'ere$ they began to ta%e
courage$ and comfort again. :om"are thine estate 'ith others. _9imiles
aliorum res"ice casus$ mitius ista feres_. e content and rest satisfied$
for thou art 'ell in res"ect to others& be than%ful for that thou hast$
that God hath done for thee$ he hath not made thee a monster$ a beast$ a
base creature$ as he might$ but a man$ a :hristian$ such a man< consider
aright of it$ thou art full 'ell as thou art. ;.@/-G_Kuic0uid #ult habere
nemo "otest_$ no man can ha#e 'hat he 'ill$ _Illud "otest nolle 0uod non
habet_$ he may choose 'hether he 'ill desire that 'hich he hath not. Thy
lot is fallen$ ma%e the best of it. ;.@/AGLIf 'e should all slee" at all
times$L (as Endymion is said to ha#e done) L'ho then 'ere ha""ier than his
fello'NL 2ur life is but short$ a #ery dream$ and 'hile 'e loo% about
;.@//G_immortalitas adest_$ eternity is at hand& ;.@/BGL2ur life is a
"ilgrimage on earth$ 'hich 'ise men "ass 'ith great alacrity.L If thou be
in 'oe$ sorro'$ 'ant$ distress$ in "ain$ or sic%ness$ thin% of that of our
a"ostle$ LGod chastiseth them 'hom he lo#eth& they that so' in tears$ shall
rea" in joy$L Psal. c++#i. -. LAs the furnace "ro#eth the "otter!s #essel$
so doth tem"tation try men!s thoughts$L Eccl. ++#. @$ !tis for ;.@BCGthy
good$ _Periisses nisi "eriisses_& hadst thou not been so #isited$ thou
hadst been utterly undone& Las gold in the fire$L so men are tried in
ad#ersity. _Tribulatio ditut_& and 'hich :amerarius hath 'ell shado'ed in
an emblem of a thresher and corn$
L9i tritura absit "aleis sunt abdita grana$
8os cru+ mundanis se"arat a "aleis&L
LAs threshing se"arates from stra' the corn$
y crosses from the 'orld!s chaff are 'e born.L
!Tis the #ery same 'hich ;.@B,G:hrysostom comments$ _hom. =. in . Mat._
L:orn is not se"arated but by threshing$ nor men from 'orldly im"ediments
but by tribulation.L !Tis that 'hich ;.@B=G:y"rian ingeminates$ _9er. ?. de
immort._ !Tis that 'hich ;.@B.G5ierom$ 'hich all the fathers inculcate$ Lso
'e are catechised for eternity.L !Tis that 'hich the "ro#erb insinuates.
_8ocumentum documentum_< !tis that 'hich all the 'orld rings in our ears.
_3eus unicum habet filium sine "eccato$ nullum sine flagello_& God$ saith
;.@B?GAustin$ hath one son 'ithout sin$ none 'ithout correction. ;.@B@GLAn
e+"ert seaman is tried in a tem"est$ a runner in a race$ a ca"tain in a
battle$ a #aliant man in ad#ersity$ a :hristian in tentation and misery.L
_asil$ hom. /._ 4e are sent as so many soldiers into this 'orld$ to stri#e
'ith it$ the flesh$ the de#il< our life is a 'arfare$ and 'ho %no's it notN
;.@B-G_8on est ad astra mollis e terris #ia_& ;.@BAGLand therefore
"erad#enture this 'orld here is made troublesome unto us$L that$ as Gregory
notes$ L'e should not be delighted by the 'ay$ and forget 'hither 'e are
going.L
;.@B/G LIte nunc fortes$ ubi celsa magni
3ucit e+em"li #ia$ cur inertis
Terga nudatisN su"erata tellus
9idera donat.L
Go on then merrily to hea#en. If the 'ay be troublesome$ and you in misery$
in many grie#ances& on the other side you ha#e many "leasant s"orts$
objects$ s'eet smells$ delightsome tastes$ music$ meats$ herbs$ flo'ers$
Fc. to recreate your senses. 2r "ut case thou art no' forsa%en of the
'orld$ dejected$ contemned$ yet comfort thyself$ as it 'as said to Agar in
the 'ilderness$ ;.@BBGLGod sees thee$ he ta%es notice of thee&L there is a
God abo#e that can #indicate thy cause$ that can relie#e thee. And surely
;.-CCG9eneca thin%s he ta%es delight in seeing thee. LThe gods are 'ell
"leased 'hen they see great men contending 'ith ad#ersity$L as 'e are to
see men fight$ or a man 'ith a beast. ut these are toys in res"ect$ ;.-C,G
Lehold$L saith he$ La s"ectacle 'orthy of God< a good man contented 'ith
his estate.L A tyrant is the best sacrifice to Du"iter$ as the ancients
held$ and his best object La contented mind.L 7or thy "art then rest
satisfied$ Lcast all thy care on him$ thy burthen on him$L ;.-C=GLrely on
him$ trust on him$ and he shall nourish thee$ care for thee$ gi#e thee
thine heart!s desire<L say 'ith 3a#id$ LGod is our ho"e and strength$ in
troubles ready to be found$L Psal. +l#i. ,. Lfor they that trust in the
*ord shall be as Mount >ion$ 'hich cannot be remo#ed$L Psal. c++i#. ,. =.
Las the mountains are about Derusalem$ so is the *ord about his "eo"le$
from henceforth and for e#er.L
MEM. II.
_3eformity of body$ sic%ness$ baseness of birth$ "eculiar discontents_.
Particular discontents and grie#ances$ are either of body$ mind$ or
fortune$ 'hich as they 'ound the soul of man$ "roduce this melancholy$ and
many great incon#eniences$ by that antidote of good counsel and "ersuasion
may be eased or e+"elled. 3eformities and im"erfections of our bodies$ as
lameness$ croo%edness$ deafness$ blindness$ be they innate or accidental$
torture many men& yet this may comfort them$ that those im"erfections of
the body do not a 'hit blemish the soul$ or hinder the o"erations of it$
but rather hel" and much increase it. Thou art lame of body$ deformed to
the eye$ yet this hinders not but that thou mayst be a good$ a 'ise$
u"right$ honest man. ;.-C.GL9eldom$L saith Plutarch$ Lhonesty and beauty
d'ell together$L and oftentimes under a threadbare coat lies an e+cellent
understanding$ _sae"e sub attrita latitat sa"ientia #este_. ;.-C?G:ornelius
Mussus$ that famous "reacher in Italy$ 'hen he came first into the "ul"it
in Ienice$ 'as so much contemned by reason of his outside$ a little lean$
"oor$ dejected "erson$ ;.-C@Gthey 'ere all ready to lea#e the church< but
'hen they heard his #oice they did admire him$ and ha""y 'as that senator
could enjoy his com"any$ or in#ite him first to his house. A silly fello'
to loo% to$ may ha#e more 'it$ learning$ honesty$ than he that struts it
out _Am"ullis jactans$ Fc. grandia gradiens_$ and is admired in the 'orld!s
o"inion& _Iilis sae"e cadus nobile nectar habet_$ the best 'ine comes out
of an old #essel. 5o' many deformed "rinces$ %ings$ em"erors$ could I
rec%on u"$ "hiloso"hers$ oratorsN 5annibal had but one eye$ A""ius
:laudius$ Timoleon$ blind$ Muleasse$ %ing of Tunis$ Dohn$ %ing of ohemia$
and Tiresias the "ro"het. ;.-C-GLThe night hath his "leasure<L and for the
loss of that one sense such men are commonly recom"ensed in the rest< they
ha#e e+cellent memories$ other good "arts$ music$ and many recreations<
much ha""iness$ great 'isdom$ as Tully 'ell discourseth in his ;.-CAG
Tusculan 0uestions& 5omer 'as blind$ yet 'ho (saith he) made more accurate$
li#ely$ or better descri"tions$ 'ith both his eyesN 3emocritus 'as blind$
yet as *aertius 'rites of him$ he sa' more than all Greece besides$ as
;.-C/GPlato concludes$ _Tum sane mentis oculus acute inci"it cernere$ 0uum
"rimum cor"oris oculus deflorescit_$ 'hen our bodily eyes are at 'orst$
generally the eyes of our soul see best. 9ome "hiloso"hers and di#ines ha#e
e#irated themsel#es$ and "ut out their eyes #oluntarily$ the better to
contem"late. Angelus Politianus had a tetter in his nose continually
running$ fulsome in com"any$ yet no man so elo0uent and "leasing in his
'or%s. Aeso" 'as croo%ed$ 9ocrates "urblind$ long-legged$ hairy< 3emocritus
'ithered$ 9eneca lean and harsh$ ugly to behold$ yet sho' me so many
flourishing 'its$ such di#ine s"irits& 5orace a little blear-eyed
contem"tible fello'$ yet 'ho so sententious and 'iseN Marcilius Picinus$
7aber 9ta"ulensis$ a cou"le of d'arfs$ ;.-CBGMelancthon a short
hard-fa#oured man$ _"ar#us erat$ sed magnus erat_$ Fc.$ yet of incom"arable
"arts all three. ;.-,CGIgnatius *oyola the founder of the Desuits$ by
reason of a hurt he recei#ed in his leg$ at the siege of Pam"eluna$ the
chief to'n of 8a#arre in 9"ain$ unfit for 'ars and less ser#iceable at
court$ u"on that accident betoo% himself to his beads$ and by those means
got more honour than e#er he should ha#e done 'ith the use of his limbs$
and "ro"erness of "erson& ;.-,,G_Iulnus non "enetrat animum_$ a 'ound hurts
not the soul. Galba the em"eror 'as croo%-bac%ed$ E"ictetus lame& that
great Ale+ander a little man of stature$ ;.-,=GAugustus :aesar of the same
"itch& Agesilaus _des"icabili forma_< occharis a most deformed "rince as
e#er Egy"t had$ yet as ;.-,.G3iodorus 9iculus records of him$ in 'isdom and
%no'ledge far beyond his "redecessors. _A. 3om._ ,.C-. ;.-,?G Hladeslaus
:ubitalis that "igmy %ing of Poland reigned and fought more #ictorious
battles than any of his long-shan%ed "redecessors. _8ullam #irtus res"uit
staturam_$ #irtue refuseth no stature$ and commonly your great #ast bodies$
and fine features$ are sottish$ dull$ and leaden s"irits. 4hat!s in themN
;.-,@G_Kuid nisi "ondus iners stolidae0ue ferocia memtis_$ 4hat in 2sus and
E"hialtes (8e"tune!s sons in 5omer)$ nine acres longN
;.-,-G LKui ut magnus 2rion$
:um "edes incedit$ medii "er ma+ima 8erei
9tagna$ #iam findens humero su"ereminet undas.L
L*i%e tall 2rion stal%ing o!er the flood&
4hen 'ith his bra'ny breast he cuts the 'a#es$
5is shoulder scarce the to"most billo' la#es.L
4hat in Ma+iminus$ Aja+$ :aligula$ and the rest of those great >anzummins$
or gigantical Ana%ims$ hea#y$ #ast$ barbarous lubbersN
;.-,AG ------Lsi membra tibi dant grandia Parcae$
Mentis egesNL
Their body$ saith ;.-,/G*emnius$ Lis a burden to them$ and their s"irits
not so li#ely$ nor they so erect and merry&L _8on est in magno cor"ore mica
salis_& a little diamond is more 'orth than a roc%y mountain& 'hich made
Ale+ander A"hrodiseus "ositi#ely conclude$ LThe lesser$ the ;.-,BG'iser$
because the soul 'as more contracted in such a body.L *et odine in his _@.
c. method$ hist._ "lead the rest< the lesser they are$ as in Asia$ Greece$
they ha#e generally the finest 'its. And for bodily stature 'hich some so
much admire$ and goodly "resence$ !tis true$ to say the best of them$ great
men are "ro"er$ and tall$ I grant$--_ca"ut inter nubila condunt_$ (hide
their heads in the clouds)< but _belli "usilli_ little men are "retty& _9ed
si bellus homo est :otta$ "usillus homo est_. 9ic%ness$ diseases$ trouble
many$ but 'ithout a cause< ;.-=CGLIt may be !tis for the good of their
souls&L _Pars fati fuit_$ the flesh rebels against the s"irit< that 'hich
hurts the one$ must needs hel" the other. 9ic%ness is the mother of
modesty$ "utteth us in mind of our mortality< and 'hen 'e are in the full
career of 'orldly "om" and jollity$ she "ulleth us by the ear$ and ma%eth
us %no' oursel#es. ;.-=,GPliny calls it$ the sum of "hiloso"hy$ LIf 'e
could but "erform that in our health$ 'hich 'e "romise in our sic%ness.L
_Kuum infirmi sumus$ o"timi sumus_< ;.-==Gfor 'hat sic% man (as ;.-=.G
9ecundus e+"ostulates 'ith 1ufus) 'as e#er Llasci#ious$ co#etous$ or
ambitiousN he en#ies no man$ admires no man$ flatters no man$ des"iseth no
man$ listens not after lies and tales$L Fc. And 'ere it not for such gentle
remembrances$ men 'ould ha#e no moderation of themsel#es$ they 'ould be
'orse than tigers$ 'ol#es$ and lions& 'ho should %ee" them in a'eN
L"rinces$ masters$ "arents$ magistrates$ judges$ friends$ enemies$ fair or
foul means cannot contain us$ but a little sic%ness$L (as ;.-=?G:hrysostom
obser#es) L'ill correct and amend us.L And therefore 'ith good discretion$
;.-=@GDo#ianus Pontanus caused this short sentence to be engra#en on his
tomb in 8a"les& L*abour$ sorro'$ grief$ sic%ness$ 'ant and 'oe$ to ser#e
"roud masters$ bear that su"erstitious yo%e$ and bury your clearest
friends$ Fc.$ are the sauces of our life.L If thy disease be continuate and
"ainful to thee$ it 'ill not surely last& Land a light affliction$ 'hich is
but for a moment$ causeth unto us a far more e+cellent and eternal 'eight
of glory$L = :or. i#. ,A. bear it 'ith "atience< 'omen endure much sorro'
in childbed$ and yet they 'ill not contain< and those that are barren$ 'ish
for this "ain< Lbe courageous$ ;.-=-Gthere is as much #alour to be sho'n in
thy bed$ as in an army$ or at a sea fight&L _aut #incetur$ aut #incet_$
thou shalt be rid at last. In the mean time$ let it ta%e its course$ thy
mind is not any 'ay disabled. ilibaldus Pir%imerus$ senator to :harles the
7ifth$ ruled all Germany$ lying most "art of his days sic% of the gout u"on
his bed. The more #iolent thy torture is$ the less it 'ill continue& and
though it be se#ere and hideous for the time$ comfort thyself as martyrs
do$ 'ith honour and immortality. ;.-=AGThat famous "hiloso"her E"icurus$
being in as miserable "ain of stone and colic$ as a man might endure$
solaced himself 'ith a conceit of immortality< Lthe joy of his soul for his
rare in#entions$ re"elled the "ain of his bodily torments.L
aseness of birth is a great dis"aragement to some men$ es"ecially if they
be 'ealthy$ bear office$ and come to "romotion in a common'ealth< then (as
;.-=/Ghe obser#es) if their birth be not ans'erable to their calling$ and
to their fello's$ they are much abashed and ashamed of themsel#es. 9ome
scorn their o'n father and mother$ deny brothers and sisters$ 'ith the rest
of their %indred and friends$ and 'ill not suffer them to come near them$
'hen they are in their "om"$ accounting it a scandal to their greatness to
ha#e such beggarly beginnings. 9imon in *ucian$ ha#ing no' got a little
'ealth$ changed his name from 9imon to 9imonides$ for that there 'ere so
many beggars of his %in$ and set the house on fire 'here he 'as born$
because no body should "oint at it. 2thers buy titles$ coats of arms$ and
by all means scre' themsel#es into ancient families$ falsifying "edigrees$
usur"ing scutcheons$ and all because they 'ould not seem to be base. The
reason is$ for that this gentility is so much admired by a com"any of
outsides$ and such honour attributed unto it$ as amongst ;.-=BGGermans$
7renchmen$ and Ienetians$ the gentry scorn the commonalty$ and 'ill not
suffer them to match 'ith them< they de"ress$ and ma%e them as so many
asses$ to carry burdens. In our ordinary tal% and fallings out$ the most
o""robrious and scurrile name 'e can fasten u"on a man$ or first gi#e$ is
to call him base rogue$ beggarly rascal$ and the li%e& 4hereas in my
judgment$ this ought of all other grie#ances to trouble men least. 2f all
#anities and fo""eries$ to brag of gentility is the greatest< for 'hat is
it they crac% so much of$ and challenge such su"eriority$ as if they 'ere
demigodsN irthN _Tantane #os generis tenuit fiducia #estri_N ;.-.CGIt is
_non ens_$ a mere flash$ a ceremony$ a toy$ a thing of nought. :onsider the
beginning$ "resent estate$ "rogress$ ending of gentry$ and then tell me
'hat it is. ;.-.,GL2""ression$ fraud$ cozening$ usury$ %na#ery$ ba'dry$
murder$ and tyranny$ are the beginning of many ancient families&L
;.-.=GLone hath been a bloodsuc%er$ a "arricide$ the death of many a silly
soul in some unjust 0uarrels$ seditions$ made many an or"han and "oor
'ido'$ and for that he is made a lord or an earl$ and his "osterity
gentlemen for e#er after. Another hath been a ba'd$ a "ander to some great
men$ a "arasite$ a sla#e$L ;.-..GL"rostituted himself$ his 'ife$ daughter$L
to some lasci#ious "rince$ and for that he is e+alted. Tiberius "referred
many to honours in his time$ because they 'ere famous 'horemasters and
sturdy drin%ers< many come into this "archment-ro' (so ;.-.?Gone calls it)
by flattery or cozening< search your old families$ and you shall scarce
find of a multitude (as Aeneas 9yl#ius obser#es) _0ui sceleratum non habent
ortum_$ that ha#e not a 'ic%ed beginning< _aut 0ui #i et dolo eo fastigii
non ascendunt_$ as that "lebeian in ;.-.@GMachia#el in a set oration "ro#ed
to his fello's$ that do not rise by %na#ery$ force$ foolery$ #illainy$ or
such indirect means. LThey are commonly able that are 'ealthy< #irtue and
riches seldom settle on one man& 'ho then sees not the beginning of
nobilityN s"oils enrich one$ usury another$ treason a third$ 'itchcraft a
fourth$ flattery a fifth$ lying$ stealing$ bearing false 'itness a si+th$
adultery the se#enth$L Fc. 2ne ma%es a fool of himself to ma%e his lord
merry$ another dandles my young master$ besto's a little nag on him$ a
third marries a crac%ed "iece$ Fc. 8o' may it "lease your good 'orshi"$
your lordshi"$ 'ho 'as the first founder of your familyN The "oet ans'ers$
;.-.-G_Aut Pastor fuit$ aut illud 0uod dicere nolo._ Are he or you the
better gentlemanN If he$ then 'e ha#e traced him to his form. If you$ 'hat
is it of 'hich thou boastest so muchN That thou art his son. It may be his
heir$ his re"uted son$ and yet indeed a "riest or a ser#ing man may be the
true father of him< but 'e 'ill not contro#ert that no'< married 'omen are
all honest< thou art his son!s son!s son$ begotten and born _infra 0uatuor
maria_$ Fc. Thy great great great grandfather 'as a rich citizen$ and then
in all li%elihood a usurer$ a la'yer$ and then a--a courtier$ and then a--a
country gentleman$ and then he scra"ed it out of shee"$ Fc. And you are the
heir of all his #irtues$ fortunes$ titles< so then$ 'hat is your gentry$
but as 5ierom saith$ _2"es anti0uae$ in#eteratae di#itiae_$ ancient 'ealthN
that is the definition of gentility. The father goes often to the de#il$ to
ma%e his son a gentleman. 7or the "resent$ 'hat is itN LIt beganL (saith
;.-.AGAgri""a) L'ith strong im"iety$ 'ith tyranny$ o""ression$L Fc. and so
it is maintained& 'ealth began it (no matter ho' got)$ 'ealth continueth
and increaseth it. Those 1oman %nights 'ere so called$ if they could
dis"end _"er annum_ so much. ;.-./GIn the %ingdom of 8a"les and 7rance$ he
that buys such lands$ buys the honour$ title$ barony$ together 'ith it< and
they that can dis"end so much amongst us$ must be called to bear office$ to
be %nights$ or fine for it$ as one obser#es$ ;.-.BG_nobiliorum e+ censu
judicant_$ our nobles are measured by their means. And 'hat no' is the
object of honourN 4hat maintains our gentry but 'ealthN ;.-?CG_8obilitas
sine re "rojecta #ilior alga._ 4ithout means gentry is naught 'orth$
nothing so contem"tible and base. ;.-?,G_3is"utare de nobilitate generis$
sine di#itiis$ est dis"utare de nobilitate stercoris_$ saith 8e#isanus the
la'yer$ to dis"ute of gentry 'ithout 'ealth$ is (sa#ing your re#erence) to
discuss the original of a merd. 9o that it is 'ealth alone that
denominates$ money 'hich maintains it$ gi#es _esse_ to it$ for 'hich e#ery
man may ha#e it. And 'hat is their ordinary e+erciseN ;.-?=GLsit to eat$
drin%$ lie do'n to slee"$ and rise to "lay&L 'herein lies their 'orth and
sufficiencyN in a fe' coats of arms$ eagles$ lions$ ser"ents$ bears$
tigers$ dogs$ crosses$ bends$ fesses$ Fc.$ and such li%e baubles$ 'hich
they commonly set u" in their galleries$ "orches$ 'indo's$ on bo'ls$
"latters$ coaches$ in tombs$ churches$ men!s slee#es$ Fc. ;.-?.GLIf he can
ha'% and hunt$ ride a horse$ "lay at cards and dice$ s'agger$ drin%$
s'ear$L ta%e tobacco 'ith a grace$ sing$ dance$ 'ear his clothes in
fashion$ court and "lease his mistress$ tal% big fustian$ ;.-??Ginsult$
scorn$ strut$ contemn others$ and use a little mimical and a"ish com"liment
abo#e the rest$ he is a com"lete$ (_Egregiam #ero laudem_) a 'ell-0ualified
gentleman< these are most of their em"loyments$ this their greatest
commendation. 4hat is gentry$ this "archment nobility then$ but as ;.-?@G
Agri""a defines it$ La sanctuary of %na#ery and naughtiness$ a cloa% for
'ic%edness and e+ecrable #ices$ of "ride$ fraud$ contem"t$ boasting$
o""ression$ dissimulation$ lust$ gluttony$ malice$ fornication$ adultery$
ignorance$ im"ietyNL A nobleman therefore in some li%elihood$ as he
concludes$ is an Latheist$ an o""ressor$ an e"icure$ a ;.-?-Ggull$ a
dizzard$ an illiterate idiot$ an outside$ a glo''orm$ a "roud fool$ an
arrant ass$L _Ientris et inguinis manci"ium_$ a sla#e to his lust and
belly$ _sola0ue libidine fortis_. And as 9al#ianus obser#ed of his
countrymen the A0uitanes in 7rance$ _sicut titulis "rimi fuere$ sic et
#itiis_ (as they 'ere the first in ran% so also in rottenness)< and :abinet
du 1oy$ their o'n 'riter$ distinctly of the rest. LThe nobles of erry are
most "art lechers$ they of Touraine thie#es$ they of 8arbonne co#etous$
they of Guienne coiners$ they of Pro#ence atheists$ they of 1heims
su"erstitious$ they of *yons treacherous$ of 8ormandy "roud$ of Picardy
insolent$L Fc. 4e may generally conclude$ the greater men$ the more
#icious. In fine$ as ;.-?AGAeneas 9yl#ius adds$ Lthey are most "art
miserable$ sottish$ and filthy fello's$ li%e the 'alls of their houses$
fair 'ithout$ foul 'ithin.L 4hat dost thou #aunt of no'N ;.-?/GL4hat dost
thou ga"e and 'onder atN admire him for his bra#e a""arel$ horses$ dogs$
fine houses$ manors$ orchards$ gardens$ 'al%sN 4hyN a fool may be "ossessor
of this as 'ell as he< and he that accounts him a better man$ a nobleman
for ha#ing of it$ he is a fool himself.L 8o' go and brag of thy gentility.
This is it beli%e 'hich ma%es the ;.-?BGTur%s at this day scorn nobility$
and all those huffing bombast titles$ 'hich so much ele#ate their "oles&
e+ce"t it be such as ha#e got it at first$ maintain it by some su"ereminent
0uality$ or e+cellent 'orth. And for this cause$ the 1agusian common'ealth$
9'itzers$ and the united "ro#inces$ in all their aristocracies$ or
democratical monarchies$ (if I may so call them$) e+clude all these degrees
of hereditary honours$ and 'ill admit of none to bear office$ but such as
are learned$ li%e those Athenian Areo"agites$ 'ise$ discreet$ and 'ell
brought u". The ;.-@CG:hinese obser#e the same customs$ no man amongst them
noble by birth< out of their "hiloso"hers and doctors they choose
magistrates& their "olitic nobles are ta%en from such as be _moraliter
nobiles_ #irtuous noble< _nobilitas ut olim ab officio$ non a natura_$ as
in Israel of old$ and their office 'as to defend and go#ern their country
in 'ar and "eace$ not to ha'%$ hunt$ eat$ drin%$ game alone$ as too many
do. Their *oysii$ Mandarini$ literati$ licentiati$ and such as ha#e raised
themsel#es by their 'orth$ are their noblemen only$ though fit to go#ern a
state& and 'hy then should any that is other'ise of 'orth be ashamed of his
birthN 'hy should not he be as much res"ected that lea#es a noble
"osterity$ as he that hath had noble ancestorsN nay 'hy not moreN for
_"lures solem orientem_ 'e adore the sun rising most "art< and ho' much
better is it to say$ _Ego meis majoribus #irtute "raelu+i_$ (I ha#e
outshone my ancestors in #irtues)$ to boast himself of his #irtues$ than of
his birthN :athesbeius$ sultan of Egy"t and 9yria$ 'as by his condition a
sla#e$ but for 'orth$ #alour$ and manhood second to no %ing$ and for that
cause (as$ ;.-@,GDo#ius 'rites) elected em"eror of the Mamelu%es. That "oor
9"anish Pizarro for his #alour made by :harles the fifth mar0uess of
Anatillo< the Tur%ey Pashas are all such. Pertina+$ Phili""us Arabs$
Ma+iminus$ Probus$ Aurelius$ Fc.$ from common soldiers$ became em"erors$
:ato$ :incinnatus$ Fc. consuls. Pius 9ecundus$ 9i+tus Kuintus$ Dohan$
9ecundus$ 8icholas Kuintus$ Fc. "o"es. 9ocrates$ Iirgil$ 5orace$ _libertino
"arte natus_. ;.-@=GThe %ings of 3enmar% fetch their "edigree$ as some say$
from one Hlfo$ that 'as the son of a bear. ;.-@.G_E tenui casa sae"e #ir
magnus e+it_$ many a 'orthy man comes out of a "oor cottage. 5ercules$
1omulus$ Ale+ander (by 2lym"ia!s confession)$ Themistocles$ Dugurtha$ 6ing
Arthur$ 4illiam the :on0ueror$ 5omer$ 3emosthenes$ P. *umbard$ P. :omestor$
artholus$ Adrian the fourth Po"e$ Fc.$ bastards< and almost in e#ery
%ingdom$ the most ancient families ha#e been at first "rinces! bastards&
their 'orthiest ca"tains$ best 'its$ greatest scholars$ bra#est s"irits in
all our annals$ ha#e been base. ;.-@?G:ardan$ in his subtleties$ gi#es a
reason 'hy they are most "art better able than others in body and mind$ and
so$ _"er conse0uens_$ more fortunate. :astruccius :astrucanus$ a "oor
child$ found in the field$ e+"osed to misery$ became "rince of *ucca and
9enes in Italy$ a most com"lete soldier and 'orthy ca"tain< Machia#el
com"ares him to 9ci"io or Ale+ander. LAnd !tis a 'onderful thingL (;.-@@G
saith he) Lto him that shall consider of it$ that all those$ or the
greatest "art of them$ that ha#e done the bra#est e+"loits here u"on earth$
and e+celled the rest of the nobles of their time$ ha#e been still born in
some abject$ obscure "lace$ or of base and obscure abject "arents.L A most
memorable obser#ation$ ;.-@-G9caliger accounts it$ _et non "raetereundum$
ma+imorum #irorum "leros0ue "atres ignoratos$ matres im"udicas fuisse_.
;.-@AGLI could recite a great catalogue of them$L e#ery %ingdom$ e#ery
"ro#ince 'ill yield innumerable e+am"les& and 'hy then should baseness of
birth be objected to any manN 4ho thin%s 'orse of Tully for being
_ar"inas_$ an u"startN 2r Agathocles$ that 9ilician %ing$ for being a
"otter!s sonN I"hicrates and Marius 'ere meanly born. 4hat 'ise man thin%s
better of any "erson for his nobilityN as he said in ;.-@/GMachia#el$
_omnes eodem "atre nati_$ Adam!s sons$ concei#ed all and born in sin$ Fc.
L4e are by nature all as one$ all ali%e$ if you see us na%ed< let us 'ear
theirs and they our clothes$ and 'hat is the differenceNL To s"ea% truth$
as ;.-@BGale did of P. 9chalichius$ LI more esteem thy 'orth$ learning$
honesty$ than thy nobility< honour thee more that thou art a 'riter$ a
doctor of di#inity$ than Earl of the 5uns$ aron of 9%radine$ or hast title
to such and such "ro#inces$L Fc. LThou art more fortunate and greatL (so
;.--CGDo#ius 'rites to :osmo de Medici$ then 3u%e of 7lorence) Lfor thy
#irtues$ than for thy lo#ely 'ife$ and ha""y children$ friends$ fortunes$
or great duchy of Tuscany.L 9o I account thee< and 'ho doth not so indeedN
;.--,GAbdolominus 'as a gardener$ and yet by Ale+ander for his #irtues made
6ing of 9yria. 5o' much better is it to be born of mean "arentage$ and to
e+cel in 'orth$ to be morally noble$ 'hich is "referred before that natural
nobility$ by di#ines$ "hiloso"hers$ and ;.--=G"oliticians$ to be learned$
honest$ discreet$ 'ell-0ualified$ to be fit for any manner of em"loyment$
in country and common'ealth$ 'ar and "eace$ than to be _3egeneres
8eo"tolemi_$ as many bra#e nobles are$ only 'ise because rich$ other'ise
idiots$ illiterate$ unfit for any manner of ser#iceN ;.--.G Hdalricus$ Earl
of :ilia$ u"braided Dohn 5uniades 'ith the baseness of his birth$ but he
re"lied$ _in te :iliensis comitatus tur"iter e+tinguitur$ in me gloriose
istricensis e+oritur_$ thine earldom is consumed 'ith riot$ mine begins
'ith honour and reno'n. Thou hast had so many noble ancestors< 'hat is that
to theeN _Ii+ ea nostra #oco_$ ;.--?G'hen thou art a dizzard thyself& _0uod
"rodest$ Pontice$ longo stemmate censeri_N Fc. I conclude$ hast thou a
sound body$ and a good soul$ good bringing u"N Art thou #irtuous$ honest$
learned$ 'ell-0ualified$ religious$ are thy conditions goodN--thou art a
true nobleman$ "erfectly noble$ although born of Thersites--_dum modo tu
sis--Aeacidae similis$ non natus$ sed factus_$ noble ;Gree%& %at!
e+ochaenG$ ;.--@GLfor neither s'ord$ nor fire$ nor 'ater$ nor sic%ness$ nor
out'ard #iolence$ nor the de#il himself can ta%e thy good "arts from thee.L
e not ashamed of thy birth then$ thou art a gentleman all the 'orld o#er$
and shalt be honoured$ 'hen as he$ stri" him of his fine clothes$
;.---Gdis"ossess him of his 'ealth$ is a funge ('hich ;.--AG Polynices in
his banishment found true by e+"erience$ gentry 'as not esteemed) li%e a
"iece of coin in another country$ that no man 'ill ta%e$ and shall be
contemned. 2nce more$ though thou be a barbarian$ born at Tontonteac$ a
#illain$ a sla#e$ a 9aldanian 8egro$ or a rude Iirginian in 3asamon0ue"ec$
he a 7rench monsieur$ a 9"anish don$ a signor of Italy$ I care not ho'
descended$ of 'hat family$ of 'hat order$ baron$ count$ "rince$ if thou be
'ell 0ualified$ and he not$ but a degenerate 8eo"tolemus$ I tell thee in a
'ord$ thou art a man$ and he is a beast.
*et no _terrae filius_$ or u"start$ insult at this 'hich I ha#e said$ no
'orthy gentleman ta%e offence. I s"ea% it not to detract from such as are
'ell deser#ing$ truly #irtuous and noble& I do much res"ect and honour true
gentry and nobility< I 'as born of 'orshi"ful "arents myself$ in an ancient
family$ but I am a younger brother$ it concerns me not& or had I been some
great heir$ richly endo'ed$ so minded as I am$ I should not ha#e been
ele#ated at all$ but so esteemed of it$ as of all other human ha""iness$
honours$ Fc.$ they ha#e their "eriod$ are brittle and inconstant. As ;.--/G
he said of that great ri#er 3anube$ it riseth from a small fountain$ a
little broo% at first$ sometimes broad$ sometimes narro'$ no' slo'$ then
s'ift$ increased at last to an incredible greatness by the confluence of
si+ty na#igable ri#ers$ it #anisheth in conclusion$ loseth his name$ and is
suddenly s'allo'ed u" of the Eu+ine sea& I may say of our greatest
families$ they 'ere mean at first$ augmented by rich marriages$ "urchases$
offices$ they continue for some ages$ 'ith some little alteration of
circumstances$ fortunes$ "laces$ Fc.$ by some "rodigal son$ for some
default$ or for 'ant of issue they are defaced in an instant$ and their
memory blotted out.
9o much in the mean time I do attribute to Gentility$ that if he be
'ell-descended$ of 'orshi"ful or noble "arentage$ he 'ill e+"ress it in his
conditions$
;.--BG ------Lnec enim feroces
Progenerant a0uilae columbas.L
And although the nobility of our times be much li%e our coins$ more in
number and #alue$ but less in 'eight and goodness$ 'ith finer stam"s$ cuts$
or outsides than of old< yet if he retain those ancient characters of true
gentry$ he 'ill be more affable$ courteous$ gently dis"osed$ of fairer
carriage$ better tem"er$ or a more magnanimous$ heroical$ and generous
s"irit$ than that _#ulgus hominum_$ those ordinary boors and "easants$ _0ui
adeo im"robi$ agrestes$ et inculti "lerum0ue sunt$ ne dicam maliciosi$ ut
nemini ullum humanitatis officium "raestent$ ne i"si 3eo si ad#enerit_$ as
;.-ACGone obser#es of them$ a rude$ brutish$ unci#il$ 'ild$ a currish
generation$ cruel and malicious$ inca"able of disci"line$ and such as ha#e
scarce common sense. And it may be generally s"o%en of all$ 'hich ;.-A,G
*emnius the "hysician said of his tra#el into England$ the common "eo"le
'ere silly$ sullen$ dogged clo'ns$ _sed mitior nobilitas$ ad omne
humanitatis officium "aratissima_$ the gentlemen 'ere courteous and ci#il.
If it so fall out (as often it doth) that such "easants are "referred by
reason of their 'ealth$ chance$ error$ Fc.$ or other'ise$ yet as the cat in
the fable$ 'hen she 'as turned to a fair maid$ 'ould "lay 'ith mice< a cur
'ill be a cur$ a clo'n 'ill be a clo'n$ he 'ill li%ely sa#our of the stoc%
'hence he came$ and that innate rusticity can hardly be sha%en off.
;.-A=G L*icet su"erbus ambulet "ecunia$
7ortuna non mutat genus.L
And though by their education such men may be better 0ualified$ and more
refined< yet there be many sym"toms by 'hich they may li%ely be descried$
an affected fantastical carriage$ a tailor-li%e s"ruceness$ a "eculiar garb
in all their "roceedings< choicer than ordinary in his diet$ and as ;.-A.G
5ierome 'ell describes such a one to his 8e"otian< LAn u"start born in a
base cottage$ that scarce at first had coarse bread to fill his hungry
guts$ must no' feed on %ic%sha's and made dishes$ 'ill ha#e all #ariety of
flesh and fish$ the best oysters$L Fc. A beggar!s brat 'ill be commonly
more scornful$ im"erious$ insulting$ insolent$ than another man of his
ran%& L8othing so intolerable as a fortunate fool$L as ;.-A?GTully found
out long since out of his e+"erience< _As"erius nihil est humili cum surgit
in altum_$ set a beggar on horsebac%$ and he 'ill ride a gallo"$ a gallo"$
Fc.
;.-A@G ------Ldesae#it in omnes
3um se "osse "utat$ nec bellua sae#ior ulla est$
Kuam ser#i rabies in libera colla furentis<L
he forgets 'hat he 'as$ domineers$ Fc.$ and many such other sym"toms he
hath$ by 'hich you may %no' him from a true gentleman. Many errors and
obli0uities are on both sides$ noble$ ignoble$ _factis$ natis_< yet still
in all callings$ as some degenerate$ some are 'ell deser#ing$ and most
'orthy of their honours. And as usbe0uius said of 9uleiman the
Magnificent$ he 'as _tanto dignus im"erio_$ 'orthy of that great em"ire.
Many meanly descended are most 'orthy of their honour$ _"olitice nobiles_$
and 'ell deser#e it. Many of our nobility so born ('hich one said of
5e"haestion$ Ptolemeus$ 9eleucus$ Antigonus$ Fc.$ and the rest of
Ale+ander!s follo'ers$ they 'ere all 'orthy to be monarchs and generals of
armies) deser#e to be "rinces. And I am so far forth of ;.-A-G9esellius!s
mind$ that they ought to be "referred (if ca"able) before others$ Las being
nobly born$ ingenuously brought u"$ and from their infancy trained to all
manner of ci#ility.L 7or learning and #irtue in a nobleman is more eminent$
and$ as a je'el set in gold is more "recious$ and much to be res"ected$
such a man deser#es better than others$ and is as great an honour to his
family as his noble family to him. In a 'ord$ many noblemen are an ornament
to their order& many "oor men!s sons are singularly 'ell endo'ed$ most
eminent$ and 'ell deser#ing for their 'orth$ 'isdom$ learning$ #irtue$
#alour$ integrity< e+cellent members and "illars of a common'ealth. And
therefore to conclude that 'hich I first intended$ to be base by birth$
meanly born is no such dis"aragement. _Et sic demonstratur$ 0uod erat
demonstrandum_.
MEM. III.
_Against Po#erty and 4ant$ 'ith such other Ad#ersities_.
2ne of the greatest miseries that can befall a man$ in the 'orld!s esteem$
is "o#erty or 'ant$ 'hich ma%es men steal$ bear false 'itness$ s'ear$
fors'ear$ contend$ murder and rebel$ 'hich brea%eth slee"$ and causeth
death itself. ;Gree%& ouden "enias baruteron esti "hortionG$ no burden
(saith ;.-AAGMenander) so intolerable as "o#erty& it ma%es men des"erate$
it erects and dejects$ _census honores$ census amicitias_< money ma%es$ but
"o#erty mars$ Fc. and all this in the 'orld!s esteem& yet if considered
aright$ it is a great blessing in itself$ a ha""y estate$ and yields no
cause of discontent$ or that men should therefore account themsel#es #ile$
hated of God$ forsa%en$ miserable$ unfortunate. :hrist himself 'as "oor$
born in a manger$ and had not a house to hide his head in all his life$
;.-A/GLlest any man should ma%e "o#erty a judgment of God$ or an odious
estate.L And as he 'as himself$ so he informed his A"ostles and 3isci"les$
they 'ere all "oor$ Pro"hets "oor$ A"ostles "oor$ (Act. iii. L9il#er and
gold ha#e I none.L) LAs sorro'ingL (saith Paul) Land yet al'ays rejoicing<
as ha#ing nothing$ and yet "ossessing all things$L , :or. #i. ,C. Eour
great Philoso"hers ha#e been #oluntarily "oor$ not only :hristians$ but
many others. :rates Thebanus 'as adored for a God in Athens$ ;.-ABGLa
nobleman by birth$ many ser#ants he had$ an honourable attendance$ much
'ealth$ many manors$ fine a""arel< but 'hen he sa' this$ that all the
'ealth of the 'orld 'as but brittle$ uncertain and no 'hit a#ailing to li#e
'ell$ he flung his burden into the sea$ and renounced his estate.L Those
:urii and 7abricii 'ill be e#er reno'ned for contem"t of these fo""eries$
'here'ith the 'orld is so much affected. Amongst :hristians I could rec%on
u" many %ings and 0ueens$ that ha#e forsa%en their cro'ns and fortunes$ and
'ilfully abdicated themsel#es from these so much esteemed toys< ;.-/CGmany
that ha#e refused honours$ titles$ and all this #ain "om" and ha""iness$
'hich others so ambitiously see%$ and carefully study to com"ass and
attain. 1iches I deny not are God!s good gifts$ and blessings< and _honor
est in honorante_$ honours are from God< both re'ards of #irtue$ and fit to
be sought after$ sued for$ and may 'ell be "ossessed& yet no such great
ha""iness in ha#ing$ or misery in 'anting of them. _3antur 0uidem bonis_$
saith Austin$ _ne 0uis mala aestimet& mails autem ne 0uis nimis bona_$ good
men ha#e 'ealth that 'e should not thin%$ it e#il< and bad men that they
should not rely on or hold it so good< as the rain falls on both sorts$ so
are riches gi#en to good and bad$ _sed bonis in bonum_$ but they are good
only to the godly. ut ;.-/,Gcom"are both estates$ for natural "arts they
are not unli%e< and a beggar!s child$ as ;.-/=G:ardan 'ell obser#es$ Lis no
'hit inferior to a "rince!s$ most "art better<L and for those accidents of
fortune$ it 'ill easily a""ear there is no such odds$ no such e+traordinary
ha""iness in the one$ or misery in the other. 5e is rich$ 'ealthy$ fat<
'hat gets he by itN "ride$ insolency$ lust$ ambition$ cares$ fears$
sus"icion$ trouble$ anger$ emulation$ and many filthy diseases of body and
mind. 5e hath indeed #ariety of dishes$ better fare$ s'eet 'ine$ "leasant
sauce$ dainty music$ gay clothes$ lords it bra#ely out$ Fc.$ and all that
'hich Misillus admired in ;.-/.G*ucian< but 'ith them he hath the gout$
dro"sies$ a"o"le+ies$ "alsies$ stone$ "o+$ rheums$ catarrhs$ crudities$
o""ilations$ ;.-/?Gmelancholy$ Fc.$ lust enters in$ anger$ ambition$
according to ;.-/@G:hrysostom$ Lthe se0uel of riches is "ride$ riot$
intem"erance$ arrogancy$ fury$ and all irrational courses.L
;.-/-G ------Ltur"i fregerunt saecula lu+u
3i#itiae mollesL------
'ith their #ariety of dishes$ many such maladies of body and mind get in$
'hich the "oor man %no's not of. As 9aturn in ;.-/AG*ucian ans'ered the
discontented commonalty$ ('hich because of their neglected 9aturnal feasts
in 1ome$ made a grie#ous com"laint and e+clamation against rich men) that
they 'ere much mista%en in su""osing such ha""iness in riches< ;.-//GLyou
see the bestL (said he) Lbut you %no' not their se#eral gri"ings and
discontents&L they are li%e "ainted 'alls$ fair 'ithout$ rotten 'ithin&
diseased$ filthy$ crazy$ full of intem"erance!s effects< ;.-/BGLand 'ho can
rec%on halfN if you but %ne' their fears$ cares$ anguish of mind and
#e+ation$ to 'hich they are subject$ you 'ould hereafter renounce all
riches.L
;.-BCG L2 si "ateant "ectora di#itum$
Kuantos intus sublimis agit
7ortuna metusN rutia :oro
Pulsante fretum mitior unda est.L
L2 that their breasts 'ere but cons"icuous$
5o' full of fear 'ithin$ ho' furiousN
The narro' seas are not so boisterous.L
Eea$ but he hath the 'orld at 'ill that is rich$ the good things of the
earth& _sua#e est de magno tollere acer#o_$ (it is s'eet to dra' from a
great hea") he is a ha""y man$ ;.-B,Gadored li%e a god$ a "rince$ e#ery man
see%s to him$ a""lauds$ honours$ admires him. 5e hath honours indeed$
abundance of all things< but (as I said) 'ithal ;.-B=GL"ride$ lust$ anger$
faction$ emulation$ fears$ cares$ sus"icion enter 'ith his 'ealth<L for his
intem"erance he hath aches$ crudities$ gouts$ and as fruits of his
idleness$ and fullness$ lust$ surfeiting and drun%enness$ all manner of
diseases& _"ecuniis augetur im"robitas_$ the 'ealthier$ the more dishonest.
;.-B.GL5e is e+"osed to hatred$ en#y$ "eril and treason$ fear of death$
degradation$L Fc. !tis _lubrica statio et "ro+ima "raeci"itio_$ and the
higher he climbs$ the greater is his fall.
;.-B?G ------Lcelsae gra#iore casu
3ecidunt turres$ feriunt0ue summosL
_7ulgura montes_$ the lightning commonly sets on fire the highest to'ers<
;.-B@Gin the more eminent "lace he is$ the more subject to fall.
L1um"itur innumeris arbos uberrima "omis$
Et subito nimiae "raeci"itantur o"es.L
As a tree that is hea#y laden 'ith fruit brea%s her o'n boughs$ 'ith their
o'n greatness they ruin themsel#es& 'hich Doachimus :amerarius hath
elegantly e+"ressed in his _,. Emblem cent. ,._ _Ino"em se co"ia fecit_.
Their means is their misery$ though they do a""ly themsel#es to the times$
to lie$ dissemble$ collogue and flatter their lieges$ obey$ second his 'ill
and commands as much as may be$ yet too fre0uently they miscarry$ they fat
themsel#es li%e so many hogs$ as ;.-B-GAeneas 9yl#ius obser#es$ that 'hen
they are full fed$ they may be de#oured by their "rinces$ as 9eneca by 8ero
'as ser#ed$ 9ejanus by Tiberius$ and 5aman by Ahasuerus& I resol#e 'ith
Gregory$ _"otestas culminis$ est tem"estas mentis< et 0uo dignitas altior$
casus gra#ior_$ honour is a tem"est$ the higher they are ele#ated$ the more
grie#ously de"ressed. 7or the rest of his "rerogati#es 'hich 'ealth
affords$ as he hath more his e+"enses are the greater. L4hen goods
increase$ they are increased that eat them< and 'hat good cometh to the
o'ners$ but the beholding thereof 'ith the eyesNL Eccles. i#. ,C.
;.-BAG LMillia frumenti tua tri#erit area centum$
8on tuus hinc ca"iet #enter "lus 0uam meusL------
Lan e#il sic%ness$L 9olomon calls it$ Land reser#ed to them for an e#il$L
,= #erse. LThey that 'ill be rich fall into many fears and tem"tations$
into many foolish and noisome lusts$ 'hich dro'n men in "erdition.L , Tim.
#i. B. LGold and sil#er hath destroyed many$L Ecclus. #iii. =. _di#itia
saeculi sunt la0uei diaboli_& so 'rites ernard< 'orldly 'ealth is the
de#il!s bait& and as the Moon 'hen she is fuller of light is still farthest
from the 9un$ the more 'ealth they ha#e$ the farther they are commonly from
God. (If I had said this of myself$ rich men 'ould ha#e "ulled me to
"ieces< but hear 'ho saith$ and 'ho seconds it$ an A"ostle) therefore 9t.
Dames bids them L'ee" and ho'l for the miseries that shall come u"on them<
their gold shall rust and can%er$ and eat their flesh as fire$L Dames #. ,$
=$ .. I may then boldly conclude 'ith ;.-B/GTheodoret$ _0uotiescun0ue
di#itiis affluentem_$ Fc. LAs often as you shall see a man abounding in
'ealth$L _0ui gemmis bibit et 9errano dormit in ostro_$ Land naught 'ithal$
I beseech you call him not ha""y$ but esteem him unfortunate$ because he
hath many occasions offered to li#e unjustly< on the other side$ a "oor man
is not miserable$ if he be good$ but therefore ha""y$ that those e#il
occasions are ta%en from him.L
;.-BBG L8on "ossidentem multa #oca#eris
1ecte beatum< rectius occu"at
8omen beati$ 0ui deorum
Muneribus sa"ienter uti$
3uram0ue callet "au"eriem "ati$
Pejus0ue laetho flagitium timet.L
L5e is not ha""y that is rich$
And hath the 'orld at 'ill$
ut he that 'isely can God!s gifts
Possess and use them still&
That suffers and 'ith "atience
Abides hard "o#erty$
And chooseth rather for to die<
Than do such #illainy.L
4herein no' consists his ha""inessN 'hat "ri#ileges hath he more than other
menN or rather 'hat miseries$ 'hat cares and discontents hath he not more
than other menN
;.ACCG L8on enim gazae$ ne0ue consularis
9ummo#et lictor miseros tumultus
Mentis$ et curas la0ueata circum
Tecta #olantes.L
L8or treasures$ nor majors officers remo#e
The miserable tumults of the mind&
2r cares that lie about$ or fly abo#e
Their high-roofed houses$ 'ith huge beams combin!d.L
!Tis not his 'ealth can #indicate him$ let him ha#e Dob!s in#entory$ _sint
:raesi et :rassi licet$ non hos Pactolus aureas undas agens$ eri"iat un0uum
e miseriis_$ :roesus or rich :rassus cannot no' command health$ or get
himself a stomach. ;.AC,GL5is 'orshi"$L as A"uleius describes him$ Lin all
his "lenty and great "ro#ision$ is forbidden to eat$ or else hath no
a""etite$L (sic% in bed$ can ta%e no rest$ sore grie#ed 'ith some chronic
disease$ contracted 'ith full diet and ease$ or troubled in mind) L'hen as$
in the meantime$ all his household are merry$ and the "oorest ser#ant that
he %ee"s doth continually feast.L !Tis _racteata felicitas_$ as ;.AC=G
9eneca terms it$ tinfoiled ha""iness$ _infeli+ felicitas_$ an unha""y %ind
of ha""iness$ if it be ha""iness at all. 5is gold$ guard$ clattering of
harness$ and fortifications against out'ard enemies$ cannot free him from
in'ard fears and cares.
L1e#era0ue metus hominum$ curae0ue se0uaces
8ec metuunt fremitus armorum$ aut ferrea tela$
Audacter0ue inter reges$ regum0ue "otentes
Iersantur$ ne0ue fulgorem re#erentur ab auro.L
LIndeed men still attending fears and cares
8or armours clashing$ nor fierce 'ea"ons fears&
4ith %ings con#erse they boldly$ and %ings "eers$
7earing no flashing that from gold a""ears.L
*oo% ho' many ser#ants he hath$ and so many enemies he sus"ects< for
liberty he entertains ambition< his "leasures are no "leasures< and that
'hich is 'orst$ he cannot be "ri#ate or enjoy himself as other men do$ his
state is a ser#itude. ;.AC.GA countryman may tra#el from %ingdom to
%ingdom$ "ro#ince to "ro#ince$ city to city$ and glut his eyes 'ith
delightful objects$ ha'%$ hunt$ and use those ordinary dis"orts$ 'ithout
any notice ta%en$ all 'hich a "rince or a great man cannot do. 5e %ee"s in
for state$ _ne majestatis dignitas e#ilescat_$ as our :hina %ings$ of
orneo$ and Tartarian :hams$ those _aurea manci"ia_$ are said to do$ seldom
or ne#er seen abroad$ _ut major sit hominum erga se obser#antia_$ 'hich the
;.AC?GPersian %ings so "recisely obser#ed of old. A "oor man ta%es more
delight in an ordinary meal!s meat$ 'hich he hath but seldom$ than they do
'ith all their e+otic dainties and continual #iands< _Kui""e #olu"tatem
commendat rarior usus_$ !tis the rarity and necessity that ma%es a thing
acce"table and "leasant. 3arius$ "ut to flight by Ale+ander$ dran% "uddle
'ater to 0uench his thirst$ and it 'as "leasanter$ he s'ore$ than any 'ine
or mead. All e+cess$ as ;.AC@GE"ictetus argues$ 'ill cause a disli%e< s'eet
'ill be sour$ 'hich made that tem"erate E"icurus sometimes #oluntarily
fast. ut they being al'ays accustomed to the same ;.AC-Gdishes$ ('hich are
nastily dressed by slo#enly coo%s$ that after their obscenities ne#er 'ash
their ba'dy hands) be they fish$ flesh$ com"ounded$ made dishes$ or
'hatsoe#er else$ are therefore cloyed< nectar!s self gro's loathsome to
them$ they are 'eary of all their fine "alaces$ they are to them but as so
many "risons. A "oor man drin%s in a 'ooden dish$ and eats his meat in
'ooden s"oons$ 'ooden "latters$ earthen #essels$ and such homely stuff& the
other in gold$ sil#er$ and "recious stones< but 'ith 'hat successN _in auro
bibitur #enenum_$ fear of "oison in the one$ security in the other. A "oor
man is able to 'rite$ to s"ea% his mind$ to do his o'n business himself<
_locu"les mittit "arasitum_$ saith ;.ACAGPhilostratus$ a rich man em"loys a
"arasite$ and as the major of a city$ s"ea%s by the to'n cler%$ or by Mr.
1ecorder$ 'hen he cannot e+"ress himself. ;.AC/G8onius the senator hath a
"ur"le coat as stiff 'ith je'els as his mind is full of #ices< rings on his
fingers 'orth =C$CCC sesterces$ and as ;.ACBGPero+ the Persian %ing$ an
union in his ear 'orth one hundred "ounds 'eight of gold& ;.A,CG:leo"atra
hath 'hole boars and shee" ser#ed u" to her table at once$ drin%s je'els
dissol#ed$ ?C$CCC sesterces in #alue< but to 'hat endN
;.A,,G L8um tibi cum fauces urit sitis$ aurea 0uaeris
PoculaNL------
3oth a man that is adry desire to drin% in goldN 3oth not a cloth suit
become him as 'ell$ and %ee" him as 'arm$ as all their sil%s$ satins$
damas%s$ taffeties and tissuesN Is not homes"un cloth as great a
"reser#ati#e against cold$ as a coat of Tartar lamb!s-'ool$ died in grain$
or a go'n of giant!s beardsN 8ero$ saith ;.A,=G9ueton.$ ne#er "ut on one
garment t'ice$ and thou hast scarce one to "ut onN 'hat!s the differenceN
one!s sic%$ the other sound& such is the 'hole tenor of their li#es$ and
that 'hich is the consummation and u"shot of all$ death itself ma%es the
greatest difference. 2ne li%e a hen feeds on the dunghill all his days$ but
is ser#ed u" at last to his *ord!s table< the other as a falcon is fed 'ith
"artridge and "igeons$ and carried on his master!s fist$ but 'hen he dies
is flung to the muc%-hill$ and there lies. The rich man li#es li%e 3i#es
jo#ially here on earth$ _temulentus di#itiis_$ ma%e the best of it< and
Lboasts himself in the multitude of his riches$L Psalm +li+. -. ,,. he
thin%s his house Lcalled after his o'n name$L shall continue for e#er< Lbut
he "erisheth li%e a beast$L #erse =C. Lhis 'ay utters his folly$L #erse ,..
_male "arta$ male dilabuntur_< Lli%e shee" they lie in the gra#e$L #erse
,?. _Puncto descendunt ad infernum_$ Lthey s"end their days in 'ealth$ and
go suddenly do'n to hell$L Dob ++i. ,.. 7or all "hysicians and medicines
enforcing nature$ a s'ooning 'ife$ families! com"laints$ friends! tears$
dirges$ masses$ _naenias_$ funerals$ for all orations$ counterfeit hired
acclamations$ eulogiums$ e"ita"hs$ hearses$ heralds$ blac% mourners$
solemnities$ obelis%s$ and Mausolean tombs$ if he ha#e them$ at least$
;.A,.Ghe$ li%e a hog$ goes to hell 'ith a guilty conscience (_"ro"ter hos
dilata#it infernos os suum_)$ and a "oor man!s curse< his memory stin%s
li%e the snuff of a candle 'hen it is "ut out< scurrilous libels$ and
infamous oblo0uies accom"any him. 4hen as "oor *azarus is _3ei sacrarium_$
the tem"le of God$ li#es and dies in true de#otion$ hath no more
attendants$ but his o'n innocency$ the hea#en a tomb$ desires to be
dissol#ed$ buried in his mother!s la"$ and hath a com"any of ;.A,?GAngels
ready to con#ey his soul into Abraham!s bosom$ he lea#es an e#erlasting and
a s'eet memory behind him. :rassus and 9ylla are indeed still recorded$ but
not so much for their 'ealth as for their #ictories& :roesus for his end$
9olomon for his 'isdom. In a 'ord$ ;.A,@GLto get 'ealth is a great trouble$
an+iety to %ee"$ grief to lose it.L
;.A,-G LKuid dignum stolidis mentibus im"recerN
2"es$ honores ambiant&
Et cum falsa gra#i mole "ara#erint$
Tum #era cognoscant bona.L
ut consider all those other un%no'n$ concealed ha""inesses$ 'hich a "oor
man hath (I call them un%no'n$ because they be not ac%no'ledged in the
'orld!s esteem$ or so ta%en) _2 fortunatos nimium bona si sua norint_&
ha""y they are in the meantime if they 'ould ta%e notice of it$ ma%e use$
or a""ly it to themsel#es. LA "oor man 'ise is better than a foolish %ing$L
Eccles. ii. ,.. ;.A,AGLPo#erty is the 'ay to hea#en$L ;.A,/GLthe mistress
of "hiloso"hy$L ;.A,BGLthe mother of religion$ #irtue$ sobriety$ sister of
innocency$ and an u"right mind.L 5o' many such encomiums might I add out of
the fathers$ "hiloso"hers$ oratorsN It troubles many that are "oor$ they
account of it as a great "lague$ curse$ a sign of God!s hatred$ _i"sum
scelus_$ damned #illainy itself$ a disgrace$ shame and re"roach< but to
'hom$ or 'hyN ;.A=CGLIf fortune hath en#ied me 'ealth$ thie#es ha#e robbed
me$ my father ha#e not left me such re#enues as others ha#e$L that I am a
younger brother$ basely born$--_cui sine luce genus$ surdum0ue
"arentum--nomen_$ of mean "arentage$ a dirt-dauber!s son$ am I therefore to
be blamedN Lan eagle$ a bull$ a lion is not rejected for his "o#erty$ and
'hy should a manNL !Tis ;.A=,G_fortunae telum$ non cul"ae_$ fortune!s
fault$ not mine. LGood 9ir$ I am a ser#ant$L (to use ;.A==G9eneca!s 'ords)
Lho'soe#er your "oor friend< a ser#ant$ and yet your chamber-fello'$ and if
you consider better of it$ your fello'-ser#ant.L I am thy drudge in the
'orld!s eyes$ yet in God!s sight "erad#enture thy better$ my soul is more
"recious$ and I dearer unto him. _Etiam ser#i diis curae sunt_$ as
E#angelus at large "ro#es in Macrobius$ the meanest ser#ant is most
"recious in his sight. Thou art an e"icure$ I am a good :hristian< thou art
many "arasangs before me in means$ fa#our$ 'ealth$ honour$ :laudius!s
8arcissus$ 8ero!s Massa$ 3omitian!s Parthenius$ a fa#ourite$ a golden
sla#e< thou co#erest thy floors 'ith marble$ thy roofs 'ith gold$ thy 'alls
'ith statues$ fine "ictures$ curious hangings$ Fc.$ 'hat of all thisN
_calcas o"es_$ Fc.$ 'hat!s all this to true ha""inessN I li#e and breathe
under that glorious hea#en$ that august ca"itol of nature$ enjoy the
brightness of stars$ that clear light of sun and moon$ those infinite
creatures$ "lants$ birds$ beasts$ fishes$ herbs$ all that sea and land
afford$ far sur"assing all that art and _o"ulentia_ can gi#e. I am free$
and 'hich ;.A=.G9eneca said of 1ome$ _culmen liberos te+it$ sub marmore et
auro "ostea ser#itus habita#it_$ thou hast _Amaltheae cornu_$ "lenty$
"leasure$ the 'orld at 'ill$ I am des"icable and "oor< but a 'ord o#ershot$
a blo' in choler$ a game at tables$ a loss at sea$ a sudden fire$ the
"rince!s disli%e$ a little sic%ness$ Fc.$ may ma%e us e0ual in an instant<
ho'soe#er ta%e thy time$ trium"h and insult a'hile$ _cinis ae0uat_$ as
;.A=?GAl"honsus said$ death 'ill e0ualise us all at last. I li#e s"aringly$
in the mean time$ am clad homely$ fare hardly< is this a re"roachN am I the
'orse for itN am I contem"tible for itN am I to be re"rehendedN A learned
man in ;.A=@G 8e#isanus 'as ta%en do'n for sitting amongst gentlemen$ but
he re"lied$ Lmy nobility is about the head$ yours declines to the tail$L
and they 'ere silent. *et them moc%$ scoff and re#ile$ !tis not thy scorn$
but his that made thee so< Lhe that moc%eth the "oor$ re"roacheth him that
made him$L Pro#. +i. @. Land he that rejoiceth at affliction$ shall not be
un"unished.L 7or the rest$ the "oorer thou art$ the ha""ier thou art$
_ditior est$ at non melior_$ saith ;.A=-GE"ictetus$ he is richer$ not
better than thou art$ not so free from lust$ en#y$ hatred$ ambition.
Leatus ille 0ui "rocul negotiis
Paterna rura bobus e+ercet suis.L
5a""y he$ in that he is ;.A=AGfreed from the tumults of the 'orld$ he see%s
no honours$ ga"es after no "referment$ flatters not$ en#ies not$
tem"oriseth not$ but li#es "ri#ately$ and 'ell contented 'ith his estate<
L8ec s"es corde a#idas$ nec curam "ascit inanem
9ecurus 0uo fata cadant.L
5e is not troubled 'ith state matters$ 'hether %ingdoms thri#e better by
succession or election< 'hether monarchies should be mi+ed$ tem"erate$ or
absolute< the house of 2ttomans and Austria is all one to him< he in0uires
not after colonies or ne' disco#eries< 'hether Peter 'ere at 1ome$ or
:onstantine!s donation be of force< 'hat comets or ne' stars signify$
'hether the earth stand or mo#e$ there be a ne' 'orld in the moon$ or
infinite 'orlds$ Fc. 5e is not touched 'ith fear of in#asions$ factions or
emulations<
;.A=/G L7eli+ ille animi$ di#is0ue simillimus i"sis$
Kuem non mordaci res"lendens gloria fuco
9olicitat$ non fastosi mala gaudia lu+us$
9ed tacitos sinit ire dies$ et "au"ere cultu
;.A=BG E+igit innocuae tran0uilla silentia #itae.
LA ha""y soul$ and li%e to God himself$
4hom not #ain glory macerates or strife.
2r 'ic%ed joys of that "roud s'elling "elf$
ut leads a still$ "oor$ and contented life.L
A secure$ 0uiet$ blissful state he hath$ if he could ac%no'ledge it. ut
here is the misery$ that he 'ill not ta%e notice of it< he re"ines at rich
men!s 'ealth$ bra#e hangings$ dainty fare$ as ;.A.CG9imonides objected to
5ieron$ he hath all the "leasures of the 'orld$ ;.A.,G_in lectis eburneis
dormit$ #inum "hialis bibit$ o"timis unguentis delibuitur_$ Lhe %no's not
the affliction of Dose"h$ stretching himself on i#ory beds$ and singing to
the sound of the #iol.L And it troubles him that he hath not the li%e&
there is a difference (he grumbles) bet'een *a"lolly and Pheasants$ to
tumble i! th! stra' and lie in a do'n bed$ bet'i+t 'ine and 'ater$ a
cottage and a "alace. L5e hates natureL (as ;.A.=GPliny characterised him)
Lthat she hath made him lo'er than a god$ and is angry 'ith the gods that
any man goes before him<L and although he hath recei#ed much$ yet (as
;.A..G9eneca follo's it) Lhe thin%s it an injury that he hath no more$ and
is so far from gi#ing than%s for his tribuneshi"$ that he com"lains he is
not "raetor$ neither doth that "lease him$ e+ce"t he may be consul.L 4hy is
he not a "rince$ 'hy not a monarch$ 'hy not an em"erorN 4hy should one man
ha#e so much more than his fello's$ one ha#e all$ another nothingN 4hy
should one man be a sla#e or drudge to anotherN 2ne surfeit$ another
star#e$ one li#e at ease$ another labour$ 'ithout any ho"e of better
fortuneN Thus they grumble$ mutter$ and re"ine& not considering that
inconstancy of human affairs$ judicially conferring one condition 'ith
another$ or 'ell 'eighing their o'n "resent estate. 4hat they are no'$ thou
mayst shortly be< and 'hat thou art they shall li%ely be. E+"ect a little$
com"are future and times "ast 'ith the "resent$ see the e#ent$ and comfort
thyself 'ith it. It is as 'ell to be discerned in common'ealths$ cities$
families$ as in "ri#ate men!s estates. Italy 'as once lord of the 'orld$
1ome the 0ueen of cities$ #aunted herself of t'o ;.A.?Gmyriads of
inhabitants< no' that all-commanding country is "ossessed by "etty "rinces$
;.A.@G1ome a small #illage in res"ect. Greece of old the seat of ci#ility$
mother of sciences and humanity< no' forlorn$ the nurse of barbarism$ a den
of thie#es. Germany then$ saith Tacitus$ 'as incult and horrid$ no' full of
magnificent cities& Athens$ :orinth$ :arthage$ ho' flourishing cities$ no'
buried in their o'n ruinsO _:or#orum$ ferarum$ a"rorum et bestiarum
lustra_$ li%e so many 'ildernesses$ a rece"tacle of 'ild beasts. Ienice a
"oor fisher-to'n< Paris$ *ondon$ small cottages in :aesar!s time$ no' most
noble em"oriums. Ialois$ Plantagenet$ and 9caliger ho' fortunate families$
ho' li%ely to continueO no' 0uite e+tinguished and rooted out. 5e stands
aloft today$ full of fa#our$ 'ealth$ honour$ and "ros"erity$ in the to" of
fortune!s 'heel& tomorro' in "rison$ 'orse than nothing$ his son!s a
beggar. Thou art a "oor ser#ile drudge$ _7oe+ "o"uli_$ a #ery sla#e$ thy
son may come to be a "rince$ 'ith Ma+iminus$ Agathocles$ Fc. a senator$ a
general of an army< thou standest bare to him no'$ 'or%est for him$
drudgest for him and his$ ta%est an alms of him& stay but a little$ and his
ne+t heir "erad#enture shall consume all 'ith riot$ be degraded$ thou
e+alted$ and he shall beg of thee. Thou shalt be his most honourable
"atron$ he thy de#out ser#ant$ his "osterity shall run$ ride$ and do as
much for thine$ as it 'as 'ith ;.A.-G7risgobald and :rom'ell$ it may be for
thee. :itizens de#our country gentlemen$ and settle in their seats< after
t'o or three descents$ they consume all in riot$ it returns to the city
again.
;.A.AG ------L8o#us incola #enit<
8am "ro"riae telluris herum natura$ ne0ue illum.
8ec me$ nec 0uen0uam statuit< nos e+"ulit ille&
Illum aut ne0uities$ aut #afri inscitia juris.L
------Lha#e 'e li#!d at a more frugal rate$
9ince this ne' stranger seiz!d on our estateN
8ature 'ill no "er"etual heir assign$
2r ma%e the farm his "ro"erty or mine.
5e turn!d us out& but follies all his o'n$
2r la'suits and their %na#eries yet un%no'n$
2r$ all his follies and his la'suits "ast$
9ome long-li#!d heir shall turn him out at last.L
A la'yer buys out his "oor client$ after a 'hile his client!s "osterity buy
out him and his< so things go round$ ebb and flo'.
L8unc ager Hmbreni sub nomine$ nu"er 2felli
3ictus erat$ nulli "ro"rius$ sed cedit in usum
8unc mihi$ nunc aliis<L------
LThe farm$ once mine$ no' bears Hmbrenus! name<
The use alone$ not "ro"erty$ 'e claim<
Then be not 'ith your "resent lot de"ressed$
And meet the future 'ith undaunted breast<L
as he said then$ _ager cujus$ 0uot habes 3ominos_N 9o say I of land$
houses$ mo#ables and money$ mine today$ his anon$ 'hose tomorro'N In fine$
(as ;.A./GMachia#el obser#es) L#irtue and "ros"erity beget rest< rest
idleness< idleness riot< riot destruction from 'hich 'e come again to good
la's< good la's engender #irtuous actions< #irtue$ glory$ and "ros"erity<L
Land !tis no dishonour thenL (as Guicciardine adds) Lfor a flourishing man$
city$ or state to come to ruin$L ;.A.BGLnor infelicity to be subject to the
la' of nature.L _Ergo terrena calcanda$ sitienda coelestia_$ (therefore I
say) scorn this transitory state$ loo% u" to hea#en$ thin% not 'hat others
are$ but 'hat thou art& ;.A?CG_Kua "arte locatus es in re_& and 'hat thou
shalt be$ 'hat thou mayst be. 3o (I say) as :hrist himself did$ 'hen he
li#ed here on earth$ imitate him as much as in thee lies. 5o' many great
:aesars$ mighty monarchs$ tetrarchs$ dynasties$ "rinces li#ed in his days$
in 'hat "lenty$ 'hat delicacy$ ho' bra#ely attended$ 'hat a deal of gold
and sil#er$ 'hat treasure$ ho' many sum"tuous "alaces had they$ 'hat
"ro#inces and cities$ am"le territories$ fields$ ri#ers$ fountains$ "ar%s$
forests$ la'ns$ 'oods$ cells$ Fc.N Eet :hrist had none of all this$ he
'ould ha#e none of this$ he #oluntarily rejected all this$ he could not be
ignorant$ he could not err in his choice$ he contemned all this$ he chose
that 'hich 'as safer$ better$ and more certain$ and less to be re"ented$ a
mean estate$ e#en "o#erty itself< and 'hy dost thou then doubt to follo'
him$ to imitate him$ and his a"ostles$ to imitate all good men& so do thou
tread in his di#ine ste"s$ and thou shalt not err eternally$ as too many
'orldlings do$ that run on in their o'n dissolute courses$ to their
confusion and ruin$ thou shalt not do amiss. 4hatsoe#er thy fortune is$ be
contented 'ith it$ trust in him$ rely on him$ refer thyself 'holly to him.
7or %no' this$ in conclusion$ _8on est #olentis nec currentis$ sed
miserentis 3ei_$ !tis not as men$ but as God 'ill. LThe *ord ma%eth "oor
and ma%eth rich$ bringeth lo'$ and e+altethL (, 9am. ii. #er. A. /)$ Lhe
lifteth the "oor from the dust$ and raiseth the beggar from the dunghill$
to set them amongst "rinces$ and ma%e them inherit the seat of glory<L !tis
all as he "leaseth$ ho'$ and 'hen$ and 'hom< he that a""oints the end
(though to us un%no'n) a""oints the means li%e'ise subordinate to the end.
Eea$ but their "resent estate crucifies and torments most mortal men$ they
ha#e no such forecast$ to see 'hat may be$ 'hat shall li%ely be$ but 'hat
is$ though not 'herefore$ or from 'hom$ _hoc anget_$ their "resent
misfortunes grind their souls$ and an en#ious eye 'hich they cast u"on
other men!s "ros"erities$ _Iicinum0ue "ecus grandius uber habet_$ ho' rich$
ho' fortunate$ ho' ha""y is heN ut in the meantime he doth not consider
the other miseries$ his infirmities of body and mind$ that accom"any his
estate$ but still reflects u"on his o'n false concei#ed 'oes and 'ants$
'hereas if the matter 'ere duly e+amined$ ;.A?,Ghe is in no distress at
all$ he hath no cause to com"lain.
;.A?=G ------Ltolle 0uerelas$
Pau"er enim non est cui rerum su""etit usus$L
LThen cease com"laining$ friend$ and learn to li#e.
5e is not "oor to 'hom %ind fortune grants$
E#en 'ith a frugal hand$ 'hat 8ature 'ants.L
he is not "oor$ he is not in need. ;.A?.GL8ature is content 'ith bread and
'ater< and he that can rest satisfied 'ith that$ may contend 'ith Du"iter
himself for ha""iness.L In that golden age$ ;.A??G_somnos dedit umbra
salubres$ "otum 0uo0ue lubricus amnis_$ the tree ga#e 'holesome shade to
slee" under$ and the clear ri#ers drin%. The Israelites dran% 'ater in the
'ilderness< 9amson$ 3a#id$ 9aul$ Abraham!s ser#ant 'hen he 'ent for Isaac!s
'ife$ the 9amaritan 'oman$ and ho' many besides might I rec%on u"$ Egy"t$
Palestine$ 'hole countries in the ;.A?@GIndies$ that dran% "ure 'ater all
their li#es. ;.A?-GThe Persian %ings themsel#es dran% no other drin% than
the 'ater of :haos"is$ that runs by 9usa$ 'hich 'as carried in bottles
after them$ 'hithersoe#er they 'ent. Dacob desired no more of God$ but
bread to eat$ and clothes to "ut on in his journey$ Gen. ++#iii. =C. _ene
est cui deus obtulit Parca 0uod satis est manu_< bread is enough ;.A?AGLto
strengthen the heart.L And if you study "hiloso"hy aright$ saith ;.A?/G
Maudarensis$ L'hatsoe#er is beyond this moderation$ is not useful$ but
troublesome.L ;.A?BGAgellius$ out of Euri"ides$ accounts bread and 'ater
enough to satisfy nature$ Lof 'hich there is no surfeit$ the rest is not a
feast$ but a riot.L ;.A@CG9. 5ierome esteems him rich Lthat hath bread to
eat$ and a "otent man that is not com"elled to be a sla#e< hunger is not
ambitious$ so that it ha#e to eat$ and thirst doth not "refer a cu" of
gold.L It 'as no e"icurean s"eech of an e"icure$ he that is not satisfied
'ith a little 'ill ne#er ha#e enough& and #ery good counsel of him in the
;.A@,G"oet$ L2 my son$ mediocrity of means agrees best 'ith men< too much
is "ernicious.L
L3i#itiae grandes homini sunt #i#ere "arce$
Ae0uo animo.L------
And if thou canst be content$ thou hast abundance$ _nihil est$ nihil
deest_$ thou hast little$ thou 'antest nothing. !Tis all one to be hanged
in a chain of gold$ or in a ro"e< to be filled 'ith dainties or coarser
meat.
;.A@=G L9i #entri bene$ si lateri$ "edibus0ue tuis$ nil
3i#itiae "oterunt regales addere majus.L
LIf belly$ sides and feet be 'ell at ease$
A "rince!s treasure can thee no more "lease.L
9ocrates in a fair$ seeing so many things bought and sold$ such a multitude
of "eo"le con#ented to that "ur"ose$ e+claimed forth'ith$ L2 ye gods 'hat a
sight of things do not I 'antNL !Tis thy 'ant alone that %ee"s thee in
health of body and mind$ and that 'hich thou "ersecutest and abhorrest as a
feral "lague is thy "hysician and ;.A@.Gchiefest friend$ 'hich ma%es thee a
good man$ a healthful$ a sound$ a #irtuous$ an honest and ha""y man. 7or
'hen #irtue came from hea#en (as the "oet feigns) rich men %ic%ed her u"$
'ic%ed men abhorred her$ courtiers scoffed at her$ citizens hated her$
;.A@?Gand that she 'as thrust out of doors in e#ery "lace$ she came at last
to her sister Po#erty$ 'here she had found good entertainment. Po#erty and
Iirtue d'ell together.
;.A@@G ------L2 #itae tuta facultas
Pau"eris$ angusti0ue lares$ o munera nondum
Intellecta deum.L
5o' ha""y art thou if thou couldst be content. LGodliness is a great gain$
if a man can be content 'ith that 'hich he hath$L , Tim. #i. -. And all
true ha""iness is in a mean estate. I ha#e a little 'ealth$ as he said$
;.A@-G_sed 0uas animus magnas facit_$ a %ingdom in conceit<
;.A@AG ------Lnil am"lius o"to
Maia nate$ nisi ut "ro"ria haec mihi munera fa+is<L
I ha#e enough and desire no more.
;.A@/G L3ii bene fecerunt ino"is me 0uod0ue "usilli
7ecerunt animiL------
!tis #ery 'ell$ and to my content. ;.A@BG_Iestem et fortunam concinnam
"otius 0uam la+am "robo_$ let my fortune and my garments be both ali%e fit
for me. And 'hich ;.A-CG9ebastian 7oscarinus$ sometime 3u%e of Ienice$
caused to be engra#en on his tomb in 9t. Mar%!s :hurch$ L5ear$ 2 ye
Ienetians$ and I 'ill tell you 'hich is the best thing in the 'orld& to
contemn it.L I 'ill engra#e it in my heart$ it shall be my 'hole study to
contemn it. *et them ta%e 'ealth$ _9tercora stercus amet_ so that I may
ha#e security& _bene 0ui latuit$ bene #i+it_< though I li#e obscure$ ;.A-,G
yet I li#e clean and honest< and 'hen as the lofty oa% is blo'n do'n$ the
sil%y reed may stand. *et them ta%e glory$ for that!s their misery< let
them ta%e honour$ so that I may ha#e heart!s ease. _3uc me 2 Du"iter et tu
fatum_$ ;.A-=GFc. *ead me$ 2 God$ 'hither thou 'ilt$ I am ready to follo'<
command$ I 'ill obey. I do not en#y at their 'ealth$ titles$ offices<
;.A-.G L9tet 0uicun0ue #olet "otens
Aulae culmine lubrico$
Me dulcis saturet 0uies.L
let me li#e 0uiet and at ease. ;.A-?G_Erimus fortasse_ (as he comforted
himself) _0uando illi non erunt_$ 'hen they are dead and gone$ and all
their "om" #anished$ our memory may flourish&
;.A-@G ------Ldant "erennes
9temmata non "eritura Musae.L
*et him be my lord$ "atron$ baron$ earl$ and "ossess so many goodly
castles$ !tis 'ell for me ;.A--Gthat I ha#e a "oor house$ and a little
'ood$ and a 'ell by it$ Fc.
L5is me consolor #icturum sua#ius$ ac si
Kuaestor a#us "ater at0ue meus$ "atruus0ue fuissent.L
L4ith 'hich I feel myself more truly blest
Than if my sires the 0uaestor!s "o'er "ossess!d.L
I li#e$ I than% God$ as merrily as he$ and trium"h as much in this my mean
estate$ as if my father and uncle had been lord treasurer$ or my lord
mayor. 5e feeds of many dishes$ I of one& ;.A-AG_0ui :hristum curat$ non
multum curat 0uam de "reciosis cibis stercus conficiat_$ 'hat care I of
'hat stuff my e+crements be madeN ;.A-/GL5e that li#es according to nature
cannot be "oor$ and he that e+ceeds can ne#er ha#e enough$L _totus non
sufficit orbis_$ the 'hole 'orld cannot gi#e him content. LA small thing
that the righteous hath$ is better than the riches of the ungodly$L Psal.
+++#ii. ,B< Land better is a "oor morsel 'ith 0uietness$ than abundance
'ith strife$L Pro#. +#ii. A. e content then$ enjoy thyself$ and as ;.A-BG
:hrysostom ad#iseth$ Lbe not angry for 'hat thou hast not$ but gi#e God
hearty than%s for 'hat thou hast recei#ed.L
;.AACG L9i dat oluscula
Mensa minuscula
"ace referta$L
L8e "ete grandia$
*auta0ue "randia
lite re"leta.L
ut 'hat 'antest thou$ to e+"ostulate the matterN or 'hat hast thou not
better than a rich manN ;.AA,GLhealth$ com"etent 'ealth$ children$
security$ slee"$ friends$ liberty$ diet$ a""arel$ and 'hat not$L or at
least mayst ha#e (the means being so ob#ious$ easy$ and 'ell %no'n) for as
he inculcated to himself$
;.AA=G LIitam 0uae faciunt beatiorem$
Ducundissime Martialis$ haec sunt<
1es non "arta labore$ sed relicta$
*is nun0uam$L Fc.
I say again thou hast$ or at least mayst ha#e it$ if thou 'ilt thyself$ and
that 'hich I am sure he 'ants$ a merry heart. LPassing by a #illage in the
territory of Milan$L saith ;.AA.G9t. Austin$ LI sa' a "oor beggar that had
got beli%e his bellyful of meat$ jesting and merry< I sighed$ and said to
some of my friends that 'ere then 'ith me$ 'hat a deal of trouble$ madness$
"ain and grief do 'e sustain and e+aggerate unto oursel#es$ to get that
secure ha""iness 'hich this "oor beggar hath "re#ented us of$ and 'hich 'e
"erad#enture shall ne#er ha#eN 7or that 'hich he hath no' attained 'ith the
begging of some small "ieces of sil#er$ a tem"oral ha""iness$ and "resent
heart!s ease$ I cannot com"ass 'ith all my careful 'indings$ and running in
and out$L ;.AA?GLAnd surely the beggar 'as #ery merry$ but I 'as hea#y< he
'as secure$ but I timorous. And if any man should as% me no'$ 'hether I had
rather be merry$ or still so solicitous and sad$ I should say$ merry. If he
should as% me again$ 'hether I had rather be as I am$ or as this beggar
'as$ I should sure choose to be as I am$ tortured still 'ith cares and
fears< but out of "ee#ishness$ and not out of truth.L That 'hich 9t. Austin
said of himself here in this "lace$ I may truly say to thee$ thou
discontented 'retch$ thou co#etous niggard$ thou churl$ thou ambitious and
s'elling toad$ !tis not 'ant but "ee#ishness 'hich is the cause of thy
'oes< settle thine affection$ thou hast enough.
;.AA@G L3eni0ue sit finis 0uaerendi$ 0uo0ue habeas "lus$
Pau"eriem metuas minus$ et finire laborem
Inci"ias< "arto$ 0uod a#ebas$ utere.L
Ma%e an end of scra"ing$ "urchasing this manor$ this field$ that house$ for
this and that child< thou hast enough for thyself and them&
;.AA-G ------LKuod "etis hic est$
Est Hlubris$ animus si te non deficit ae0uus.L
!Tis at hand$ at home already$ 'hich thou so earnestly see%est. ut
------L2 si angulus ille
Pro+imus accedat$ 0ui nunc denormat agellum$L
2 that I had but that one noo% of ground$ that field there$ that "asture$
_2 si #enam argenti fors 0uis mihi monstret--_. 2 that I could but find a
"ot of money no'$ to "urchase$ Fc.$ to build me a ne' house$ to marry my
daughter$ "lace my son$ Fc. ;.AAAGL2 if I might but li#e a 'hile longer to
see all things settled$ some t'o or three years$ I 'ould "ay my debts$L
ma%e all my rec%onings e#en& but they are come and "ast$ and thou hast more
business than before. L2 madness$ to thin% to settle that in thine old age
'hen thou hast more$ 'hich in thy youth thou canst not no' com"ose ha#ing
but a little.L ;.AA/GPyrrhus 'ould first con0uer Africa$ and then Asia$ _et
tum sua#iter agere_$ and then li#e merrily and ta%e his ease& but 'hen
:yneas the orator told him he might do that already$ _id jam "osse fieri_$
rested satisfied$ condemning his o'n folly. _9i "ar#a licet com"onere
magnis_$ thou mayst do the li%e$ and therefore be com"osed in thy fortune.
Thou hast enough& he that is 'et in a bath$ can be no more 'et if he be
flung into Tiber$ or into the ocean itself& and if thou hadst all the
'orld$ or a solid mass of gold as big as the 'orld$ thou canst not ha#e
more than enough< enjoy thyself at length$ and that 'hich thou hast< the
mind is all< be content$ thou art not "oor$ but rich$ and so much the
richer as ;.AABG:ensorinus 'ell 'rit to :erellius$ _0uanto "auciora o"tas$
non 0uo "lura "ossides_$ in 'ishing less$ not ha#ing more. I say then$ _8on
adjice o"es$ sed minue cu"iditates_ (!tis ;.A/CGE"icurus! ad#ice)$ add no
more 'ealth$ but diminish thy desires< and as ;.A/,G:hrysostom 'ell seconds
him$ _9i #is ditari$ contemne di#itias_< that!s true "lenty$ not to ha#e$
but not to 'ant riches$ _non habere$ sed non indigere$ #era abundantia_&
!tis more glory to contemn$ than to "ossess< _et nihil agere$ est deorum_$
Land to 'ant nothing is di#ine.L 5o' many deaf$ dumb$ halt$ lame$ blind$
miserable "ersons could I rec%on u" that are "oor$ and 'ithal distressed$
in im"risonment$ banishment$ galley sla#es$ condemned to the mines$
0uarries$ to gy#es$ in dungeons$ "er"etual thraldom$ than all 'hich thou
art richer$ thou art more ha""y$ to 'hom thou art able to gi#e an alms$ a
lord$ in res"ect$ a "etty "rince& ;.A/=Gbe contented then I say$ re"ine and
mutter no more$ Lfor thou art not "oor indeed but in o"inion.L
Eea$ but this is #ery good counsel$ and rightly a""lied to such as ha#e it$
and 'ill not use it$ that ha#e a com"etency$ that are able to 'or% and get
their li#ing by the s'eat of their bro's$ by their trade$ that ha#e
something yet< he that hath birds$ may catch birds< but 'hat shall 'e do
that are sla#es by nature$ im"otent$ and unable to hel" oursel#es$ mere
beggars$ that languish and "ine a'ay$ that ha#e no means at all$ no ho"e of
means$ no trust of deli#ery$ or of better successN as those old ritons
com"lained to their lords and masters the 1omans o""ressed by the Picts.
_mare ad barbaros$ barbari ad mare_$ the barbarians dro#e them to the sea$
the sea dro#e them bac% to the barbarians& our "resent misery com"els us to
cry out and ho'l$ to ma%e our moan to rich men& they turn us bac% 'ith a
scornful ans'er to our misfortune again$ and 'ill ta%e no "ity of us< they
commonly o#erloo% their "oor friends in ad#ersity< if they chance to meet
them$ they #oluntarily forget and 'ill ta%e no notice of them< they 'ill
not$ they cannot hel" us. Instead of comfort they threaten us$ miscall$
scoff at us$ to aggra#ate our misery$ gi#e us bad language$ or if they do
gi#e good 'ords$ 'hat!s that to relie#e usN According to that of Thales$
_7acile est alios monere_< 'ho cannot gi#e good counselN !tis chea"$ it
costs them nothing. It is an easy matter 'hen one!s belly is full to
declaim against fasting$ _Kui satur est "leno laudat jejunia #entre_< L3oth
the 'ild ass bray 'hen he hath grass$ or lo'eth the o+ 'hen he hath
fodderNL Dob #i. @. ;.A/.G_8e0ue enim "o"ulo 1omano 0uid0uam "otest esse
laetius_$ no man li#ing so jocund$ so merry as the "eo"le of 1ome 'hen they
had "lenty< but 'hen they came to 'ant$ to be hunger-star#ed$ Lneither
shame$ nor la's$ nor arms$ nor magistrates could %ee" them in obedience.L
9eneca "leadeth hard for "o#erty$ and so did those lazy "hiloso"hers& but
in the meantime ;.A/?Ghe 'as rich$ they had 'here'ithal to maintain
themsel#es< but doth any "oor man e+tol itN LThere are thoseL (saith ;.A/@G
ernard) Lthat a""ro#e of a mean estate$ but on that condition they ne#er
'ant themsel#es& and some again are mee% so long as they may say or do 'hat
they list< but if occasion be offered$ ho' far are they from all "atienceNL
I 'ould to God (as he said) ;.A/-GL8o man should commend "o#erty$ but he
that is "oor$L or he that so much admires it$ 'ould relie#e$ hel"$ or ease
others.
;.A/AG L8unc si nos audis$ at0ue es di#inus A"ollo$
3ic mihi$ 0ui nummos non habet$ unde "etat&L
L8o' if thou hear!st us$ and art a good man$
Tell him that 'ants$ to get means$ if you can.L
ut no man hears us$ 'e are most miserably dejected$ the scum of the 'orld.
;.A//G_Ii+ habet in nobis jam no#a "laga locum_. 4e can get no relief$ no
comfort$ no succour$ ;.A/BG_Et nihil in#eni 0uod mihi ferret o"em_. 4e ha#e
tried all means$ yet find no remedy& no man li#ing can e+"ress the anguish
and bitterness of our souls$ but 'e that endure it< 'e are distressed$
forsa%en$ in torture of body and mind$ in another hell& and 'hat shall 'e
doN 4hen ;.ABCG:rassus the 1oman consul 'arred against the Parthians$ after
an unluc%y battle fought$ he fled a'ay in the night$ and left four thousand
men$ sore$ sic%$ and 'ounded in his tents$ to the fury of the enemy$ 'hich$
'hen the "oor men "ercei#ed$ _clamoribus et ululatibus omnia com"lerunt_$
they made lamentable moan$ and roared do'nright$ as loud as 5omer!s Mars
'hen he 'as hurt$ 'hich the noise of ,C$CCC men could not dro'n$ and all
for fear of "resent death. ut our estate is far more tragical and
miserable$ much more to be de"lored$ and far greater cause ha#e 'e to
lament< the de#il and the 'orld "ersecute us$ all good fortune hath
forsa%en us$ 'e are left to the rage of beggary$ cold$ hunger$ thirst$
nastiness$ sic%ness$ ir%someness$ to continue all torment$ labour and "ain$
to derision and contem"t$ bitter enemies all$ and far 'orse than any death<
death alone 'e desire$ death 'e see%$ yet cannot ha#e it$ and 'hat shall 'e
doN _Kuod male fers$ assuesce< feres bene_ --accustom thyself to it$ and it
'ill be tolerable at last. Eea$ but I may not$ I cannot$ _In me consum"sit
#ires fortuna nocendo_$ I am in the e+tremity of human ad#ersity< and as a
shado' lea#es the body 'hen the sun is gone$ I am no' left and lost$ and
0uite forsa%en of the 'orld. _Kui jacet in terra$ non habet unde cadat_<
comfort thyself 'ith this yet$ thou art at the 'orst$ and before it be long
it 'ill either o#ercome thee or thou it. If it be #iolent$ it cannot
endure$ _aut sol#etur$ aut sol#et_& let the de#il himself and all the
"lagues of Egy"t come u"on thee at once$ _8e tu cede malis$ sed contra
audentior ito_$ be of good courage< misery is #irtue!s 'hetstone.
;.AB,G L--ser"ens$ sitis$ ardor$ arenae$
3ulcia #irtuti$L
as :ato told his soldiers marching in the deserts of *ibya$ LThirst$ heat$
sands$ ser"ents$ 'ere "leasant to a #aliant man<L honourable enter"rises
are accom"anied 'ith dangers and damages$ as e+"erience e#inceth& they 'ill
ma%e the rest of thy life relish the better. ut "ut case they continue<
thou art not so "oor as thou 'ast born$ and as some hold$ much better to be
"itied than en#ied. ut be it so thou hast lost all$ "oor thou art$
dejected$ in "ain of body$ grief of mind$ thine enemies insult o#er thee$
thou art as bad as Dob< yet tell me (saith :hrysostom) L'as Dob or the
de#il the greater con0uerorN surely Dob< the ;.AB=Gde#il had his goods$ he
sat on the muc%-hill and %e"t his good name< he lost his children$ health$
friends$ but he %e"t his innocency< he lost his money$ but he %e"t his
confidence in God$ 'hich 'as better than any treasure.L 3o thou then as Dob
did$ trium"h as Dob did$ ;.AB.Gand be not molested as e#ery fool is. _9ed
0ua ratione "otero_N 5o' shall this be doneN :hrysostom ans'ers$ _facile si
coelum cogita#eris_$ 'ith great facility$ if thou shalt but meditate on
hea#en. ;.AB?G5annah 'e"t sore$ and troubled in mind$ could not eat< Lbut
'hy 'ee"est thou$L said El%anah her husband$ Land 'hy eatest thou notN 'hy
is thine heart troubledN am not I better to thee than ten sonsNL and she
'as 0uiet. Thou art here ;.AB@G#e+ed in this 'orld< but say to thyself$
L4hy art thou troubled$ 2 my soulNL Is not God better to thee than all
tem"oralities$ and momentary "leasures of the 'orldN be then "acified. And
though thou beest no' "erad#enture in e+treme 'ant$ ;.AB-Git may be !tis
for thy further good$ to try thy "atience$ as it did Dob!s$ and e+ercise
thee in this life& trust in God$ and rely u"on him$ and thou shalt be
;.ABAGcro'ned in the end. 4hat!s this life to eternityN The 'orld hath
forsa%en thee$ thy friends and fortunes all are gone& yet %no' this$ that
the #ery hairs of thine head are numbered$ that God is a s"ectator of all
thy miseries$ he sees thy 'rongs$ 'oes$ and 'ants. ;.AB/GL!Tis his
good'ill and "leasure it should be so$ and he %no's better 'hat is for thy
good than thou thyself. 5is "ro#idence is o#er all$ at all times< he hath
set a guard of angels o#er us$ and %ee"s us as the a""le of his eye$L Ps.
+#ii. /. 9ome he doth e+alt$ "refer$ bless 'ith 'orldly riches$ honours$
offices$ and "referments$ as so many glistering stars he ma%es to shine
abo#e the rest& some he doth miraculously "rotect from thie#es$ incursions$
s'ord$ fire$ and all #iolent mischances$ and as the ;.ABBG"oet feigns of
that *ycian Pandarus$ *ycaon!s son$ 'hen he shot at Menelaus the Grecian
'ith a strong arm$ and deadly arro'$ Pallas$ as a good mother %ee"s flies
from her child!s face aslee"$ turned by the shaft$ and made it hit on the
buc%le of his girdle< so some he solicitously defends$ others he e+"oseth
to danger$ "o#erty$ sic%ness$ 'ant$ misery$ he chastiseth and corrects$ as
to him seems best$ in his dee"$ unsearchable and secret judgment$ and all
for our good. LThe tyrant too% the cityL (saith ;./CCG:hrysostom)$ LGod did
not hinder it< led them a'ay ca"ti#es$ so God 'ould ha#e it< he bound them$
God yielded to it& flung them into the furnace$ God "ermitted it& heat the
o#en hotter$ it 'as granted& and 'hen the tyrant had done his 'orst$ God
sho'ed his "o'er$ and the children!s "atience< he freed them&L so can he
thee$ and can ;./C,Ghel" in an instant$ 'hen it seems to him good. ;./C=G
L1ejoice not against me$ 2 my enemy< for though I fall$ I shall rise& 'hen
I sit in dar%ness$ the *ord shall lighten me.L 1emember all those martyrs
'hat they ha#e endured$ the utmost that human rage and fury could in#ent$
'ith 'hat ;./C.G"atience they ha#e borne$ 'ith 'hat 'illingness embraced
it. LThough he %ill me$L saith Dob$ LI 'ill trust in him.L _Dustus
;./C?Gine+"ugnabilis_$ as :hrysostom holds$ a just man is im"regnable$ and
not to be o#ercome. The gout may hurt his hands$ lameness his feet$
con#ulsions may torture his joints$ but not _rectam mentem_ his soul is
free.
;./C@G ------Lnem"e "ecus$ rem$
*ectos$ argentum tollas licet< in manicis$ et
:om"edibus sae#o teneas custodeL------
LPerha"s$ you mean$
My cattle$ money$ mo#ables or land$
Then ta%e them all.--ut$ sla#e$ if I command$
A cruel jailor shall thy freedom seize.L
;./C-GLTa%e a'ay his money$ his treasure is in hea#en& banish him his
country$ he is an inhabitant of that hea#enly Derusalem& cast him into
bands$ his conscience is free< %ill his body$ it shall rise again< he
fights 'ith a shado' that contends 'ith an u"right man&L he 'ill not be
mo#ed.
------Lsi fractus illabatur orbis$
Im"a#idum ferient ruinae.L
Though hea#en itself should fall on his head$ he 'ill not be offended. 5e
is im"enetrable$ as an an#il hard$ as constant as Dob.
;./CAG LI"se deus simul at0ue #olet me sol#et o"inor.L
LA God shall set me free 'hene!er I "lease.L
e thou such a one< let thy misery be 'hat it 'ill$ 'hat it can$ 'ith
"atience endure it< thou mayst be restored as he 'as. _Terris "roscri"tus$
ad coelum "ro"era< ab hominibus desertus$ ad deum fuge_. LThe "oor shall
not al'ays be forgotten$ the "atient abiding of the mee% shall not "erish
for e#er$L Psal. +. ,/. #er. B. LThe *ord 'ill be a refuge of the
o""ressed$ and a defence in the time of trouble.L
L9er#us E"ictetus$ multilati cor"oris$ Irus
Pau"er& at haec inter charus erat su"eris.L
L*ame 'as E"ictetus$ and "oor Irus$
Eet to them both God 'as "ro"itious.L
*odo#icus Iertomannus$ that famous tra#eller$ endured much misery$ yet
surely$ saith 9caliger$ he 'as _#ir deo charus_$ in that he did esca"e so
many dangers$ LGod es"ecially "rotected him$ he 'as dear unto him&L _Modo
in egestate$ tribulatione$ con#alle de"lorationis_$ Fc. LThou art no' in
the #ale of misery$ in "o#erty$ in agony$L ;./C/GLin tem"tation< rest$
eternity$ ha""iness$ immortality$ shall be thy re'ard$L as :hrysostom
"leads$ Lif thou trust in God$ and %ee" thine innocency.L _8on si male
nunc$ et olim sic erit sem"er_< a good hour may come u"on a sudden< ;./CBG
e+"ect a little.
Eea$ but this e+"ectation is it 'hich tortures me in the mean time< ;./,CG
_futura e+"ectans "raesentibus angor_$ 'hilst the grass gro's the horse
star#es& ;./,,Gdes"air not$ but ho"e 'ell$
;./,=G L9"era atte$ tibi melius lu+ :rastina ducet<
3um s"iras s"eraL------
:heer u"$ I say$ be not dismayed< _9"es alit agricolas_& Lhe that so's in
tears$ shall rea" in joy$L Psal. c++#i. A.
L9i fortune me tormente$
Es"erance me contente.L
5o"e refresheth$ as much as misery de"resseth< hard beginnings ha#e many
times "ros"erous e#ents$ and that may ha""en at last 'hich ne#er 'as yet.
LA desire accom"lished delights the soul$L Pro#. +iii. ,B.
;./,.G LGrata su"er#eniet 0uae non s"erabitur hora&L
L4hich ma%es m!enjoy my joys long 'ish!d at last$
4elcome that hour shall come 'hen ho"e is "ast&L
a lo'ering morning may turn to a fair afternoon$ ;./,?G_8ube solet "ulsa
candidus ire dies_. LThe ho"e that is deferred$ is the fainting of the
heart$ but 'hen the desire cometh$ it is a tree of life$L Pro#. +iii. ,=$
;./,@G_sua#issimum est #oti com"os fieri_. Many men are both 'retched and
miserable at first$ but after'ards most ha""y& and oftentimes it so falls
out$ as ;./,-GMachia#el relates of :osmo de Medici$ that fortunate and
reno'ned citizen of Euro"e$ Lthat all his youth 'as full of "er"le+ity$
danger$ and misery$ till forty years 'ere "ast$ and then u"on a sudden the
sun of his honour bro%e out as through a cloud.L 5uniades 'as fetched out
of "rison$ and 5enry the Third of Portugal out of a "oor monastery$ to be
cro'ned %ings.
LMulta cadunt inter calicem su"rema0ue labra$L
LMany things ha""en bet'een the cu" and the li"$L
beyond all ho"e and e+"ectation many things fall out$ and 'ho %no's 'hat
may ha""enN _8ondum omnium dierum 9oles occiderunt_$ as Phili""us said$ all
the suns are not yet set$ a day may come to ma%e amends for all. LThough my
father and mother forsa%e me$ yet the *ord 'ill gather me u"$L Psal. ++#ii.
,C. L4ait "atiently on the *ord$ and ho"e in him$L Psal. +++#ii. A. Le
strong$ ho"e and trust in the *ord$ and he 'ill comfort thee$ and gi#e thee
thine heart!s desire$L Psal. ++#ii. ,?.
L9"erate et #osmet rebus ser#ate secundis.L
L5o"e$ and reser#e yourself for "ros"erity.L
7ret not thyself because thou art "oor$ contemned$ or not so 'ell for the
"resent as thou 'ouldst be$ not res"ected as thou oughtest to be$ by birth$
"lace$ 'orth< or that 'hich is a double corrosi#e$ thou hast been ha""y$
honourable$ and rich$ art no' distressed and "oor$ a scorn of men$ a burden
to the 'orld$ ir%some to thyself and others$ thou hast lost all& _Miserum
est fuisse$ felicem_$ and as oethius calls it$ _Infelicissimum genus
infortunii_< this made Timon half mad 'ith melancholy$ to thin% of his
former fortunes and "resent misfortunes& this alone ma%es many miserable
'retches discontent. I confess it is a great misery to ha#e been ha""y$ the
0uintessence of infelicity$ to ha#e been honourable and rich$ but yet
easily to be endured& ;./,AGsecurity succeeds$ and to a judicious man a far
better estate. The loss of thy goods and money is no loss< ;./,/G Lthou
hast lost them$ they 'ould other'ise ha#e lost thee.L If thy money be gone$
;./,BGLthou art so much the lighter$L and as 9aint 5ierome "ersuades
1usticus the mon%$ to forsa%e all and follo' :hrist& LGold and sil#er are
too hea#y metals for him to carry that see%s hea#en.L
;./=CG LIel nos in mare "ro+imum$
Gemmas et la"ides$ aurum et inutile$
9ummi materiam mali
Mittamus$ scelerum si hene "oenitet.L
>eno the "hiloso"her lost all his goods by shi"'rec%$ ;./=,Ghe might li%e
of it$ fortune had done him a good turn& _2"es a me$ animum auferre non
"otest_& she can ta%e a'ay my means$ but not my mind. 5e set her at
defiance e#er after$ for she could not rob him that had nought to lose& for
he 'as able to contemn more than they could "ossess or desire. Ale+ander
sent a hundred talents of gold to Phocion of Athens for a "resent$ because
he heard he 'as a good man& but Phocion returned his talents bac% again
'ith a _"ermitte me in "osterum #irum bonum esse_ to be a good man still<
let me be as I am& _8on mi aurum "osco$ nec mi "recium_;./==G--That Theban
:rates flung of his o'n accord his money into the sea$ _abite nummi$ ego
#os mergam$ ne mergar$ a #obis_$ I had rather dro'n you$ than you should
dro'n me. :an stoics and e"icures thus contemn 'ealth$ and shall not 'e
that are :hristiansN It 'as _mascula #o+ et "raeclara_$ a generous s"eech
of :otta in ;./=.G9allust$ LMany miseries ha#e ha""ened unto me at home$
and in the 'ars abroad$ of 'hich by the hel" of God some I ha#e endured$
some I ha#e re"elled$ and by mine o'n #alour o#ercome& courage 'as ne#er
'anting to my designs$ nor industry to my intents& "ros"erity or ad#ersity
could ne#er alter my dis"osition.L A 'ise man!s mind$ as 9eneca holds$
;./=?G Lis li%e the state of the 'orld abo#e the moon$ e#er serene.L :ome
then 'hat can come$ befall 'hat may befall$ _infractum in#ictum0ue ;./=@G
animum o""onas& 1ebus angustis animosus at0ue fortis a""are_. (5or. _2d.
,,. lib. =._) 5o"e and "atience are t'o so#ereign remedies for all$ the
surest re"osals$ the softest cushions to lean on in ad#ersity&
;./=-G L3urum sed le#ius fit "atientia$
Kuic0uid corrigere est nefas.L
L4hat can!t be cured must be endured.L
If it cannot be hel"ed$ or amended$ ;./=AGma%e the best of it< ;./=/G
_necessitati 0ui se accommodat$ sa"it_$ he is 'ise that suits himself to
the time. As at a game at tables$ so do by all such ine#itable accidents.
;./=BG LIta #ita est hominum 0uasi cum ludas tesseris$
9i illud 0uod est ma+ime o"us jactu non cadit$
Illud 0uod cecidit forte$ id arte ut corrigas<L
If thou canst not fling 'hat thou 'ouldst$ "lay thy cast as 'ell as thou
canst. E#erything$ saith ;./.CGE"ictetus$ hath t'o handles$ the one to be
held by$ the other not& !tis in our choice to ta%e and lea#e 'hether 'e
'ill (all 'hich 9im"licius!s :ommentator hath illustrated by many
e+am"les)$ and !tis in our "o'er$ as they say$ to ma%e or mar oursel#es.
:onform thyself then to thy "resent fortune$ and cut thy coat according to
thy cloth$ ;./.,G_Ht 0uimus (0uod aiunt) 0uando 0uod #olumus non licet_$
Le contented 'ith thy loss$ state$ and calling$ 'hatsoe#er it is$ and rest
as 'ell satisfied 'ith thy "resent condition in this life&L
LEste 0uod es< 0uod sunt alii$ sine 0uamlibet esse<
Kuod non es$ nolis< 0uod "otus esse$ #elis.L
Le as thou art< and as they are$ so let
2thers be still< 'hat is and may be co#ert.L
And as he that is ;./.=Gin#ited to a feast eats 'hat is set before him$ and
loo%s for no other$ enjoy that thou hast$ and as% no more of God than 'hat
he thin%s fit to besto' u"on thee. _8on cui#is contingit adire :orinthum_$
'e may not be all gentlemen$ all :atos$ or *aelii$ as Tully telleth us$ all
honourable$ illustrious$ and serene$ all rich< but because mortal men 'ant
many things$ ;./..GLtherefore$L saith Theodoret$ Lhath God di#ersely
distributed his gifts$ 'ealth to one$ s%ill to another$ that rich men might
encourage and set "oor men at 'or%$ "oor men might learn se#eral trades to
the common good.L As a "iece of arras is com"osed of se#eral "arcels$ some
'rought of sil%$ some of gold$ sil#er$ cre'el of di#erse colours$ all to
ser#e for the e+ornation of the 'hole& music is made of di#erse discords
and %eys$ a total sum of many small numbers$ so is a common'ealth of
se#eral une0ual trades and callings. ;./.?GIf all should be :roesi and
3arii$ all idle$ all in fortunes e0ual$ 'ho should till the landN As
;./.@GMenenius Agri""a 'ell satisfied the tumultuous rout of 1ome$ in his
elegant a"ologue of the belly and the rest of the members. 4ho should build
houses$ ma%e our se#eral stuffs for raimentsN 4e should all be star#ed for
com"any$ as Po#erty declared at large in Aristo"hanes! Plutus$ and sue at
last to be as 'e 'ere at first. And therefore God hath a""ointed this
ine0uality of states$ orders$ and degrees$ a subordination$ as in all other
things. The earth yields nourishment to #egetables$ sensible creatures feed
on #egetables$ both are substitutes to reasonable souls$ and men are
subject amongst themsel#es$ and all to higher "o'ers$ so God 'ould ha#e it.
All things then being rightly e+amined and duly considered as they ought$
there is no such cause of so general discontent$ !tis not in the matter
itself$ but in our mind$ as 'e moderate our "assions and esteem of things.
_8ihil aliud necessarium ut sis miser_ (saith ;./.-G:ardan) _0uam ut te
miserum credas_$ let thy fortune be 'hat it 'ill$ !tis thy mind alone that
ma%es thee "oor or rich$ miserable or ha""y. _Iidi ego_ (saith di#ine
9eneca) _in #illa hilari et amaena maestos$ et media solitudine occu"atos<
non locus$ sed animus facit ad tran0uillitatem_. I ha#e seen men miserably
dejected in a "leasant #illage$ and some again 'ell occu"ied and at good
ease in a solitary desert. !Tis the mind not the "lace causeth
tran0uillity$ and that gi#es true content. I 'ill yet add a 'ord or t'o for
a corollary. Many rich men$ I dare boldly say it$ that lie on do'n beds$
'ith delicacies "am"ered e#ery day$ in their 'ell-furnished houses$ li#e at
less heart!s ease$ 'ith more anguish$ more bodily "ain$ and through their
intem"erance$ more bitter hours$ than many a "risoner or galley-sla#e<
;./.AG_Maecenas in "luma ae0ue #igilat ac 1egulus in dolio_& those "oor
star#ed 5ollanders$ 'hom ;././Gartison their ca"tain left in 8o#a >embla$
anno ,@B-$ or those ;./.BGeight miserable Englishmen that 'ere lately left
behind$ to 'inter in a sto#e in Greenland$ in AA deg. of lat.$ ,-.C$ so
"itifully forsa%en$ and forced to shift for themsel#es in a #ast$ dar%$ and
desert "lace$ to stri#e and struggle 'ith hunger$ cold$ des"eration$ and
death itself. !Tis a "atient and 0uiet mind (I say it again and again)
gi#es true "eace and content. 9o for all other things$ they are$ as old
;./?CG:hremes told us$ as 'e use them.
LParentes$ "atriam$ amicos$ genus$ cognates$ di#itias$
5aec "erinde sunt ac illius animus 0ui ea "ossidet<
Kui uti scit$ ei bona< 0ui utitur non recte$ mala.L
LParents$ friends$ fortunes$ country$ birth$ alliance$ Fc.$ ebb and flo'
'ith our conceit< "lease or dis"lease$ as 'e acce"t and construe them$ or
a""ly them to oursel#es.L _7aber 0uis0ue fortunae suae_$ and in some sort I
may truly say$ "ros"erity and ad#ersity are in our o'n hands. _8emo
laeditur nisi a sei"so_$ and 'hich 9eneca confirms out of his judgment and
e+"erience. ;./?,GLE#ery man!s mind is stronger than fortune$ and leads him
to 'hat side he 'ill< a cause to himself each one is of his good or bad
life.L ut 'ill 'e$ or nill 'e$ ma%e the 'orst of it$ and su""ose a man in
the greatest e+tremity$ !tis a fortune 'hich some indefinitely "refer
before "ros"erity< of t'o e+tremes it is the best. _*u+uriant animi rebus
"lerum0ue secundis_$ men in ;./?=G"ros"erity forget God and themsel#es$
they are besotted 'ith their 'ealth$ as birds 'ith henbane& ;./?.G
miserable if fortune forsa%e them$ but more miserable if she tarry and
o#er'helm them& for 'hen they come to be in great "lace$ rich$ they that
'ere most tem"erate$ sober$ and discreet in their "ri#ate fortunes$ as
8ero$ 2tho$ Iitellius$ 5eliogabalus (_o"timi im"eratores nisi im"erassent_)
degenerate on a sudden into brute beasts$ so "rodigious in lust$ such
tyrannical o""ressors$ Fc.$ they cannot moderate themsel#es$ they become
monsters$ odious$ har"ies$ 'hat notN _:um trium"hos$ o"es$ honores ade"ti
sunt$ ad #olu"tatem et otium deince"s se con#ertunt_& !t'as ;./??G:ato!s
note$ Lthey cannot contain.L 7or that cause beli%e
;./?@G LEutra"ilus cuicun0ue nocere #olebat$
Iestimenta dabat "retiosa& beatus enim jam$
:um "ulchris tunicis sumet no#a consilia et s"es$
3ormiet in lucem scorto$ "ost"onet honestum
2fficiumL------
LEutra"ilus 'hen he 'ould hurt a %na#e$
Ga#e him gay clothes and 'ealth to ma%e him bra#e&
ecause no' rich he 'ould 0uite change his mind$
6ee" 'hores$ fly out$ set honesty behind.L
2n the other side$ in ad#ersity many mutter and re"ine$ des"air$ Fc.$ both
bad$ I confess$
;./?-G ------Lut calceus olim
9i "ede major erit$ sub#ertet& si minor$ uret.L
LAs a shoe too big or too little$ one "incheth$ the other sets the foot
a'ry$L _sed e malis minimum_. If ad#ersity hath %illed his thousand$
"ros"erity hath %illed his ten thousand& therefore ad#ersity is to be
"referred< ;./?AG_haec froeno indiget$ illa solatio& illa fallit$ haec
instruit_& the one decei#es$ the other instructs< the one miserably ha""y$
the other ha""ily miserable< and therefore many "hiloso"hers ha#e
#oluntarily sought ad#ersity$ and so much commend it in their "rece"ts.
3emetrius$ in 9eneca$ esteemed it a great infelicity$ that in his lifetime
he had no misfortune$ _miserum cui nihil un0uam accidisset$ ad#ersi_.
Ad#ersity then is not so hea#ily to be ta%en$ and 'e ought not in such
cases so much to macerate oursel#es& there is no such odds in "o#erty and
riches. To conclude in ;./?/G5ierom!s 'ords$ LI 'ill as% our magnificoes
that build 'ith marble$ and besto' a 'hole manor on a thread$ 'hat
difference bet'een them and Paul the Eremite$ that bare old manN They drin%
in je'els$ he in his hand& he is "oor and goes to hea#en$ they are rich and
go to hell.L
MEM. II.
_Against 9er#itude$ *oss of *iberty$ Im"risonment$ anishment_.
9er#itude$ loss of liberty$ im"risonment$ are no such miseries as they are
held to be& 'e are sla#es and ser#ants the best of us all& as 'e do
re#erence our masters$ so do our masters their su"eriors& gentlemen ser#e
nobles$ and nobles subordinate to %ings$ _omne sub regno gra#iore regnum_$
"rinces themsel#es are God!s ser#ants$ _reges in i"sos im"erium est Do#is_.
They are subject to their o'n la's$ and as the %ings of :hina endure more
than sla#ish im"risonment$ to maintain their state and greatness$ they
ne#er come abroad. Ale+ander 'as a sla#e to fear$ :aesar of "ride$
Ies"asian to his money (_nihil enim refert$ rerum sis ser#us an hominum_)$
;./?BG 5eliogabalus to his gut$ and so of the rest. *o#ers are sla#es to
their mistresses$ rich men to their gold$ courtiers generally to lust and
ambition$ and all sla#es to our affections$ as E#angelus 'ell discourseth
in ;./@CGMacrobius$ and ;./@,G9eneca the "hiloso"her$ _assiduam ser#itutem
e+tremam et ineluctabilem_ he calls it$ a continual sla#ery$ to be so
ca"ti#ated by #ices< and 'ho is freeN 4hy then dost thou re"ineN _9atis est
"otens_$ 5ierom saith$ _0ui ser#ire non cogitur_. Thou carriest no burdens$
thou art no "risoner$ no drudge$ and thousands 'ant that liberty$ those
"leasures 'hich thou hast. Thou art not sic%$ and 'hat 'ouldst thou ha#eN
ut _nitimur in #etitum_$ 'e must all eat of the forbidden fruit. 4ere 'e
enjoined to go to such and such "laces$ 'e 'ould not 'illingly go& but
being barred of our liberty$ this alone torments our 'andering soul that 'e
may not go. A citizen of ours$ saith ;./@=G:ardan$ 'as si+ty years of age$
and had ne#er been forth of the 'alls of the city of Milan< the "rince
hearing of it$ commanded him not to stir out& being no' forbidden that
'hich all his life he had neglected$ he earnestly desired$ and being
denied$ _dolore confectus mortem$ obiit_$ he died for grief.
4hat I ha#e said of ser#itude$ I again say of im"risonment$ 'e are all
"risoners. ;./@.G4hat is our life but a "risonN 4e are all im"risoned in an
island. The 'orld itself to some men is a "rison$ our narro' seas as so
many ditches$ and 'hen they ha#e com"assed the globe of the earth$ they
'ould fain go see 'hat is done in the moon. In ;./@?GMusco#y and many other
northern "arts$ all o#er 9candia$ they are im"risoned half the year in
sto#es$ they dare not "ee" out for cold. At ;./@@GAden in Arabia they are
"enned in all day long 'ith that other e+treme of heat$ and %ee" their
mar%ets in the night. 4hat is a shi" but a "risonN And so many cities are
but as so many hi#es of bees$ anthills< but that 'hich thou abhorrest$ many
see%& 'omen %ee" in all 'inter$ and most "art of summer$ to "reser#e their
beauties< some for lo#e of study& 3emosthenes sha#ed his beard because he
'ould cut off all occasions from going abroad& ho' many mon%s and friars$
anchorites$ abandon the 'orld. _Monachus in urbe$ "iscis in arido_. Art in
"risonN Ma%e right use of it$ and mortify thyself< ;./@-G L4here may a man
contem"late better than in solitariness$L or study more than in 0uietnessN
Many 'orthy men ha#e been im"risoned all their li#es$ and it hath been
occasion of great honour and glory to them$ much "ublic good by their
e+cellent meditation. ;./@AGPtolomeus %ing of Egy"t$ _cum #iribus
attenuatis infirma #aletudine laboraret$ miro descendi studio affectus_$
Fc. no' being ta%en 'ith a grie#ous infirmity of body that he could not
stir abroad$ became 9trato!s scholar$ fell hard to his boo%$ and ga#e
himself 'holly to contem"lation$ and u"on that occasion (as mine author
adds)$ _"ulcherrimum regiae o"ulentiae monumentum_$ Fc.$ to his great
honour built that reno'ned library at Ale+andria$ 'herein 'ere ?C$CCC
#olumes. 9e#erinus oethius ne#er 'rit so elegantly as in "rison$ Paul so
de#outly$ for most of his e"istles 'ere dictated in his bands& LDose"h$L
saith ;./@/GAustin$ Lgot more credit in "rison$ than 'hen he distributed
corn$ and 'as lord of Pharaoh!s house.L It brings many a le'd$ riotous
fello' home$ many 'andering rogues it settles$ that 'ould other'ise ha#e
been li%e ra#ing tigers$ ruined themsel#es and others.
anishment is no grie#ance at all$ _2mne solum forti "atria$ Fc. et "atria
est ubicun0ue bene est_$ that!s a man!s country 'here he is 'ell at ease.
Many tra#el for "leasure to that city$ saith 9eneca$ to 'hich thou art
banished$ and 'hat a "art of the citizens are strangers born in other
"lacesN ;./@BG_Incolentibus "atria_$ !tis their country that are born in
it$ and they 'ould thin% themsel#es banished to go to the "lace 'hich thou
lea#est$ and from 'hich thou art so loath to de"art. !Tis no dis"aragement
to be a stranger$ or so ir%some to be an e+ile. ;./-CGLThe rain is a
stranger to the earth$ ri#ers to the sea$ Du"iter in Egy"t$ the sun to us
all. The soul is an alien to the body$ a nightingale to the air$ a s'allo'
in a house$ and Ganymede in hea#en$ an ele"hant at 1ome$ a Phoeni+ in
India<L and such things commonly "lease us best$ 'hich are most strange and
come the farthest off. Those old 5ebre's esteemed the 'hole 'orld Gentiles<
the Gree%s held all barbarians but themsel#es< our modern Italians account
of us as dull Transal"ines by 'ay of re"roach$ they scorn thee and thy
country 'hich thou so much admirest. !Tis a childish humour to hone after
home$ to be discontent at that 'hich others see%< to "refer$ as base
islanders and 8or'egians do$ their o'n ragged island before Italy or
Greece$ the gardens of the 'orld. There is a base nation in the north$
saith ;./-,GPliny$ called :hauci$ that li#e amongst roc%s and sands by the
seaside$ feed on fish$ drin% 'ater& and yet these base "eo"le account
themsel#es sla#es in res"ect$ 'hen they come to 1ome. _Ita est "rofecto_
(as he concludes) _multis fortuna "arcit in "oenam_$ so it is$ fortune
fa#ours some to li#e at home$ to their further "unishment& !tis 'ant of
judgment. All "laces are distant from hea#en ali%e$ the sun shines ha""ily
as 'arm in one city as in another$ and to a 'ise man there is no difference
of climes< friends are e#ery'here to him that beha#es himself 'ell$ and a
"ro"het is not esteemed in his o'n country. Ale+ander$ :aesar$ Trajan$
Adrian$ 'ere as so many land-lea"ers$ no' in the east$ no' in the 'est$
little at home< and Polus Ienetus$ *od. Iertomannus$ Pinzonus$ :adamustus$
:olumbus$ Americus Ies"ucius$ Iascus Gama$ 3ra%e$ :andish$ 2li#er Anort$
9choutien$ got$ all their honour by #oluntary e+"editions. ut you say such
men!s tra#el is #oluntary< 'e are com"elled$ and as malefactors must
de"art< yet %no' this of ;./-=GPlato to be true$ _ultori 3eo summa cura
"eregrinus est_$ God hath an es"ecial care of strangers$ Land 'hen he 'ants
friends and allies$ he shall deser#e better and find more fa#our 'ith God
and men.L esides the "leasure of "eregrination$ #ariety of objects 'ill
ma%e amends< and so many nobles$ Tully$ Aristides$ Themistocles$ Theseus$
:odrus$ Fc. as ha#e been banished$ 'ill gi#e sufficient credit unto it.
1ead Pet. Alcionius his t'o boo%s of this subject.
MEM. I.
_Against 9orro' for 3eath of 7riends or other'ise$ #ain 7ear$ Fc._
3eath and de"arture of friends are things generally grie#ous$ ;./-.G
_2mnium 0uae in humana #ita contingunt$ luctus at0ue mors sunt
acerbissima_$ the most austere and bitter accidents that can ha""en to a
man in this life$ _in aeternum #aledicere_$ to "art for e#er$ to forsa%e
the 'orld and all our friends$ !tis _ultimum terribilium_$ the last and the
greatest terror$ most ir%some and troublesome unto us$ ;./-?G_5omo toties
moritur$ 0uoties amittit suos_. And though 'e ho"e for a better life$
eternal ha""iness$ after these "ainful and miserable days$ yet 'e cannot
com"ose oursel#es 'illingly to die< the remembrance of it is most grie#ous
unto us$ es"ecially to such 'ho are fortunate and rich& they start at the
name of death$ as a horse at a rotten "ost. 9ay 'hat you can of that other
'orld$ ;./-@GMontezuma that Indian "rince$ _onum est esse hic_$ they had
rather be here. 8ay many generous s"irits$ and gra#e staid men other'ise$
are so tender in this$ that at the loss of a dear friend they 'ill cry out$
roar$ and tear their hair$ lamenting some months after$ ho'ling L2 5one$L
as those Irish 'omen and ;./--GGree%s at their gra#es$ commit many indecent
actions$ and almost go beside themsel#es. My dear father$ my s'eet husband$
mine only brother!s dead$ to 'hom shall I ma%e my moanN _2 me miserumO Kuis
dabit in lachrymas fontem_$ Fc. 4hat shall I doN
;./-AG L9ed totum hoc studium luctu fraterna mihi mors
Abstulit$ hei misero frater adem"te mihiNL
LMy brother!s death my study hath undone$
4oe!s me$ alas my brother he is gone.L
Mezentius 'ould not li#e after his son&
;./-/G L8unc #i#o$ nec adhuc homines lucem0ue relin0uo$
9ed lin0uamL------
And Pom"ey!s 'ife cried out at the ne's of her husband!s death$
;./-BG LTur"e mori "ost te solo non "osse dolore$
Iiolenta luctu et nescia tolerandi$L
as ;./ACGTacitus of Agri""ina$ not able to moderate her "assions. 9o 'hen
she heard her son 'as slain$ she abru"tly bro%e off her 'or%$ changed
countenance and colour$ tore her hair$ and fell a roaring do'nright.
;./A,G ------Lsubitus miserae color ossa reli0uit$
E+cussi manibus radii$ re#oluta0ue "ensa&
E#olat infeli+ et foemineo ululatu
9cissa comamL------
Another 'ould needs run u"on the s'ord!s "oint after Euryalus! de"arture$
;./A=G L7igite me$ si 0ua est "ietas$ in me omnia tela
:onjicite o 1utili<L------
2 let me die$ some good man or other ma%e an end of me. 5o' did Achilles
ta%e on for Patroclus! de"artureN A blac% cloud of sorro's o#ershado'ed
him$ saith 5omer. Dacob rent his clothes$ "ut sac%cloth about his loins$
sorro'ed for his son a long season$ and could not be comforted$ but 'ould
needs go do'n into the gra#e unto his son$ Gen. +++#ii. .A. Many years
after$ the remembrance of such friends$ of such accidents$ is most grie#ous
unto us$ to see or hear of it$ though it concern not oursel#es but others.
9caliger saith of himself$ that he ne#er read 9ocrates! death$ in Plato!s
Phaedon$ but he 'e"t& ;./A.GAustin shed tears 'hen he read the destruction
of Troy. ut ho'soe#er this "assion of sorro' be #iolent$ bitter$ and
seizeth familiarly on 'ise$ #aliant$ discreet men$ yet it may surely be
'ithstood$ it may be di#erted. 7or 'hat is there in this life$ that it
should be so dear unto usN or that 'e should so much de"lore the de"arture
of a friendN The greatest "leasures are common society$ to enjoy one
another!s "resence$ feasting$ ha'%ing$ hunting$ broo%s$ 'oods$ hills$
music$ dancing$ Fc. all this is but #anity and loss of time$ as I ha#e
sufficiently declared.
;./A?G ------Ldum bibimus$ dum serta$ unguenta$ "uellas
Poscimus$ obre"it non intellecta senectus.L
L4hilst 'e drin%$ "ran% oursel#es$ 'ith 'enches dally$
2ld age u"on!s at una'ares doth sally.L
As alchemists s"end that small modicum they ha#e to get gold$ and ne#er
find it$ 'e lose and neglect eternity$ for a little momentary "leasure
'hich 'e cannot enjoy$ nor shall e#er attain to in this life. 4e abhor
death$ "ain$ and grief$ all$ yet 'e 'ill do nothing of that 'hich should
#indicate us from$ but rather #oluntarily thrust oursel#es u"on it. ;./A@G
LThe lasci#ious "refers his 'hore before his life$ or good estate< an angry
man his re#enge& a "arasite his gut< ambitious$ honours< co#etous$ 'ealth<
a thief his booty< a soldier his s"oil< 'e abhor diseases$ and yet 'e "ull
them u"on us.L 4e are ne#er better or freer from cares than 'hen 'e slee"$
and yet$ 'hich 'e so much a#oid and lament$ death is but a "er"etual slee"<
and 'hy should it$ as ;./A-GE"icurus argues$ so much affright usN L4hen 'e
are$ death is not& but 'hen death is$ then 'e are not&L our life is tedious
and troublesome unto him that li#es best< ;./AAGL!tis a misery to be born$
a "ain to li#e$ a trouble to die&L death ma%es an end of our miseries$ and
yet 'e cannot consider of it< a little before ;./A/G9ocrates dran% his
"ortion of cicuta$ he bid the citizens of Athens cheerfully fare'ell$ and
concluded his s"eech 'ith this short sentence< LMy time is no' come to be
gone$ I to my death$ you to li#e on< but 'hich of these is best$ God alone
%no's.L 7or there is no "leasure here but sorro' is anne+ed to it$
re"entance follo's it. ;./ABGLIf I feed liberally$ I am li%ely sic% or
surfeit& if I li#e s"aringly my hunger and thirst is not allayed< I am 'ell
neither full nor fasting< if I li#e honest$ I burn in lust<L if I ta%e my
"leasure$ I tire and star#e myself$ and do injury to my body and soul.
;.//CGL2f so small a 0uantity of mirth$ ho' much sorro'N after so little
"leasure$ ho' great miseryNL !Tis both 'ays troublesome to me$ to rise and
go to bed$ to eat and "ro#ide my meat< cares and contentions attend me all
day long$ fears and sus"icions all my life. I am discontented$ and 'hy
should I desire so much to li#eN ut a ha""y death 'ill ma%e an end of all
our 'oes and miseries< _omnibus una meis certa medela malis_< 'hy shouldst
not thou then say 'ith old 9imeon since thou art so 'ell affected$ L*ord
no' let thy ser#ant de"art in "eace&L or 'ith Paul$ LI desire to be
dissol#ed$ and to be 'ith :hristLN _eata mors 0uae ad beatam #itam aditum
a"erit_$ !tis a blessed hour that leads us to a ;.//,Gblessed life$ and
blessed are they that die in the *ord. ut life is s'eet$ and death is not
so terrible in itself as the concomitants of it$ a loathsome disease$ "ain$
horror$ Fc. and many times the manner of it$ to be hanged$ to be bro%en on
the 'heel$ to be burned ali#e. ;.//=G9er#etus the heretic$ that suffered in
Gene#a$ 'hen he 'as brought to the sta%e$ and sa' the e+ecutioner come 'ith
fire in his hand$ _homo #iso igne tam horrendum e+clama#it$ ut uni#ersum
"o"ulum "erterrefecerit_$ roared so loud$ that he terrified the "eo"le. An
old stoic 'ould ha#e scorned this. It troubles some to be unburied$ or so&
------Lnon te o"tima mater
:ondet humi$ "atrio#e onerabit membra se"ulchro<
Alitibus linguere feris$ et gurgite mersum
Hnda feret$ "isces0ue im"asti #ulnera lambent.L
LThy gentle "arents shall not bury thee$
Amongst thine ancestors entomb!d to be$
ut feral fo'l thy carcass shall de#our$
2r dro'ned cor"s hungry fish ma's shall scour.L
As 9ocrates told :rito$ it concerns me not 'hat is done 'ith me 'hen I am
dead< _7acilis jactura se"ulchri_& I care not so long as I feel it not< let
them set mine head on the "i%e of Tenerife$ and my 0uarters in the four
"arts of the 'orld$--_"ascam licet in cruce cor#os_$ let 'ol#es or bears
de#our me<--;.//.G_:aelo tegitur 0ui non habet urnam_$ the cano"y of hea#en
co#ers him that hath no tomb. 9o li%e'ise for our friends$ 'hy should their
de"arture so much trouble usN They are better as 'e ho"e$ and for 'hat then
dost thou lament$ as those do 'hom Paul ta+ed in his time$ , Thes. i#. ,..
Lthat ha#e no ho"eLN !Tis fit there should be some solemnity.
;.//?G L9ed se"elire decet defunctum$ "ectore forti$
:onstantes$ unum0ue diem fletui indulgentes.L
Dob!s friends said not a 'ord to him the first se#en days$ but let sorro'
and discontent ta%e their course$ themsel#es sitting sad and silent by him.
4hen Du"iter himself 'e"t for 9ar"edon$ 'hat else did the "oet insinuate$
but that some sorro' is good
;.//@G LKuis matrem nisi mentis ino"s in funere nati
7lere #etatNL------
'ho can blame a tender mother if she 'ee" for her childrenN eside$ as
;.//-GPlutarch holds$ !tis not in our "o'er not to lament$ _Indolentia non
cui#is contingit_$ it ta%es a'ay mercy and "ity$ not to be sad< !tis a
natural "assion to 'ee" for our friends$ an irresistible "assion to lament
and grie#e. LI %no' not ho'L (saith 9eneca) Lbut sometimes !tis good to be
miserable in misery& and for the most "art all grief e#acuates itself by
tears$L
;.//AG ------Lest 0uaedam flere #olu"tas$
E+"letur lachrymis egeritur0ue dolor&L
Lyet after a day!s mourning or t'o$ comfort thyself for thy hea#iness$L
Eccles. +++#iii. ,A. ;.///G_8on decet defunctum igna#o 0uaestu "rose0ui_<
!t'as Germanicus! ad#ice of old$ that 'e should not d'ell too long u"on our
"assions$ to be des"erately sad$ immoderate grie#ers$ to let them
tyrannise$ there!s _indolentiae$ ars_$ a medium to be %e"t& 'e do not
(saith ;.//BGAustin) forbid men to grie#e$ but to grie#e o#ermuch. LI
forbid not a man to be angry$ but I as% for 'hat cause he is soN 8ot to be
sad$ but 'hy is he sadN 8ot to fear$ but 'herefore is he afraidNL I re0uire
a moderation as 'ell as a just reason. ;./BCGThe 1omans and most ci#il
common'ealths ha#e set a time to such solemnities$ they must not mourn
after a set day$ Lor if in a family a child be born$ a daughter or son
married$ some state or honour be conferred$ a brother be redeemed from his
bands$ a friend from his enemies$L or the li%e$ they must lament no more.
And !tis fit it should be so< to 'hat end is all their funeral "om"$
com"laints$ and tearsN 4hen 9ocrates 'as dying$ his friends A"ollodorus and
:rito$ 'ith some others$ 'ere 'ee"ing by him$ 'hich he "ercei#ing$ as%ed
them 'hat they meant& ;./B,GLfor that #ery cause he "ut all the 'omen out
of the room$ u"on 'hich 'ords of his they 'ere abashed$ and ceased from
their tears.L *odo#icus :ortesius$ a rich la'yer of Padua (as ;./B=G
ernardinus 9cardeonius relates) commanded by his last 'ill$ and a great
mulct if other'ise to his heir$ that no funeral should be %e"t for him$ no
man should lament& but as at a 'edding$ music and minstrels to be "ro#ided<
and instead of blac% mourners$ he too% order$ ;./B.GLthat t'el#e #irgins
clad in green should carry him to the church.L 5is 'ill and testament 'as
accordingly "erformed$ and he buried in 9t. 9o"hia!s church. ;./B?GTully
'as much grie#ed for his daughter Tulliola!s death at first$ until such
time that he had confirmed his mind 'ith some "hiloso"hical "rece"ts$
;./B@GLthen he began to trium"h o#er fortune and grief$ and for her
rece"tion into hea#en to be much more joyed than before he 'as troubled for
her loss.L If a heathen man could so fortify himself from "hiloso"hy$ 'hat
shall a :hristian from di#inityN 4hy dost thou so macerate thyselfN !Tis an
ine#itable chance$ the first statute in Magna :harta$ an e#erlasting Act of
Parliament$ all must ;./B-Gdie.
;./BAG L:onstat aeterna "ositum0ue lege est$
Ht constet genitum nihil.L
It cannot be re#o%ed$ 'e are all mortal$ and these all commanding gods and
"rinces Ldie li%e men&L;./B/G--_in#ol#it humile "ariter et celsum ca"ut$
a0uat0ue summis infima_. L2 'ea% condition of human estate$L 9yl#ius
e+claims& ;./BBG*adislaus$ %ing of ohemia$ eighteen years of age$ in the
flo'er of his youth$ so "otent$ rich$ fortunate and ha""y$ in the midst of
all his friends$ amongst so many ;.BCCG"hysicians$ no' ready to be ;.BC,G
married$ in thirty-si+ hours sic%ened and died. 4e must so be gone sooner
or later all$ and as :allio"eius in the comedy too% his lea#e of his
s"ectators and auditors$ _Ios #alete et "laudite$ :allio"eius recensui_$
must 'e bid the 'orld fare'ell (_E+it :allio"eius_)$ and ha#ing no' "layed
our "arts$ for e#er be gone. Tombs and monuments ha#e the li%e fate$ _data
sunt i"sis 0uo0ue fata se"ulchris_$ %ingdoms$ "ro#inces$ to'ns$ and cities
ha#e their "eriods$ and are consumed. In those flourishing times of Troy$
Mycenae 'as the fairest city in Greece$ _Graeciae cunctae im"eritabat_$ but
it$ alas$ and that ;.BC=GLAssyrian 8ine#eh are 0uite o#erthro'n&L the li%e
fate hath that Egy"tian and oeotian Thebes$ 3elos$ _commune Graeciae$
conciliabulum_$ the common council-house of Greece$ ;.BC.Gand abylon$ the
greatest city that e#er the sun shone on$ hath no' nothing but 'alls and
rubbish left. ;.BC?G_Kuid Pandioniae restat nisi nomen Athenae_N Thus
;.BC@GPausanias com"lained in his times. And 'here is Troy itself no'$
Perse"olis$ :arthage$ :izicum$ 9"arta$ Argos$ and all those Grecian citiesN
9yracuse and Agrigentum$ the fairest to'ns in 9icily$ 'hich had sometimes
ACC$CCC inhabitants$ are no' decayed& the names of 5ieron$ Em"edocles$ Fc.$
of those mighty numbers of "eo"le$ only left. 2ne Anacharsis is remembered
amongst the 9cythians< the 'orld itself must ha#e an end< and e#ery "art of
it. _:aeterae igitur urbes sunt mortales_$ as Peter ;.BC-GGillius concludes
of :onstantino"le$ _haec sane 0uamdiu erunt homines$ futura mihi #idetur
immortalis_< but !tis not so& nor site$ nor strength$ nor sea nor land$ can
#indicate a city$ but it and all must #anish at last. And as to a tra#eller
great mountains seem "lains afar off$ at last are not discerned at all<
cities$ men$ monuments decay$--_nec solidis "rodest sua machina terris_$
;.BCAGthe names are only left$ those at length forgotten$ and are in#ol#ed
in "er"etual night.
;.BC/GL1eturning out of Asia$ 'hen I sailed from Aegina to'ard Megara$ I
beganL (saith 9er#ius 9ul"icius$ in a consolatory e"istle of his to Tully)
Lto #ie' the country round about. Aegina 'as behind me$ Megara before$
Piraeus on the right hand$ :orinth on the left$ 'hat flourishing to'ns
heretofore$ no' "rostrate and o#er'helmed before mine eyesN I began to
thin% 'ith myself$ alas$ 'hy are 'e men so much dis0uieted 'ith the
de"arture of a friend$ 'hose life is much shorterN ;.BCBG4hen so many
goodly cities lie buried before us. 1emember$ 2 9er#ius$ thou art a man<
and 'ith that I 'as much confirmed$ and corrected myself.L :orrect then
li%e'ise$ and comfort thyself in this$ that 'e must necessarily die$ and
all die$ that 'e shall rise again& as Tully held< _Ducundior0ue multo
congressus noster futurus$ 0uam insua#is et acerbus digressus_$ our second
meeting shall be much more "leasant than our de"arture 'as grie#ous.
Aye$ but he 'as my most dear and lo#ing friend$ my sole friend$
;.B,CG LKuis deciderio sit "udor aut modus
Tam chari ca"itisNL------
LAnd 'ho can blame my 'oeNL
Thou mayst be ashamed$ I say 'ith ;.B,,G9eneca$ to confess it$ Lin such a
;.B,=Gtem"est as this to ha#e but one anchor$L go see% another& and for his
"art thou dost him great injury to desire his longer life. ;.B,.GL4ilt thou
ha#e him crazed and sic%ly still$L li%e a tired tra#eller that comes 'eary
to his inn$ begin his journey afresh$ Lor to be freed from his miseries<
thou hast more need rejoice that he is gone.L Another com"lains of a most
s'eet 'ife$ a young 'ife$ _8ondum sustulerat fla#um Proser"ina crinem_$
such a 'ife as no mortal man e#er had$ so good a 'ife$ but she is no' dead
and gone$ _laethaeo0ue jacet condita sarco"hago_. I re"ly to him in
9eneca!s 'ords$ if such a 'oman at least e#er 'as to be had$ ;.B,?GL5e did
either so find or ma%e her< if he found her$ he may as ha""ily find
another<L if he made her$ as :ritobulus in Jeno"hon did by his$ he may as
good chea" inform another$ _et bona tam se0uitur$ 0uam bona "rima fuit_< he
need not des"air$ so long as the same master is to be had. ut 'as she
goodN 5ad she been so tired "erad#enture as that E"hesian 'ido' in
Petronius$ by some s'aggering soldier$ she might not ha#e held out. Many a
man 'ould ha#e been 'illingly rid of his& before thou 'ast bound$ no' thou
art free< ;.B,@GLand !tis but a folly to lo#e thy fetters though they be of
gold.L :ome into a third "lace$ you shall ha#e an aged father sighing for a
son$ a "retty child<
;.B,-G LIm"ube "ectus 0uale #el im"ia
Molliret Thracum "ectora.L
------L5e no' lies aslee"$
4ould ma%e an im"ious Thracian 'ee".L
2r some fine daughter that died young$ _8ondum e+"erta no#i gaudia "rima
tori_. 2r a forlorn son for his deceased father. ut 'hyN _Prior e+iit$
"rior intra#it_$ he came first$ and he must go first. ;.B,AG_Tu frustra
"ius$ heu_$ Fc. 4hat$ 'ouldst thou ha#e the la's of nature altered$ and him
to li#e al'aysN Dulius :aesar$ Augustus$ Alcibiades$ Galen$ Aristotle$ lost
their fathers young. And 'hy on the other side shouldst thou so hea#ily
ta%e the death of thy little sonN
;.B,/G L8um 0uia nec fato$ merita nec morte "eribat$
9ed miser ante diemL------
he died before his time$ "erha"s$ not yet come to the solstice of his age$
yet 'as he not mortalN 5ear that di#ine ;.B,BGE"ictetus$ LIf thou co#et thy
'ife$ friends$ children should li#e al'ays$ thou art a fool.L 5e 'as a fine
child indeed$ _dignus A"ollineis lachrymis_$ a s'eet$ a lo#ing$ a fair$ a
'itty child$ of great ho"e$ another Eteoneus$ 'hom Pindarus the "oet and
Aristides the rhetorician so much lament< but 'ho can tell 'hether he 'ould
ha#e been an honest manN 5e might ha#e "ro#ed a thief$ a rogue$ a
s"endthrift$ a disobedient son$ #e+ed and galled thee more than all the
'orld beside$ he might ha#e 'rangled 'ith thee and disagreed$ or 'ith his
brothers$ as Eteocles and Polynices$ and bro%e thy heart< he is no' gone to
eternity$ as another Ganymede$ in the ;.B=CGflo'er of his youth$ Las if he
had risen$L saith ;.B=,GPlutarch$ Lfrom the midst of a feastL before he 'as
drun%$ Lthe longer he had li#ed$ the 'orse he 'ould ha#e been$L _et 0uo
#ita longior_$ (Ambrose thin%s) _cul"a numerosior_$ more sinful$ more to
ans'er he 'ould ha#e had. If he 'as naught$ thou mayst be glad he is gone<
if good$ be glad thou hadst such a son. 2r art thou sure he 'as goodN It
may be he 'as an hy"ocrite$ as many are$ and ho'soe#er he s"a%e thee fair$
"erad#enture he "rayed$ amongst the rest that Icaro Meni""us heard at
Du"iter!s 'his"ering "lace in *ucian$ for his father!s death$ because he
no' %e"t him short$ he 'as to inherit much goods$ and many fair manors
after his decease. 2r "ut case he 'as #ery good$ su""ose the best$ may not
thy dead son e+"ostulate 'ith thee$ as he did in the same ;.B==G*ucian$
L'hy dost thou lament my death$ or call me miserable that am much more
ha""y than thyselfN 'hat misfortune is befallen meN Is it because I am not
so bald$ croo%ed$ old$ rotten$ as thou artN 4hat ha#e I lost$ some of your
good cheer$ gay clothes$ music$ singing$ dancing$ %issing$ merry-meetings$
_thalami lubentias_$ Fc.$ is that itN Is it not much better not to hunger
at all than to eat& not to thirst than to drin% to satisfy thirst& not to
be cold than to "ut on clothes to dri#e a'ay coldN Eou had more need
rejoice that I am freed from diseases$ agues$ cares$ an+ieties$ li#or$
lo#e$ co#etousness$ hatred$ en#y$ malice$ that I fear no more thie#es$
tyrants$ enemies$ as you do.L ;.B=.G_Ad cinerem et manes credis curare
se"ultos_N L3o they concern us at all$ thin% you$ 'hen 'e are once deadNL
:ondole not others then o#ermuch$ L'ish not or fear thy death.L ;.B=?G
_9ummum nec o"tes diem nec metuas_< !tis to no "ur"ose.
LE+cessi e #itae aerumnis facilis0ue lubens0ue
8e "erjora i"sa morte dehinc #ideam.L
LI left this ir%some life 'ith all mine heart$
*est 'orse than death should ha""en to my "art.L
;.B=@G:ardinal rundusinus caused this e"ita"h in 1ome to be inscribed on
his tomb$ to sho' his 'illingness to die$ and ta+ those that 'ere so both
to de"art. 4ee" and ho'l no more then$ !tis to small "ur"ose< and as Tully
ad#iseth us in the li%e case$ _8on 0uos amisimus$ sed 0uantum lugere "ar
sit cogitemus_& thin% 'hat 'e do$ not 'hom 'e ha#e lost. 9o 3a#id did$ =
9am. ++ii.$ L4hile the child 'as yet ali#e$ I fasted and 'e"t< but being
no' dead$ 'hy should I fastN :an I bring him againN I shall go to him$ but
he cannot return to me.L 5e that doth other'ise is an intem"erate$ a 'ea%$
a silly$ and indiscreet man. Though Aristotle deny any "art of intem"erance
to be con#ersant about sorro'$ I am of ;.B=-G9eneca!s mind$ Lhe that is
'ise is tem"erate$ and he that is tem"erate is constant$ free from "assion$
and he that is such a one$ is 'ithout sorro'$L as all 'ise men should be.
The ;.B=AGThracians 'e"t still 'hen a child 'as born$ feasted and made
mirth 'hen any man 'as buried& and so should 'e rather be glad for such as
die 'ell$ that they are so ha""ily freed from the miseries of this life.
4hen Eteoneus$ that noble young Gree%$ 'as so generally lamented by his
friends$ Pindarus the "oet feigns some god saying$ _9ilete homines$ non
enim miser est_$ Fc. be 0uiet good fol%s$ this young man is not so
miserable as you thin%< he is neither gone to 9ty+ nor Acheron$ _sed
gloriosus et senii e+"ers heros_$ he li#es for e#er in the Elysian fields.
5e no' enjoys that ha""iness 'hich your great %ings so earnestly see%$ and
'ears that garland for 'hich ye contend. If our "resent 'ea%ness is such$
'e cannot moderate our "assions in this behalf$ 'e must di#ert them by all
means$ by doing something else$ thin%ing of another subject. The Italians
most "art slee" a'ay care and grief$ if it unseasonably seize u"on them$
3anes$ 3utchmen$ Polanders and ohemians drin% it do'n$ our countrymen go
to "lays& do something or other$ let it not trans"ose thee$ or by ;.B=/G
L"remeditation ma%e such accidents familiar$L as Hlysses that 'e"t for his
dog$ but not for his 'ife$ _0uod "aratus esset animo obfirmato_$ (Plut. _de
anim. tran0._) Laccustom thyself$ and harden beforehand by seeing other
men!s calamities$ and a""lying them to thy "resent estate<L _Prae#isum est
le#ius 0uod fuit ante malum_. I 'ill conclude 'ith ;.B=BGE"ictetus$ LIf
thou lo#est a "ot$ remember !tis but a$ "ot thou lo#est$ and thou 'ilt not
be troubled 'hen !tis bro%en& if thou lo#est a son or 'ife$ remember they
'ere mortal$ and thou 'ilt not be so im"atient.L And for false fears and
all other fortuitous incon#eniences$ mischances$ calamities$ to resist and
"re"are oursel#es$ not to faint is best& ;.B.CG_9tultum est timere 0uod
#itari non "otest_$ !tis a folly to fear that 'hich cannot be a#oided$ or
to be discouraged at all.
;.B.,G L8am 0uis0uis tre"idus "a#et #el o"tat$
Abjecit cly"eum$ loco0ue motus
8ectit 0ua #aleat trahi catenam.L
L7or he that so faints or fears$ and yields to his "assion$ flings a'ay his
o'n 'ea"ons$ ma%es a cord to bind himself$ and "ulls a beam u"on his o'n
head.L
MEM. II.
_Against En#y$ *i#or$ Emulation$ 5atred$ Ambition$ 9elf-lo#e$ and all other
Affections_.
Against those other ;.B.=G"assions and affections$ there is no better
remedy than as mariners 'hen they go to sea$ "ro#ide all things necessary
to resist a tem"est& to furnish oursel#es 'ith "hiloso"hical and 3i#ine
"rece"ts$ other men!s e+am"les$ ;.B..G_Periculum e+ aliis facere$ sibi 0uod
e+ usu siet_& To balance our hearts 'ith lo#e$ charity$ mee%ness$ "atience$
and counter"oise those irregular motions of en#y$ li#or$ s"leen$ hatred$
'ith their o""osite #irtues$ as 'e bend a croo%ed staff another 'ay$ to
o""ose ;.B.?GLsufferance to labour$ "atience to re"roach$L bounty to
co#etousness$ fortitude to "usillanimity$ mee%ness to anger$ humility to
"ride$ to e+amine oursel#es for 'hat cause 'e are so much dis0uieted$ on
'hat ground$ 'hat occasion$ is it just or feignedN And then either to
"acify oursel#es by reason$ to di#ert by some other object$ contrary
"assion$ or "remeditation. ;.B.@G_Meditari secum o"ortet 0uo "acto ad#ersam
aerumnam ferat$ Paricla$ damna$ e+ilia "eregre rediens sem"er cogitet$ aut
filii "eccatum$ aut u+oris mortem$ aut morbum filiae$ communia esse haec&
fieri "osse$ ut ne 0uid animo sit no#um_. To ma%e them familiar$ e#en all
%ind of calamities$ that 'hen they ha""en they may be less troublesome unto
us. _In secundis meditare$ 0uo "acto feras ad#ersa_& or out of mature
judgment to a#oid the effect$ or disannul the cause$ as they do that are
troubled 'ith toothache$ "ull them 0uite out.
;.B.-G LHt #i#at castor$ sibi testes am"utat i"se<
Tu 0uo0ue si0ua nocent$ abjice$ tutus eris.L
LThe bea#er bites off!s stones to sa#e the rest&
3o thou the li%e 'ith that thou art o""rest.L
2r as they that "lay at 'asters$ e+ercise themsel#es by a fe' cudgels ho'
to a#oid an enemy!s blo's& let us arm oursel#es against all such #iolent
incursions$ 'hich may in#ade our minds. A little e+"erience and "ractice
'ill inure us to it< _#etula #ul"es_$ as the "ro#erb saith$ _la0ueo haud
ca"itur_$ an old fo+ is not so easily ta%en in a snare< an old soldier in
the 'orld methin%s should not be dis0uieted$ but ready to recei#e all
fortunes$ encounters$ and 'ith that resolute ca"tain$ come 'hat may come$
to ma%e ans'er$
;.B.AG ------Lnon ulla laborum
2 #irgo no#a mi facies ino"ina0ue surgit$
2mnia "erce"i at0ue animo mecum ante "eregi.L
L8o labour comes at una'ares to me$
7or I ha#e long before cast 'hat may be.L
;.B./G ------Lnon hoc "rimum mea "ectora #ulnus
9enserunt$ gra#iora tuliL------
The common'ealth of ;.B.BGIenice in their armoury ha#e this inscri"tion$
L5a""y is that city 'hich in time of "eace thin%s of 'ar$L a fit motto for
e#ery man!s "ri#ate house< ha""y is the man that "ro#ides for a future
assault. ut many times 'e com"lain$ re"ine and mutter 'ithout a cause$ 'e
gi#e 'ay to "assions 'e may resist$ and 'ill not. 9ocrates 'as bad by
nature$ en#ious$ as he confessed to >o"hius the "hysiognomer$ accusing him
of it$ fro'ard and lasci#ious& but as he 'as 9ocrates$ he did correct and
amend himself. Thou art malicious$ en#ious$ co#etous$ im"atient$ no doubt$
and lasci#ious$ yet as thou art a :hristian$ correct and moderate thyself.
!Tis something$ I confess$ and able to mo#e any man$ to see himself
contemned$ obscure$ neglected$ disgraced$ under#alued$ ;.B?CGLleft behind<L
some cannot endure it$ no not constant *i"sius$ a man discreet other'ise$
yet too 'ea% and "assionate in this$ as his 'ords e+"ress$ ;.B?,G_collegas
olim$ 0uos ego sine fremitu non intueor$ nu"er terrae filios$ nunc
Maecenates et Agri""as habeo$--summo jam monte "otitos_. ut he 'as much to
blame for it& to a 'ise staid man this is nothing$ 'e cannot all be
honoured and rich$ all :aesars< if 'e 'ill be content$ our "resent state is
good$ and in some men!s o"inion to be "referred. *et them go on$ get
'ealth$ offices$ titles$ honours$ "referments$ and 'hat they 'ill
themsel#es$ by chance$ fraud$ im"osture$ simony$ and indirect means$ as too
many do$ by bribery$ flattery$ and "arasitical insinuation$ by im"udence
and time-ser#ing$ let them climb u" to ad#ancement in des"ite of #irtue$
let them Lgo before$ cross me on e#ery side$L _me non offendunt modo non
in$ oculos incurrant_$ ;.B?=Gas he said$ correcting his former error$ they
do not offend me$ so long as they run not into mine eyes. I am inglorious
and "oor$ _com"osita "au"ertate_$ but I li#e secure and 0uiet& they are
dignified$ ha#e great means$ "om"$ and state$ they are glorious< but 'hat
ha#e they 'ith itN ;.B?.GLEn#y$ trouble$ an+iety$ as much labour to
maintain their "lace 'ith credit$ as to get it at first.L I am contented
'ith my fortunes$ _s"ectator e longin0uo_$ and lo#e _8e"tunum "rocul a
terra s"ectare furentem_& he is ambitious$ and not satisfied 'ith his& Lbut
'hat ;.B??Ggets he by itN to ha#e all his life laid o"en$ his re"roaches
seen& not one of a thousand but he hath done more 'orthy of dis"raise and
animad#ersion than commendation< no better means to hel" this than to be
"ri#ate.L *et them run$ ride$ stri#e as so many fishes for a crumb$ scra"e$
climb$ catch$ snatch$ cozen$ collogue$ tem"orise and fleer$ ta%e all
amongst them$ 'ealth$ honour$ ;.B?@Gand get 'hat they can$ it offends me
not&
;.B?-G ------Lme mea tellus
*are secreto tuto0ue tegat$L
LI am 'ell "leased 'ith my fortunes$L ;.B?AG_Ii#o et regno simul ista
relin0uens_.
I ha#e learned Lin 'hat state soe#er I am$ there'ith to be contented$L
Phili"$ i# ,,. :ome 'hat can come$ I am "re"ared. _8a#e ferar magna an
"ar#a$ ferar unus et idem_. I am the same. I 'as once so mad to bustle
abroad$ and see% about for "referment$ tire myself$ and trouble all my
friends$ _sed nihil labor tantus "rofecit nam dum alios amicorum mors
a#ocat$ aliis ignotus sum$ his in#isus$ alii large "romittunt$ intercedunt
illi mecum soliciti$ hi #ana s"e lactant< dum alios ambio$ hos ca"to$ illis
innotesco$ aetas "erit$ anni defluunt$ amici fatigantur$ ego deferor$ et
jam$ mundi taesus$ humanae0ue satur infidelitatis ac0uiesco_. ;.B?/GAnd so
I say still< although I may not deny$ but that I ha#e had some ;.B?BG
bountiful "atrons$ and noble benefactors$ _ne sim interim ingratus_$ and I
do than%fully ac%no'ledge it$ I ha#e recei#ed some %indness$ _0uod 3eus
illis beneficium re"endat$ si non "ro #otis$ fortasse "ro meritis_$ more
"erad#enture than I deser#e$ though not to my desire$ more of them than I
did e+"ect$ yet not of others to my desert< neither am I ambitious or
co#etous$ for this 'hile$ or a 9uffenus to myself< 'hat I ha#e said$
'ithout "rejudice or alteration shall stand. And no' as a mired horse that
struggles at first 'ith all his might and main to get out$ but 'hen he sees
no remedy$ that his beating 'ill not ser#e$ lies still$ I ha#e laboured in
#ain$ rest satisfied$ and if I may usur" that of ;.B@CGPrudentius$
LIn#eni "ortum< s"es et fortuna #alete$
8il mihi #obiscum$ ludite nunc alios.L
LMine ha#en!s found$ fortune and ho"e adieu$
Moc% others no'$ for I ha#e done 'ith you.L
MEM. III.
_Against 1e"ulse$ Abuses$ Injuries$ :ontem"ts$ 3isgraces$ :ontumelies$
9landers$ 9coffs$ Fc._
I may not yet conclude$ thin% to a""ease "assions$ or 0uiet the mind$ till
such time as I ha#e li%e'ise remo#ed some other of their more eminent and
ordinary causes$ 'hich "roduce so grie#ous tortures and discontents& to
di#ert all$ I cannot ho"e< to "oint alone at some fe' of the chiefest$ is
that 'hich I aim at.
_1e"ulse_.G 1e"ulse and disgrace are t'o main causes of discontent$ but to
an understanding man not so hardly to be ta%en. :aesar himself hath been
denied$ ;.B@,Gand 'hen t'o stand e0ual in fortune$ birth$ and all other
0ualities ali%e$ one of necessity must lose. 4hy shouldst thou ta%e it so
grie#ouslyN It hath a familiar thing for thee thyself to deny others. If
e#ery man might ha#e 'hat he 'ould$ 'e should all be deified$ em"erors$
%ings$ "rinces< if 'hatsoe#er #ain ho"e suggests$ insatiable a""etite
affects$ our "re"osterous judgment thin%s fit 'ere granted$ 'e should ha#e
another chaos in an instant$ a mere confusion. It is some satisfaction to
him that is re"elled$ that dignities$ honours$ offices$ are not al'ays
gi#en by desert or 'orth$ but for lo#e$ affinity$ friendshi"$ affection$
;.B@=Ggreat men!s letters$ or as commonly they are bought and sold.
;.B@.GL5onours in court are besto'ed not according to men!s #irtues and
good conditionsL (as an old courtier obser#es)$ Lbut as e#ery man hath
means$ or more "otent friends$ so he is "referred.L 4ith us in 7rance
(;.B@?Gfor so their o'n countryman relates) Lmost "art the matter is
carried by fa#our and grace< he that can get a great man to be his
mediator$ runs a'ay 'ith all the "referment.L _Indignissimus "lerum0ue
"raefertur$ Iatinius :atoni$ illaudatus laudatissimo_<
;.B@@G ------Lser#i dominantur< aselli
2rnantur "haleris$ de"halerantur e0ui.L
An illiterate fool sits in a man!s seat$ and the common "eo"le hold him
learned$ gra#e and 'ise. L2ne "rofessethL (;.B@-G:ardan 'ell notes) Lfor a
thousand cro'ns$ but he deser#es not ten$ 'hen as he that deser#es a
thousand cannot get ten.L _9olarium non dat multis salem._ As good horses
dra' in carts$ as coaches. And oftentimes$ 'hich Machia#el seconds$ ;.B@AG
_Princi"es non sunt 0ui ob insignem #irtutem "rinci"atu digni sunt_$ he
that is most 'orthy 'ants em"loyment< he that hath s%ill to be a "ilot
'ants a shi"$ and he that could go#ern a common'ealth$ a 'orld itself$ a
%ing in conceit$ 'ants means to e+ercise his 'orth$ hath not a "oor office
to manage$ and yet all this 'hile he is a better man that is fit to reign$
_etsi careat regno_$ though he 'ant a %ingdom$ ;.B@/GLthan he that hath
one$ and %no's not ho' to rule it&L a lion ser#es not al'ays his %ee"er$
but oftentimes the %ee"er the lion$ and as ;.B@BGPolydore Iirgil hath it$
_multi reges ut "u"illi ob inscitiam non regunt sed reguntur_. 5ieron of
9yracuse 'as a bra#e %ing$ but 'anted a %ingdom< Perseus of Macedon had
nothing of a %ing$ but the bare name and title$ for he could not go#ern it&
so great "laces are often ill besto'ed$ 'orthy "ersons unres"ected. Many
times$ too$ the ser#ants ha#e more means than the masters 'hom they ser#e$
'hich ;.B-CGE"ictetus counts an eyesore and incon#enient. ut 'ho can hel"
itN It is an ordinary thing in these days to see a base im"udent ass$
illiterate$ un'orthy$ insufficient$ to be "referred before his betters$
because he can "ut himself for'ard$ because he loo%s big$ can bustle in the
'orld$ hath a fair outside$ can tem"orise$ collogue$ insinuate$ or hath
good store of friends and money$ 'hereas a more discreet$ modest$ and
better-deser#ing man shall lie hid or ha#e a re"ulse. !T'as so of old$ and
e#er 'ill be$ and 'hich Tiresias ad#ised Hlysses in the ;.B-,G
"oet$--_Acci"e 0ua ratione 0ueas ditescere_$ Fc.$ is still in use< lie$
flatter$ and dissemble& if not$ as he concludes$--_Ergo "au"er eris_$ then
go li%e a beggar as thou art. Erasmus$ Melancthon$ *i"sius$ udaeus$
:ardan$ li#ed and died "oor. Gesner 'as a silly old man$ _baculo inni+us_$
amongst all those huffing cardinals$ s'elling bisho"s that flourished in
his time$ and rode on foot-clothes. It is not honesty$ learning$ 'orth$
'isdom$ that "refers men$ LThe race is not to the s'ift$ nor the battle to
the strong$L but as the 'ise man said$ ;.B-=G:hance$ and sometimes a
ridiculous chance. ;.B-.G_:asus "lerum0ue ridiculus multos ele#a#it._ !Tis
fortune!s doings$ as they say$ 'hich made rutus no' dying e+claim$ _2
misera #irtus$ ergo nihil 0uam #erba eras$ at0ui ego te tan0uam rem
e+ercebam$ sed tu ser#iebas fortunae._ ;.B-?Gelie#e it hereafter$ 2 my
friendsO #irtue ser#es fortune. Eet be not discouraged (2 my 'ell deser#ing
s"irits) 'ith this 'hich I ha#e said$ it may be other'ise$ though seldom I
confess$ yet sometimes it is. ut to your farther content$ I!ll tell you a
;.B-@Gtale. In Maronia "ia$ or Maronia feli+$ I %no' not 'hether$ nor ho'
long since$ nor in 'hat cathedral church$ a fat "rebend fell #oid. The
carcass scarce cold$ many suitors 'ere u" in an instant. The first had rich
friends$ a good "urse$ and he 'as resol#ed to outbid any man before he
'ould lose it$ e#ery man su""osed he should carry it. The second 'as my
lord isho"!s cha"lain (in 'hose gift it 'as)$ and he thought it his due to
ha#e it. The third 'as nobly born$ and he meant to get it by his great
"arents$ "atrons$ and allies. The fourth stood u"on his 'orth$ he had ne'ly
found out strange mysteries in chemistry$ and other rare in#entions$ 'hich
he 'ould detect to the "ublic good. The fifth 'as a "ainful "reacher$ and
he 'as commended by the 'hole "arish 'here he d'elt$ he had all their hands
to his certificate. The si+th 'as the "rebendary!s son lately deceased$ his
father died in debt (for it$ as they say)$ left a 'ife and many "oor
children. The se#enth stood u"on fair "romises$ 'hich to him and his noble
friends had been formerly made for the ne+t "lace in his lordshi"!s gift.
The eighth "retended great losses$ and 'hat he had suffered for the church$
'hat "ains he had ta%en at home and abroad$ and besides he brought
noblemen!s letters. The ninth had married a %ins'oman$ and he sent his 'ife
to sue for him. The tenth 'as a foreign doctor$ a late con#ert$ and 'anted
means. The ele#enth 'ould e+change for another$ he did not li%e the
former!s site$ could not agree 'ith his neighbours and fello's u"on any
terms$ he 'ould be gone. The t'elfth and last 'as (a suitor in conceit) a
right honest$ ci#il$ sober man$ an e+cellent scholar$ and such a one as
li#ed "ri#ate in the uni#ersity$ but he had neither means nor money to
com"ass it< besides he hated all such courses$ he could not s"ea% for
himself$ neither had he any friends to solicit his cause$ and therefore
made no suit$ could not e+"ect$ neither did he ho"e for$ or loo% after it.
The good bisho" amongst a jury of com"etitors thus "er"le+ed$ and not yet
resol#ed 'hat to do$ or on 'hom to besto' it$ at the last$ of his o'n
accord$ mere motion$ and bountiful nature$ ga#e it freely to the uni#ersity
student$ altogether un%no'n to him but by fame< and to be brief$ the
academical scholar had the "rebend sent him for a "resent. The ne's 'as no
sooner "ublished abroad$ but all good students rejoiced$ and 'ere much
cheered u" 'ith it$ though some 'ould not belie#e it< others$ as men
amazed$ said it 'as a miracle< but one amongst the rest than%ed God for it$
and said$ _8unc ju#at tandem studiosum esse$ et 3eo integro corde ser#ire_.
Eou ha#e heard my tale& but alas it is but a tale$ a mere fiction$ !t'as
ne#er so$ ne#er li%e to be$ and so let it rest. 4ell$ be it so then$ they
ha#e 'ealth and honour$ fortune and "referment$ e#ery man (there!s no
remedy) must scramble as he may$ and shift as he can< yet :ardan comforted
himself 'ith this$ ;.B--GLthe star 7omahant 'ould ma%e him immortal$L and
that ;.B-AGafter his decease his boo%s should be found in ladies! studies&
;.B-/G_3ignum laude #irum Musa #etat mori_. ut 'hy shouldst thou ta%e thy
neglect$ thy can#as so to heartN It may be thou art not fit< but a
;.B-BGchild that "uts on his father!s shoes$ hat$ head"iece$ breast"late$
breeches$ or holds his s"ear$ but is neither able to 'ield the one$ or 'ear
the other< so 'ouldst thou do by such an office$ "lace$ or magistracy& thou
art unfit& LAnd 'hat is dignity to an un'orthy man$ but (as ;.BACG
9al#ianus holds) a gold ring in a s'ine!s snoutNL Thou art a brute. *i%e a
bad actor (so ;.BA,GPlutarch com"ares such men in a tragedy$ _diadema fert$
at #o+ non auditur_& Thou 'ouldst "lay a %ing!s "art$ but actest a clo'n$
s"ea%est li%e an ass. ;.BA=G_Magna "etis Phaeton et 0uae non #iribus
istis_$ Fc.$ as Dames and Dohn$ the sons of >ebedee$ did as% they %ne' not
'hat& _nescis temerarie nescis_< thou dost$ as another 9uffenus$ o#er'een
thyself< thou art 'ise in thine o'n conceit$ but in other more mature
judgment altogether unfit to manage such a business. 2r be it thou art more
deser#ing than any of thy ran%$ God in his "ro#idence hath reser#ed thee
for some other fortunes$ _sic su"eris #isum_. Thou art humble as thou art$
it may be< hadst thou been "referred$ thou 'ouldst ha#e forgotten God and
thyself$ insulted o#er others$ contemned thy friends$ ;.BA.Gbeen a bloc%$ a
tyrant$ or a demigod$ _se0uitur0ue su"erbia formam_& ;.BA?GLTherefore$L
saith :hrysostom$ Lgood men do not al'ays find grace and fa#our$ lest they
should be "uffed u" 'ith turgent titles$ gro' insolent and "roud.L
Injuries$ abuses$ are #ery offensi#e$ and so much the more in that they
thin% _#eterem ferendo in#itant no#am_$ Lby ta%ing one they "ro#o%e
another&L but it is an erroneous o"inion$ for if that 'ere true$ there
'ould be no end of abusing each other< _lis litem generat_< !tis much
better 'ith "atience to bear$ or 0uietly to "ut it u". If an ass %ic% me$
saith 9ocrates$ shall I stri%e him againN And 'hen ;.BA@Ghis 'ife Janti""e
struc% and misused him$ to some friends that 'ould ha#e had him stri%e her
again$ he re"lied$ that he 'ould not ma%e them s"ort$ or that they should
stand by and say$ _Eia 9ocrates$ eia Janti""e_$ as 'e do 'hen dogs fight$
animate them the more by cla""ing of hands. Many men s"end themsel#es$
their goods$ friends$ fortunes$ u"on small 0uarrels$ and sometimes at other
men!s "rocurements$ 'ith much #e+ation of s"irit and anguish of mind$ all
'hich 'ith good ad#ice$ or mediation of friends$ might ha#e been ha""ily
com"osed$ or if "atience had ta%en "lace. Patience in such cases is a most
so#ereign remedy$ to "ut u"$ conceal$ or dissemble it$ to ;.BA-Gforget and
forgi#e$ ;.BAAGLnot se#en$ but se#enty-se#en times$ as often as he re"ents
forgi#e him<L *u%e +#ii. .. as our 9a#iour enjoins us$ stric%en$ Lto turn
the other side&L as our ;.BA/GA"ostle "ersuades us$ Lto recom"ense no man
e#il for e#il$ but as much as is "ossible to ha#e "eace 'ith all men& not
to a#enge oursel#es$ and 'e shall hea" burning coals u"on our ad#ersary!s
head.L L7or ;.BABGif you "ut u" 'rongL (as :hrysostom comments)$ Lyou get
the #ictory< he that loseth his money$ loseth not the con0uest in this our
"hiloso"hy.L If he contend 'ith thee$ submit thyself unto him first$ yield
to him. _3urum et durum non faciunt murum_$ as the di#erb is$ t'o
refractory s"irits 'ill ne#er agree$ the only means to o#ercome is to
relent$ _obse0uio #inces_. Euclid in Plutarch$ 'hen his brother had angered
him$ s'ore he 'ould be re#enged< but he gently re"lied$ ;.B/CGL*et me not
li#e if I do not ma%e thee to lo#e me again$L u"on 'hich mee% ans'er he 'as
"acified.
;.B/,G L7lectitur obse0uio cur#atus ab arbore ramus$
7rangis si #ires e+"erire tuas.L
LA branch if easily bended yields to thee$
Pull hard it brea%s& the difference you see.L
The noble family of the :olonni in 1ome$ 'hen they 'ere e+"elled the city
by that furious Ale+ander the 9i+th$ ga#e the bending branch therefore as
an im"ress$ 'ith this motto$ _7lecti "otest$ frangi non "otest_$ to signify
that he might brea% them by force$ but so ne#er ma%e them stoo"$ for they
fled in the midst of their hard usage to the %ingdom of 8a"les$ and 'ere
honourably entertained by 7rederic% the %ing$ according to their callings.
Gentleness in this case might ha#e done much more$ and let thine ad#ersary
be ne#er so "er#erse$ it may be by that means thou mayst 'in him< ;.B/=G
_fa#ore et bene#olentia etiam immanis animus mansuescit_$ soft 'ords "acify
'rath$ and the fiercest s"irits are so soonest o#ercome< ;.B/.Ga generous
lion 'ill not hurt a beast that lies "rostrate$ nor an ele"hant an
innocuous creature$ but is _infestus infestis_$ a terror and scourge alone
to such as are stubborn$ and ma%e resistance. It 'as the symbol of Emanuel
Philibert$ 3u%e of 9a#oy$ and he 'as not mista%en in it$ for
;.B/?G LKuo 0uis0ue est major$ magis est "lacabilis irae$
Et faciles motus mens generosa ca"it.L
LA greater man is soonest "acified$
A noble s"irit 0uic%ly satisfied.L
It is re"orted by ;.B/@GGualter Ma"es$ an old historiogra"her of ours ('ho
li#ed ?CC years since)$ that 6ing Ed'ard senior$ and *le'ellyn "rince of
4ales$ being at an inter#ie' near Aust u"on 9e#ern$ in Gloucestershire$ and
the "rince sent for$ refused to come to the %ing< he 'ould needs go o#er to
him< 'hich *le'ellyn "ercei#ing$ ;.B/-GL'ent u" to the arms in 'ater$ and
embracing his boat$ 'ould ha#e carried him out u"on his shoulders$ adding
that his humility and 'isdom had trium"hed o#er his "ride and folly$L and
thereu"on he 'as reconciled unto him and did his homage. If thou canst not
so 'in him$ "ut it u"$ if thou beest a true :hristian$ a good di#ine$ an
imitator of :hrist$ ;.B/AG(Lfor he 'as re#iled and "ut it u"$ 'hi""ed and
sought no re#enge$L) thou 'ilt "ray for thine enemies$ ;.B//GLand bless
them that "ersecute thee<L be "atient$ mee%$ humble$ Fc. An honest man 'ill
not offer thee injury$ _"robus non #ult_< if he 'ere a brangling %na#e$
!tis his fashion so to do< 'here is least heart is most tongue< _0uo
0uis0ue stultior$ eo magis insolescit_$ the more sottish he is$ still the
more insolent& ;.B/BGL3o not ans'er a fool according to his folly.L If he
be thy su"erior$ ;.BBCGbear it by all means$ grie#e not at it$ let him ta%e
his course< Anitus and Melitus ;.BB,GLmay %ill me$ they cannot hurt me<L as
that generous 9ocrates made ans'er in li%e case. _Mens immota manet_$
though the body be torn in "ieces 'ith 'ild horses$ bro%en on the 'heel$
"inched 'ith fiery tongs$ the soul cannot be distracted. !Tis an ordinary
thing for great men to #ilify and insult$ o""ress$ injure$ tyrannise$ to
ta%e 'hat liberty they list$ and 'ho dare s"ea% againstN _Miserum est ab eo
laedi$ a 0uo non "ossis 0ueri_$ a miserable thing !tis to be injured of
him$ from 'hom is no a""eal& ;.BB=Gand not safe to 'rite against him that
can "roscribe and "unish a man at his "leasure$ 'hich Asinius Pollio 'as
a'are of$ 'hen 2cta#ianus "ro#o%ed him. !Tis hard I confess to be so
injured& one of :hilo!s three difficult things& ;.BB.GLTo %ee" counsel<
s"end his time 'ell< "ut u" injuries&L but be thou "atient$ and ;.BB?Glea#e
re#enge unto the *ord. ;.BB@GLIengeance is mine and I 'ill re"ay$ saith the
*ordL--LI %no' the *ord$L saith ;.BB-G3a#id$ L'ill a#enge the afflicted and
judge the "oor.L--L8o manL (as ;.BBAGPlato farther adds) Lcan so se#erely
"unish his ad#ersary$ as God 'ill such as o""ress miserable men.L
;.BB/G LIterum ille rem judicatam judicat$
Majore0ue mulcta mulctat.L
If there be any religion$ any God$ and that God be just$ it shall be so< if
thou belie#est the one$ belie#e the other& _Erit$ erit_$ it shall be so.
8emesis comes after$ _sero sed serio_$ stay but a little and thou shalt see
God!s just judgment o#erta%e him.
;.BBBG L1aro antecedentem scelestum
3eseruit "ede "oena claudo.L
LEet 'ith sure ste"s$ though lame and slo'$
Iengeance o!erta%es the trembling #illain!s s"eed.L
Thou shalt "ercei#e that #erified of 9amuel to Agag$ , 9am. +#. ... LThy
s'ord hath made many 'omen childless$ so shall thy mother be childless
amongst other 'omen.L It shall be done to them as they ha#e done to others.
:onradinus$ that bra#e 9ue#ian "rince$ came 'ith a 'ell-"re"ared army into
the %ingdom of 8a"les$ 'as ta%en "risoner by %ing :harles$ and "ut to death
in the flo'er of his youth< a little after (_ultionem :onradini mortis_$
Pandul"hus :ollinutius _5ist. 8ea". lib. @._ calls it)$ 6ing :harles!s o'n
son$ 'ith t'o hundred nobles$ 'as so ta%en "risoner$ and beheaded in li%e
sort. 8ot in this only$ but in all other offences$ _0uo 0uis0ue "eccat in
eo "unietur_$ ;?CCCGthey shall be "unished in the same %ind$ in the same
"art$ li%e nature$ eye 'ith or in the eye$ head 'ith or in the head$
"ersecution 'ith "ersecution$ lust 'ith effects of lust< let them march on
'ith ensigns dis"layed$ let drums beat on$ trum"ets sound taratantarra$ let
them sac% cities$ ta%e the s"oil of countries$ murder infants$ deflo'er
#irgins$ destroy$ burn$ "ersecute$ and tyrannise$ they shall be fully
re'arded at last in the same measure$ they and theirs$ and that to their
desert.
;?CC,G LAd generum :ereris sine caede et sanguine "auci
3escendunt reges et sicca morte tyranni.L
L7e' tyrants in their beds do die$
ut stabb!d or maim!d to hell they hie.L
2ftentimes too a base contem"tible fello' is the instrument of God!s
justice to "unish$ to torture$ and #e+ them$ as an ichneumon doth a
crocodile. They shall be recom"ensed according to the 'or%s of their hands$
as 5aman 'as hanged on the gallo's he "ro#ided for Mordecai< LThey shall
ha#e sorro' of heart$ and be destroyed from under the hea#en$L Thre. iii.
-?$ -@$ --. 2nly be thou "atient& ;?CC=G_#incit 0ui "atitur_& and in the
end thou shalt be cro'ned. Eea$ but !tis a hard matter to do this$ flesh
and blood may not abide it< !tis _gra#e$ gra#e_O no (:hrysostom re"lies)
_non est gra#e$ o homo_O !tis not so grie#ous$ ;?CC.GLneither had God
commanded it$ if it had been so difficult.L ut ho' shall it be doneN
LEasily$L as he follo's it$ Lif thou shalt loo% to hea#en$ behold the
beauty of it$ and 'hat God hath "romised to such as "ut u" injuries.L ut
if thou resist and go about _#im #i re"ellere_$ as the custom of the 'orld
is$ to right thyself$ or hast gi#en just cause of offence$ !tis no injury
then but a condign "unishment< thou hast deser#ed as much& _A te
"rinci"ium$ in te recredit crimen 0uod a te fuit< "eccasti$ 0uiesce_$ as
Ambrose e+"ostulates 'ith :ain$ _lib. .. de Abel et :ain_. ;?CC?G3ionysius
of 9yracuse$ in his e+ile$ 'as made to stand 'ithout door$ _"atienter
ferendum$ fortasse nos tale 0uid fecimus$ 0uum in honore essemus_$ he
'isely "ut it u"$ and laid the fault 'here it 'as$ on his o'n "ride and
scorn$ 'hich in his "ros"erity he had formerly sho'ed others. !Tis ;?CC@G
Tully!s a+iom$ _ferre ea molestissime homines non debent$ 0uae i"sorum
cul"a contracta sunt_$ self do$ self ha#e$ as the saying is$ they may than%
themsel#es. 7or he that doth 'rong must loo% to be 'ronged again< _habet et
musca s"lenem$ et formicae sua bills inest_. The least fly hath a s"leen$
and a little bee a sting. ;?CC-GAn ass o#er'helmed a thistle'ar"!s nest$
the little bird "ec%ed his galled bac% in re#enge< and the humble-bee in
the fable flung do'n the eagle!s eggs out of Du"iter!s la". racides$ in
Plutarch$ "ut his hand into a mouse!s nest and hurt her young ones$ she bit
him by the finger& ;?CCAGI see no' (saith he) there is no creature so
contem"tible$ that 'ill not be re#enged. !Tis _le+ talionis_$ and the
nature of all things so to do& if thou 'ilt li#e 0uietly thyself$ ;?CC/Gdo
no 'rong to others< if any be done thee$ "ut it u"$ 'ith "atience endure
it$ for ;?CCBGLthis is than%'orthy$L saith our a"ostle$ Lif any man for
conscience to'ards God endure grief$ and suffer 'rong undeser#ed< for 'hat
"raise is it$ if 'hen ye be buffeted for you faults$ ye ta%e it "atientlyN
ut if 'hen you do 'ell$ ye suffer 'rong$ and ta%e it "atiently$ there is
than%s 'ith God< for hereunto #erily 'e are called.L _Kui mala non fert$
i"se sibi testis est "er im"atientiam 0uod bonus non est_$ Lhe that cannot
bear injuries$ 'itnesseth against himself that he is no good man$L as
Gregory holds. ;?C,CGL!Tis the nature of 'ic%ed men to do injuries$ as it
is the "ro"erty of all honest men "atiently to bear them.L _Im"robitas
nullo flectitur obse0uio_. The 'olf in the ;?C,,Gemblem suc%ed the goat (so
the she"herd 'ould ha#e it)$ but he %e"t ne#ertheless a 'olf!s nature<
;?C,=Ga %na#e 'ill be a %na#e. Injury is on the other side a good man!s
footboy$ his _fidus Acliates_$ and as a lac%ey follo's him 'heresoe#er he
goes. esides$ _misera est fortuna 0uae caret inimico_$ he is in a
miserable estate that 'ants enemies& ;?C,.Git is a thing not to be a#oided$
and therefore 'ith more "atience to be endured. :ato :ensorius$ that
u"right :ato of 'hom Paterculus gi#es that honourable eulogium$ _bene fecit
0uod aliter facere non "otuit_$ 'as ;?C,?Gfifty times indicted and accused
by his fello' citizens$ and as ;?C,@GAmmianus 'ell hath it$ _Kuis erit
innocens si clam #el "alam accusasse sufficiat_N if it be sufficient to
accuse a man o"enly or in "ri#ate$ 'ho shall be freeN If there 'ere no
other res"ect than that of :hristianity$ religion and the li%e$ to induce
men to be long-suffering and "atient$ yet methin%s the nature of injury
itself is sufficient to %ee" them 0uiet$ the tumults$ u"roars$ miseries$
discontents$ anguish$ loss$ dangers that attend u"on it might restrain the
calamities of contention& for as it is 'ith ordinary gamesters$ the gains
go to the bo+$ so falls it out to such as contend< the la'yers get all< and
therefore if they 'ould consider of it$ _aliena "ericula cantos_$ other
men!s misfortunes in this %ind$ and common e+"erience might detain them.
;?C,-GThe more they contend$ the more they are in#ol#ed in a labyrinth of
'oes$ and the catastro"he is to consume one another$ li%e the ele"hant and
dragon!s conflict in Pliny< ;?C,AGthe dragon got under the ele"hant!s
belly$ and suc%ed his blood so long$ till he fell do'n dead u"on the
dragon$ and %illed him 'ith the fall$ so both 'ere ruined. !Tis a hydra!s
head$ contention< the more they stri#e$ the more they may& and as
Pra+iteles did by his glass$ 'hen he sa' a scur#y face in it$ bra%e it in
"ieces& but for that one he sa' many more as bad in a moment& for one
injury done they "ro#o%e another _cum foenore_$ and t'enty enemies for one.
_8oli irritare crabrones_$ o""ose not thyself to a multitude& but if thou
hast recei#ed a 'rong$ 'isely consider of it$ and if thou canst "ossibly$
com"ose thyself 'ith "atience to bear it. This is the safest course$ and
thou shalt find greatest ease to be 0uiet.
;?C,/GI say the same of scoffs$ slanders$ contumelies$ oblo0uies$
defamations$ detractions$ "as0uilling libels$ and the li%e$ 'hich may tend
any 'ay to our disgrace& !tis but o"inion< if 'e could neglect$ contemn$ or
'ith "atience digest them$ they 'ould reflect on them that offered them at
first. A 'ise citizen$ I %no' not 'hence$ had a scold to his 'ife& 'hen she
bra'led$ he "layed on his drum$ and by that means madded her more$ because
she sa' that he 'ould not be mo#ed. 3iogenes in a cro'd 'hen one called him
bac%$ and told him ho' the boys laughed him to scorn$ _Ego$ in0uit$ non
rideor_$ too% no notice of it. 9ocrates 'as brought u"on the stage by
Aristo"hanes$ and misused to his face$ but he laughed as if it concerned
him not& and as Aelian relates of him$ 'hatsoe#er good or bad accident or
fortune befel him going in or coming out$ 9ocrates still %e"t the same
countenance< e#en so should a :hristian do$ as 5ierom describes him$ _"er
infamiam et bonam famam grassari ad immortalitatem_$ march on through good
and bad re"orts to immortality$ ;?C,BGnot to be mo#ed& for honesty is a
sufficient re'ard$ "robitas sibi$ "raemium< and in our times the sole
recom"ense to do 'ell$ is$ to do 'ell& but naughtiness 'ill "unish itself
at last$ ;?C=CG_Im"robis i"sa ne0uitia su""licium_. As the di#erb is$
LKui bene fecerunt$ illi sua facta se0uentur<
Kui male fecerunt$ facta se0uentur eos&L
LThey that do 'ell$ shall ha#e re'ard at last&
ut they that ill$ shall suffer for that!s "ast.L
Eea$ but I am ashamed$ disgraced$ dishonoured$ degraded$ e+"loded& my
notorious crimes and #illainies are come to light (_de"rendi miserum est_)$
my filthy lust$ abominable o""ression and a#arice lies o"en$ my good name!s
lost$ my fortune!s gone$ I ha#e been stigmatised$ 'hi""ed at "ost$
arraigned and condemned$ I am a common oblo0uy$ I ha#e lost my ears$
odious$ e+ecrable$ abhorred of God and men. e content$ !tis but a nine
days! 'onder$ and as one sorro' dri#es out another$ one "assion another$
one cloud another$ one rumour is e+"elled by another< e#ery day almost$
come ne' ne's unto our ears$ as ho' the sun 'as ecli"sed$ meteors seen in
the air$ monsters born$ "rodigies$ ho' the Tur%s 'ere o#erthro'n in Persia$
an earth0ua%e in 5el#etia$ :alabria$ Da"an$ or :hina$ an inundation in
5olland$ a great "lague in :onstantino"le$ a fire at Prague$ a dearth in
Germany$ such a man is made a lord$ a bisho"$ another hanged$ de"osed$
"ressed to death$ for some murder$ treason$ ra"e$ theft$ o""ression$ all
'hich 'e do hear at first 'ith a %ind of admiration$ detestation$
consternation$ but by and by they are buried in silence& thy father!s dead$
thy brother robbed$ 'ife runs mad$ neighbour hath %illed himself< !tis
hea#y$ ghastly$ fearful ne's at first$ in e#ery man!s mouth$ table tal%<
but after a 'hile 'ho s"ea%s or thin%s of itN It 'ill be so 'ith thee and
thine offence$ it 'ill be forgotten in an instant$ be it theft$ ra"e$
sodomy$ murder$ incest$ treason$ Fc.$ thou art not the first offender$ nor
shalt not be the last$ !tis no 'onder$ e#ery hour such malefactors are
called in 0uestion$ nothing so common$ _Kuocun0ue in "o"ulo$ 0uocun0ue sub
a+e_N ;?C=,G:omfort thyself$ thou art not the sole man. If he that 'ere
guiltless himself should fling the first stone at thee$ and he alone should
accuse thee that 'ere faultless$ ho' many e+ecutioners$ ho' many accusers
'ouldst thou ha#eN If e#ery man!s sins 'ere 'ritten in his forehead$ and
secret faults %no'n$ ho' many thousands 'ould "arallel$ if not e+ceed thine
offenceN It may be the judge that ga#e sentence$ the jury that condemned
thee$ the s"ectators that gazed on thee$ deser#ed much more$ and 'ere far
more guilty than thou thyself. ut it is thine infelicity to be ta%en$ to
be made a "ublic e+am"le of justice$ to be a terror to the rest< yet should
e#ery man ha#e his desert$ thou 'ouldst "erad#enture be a saint in
com"arison< _#e+at censura columbas_$ "oor souls are "unished< the great
ones do t'enty thousand times 'orse$ and are not so much as s"o%en of.
;?C==G L8on rete acci"itri tenditur ne0ue mil#io$
Kui male faciunt nobis< illis 0ui nil faciunt tenditur.L
LThe net!s not laid for %ites or birds of "rey$
ut for the harmless still our gins 'e lay.L
e not dismayed then$ _humanum est errare_$ 'e are all sinners$ daily and
hourly subject to tem"tations$ the best of us is a hy"ocrite$ a grie#ous
offender in God!s sight$ 8oah$ *ot$ 3a#id$ Peter$ Fc.$ ho' many mortal sins
do 'e commitN 9hall I say$ be "enitent$ as% forgi#eness$ and ma%e amends by
the se0uel of thy life$ for that foul offence thou hast committedN reco#er
thy credit by some noble e+"loit$ as Themistocles did$ for he 'as a most
debauched and #icious youth$ _sed ju#entae maculas "raeclaris factis
dele#it_$ but made the 'orld amends by bra#e e+"loits< at last become a ne'
man$ and see% to be reformed. 5e that runs a'ay in a battle$ as 3emosthenes
said$ may fight again< and he that hath a fall may stand as u"right as e#er
he did before. _8emo des"eret meliora la"sus_$ a 'ic%ed li#er may be
reclaimed$ and "ro#e an honest man< he that is odious in "resent$ hissed
out$ an e+ile$ may be recei#ed again 'ith all men!s fa#ours$ and singular
a""lause< so Tully 'as in 1ome$ Alcibiades in Athens. *et thy disgrace then
be 'hat it 'ill$ _0uod fit$ infectum non "otest esse_$ that 'hich is "ast
cannot be recalled< trouble not thyself$ #e+ and grie#e thyself no more$ be
it oblo0uy$ disgrace$ Fc. 8o better 'ay$ than to neglect$ contemn$ or seem
not to regard it$ to ma%e no rec%oning of it$ _3eesse robur arguit
dicacitas_& if thou be guiltless it concerns thee not&
;?C=.G LIrrita #anilo0uae 0uid curas s"icula linguae$
*atrantem curatne alta 3iana canemNL
3oth the moon care for the bar%ing of a dogN They detract$ scoff and rail$
saith one$ ;?C=?Gand bar% at me on e#ery side$ but I$ li%e that Albanian
dog sometimes gi#en to Ale+ander for a "resent$ _#indico me ab illis solo
contem"tu_$ I lie still and slee"$ #indicate myself by contem"t alone.
;?C=@G_E+"ers terroris Achilles armatus_& as a tortoise in his shell$
;?C=-G_#irtute mea me in#ol#o_$ or an urchin round$ _nil moror ictus_
;?C=AGa lizard in camomile$ I decline their fury and am safe.
LIntegritas #irtus0ue suo munimine tuta$
8on "atet ad#ersae morsibus in#idiae&L
LIirtue and integrity are their o'n fence$
:are not for en#y or 'hat comes from thence.L
*et them rail then$ scoff$ and slander$ _sa"iens contumelia non afficitur_$
a 'ise man$ 9eneca thin%s$ is not mo#ed$ because he %no's$ _contra
9yco"hantae morsum non est remedium_$ there is no remedy for it& %ings and
"rinces$ 'ise$ gra#e$ "rudent$ holy$ good men$ di#ine$ are all so ser#ed
ali%e. ;?C=/G_2 Dane a tergo 0uem nulla ciconia "insit_$ Ante#orta and
Post#orta$ Du"iter!s guardians$ may not hel" in this case$ they cannot
"rotect< Moses had a 3athan$ a :orath$ 3a#id a 9himei$ God himself is
blas"hemed& _nondum feli+ es si te nondum turba deridet_. It is an ordinary
thing so to be misused. ;?C=BG_1egium est cum bene faceris male audire_$
the chiefest men and most understanding are so #ilified< let him ta%e his
;?C.CGcourse. And as that lusty courser in Aeso"$ that contemned the "oor
ass$ came by and by after 'ith his bo'els burst$ a "ac% on his bac%$ and
'as derided of the same ass& _contemnentur ab iis 0uos i"si "rius
contem"sere$ et irridebuntur ab iis 0uos i"si "rius irrisere_$ they shall
be contemned and laughed to scorn of those 'hom they ha#e formerly derided.
*et them contemn$ defame$ or under#alue$ insult$ o""ress$ scoff$ slander$
abuse$ 'rong$ curse and s'ear$ feign and lie$ do thou comfort thyself 'ith
a good conscience$ _in sinu gaudeas_$ 'hen they ha#e all done$ ;?C.,GLa
good conscience is a continual feast$L innocency 'ill #indicate itself& and
'hich the "oet ga#e out of 5ercules$ _diis fruitur iratis_$ enjoy thyself$
though all the 'orld be set against thee$ contemn and say 'ith him$
_Elogium mihi "rae$ foribus_$ my "osy is$ Lnot to be mo#ed$ that ;?C.=Gmy
"alladium$ my breast"late$ my buc%ler$ 'ith 'hich I 'ard all injuries$
offences$ lies$ slanders< I lean u"on that sta%e of modesty$ so recei#e and
brea% asunder all that foolish force of li#er and s"leen.L And 'hosoe#er he
is that shall obser#e these short instructions$ 'ithout all 0uestion he
shall much ease and benefit himself.
In fine$ if "rinces 'ould do justice$ judges be u"right$ clergymen truly
de#out$ and so li#e as they teach$ if great men 'ould not be so insolent$
if soldiers 'ould 0uietly defend us$ the "oor 'ould be "atient$ rich men.
'ould be liberal and humble$ citizens honest$ magistrates mee%$ su"eriors
'ould gi#e good e+am"le$ subjects "eaceable$ young men 'ould stand in a'e&
if "arents 'ould be %ind to their children$ and they again obedient to
their "arents$ brethren agree amongst themsel#es$ enemies be reconciled$
ser#ants trusty to their masters$ #irgins chaste$ 'i#es modest$ husbands
'ould be lo#ing and less jealous& if 'e could imitate :hrist and his
a"ostles$ li#e after God!s la's$ these mischiefs 'ould not so fre0uently
ha""en amongst us< but being most "art so irreconcilable as 'e are$
"er#erse$ "roud$ insolent$ factious$ and malicious$ "rone to contention$
anger and re#enge$ of such fiery s"irits$ so ca"tious$ im"ious$
irreligious$ so o""osite to #irtue$ #oid of grace$ ho' should it other'ise
beN Many men are #ery testy by nature$ a"t to mista%e$ a"t to 0uarrel$ a"t
to "ro#o%e and misinter"ret to the 'orst$ e#erything that is said or done$
and thereu"on hea" unto themsel#es a great deal of trouble$ and
dis0uietness to others$ smatterers in other men!s matters$ tale-bearers$
'his"erers$ liars$ they cannot s"ea% in season$ or hold their tongues 'hen
they should$ ;?C..G_Et suam "artem itidem tacere cum aliena est oratio_&
they 'ill s"ea% more than comes to their shares$ in all com"anies$ and by
those bad courses accumulate much e#il to their o'n souls (_0ui contendit$
sibi con#icium facit_) their life is a "er"etual bra'l$ they snarl li%e so
many dogs$ 'ith their 'i#es$ children$ ser#ants$ neighbours$ and all the
rest of their friends$ they can agree 'ith nobody. ut to such as are
judicious$ mee%$ submissi#e$ and 0uiet$ these matters are easily remedied&
they 'ill forbear u"on all such occasions$ neglect$ contemn$ or ta%e no
notice of them$ dissemble$ or 'isely turn it off. If it be a natural
im"ediment$ as a red nose$ s0uint eyes$ croo%ed legs$ or any such
im"erfection$ infirmity$ disgrace$ re"roach$ the best 'ay is to s"ea% of it
first thyself$ ;?C.?Gand so thou shalt surely ta%e a'ay all occasions from
others to jest at$ or contemn$ that they may "ercei#e thee to be careless
of it. Iatinius 'as 'ont to scoff at his o'n deformed feet$ to "re#ent his
enemies! oblo0uies and sarcasms in that %ind< or else by "re#ention$ as
:otys$ %ing of Thrace$ that bra%e a com"any of fine glasses "resented to
him$ 'ith his o'n hands$ lest he should be o#ermuch mo#ed 'hen they 'ere
bro%en by chance. And sometimes again$ so that it be discreetly and
moderately done$ it shall not be amiss to ma%e resistance$ to ta%e do'n
such a saucy com"anion$ no better means to #indicate himself to "urchase
final "eace& for he that suffers himself to be ridden$ or through
"usillanimity or sottishness 'ill let e#ery man baffle him$ shall be a
common laughing stoc% to flout at. As a cur that goes through a #illage$ if
he cla" his tail bet'een his legs$ and run a'ay$ e#ery cur 'ill insult o#er
him& but if he bristle u" himself$ and stand to it$ gi#e but a
counter-snarl$ there!s not a dog dares meddle 'ith him& much is in a man!s
courage and discreet carriage of himself.
Many other grie#ances there are$ 'hich ha""en to mortals in this life$ from
friends$ 'i#es$ children$ ser#ants$ masters$ com"anions$ neighbours$ our
o'n defaults$ ignorance$ errors$ intem"erance$ indiscretion$ infirmities$
Fc.$ and many good remedies to mitigate and o""ose them$ many di#ine
"rece"ts to counter"oise our hearts$ s"ecial antidotes both in 9cri"tures
and human authors$ 'hich$ 'hoso 'ill obser#e$ shall "urchase much ease and
0uietness unto himself& I 'ill "oint out a fe'. Those "ro"hetical$
a"ostolical admonitions are 'ell %no'n to all< 'hat 9olomon$ 9iracides$ our
9a#iour :hrist himself hath said tending to this "ur"ose$ as Lfear God&
obey the "rince& be sober and 'atch& "ray continually& be angry but sin
not& remember thy last& fashion not yoursel#es to this 'orld$ Fc.$ a""ly
yoursel#es to the times& stri#e not 'ith a mighty man& recom"ense good for
e#il$ let nothing be done through contention or #ainglory$ but 'ith
mee%ness of mind$ e#ery man esteeming of others better than himself& lo#e
one another<L or that e"itome of the la' and the "ro"hets$ 'hich our
9a#iour inculcates$ Llo#e God abo#e all$ thy neighbour as thyself&L and
L'hatsoe#er you 'ould that men should do unto you$ so do unto them$L 'hich
Ale+ander 9e#erus 'rit in letters of gold$ and used as a motto$ ;?C.@G
5ierom commends to :elantia as an e+cellent 'ay$ amongst so many
enticements and 'orldly "ro#ocations$ to rectify her life. 2ut of human
authors ta%e these fe' cautions$ ;?C.-GL%no' thyself. ;?C.AGe contented
'ith thy lot. ;?C./GTrust not 'ealth$ beauty$ nor "arasites$ they 'ill
bring thee to destruction. ;?C.BG5a#e "eace 'ith all men$ 'ar 'ith #ice.
;?C?CGe not idle. ;?C?,G*oo% before you lea". ;?C?=Ge'are of !had I
'ist.! ;?C?.G5onour thy "arents$ s"ea% 'ell of friends. e tem"erate in
four things$ _lingua$ locis$ oculis$ et "oculis_. 4atch thine eye.;?C??G
Moderate thine e+"enses. 5ear much$ s"ea% little$ ;?C?@G_sustine et
abstine_. If thou seest ought amiss in another$ mend it in thyself. 6ee"
thine o'n counsel$ re#eal not thy secrets$ be silent in thine intentions.
;?C?-GGi#e not ear to tale-tellers$ babblers$ be not scurrilous in
con#ersation& ;?C?AGjest 'ithout bitterness& gi#e no man cause of offence&
set thine house in order& ;?C?/Gta%e heed of suretyshi". ;?C?BG_7ide et
diffide_$ as a fo+ on the ice$ ta%e heed 'hom you trust. ;?C@CG*i#e not
beyond thy means. ;?C@,GGi#e cheerfully. Pay thy dues 'illingly. e not a
sla#e to thy money< ;?C@=Gomit not occasion$ embrace o""ortunity$ lose no
time. e humble to thy su"eriors$ res"ecti#e to thine e0uals$ affable to
all$ ;?C@.Gbut not familiar. 7latter no man. ;?C@?G*ie not$ dissemble not.
6ee" thy 'ord and "romise$ be constant in a good resolution. 9"ea% truth.
e not o"iniati#e$ maintain no factions. *ay no 'agers$ ma%e no
com"arisons. ;?C@@G7ind no faults$ meddle not 'ith other men!s matters.
Admire not thyself. ;?C@-Ge not "roud or "o"ular. Insult not. _7ortunam
re#erentur habe_. ;?C@AG7ear not that 'hich cannot be a#oided. ;?C@/G
Grie#e not for that 'hich cannot be recalled. ;?C@BGHnder#alue not thyself.
;?C-CGAccuse no man$ commend no man rashly. Go not to la' 'ithout great
cause. 9tri#e not 'ith a greater man. :ast not off an old friend$ ta%e heed
of a reconciled enemy. ;?C-,GIf thou come as a guest stay not too long. e
not unthan%ful. e mee%$ merciful$ and "atient. 3o good to all. e not fond
of fair 'ords. ;?C-=Ge not a neuter in a faction< moderate thy "assions.
;?C-.GThin% no "lace 'ithout a 'itness. ;?C-?G Admonish thy friend in
secret$ commend him in "ublic. 6ee" good com"any. ;?C-@G*o#e others to be
belo#ed thyself. _Ama tan0uam osurus_. _Amicus tardo fias_. Pro#ide for a
tem"est. _8oli irritare crabrones_. 3o not "rostitute thy soul for gain.
Ma%e not a fool of thyself to ma%e others merry. Marry not an old crony or
a fool for money. e not o#er solicitous or curious. 9ee% that 'hich may be
found. 9eem not greater than thou art. Ta%e thy "leasure soberly. _2cymum
ne terito_. ;?C--G*i#e merrily as thou canst. ;?C-AGTa%e heed by other
men!s e+am"les. Go as thou 'ouldst be met$ sit as thou 'ouldst be found$
;?C-/Gyield to the time$ follo' the stream. 4ilt thou li#e free from fears
and caresN ;?C-BG*i#e innocently$ %ee" thyself u"right$ thou needest no
other %ee"er$L Fc. *oo% for more in Isocrates$ 9eneca$ Plutarch$ E"ictetus$
Fc.$ and for defect$ consult 'ith cheese-trenchers and "ainted cloths.
MEM. IIII.
_Against Melancholy itself_.
LE#ery man$L saith ;?CACG9eneca$ Lthin%s his o'n burthen the hea#iest$L and
a melancholy man abo#e all others com"lains most< 'eariness of life$
abhorring all com"any and light$ fear$ sorro'$ sus"icion$ anguish of mind$
bashfulness$ and those other dread sym"toms of body and mind$ must needs
aggra#ate this misery< yet com"ared to other maladies$ they are not so
heinous as they be ta%en. 7or first this disease is either in habit or
dis"osition$ curable or incurable. If ne' and in dis"osition$ !tis commonly
"leasant$ and it may be hel"ed. If in#eterate$ or a habit$ yet they ha#e
_lucida inter#alla_$ sometimes 'ell$ and sometimes ill< or if more
continuate$ as the ;?CA,GIejentes 'ere to the 1omans$ !tis _hostis magis
assiduus 0uam gra#is_$ a more durable enemy than dangerous& and amongst
many incon#eniences$ some comforts are anne+ed to it. 7irst it is not
catching$ and as Erasmus comforted himself$ 'hen he 'as grie#ously sic% of
the stone$ though it 'as most troublesome$ and an intolerable "ain to him$
yet it 'as no 'hit offensi#e to others$ not loathsome to the s"ectators$
ghastly$ fulsome$ terrible$ as "lagues$ a"o"le+ies$ le"rosies$ 'ounds$
sores$ tetters$ "o+$ "estilent agues are$ 'hich either admit of no com"any$
terrify or offend those that are "resent. In this malady$ that 'hich is$ is
'holly to themsel#es& and those sym"toms not so dreadful$ if they be
com"ared to the o""osite e+tremes. They are most "art bashful$ sus"icious$
solitary$ Fc.$ therefore no such ambitious$ im"udent intruders as some are$
no shar%ers$ no cony-catchers$ no "ro'lers$ no smell-feasts$ "raters$
"anders$ "arasites$ ba'ds$ drun%ards$ 'horemasters< necessity and defect
com"el them to be honest< as Mitio told 3emea in the ;?CA=Gcomedy$
L5aec si ne0ue ego ne0ue tu fecimus$
8on sinit egestas facere nos.L
LIf 'e be honest !t'as "o#erty made us so&L if 'e melancholy men be not as
bad as he that is 'orst$ !tis our dame melancholy %e"t us so& _8on deerat
#oluntas sed facultas_. ;?CA.G
esides they are freed in this from many other infirmities$ solitariness
ma%es them more a"t to contem"late$ sus"icion 'ary$ 'hich is a necessary
humour in these times$ ;?CA?G_8am "ol 0ue ma+ime ca#et$ is sae"e cautor
ca"tus est_$ Lhe that ta%es most heed$ is often circum#ented$ and
o#erta%en.L 7ear and sorro' %ee" them tem"erate and sober$ and free them
from any dissolute acts$ 'hich jollity and boldness thrust men u"on& they
are therefore no _sicarii_$ roaring boys$ thie#es or assassins. As they are
soon dejected$ so they are as soon$ by soft 'ords and good "ersuasions$
reared. 4earisomeness of life ma%es them they are not so besotted on the
transitory #ain "leasures of the 'orld. If they dote in one thing$ they are
'ise and 'ell understanding in most other. If it be in#eterate$ they are
_insensati_$ most "art doting$ or 0uite mad$ insensible of any 'rongs$
ridiculous to others$ but most ha""y and secure to themsel#es. 3otage is a
state 'hich many much magnify and commend& so is sim"licity$ and folly$ as
he said$ ;?CA@G_sic hic furor o su"eri$ sit mihi "er"etuus_. 9ome thin%
fools and dizzards li#e the merriest li#es$ as Aja+ in 9o"hocles$ _8ihil
scire #ita jucundissima_$ L!tis the "leasantest life to %no' nothing<L
_iners malorum remedium ignorantia_$ Lignorance is a do'nright remedy of
e#ils.L These curious arts and laborious sciences$ Galen!s$ Tully!s$
Aristotle!s$ Dustinian!s$ do but trouble the 'orld some thin%< 'e might
li#e better 'ith that illiterate Iirginian sim"licity$ and gross ignorance<
entire idiots do best$ they are not macerated 'ith cares$ tormented 'ith
fears$ and an+iety$ as other 'ise men are& for as ;?CA-Ghe said$ if folly
'ere a "ain$ you should hear them ho'l$ roar$ and cry out in e#ery house$
as you go by in the street$ but they are most free$ jocund$ and merry$ and
in some ;?CAAGcountries$ as amongst the Tur%s$ honoured for saints$ and
abundantly maintained out of the common stoc%. ;?CA/GThey are no
dissemblers$ liars$ hy"ocrites$ for fools and madmen tell commonly truth.
In a 'ord$ as they are distressed$ so are they "itied$ 'hich some hold
better than to be en#ied$ better to be sad than merry$ better to be foolish
and 0uiet$ _0uam sa"ere et ringi_$ to be 'ise and still #e+ed< better to be
miserable than ha""y& of t'o e+tremes it is the best.
9E:T. II. MEM. I.
9H9E:T. I.--_2f Physic 'hich cureth 'ith Medicines_.
After a long and tedious discourse of these si+ non-natural things and
their se#eral rectifications$ all 'hich are com"rehended in diet$ I am come
no' at last to _Pharmaceutice_$ or that %ind of "hysic 'hich cureth by
medicines$ 'hich a"othecaries most "art ma%e$ mingle$ or sell in their
sho"s. Many ca#il at this %ind of "hysic$ and hold it unnecessary$
un"rofitable to this or any other disease$ because those countries 'hich
use it least$ li#e longest$ and are best in health$ as ;?CABG5ector
oethius relates of the isles of 2rcades$ the "eo"le are still sound of
body and mind$ 'ithout any use of "hysic$ they li#e commonly ,=C years$ and
2rtelius in his itinerary of the inhabitants of the 7orest of Arden$ ;?C/CG
Lthey are #ery "ainful$ long-li#ed$ sound$L Fc. ;?C/,GMartianus :a"ella$
s"ea%ing of the Indians of his time$ saith$ they 'ere (much li%e our
'estern Indians no') Lbigger than ordinary men$ bred coarsely$ #ery
long-li#ed$ insomuch$ that he that died at a hundred years of age$ 'ent
before his time$L Fc. 3amianus A-Goes$ 9a+o Grammaticus$ Aubanus ohemus$
say the li%e of them that li#e in 8or'ay$ *a"land$ 7inmar%$ iarmia$
:orelia$ all o#er 9candia$ and those northern countries$ they are most
healthful$ and #ery long-li#ed$ in 'hich "laces there is no use at all of
"hysic$ the name of it is not once heard. 3ithmarus les%enius in his
accurate descri"tion of Iceland$ ,-CA$ ma%es mention$ amongst other
matters$ of the inhabitants$ and their manner of li#ing$ ;?C/=GL'hich is
dried fish instead of bread$ butter$ cheese$ and salt meats$ most "art they
drin% 'ater and 'hey$ and yet 'ithout "hysic or "hysician$ they li#e many
of them =@C years.L I find the same relation by *erius$ and some other
'riters$ of Indians in America. Paulus Do#ius in his descri"tion of
ritain$ and *e#inus *emnius$ obser#e as much of this our island$ that
there 'as of old no use of ;?C/.G"hysic amongst us$ and but little at this
day$ e+ce"t it be for a fe' nice idle citizens$ surfeiting courtiers$ and
stall-fed gentlemen lubbers. The country "eo"le use %itchen "hysic$ and
common e+"erience tells #is$ that they li#e freest from all manner of
infirmities$ that ma%e least use of a"othecaries! "hysic. Many are
o#erthro'n by "re"osterous use of it$ and thereby get their bane$ that
might other'ise ha#e esca"ed& ;?C/?Gsome thin% "hysicians %ill as many as
they sa#e$ and 'ho can tell$ ;?C/@G_Kuot Themison aegros autumno occiderit
uno_N L5o' many murders they ma%e in a year$L _0uibus im"une licet hominem
occidere_$ Lthat may freely %ill fol%s$L and ha#e a re'ard for it$ and
according to the 3utch "ro#erb$ a ne' "hysician must ha#e a ne' churchyard<
and 'ho daily obser#es it notN Many that did ill under "hysicians! hands$
ha#e ha""ily esca"ed$ 'hen they ha#e been gi#en o#er by them$ left to God
and nature$ and themsel#es< !t'as Pliny!s dilemma of old$ ;?C/-GLe#ery
disease is either curable or incurable$ a man reco#ers of it or is %illed
by it< both 'ays "hysic is to be rejected. If it be deadly$ it cannot be
cured< if it may be hel"ed$ it re0uires no "hysician$ nature 'ill e+"el it
of itself.L Plato made it a great sign of an intem"erate and corru"t
common'ealth$ 'here la'yers and "hysicians did abound< and the 1omans
distasted them so much that they 'ere often banished out of their city$ as
Pliny and :elsus relate$ for -CC years not admitted. It is no art at all$
as some hold$ no not 'orthy the name of a liberal science (nor la'
neither)$ as ;?C/AGPet. And. :anonherius a "atrician of 1ome and a great
doctor himself$ Lone of their o'n tribe$L "ro#es by si+teen arguments$
because it is mercenary as no' used$ base$ and as fiddlers "lay for a
re'ard. _Duridicis$ medicis$ fisco$ fas #i#ere ra"to_$ !tis a corru"t
trade$ no science$ art$ no "rofession< the beginning$ "ractice$ and
"rogress of it$ all is naught$ full of im"osture$ uncertainty$ and doth
generally more harm than good. The de#il himself 'as the first in#entor of
it& _In#entum est medicina meum_$ said A"ollo$ and 'hat 'as A"ollo$ but the
de#ilN The Gree%s first made an art of it$ and they 'ere all deluded by
A"ollo!s sons$ "riests$ oracles. If 'e may belie#e Iarro$ Pliny$ :olumella$
most of their best medicines 'ere deri#ed from his oracles. Aescula"ius his
son had his tem"les erected to his deity$ and did many famous cures< but$
as *actantius holds$ he 'as a magician$ a mere im"ostor$ and as his
successors$ Phaon$ Podalirius$ Melam"ius$ Menecrates$ (another God)$ by
charms$ s"ells$ and ministry of bad s"irits$ "erformed most of their cures.
The first that e#er 'rote in "hysic to any "ur"ose$ 'as 5i""ocrates$ and
his disci"le and commentator Galen$ 'hom 9caliger calls _7imbriam
5i""ocratis_< but as ;?C//G:ardan censures them$ both immethodical and
obscure$ as all those old ones are$ their "rece"ts confused$ their
medicines obsolete$ and no' most "art rejected. Those cures 'hich they did$
Paracelsus holds$ 'ere rather done out of their "atients! confidence$
;?C/BGand good o"inion they had of them$ than out of any s%ill of theirs$
'hich 'as #ery small$ he saith$ they themsel#es idiots and infants$ as are
all their academical follo'ers. The Arabians recei#ed it from the Gree%s$
and so the *atins$ adding ne' "rece"ts and medicines of their o'n$ but so
im"erfect still$ that through ignorance of "rofessors$ im"ostors$
mounteban%s$ em"irics$ disagreeing of sectaries$ ('hich are as many almost
as there be diseases) en#y$ co#etousness$ and the li%e$ they do much harm
amongst us. They are so different in their consultations$ "rescri"tions$
mista%ing many times the "arties! constitution$ ;?CBCGdisease$ and causes
of it$ they gi#e 0uite contrary "hysic< ;?CB,GLone saith this$ another
that$L out of singularity or o""osition$ as he said of Adrian$ _multitudo
medicorum "rinci"em interfecit_$ La multitude of "hysicians hath %illed the
em"eror<L _"lus a medico 0uam a morbo "ericuli_$ Lmore danger there is from
the "hysician$ than from the disease.L esides$ there is much im"osture and
malice amongst them. LAll artsL (saith ;?CB=G:ardan) Ladmit of cozening$
"hysic$ amongst the rest$ doth a""ro"riate it to herself<L and tells a
story of one :urtius$ a "hysician in Ienice& because he 'as a stranger$ and
"ractised amongst them$ the rest of the "hysicians did still cross him in
all his "rece"ts. If he "rescribed hot medicines they 'ould "rescribe cold$
_miscentes "ro calidis frigida$ "ro frigidis humida$ "ro "urgantibus
astringentia_$ binders for "urgati#es$ _omnia "erturbabant_. If the "arty
miscarried$ _:urtium damnabant_$ :urtius %illed him$ that disagreed from
them& if he reco#ered$ then ;?CB.Gthey cured him themsel#es. Much
emulation$ im"osture$ malice$ there is amongst them& if they be honest and
mean 'ell$ yet a %na#e a"othecary that administers the "hysic$ and ma%es
the medicine$ may do infinite harm$ by his old obsolete doses$ adulterine
drugs$ bad mi+tures$ _0uid "ro 0uo_$ Fc. 9ee 7uchsius _lib. ,. sect. ,.
ca". /._ :ordus! _3is"ensatory_$ and rassi#ola!s _E+amen sim"l._$ Fc. ut
it is their ignorance that doth more harm than rashness$ their art is
'holly conjectural$ if it be an art$ uncertain$ im"erfect$ and got by
%illing of men$ they are a %ind of butchers$ leeches$ men-slayers<
chirurgeons and a"othecaries es"ecially$ that are indeed the "hysicians!
hangman$ _carnifices_$ and common e+ecutioners< though to say truth$
"hysicians themsel#es come not far behind< for according to that facete
e"igram of Ma+imilianus Hrentius$ 'hat!s the differenceN
;?CB?G L:hirurgicus medico 0uo differtN scilicet isto$
Enecat hic succis$ enecat ille manu&
:arnifice hoc ambo tantum differre #identur$
Tardius hi faciunt$ 0uod facit ille cito.L
ut I return to their s%ill< many diseases they cannot cure at all$ as
a"o"le+y$ e"ile"sy$ stone$ strangury$ gout$ _Tollere nodosam nescit
medicina Podagram_< ;?CB@G0uartan agues$ a common ague sometimes stumbles
them all$ they cannot so much as ease$ they %no' not ho' to judge of it. If
by "ulses$ that doctrine$ some hold$ is 'holly su"erstitious$ and I dare
boldly say 'ith ;?CB-GAndre' 3udeth$ Lthat #ariety of "ulses described by
Galen$ is neither obser#ed nor understood of any.L And for urine$ that is
_meretri+ medicorum_$ the most deceitful thing of all$ as 7orestus and some
other "hysicians ha#e "ro#ed at large& I say nothing of critic days$ errors
in indications$ Fc. The most rational of them$ and s%ilful$ are so often
decei#ed$ that as ;?CBAGTholosanus infers$ LI had rather belie#e and commit
myself to a mere em"iric$ than to a mere doctor$ and I cannot sufficiently
commend that custom of the abylonians$ that ha#e no "rofessed "hysicians$
but bring all their "atients to the mar%et to be cured&L 'hich 5erodotus
relates of the Egy"tians& 9trabo$ 9ardus$ and Aubanus ohemus of many other
nations. And those that "rescribed "hysic$ amongst them$ did not so
arrogantly ta%e u"on them to cure all diseases$ as our "rofessors do$ but
some one$ some another$ as their s%ill and e+"erience did ser#e< ;?CB/G
L2ne cured the eyes$ a second the teeth$ a third the head$ another the
lo'er "arts$L Fc.$ not for gain$ but in charity$ to do good$ they made
neither art$ "rofession$ nor trade of it$ 'hich in other "laces 'as
accustomed& and therefore :ambyses in ;?CBBGJeno"hon told :yrus$ that to
his thin%ing$ "hysicians L'ere li%e tailors and cobblers$ the one mended
our sic% bodies$ as the other did our clothes.L ut I 'ill urge these
ca#illing and contumelious arguments no farther$ lest some "hysician should
mista%e me$ and deny me "hysic 'hen I am sic%& for my "art$ I am 'ell
"ersuaded of "hysic& I can distinguish the abuse from the use$ in this and
many other arts and sciences& ;?,CCG_Alliud #inum$ aliud ebrietas_$ 'ine
and drun%enness are t'o distinct things. I ac%no'ledge it a most noble and
di#ine science$ in so much that A"ollo$ Aescula"ius$ and the first founders
of it$ _merito "ro diis habiti_$ 'ere 'orthily counted gods by succeeding
ages$ for the e+cellency of their in#ention. And 'hereas A"ollo at 3elos$
Ienus at :y"rus$ 3iana at E"hesus$ and those other gods 'ere confined and
adored alone in some "eculiar "laces& Aescula"ius and his tem"le and altars
e#ery'here$ in :orinth$ *acedaemon$ Athens$ Thebes$ E"idaurus$ Fc.
Pausanius records$ for the latitude of his art$ deity$ 'orth$ and
necessity. 4ith all #irtuous and 'ise men therefore I honour the name and
calling$ as I am enjoined Lto honour the "hysician for necessity!s sa%e.
The %no'ledge of the "hysician lifteth u" his head$ and in the sight of
great men he shall be admired. The *ord hath created medicines of the
earth$ and he that is 'ise 'ill not abhor them$L Eccles. l#iii ,. ut of
this noble subject$ ho' many "anegyrics are 'orthily 'rittenN 7or my "art$
as 9allust said of :arthage$ _"raestat silere$ 0uam "auca dicere_< I ha#e
said$ yet one thing I 'ill add$ that this %ind of "hysic is #ery moderately
and ad#isedly to be used$ u"on good occasion$ 'hen the former of diet 'ill
not ta%e "lace. And !tis no other 'hich I say$ than that 'hich Arnoldus
"rescribes in his /. A"horis. ;?,C,GLA discreet and goodly "hysician doth
first endea#our to e+"el a disease by medicinal diet$ than by "ure
medicine&L and in his ninth$ ;?,C=GLhe that may be cured by diet$ must not
meddle 'ith "hysic.L 9o in ,,. A"horis. ;?,C.GLA modest and 'ise "hysician
'ill ne#er hasten to use medicines$ but u"on urgent necessity$ and that
s"aringly too&L because (as he adds in his ,.. A"horis.) ;?,C?GL4hosoe#er
ta%es much "hysic in his youth$ shall soon be'ail it in his old age&L
"urgati#e "hysic es"ecially$ 'hich doth much debilitate nature. 7or 'hich
causes some "hysicians refrain from the use of "urgati#es$ or else
s"aringly use them. ;?,C@G5enricus Ayrerus in a consultation for a
melancholy "erson$ 'ould ha#e him ta%e as fe' "urges as he could$ Lbecause
there be no such medicines$ 'hich do not steal a'ay some of our strength$
and rob the "arts of our body$ 'ea%en nature$ and cause that cacochymia$L
'hich ;?,C-G:elsus and others obser#e$ or ill digestion$ and bad juice
through all the "arts of it. Galen himself confesseth$ ;?,CAGLthat
"urgati#e "hysic is contrary to nature$ ta%es a'ay some of our best
s"irits$ and consumes the #ery substance of our bodies&L ut this$ 'ithout
0uestion$ is to be understood of such "urges as are unseasonably or
immoderately ta%en& they ha#e their e+cellent use in this$ as 'ell as most
other infirmities. 2f alterati#es and cordials no man doubts$ be they
sim"les or com"ounds. I 'ill amongst that infinite #ariety of medicines$
'hich I find in e#ery "harmaco"oeia$ e#ery "hysician$ herbalist$ Fc.$
single out some of the chiefest.
9H9E:T. II.--_9im"les "ro"er to Melancholy$ against E+otic 9im"les_.
Medicines "ro"erly a""lied to melancholy$ are either sim"le or com"ound.
9im"les are alterati#e or "urgati#e. Alterati#es are such as correct$
strengthen nature$ alter$ any 'ay hinder or resist the disease< and they be
herbs$ stones$ minerals$ Fc. all "ro"er to this humour. 7or as there be
di#erse distinct infirmities continually #e+ing us$
;?,C/G L;Gree%& nousoi d! anthro"oisi e"h aemerae aed! e"i nu%ti
automatoi "hoitosi %a%a thnaetoisi "herousai
sigae$ e"ei "honaen ae+eileto maetieta zeus.GL
L3iseases steal both day and night on men$
7or Du"iter hath ta%en #oice from them.L
9o there be se#eral remedies$ as ;?,CBGhe saith$ Leach disease a medicine$
for e#ery humour<L and as some hold$ e#ery clime$ e#ery country$ and more
than that$ e#ery "ri#ate "lace hath his "ro"er remedies gro'ing in it$
"eculiar almost to the domineering and most fre0uent maladies of it$ As
;?,,CGone discourseth$ L'orm'ood gro's s"aringly in Italy$ because most
"art there they be misaffected 'ith hot diseases& but henbane$ "o""y$ and
such cold herbs& 'ith us in Germany and Poland$ great store of it in e#ery
'aste.L aracellus _5orto geniali_$ and a"tista Porta _Physiognomicae$
lib. -. ca". =._$ gi#e many instances and e+am"les of it$ and bring many
other "roofs. 7or that cause beli%e that learned 7uchsius of 8uremberg$
;?,,,GL'hen he came into a #illage$ considered al'ays 'hat herbs did gro'
most fre0uently about it$ and those he distilled in a sil#er alembic$
ma%ing use of others amongst them as occasion ser#ed.L I %no' that many are
of o"inion$ our northern sim"les are 'ea%$ im"erfect$ not so 'ell
concocted$ of such force$ as those in the southern "arts$ not so fit to be
used in "hysic$ and 'ill therefore fetch their drugs afar off& senna$
cassia out of Egy"t$ rhubarb from arbary$ aloes from 9ocotra< turbith$
agaric$ mirabolanes$ hermodactils$ from the East Indies$ tobacco from the
'est$ and some as far as :hina$ hellebore from the Anticyrae$ or that of
Austria 'hich bears the "ur"le flo'er$ 'hich Mathiolus so much a""ro#es$
and so of the rest. In the %ingdom of Ialencia$ in 9"ain$ ;?,,=GMaginus
commends t'o mountains$ Mariola and 1enagolosa$ famous for sim"les< ;?,,.G
*eander Albertus$ ;?,,?Galdus a mountain near the *a%e enacus in the
territory of Ierona$ to 'hich all the herbalists in the country continually
floc%< 2rtelius one in A"ulia$ Munster Mons major in Istria< others
Mont"elier in 7rance< Pros"er Altinus "refers Egy"tian sim"les$ Garcias ab
5orto Indian before the rest$ another those of Italy$ :rete$ Fc. Many times
they are o#er-curious in this %ind$ 'hom 7uchsius ta+eth$ _Instit. l. ,.
sec. ,. ca". ,._ ;?,,@GLthat thin% they do nothing$ e+ce"t they ra%e all
o#er India$ Arabia$ Ethio"ia for remedies$ and fetch their "hysic from the
three 0uarters of the 'orld$ and from beyond the Garamantes. Many an old
'ife or country 'oman doth often more good 'ith a fe' %no'n and common
garden herbs$ than our bombast "hysicians$ 'ith all their "rodigious$
sum"tuous$ far-fetched$ rare$ conjectural medicines&L 'ithout all 0uestion
if 'e ha#e not these rare e+otic sim"les$ 'e hold that at home$ 'hich is in
#irtue e0ui#alent unto them$ ours 'ill ser#e as 'ell as theirs$ if they be
ta%en in "ro"ortionable 0uantity$ fitted and 0ualified aright$ if not much
better$ and more "ro"er to our constitutions. ut so !tis for the most
"art$ as Pliny 'rites to Gallus$ ;?,,-GL4e are careless of that 'hich is
near us$ and follo' that 'hich is afar off$ to %no' 'hich 'e 'ill tra#el
and sail beyond the seas$ 'holly neglecting that 'hich is under our eyes.L
2"ium in Tur%ey doth scarce offend$ 'ith us in a small 0uantity it
stu"efies< cicuta or hemloc% is a strong "oison in Greece$ but 'ith us it
hath no such #iolent effects& I conclude 'ith I. Ioschius$ 'ho as he much
in#eighs against those e+otic medicines$ so he "romiseth by our Euro"ean$ a
full cure and absolute of all diseases< _a ca"ite ad calcem$ nostrae
regionis herbae nostris cor"oribus magis conducunt_$ our o'n sim"les agree
best 'ith us. It 'as a thing that 7ernelius much laboured in his 7rench
"ractice$ to reduce all his cure to our "ro"er and domestic "hysic< so did
;?,,AGDanus :ornarius$ and Martin 1ulandus in Germany. T. . 'ith us$ as
a""eareth by a treatise of his di#ulged in our tongue ,-,@$ to "ro#e the
sufficiency of English medicines$ to the cure of all manner of diseases. If
our sim"les be not altogether of such force$ or so a""osite$ it may be$ if
li%e industry 'ere used$ those far fetched drugs 'ould "ros"er as 'ell 'ith
us$ as in those countries 'hence no' 'e ha#e them$ as 'ell as cherries$
articho%es$ tobacco$ and many such. There ha#e been di#erse 'orthy
"hysicians$ 'hich ha#e tried e+cellent conclusions in this %ind$ and many
diligent$ "ainful a"othecaries$ as Gesner$ esler$ Gerard$ Fc.$ but amongst
the rest those famous "ublic gardens of Padua in Italy$ 8uremberg in
Germany$ *eyden in 5olland$ Mont"elier in 7rance$ (and ours in 2+ford no'
in _fieri_$ at the cost and charges for the 1ight 5onourable the *ord
3an#ers Earl of 3anby) are much to be commended$ 'herein all e+otic "lants
almost are to be seen$ and liberal allo'ance yearly made for their better
maintenance$ that young students may be the sooner informed in the
%no'ledge of them& 'hich as ;?,,/G7uchsius holds$ Lis most necessary for
that e+0uisite manner of curing$L and as great a shame for a "hysician not
to obser#e them$ as for a 'or%man not to %no' his a+e$ sa'$ s0uare$ or any
other tool 'hich he must of necessity use.
9H9E:T. III.--_Alterati#es$ 5erbs$ other Iegetables$ Fc._
Amongst these /CC sim"les$ 'hich Galeottus rec%ons u"$ _lib. .. de "romise$
doctor$ ca". ._$ and many e+0uisite herbalists ha#e 'ritten of$ these fe'
follo'ing alone I find a""ro"riated to this humour& of 'hich some be
alterati#es< ;?,,BGL'hich by a secret force$L saith 1enodeus$ Land s"ecial
0uality e+"el future diseases$ "erfectly cure those 'hich are$ and many
such incurable effects.L This is as 'ell obser#ed in other "lants$ stones$
minerals$ and creatures$ as in herbs$ in other maladies as in this. 5o'
many things are related of a man!s s%ullN 4hat se#eral #irtues of corns in
a horse-leg$ ;?,=CGof a 'olf!s li#er$ Fc. 2f ;?,=,Gdi#erse e+crements of
beasts$ all good against se#eral diseasesN 4hat e+traordinary #irtues are
ascribed unto "lantsN ;?,==G_9atyrium et eruca "enem erigunt$ #ite+ et
nym"hea semen e+tinguunt_$ ;?,=.Gsome herbs "ro#o%e lust$ some again$ as
agnus castus$ 'ater-lily$ 0uite e+tinguisheth seed< "o""y causeth slee"$
cabbage resisteth drun%enness$ Fc.$ and that 'hich is more to be admired$
that such and such "lants should ha#e a "eculiar #irtue to such "articular
"arts$ ;?,=?Gas to the head aniseeds$ foalfoot$ betony$ calamint$
eye-bright$ la#ender$ bays$ roses$ rue$ sage$ marjoram$ "eony$ Fc. 7or the
lungs calamint$ li0uorice$ ennula cam"ana$ hysso"$ horehound$ 'ater
germander$ Fc. 7or the heart$ borage$ bugloss$ saffron$ balm$ basil$
rosemary$ #iolet$ roses$ Fc. 7or the stomach$ 'orm'ood$ mints$ betony$
balm$ centaury$ sorrel$ "arslan. 7or the li#er$ darths"ine or camae"itis$
germander$ agrimony$ fennel$ endi#e$ succory$ li#er'ort$ barberries. 7or
the s"leen$ maidenhair$ finger-fern$ dodder of thyme$ ho"$ the rind of ash$
betony. 7or the %idneys$ grumel$ "arsley$ sa+ifrage$ "laintain$ mallo'. 7or
the 'omb$ mug'ort$ "ennyroyal$ fetherfe'$ sa#ine$ Fc. 7or the joints$
camomile$ 9t. Dohn!s 'ort$ organ$ rue$ co'sli"s$ centaury the less$ Fc. And
so to "eculiar diseases. To this of melancholy you shall find a catalogue
of herbs "ro"er$ and that in e#ery "art. 9ee more in 4ec%er$ 1enodeus$
5eurnius _lib. =. ca". ,B._ Fc. I 'ill briefly s"ea% of them$ as first of
alterati#es$ 'hich Galen$ in his third boo% of diseased "arts$ "refers
before diminuti#es$ and Trallianus brags$ that he hath done more cures on
melancholy men ;?,=@Gby moistening$ than by "urging of them.
_orage_.G In this catalogue$ borage and bugloss may challenge the chiefest
"lace$ 'hether in substance$ juice$ roots$ seeds$ flo'ers$ lea#es$
decoctions$ distilled 'aters$ e+tracts$ oils$ Fc.$ for such %ind of herbs
be di#ersely #aried. ugloss is hot and moist$ and therefore 'orthily
rec%oned u" amongst those herbs 'hich e+"el melancholy$ and ;?,=-G
e+hilarate the heart$ Galen$ _lib. -. ca". /C. de sim"l. med._ 3ioscorides$
_lib. ?. ca". ,=.._ Pliny much magnifies this "lant. It may be di#ersely
used< as in broth$ in ;?,=AG'ine$ in conser#es$ syru"s$ Fc. It is an
e+cellent cordial$ and against this malady most fre0uently "rescribed< a
herb indeed of such so#ereignty$ that as 3iodorus$ _lib. A. bibl._ Plinius$
_lib. =@. ca". =. et lib. =,. ca". ==._ Plutarch$ _sym"os. lib. ,. ca". ,._
3ioscorides$ _lib. @. ca". ?C._ :aelius$ _lib. ,B. c. .._ su""ose it 'as
that famous 8e"enthes of ;?,=/G5omer$ 'hich Polydaenna$ Thonis!s 'ife (then
%ing of Thebes in Egy"t)$ sent 5elena for a to%en$ of such rare #irtue$
Lthat if ta%en stee"ed in 'ine$ if 'ife and children$ father and mother$
brother and sister$ and all thy dearest friends should die before thy face$
thou couldst not grie#e or shed a tear for them.L
LKui semel id "atera mistum 8e"enthes Iaccho
5auserit$ hic lachrymam$ non si sua#issima "roles$
9i germanus ei charus$ mater0ue "ater0ue
2""etat$ ante oculos ferro confossus atroci.L
5elena!s commended bo'l to e+hilarate the heart$ had no other ingredient$
as most of our critics conjecture$ than this of borage.
_alm_.G Melissa balm hath an admirable #irtue to alter melancholy$ be it
stee"ed in our ordinary drin%$ e+tracted$ or other'ise ta%en. :ardan$ _lib.
/._ much admires this herb. It heats and dries$ saith ;?,=BG 5eurnius$ in
the second degree$ 'ith a 'onderful #irtue comforts the heart$ and "urgeth
all melancholy #a"ours from the s"irits$ Matthiol. _in lib. .. ca". ,C. in
3ioscoridem_. esides they ascribe other #irtues to it$ ;?,.CGLas to hel"
concoction$ to cleanse the brain$ e+"el all careful thoughts$ and an+ious
imaginations&L the same 'ords in effect are in A#icenna$ Pliny$ 9imon
9ethi$ 7uchsius$ *eobel$ 3elacam"ius$ and e#ery herbalist. 8othing better
for him that is melancholy than to stee" this and borage in his ordinary
drin%.
Mathiolus$ in his fifth boo% of Medicinal E"istles$ rec%ons u" scorzonera$
;?,.,GLnot against "oison only$ falling sic%ness$ and such as are
#ertiginous$ but to this malady< the root of it ta%en by itself e+"els
sorro'$ causeth mirth and lightness of heart.L
Antonius Musa$ that reno'ned "hysician to :aesar Augustus$ in his boo%
'hich he 'rit of the #irtues of betony$ _ca". -._ 'onderfully commends that
herb$ _animas hominum et cor"ora custodit$ securas de metu reddit_$ it
"reser#es both body and mind$ from fears$ cares$ griefs< cures falling
sic%ness$ this and many other diseases$ to 'hom Galen subscribes$ _lib. A.
sim". med._ 3ioscorides$ _lib. ?. ca". ,. Fc._
Marigold is much a""ro#ed against melancholy$ and often used therefore in
our ordinary broth$ as good against this and many other diseases.
_5o"_.G *u"ulus$ ho"$ is a so#ereign remedy< 7uchsius$ _ca". @/. Plant.
hist_. much e+tols it< ;?,.=GLit "urgeth all choler$ and "urifies the
blood.L Matthiol. _ca". ,?C. in ?. 3ioscor._ 'onders the "hysicians of his
time made no more use of it$ because it rarefies and cleanseth& 'e use it
to this "ur"ose in our ordinary beer$ 'hich before 'as thic% and fulsome.
4orm'ood$ centaury$ "ennyroyal$ are li%e'ise magnified and much "rescribed
(as I shall after sho')$ es"ecially in hy"ochondriac melancholy$ daily to
be used$ sod in 'hey& and as 1uffus E"hesias$ ;?,..GAreteus relate$ by
brea%ing 'ind$ hel"ing concoction$ many melancholy men ha#e been cured 'ith
the fre0uent use of them alone.
And because the s"leen and blood are often misaffected in melancholy$ I may
not omit endi#e$ succory$ dandelion$ fumitory$ Fc.$ 'hich cleanse the
blood$ 9colo"endria$ cuscuta$ ceterache$ mug'ort$ li#er'ort$ ash$ tamaris%$
genist$ maidenhair$ Fc.$ 'hich must hel" and ease the s"leen.
To these I may add roses$ #iolets$ ca"ers$ featherfe'$ scordium$ staechas$
rosemary$ ros solis$ saffron$ ochyme$ s'eet a""les$ 'ine$ tobacco$ sanders$
Fc. That Peru#ian chamico$ _monstrosa facultate Fc._$ *inshcosteus 3atura<
and to such as are cold$ the ;?,.?Gdecoction of guiacum$ :hina
sarsa"arilla$ sassafras$ the flo'ers of carduus benedictus$ 'hich I find
much used by Montanus in his :onsultations$ Dulius Ale+andrinus$ *elius$
Egubinus$ and others. ;?,.@Gernardus Penottus "refers his herba solis$ or
3utch sinda'$ before all the rest in this disease$ Land 'ill admit of no
herb u"on the earth to be com"arable to it.L It e+cels 5omer!s moly$ cures
this$ falling sic%ness$ and almost all other infirmities. The same Penottus
s"ea%s of an e+cellent balm out of A"onensis$ 'hich$ ta%en to the 0uantity
of three dro"s in a cu" of 'ine$ ;?,.-GL'ill cause a sudden alteration$
dri#e a'ay dum"s$ and cheer u" the heart.L Ant. Guianerius$ in his
Antidotary$ hath many such. ;?,.AGDacobus de 3ondis the aggregator$ re"eats
ambergris$ nutmegs$ and alls"ice amongst the rest. ut that cannot be
general. Amber and s"ice 'ill ma%e a hot brain mad$ good for cold and
moist. Garcias ab 5orto hath many Indian "lants$ 'hose #irtues he much
magnifies in this disease. *emnius$ _instit. ca". @/._ admires rue$ and
commends it to ha#e e+cellent #irtue$ ;?,./GLto e+"el #ain imaginations$
de#ils$ and to ease afflicted souls.L 2ther things are much magnified
;?,.BGby 'riters$ as an old coc%$ a ram!s head$ a 'olf!s heart borne or
eaten$ 'hich Mercurialis a""ro#es< Pros"er Altinus the 'ater of 8ilus<
Gomesius all sea'ater$ and at seasonable times to be seasic%& goat!s mil%$
'hey$ Fc.
9H9E:T. II.--_Precious 9tones$ Metals$ Minerals$ Alterati#es_.
Precious stones are di#ersely censured< many e+"lode the use of them or any
minerals in "hysic$ of 'hom Thomas Erastus is the chief$ in his tract
against Paracelsus$ and in an e"istle of his to Peter Mona#ius$ ;?,?CG
LThat stones can 'or% any 'onders$ let them belie#e that list$ no man shall
"ersuade me< for my "art$ I ha#e found by e+"erience there is no #irtue in
them.L ut Matthiolus$ in his comment u"on ;?,?,G3ioscorides$ is as "rofuse
on the other side$ in their commendation< so is :ardan$ 1enodeus$ Alardus$
1ueus$ Encelius$ Marbodeus$ Fc. ;?,?=GMatthiolus s"ecifies in coral& and
2s'aldus :rollius$ _asil. :hym_. "refers the salt of coral.
;?,?.G:hristo"h. Encelius$ _lib. .. ca". ,.,._ 'ill ha#e them to be as so
many se#eral medicines against melancholy$ sorro'$ fear$ dullness$ and the
li%e< ;?,??G1enodeus admires them$ Lbesides they adorn %ings! cro'ns$ grace
the fingers$ enrich our household stuff$ defend us from enchantments$
"reser#e health$ cure diseases$ they dri#e a'ay grief$ cares$ and
e+hilarate the mind.L The "articulars be these.
Granatus$ a "recious stone so called$ because it is li%e the %ernels of a
"omegranate$ an im"erfect %ind of ruby$ it comes from :alecut< ;?,?@GLif
hung about the nec%$ or ta%en in drin%$ it much resisteth sorro'$ and
recreates the heart.L The same "ro"erties I find ascribed to the hyacinth
and to"az. ;?,?-GThey allay anger$ grief$ diminish madness$ much delight
and e+hilarate the mind. ;?,?AGLIf it be either carried about$ or ta%en in
a "otion$ it 'ill increase 'isdom$L saith :ardan$ Le+"el fear< he brags
that he hath cured many madmen 'ith it$ 'hich$ 'hen they laid by the stone$
'ere as mad again as e#er they 'ere at first.L Petrus ayerus$ _lib. =.
ca". ,.. #eni mecum_$ 7ran. 1ueus$ _ca". ,B. de geminis_$ say as much of
the chrysolite$ ;?,?/Ga friend of 'isdom$ an enemy to folly. Pliny$ _lib.
.A._ 9olinus$ _ca". @=._ Albertus _de *a"id._ :ardan. Encelius$ _lib. ..
ca". --._ highly magnifies the #irtue of the beryl$ ;?,?BGLit much a#ails
to a good understanding$ re"resseth #ain conceits$ e#il thoughts$ causeth
mirth$L Fc. In the belly of a s'allo' there is a stone found called
chelidonius$ ;?,@CGL'hich if it be la""ed in a fair cloth$ and tied to the
right arm$ 'ill cure lunatics$ madmen$ ma%e them amiable and merry.L
There is a %ind of ony+ called a chalcedony$ 'hich hath the same 0ualities$
;?,@,GLa#ails much against fantastic illusions 'hich "roceed from
melancholy$L "reser#es the #igour and good estate of the 'hole body.
The Eban stone$ 'hich goldsmiths use to slee%en their gold 'ith$ borne
about or gi#en to drin%$ ;?,@=Ghath the same "ro"erties$ or not much
unli%e.
*e#inus *emnius$ _Institui. ad #it. ca". @/._ amongst other je'els$ ma%es
mention of t'o more notable< carbuncle and coral$ ;?,@.GL'hich dri#e a'ay
childish fears$ de#ils$ o#ercome sorro'$ and hung about the nec% re"ress
troublesome dreams$L 'hich "ro"erties almost :ardan gi#es to that
green-coloured ;?,@?Gemmetris if it be carried about$ or 'orn in a ring<
1ueus to the diamond.
8icholas :abeus$ a Desuit of 7errara$ in the first boo% of his Magnetical
Philoso"hy$ _ca". .._ s"ea%ing of the #irtues of a loadstone$ recites many
se#eral o"inions< some say that if it be ta%en in "arcels in'ard$ _si 0uis
"er frustra #oret$ ju#entutem restituet_$ it 'ill$ li%e #i"er!s 'ine$
restore one to his youth< and yet if carried about them$ others 'ill ha#e
it to cause melancholy< let e+"erience determine.
Mercurialis admires the emerald for its #irtues in "acifying all affections
of the mind< others the sa""hire$ 'hich is Lthe ;?,@@Gfairest of all
"recious stones$ of s%y colour$ and a great enemy to blac% choler$ frees
the mind$ mends manners$L Fc. Dacobus de 3ondis$ in his catalogue of
sim"les$ hath ambergris$ _os in corde cer#i_$ ;?,@-Gthe bone in a stag!s
heart$ a monocerot!s horn$ bezoar!s stone ;?,@AG(of 'hich else'here)$ it is
found in the belly of a little beast in the East Indies$ brought into
Euro"e by 5ollanders$ and our countrymen merchants. 1enodeus$ _ca". ==.
lib. .. de ment. med_. saith he sa' t'o of these beasts ali#e$ in the
castle of the *ord of Iitry at :oubert.
*a"is lazuli and armenus$ because they "urge$ shall be mentioned in their
"lace.
2f the rest in brief thus much I 'ill add out of :ardan$ 1enodeus$ _ca".
=.. lib. .._ 1ondoletius$ _lib. ,. de Testat. c. ,@. Fc._ ;?,@/GLThat
almost all je'els and "recious stones ha#e e+cellent #irtuesL to "acify the
affections of the mind$ for 'hich cause rich men so much co#et to ha#e
them& ;?,@BGLand those smaller unions 'hich are found in shells amongst the
Persians and Indians$ by the consent of all 'riters$ are #ery cordial$ and
most "art a#ail to the e+hilaration of the heart.L
_Minerals._G Most men say as much of gold and some other minerals$ as these
ha#e done of "recious stones. Erastus still maintains the o""osite "art.
_3is"ut. in Paracelsum. ca". ?. fol. ,B-._ he confesseth of gold$ ;?,-CG
Lthat it ma%es the heart merry$ but in no other sense but as it is in a
miser!s chest&L _at mihi "laudo simul ac nummos contem"lor in arca_$ as he
said in the "oet$ it so re#i#es the s"irits$ and is an e+cellent reci"e
against melancholy$
;?,-,G _7or gold in "hysic is a cordial$
Therefore he lo#ed gold in s"ecial._
_Aurum "otabile_$ ;?,-=Ghe discommends and in#eighs against it$ by reason
of the corrosi#e 'aters 'hich are used in it& 'hich argument our 3r. Guin
urgeth against 3. Antonius. ;?,-.GErastus concludes their "hiloso"hical
stones and "otable gold$ Fc. Lto be no better than "oison$L a mere
im"osture$ a _non ens_< dug out of that broody hill beli%e this golden
stone is$ _ubi nascetur ridiculus mus_. Paracelsus and his chemistical
follo'ers$ as so many Promethei$ 'ill fetch fire from hea#en$ 'ill cure all
manner of diseases 'ith minerals$ accounting them the only "hysic on the
other side. ;?,-?GParacelsus calls Galen$ 5i""ocrates$ and all their
adherents$ infants$ idiots$ so"histers$ Fc. _A"agesis istos 0ui Iulcanias
istas metamor"hoses sugillant$ inscitiae soboles$ su"inae "ertinaciae
alumnos_$ Fc.$ not 'orthy the name of "hysicians$ for 'ant of these
remedies& and brags that by them he can ma%e a man li#e ,-C years$ or to
the 'orld!s end$ 'ith their ;?,-@G_Ale+i"harmacums$ Panaceas$ Mummias$
unguentum Armarium_$ and such magnetical cures$ _*am"as #itae et mortis$
alneum 3ianae$ alsamum$ Electrum Magico-"hysicum$ Amuleta Martialia_$ Fc.
4hat 'ill not he and his follo'ers effectN 5e brags$ moreo#er$ that he 'as
_"rimus medicorum_$ and did more famous cures than all the "hysicians in
Euro"e besides$ ;?,--GLa dro" of his "re"arations should go farther than a
dram$ or ounce of theirs$L those loathsome and fulsome filthy "otions$
heteroclitical "ills (so he calls them)$ horse medicines$ _ad 0uoram
as"ectum :yclo"s Poly"hemus e+horresceret_. And though some condemn their
s%ill and magnetical cures as tending to magical su"erstition$ 'itchery$
charms$ Fc.$ yet they admire$ stiffly #indicate ne#ertheless$ and
infinitely "refer them. ut these are both in e+tremes$ the middle sort
a""ro#e of minerals$ though not in so high a degree. *emnius _lib. .. ca".
-. de occult. nat. mir_. commends gold in'ardly and out'ardly used$ as in
rings$ e+cellent good in medicines< and such mi+tures as are made for
melancholy men$ saith 4ec%er$ _antid. s"ec. lib. ,._ to 'hom 1enodeus
subscribes$ _lib. =. ca". =._ 7icinus$ _lib. =. ca". ,B._ 7ernel. _meth.
med. lib. @. ca". =,. de :ardiacis_. 3aniel 9ennertus$ _lib. ,. "art. =.
ca". B._ Audernacus$ *iba#ius$ Kuercetanus$ 2s'aldus :rollius$ Eu#onymus$
1ubeus$ and Matthiolus in the fourth boo% of his E"istles$ Andreas a la'en
_e"ist. ad Matthiolum_$ as commended and formerly used by A#icenna$
Arnoldus$ and many others& ;?,-AGMatthiolus in the same "lace a""ro#es of
"otable gold$ mercury$ 'ith many such chemical confections$ and goes so far
in a""robation of them$ that he holds ;?,-/G Lno man can be an e+cellent
"hysician that hath not some s%ill in chemistical distillations$ and that
chronic diseases can hardly be cured 'ithout mineral medicines&L loo% for
antimony among "urgers.
9H9E:T. I.--_:om"ound Alterati#es< censure of :om"ounds$ and mi+ed
Physic_.
Pliny$ _lib. =?. c. ,_$ bitterly ta+eth all com"ound medicines$ ;?,-BG
LMen!s %na#ery$ im"osture$ and ca"tious 'its$ ha#e in#ented those sho"s$ in
'hich e#ery man!s life is set to sale& and by and by came in those
com"ositions and ine+"licable mi+tures$ far-fetched out of India and
Arabia< a medicine for a botch must be had as far as the 1ed 9ea.L And !tis
not 'ithout cause 'hich he saith< for out of 0uestion they are much to
;?,ACGblame in their com"ositions$ 'hilst they ma%e infinite #ariety of
mi+tures$ as ;?,A,G7uchsius notes. LThey thin% they get themsel#es great
credit$ e+cel others$ and to be more learned than the rest$ because they
ma%e many #ariations< but he accounts them fools$ and 'hilst they brag of
their s%ill$ and thin% to get themsel#es a name$ they become ridiculous$
betray their ignorance and error.L A fe' sim"les 'ell "re"ared and
understood$ are better than such a hea" of nonsense$ confused com"ounds$
'hich are in a"othecaries! sho"s ordinarily sold. LIn 'hich many #ain$
su"erfluous$ corru"t$ e+olete$ things out of date are to be hadL (saith
:ornarius)< La com"any of barbarous names gi#en to syru"s$ jule"s$ an
unnecessary com"any of mi+ed medicines<L _rudis indigesta0ue moles_. Many
times (as Agri""a ta+eth) there is by this means ;?,A=GLmore danger from
the medicine than from the disease$L 'hen they "ut together they %no' not
'hat$ or lea#e it to an illiterate a"othecary to be made$ they cause death
and horror for health. Those old "hysicians had no such mi+tures< a sim"le
"otion of hellebore in 5i""ocrates! time 'as the ordinary "urge< and at
this day$ saith ;?,A.GMat. 1iccius$ in that flourishing common'ealth of
:hina$ Ltheir "hysicians gi#e "rece"ts 0uite o""osite to ours$ not unha""y
in their "hysic< they use altogether roots$ herbs$ and sim"les in their
medicines$ and all their "hysic in a manner is com"rehended in a herbal& no
science$ no school$ no art$ no degree$ but li%e a trade$ e#ery man in
"ri#ate is instructed of his master.L ;?,A?G:ardan crac%s that he can cure
all diseases 'ith 'ater alone$ as 5i""ocrates of old did most infirmities
'ith one medicine. *et the best of our rational "hysicians demonstrate and
gi#e a sufficient reason for those intricate mi+tures$ 'hy just so many
sim"les in mithridate or treacle$ 'hy such and such 0uantity< may they not
be reduced to half or a 0uarterN _7rustra fit "er "lura_ (as the saying is)
_0uod fieri "otest "er "auciora_< .CC sim"les in a jule"$ "otion$ or a
little "ill$ to 'hat end or "ur"oseN I %no' not 'hat ;?,A@GAl%indus$
:a"i#accius$ Montagna$ and 9imon Eito#er$ the best of them all and most
rational$ ha#e said in this %ind< but neither he$ they$ nor any one of
them$ gi#es his reader$ to my judgment$ that satisfaction 'hich he ought<
'hy such$ so many sim"lesN 1og. acon hath ta+ed many errors in his tract
_de graduationibus_$ e+"lained some things$ but not cleared. Mercurialis in
his boo% _de com"osit. medicin._ gi#es instance in 5amech$ and Philonium
1omanum$ 'hich 5amech an Arabian$ and Philonius a 1oman$ long since
com"osed$ but _crasse_ as the rest. If they be so e+act$ as by him it seems
they 'ere$ and those mi+tures so "erfect$ 'hy doth 7ernelius alter the one$
and 'hy is the other obsoleteN ;?,A-G:ardan ta+eth Galen for "resuming out
of his ambition to correct Theriachum Andromachi$ and 'e as justly may car"
at all the rest. Galen!s medicines are no' e+"loded and rejected< 'hat
8icholas Meri"sa$ Mesue$ :elsus$ 9cribanius$ Actuarius$ Fc. 'rit of old$
are most "art contemned. Mellichius$ :ordus$ 4ec%er$ Kuercetan$ 1enodeus$
the Ienetian$ 7lorentine states ha#e their se#eral recei"ts$ and
magistrals& they of 8uremberg ha#e theirs$ and Augustana Pharmaco"oeia$
"eculiar medicines to the meridian of the city& *ondon hers$ e#ery city$
to'n$ almost e#ery "ri#ate man hath his o'n mi+tures$ com"ositions$
recei"ts$ magistrals$ "rece"ts$ as if he scorned anti0uity$ and all others
in res"ect of himself. ut each man must correct and alter to sho' his
s%ill$ e#ery o"inionati#e fello' must maintain his o'n "arado+$ be it 'hat
it 'ill< _3elirant reges$ "lectuntur Achi#i_& they dote$ and in the
meantime the "oor "atients "ay for their ne' e+"eriments$ the commonalty
rue it.
Thus others object$ thus I may concei#e out of the 'ea%ness of my
a""rehension< but to say truth$ there is no such fault$ no such ambition$
no no#elty$ or ostentation$ as some su""ose< but as ;?,AAGone ans'ers$ this
of com"ound medicines$ Lis a most noble and "rofitable in#ention found out$
and brought into "hysic 'ith great judgment$ 'isdom$ counsel and
discretion.L Mi+ed diseases must ha#e mi+ed remedies$ and such sim"les are
commonly mi+ed as ha#e reference to the "art affected$ some to 0ualify$ the
rest to comfort$ some one "art$ some another. :ardan and rassa#ola both
hold that _8ullum sim"le+ medicamentum sine no+a_$ no sim"le medicine is
'ithout hurt or offence< and although 5i""ocrates$ Erasistratus$ 3iocles of
old$ in the infancy of this art$ 'ere content 'ith ordinary sim"les& yet
no'$ saith ;?,A/GAetius$ Lnecessity com"elleth to see% for ne' remedies$
and to ma%e com"ounds of sim"les$ as 'ell to correct their harms if cold$
dry$ hot$ thic%$ thin$ insi"id$ noisome to smell$ to ma%e them sa#oury to
the "alate$ "leasant to taste and ta%e$ and to "reser#e them for
continuance$ by admi+tion of sugar$ honey$ to ma%e them last months and
years for se#eral uses.L In such cases$ com"ound medicines may be a""ro#ed$
and Arnoldus in his ,/. a"horism$ doth allo' of it. ;?,ABGLIf sim"les
cannot$ necessity com"els us to use com"ounds<L so for recei"ts and
magistrals$ _dies diem docet_$ one day teacheth another$ and they are as so
many 'ords or "hrases$ _Kue nunc sunt in honore #ocabula si #olet usus_$
ebb and flo' 'ith the season$ and as 'its #ary$ so they may be infinitely
#aried. _Kuis0ue suum "lacitum 0uo ca"iatur habet._ LE#ery man as he li%es$
so many men so many minds$L and yet all tending to good "ur"ose$ though not
the same 'ay. As arts and sciences$ so "hysic is still "erfected amongst
the rest< _5orae musarum nutrices_$ and e+"erience teacheth us e#ery day
;?,/CGmany things 'hich our "redecessors %ne' not of. 8ature is not effete$
as he saith$ or so la#ish$ to besto' all her gifts u"on an age$ but hath
reser#ed some for "osterity$ to sho' her "o'er$ that she is still the same$
and not old or consumed. irds and beasts can cure themsel#es by nature$
;?,/,G_naturae usu ea "lerum0ue cognoscunt 0uae homines #i+ longo labore et
doctrina asse0uuntur_$ but Lmen must use much labour and industry to find
it out.L ut I digress.
:om"ound medicines are in'ardly ta%en$ or out'ardly a""lied. In'ardly
ta%en$ be either li0uid or solid& li0uid$ are fluid or consisting. 7luid$
as 'ines and syru"s. The 'ines ordinarily used to this disease are 'orm'ood
'ine$ tamaris%$ and buglossatum$ 'ine made of borage and bugloss$ the
com"osition of 'hich is s"ecified in Arnoldus Iillano#anus$ _lib. de
#inis_$ of borage$ balm$ bugloss$ cinnamon$ Fc. and highly commended for
its #irtues& ;?,/=GLit dri#es a'ay le"rosy$ scabs$ clears the blood$
recreates the s"irits$ e+hilarates the mind$ "urgeth the brain of those
an+ious blac% melancholy fumes$ and cleanseth the 'hole body of that blac%
humour by urine. To 'hich I add$L saith Iillano#anus$ Lthat it 'ill bring
madmen$ and such raging bedlamites as are tied in chains$ to the use of
their reason again. My conscience bears me 'itness$ that I do not lie$ I
sa' a gra#e matron hel"ed by this means< she 'as so choleric$ and so
furious sometimes$ that she 'as almost mad$ and beside herself< she said$
and did she %ne' not 'hat$ scolded$ beat her maids$ and 'as no' ready to be
bound till she dran% of this borage 'ine$ and by this e+cellent remedy 'as
cured$ 'hich a "oor foreigner$ a silly beggar$ taught her by chance$ that
came to cra#e an alms from door to door.L The juice of borage$ if it be
clarified$ and drun% in 'ine$ 'ill do as much$ the roots sliced and
stee"ed$ Fc. saith Ant. Mizaldus$ _art. med._ 'ho cities this story
#erbatim out of Iillano#anus$ and so doth Magninus a "hysician of Milan$ in
his regimen of health. 9uch another e+cellent com"ound 'ater I find in
1ubeus _de distill. sect. .._ 'hich he highly magnifies out of 9a#anarola$
;?,/.GLfor such as are solitary$ dull$ hea#y or sad 'ithout a cause$ or be
troubled 'ith trembling of heart.L 2ther e+cellent com"ound 'aters for
melancholy$ he cites in the same "lace. ;?,/?GLIf their melancholy be not
inflamed$ or their tem"erature o#er-hot.L E#onimus hath a "recious
_a0ua#itae_ to this "ur"ose$ for such as are cold. ut he and most commend
_aurum "otabile_$ and e#ery 'riter "rescribes clarified 'hey$ 'ith borage$
bugloss$ endi#e$ succory$ Fc. of goat!s mil% es"ecially$ some indefinitely
at all times$ some thirty days together in the s"ring$ e#ery morning
fasting$ a good draught. 9yru"s are #ery good$ and often used to digest
this humour in the heart$ s"leen$ li#er$ Fc. As syru" of borage (there is a
famous syru" of borage highly commended by *aurentius to this "ur"ose in
his tract of melancholy)$ _de "omis_ of %ing 9abor$ no' obsolete$ of thyme
and e"ithyme$ ho"s$ scolo"endria$ fumitory$ maidenhair$ bizantine$ Fc.
These are most used for "re"arati#es to other "hysic$ mi+ed 'ith distilled
'aters of li%e nature$ or in jule"s other'ise.
:onsisting$ are conser#es or confections< conser#es of borage$ bugloss$
balm$ fumitory$ succory$ maidenhair$ #iolets$ roses$ 'orm'ood$ Fc.
:onfections$ treacle$ mithridate$ eclegms$ or linctures$ Fc. 9olid$ as
aromatical confections& hot$ _diambra$ diamargaritum calidum$ dianthus$
diamoschum dulce$ electuarium de gemmis laetificans Galeni et 1hasis$
diagalanga$ diaciminum dianisum$ diatrion "i"erion$ diazinziber$ diaca"ers$
diacinnamonum_& :old$ as _diamargaritum frigidum$ diacorolli$ diarrhodon
abbatis$ diacodion_$ Fc. as e#ery _"harmaco"oeia_ 'ill sho' you$ 'ith their
tables or losings that are made out of them& 'ith condites and the li%e.
2ut'ardly used as occasion ser#es$ as amulets$ oils hot and cold$ as of
camomile$ staechados$ #iolets$ roses$ almonds$ "o""y$ nym"hea$ mandra%e$
Fc. to be used after bathing$ or to "rocure slee".
2intments com"osed of the said s"ecies$ oils and 'a+$ Fc.$ as
_Alablastritum Po"uleum_$ some hot$ some cold$ to moisten$ "rocure slee"$
and correct other accidents.
*iniments are made of the same matter to the li%e "ur"ose& em"lasters of
herbs$ flo'ers$ roots$ Fc.$ 'ith oils$ and other li0uors mi+ed and boiled
together.
:ata"lasms$ sal#es$ or "oultices made of green herbs$ "ounded$ or sod in
'ater till they be soft$ 'hich are a""lied to the hy"ochondries$ and other
"arts$ 'hen the body is em"ty.
:erotes are a""lied to se#eral "arts and frontals$ to ta%e a'ay "ain$
grief$ heat$ "rocure slee". 7omentations or s"onges$ 'et in some
decoctions$ Fc.$ e"ithemata$ or those moist medicines$ laid on linen$ to
bathe and cool se#eral "arts misaffected.
9acculi$ or little bags of herbs$ flo'ers$ seeds$ roots$ and the li%e$
a""lied to the head$ heart$ stomach$ Fc.$ odoraments$ balls$ "erfumes$
"osies to smell to$ all 'hich ha#e their se#eral uses in melancholy$ as
shall be sho'n$ 'hen I treat of the cure of the distinct s"ecies by
themsel#es.
MEM. II.
9H9E:T. I.--_Purging 9im"les u"'ard_.
Melanagoga$ or melancholy "urging medicines$ are either sim"le or com"ound$
and that gently$ or #iolently$ "urging u"'ard or do'n'ard. These follo'ing
"urge u"'ard. ;?,/@GAsarum$ or Asrabecca$ 'hich$ as Mesue saith$ is hot in
the second degree$ and dry in the third$ Lit is commonly ta%en in 'ine$
'hey$L or as 'ith us$ the juice of t'o or three lea#es or more sometimes$
"ounded in "osset drin% 0ualified 'ith a little li0uorice$ or aniseed$ to
a#oid the fulsomeness of the taste$ or as _3iaserum 7ernelii_. rassi#ola
_in :atart_. rec%ons it u" amongst those sim"les that only "urge
melancholy$ and 1uellius confirms as much out of his e+"erience$ that it
"urgeth ;?,/-Gblac% choler$ li%e hellebore itself. Galen$ _lib. G.
sim"lic_. and ;?,/AGMatthiolus ascribe other #irtues to it$ and 'ill ha#e
it "urge other humours as 'ell as this.
*aurel$ by 5eurnius!s method$ _ad "ra+. lib. =. ca". =?._ is "ut amongst
the strong "urgers of melancholy< it is hot and dry in the fourth degree.
3ioscorides$ _lib. ,,. ca". ,,?._ adds other effects to it. ;?,//GPliny
sets do'n fifteen berries in drin% for a sufficient "otion& it is commonly
corrected 'ith his o""osites$ cold and moist$ as juice of endi#e$ "urslane$
and is ta%en in a "otion to se#en grains and a half. ut this and
asrabecca$ e#ery gentle'oman in the country %no's ho' to gi#e$ they are t'o
common #omits.
9cilla$ or sea-onion$ is hot and dry in the third degree. rassi#ola _in
:atart_. out of Mesue$ others$ and his o'n e+"erience$ 'ill ha#e this
sim"le to "urge ;?,/BGmelancholy alone. It is an ordinary #omit$ _#inum
scilliticum_ mi+ed 'ith rubel in a little 'hite 'ine.
4hite hellebore$ 'hich some call sneezing-"o'der$ a strong "urger u"'ard$
'hich many reject$ as being too #iolent& Mesue and A#erroes 'ill not admit
of it$ ;?,BCGLby reason of danger of suffocation$L ;?,B,GLgreat "ain and
trouble it "uts the "oor "atient to$L saith 3odonaeus. Eet Galen$ _lib. -.
sim"l. med._ and 3ioscorides$ _ca". ,?@._ allo' of it. It 'as indeed ;?,B=G
Lterrible in former times$L as Pliny notes$ but no' familiar$ insomuch that
many too% it in those days$ ;?,B.GLthat 'ere students$ to 0uic%en their
'its$L 'hich Persius _9at. ,._ objects to Accius the "oet$ _Illas Acci
ebria #eratro_. ;?,B?GLIt hel"s melancholy$ the falling sic%ness$ madness$
gout$ Fc.$ but not to be ta%en of old men$ youths$ such as are 'ea%lings$
nice$ or effeminate$ troubled 'ith headache$ high-coloured$ or fear
strangling$L saith 3ioscorides. ;?,B@G2ribasius$ an old "hysician$ hath
'ritten #ery co"iously$ and a""ro#es of it$ Lin such affections 'hich can
other'ise hardly be cured.L 5ernius$ _lib. =. "ra+. med. de #omitoriis_$
'ill not ha#e it used ;?,B-GLbut 'ith great caution$ by reason of its
strength$ and then 'hen antimony 'ill do no good$L 'hich caused 5ermo"hilus
to com"are it to a stout ca"tain (as :odroneus obser#es _ca". A. comment.
de 5elleb._) that 'ill see all his soldiers go before him and come _"ost
"rinci"ia_$ li%e the bragging soldier$ last himself< ;?,BAG'hen other hel"s
fail in in#eterate melancholy$ in a des"erate case$ this #omit is to be
ta%en. And yet for all this$ if it be 'ell "re"ared$ it may be ;?,B/G
securely gi#en at first. ;?,BBGMatthiolus brags$ that he hath often$ to the
good of many$ made use of it$ and 5eurnius$ ;?=CCGLthat he hath ha""ily
used it$ "re"ared after his o'n "rescri"t$L and 'ith good success.
:hristo"horus a Iega$ _lib. .. c. ?,_$ is of the same o"inion$ that it may
be la'fully gi#en< and our country gentle'omen find it by their common
"ractice$ that there is no such great danger in it. 3r. Turner$ s"ea%ing of
this "lant in his 5erbal$ telleth us$ that in his time it 'as an ordinary
recei"t among good 'i#es$ to gi#e hellebore in "o'der to ii!d 'eight$ and
he is not much against it. ut they do commonly e+ceed$ for 'ho so bold as
blind ayard$ and "rescribe it by "enny'orths$ and such irrational 'ays$ as
I ha#e heard myself mar%et fol%s as% for it in an a"othecary!s sho"& but
'ith 'hat success God %no's< they smart often for their rash boldness and
folly$ brea% a #ein$ ma%e their eyes ready to start out of their heads$ or
%ill themsel#es. 9o that the fault is not in the "hysic$ but in the rude
and indiscreet handling of it. 5e that 'ill %no'$ therefore$ 'hen to use$
ho' to "re"are it aright$ and in 'hat dose$ let him read 5eurnius _lib. =.
"ra+. med_. rassi#ola _de :atart_. Godefridus 9tegius the em"eror
1udol"hus! "hysician$ _ca". ,-._ Matthiolus in 3ioscor. and that e+cellent
commentary of a"tista :odroncus$ 'hich is _instar omnium de 5elleb. alb._
'here 'e shall find great di#ersity of e+am"les and recei"ts.
Antimony or stibium$ 'hich our chemists so much magnify$ is either ta%en in
substance or infusion$ Fc.$ and fre0uently "rescribed in this disease. LIt
hel"s all infirmities$L saith ;?=C,GMatthiolus$ L'hich "roceed from blac%
choler$ falling sic%ness$ and hy"ochondriacal "assions<L and for farther
"roof of his assertion$ he gi#es se#eral instances of such as ha#e been
freed 'ith it& ;?=C=Gone of Andre' Gallus$ a "hysician of Trent$ that after
many other essays$ Lim"utes the reco#ery of his health$ ne+t after God$ to
this remedy alone.L Another of George 5andshius$ that in li%e sort$ 'hen
other medicines failed$ ;?=C.GL'as by this restored to his former health$
and 'hich of his %no'ledge others ha#e li%e'ise tried$ and by the hel" of
this admirable medicine$ been reco#ered.L A third of a "arish "riest at
Prague in ohemia$ ;?=C?GLthat 'as so far gone 'ith melancholy$ that he
doted$ and s"a%e he %ne' not 'hat< but after he had ta%en t'el#e grains of
stibium$ (as I myself sa'$ and can 'itness$ for I 'as called to see this
miraculous accident) he 'as "urged of a deal of blac% choler$ li%e little
gobbets of flesh$ and all his e+crements 'ere as blac% blood (a medicine
fitter for a horse than a man)$ yet it did him so much good$ that the ne+t
day he 'as "erfectly cured.L This #ery story of the ohemian "riest$
9c%en%ius relates _#erbatim$ E+oter. e+"eriment. ad. #ar. morb. cent. -.
obser#. -._ 'ith great a""robation of it. 5ercules de 9a+onia calls it a
"rofitable medicine$ if it be ta%en after meat to si+ or eight grains$ of
such as are a"t to #omit. 1odericus a 7onseca the 9"aniard$ and late
"rofessor of Padua in Italy$ e+tols it to this disease$ Tom. =. consul. /@.
so doth *od. Mercatus _de inter. morb. cur. lib. ,. ca". ,A._ 'ith many
others. Dacobus Ger#inus a 7rench "hysician$ on the other side$ _lib. =. de
#enemis confut._ e+"lodes all this$ and saith he too% three grains only
u"on Matthiolus and some others! commendation$ but it almost %illed him$
'hereu"on he concludes$ ;?=C@GLantimony is rather "oison than a medicine.L
Th. Erastus concurs 'ith him in his o"inion$ and so doth Aelian Montaltus
_ca". .C de melan._ ut 'hat do I tal%N !tis the subject of 'hole boo%s< I
might cite a century of authors _"ro_ and _con_. I 'ill conclude 'ith
;?=C-G>uinger$ antimony is li%e 9canderbeg!s s'ord$ 'hich is either good or
bad$ strong or 'ea%$ as the "arty is that "rescribes$ or useth it& La
'orthy medicine if it be rightly a""lied to a strong man$ other'ise
"oison.L 7or the "re"aring of it$ loo% in _E#onimi thesaurus_$ Kuercetan$
2s'aldus :rollius$ asil. _:him. asil._ Ialentius$ Fc.
Tobacco$ di#ine$ rare$ su"ere+cellent tobacco$ 'hich goes far beyond all
the "anaceas$ "otable gold$ and "hiloso"her!s stones$ a so#ereign remedy to
all diseases. A good #omit$ I confess$ a #irtuous herb$ if it be 'ell
0ualified$ o""ortunely ta%en$ and medicinally used< but as it is commonly
abused by most men$ 'hich ta%e it as tin%ers do ale$ !tis a "lague$ a
mischief$ a #iolent "urger of goods$ lands$ health$ hellish$ de#ilish and
damned tobacco$ the ruin and o#erthro' of body and soul.
9H9E:T. II.--_9im"les "urging Melancholy do'n'ard_.
Poly"ody and e"ithyme are$ 'ithout all e+ce"tions$ gentle "urgers of
melancholy. 3ioscorides 'ill ha#e them #oid "hlegm< but rassi#ola out of
his e+"erience a#erreth$ that they "urge this humour< they are used in
decoction$ infusion$ Fc. sim"le$ mi+ed$ Fc.
Mirabolanes$ all fi#e %inds$ are ha""ily ;?=CAG"rescribed against
melancholy and 0uartan agues< rassi#ola s"ea%s out ;?=C/GLof a thousandL
e+"eriences$ he ga#e them in "ills$ decoctions$ Fc.$ loo% for "eculiar
recei"ts in him.
9toechas$ fumitory$ dodder$ herb mercury$ roots of ca"ers$ genista or
broom$ "ennyroyal and half-boiled cabbage$ I find in this catalogue of
"urgers of blac% choler$ origan$ featherfe'$ ammoniac ;?=CBGsalt$
salt"etre. ut these are #ery gentle< aly""us$ dragon root$ centaury$
ditany$ colutea$ 'hich 7uchsius _ca". ,-/_ and others ta%e for senna$ but
most distinguish. 9enna is in the middle of #iolent and gentle "urgers
do'n'ard$ hot in the second degree$ dry in the first. rassi#ola calls it
;?=,CGLa 'onderful herb against melancholy$ it scours the blood$ lightens
the s"irits$ sha%es off sorro'$ a most "rofitable medicine$L as ;?=,,G
3odonaeus terms it$ in#ented by the Arabians$ and not heard of before. It
is ta%en di#erse 'ays$ in "o'der$ infusion$ but most commonly in the
infusion$ 'ith ginger$ or some cordial flo'ers added to correct it.
Actuarius commends it sodden in broth$ 'ith an old coc%$ or in 'hey$ 'hich
is the common con#eyor of all such things as "urge blac% choler< or stee"ed
in 'ine$ 'hich 5eurnius accounts sufficient$ 'ithout any farther
correction.
Aloes by most is said to "urge choler$ but Aurelianus _lib. =. c. -. de
morb. chron._ Arculanus _ca". -. in B. 1hasis_ Dulius Ale+andrinus$
_consil. ,/@._ 9coltz. :rato _consil ,/B._ 9coltz. "rescribe it to this
disease< as good for the stomach and to o"en the haemorrhoids$ out of
Mesue$ 1hasis$ 9era"io$ A#icenna& Menardus _e". lib. ,. e"ist. ,._ o""oseth
it$ aloes ;?=,=GLdoth not o"en the #eins$L or mo#e the haemorrhoids$ 'hich
*eonhartus 7uchsius _"arado+. lib. ,._ li%e'ise affirms< but rassi#ola and
3odonaeus defend Mesue out of their e+"erience< let ;?=,.GIalesius end the
contro#ersy.
*a"is armenus and lazuli are much magnified by ;?=,?GAle+ander _lib. ,.
ca". ,-._ A#icenna$ Aetius$ and Actuarius$ if they be 'ell 'ashed$ that the
'ater be no more coloured$ fifty times some say. ;?=,@GLThat good
Ale+anderL (saith Guianerus) L"uts such confidence in this one medicine$
that he thought all melancholy "assions might be cured by it< and I for my
"art ha#e oftentimes ha""ily used it$ and 'as ne#er decei#ed in the
o"eration of it.L The li%e may be said of la"is lazuli$ though it be
some'hat 'ea%er than the other. Garcias ab 5orto$ _hist. lib. ,. ca". -@._
relates$ that the ;?=,-G"hysicians of the Moors familiarly "rescribe it to
all melancholy "assions$ and Matthiolus _e". lib. .._ ;?=,AGbrags of that
ha""y success 'hich he still had in the administration of it. 8icholas
Meri"sa "uts it amongst the best remedies$ _sect. ,. ca". ,=._ in
Antidotis< ;?=,/GLand if this 'ill not ser#eL (saith 1hasis) Lthen there
remains nothing but la"is armenus and hellebore itself.L Ialescus and Dason
Pratensis much commend "ul#is hali$ 'hich is made of it. Dames 3amascen.
_=. ca". ,=._ 5ercules de 9a+onia$ Fc.$ s"ea%s 'ell of it. :rato 'ill not
a""ro#e this< it and both hellebores$ he saith$ are no better than "oison.
Iictor Trinca#elius$ _lib. =. ca". ,?_$ found it in his e+"erience$
;?=,BGLto be #ery noisome$ to trouble the stomach$ and hurt their bodies
that ta%e it o#ermuch.L
lac% hellebore$ that most reno'ned "lant$ and famous "urger of melancholy$
'hich all anti0uity so much used and admired$ 'as first found out by
Melan"odius a she"herd$ as Pliny records$ _lib. =@. ca". @._ ;?==CG'ho$
seeing it to "urge his goats 'hen they ra#ed$ "ractised it u"on Elige and
:alene$ 6ing Praetus! daughters$ that ruled in Arcadia$ near the fountain
:litorius$ and restored them to their former health. In 5i""ocrates!s time
it 'as in only re0uest$ insomuch that he 'rit a boo% of it$ a fragment of
'hich remains yet. Theo"hrastus$ ;?==,GGalen$ Pliny$ :aelius Aurelianus$ as
ancient as Galen$ _lib. ,$ ca". -._ Aretus _lib. ,. ca". @._ 2ribasius
_lib. A. collect._ a famous Gree%$ Aetius _ser. .. ca". ,,= F ,,. "._
Aegineta$ Galen!s A"e$ _lib. A. ca". ?._ Actuarius$ Trallianus _lib. @.
ca". ,@._ :ornelius :elsus only remaining of the old *atins$ _lib. .. ca".
=._$ e+tol and admire this e+cellent "lant< and it 'as generally so much
esteemed of the ancients for this disease amongst the rest$ that they sent
all such as 'ere crazed$ or that doted$ to the Anticyrae$ or to Phocis in
Achaia$ to be "urged$ 'here this "lant 'as in abundance to be had. In
9trabo!s time it 'as an ordinary #oyage$ _8a#iget Anticyras_< a common
"ro#erb among the Gree%s and *atins$ to bid a dizzard or a mad man go ta%e
hellebore< as in *ucian$ Meni""us to Tantalus$ _Tantale desi"is$ helleboro
e"oto tibi o"us est$ eo0ue sane meraco_$ thou art out of thy little 'it$ 2
Tantalus$ and must needs drin% hellebore$ and that 'ithout mi+ture.
Aristo"hanes _in Ies"is_$ drin% hellebore$ Fc. and 5ar"a+ in the ;?===G
:omoedian$ told 9imo and allio$ t'o doting fello's$ that they had need to
be "urged 'ith this "lant. 4hen that "roud Menacrates ;Gree%& o zeusG$ had
'rit an arrogant letter to Phili" of Macedon$ he sent bac% no other ans'er
but this$ _:onsulo tibi ut ad Anticyram te conferas_$ noting thereby that
he 'as crazed$ _at0ue ellebore indigere_$ had much need of a good "urge.
*ilius Geraldus saith$ that 5ercules$ after all his mad "ran%s u"on his
'ife and children$ 'as "erfectly cured by a "urge of hellebore$ 'hich an
Anticyrian administered unto him. They that 'ere sound commonly too% it to
0uic%en their 'its$ (as Ennis of old$ ;?==.G_Kui non nisi "otus ad
arma--"rosiluit dicenda_$ and as our "oets drin% sac% to im"ro#e their
in#entions (I find it so registered by Agellius _lib. ,A. ca". ,@._)
:ameades the academic$ 'hen he 'as to 'rite against >eno the stoic$ "urged
himself 'ith hellebore first$ 'hich ;?==?GPetronius "uts u"on :hrysi""us.
In such esteem it continued for many ages$ till at length Mesue and some
other Arabians began to reject and re"rehend it$ u"on 'hose authority for
many follo'ing lustres$ it 'as much debased and 0uite out of re0uest$ held
to be "oison and no medicine< and is still o""ugned to this day by ;?==@G
:rato and some junior "hysicians. Their reasons are$ because Aristotle _l.
,. de "lant. c. .._ said$ henbane and hellebore 'ere "oison< and Ale+ander
A"hrodiseus$ in the "reface of his "roblems$ ga#e out$ that (s"ea%ing of
hellebore) ;?==-GLKuails fed on that 'hich 'as "oison to men.L Galen. _l.
-. E"id. com. @. Te+t. .@._ confirms as much& ;?==AG:onstantine the em"eror
in his Geo"onic%s$ attributes no other #irtue to it$ than to %ill mice and
rats$ flies and mould'ar"s$ and so Mizaldus$ 8icander of old$ Ger#inus$
9c%en%ius$ and some other 8eoterics that ha#e 'ritten of "oisons$ s"ea% of
hellebore in a chief "lace. ;?==/G8icholas *eonicus hath a story of 9olon$
that besieging$ I %no' not 'hat city$ stee"ed hellebore in a s"ring of
'ater$ 'hich by "i"es 'as con#eyed into the middle of the to'n$ and so
either "oisoned$ or else made them so feeble and 'ea% by "urging$ that they
'ere not able to bear arms. 8ot'ithstanding all these ca#ils and
objections$ most of our late 'riters do much a""ro#e of it. ;?==BG
Gario"ontus _lib. ,. ca". ,.._ :odronchus _com. de helleb._ 7allo"ius _lib.
de med. "urg. sim"l. ca". -B. et consil. ,@._ Trinca#elii$ Montanus =.B.
7risemelica _consil. ,?._ 5ercules de 9a+onia$ so that it be o""ortunely
gi#en. Dacobus de 3ondis$ Agg. Amatus$ *ucet. _cent. --._ Godef. 9tegius
_ca". ,.._ 5ollerius$ and all our herbalists subscribe. 7ernelius _meth.
med. lib. @. ca". ,-._ Lconfesseth it to be a ;?=.CG terrible "urge and
hard to ta%e$ yet 'ell gi#en to strong men$ and such as ha#e able bodies.L
P. 7orestus and :a"i#accius forbid it to be ta%en in substance$ but allo'
it in decoction or infusion$ both 'hich 'ays P. Mona#ius a""ro#es abo#e all
others$ _E"ist. =.,. 9coltzii_$ Dacchinus in _B. 1hasis_$ commends a
recei"t of his o'n "re"aring< Penottus another of his chemically "re"ared$
E#onimus another. 5ildesheim _s"icel. =. de mel._ hath many e+am"les ho' it
should be used$ 'ith di#ersity of recei"ts. 5eurnius _lib. A. "ra+. med.
ca". ,?._ Lcalls it an ;?=.,Ginnocent medicine ho'soe#er$ if it be 'ell
"re"ared.L The root of it is only in use$ 'hich may be %e"t many years$ and
by some gi#en in substance$ as by 7allo"ius and rassi#ola amongst the
rest$ 'ho ;?=.=Gbrags that he 'as the first that restored it again to its
use$ and tells a story ho' he cured one Melatasta$ a madman$ that 'as
thought to be "ossessed$ in the 3u%e of 7errara!s court$ 'ith one "urge of
blac% hellebore in substance& the recei"t is there to be seen< his
e+crements 'ere li%e in%$ ;?=..Ghe "erfectly healed at once< Iidus Iidius$
a 3utch "hysician$ 'ill not admit of it in substance$ to 'hom most
subscribe$ but as before$ in the decoction$ infusion$ or 'hich is all in
all$ in the e+tract$ 'hich he "refers before the rest$ and calls _sua#e
medicamentum_$ a s'eet medicine$ an easy$ that may be securely gi#en to
'omen$ children$ and 'ea%lings. aracellus$ _horto geniali_$ terms it
_ma+imae "raestantia medicamentum_$ a medicine of great 'orth and note.
Kuercetan in his _9"agir Phar_. and many others$ tell 'onders of the
e+tract. Paracelsus$ abo#e all the rest$ is the greatest admirer of this
"lant< and es"ecially the e+tract$ he calls it _Theriacum$ terrestre
alsamum_$ another treacle$ a terrestrial balm$ _instar omnium_$ Lall in
all$ the ;?=.?Gsole and last refuge to cure this malady$ the gout$
e"ile"sy$ le"rosy$L Fc. If this 'ill not hel"$ no "hysic in the 'orld can
but mineral$ it is the u"shot of all. Matthiolus laughs at those that
e+ce"t against it$ and though some abhor it out of the authority of Mesue$
and dare not ad#enture to "rescribe it$ ;?=.@GLyet IL (saith he) Lha#e
ha""ily used it si+ hundred times 'ithout offence$ and communicated it to
di#ers 'orthy "hysicians$ 'ho ha#e gi#en me great than%s for it.L *oo% for
recei"ts$ dose$ "re"aration$ and other cautions concerning this sim"le$ in
him$ rassi#ola$ aracelsus$ :odronchus$ and the rest.
9H9E:T. III.--_:om"ound Purgers_.
:om"ound medicines 'hich "urge melancholy$ are either ta%en in the su"erior
or inferior "arts& su"erior at mouth or nostrils. At the mouth s'allo'ed or
not s'allo'ed& If s'allo'ed li0uid or solid& li0uid$ as com"ound 'ine of
hellebore$ scilla or sea-onion$ senna$ _Iinum 9cilliticum$ 5elleboratum_$
'hich ;?=.-GKuercetan so much a""lauds Lfor melancholy and madness$ either
in'ardly ta%en$ or out'ardly a""lied to the head$ 'ith little "ieces of
linen di""ed 'arm in it.L _2+ymel. 9cilliticum$ 9yru"us 5elleboratus_ major
and minor in Kuercetan$ and _9yru"us Genistae_ for hy"ochondriacal
melancholy in the same author$ com"ound syru" of succory$ of fumitory$
"oly"ody$ Fc. 5eurnius his "urging coc%-broth. 9ome e+ce"t against these
syru"s$ as a""ears by ;?=.AGHdalrinus *eonoras his e"istle to Matthiolus$
as most "ernicious$ and that out of 5i""ocrates$ _cocta mo#ere$ et
medicari$ non cruda_$ no ra' things to be used in "hysic< but this in the
follo'ing e"istle is e+"loded and soundly confuted by Matthiolus& many
jule"s$ "otions$ recei"ts$ are com"osed of these$ as you shall find in
5ildesheim _s"icel. =._ 5eurnius _lib. =. ca". ,?._ George 9c%en%ius _Ital.
med. "ra+._ Fc.
9olid "urges are confections$ electuaries$ "ills by themsel#es$ or com"ound
'ith others$ as _de la"ide lazulo$ armeno$ "il. indae$ of fumitory_$ Fc.
:onfection of 5amech$ 'hich though most a""ro#e$ 9olenander _sec. @.
consil. ==._ bitterly in#eighs against$ so doth 1ondoletius _Pharmaco".
officina_$ 7ernelius and others< diasena$ dia"oly"odium$ diacassia$
diacatholicon$ 4ec%er!s electuary de E"ithymo$ Ptolemy!s hierologadium$ of
'hich di#ers recei"ts are daily made.
Aetius _==. =.._ commends _5ieram 1uffi._ Trinca#elius _consil. ,=. lib.
?._ a""ro#es of hiera< _non$ in0uit$ in#enio melius medicamentum_$ I find
no better medicine$ he saith. 5eurnius adds _"il. aggregat. "ills de
E"ithymo. "il. Ind._ Mesue describes in the _7lorentine Antidotary_$
_Pilulae sine 0uibus esse nolo$ Pilulae$ :ochics$ cum 5elleboro$ Pil.
Arabicae$ 7aetida$ de 0uin0ue generibus mirabolanorum_$ Fc. More "ro"er to
melancholy$ not e+cluding in the meantime$ turbith$ manna$ rhubarb$ agaric$
elesco"he$ Fc. 'hich are not so "ro"er to this humour. 7or$ as Montaltus
holds _ca". .C._ and Montanus _cholera etiam "urganda$ 0uod atrae$ sit
"abulum_$ choler is to be "urged because it feeds the other& and some are
of an o"inion$ as Erasistratus and Ascle"iades maintained of old$ against
'hom Galen dis"utes$ ;?=./GLthat no "hysic doth "urge one humour alone$ but
all ali%e or 'hat is ne+t.L Most therefore in their recei"ts and magistrals
'hich are coined here$ ma%e a mi+ture of se#eral sim"les and com"ounds to
"urge all humours in general as 'ell as this. 9ome rather use "otions than
"ills to "urge this humour$ because that as 5eurnius and :rato obser#e$
_hic succus a sicco remedio agre trahitur_$ this juice is not so easily
dra'n by dry remedies$ and as Montanus ad#iseth _=@ cons._ LAll
;?=.BGdrying medicines are to be re"elled$ as aloe$ hiera$L and all "ills
'hatsoe#er$ because the disease is dry of itself.
I might here insert many recei"ts of "rescribed "otions$ boles$ Fc. The
doses of these$ but that they are common in e#ery good "hysician$ and that
I am loath to incur the censure of 7orestus$ _lib. .. ca". -. de urinis_$
;?=?CGLagainst those that di#ulge and "ublish medicines in their
mother-tongue$L and lest I should gi#e occasion thereby to some ignorant
reader to "ractise on himself$ 'ithout the consent of a good "hysician.
9uch as are not s'allo'ed$ but only %e"t in the mouth$ are gargarisms used
commonly after a "urge$ 'hen the body is soluble and loose. 2r
a"o"hlegmatisms$ masticatories$ to be held and che'ed in the mouth$ 'hich
are gentle$ as hysso"$ origan$ "ennyroyal$ thyme$ mustard< strong$ as
"ellitory$ "e""er$ ginger$ Fc.
9uch as are ta%en into the nostrils$ errhina are li0uid or dry$ juice of
"im"ernel$ onions$ Fc.$ castor$ "e""er$ 'hite hellebore$ Fc. To these you
may add odoraments$ "erfumes$ and suffumigations$ Fc.
Ta%en into the inferior "arts are clysters strong or 'ea%$ su""ositories of
:astilian soa"$ honey boiled to a consistence< or stronger of scammony$
hellebore$ Fc.
These are all used$ and "rescribed to this malady u"on se#eral occasions$
as shall be sho'n in its "lace.
MEM. III.
_:hirurgical 1emedies_.
In letting of blood three main circumstances are to be considered$ ;?=?,G
L4ho$ ho' much$ 'hen.L That is$ that it be done to such a one as may endure
it$ or to 'hom it may belong$ that he be of a com"etent age$ not too young$
nor too old$ o#er'ea%$ fat$ or lean$ sore laboured$ but to such as ha#e
need$ are full of bad blood$ no+ious humours$ and may be eased by it.
The 0uantity de"ends u"on the "arty!s habit of body$ as he is strong or
'ea%$ full or em"ty$ may s"are more or less.
In the morning is the fittest time& some doubt 'hether it be best fasting$
or full$ 'hether the moon!s motion or as"ect of "lanets be to be obser#ed<
some affirm$ some deny$ some grant in acute$ but not in chronic diseases$
'hether before or after "hysic. !Tis 5eurnius! a"horism _a "hlebotomia
aus"icandum esse curiationem$ non a "harmacia_$ you must begin 'ith
bloodletting and not "hysic< some e+ce"t this "eculiar malady. ut 'hat do
IN 5oratius Augenius$ a "hysician of Padua$ hath lately 'rit ,A boo%s of
this subject$ Dobertus$ Fc.
Particular %inds of bloodletting in use ;?=?=Gare three$ first is that
o"ening a #ein in the arm 'ith a shar" %nife$ or in the head$ %nees$ or any
other "arts$ as shall be thought fit.
:u""ing-glasses 'ith or 'ithout scarification$ _ocyssime com"escunt_$ saith
7ernelius$ they 'or% "resently$ and are a""lied to se#eral "arts$ to di#ert
humours$ aches$ 'inds$ Fc.
5orseleeches are much used in melancholy$ a""lied es"ecially to the
haemorrhoids. 5oratius Augenius$ _lib. ,C. ca". ,C._ Platerus _de mentis
alienat. ca". .._ Altomarus$ Piso$ and many others$ "refer them before any
e#acuations in this %ind.
;?=?.G:auteries$ or searing 'ith hot irons$ combustions$ borings$ lancings$
'hich$ because they are terrible$ _3ro"a+_ and _9ina"ismus_ are in#ented by
"lasters to raise blisters$ and eating medicines of "itch$ mustard-seed$
and the li%e.
Issues still to be %e"t o"en$ made as the former$ and a""lied in and to
se#eral "arts$ ha#e their use here on di#ers occasions$ as shall be sho'n.
9E:T. I. MEM. I.
9H9E:T. I.--_Particular :ure of the three se#eral 6inds< of 5ead
Melancholy_.
The general cures thus briefly e+amined and discussed$ it remains no' to
a""ly these medicines to the three "articular s"ecies or %inds$ that$
according to the se#eral "arts affected$ each man may tell in some sort ho'
to hel" or ease himself. I 'ill treat of head melancholy first$ in 'hich$
as in all other good cures$ 'e must begin 'ith diet$ as a matter of most
moment$ able oftentimes of itself to 'or% this effect. I ha#e read$ saith
*aurentius$ _ca". /. de Melanch_. that in old diseases 'hich ha#e gotten
the u""er hand or a habit$ the manner of li#ing is to more "ur"ose$ than
'hatsoe#er can be dra'n out of the most "recious bo+es of the a"othecaries.
This diet$ as I ha#e said$ is not only in choice of meat and drin%$ but of
all those other non-natural things. *et air be clear and moist most "art&
diet moistening$ of good juice$ easy of digestion$ and not 'indy& drin%
clear$ and 'ell bre'ed$ not too strong$ nor too small. LMa%e a melancholy
man fat$L as ;?=??G1hasis saith$ Land thou hast finished the cure.L
E+ercise not too remiss$ nor too #iolent. 9lee" a little more than
ordinary. ;?=?@GE+crements daily to be #oided by art or nature< and 'hich
7ernelius enjoins his "atient$ _consil. ??_$ abo#e the rest$ to a#oid all
"assions and "erturbations of the mind. *et him not be alone or idle (in
any %ind of melancholy)$ but still accom"anied 'ith such friends and
familiars he most affects$ neatly dressed$ 'ashed$ and combed$ according to
his ability at least$ in clean s'eet linen$ s"ruce$ handsome$ decent$ and
good a""arel< for nothing sooner dejects a man than 'ant$ s0ualor$ and
nastiness$ foul$ or old clothes out of fashion. :oncerning the medicinal
"art$ he that 'ill satisfy himself at large (in this "recedent of diet) and
see all at once the 'hole cure and manner of it in e#ery distinct s"ecies$
let him consult 'ith Gordonius$ Ialescus$ 'ith Pros"er :alenius$ _lib. de
atra bile ad :ard._ :aesium$ *aurentius$ _ca". /. et B. de mela._ Aelian
Montaltus$ _de mel. ca". =-. =A. =/. =B. .C._ 3onat. ab Altomari$ _ca". A.
artis med_. 5ercules de 9a+onia$ _in Panth. ca". A. et Tract. ejus
"eculiar. de melan. "er olzetam$ edit. Ienetiis ,-=C. ca". ,A. ,/. ,B._
9a#anarola$ _1ub. /=. Tract. /. ca". ,._ 9c%en%ius$ _in "ra+. curat. Ital.
med_. 5eurnius$ _ca". ,=. de morb_. Iictorius 7a#entius$ _"ract. Magn. et
Em"ir_. 5ildesheim$ _9"icel. =. de man. et mel._ 7el. Plater$ 9toc%erus$
ruel. P. a#erus$ 7orestus$ 7uchsius$ :a"i#accius$ 1ondoletius$ Dason
Pratensis$ 9ullust. 9al#ian. _de remed. lib. =. ca". ,._ Dacchinus$ _in B.
1hasis_$ *od. Mercatus$ _de Inter. morb. cur. lib. ,. ca". ,A._ Ale+an.
Messaria$ _"ract. med. lib. ,. ca". =,. de mel_. Piso. 5ollerius$ Fc. that
ha#e culled out of those old Gree%s$ Arabians$ and *atins$ 'hatsoe#er is
obser#able or fit to be used. 2r let him read those counsels and
consultations of 5ugo 9enensis$ _consil. ,.. et ,?._ 1einerus 9olenander$
_consil. -. sec. ,. et consil. .. sec. .._ :rato$ _consil. ,-. lib. ,._
Montanus =C. ==. and his follo'ing counsels$ *aelius a 7onte Egubinus$
_consult. ??. -B. AA. ,=@. ,=B. ,?=._ 7ernelius$ _consil. ??. ?@. ?-._ Dul.
:aesar :laudinus$ Mercurialis$ 7rambesarius$ 9ennertus$ Fc. 4herein he
shall find "articular recei"ts$ the 'hole method$ "re"arati#es$ "urgers$
correctors$ a#erters$ cordials in great #ariety and abundance& out of
'hich$ because e#ery man cannot attend to read or "eruse them$ I 'ill
collect for the benefit of the reader$ some fe' more notable medicines.
9H9E:T. II.--_loodletting_.
Phlebotomy is "romiscuously used before and after "hysic$ commonly before$
and u"on occasion is often reiterated$ if there be any need at least of it.
7or Galen$ and many others$ ma%e a doubt of bleeding at all in this %ind of
head-melancholy. If the malady$ saith Piso$ _ca". =.._ and Altomarus$ _ca".
A._ 7uchsius$ _ca". ..._ ;?=?-GLshall "roceed "rimarily from the
misaffected brain$ the "atient in such case shall not need at all to bleed$
e+ce"t the blood other'ise abound$ the #eins be full$ inflamed blood$ and
the "arty ready to run mad.L In immaterial melancholy$ 'hich es"ecially
comes from a cold distem"erature of s"irits$ 5ercules de 9a+onia$ _ca".
,A._ 'ill not admit of "hlebotomy< *aurentius$ _ca". B_$ a""ro#es it out of
the authority of the Arabians< but as Mesue$ 1hasis$ Ale+ander a""oint$
;?=?AGLes"ecially in the head$L to o"en the #eins of the forehead$ nose and
ears is good. They commonly set cu""ing-glasses on the "arty!s shoulders$
ha#ing first scarified the "lace$ they a""ly horseleeches on the head$ and
in all melancholy diseases$ 'hether essential or accidental$ they cause the
haemorrhoids to be o"ened$ ha#ing the ele#enth a"horism of the si+th boo%
of 5i""ocrates for their ground and 'arrant$ 'hich saith$ LThat in
melancholy and mad men$ the #aricose tumour or haemorrhoids a""earing doth
heal the same.L Ialescus "rescribes bloodletting in all three %inds$ 'hom
9allust. 9al#ian follo's. ;?=?/GLIf the blood abound$ 'hich is discerned by
the fullness of the #eins$ his "recedent diet$ the "arty!s laughter$ age$
Fc.$ begin 'ith the median or middle #ein of the arm< if the blood be ruddy
and clear$ sto" it$ but if blac% in the s"ring time$ or a good season$ or
thic%$ let it run$ according to the "arty!s strength& and some eight or
t'el#e days after$ o"en the head #ein$ and the #eins in the forehead$ or
"ro#o%e it out of the nostrils$ or cu""ing-glasses$L Fc. Trallianus allo's
of this$ ;?=?BGLIf there ha#e been any su""ression or sto""ing of blood at
nose$ or haemorrhoids$ or 'omen!s months$ then to o"en a #ein in the head
or about the an%les.L Eet he doth hardly a""ro#e of this course$ if
melancholy be situated in the head alone$ or in any other dotage$
;?=@CGLe+ce"t it "rimarily "roceed from blood$ or that the malady be
increased by it< for bloodletting refrigerates and dries u"$ e+ce"t the
body be #ery full of blood$ and a %ind of ruddiness in the face.L Therefore
I conclude 'ith Areteus$ ;?=@,GLbefore you let blood$ deliberate of it$L
and 'ell consider all circumstances belonging to it.
9H9E:T. III.--_Pre"arati#es and Purgers_.
After bloodletting 'e must "roceed to other medicines< first "re"are$ and
then "urge$ _Augeae stabulum "urgare_$ ma%e the body clean before 'e ho"e
to do any good. 4alter ruel 'ould ha#e a "ractitioner begin first 'ith a
clyster of his$ 'hich he "rescribes before bloodletting& the common sort$
as Mercurialis$ Montaltus _ca". .C._ Fc. "roceed from leniti#es to
"re"arati#es$ and so to "urgers. *eniti#es are 'ell %no'n$ _electuarium
leniti#um$ dia"henicum diacatholicon_$ Fc. Pre"arati#es are usually syru"s
of borage$ bugloss$ a""les$ fumitory$ thyme and e"ithyme$ 'ith double as
much of the same decoction or distilled 'ater$ or of the 'aters of bugloss$
balm$ ho"s$ endi#e$ scolo"endry$ fumitory$ Fc. or these sodden in 'hey$
'hich must be reiterated and used for many days together. Purges come last$
L'hich must not be used at all$ if the malady may be other'ise hel"ed$L
because they 'ea%en nature and dry so much$ and in gi#ing of them$ ;?=@=G
L'e must begin 'ith the gentlest first.L 9ome forbid all hot medicines$ as
Ale+ander$ and 9al#ianus$ Fc. _8e insaniores inde fiant_$ hot medicines
increase the disease ;?=@.GLby drying too much.L Purge do'n'ard rather than
u"'ard$ use "otions rather than "ills$ and 'hen you begin "hysic$ "erse#ere
and continue in a course< for as one obser#es$ ;?=@?G_mo#ere et non educere
in omnibus malum est_< to stir u" the humour (as one "urge commonly doth)
and not to "rosecute$ doth more harm than good. They must continue in a
course of "hysic$ yet not so that they tire and o""ress nature$ _danda
0uies naturae_$ they must no' and then remit$ and let nature ha#e some
rest. The most gentle "urges to begin 'ith$ are ;?=@@Gsenna$ cassia$
e"ithyme$ myrabolanea$ catholicon& if these "re#ail not$ 'e may "roceed to
stronger$ as the confection of hamech$ "il. Indae$ fumitoriae$ de
assaieret$ of la"is armenus and lazuli$ diasena. 2r if "ills be too dry<
;?=@-Gsome "rescribe both hellebores in the last "lace$ amongst the rest
Aretus$ ;?=@AGLbecause this disease 'ill resist a gentle medicine.L
*aurentius and 5ercules de 9a+onia 'ould ha#e antimony tried last$ Lif the
;?=@/G"arty be strong$ and it 'arily gi#en.L ;?=@BGTrinca#elius "refers
hierologodium$ to 'hom 7rancis Ale+ander in his _A"ol. rad. @._ subscribes$
a #ery good medicine they account it. ut :rato in a counsel of his$ for
the du%e of a#aria!s chancellor$ 'holly rejects it.
I find a #ast chaos of medicines$ a confusion of recei"ts and magistrals$
amongst 'riters$ a""ro"riated to this disease< some of the chiefest I 'ill
rehearse. ;?=-CGTo be seasic% first is #ery good at seasonable times.
5elleborismus Matthioli$ 'ith 'hich he #aunts and boasts he did so many
se#eral cures$ ;?=-,GLI ne#er ga#e itL (saith he)$ Lbut after once or
t'ice$ by the hel" of God$ they 'ere ha""ily cured.L The manner of ma%ing
it he sets do'n at large in his third boo% of E"ist. to George 5an%shius a
"hysician. 4alter ruel$ and 5eurnius$ ma%e mention of it 'ith great
a""robation< so doth 9c%en%ius in his memorable cures$ and e+"erimental
medicines$ _cen. -. obser. .A._ That famous 5elleborisme of Montanus$ 'hich
he so often re"eats in his consultations and counsels$ as _=/. "ro. melan.
sacerdote$ et consil. ,?/. "ro hy"ochondriaco_$ and crac%s$ ;?=-=G Lto be a
most so#ereign remedy for all melancholy "ersons$ 'hich he hath often gi#en
'ithout offence$ and found by long e+"erience and obser#ations to be such.L
Kuercetan "refers a syru" of hellebore in his _9"agirica Pharmac._ and
5ellebore!s e+tract _ca". @._ of his in#ention li%e'ise (La most safe
medicine and not unfit to be gi#en childrenL) before all remedies
'hatsoe#er. ;?=-.G
Paracelsus$ in his boo% of blac% hellebore$ admits this medicine$ but as it
is "re"ared by him. ;?=-?GLIt is most certainL (saith he) Lthat the #irtue
of this herb is great$ and admirable in effect$ and little differing from
balm itself< and he that %no's 'ell ho' to ma%e use of it$ hath more art
than all their boo%s contain$ or all the doctors in Germany can sho'.L
Aelianus Montaltus in his e+0uisite 'or% _de morb. ca"itis$ ca". .,. de
mel._ sets a s"ecial recei"t of his o'n$ 'hich$ in his "ractice ;?=-@GLhe
fortunately used< because it is but short I 'ill set it do'n.L
L;9ymbol& 1+G. 9yru"e de "omis ;9ymbol& 2unceGij$ a0uae borag.
;9ymbol& 2unceGiiij. Ellebori nigri "er noctem infusi in ligatura -
#el / gr. mane facta collatura e+hibe.L
2ther recei"ts of the same to this "ur"ose you shall find in him. Ialescus
admires _"ul#is 5ali_$ and Dason Pratensis after him& the confection of
'hich our ne' *ondon Pharmaco"oeia hath lately re#i#ed. ;?=--GLPut caseL
(saith he) Lall other medicines fail$ by the hel" of God this alone shall
do it$ and !tis a cro'ned medicine 'hich must be %e"t in secret.L
L;9ymbol& 1+G. E"ithymi semunc. la"idis lazuli$ agarici ana ;9ymbol&
2unceGij. 9cammnonii. ;9ymbol& 3ramGj$ :hario"hillorum numero$ =C
"ul#erisentur 2mnia$ et i"sius "ul#eris scru". ?. singulis
se"timanis assumat.L
To these I may add _Arnoldi #inum uglossalum_$ or borage 'ine before
mentioned$ 'hich ;?=-AGMizaldus calls _#inum mirabile_$ a 'onderful 'ine$
and 9toc%erus #ouchsafes to re"eat #erbatim amongst other recei"ts. 1ubeus
his ;?=-/Gcom"ound 'ater out of 9a#anarola< Pinetus his balm< :ardan!s
_Pul#is 5yacinthi_$ 'ith 'hich$ in his boo% _de curis admirandis_$ he
boasts that he had cured many melancholy "ersons in eight days$ 'hich
;?=-BG9c%en%ius "uts amongst his obser#able medicines< Altomarus his syru"$
'ith 'hich ;?=ACGhe calls God so solemnly to 'itness$ he hath in his %ind
done many e+cellent cures$ and 'hich 9c%en%ius _cent. A. obser#. /C._
mentioneth$ 3aniel 9ennertus _lib. ,. "art. =. ca". ,=._ so much commends<
1ulandus! admirable 'ater for melancholy$ 'hich _cent. =. ca". B-._ he
names _9"iritum #itae aureum$ Panaceam_$ 'hat not$ and his absolute
medicine of @C eggs$ _curat. Em"ir. cent. ,. cur. @._ to be ta%en three in
a morning$ 'ith a "o'der of his. ;?=A,G7a#entinus _"rac. Em"er_. doubles
this number of eggs$ and 'ill ha#e ,C, to be ta%en by three and three in
li%e sort$ 'hich 9allust 9al#ian a""ro#es _de red. med. lib. =. c. ,._ 'ith
some of the same "o'der$ till all be s"ent$ a most e+cellent remedy for all
melancholy and mad men.
L;9ymbol& 1+G. E"ithymi$ thymi$ ana drachmas duas$ sacchari albi
unciam unam$ croci grana tria$ :inamomi drachmam unam< misce$ fiat
"ul#is.L
All these yet are nothing to those ;?=A=Gchemical "re"arati#es of _A0ua
:halidonia_$ 0uintessence of hellebore$ salts$ e+tracts$ distillations$
oils$ _Aurum "otabile_$ Fc. 3r. Anthony in his boo% _de auro "otab. edit.
,-CC._ is all in all for it. ;?=A.GLAnd though all the schools of
Galenists$ 'ith a 'ic%ed and unthan%ful "ride and scorn$ detest it in their
"ractice$ yet in more grie#ous diseases$ 'hen their #egetals 'ill do no
good$L they are com"elled to see% the hel" of minerals$ though they Luse
them rashly$ un"rofitably$ slac%ly$ and to no "ur"ose.L 1henanus$ a 3utch
chemist$ in his boo% _de 9ale e "uteo emergente_$ ta%es u"on him to
a"ologise for Anthony$ and sets light by all that s"ea% against him. ut
'hat do I meddle 'ith this great contro#ersy$ 'hich is the subject of many
#olumesN *et Paracelsus$ Kuercetan$ :rollius$ and the brethren of the rosy
cross$ defend themsel#es as they may. :rato$ Erastus$ and the Galenists
o""ugn Paracelsus$ he brags on the other side$ he did more famous cures by
this means$ than all the Galenists in Euro"e$ and calls himself a monarch<
Galen$ 5i""ocrates$ infants$ illiterate$ Fc. As Thessalus of old railed
against those ancient Ascle"iadean 'riters$ ;?=A?GLhe condemns others$
insults$ trium"hs$ o#ercomes all anti0uityL (saith Galen as if he s"a%e to
him) Ldeclares himself a con0ueror$ and cro'ns his o'n doings. ;?=A@G2ne
dro" of their chemical "re"arati#es shall do more good than all their
fulsome "otions.L Erastus$ and the rest of the Galenists #ilify them on the
other side$ as heretics in "hysic< ;?=A-GLParacelsus did that in "hysic$
'hich *uther in 3i#inity. ;?=AAGA drun%en rogue he 'as$ a base fello'$ a
magician$ he had the de#il for his master$ de#ils his familiar com"anions$
and 'hat he did$ 'as done by the hel" of the de#il.L Thus they contend and
rail$ and e#ery mart 'rite boo%s _"ro_ and _con$ et adhuc sub judice lis
est_& let them agree as they 'ill$ I "roceed.
9H9E:T. II.--_A#erters_.
A#erters and "urgers must go together$ as tending all to the same "ur"ose$
to di#ert this rebellious humour$ and turn it another 'ay. In this range$
clysters and su""ositories challenge a chief "lace$ to dra' this humour
from the brain and heart$ to the more ignoble "arts. 9ome 'ould ha#e them
still used a fe' days bet'een$ and those to be made 'ith the boiled seeds
of anise$ fennel$ and bastard saffron$ ho"s$ thyme$ e"ithyme$ mallo's$
fumitory$ bugloss$ "oly"ody$ senna$ diasene$ hamech$ cassia$ diacatholicon$
hierologodium$ oil of #iolets$ s'eet almonds$ Fc. 7or 'ithout 0uestion$ a
clyster o""ortunely used$ cannot choose in this$ as most other maladies$
but to do #ery much good< _:lysteres nutriunt_$ sometimes clysters nourish$
as they may be "re"ared$ as I 'as informed not long since by a learned
lecture of our natural "hiloso"hy ;?=A/Greader$ 'hich he handled by 'ay of
discourse$ out of some other noted "hysicians. 9uch things as "ro#o%e urine
most commend$ but not s'eat. Trinca#elius _consil. ,-. ca". ,._ in
head-melancholy forbids it. P. yarus and others a""ro#e frictions of the
out'ard "arts$ and to bathe them 'ith 'arm 'ater. Instead of ordinary
frictions$ :ardan "rescribes rubbing 'ith nettles till they blister the
s%in$ 'hich li%e'ise ;?=ABGasardus Iisontinus so much magnifies.
9neezing$ masticatories$ and nasals are generally recei#ed. Montaltus _c.
.?._ 5ildesheim _s"icel. .. fol. ,.- and =./._ gi#e se#eral recei"ts of all
three. 5ercules de 9a+onia relates of an em"iric in Ienice ;?=/CGLthat had
a strong 'ater to "urge by the mouth and nostrils$ 'hich he still used in
head-melancholy$ and 'ould sell for no gold.L
To o"en months and haemorrhoids is #ery good "hysic$ ;?=/,GLIf they ha#e
been formerly sto""ed.L 7a#entinus 'ould ha#e them o"ened 'ith
horseleeches$ so 'ould 5ercul. de 9a+. Dulius Ale+andrinus _consil. ,/@.
9coltzii_ thin%s aloes fitter& ;?=/=Gmost a""ro#e horseleeches in this
case$ to be a""lied to the forehead$ ;?=/.Gnostrils$ and other "laces.
Montaltus _ca". =B._ out of Ale+ander and others$ "rescribes ;?=/?G
Lcu""ing-glasses$ and issues in the left thigh.L Aretus _lib. A. ca". @._
;?=/@GPaulus 1egolinus$ 9yl#ius 'ill ha#e them 'ithout scarification$
La""lied to the shoulders and bac%$ thighs and feet&L ;?=/-GMontaltus _ca".
.?._ Lbids o"en an issue in the arm$ or hinder "art of the head.L
;?=/AGPiso enjoins ligatures$ frictions$ su""ositories$ and
cu""ing-glasses$ still 'ithout scarification$ and the rest.
:auteries and hot irons are to be used ;?=//GLin the suture of the cro'n$
and the seared or ulcerated "lace suffered to run a good 'hile. !Tis not
amiss to bore the s%ull 'ith an instrument$ to let out the fuliginous
#a"ours.L 9allus. 9al#ianus _de re medic. lib. =. ca". ,._ ;?=/BGLbecause
this humour hardly yields to other "hysic$ 'ould ha#e the leg cauterised$
or the left leg$ belo' the %nee$ ;?=BCGand the head bored in t'o or three
"laces$L for that it much a#ails to the e+halation of the #a"ours< ;?=B,G
LI sa'L (saith he) La melancholy man at 1ome$ that by no remedies could be
healed$ but 'hen by chance he 'as 'ounded in the head$ and the s%ull
bro%en$ he 'as e+cellently cured.L Another$ to the admiration of the
beholders$ ;?=B=GLbrea%ing his head 'ith a fall from on high$ 'as instantly
reco#ered of his dotage.L Gordonius _ca". ,.. "art. =._ 'ould ha#e these
cauteries tried last$ 'hen no other "hysic 'ill ser#e. ;?=B.G LThe head to
be sha#ed and bored to let out fumes$ 'hich 'ithout doubt 'ill do much
good. I sa' a melancholy man 'ounded in the head 'ith a s'ord$ his brain"an
bro%en< so long as the 'ound 'as o"en he 'as 'ell$ but 'hen his 'ound 'as
healed$ his dotage returned again.L ut Ale+ander Messaria a "rofessor in
Padua$ _lib. ,. "ract. med. ca". =,. de melanchol_. 'ill allo' no cauteries
at all$ !tis too stiff a humour and too thic% as he holds$ to be so
e#a"orated.
Guianerius _c. /. Tract. ,@._ cured a nobleman in 9a#oy$ by boring alone$
;?=B?GLlea#ing the hole o"en a month together$L by means of 'hich$ after
t'o years! melancholy and madness$ he 'as deli#ered. All a""ro#e of this
remedy in the suture of the cro'n< but Arculanus 'ould ha#e the cautery to
be made 'ith gold. In many other "arts$ these cauteries are "rescribed for
melancholy men$ as in the thighs$ (_Mercurialis consil. /-._) arms$ legs.
_Idem consil. -. F ,B. F =@._ Montanus /-. 1odericus a 7onseca _tom. =.
cousult. /?. "ro hy"ochond. co+a de+tra_$ Fc.$ but most in the head$ Lif
other "hysic 'ill do no good.L
9H9E:T. I.--_Alterati#es and :ordials$ corroborating$ resol#ing the
1eli0ues$ and mending the Tem"erament_.
ecause this humour is so malign of itself$ and so hard to be remo#ed$ the
reli0ues are to be cleansed$ by alterati#es$ cordials$ and such means& the
tem"er is to be altered and amended$ 'ith such things as fortify and
strengthen the heart and brain$ ;?=B@GL'hich are commonly both affected in
this malady$ and do mutually misaffect one another&L 'hich are still to be
gi#en e#ery other day$ or some fe' days inserted after a "urge$ or li%e
"hysic$ as occasion ser#es$ and are of such force$ that many times they
hel" alone$ and as ;?=B-GArnoldus holds in his A"horisms$ are to be
L"referred before all other medicines$ in 'hat %ind soe#er.L
Amongst this number of cordials and alterati#es$ I do not find a more
"resent remedy$ than a cu" of 'ine or strong drin%$ if it be soberly and
o""ortunely used. It ma%es a man bold$ hardy$ courageous$ ;?=BAGL'hetteth
the 'it$L if moderately ta%en$ (and as Plutarch ;?=B/Gsaith$ _9ym". A.
0uaest. ,=._) Lit ma%es those 'hich are other'ise dull$ to e+hale and
e#a"orate li%e fran%incense$ or 0uic%enL (Jeno"hon adds) ;?=BBGas oil doth
fire. ;?.CCGLA famous cordialL Matthiolus in 3ioscoridum calls it$ Lan
e+cellent nutriment to refresh the body$ it ma%es a good colour$ a
flourishing age$ hel"s concoction$ fortifies the stomach$ ta%es a'ay
obstructions$ "ro#o%es urine$ dri#es out e+crements$ "rocures slee"$ clears
the blood$ e+"els 'ind and cold "oisons$ attenuates$ concocts$ dissi"ates
all thic% #a"ours$ and fuliginous humours.L And that 'hich is all in all to
my "ur"ose$ it ta%es a'ay fear and sorro'. ;?.C,G_:uras edaces dissi"at
E#ius_. LIt glads the heart of man$L Psal. ci#. ,@. _hilaritatis dulce
seminarium_. 5elena!s bo'l$ the sole nectar of the gods$ or that true
ne"enthes in ;?.C=G5omer$ 'hich "uts a'ay care and grief$ as 2ribasius _@.
:ollect$ ca". A._ and some others 'ill$ 'as nought else but a cu" of good
'ine. LIt ma%es the mind of the %ing and of the fatherless both one$ of the
bond and freeman$ "oor and rich< it turneth all his thoughts to joy and
mirth$ ma%es him remember no sorro' or debt$ but enricheth his heart$ and
ma%es him s"ea% by talents$L Esdras iii. ,B$ =C$ =,. It gi#es life itself$
s"irits$ 'it$ Fc. 7or 'hich cause the ancients called acchus$ _*iber "ater
a liberando_$ and ;?.C.Gsacrificed to acchus and Pallas still u"on an
altar. ;?.C?GL4ine measurably drun%$ and in time$ brings gladness and
cheerfulness of mind$ it cheereth God and men$L Dudges i+. ,.. _laetitiae
acchus dator_$ it ma%es an old 'ife dance$ and such as are in misery to
forget e#il$ and be ;?.C@Gmerry.
Lacchus et afflictis re0uiem mortalibus affert$
:rura licet duro com"ede #incta forent.L
L4ine ma%es a troubled soul to rest$
Though feet 'ith fetters be o""rest.L
3emetrius in Plutarch$ 'hen he fell into 9eleucus!s hands$ and 'as "risoner
in 9yria$ ;?.C-GLs"ent his time 'ith dice and drin% that he might so ease
his discontented mind$ and a#oid those continual cogitations of his "resent
condition 'here'ith he 'as tormented.L Therefore 9olomon$ Pro#. +++i. -$
bids L'ine be gi#en to him that is ready to ;?.CAG"erish$ and to him that
hath grief of heart$ let him drin% that he forget his "o#erty$ and remember
his misery no more.L _9ollicitis animis onus e+imit_$ it easeth a burdened
soul$ nothing s"eedier$ nothing better< 'hich the "ro"het >achariah
"ercei#ed$ 'hen he said$ Lthat in the time of Messias$ they of E"hraim
should be glad$ and their heart should rejoice as through 'ine.L All 'hich
ma%es me #ery 'ell a""ro#e of that "retty descri"tion of a feast in ;?.C/G
artholomeus Anglicus$ 'hen grace 'as said$ their hands 'ashed$ and the
guests sufficiently e+hilarated$ 'ith good discourse$ s'eet music$ dainty
fare$ _e+hilarationis gratia$ "ocula iterum at0ue iterum offeruntur_$ as a
corollary to conclude the feast$ and continue their mirth$ a grace cu" came
in to cheer their hearts$ and they dran% healths to one another again and
again. 4hich as I. 7redericus Matenesius$ _:rit. :hrist. lib. =. ca". @$ -$
F A_$ 'as an old custom in all ages in e#ery common'ealth$ so as they be
not enforced$ _bibere "er #iolentiam_$ but as in that royal feast of ;?.CBG
Ahasuerus$ 'hich lasted ,/C days$ L'ithout com"ulsion they dran% by order
in golden #essels$L 'hen and 'hat they 'ould themsel#es. This of drin% is a
most easy and "arable remedy$ a common$ a chea"$ still ready against fear$
sorro'$ and such troublesome thoughts$ that molest the mind< as brimstone
'ith fire$ the s"irits on a sudden are enlightened by it. L8o better
"hysicL (saith ;?.,CG1hasis) Lfor a melancholy man& and he that can %ee"
com"any$ and carouse$ needs no other medicines$L !tis enough. 5is
countryman A#icenna$ _.,. doc. =. ca". /._ "roceeds farther yet$ and 'ill
ha#e him that is troubled in mind$ or melancholy$ not to drin% only$ but
no' and then to be drun%& e+cellent good "hysic it is for this and many
other diseases. _Magninus 1eg. san. "art. .. c. .,._ 'ill ha#e them to be
so once a month at least$ and gi#es his reasons for it$ ;?.,,GLbecause it
scours the body by #omit$ urine$ s'eat$ of all manner of su"erfluities$ and
%ee"s it clean.L 2f the same mind is 9eneca the "hiloso"her$ in his boo%
_de tran0uil. lib. ,. c. ,@._ _nonnun0uam ut in aliis morbis ad ebrietatem
us0ue #eniendum< :uras de"rimit$ tristitiae medetur_$ it is good sometimes
to be drun%$ it hel"s sorro'$ de"resseth cares$ and so concludes this tract
'ith a cu" of 'ine& _5abes$ 9erene charissime$ 0uae ad$ tran0uillitatem
animae$ "ertinent_. ut these are e"icureal tenets$ tending to looseness of
life$ lu+ury and atheism$ maintained alone by some heathens$ dissolute
Arabians$ "rofane :hristians$ and are e+"loded by 1abbi Moses$ _tract. ?._
Guliel$ Placentius$ _lib. ,. ca". /._ Ialescus de Taranta$ and most
accurately #entilated by Do. 9yl#aticus$ a late 'riter and "hysician of
Milan$ _med. cont. ca". ,?._ 'here you shall find this tenet co"iously
confuted.
5o'soe#er you say$ if this be true$ that 'ine and strong drin% ha#e such
#irtue to e+"el fear and sorro'$ and to e+hilarate the mind$ e#er hereafter
let!s drin% and be merry.
;?.,=G LProme reconditum$ *yde strenua$ caecubum$
:a"aciores "uer huc affer 9cy"hos$
Et :hia #ina aut *esbia.L
L:ome$ lusty *yda$ fill!s a cu" of sac%$
And$ sirrah dra'er$ bigger "ots 'e lac%$
And 9cio 'ines that ha#e so good a smac%.L
I say 'ith him in ;?.,.GA. Gellius$ Llet us maintain the #igour of our
souls 'ith a moderate cu" of 'ine$L ;?.,?G_8atis in usum laetitiae
scy"his_$ Land drin% to refresh our mind< if there be any cold sorro' in
it$ or tor"id bashfulness$ let!s 'ash it all a'ay.L--_8unc #ino "ellite
curas_< so saith ;?.,@G5orace$ so saith Anacreon$
L;Gree%& Methuonta gar me %eisthai
"olu %reisson ae thanonta.GL
*et!s dri#e do'n care 'ith a cu" of 'ine& and so say I too$ (though I drin%
none myself) for all this may be done$ so that it be modestly$ soberly$
o""ortunely used& so that Lthey be not drun% 'ith 'ine$ 'herein is e+cess$L
'hich our ;?.,-GA"ostle fore'arns< for as :hrysostom 'ell comments on that
"lace$ _ad laetitiam datum est #inum$ non ad ebrietatem_$ !tis for mirth
'ine$ but not for madness& and 'ill you %no' 'here$ 'hen$ and ho' that is
to be understoodN _Iis discere ubi bonum sit #inumN Audi 0uid dicat
9cri"tura_$ hear the 9cri"tures$ LGi#e 'ine to them that are in sorro'$L or
as Paul bid Timothy drin% 'ine for his stomach!s sa%e$ for concoction$
health$ or some such honest occasion. 2ther'ise$ as ;?.,AG Pliny telleth
us< if singular moderation be not had$ ;?.,/GLnothing so "ernicious$ !tis
mere #inegar$ _blandus daemon_$ "oison itself.L ut hear a more fearful
doom$ 5abac. ii. ,@. and ,-. L4oe be to him that ma%es his neighbour drun%$
shameful s"e'ing shall be u"on his glory.L *et not good fello's trium"h
therefore (saith Matthiolus) that I ha#e so much commended 'ine$ if it be
immoderately ta%en$ Linstead of ma%ing glad$ it confounds both body and
soul$ it ma%es a giddy head$ a sorro'ful heart.L And !t'as 'ell said of the
"oet of old$ LIine causeth mirth and grief$L ;?.,BGnothing so good for
some$ so bad for others$ es"ecially as ;?.=CGone obser#es$ _0ui a causa
calida male habent_$ that are hot or inflamed. And so of s"ices$ they
alone$ as I ha#e sho'ed$ cause head-melancholy themsel#es$ they must not
use 'ine as an ;?.=,Gordinary drin%$ or in their diet. ut to determine
'ith *aurentius$ _c. /. de melan._ 'ine is bad for madmen$ and such as are
troubled 'ith heat in their inner "arts or brains< but to melancholy$ 'hich
is cold (as most is)$ 'ine$ soberly used$ may be #ery good.
I may say the same of the decoction of :hina roots$ sassafras$
sarsa"arilla$ guaiacum& :hina$ saith Manardus$ ma%es a good colour in the
face$ ta%es a'ay melancholy$ and all infirmities "roceeding from cold$ e#en
so sarsa"arilla "ro#o%es s'eat mightily$ guaiacum dries$ :laudinus$
_consult. /B. F ?-._ Montanus$ :a"i#accius$ _consult. ,//. 9coltzii_$ ma%e
fre0uent and good use of guaiacum and :hina$ ;?.==GLso that the li#er be
not incensed$L good for such as are cold$ as most melancholy men are$ but
by no means to be mentioned in hot.
The Tur%s ha#e a drin% called coffee (for they use no 'ine)$ so named of a
berry as blac% as soot$ and as bitter$ (li%e that blac% drin% 'hich 'as in
use amongst the *acedaemonians$ and "erha"s the same$) 'hich they si" still
of$ and su" as 'arm as they can suffer< they s"end much time in those
coffeehouses$ 'hich are some'hat li%e our alehouses or ta#erns$ and there
they sit chatting and drin%ing to dri#e a'ay the time$ and to be merry
together$ because they find by e+"erience that %ind of drin%$ so used$
hel"eth digestion$ and "rocureth alacrity. 9ome of them ta%e o"ium to this
"ur"ose.
orage$ balm$ saffron$ gold$ I ha#e s"o%en of< Montaltus$ _c. =.._ commends
scorzonera roots condite. Garcius ab 5orto$ _"lant. hist. lib. =. ca". =@._
ma%es mention of an herb called datura$ ;?.=.GL'hich$ if it be eaten for
t'enty-four hours follo'ing$ ta%es a'ay all sense of grief$ ma%es them
incline to laughter and mirth&L and another called bauge$ li%e in effect to
o"ium$ L'hich "uts them for a time into a %ind of ecstasy$L and ma%es them
gently to laugh. 2ne of the 1oman em"erors had a seed$ 'hich he did
ordinarily eat to e+hilarate himself. ;?.=?G:hristo"horus Ayrerus "refers
bezoar stone$ and the confection of al%ermes$ before other cordials$ and
amber in some cases. ;?.=@GLAl%ermes comforts the inner "arts<L and bezoar
stone hath an es"ecial #irtue against all melancholy affections$ ;?.=-GLit
refresheth the heart$ and corroborates the 'hole body.L ;?.=AGAmber
"ro#o%es urine$ hel"s the body$ brea%s 'ind$ Fc. After a "urge$ . or ?
grains of bezoar stone$ and . grains of ambergris$ drun% or ta%en in borage
or bugloss 'ater$ in 'hich gold hot hath been 0uenched$ 'ill do much good$
and the "urge shall diminish less (the heart so refreshed) of the strength
and substance of the body.
L;9ymbol& 1+G. confect. Al%ermes ;9ymbol& 2unceGQ la". ezor.
;9ymbol& 9cru"leGj. 9uccini albi subtiliss. "ul#erisat. ;9ymbol&
9cru"leGjj. cum 9yru"$ de cort. citri< fiat electuarium.L
To bezoar stone most subscribe$ Manardus$ and ;?.=/Gmany others< Lit ta%es
a'ay sadness$ and ma%es him merry that useth it< I ha#e seen some that ha#e
been much diseased 'ith faintness$ s'ooning$ and melancholy$ that ta%ing
the 'eight of three grains of this stone$ in the 'ater of o+tongue$ ha#e
been cured.L Garcias ab 5orto brags ho' many des"erate cures he hath done
u"on melancholy men by this alone$ 'hen all "hysicians had forsa%en them.
ut al%ermes many e+ce"t against< in some cases it may hel"$ if it be good
and of the best$ such as that of Mont"elier in 7rance$ 'hich ;?.=BGIodocus
9incerus$ _Itinerario Galliae_$ so much magnifies$ and 'ould ha#e no
tra#eller omit to see it made. ut it is not so general a medicine as the
other. 7ernelius$ _consil. ?B_$ sus"ects al%ermes$ by reason of its heat$
;?..CGLnothingL (saith he) Lsooner e+as"erates this disease$ than the use
of hot 'or%ing meats and medicines$ and 'ould ha#e them for that cause
'arily ta%en.L I conclude$ therefore$ of this and all other medicines$ as
Thucydides of the "lague at Athens$ no remedy could be "rescribed for it$
_8am 0uod uni "rofuit$ hoc aliis erat e+itio_& there is no :atholic
medicine to be had& that 'hich hel"s one$ is "ernicious to another.
_3iamargaritum frigidum$ diambra$ diaboraginatum$ electuarium laetificans
Galeni et 1hasis$ de gemmis$ dianthos$ diamoscum dulce et amarum$
electuarium conciliatoris$ syru". :idoniorum de "omis_$ conser#es of roses$
#iolets$ fumitory$ enula cam"ana$ satyrion$ lemons$ orange-"ills$ condite$
Fc.$ ha#e their good use.
;?..,G L;9ymbol& 1+G. 3iamoschi dulcis et amari ana ;9ymbol& 3ramGjj.
3iabuglossati$ 3iaboraginati$ sacchari #iolacei ana j. misce cum
syru"o de "omis.L
E#ery "hysician is full of such recei"ts& one only I 'ill add for the
rareness of it$ 'hich I find recorded by many learned authors$ as an
a""ro#ed medicine against dotage$ head-melancholy$ and such diseases of the
brain. Ta%e a ;?..=Gram!s head that ne#er meddled 'ith an e'e$ cut off at a
blo'$ and the horns only ta%e a'ay$ boil it 'ell$ s%in and 'ool together<
after it is 'ell sod$ ta%e out the brains$ and "ut these s"ices to it$
cinnamon$ ginger$ nutmeg$ mace$ clo#es$ _ana_ ;9ymbol& 2unceGQ$ mingle the
"o'der of these s"ices 'ith it$ and heat them in a "latter u"on a
chafing-dish of coals together$ stirring them 'ell$ that they do not burn<
ta%e heed it be not o#ermuch dried$ or drier than a calf!s brains ready to
be eaten. 6ee" it so "re"ared$ and for three days gi#e it the "atient
fasting$ so that he fast t'o hours after it. It may be eaten 'ith bread in
an egg or broth$ or any 'ay$ so it be ta%en. 7or fourteen days let him use
this diet$ drin% no 'ine$ Fc. Gesner$ _hist. animal. lib. ,. "ag. B,A._
:aricterius$ _"ract. ,.. in 8ich. de metri. "ag. ,=B._ Iatro& _4ittenberg.
edit. Tubing. "ag. -=_$ mention this medicine$ though 'ith some #ariation<
he that list may try it$ ;?...Gand many such.
2doraments to smell to$ of rose'ater$ #iolet flo'ers$ balm$ rose-ca%es$
#inegar$ Fc.$ do much recreate the brains and s"irits$ according to
9olomon. Pro#. ++#ii. B. LThey rejoice the heart$L and as some say$
nourish< !tis a 0uestion commonly contro#erted in our schools$ _an odores
nutriant_< let 7icinus$ _lib. =. ca". ,/._ decide it< ;?..?Gmany arguments
he brings to "ro#e it< as of 3emocritus$ that li#ed by the smell of bread
alone$ a""lied to his nostrils$ for some fe' days$ 'hen for old age he
could eat no meat. 7errerius$ _lib. =. meth._ s"ea%s of an e+cellent
confection of his ma%ing$ of 'ine$ saffron$ Fc.$ 'hich he "rescribed to
dull$ 'ea%$ feeble$ and dying men to smell to$ and by it to ha#e done #ery
much good$ _ae0ue fere "rofuisse olfactu$ et "otu_$ as if he had gi#en them
drin%. 2ur noble and learned *ord ;?..@GIerulam$ in his boo% _de #ita et
morte_$ commends$ therefore$ all such cold smells as any 'ay ser#e to
refrigerate the s"irits. Montanus$ _consil. .,_$ "rescribes a form 'hich he
'ould ha#e his melancholy "atient ne#er to ha#e out of his hands. If you
'ill ha#e them s"agirically "re"ared$ loo% in 2s'aldus :rollius$ _basil.
:hymica_.
Irrigations of the head sha#en$ ;?..-GLof the flo'ers of 'ater lilies$
lettuce$ #iolets$ camomile$ 'ild mallo's$ 'ether!s-head$ Fc.$L must be used
many mornings together. Montan. _consil. .,_$ 'ould ha#e the head so 'ashed
once a 'ee%. *aelius a 7onte Eugubinus _consult. ??_$ for an Italian count$
troubled 'ith head-melancholy$ re"eats many medicines 'hich he tried$
;?..AGLbut t'o alone 'hich did the cure< use of 'hey made of goat!s mil%$
'ith the e+tract of hellebore$ and irrigations of the head 'ith 'ater
lilies$ lettuce$ #iolets$ camomile$ Fc.$ u"on the suture of the cro'n.L
Piso commends a ram!s lungs a""lied hot to the fore "art of the head$
;?../Gor a young lamb di#ided in the bac%$ e+enterated$ Fc.< all
ac%no'ledge the chief cure in moistening throughout. 9ome$ saith
*aurentius$ use "o'ders and ca"s to the brain< but forasmuch as such
aromatical things are hot and dry$ they must be s"aringly administered.
Hnto the heart 'e may do 'ell to a""ly bags$ e"ithems$ ointments$ of 'hich
*aurentius$ _c. B. de melan._ gi#es e+am"les. ruel "rescribes an e"ithem
for the heart$ of bugloss$ borage$ 'ater-lily$ #iolet 'aters$ s'eet-'ine$
balm lea#es$ nutmegs$ clo#es$ Fc.
7or the belly$ ma%e a fomentation of oil$ ;?..BGin 'hich the seeds of
cumin$ rue$ carrots$ dill$ ha#e been boiled.
aths are of 'onderful great force in this malady$ much admired by ;?.?CG
Galen$ ;?.?,GAetius$ 1hasis$ Fc.$ of s'eet 'ater$ in 'hich is boiled the
lea#es of mallo's$ roses$ #iolets$ 'ater-lilies$ 'ether!s-head$ flo'ers of
bugloss$ camomile$ melilot$ Fc. Guianer$ _ca". /. tract. ,@_$ 'ould ha#e
them used t'ice a day$ and 'hen they came forth of the baths$ their bac%
bones to be anointed 'ith oil of almonds$ #iolets$ nym"hea$ fresh ca"on
grease$ Fc.
Amulets and things to be borne about$ I find "rescribed$ ta+ed by some$
a""ro#ed by 1enodeus$ Platerus$ (_amuleta in0uit non negligenda_) and
others< loo% for them in Mizaldus$ Porta$ Albertus$ Fc. assardus
Iiscontinus$ _ant. "hilos._ commends hy"ericon$ or 9t. Dohn!s 'ort gathered
on a ;?.?=G7riday in the hour of LDu"iter$ 'hen it comes to his effectual
o"eration (that is about the full moon in Duly)< so gathered and borne$ or
hung about the nec%$ it mightily hel"s this affection$ and dri#es a'ay all
fantastical s"irits.L ;?.?.GPhiles$ a Gree% author that flourished in the
time of Michael Paleologus$ 'rites that a shee" or %id!s s%in$ 'hom a 'olf
'orried$ ;?.??G_5aedus inhumani ra"tus ab ore lu"i_$ ought not at all to be
'orn about a man$ Lbecause it causeth "al"itation of the heart$L not for
any fear$ but a secret #irtue 'hich amulets ha#e. A ring made of the hoof
of an ass!s right fore foot carried about$ Fc. I say 'ith ;?.?@G1enodeus$
they are not altogether to be rejected. Paeony doth cure e"ile"sy< "recious
stones most diseases< ;?.?-Ga 'olf!s dung borne 'ith one hel"s the colic$
;?.?AGa s"ider an ague$ Fc. eing in the country in the #acation time not
many years since$ at *indley in *eicestershire$ my father!s house$ I first
obser#ed this amulet of a s"ider in a nut-shell la""ed in sil%$ Fc.$ so
a""lied for an ague by ;?.?/Gmy mother< 'hom$ although I %ne' to ha#e
e+cellent s%ill in chirurgery$ sore eyes$ aches$ Fc.$ and such e+"erimental
medicines$ as all the country 'here she d'elt can 'itness$ to ha#e done
many famous and good cures u"on di#erse "oor fol%s$ that 'ere other'ise
destitute of hel"& yet among all other e+"eriments$ this methought 'as most
absurd and ridiculous$ I could see no 'arrant for it. _Kuid aranea cum
febre_N 7or 'hat anti"athyN till at length rambling amongst authors (as
often I do) I found this #ery medicine in 3ioscorides$ a""ro#ed by
Matthiolus$ re"eated by Aldero#andus$ _ca". de Aranea$ lib. de insectis_$ I
began to ha#e a better o"inion of it$ and to gi#e more credit to amulets$
'hen I sa' it in some "arties ans'er to e+"erience. 9ome medicines are to
be e+"loded$ that consist of 'ords$ characters$ s"ells$ and charms$ 'hich
can do no good at all$ but out of a strong conceit$ as Pom"onatius "ro#es<
or the de#il!s "olicy$ 'ho is the first founder and teacher of them.
9H9E:T. II.--_:orrectors of Accidents to "rocure 9lee". Against fearful
3reams$ 1edness$ Fc._
4hen you ha#e used all good means and hel"s of alterati#es$ a#erters$
diminuti#es$ yet there 'ill be still certain accidents to be corrected and
amended$ as 'a%ing$ fearful dreams$ flushing in the face to some ruddiness$
Fc.
4a%ing$ by reason of their continual cares$ fears$ sorro's$ dry brains$ is
a sym"tom that much crucifies melancholy men$ and must therefore be
s"eedily hel"ed$ and slee" by all means "rocured$ 'hich sometimes is a
sufficient ;?.?BGremedy of itself 'ithout any other "hysic. 9c%en%ius$ in
his obser#ations$ hath an e+am"le of a 'oman that 'as so cured. The means
to "rocure it$ are in'ard or out'ard. In'ardly ta%en$ are sim"les$ or
com"ounds< sim"les$ as "o""y$ nym"hea$ #iolets$ roses$ lettuce$ mandra%e$
henbane$ nightshade or solanum$ saffron$ hem"-seed$ nutmegs$ 'illo's$ 'ith
their seeds$ juice$ decoctions$ distilled 'aters$ Fc. :om"ounds are syru"s$
or o"iates$ syru" of "o""y$ #iolets$ #erbasco$ 'hich are commonly ta%en
'ith distilled 'aters.
L;9ymbol& 1+G diacodii ;9ymbol& 2unceGj. diascordii ;9ymbol& 3ramGQ
a0uae lactucae ;9ymbol& 2unceGiijQ mista fiat "otio ad horam somni
sumenda.L
1e0uies 8icholai$ Philonium 1omanum$ Tri"hera magna$ "ilulae$ de
:ynoglossa$ 3ioscordium$ *audanum Paracelsi$ 2"ium$ are in use$ Fc. :ountry
fol%s commonly ma%e a "osset of hem"-seed$ 'hich 7uchsius in his herbal so
much discommends< yet I ha#e seen the good effect$ and it may be used 'here
better medicines are not to be had.
*audanum Paracelsi is "rescribed in t'o or three grains$ 'ith a dram of
3iascordium$ 'hich 2s'ald. :rollius commends. 2"ium itself is most "art
used out'ardly$ to smell to in a ball$ though commonly so ta%en by the
Tur%s to the same 0uantity ;?.@CGfor a cordial$ and at Goa in$ the Indies<
the dose ?C or @C grains.
1ulandus calls 1e0uiem 8icholai _ultimum refugium_$ the last refuge< but of
this and the rest loo% for "eculiar recei"ts in Iictorius 7a#entinus$ _ca".
de "hrensi_. 5eurnius _ca". de mania_. 5ildesheim _s"icel. ?. de somno et
#igil_. Fc. 2ut'ardly used$ as oil of nutmegs by e+traction$ or e+"ression
'ith rose'ater to anoint the tem"les$ oils of "o""y$ nenu"har$ mandra%e$
"urslan$ #iolets$ all to the same "ur"ose.
Montan. _consil. =? F =@._ much commends odoraments of o"ium$ #inegar$ and
rose'ater. *aurentius _ca". B._ "rescribes "omanders and nodules< see the
recei"ts in him< :odronchus ;?.@,G'orm'ood to smell to.
_Hnguentum Alabastritum$ "o"uleum_ are used to anoint the tem"les$
nostrils$ or if they be too 'ea%$ they mi+ saffron and o"ium. Ta%e a grain
or t'o of o"ium$ and dissol#e it 'ith three or four dro"s of rose'ater in a
s"oon$ and after mingle 'ith it as much _Hnguentum "o"uleum_ as a nut$ use
it as before& or else ta%e half a dram of o"ium$ _Hnguentum "o"uleum_$ oil
of nenu"har$ rose'ater$ rose-#inegar$ of each half an ounce$ 'ith as much
#irgin 'a+ as a nut$ anoint your tem"les 'ith some of it$ _ad horam somni_.
9ac%s of 'orm'ood$ ;?.@=Gmandra%e$ ;?.@.Ghenbane$ roses made li%e "illo's
and laid under the "atient!s head$ are mentioned by ;?.@?G:ardan and
Mizaldus$ Lto anoint the soles of the feet 'ith the fat of a dormouse$ the
teeth 'ith ear 'a+ of a dog$ s'ine!s gall$ hare!s ears&L charms$ Fc.
7rontlets are 'ell %no'n to e#ery good 'ife$ rose'ater and #inegar$ 'ith a
little 'oman!s mil%$ and nutmegs grated u"on a rose-ca%e a""lied to both
tem"les.
7or an em"laster$ ta%e of castorium a dram and a half$ of o"ium half a
scru"le$ mi+ed both together 'ith a little 'ater of life$ ma%e t'o small
"lasters thereof$ and a""ly them to the tem"les.
1ulandus _cent. ,. cur. ,A. cent. .. cur. B?._ "rescribes e"ithems and
lotions of the head$ 'ith the decoction of flo'ers of nym"hea$
#iolet-lea#es$ mandra%e roots$ henbane$ 'hite "o""y. 5erc. de 9a+onia$
_stillicidia_$ or dro""ings$ Fc. *otions of the feet do much a#ail of the
said herbs& by these means$ saith *aurentius$ I thin% you may "rocure slee"
to the most melancholy man in the 'orld. 9ome use horseleeches behind the
ears$ and a""ly o"ium to the "lace.
;?.@@Gayerus _lib. =. c. ,.._ sets do'n some remedies against fearful
dreams$ and such as 'al% and tal% in their slee". a"tista Porta _Mag. nat.
l. =. c. -._ to "rocure "leasant dreams and 0uiet rest$ 'ould ha#e you ta%e
hi""oglossa$ or the herb horsetongue$ balm$ to use them or their distilled
'aters after su""er$ Fc. 9uch men must not eat beans$ "eas$ garlic$ onions$
cabbage$ #enison$ hare$ use blac% 'ines$ or any meat hard of digestion at
su""er$ or lie on their bac%s$ Fc.
_1usticus "udor_$ bashfulness$ flushing in the face$ high colour$
ruddiness$ are common grie#ances$ 'hich much torture many melancholy men$
'hen they meet a man$ or come in ;?.@-Gcom"any of their betters$ strangers$
after a meal$ or if they drin% a cu" of 'ine or strong drin%$ they are as
red and fleet$ and s'eat as if they had been at a mayor!s feast$
_"raesertim si metus accesserit_$ it e+ceeds$ ;?.@AGthey thin% e#ery man
obser#es$ ta%es notice of it& and fear alone 'ill effect it$ sus"icion
'ithout any other cause. 9c%en%ius _obser#. med. lib. ,._ s"ea%s of a
'aiting gentle'oman in the 3u%e of 9a#oy!s court$ that 'as so much offended
'ith it$ that she %neeled do'n to him$ and offered iarus$ a "hysician$ all
that she had to be cured of it. And !tis most true$ that ;?.@/GAntony
*udo#icus saith in his boo% _de Pudore_$ Lbashfulness either hurts or
hel"s$L such men I am sure it hurts. If it "roceed from sus"icion or fear$
;?.@BG7eli+ Plater "rescribes no other remedy but to reject and contemn it&
_Id "o"ulus curat scilicet_$ as a ;?.-CG'orthy "hysician in our to'n said
to a friend of mine in li%e case$ com"laining 'ithout a cause$ su""ose one
loo% red$ 'hat matter is it$ ma%e light of it$ 'ho obser#es itN
If it trouble at or after meals$ (as ;?.-,GDobertus obser#es _med. "ract.
l. ,. c. A._) after a little e+ercise or stirring$ for many are then hot
and red in the face$ or if they do nothing at all$ es"ecially 'omen< he
'ould ha#e them let blood in both arms$ first one$ then another$ t'o or
three days bet'een$ if blood abound< to use frictions of the other "arts$
feet es"ecially$ and 'ashing of them$ because of that consent 'hich is
bet'een the head and the feet. ;?.-=GAnd 'ithal to refrigerate the face$ by
'ashing it often 'ith rose$ #iolet$ nenu"har$ lettuce$ lo#age 'aters$ and
the li%e& but the best of all is that _lac #irginale_$ or strained li0uor
of litargy& it is di#ersely "re"ared< by Dobertus thus< _;9ymbol& 1+G
lithar. argent. unc. j cerussae candidissimae$ ;9ymbol& 3ramGjjj. ca"hurae$
;9ymbol& 9cru"leGjj. dissol#antur a0uarum solani$ lactucae$ et nenu"haris
ana unc. jjj. aceti #ini albi. unc. jj. ali0uot horas resideat$ deinde
transmittatur "er "hilt. a0ua ser#etur in #ase #itreo$ ac ea bis ter#e
facies 0uotidie irroretur_. ;?.-.GKuercetan _s"agir. "har. ca". -._
commends the 'ater of frog!s s"a'n for ruddiness in the face. ;?.-?G:rato
_consil. =/.. 9coltzii_ 'ould fain ha#e them use all summer the condite
flo'ers of succory$ stra'berry 'ater$ roses (cu""ing-glasses are good for
the time)$ _consil. =/@. et =/-._ and to defecate im"ure blood 'ith the
infusion of senna$ sa#ory$ balm 'ater. ;?.-@G5ollerius %ne' one cured alone
'ith the use of succory boiled$ and drun% for fi#e months$ e#ery morning in
the summer. ;?.--GIt is good o#ernight to anoint the face 'ith hare!s
blood$ and in the morning to 'ash it 'ith stra'berry and co'sli" 'ater$ the
juice of distilled lemons$ juice of cucumbers$ or to use the seeds of
melons$ or %ernels of "eaches beaten small$ or the roots of Aron$ and mi+ed
'ith 'heat bran to ba%e it in an o#en$ and to crumble it in stra'berry
'ater$ ;?.-AG or to "ut fresh cheese curds to a red face.
If it trouble them at meal times that flushing$ as oft it doth$ 'ith
s'eating or the li%e$ they must a#oid all #iolent "assions and actions$ as
laughing$ Fc.$ strong drin%$ and drin% #ery little$ ;?.-/Gone draught$
saith :rato$ and that about the midst of their meal< a#oid at all times
indurate salt$ and es"ecially s"ice and 'indy meat.
;?.-BG:rato "rescribes the condite fruit of 'ild rose$ to a nobleman his
"atient$ to be ta%en before dinner or su""er$ to the 0uantity of a
chestnut. It is made of sugar$ as that of 0uinces. The decoction of the
roots of so'thistle before meat$ by the same author is much a""ro#ed. To
eat of a ba%ed a""le some ad#ice$ or of a "reser#ed 0uince$ cuminseed
"re"ared 'ith meat instead of salt$ to %ee" do'n fumes& not to study or to
be intenti#e after meals.
L;9ymbol& 1+G. 8ucleorum "ersic. seminis melonum ana unc. ;9ymbol&
9cru"leGQ a0uae fragrorum l. ij. misce$ utatur mane.L
;?.ACGTo a""ly cu""ing glasses to the shoulders is #ery good. 7or the other
%ind of ruddiness 'hich is settled in the face 'ith "im"les$ Fc.$ because
it "ertains not to my subject$ I 'ill not meddle 'ith it. I refer you to
:rato!s counsels$ Arnoldus _lib. ,. bre#iar. ca". .B. ,._ 1ulande$ Peter
7orestus de 7uco$ _lib. .,. obser. =._ To Platerus$ Mercurialis$ Hlmus$
1ondoletius$ 5eurnius$ Menadous$ and others that ha#e 'ritten largely of
it.
Those other grie#ances and sym"toms of headache$ "al"itation of heart$
_Iertigo deli0uium_$ Fc.$ 'hich trouble many melancholy men$ because they
are co"iously handled a"art in e#ery "hysician$ I do #oluntarily omit.
MEM. II.
_:ure of Melancholy o#er all the ody_.
4here the melancholy blood "ossesseth the 'hole body 'ith the brain$ ;?.A,G
it is best to begin 'ith bloodletting. The Gree%s "rescribe the ;?.A=G
median or middle #ein to be o"ened$ and so much blood to be ta%en a'ay as
the "atient may 'ell s"are$ and the cut that is made must be 'ide enough.
The Arabians hold it fittest to be ta%en from that arm on 'hich side there
is more "ain and hea#iness in the head& if blac% blood issue forth$ bleed
on< if it be clear and good$ let it be instantly su""ressed$ ;?.A.G
Lbecause the malice of melancholy is much corrected by the goodness of the
blood.L If the "arty!s strength 'ill not admit much e#acuation in this %ind
at once$ it must be assayed again and again& if it may not be con#eniently
ta%en from the arm$ it must be ta%en from the %nees and an%les$ es"ecially
to such men or 'omen 'hose haemorrhoids or months ha#e been sto""ed. ;?.A?G
If the malady continue$ it is not amiss to e#acuate in a "art in the
forehead$ and to #irgins in the an%les$ 'ho are melancholy for lo#e
matters< so to 'ido's that are much grie#ed and troubled 'ith sorro' and
cares& for bad blood flo's in the heart$ and so crucifies the mind. The
haemorrhoids are to be o"ened 'ith an instrument or horseleeches$ Fc. 9ee
more in Montaltus$ _ca". =B._ ;?.A@G9c%en%ius hath an e+am"le of one that
'as cured by an accidental 'ound in his thigh$ much bleeding freed him from
melancholy. 3iet$ diminuti#es$ alterati#es$ cordials$ correctors as before$
intermi+ed as occasion ser#es$ ;?.A-GLall their study must be to ma%e a
melancholy man fat$ and then the cure is ended.L 3iuretics$ or medicines to
"rocure urine$ are "rescribed by some in this %ind$ hot and cold& hot 'here
the heat of the li#er doth not forbid< cold 'here the heat of the li#er is
#ery great& ;?.AAGamongst hot are "arsley roots$ lo#age$ fennel$ Fc.& cold$
melon seeds$ Fc.$ 'ith 'hey of goat!s mil%$ 'hich is the common con#eyer.
To "urge and ;?.A/G"urify the blood$ use so'thistle$ succory$ senna$
endi#e$ carduus benedictus$ dandelion$ ho"$ maidenhair$ fumitory$ bugloss$
borage$ Fc.$ 'ith their juice$ decoctions$ distilled 'aters$ syru"s$ Fc.
2s'aldus$ :rollius$ _basil :hym._ much admires salt of corals in this case$
and Aetius$ _tetrabib. ser. =. ca". ,,?._ 5ieram Archigenis$ 'hich is an
e+cellent medicine to "urify the blood$ Lfor all melancholy affections$
falling sic%ness$ none to be com"ared to it.L
MEM. III.
9H9E:T. I.--_:ure of 5y"ochondriacal Melancholy_.
In this cure$ as in the rest$ is es"ecially re0uired the rectification of
those si+ non-natural things abo#e all$ as good diet$ 'hich Montanus$
_consil. =A._ enjoins a 7rench nobleman$ Lto ha#e an es"ecial care of it$
'ithout 'hich all other remedies are in #ain.L loodletting is not to be
used$ e+ce"t the "atient!s body be #ery full of blood$ and that it be
deri#ed from the li#er and s"leen to the stomach and his #essels$ then
;?.ABGto dra' it bac%$ to cut the inner #ein of either arm$ some say the
sal#atella$ and if the malady be continuate$ ;?./CGto o"en a #ein in the
forehead.
Pre"arati#es and alterati#es may be used as before$ sa#ing that there must
be res"ect had as 'ell to the li#er$ s"leen$ stomach$ hy"ochondries$ as to
the heart and brain. To comfort the ;?./,Gstomach and inner "arts against
'ind and obstructions$ by Areteus$ Galen$ Aetius$ Aurelianus$ Fc.$ and many
latter 'riters$ are still "rescribed the decoctions of 'orm'ood$ centaury$
"ennyroyal$ betony sodden in 'hey$ and daily drun%& many ha#e been cured by
this medicine alone.
Pros"er Altinus and some others as much magnify the 'ater of 8ile against
this malady$ an es"ecial good remedy for 'indy melancholy. 7or 'hich reason
beli%e Ptolemeus Philadel"hus$ 'hen he married his daughter erenice to the
%ing of Assyria (as :elsus$ _lib. =._ records)$ _magnis im"ensis 8ili a0uam
afferri jussit_$ to his great charge caused the 'ater of 8ile to be carried
'ith her$ and ga#e command$ that during her life she should use no other
drin%. I find those that commend use of a""les$ in s"lenetic and this %ind
of melancholy (lamb!s-'ool some call it)$ 'hich ho'soe#er a""ro#ed$ must
certainly be corrected of cold ra'ness and 'ind.
:odronchus in his boo% _de sale absyn._ magnifies the oil and salt of
'orm'ood abo#e all other remedies$ ;?./=GL'hich 'or%s better and s"eedier
than any sim"le 'hatsoe#er$ and much to be "referred before all those
fulsome decoctions and infusions$ 'hich must offend by reason of their
0uantity< this alone in a small measure ta%en$ e+"els 'ind$ and that most
forcibly$ mo#es urine$ cleanseth the stomach of all gross humours$
crudities$ hel"s a""etite$L Fc. Arnoldus hath a 'orm'ood 'ine 'hich he
'ould ha#e used$ 'hich e#ery "harmaco"oeia s"ea%s of.
3iminuti#es and "urges may ;?./.Gbe ta%en as before$ of hiera$ manna$
cassia$ 'hich Montanus _consil. =.C._ for an Italian abbot$ in this %ind
"refers before all other sim"les$ ;?./?GLAnd these must be often used$
still abstaining from those 'hich are more #iolent$ lest they do e+as"erate
the stomach$ Fc.$ and the mischief by that means be increased.L Though in
some "hysicians I find #ery strong "urgers$ hellebore itself "rescribed in
this affection. If it long continue$ #omits may be ta%en after meat$ or
other'ise gently "rocured 'ith 'arm 'ater$ o+ymel$ Fc.$ no' and then.
7uchsius _ca". ..._ "rescribes hellebore< but still ta%e heed in this
malady$ 'hich I ha#e often 'arned$ of hot medicines$ ;?./@GLbecauseL (as
9al#ianus adds) Ldrought follo's heat$ 'hich increaseth the disease&L and
yet a"tista 9yl#aticus _contro#. .=._ forbids cold medicines$ ;?./-G
Lbecause they increase obstructions and other bad sym"toms.L ut this
#aries as the "arties do$ and !tis not easy to determine 'hich to use.
;?./AGLThe stomach most "art in this infirmity is cold$ the li#er hot<
scarce thereforeL ('hich Montanus insinuates _consil. ==B._ for the Earl of
Manfort) Lcan you hel" the one and not hurt the other&L much discretion
must be used< ta%e no "hysic at all he concludes 'ithout great need.
*aelius Aegubinus _consil._ for an hy"ochondriacal German "rince$ used many
medicines< Lbut it 'as after signified to him in ;?.//Gletters$ that the
decoction of :hina and sassafras$ and salt of sassafras 'rought him an
incredible good.L In his _,C/ consult_$ he used as ha""ily the same
remedies< this to a third might ha#e been "oison$ by o#erheating his li#er
and blood.
7or the other "arts loo% for remedies in 9a#anarola$ Gordonius$ Massaria$
Mercatus$ Dohnson$ Fc. 2ne for the s"leen$ amongst many other$ I 'ill not
omit$ cited by 5ildesheim$ _s"icel. =_$ "rescribed by Mat. 7laccus$ and out
of the authority of ene#enius. Antony ene#enius in a hy"ochondriacal
"assion$ ;?./BGLcured an e+ceeding great s'elling of the s"leen 'ith ca"ers
alone$ a meat befitting that infirmity$ and fre0uent use of the 'ater of a
smith!s forge< by this "hysic he hel"ed a sic% man$ 'hom all other
"hysicians had forsa%en$ that for se#en years had been s"lenetic.L And of
such force is this 'ater$ ;?.BCGLthat those creatures as drin% of it$ ha#e
commonly little or no s"leen.L 9ee more e+cellent medicines for the s"leen
in him and ;?.B,G*od. Mercatus$ 'ho is a great magnifier of this medicine.
This _:halybs "rae"aratus_$ or steel-drin%$ is much li%e'ise commended to
this disease by 3aniel 9ennertus _l. ,. "art. =. ca". ,=._ and admired by
D. :aesar :laudinus _1es"ons. =B._ he calls steel the "ro"er
;?.B=Gale+i"harmacum of this malady$ and much magnifies it< loo% for
recei"ts in them. A#erters must be used to the li#er and s"leen$ and to
scour the mesaraic #eins& and they are either too o"en or "ro#o%e urine.
Eou can o"en no "lace better than the haemorrhoids$ L'hich if by
horseleeches they be made to flo'$ ;?.B.Gthere may be again such an
e+cellent remedy$L as Plater holds. 9allust. 9al#ian 'ill admit no other
"hlebotomy but this< and by his e+"erience in an hos"ital 'hich he %e"t$ he
found all mad and melancholy men 'orse for other bloodletting. *aurentius
_ca". ,@._ calls this of horseleeches a sure remedy to em"ty the s"leen and
mesaraic membrane. 2nly Montanus _consil. =?,._ is against it< ;?.B?G Lto
other menL (saith he) Lthis o"ening of the haemorrhoids seems to be a
"rofitable remedy< for my "art I do not a""ro#e of it$ because it dra's
a'ay the thinnest blood$ and lea#es the thic%est behind.L
Aetius$ Iidus Iidius$ Mercurialis$ 7uchsius$ recommend diuretics$ or such
things as "ro#o%e urine$ as aniseeds$ dill$ fennel$ germander$ ground "ine$
sodden in 'ater$ or drun% in "o'der& and yet ;?.B@GP. ayerus is against
them& and so is 5ollerius< LAll melancholy menL (saith he) Lmust a#oid such
things as "ro#o%e urine$ because by them the subtile or thinnest is
e#acuated$ the thic%er matter remains.L
:lysters are in good re0uest. Trinca#elius _lib. .. ca". ./._ for a young
nobleman$ esteems of them in the first "lace$ and 5ercules de 9a+onia
_Panth. lib. ,. ca". ,-._ is a great a""ro#er of them. ;?.B-GLI ha#e found
(saith he) by e+"erience$ that many hy"ochondriacal melancholy men ha#e
been cured by the sole use of clysters$L recei"ts are to be had in him.
esides those fomentations$ irrigations$ inunctions$ odoraments$ "rescribed
for the head$ there must be the li%e used for the li#er$ s"leen$ stomach$
hy"ochondries$ Fc. ;?.BAGLIn crudityL (saith Piso) L!tis good to bind the
stomach hardL to hinder 'ind$ and to hel" concoction.
2f in'ard medicines I need not s"ea%< use the same cordials as before. In
this %ind of melancholy$ some "rescribe ;?.B/Gtreacle in 'inter$ es"ecially
before or after "urges$ or in the s"ring$ as A#icenna$ ;?.BBG Trinca#ellius
mithridate$ ;??CCGMontaltus "aeony seed$ unicorn!s horn< _os de corde
cer#i_$ Fc.
Amongst to"ics or out'ard medicines$ none are more "recious than baths$ but
of them I ha#e s"o%en. 7omentations to the hy"ochondries are #ery good$ of
'ine and 'ater in 'hich are sodden southern'ood$ melilot$ e"ithyme$
mug'ort$ senna$ "oly"ody$ as also ;??C,Gcerotes$ ;??C=G"laisters$
liniments$ ointments for the s"leen$ li#er$ and hy"ochondries$ of 'hich
loo% for e+am"les in *aurentius$ Dobertus _lib. .. c. "ra. med._ Montanus
_consil. =.,._ Montaltus _ca". ..._ 5ercules de 9a+onia$ 7a#entinus. And so
of e"ithems$ digesti#e "o'ders$ bags$ oils$ 2cta#ius 5oratianus _lib. =. c.
@._ "rescribes calastic cata"lasms$ or dry "urging medicines< Piso
;??C.Gdro"aces of "itch$ and oil of rue$ a""lied at certain times to the
stomach$ to the meta"hrene$ or "art of the bac% 'hich is o#er against the
heart$ Aetius sina"isms< Montaltus _ca". .@._ 'ould ha#e the thighs to be
;??C?Gcauterised$ Mercurialis "rescribes beneath the %nees< *aelius
Aegubinus _consil. AA._ for a hy"ochondriacal 3utchman$ 'ill ha#e the
cautery made in the right thigh$ and so Montanus _consil. @@._ The same
Montanus _consil. .?._ a""ro#es of issues in the arms or hinder "art of the
head. ernardus Paternus in 5ildesheim _s"icel =._ 'ould ha#e ;??C@G issues
made in both the thighs< ;??C-G*od. Mercatus "rescribes them near the
s"leen$ _aut "ro"e #entriculi regimen_$ or in either of the thighs.
*igatures$ frictions$ and cu""ing-glasses abo#e or about the belly$ 'ithout
scarification$ 'hich ;??CAG7eli+ Platerus so much a""ro#es$ may be used as
before.
9H9E:T. II.--_:orrectors to e+"el 4ind. Against :osti#eness$ Fc._
In this %ind of melancholy one of the most offensi#e sym"toms is 'ind$
'hich$ as in the other s"ecies$ so in this$ hath great need to be corrected
and e+"elled.
The medicines to e+"el it are either in'ardly ta%en$ or out'ardly. In'ardly
to e+"el 'ind$ are sim"les or com"ounds& sim"les are herbs$ roots$ Fc.$ as
galanga$ gentian$ angelica$ enula$ calamus aromaticus$ #alerian$ zeodoti$
iris$ condite ginger$ aristolochy$ cicliminus$ :hina$ dittander$
"ennyroyal$ rue$ calamint$ bay-berries$ and bay-lea#es$ betony$ rosemary$
hysso"$ sabine$ centaury$ mint$ camomile$ staechas$ agnus castus$
broom-flo'ers$ origan$ orange-"ills$ Fc.< s"ices$ as saffron$ cinnamon$
bezoar stone$ myrrh$ mace$ nutmegs$ "e""er$ clo#es$ ginger$ seeds of annis$
fennel$ amni$ cari$ nettle$ rue$ Fc.$ juni"er berries$ grana "aradisi<
com"ounds$ dianisum$ diagalanga$ diaciminum$ diacalaminth$ _electuarium de
baccis lauri$ benedicta la+ati#a$ "ul#is ad status. antid. florent. "ul#is
carminati#us$ aromaticum rosatum$ treacle$ mithridate_ Fc. This one caution
of ;??C/GGualter ruell is to be obser#ed in the administering of these hot
medicines and dry$ Lthat 'hilst they co#et to e+"el 'ind$ they do not
inflame the blood$ and increase the disease< sometimesL (as he saith)
Lmedicines must more decline to heat$ sometimes more to cold$ as the
circumstances re0uire$ and as the "arties are inclined to heat or cold.L
2ut'ardly ta%en to e+"el 'inds$ are oils$ as of camomile$ rue$ bays$ Fc.<
fomentations of the hy"ochondries$ 'ith the decoctions of dill$ "ennyroyal$
rue$ bay lea#es$ cumin$ Fc.$ bags of camomile flo'ers$ aniseed$ cumin$
bays$ rue$ 'orm'ood$ ointments of the oil of s"i%enard$ 'orm'ood$ rue$ Fc.
;??CBGAreteus "rescribes cata"lasms of camomile flo'ers$ fennel$ aniseeds$
cumin$ rosemary$ 'orm'ood-lea#es$ Fc.
;??,CG:u""ing-glasses a""lied to the hy"ochondries$ 'ithout scarification$
do 'onderfully resol#e 'ind. 7ernelius _consil. ?.._ much a""ro#es of them
at the lo'er end of the belly< ;??,,G*od. Mercatus calls them a "o'erful
remedy$ and testifies moreo#er out of his o'n %no'ledge$ ho' many he hath
seen suddenly eased by them. Dulius :aesar :laudinus _res"ons. med. res".
..._ admires these cu""ing-glasses$ 'hich he calls out of Galen$ ;??,=GLa
%ind of enchantment$ they cause such "resent hel".L
Em"irics ha#e a myriad of medicines$ as to s'allo' a bullet of lead$ Fc.$
'hich I #oluntarily omit. Amatus *usitanus$ _cent. ?. curat. @?._ for a
hy"ochondriacal "erson$ that 'as e+tremely tormented 'ith 'ind$ "rescribes
a strange remedy. Put a "air of bello's end into a clyster "i"e$ and
a""lying it into the fundament$ o"en the bo'els$ so dra' forth the 'ind$
_natura non admittit #acuum_. 5e #aunts he 'as the first in#ented this
remedy$ and by means of it s"eedily eased a melancholy man. 2f the cure of
this flatuous melancholy$ read more in 7ienus de 7latibus$ _ca". =-. et
"assim alias_.
Against headache$ #ertigo$ #a"ours 'hich ascend forth of the stomach to
molest the head$ read 5ercules de 9a+onia$ and others.
If costi#eness offend in this$ or any other of the three s"ecies$ it is to
be corrected 'ith su""ositories$ clysters or leniti#es$ "o'der of senna$
condite "runes$ Fc. ;9ymbol& 1+G _Elect. lenit$ e succo rosar. ana ;9ymbol&
2unceG j. misce_. Ta%e as much as a nutmeg at a time$ half an hour before
dinner or su""er$ or _"il. mastichin. ;9ymbol& 2unceG j_. in si+ "ills$ a
"ill or t'o at a time. 9ee more in Montan. _consil. ==B._ 5ildesheim
_s"icel. =._ P. :nemander$ and Montanus commend ;??,.GL:y"rian tur"entine$
'hich they 'ould ha#e familiarly ta%en$ to the 0uantity of a small nut$ t'o
or three hours before dinner and su""er$ t'ice or thrice a 'ee% if need be<
for besides that it %ee"s the belly soluble$ it clears the stomach$ o"ens
obstructions$ cleanseth the li#er$ "ro#o%es urine.L
These in brief are the ordinary medicines 'hich belong to the cure of
melancholy$ 'hich if they be used aright$ no doubt may do much good< _9i
non le#ando saltem leniendo #alent$ "eculiaria bene selecta_$ saith
essardus$ a good choice of "articular recei"ts must needs ease$ if not
0uite cure$ not one$ but all or most$ as occasion ser#es. _Et 0uae non
"rosunt singula$ multa ju#ant_.
T5E 9E82P9I9 27 T5E T5I13 PA1TITI28.
*o#e and lo#e melancholy$ _Memb. , 9ect. ,._
Preface or Introduction. _9ubsect. ,._
*o#e!s definition$ "edigree$ object$ fair$ amiable$ gracious$ and
"leasant$ from 'hich comes beauty$ grace$ 'hich all desire and lo#e$
"arts affected.
3i#ision or %inds$ _9ubs. =._
8atural$ in things 'ithout life$ as lo#e and hatred of elements< and
'ith life$ as #egetable$ #ine and elm$ sym"athy$ anti"athy$ Fc.
9ensible$ as of beasts$ for "leasure$ "reser#ation of %ind$ mutual
agreement$ custom$ bringing u" together$ Fc.
or 1ational
9im"le$ 'hich hath three objects as _M. =._
Profitable$ _9ubs. ,._
5ealth$ 'ealth$ honour$ 'e lo#e our benefactors& nothing
so amiable as "rofit$ or that 'hich hath a sho' of
commodity.
Pleasant$ _9ubs. =._
Things 'ithout life$ made by art$ "ictures$ s"orts$
games$ sensible objects$ as ha'%s$ hounds$ horses< 2r
men themsel#es for similitude of manners$ natural
affection$ as to friends$ children$ %insmen$ Fc.$ for
glory such as commend us.
2f 'omen$ as
efore marriage$ as 5eroical Mel. _9ect. =. #ide_
;9ymbol& AriesG
2r after marriage$ as Dealousy$ _9ect. .. #ide_
;9ymbol& TaurusG
5onest$ _9ubs. .._
7ucate in sho'$ by some error or hy"ocrisy< some seem and
are not< or truly for #irtue$ honesty$ good "arts$
learning$ elo0uence$ Fc.
or Mi+ed of all three$ 'hich e+tends to _M. .._
:ommon good$ our neighbour$ country$ friends$ 'hich is
charity< the defect of 'hich is cause of much discontent
and melancholy.
or God$ _9ect. ?._
In e+cess$ _#ide_ ;9ymbol& GeminiG
In defect$ _#ide_ ;9ymbol& :ancerG
;9ymbol& AriesG 5eroical or *o#e-Melancholy$ in 'hich consider$
_Memb. ,._ 5is "edigree$ "o'er$ e+tent to #egetables and sensible
creatures$ as 'ell as men$ to s"irits$ de#ils$ Fc.
5is name$ definition$ object$ "art affected$ tyranny. ;_9ubs. =._G
:auses$ _Memb. =._
9tars$ tem"erature$ full diet$ "lace$ country$ clime$ condition$
idleness$ _9. ,._
8atural allurements$ and causes of lo#e$ as beauty$ its "raise$ ho'
it allureth.
:omeliness$ grace$ resulting from the 'hole or some "arts$ as face$
eyes$ hair$ hands$ Fc. _9ubs. =._
Artificial allurements$ and "ro#ocations of lust and lo#e$ gestures$
a""arel$ do'ry$ money$ Fc.
_Kuest_. 4hether beauty o'e more to Art or 8atureN _9ubs. .._
2""ortunity of time and "lace$ conference$ discourse$ music$ singing$
dancing$ amorous tales$ lasci#ious objects$ familiarity$ gifts$
"romises$ Fc. _9ubs. ?._
a'ds and Philters$ _9ubs. @._
9ym"toms or signs$ _Memb. .._
2f body
3ryness$ "aleness$ leanness$ 'a%ing$ sighing$ Fc.
Kuest. _An delur "ulsus amatorius_N
or 2f mind.
ad$ as
7ear$ sorro'$ sus"icion$ an+iety$ Fc.
A hell$ torment$ fire$ blindness$ Fc.
3otage$ sla#ery$ neglect of business.
or Good$ as
9"ruceness$ neatness$ courage$ a"tness to learn music$
singing$ dancing$ "oetry$ Fc.
Prognostics< des"air$ madness$ frenzy$ death$ _Memb. ?._
:ures$ _Memb. @._
y labour$ diet$ "hysic$ abstinence$ _9ubs. ,._
To 'ithstand the beginnings$ a#oid occasions$ fair and foul means$
change of "lace$ contrary "assion$ 'itty in#entions$ discommend the
former$ bring in another$ _9ubs. =._
y good counsel$ "ersuasion$ from future miseries$ incon#eniences$
Fc. _9. .._
y "hilters$ magical$ and "oetical cures$ _9ubs. ?._
To let them ha#e their desire dis"uted "ro and con. Im"ediments
remo#ed$ reasons for it. _9ubs. @._
;9ymbol& TaurusG Dealousy$ _9ect. .._
5is name$ definition$ e+tent$ "o'er$ tyranny$ _Memb. ,._
3i#ision$ E0ui#ocations$ %inds$ _9ubs. ,._
Im"ro"er
To many beasts< as s'ans$ coc%s$ bulls.
To %ings and "rinces$ of their subjects$ successors.
To friends$ "arents$ tutors o#er their children$ or other'ise.
or Pro"er
efore marriage$ corri#als$ Fc.
After$ as in this "lace our "resent subject.
:auses$ _9ubs. =._
In the "arties themsel#es$
Idleness$ im"otency in one "arty$ melancholy$ long absence.
They ha#e been naught themsel#es. 5ard usage$ un%indness$
'antonness$ ine0uality of years$ "ersons$ fortunes$ Fc.
or from others.
2ut'ard enticements and "ro#ocations of others.
9ym"toms$ _Memb. =._
7ear$ sorro'$ sus"icion$ anguish of mind$ strange actions$ gestures$
loo%s$ s"eeches$ loc%ing u"$ outrages$ se#ere la's$ "rodigious
trials$ Fc.
Prognostics$ _Memb. .._
3es"air$ madness$ to ma%e a'ay themsel#es$ and others.
:ures$ _Memb. ?._
y a#oiding occasions$ al'ays busy$ ne#er to be idle.
y good counsel$ ad#ice of friends$ to contemn or dissemble it.
_9ubs. ,._
y "re#ention before marriage. Plato!s communion.
To marry such as are e0ual in years$ birth$ fortunes$ beauty$ of li%e
conditions$ Fc.
2f a good family$ good education. To use them 'ell. ;_9ubs. =._G
;9ymbol& GeminiG 1eligious Melancholy$ _9ect. ?._
In e+cess of such as do that 'hich is not re0uired. _Memb. ,._
A "roof that there is such a s"ecies of melancholy$ name$ object God$
'hat his beauty is$ ho' it allureth$ "art and "arties affected$
su"erstitious$ idolaters$ "ro"hets$ heretics$ Fc. _9ubs. ,._
:auses$ _9ubs. =._
7rom others
The de#il!s allurements$ false miracles$ "riests for their
gain. Politicians to %ee" men in obedience$ bad
instructors$ blind guides.
or from themsel#es.
9im"licity$ fear$ ignorance$ solitariness$ melancholy$
curiosity$ "ride$ #ainglory$ decayed image of God.
9ym"toms$ _9ubs. .._
General
>eal 'ithout %no'ledge$ obstinacy$ su"erstition$ strange
de#otion$ stu"idity$ confidence$ stiff defence of their
tenets$ mutual lo#e and hate of other sects$ belief of
incredibilities$ im"ossibilities.
or Particular.
2f heretics$ "ride$ contumacy$ contem"t of others$
'ilfulness$ #ainglory$ singularity$ "rodigious "arado+es.
In su"erstitious blind zeal$ obedience$ strange 'or%s$
fasting$ sacrifices$ oblations$ "rayers$ #o's$
"seudomartyrdom$ mad and ridiculous customs$ ceremonies$
obser#ations.
In "seudo"ro"hets$ #isions$ re#elations$ dreams$ "ro"hecies$
ne' doctrines$ Fc.$ of De's$ Gentiles$ Mahometans$ Fc.
Prognostics$ _9ubs. ?._
8e' doctrines$ "arado+es$ blas"hemies$ madness$ stu"idity$
des"air$ damnation.
:ures$ _9ubs. @._
y "hysic$ if need be$ conference$ good counsel$ "ersuasion$
com"ulsion$ correction$ "unishment. _Kuaeritur an cogi debentN
Affir._
In defect$ as _Memb. =._
9ecure$ #oid of grace and fears.
E"icures$ atheists$ magicians$ hy"ocrites$ such as ha#e
cauterised consciences$ or else are in a re"robate sense$
'orldly-secure$ some "hiloso"hers$ im"enitent sinners$ _9ubs.
,._
or 3istrustful$ or too timorous$ as des"erate. In des"air consider$
:auses$ _9ubs. =._
The de#il and his allurements$ rigid "reachers$ that 'ound
their consciences$ melancholy$ contem"lation$ solitariness.
5o' melancholy and des"air differ. 3istrust$ 'ea%ness of
faith. Guilty conscience for offence committed$
misunderstanding$ Fc.
9ym"toms$ _9ubs. .._
7ear$ sorro'$ anguish of mind$ e+treme tortures and horror of
conscience$ fearful dreams$ conceits$ #isions$ Fc.
Prognostics< las"hemy$ #iolent death$ _9ubs. ?._
:ures$ _9ubs. @._
Physic$ as occasion ser#es$ conference$ not to be idle or
alone. Good counsel$ good com"any$ all comforts and
contents$ Fc. ;_9ubs. -._G
T5E T5I13 PA1TITI28$
*2IE-ME*A8:52*E.
T5E 7I19T 9E:TI28$ MEME1$ 9H9E:TI28.
_The Preface_.
There 'ill not be 'anting$ I "resume$ one or other that 'ill much
discommend some "art of this treatise of lo#e-melancholy$ and object ('hich
;??,?GErasmus in his "reface to 9ir Thomas More sus"ects of his) Lthat it
is too light for a di#ine$ too comical a subject to s"ea% of lo#e sym"toms$
too fantastical$ and fit alone for a 'anton "oet$ a feeling young lo#esic%
gallant$ an effeminate courtier$ or some such idle "erson.L And !tis true
they say& for by the naughtiness of men it is so come to "ass$ as ;??,@G
:aussinus obser#es$ _ut castis auribus #o+ amoris sus"ecta sit$ et in#isa_$
the #ery name of lo#e is odious to chaster ears< and therefore some again$
out of an affected gra#ity$ 'ill disli%e all for the name!s sa%e before
they read a 'ord< dissembling 'ith him in ;??,-GPetronius$ and seem to be
angry that their ears are #iolated 'ith such obscene s"eeches$ that so they
may be admired for gra#e "hiloso"hers and staid carriage. They cannot abide
to hear tal% of lo#e toys$ or amorous discourses$ _#ultu$ gestu$ oculis_ in
their out'ard actions a#erse$ and yet in their cogitations they are all out
as bad$ if not 'orse than others.
;??,AG LErubuit$ "osuit0ue meum *ucretia librum
9ed coram ruto$ rute recede$ legit.L
ut let these ca#illers and counterfeit :atos %no'$ that as the *ord Dohn
ans'ered the Kueen in that Italian ;??,/GGuazzo$ an old$ a gra#e discreet
man is fittest to discourse of lo#e matters$ because he hath li%ely more
e+"erience$ obser#ed more$ hath a more staid judgment$ can better discern$
resol#e$ discuss$ ad#ise$ gi#e better cautions$ and more solid "rece"ts$
better inform his auditors in such a subject$ and by reason of his ri"er
years sooner di#ert. esides$ _nihil in hac amoris #oce subtimendum_$ there
is nothing here to be e+ce"ted at< lo#e is a s"ecies of melancholy$ and a
necessary "art of this my treatise$ 'hich I may not omit< _o"eri susce"to
inser#iendum fuit_& so Dacobus Mysillius "leadeth for himself in his
translation of *ucian!s dialogues$ and so do I< I must and 'ill "erform my
tas%. And that short e+cuse of Mercerus$ for his edition of Aristaenetus
shall be mine$ ;??,BGLIf I ha#e s"ent my time ill to 'rite$ let not them be
so idle as to read.L ut I am "ersuaded it is not so ill s"ent$ I ought not
to e+cuse or re"ent myself of this subject< on 'hich many gra#e and 'orthy
men ha#e 'ritten 'hole #olumes$ Plato$ Plutarch$ Plotinus$ Ma+imus$ Tyrius$
Alcinous$ A#icenna$ *eon 5ebreus in three large dialogues$ Jeno"hon
_sym"os._ Theo"hrastus$ if 'e may belie#e Athenaeus$ _lib. ,.. ca". B._
Picus Mirandula$ Marius$ Ae0uicola$ both in Italian$ 6ornmannus _de linea
Amoris$ lib. .._ Petrus Godefridus hath handled in three boo%s$ P. 5aedus$
and 'hich almost e#ery "hysician$ as Arnoldus$ Iillano#anus$ Ialleriola
_obser#at. med. lib. =. obser#. A._ Aelian Montaltus and *aurentius in
their treatises of melancholy$ Dason Pratensis _de morb. ca"._ Ialescus de
Taranta$ Gordonius$ 5ercules de 9a+onia$ 9a#anarola$ *angius$ Fc.$ ha#e
treated of a"art$ and in their 'or%s. I e+cuse myself$ therefore$ 'ith
Peter Godefridus$ Ialleriola$ 7icinus$ and in ;??=CG*angius! 'ords. :admus
Milesius 'rit fourteen boo%s of lo#e$ Land 'hy should I be ashamed to 'rite
an e"istle in fa#our of young men$ of this subjectNL A com"any of stern
readers disli%e the second of the Aeneids$ and Iirgil!s gra#ity$ for
inserting such amorous "assions in an heroical subject< but ;??=,G9er#ius$
his commentator$ justly #indicates the "oet!s 'orth$ 'isdom$ and discretion
in doing as he did. :astalio 'ould not ha#e young men read the ;??==G
:anticles$ because to his thin%ing it 'as too light and amorous a tract$ a
ballad of ballads$ as our old English translation hath it. 5e might as 'ell
forbid the reading of Genesis$ because of the lo#es of Dacob and 1achael$
the stories of 9ichem and 3inah$ Dudah and Thamar< reject the oo% of
8umbers$ for the fornications of the "eo"le of Israel 'ith the Moabites<
that of Dudges for 9amson and 3alilah!s embracings< that of the 6ings$ for
3a#id and ersheba!s adulteries$ the incest of Ammon and Thamar$ 9olomon!s
concubines$ Fc. The stories of Esther$ Dudith$ 9usanna$ and many such.
3icearchus$ and some other$ car" at Plato!s majesty$ that he 'ould
#ouchsafe to indite such lo#e toys& amongst the rest$ for that dalliance
'ith Agatho$
L9ua#ia dans Agathoni$ animam i"se in labra tenebam<
Aegra etenim "ro"erans tan0uam abitura fuit.L
7or my "art$ saith ;??=.GMa+imus Tyrius$ a great Platonist himself$ _me non
tantum admiratio habet$ sed eliam stu"or_$ I do not only admire$ but stand
amazed to read$ that Plato and 9ocrates both should e+"el 5omer from their
city$ because he 'rit of such light and 'anton subjects$ _Kuod Dunonem cum
Do#e in Ida concumbentes inducit$ ab immortali nube contectos_$ Iulcan!s
net. Mars and Ienus! fo""eries before all the gods$ because A"ollo fled$
'hen he 'as "ersecuted by Achilles$ the ;??=?Ggods 'ere 'ounded and ran
'hining a'ay$ as Mars that roared louder than 9tentor$ and co#ered nine
acres of ground 'ith his fall< Iulcan 'as a summer!s day falling do'n from
hea#en$ and in *emnos Isle bra%e his leg$ Fc.$ 'ith such ridiculous
"assages< 'hen$ as both 9ocrates and Plato$ by his testimony$ 'rit lighter
themsel#es& _0uid enim tam distat_ (as he follo's it) _0uam amans a
tem"erante$ formarum admirator a demente_$ 'hat can be more absurd than for
gra#e "hiloso"hers to treat of such fooleries$ to admire Autilo0uus$
Alcibiades$ for their beauties as they did$ to run after$ to gaze$ to dote
on fair Phaedrus$ delicate Agatho$ young *ysis$ fine :harmides$ _haeccine
Philoso"hum decent_N 3oth this become gra#e "hiloso"hersN Thus "erad#enture
:allias$ Thrasimachus$ Polus$ Aristo"hanes$ or some of his ad#ersaries and
emulators might object< but neither they nor ;??=@GAnytus and Melitus his
bitter enemies$ that condemned him for teaching :ritias to tyrannise$ his
im"iety for s'earing by dogs and "lain trees$ for his juggling so"histry$
Fc.$ ne#er so much as u"braided him 'ith im"ure lo#e$ 'riting or s"ea%ing
of that subject< and therefore 'ithout 0uestion$ as he concludes$ both
9ocrates and Plato in this are justly to be e+cused. ut su""ose they had
been a little o#erseen$ should di#ine Plato be defamedN no$ rather as he
said of :ato!s drun%enness$ if :ato 'ere drun%$ it should be no #ice at all
to be drun%. They re"ro#e Plato then$ but 'ithout cause (as ;??=-G7icinus
"leads) Lfor all lo#e is honest and good$ and they are 'orthy to be lo#ed
that s"ea% 'ell of lo#e.L eing to s"ea% of this admirable affection of
lo#e (saith ;??=AGIalleriola) Lthere lies o"en a #ast and "hiloso"hical
field to my discourse$ by 'hich many lo#ers become mad< let me lea#e my
more serious meditations$ 'ander in these "hiloso"hical fields$ and loo%
into those "leasant gro#es of the Muses$ 'here 'ith uns"ea%able #ariety of
flo'ers$ 'e may ma%e garlands to oursel#es$ not to adorn us only$ but 'ith
their "leasant smell and juice to nourish our souls$ and fill our minds
desirous of %no'ledge$L Fc. After a harsh and un"leasing discourse of
melancholy$ 'hich hath hitherto molested your "atience$ and tired the
author$ gi#e him lea#e 'ith ;??=/GGodefridus the la'yer$ and *aurentius
(_ca". @._) to recreate himself in this %ind after his laborious studies$
Lsince so many gra#e di#ines and 'orthy men ha#e 'ithout offence to
manners$ to hel" themsel#es and others$ #oluntarily 'ritten of it.L
5eliodorus$ a bisho"$ "enned a lo#e story of Theagines and :hariclea$ and
'hen some :atos of his time re"rehended him for it$ chose rather$ saith
;??=BG8ice"horus$ to lea#e his bisho"ric than his boo%. Aeneas 9yl#ius$ an
ancient di#ine$ and "ast forty years of age$ (as ;??.CGhe confesseth
himself$ after Po"e Pius 9ecundus) indited that 'anton history of Euryalus
and *ucretia. And ho' many su"erintendents of learning could I rec%on u"
that ha#e 'ritten of light fantastical subjectsN eroaldus$ Erasmus$
Al"heratius$ t'enty-four times "rinted in 9"anish$ Fc. Gi#e me lea#e then
to refresh my muse a little$ and my 'eary readers$ to e+"atiate in this
delightsome field$ _hoc deliciarum cam"o_$ as 7onseca terms it$ to ;??.,G
season a surly discourse 'ith a more "leasing as"ersion of lo#e matters&
_Edulcare #itam con#enit_$ as the "oet in#ites us$ _curas nugis_$ Fc.$ !tis
good to s'eeten our life 'ith some "leasing toys to relish it$ and as Pliny
tells us$ _magna "ars studiosorum amaenitates 0uaerimus_$ most of our
students lo#e such "leasant ;??.=Gsubjects. Though Macrobius teach us
other'ise$ ;??..GLthat those old sages banished all such light tracts from
their studies$ to nurse!s cradles$ to "lease only the ear<L yet out of
A"uleius I 'ill o""ose as honourable "atrons$ 9olon$ Plato$ ;??.?G
Jeno"hon$ Adrian$ Fc. that as highly a""ro#e of these treatises. 2n the
other side methin%s they are not to be disli%ed$ they are not so unfit. I
'ill not "erem"torily say as one did ;??.@G_tam sua#ia dicam facinora$ ut
male sit ei 0ui talibus non delectetur_$ I 'ill tell you such "retty
stories$ that foul befall him that is not "leased 'ith them< _8e0ue dicam
ea 0uae #obis usui sit audi#isse$ et #olu"tati meminisse_$ 'ith that
confidence$ as eroaldus doth his enarrations on Pro"ertius. I 'ill not
e+"ert or ho"e for that a""robation$ 'hich *i"sius gi#es to his E"ictetus<
_"luris facio 0uum relego< sem"er ut no#um$ et 0uum re"eti#i$ re"etendum_$
the more I read$ the more shall I co#et to read. I 'ill not "ress you 'ith
my "am"hlets$ or beg attention$ but if you li%e them you may. Pliny holds
it e+"edient$ and most fit$ _se#eritatem jucunditate etiam in scri"tis
condire_$ to season our 'or%s 'ith some "leasant discourse< 9ynesius
a""ro#es it$ _licet in ludicris ludere_$ the ;??.-G"oet admires it$ _2mne
tulit "unctum 0ui miscuit utile dulci_< and there be those$ 'ithout
0uestion$ that are more 'illing to read such toys$ than ;??.AGI am to
'rite& L*et me not li#e$L saith Aretine!s Antonia$ LIf I had not rather
hear thy discourse$ ;??./Gthan see a "layNL 8o doubt but there be more of
her mind$ e#er ha#e been$ e#er 'ill be$ as ;??.BG5ierome bears me 'itness.
A far greater "art had rather read A"uleius than Plato& Tully himself
confesseth he could not understand Plato!s Timaeus$ and therefore cared
less for it& but e#ery schoolboy hath that famous testament of Grunnius
:orocotta Porcellus at his fingers! ends. The comical "oet$
;???CG ------LId sibi negoti credidit solum dari$
Po"ulo ut "lacrent$ 0uas fecissit fabulas$L
made this his only care and sole study to "lease the "eo"le$ tic%le the
ear$ and to delight< but mine earnest intent is as much to "rofit as to
"lease< _non tam ut "o"ulo "lacerem$ 0uam ut "o"ulum ju#arem_$ and these my
'ritings$ I ho"e$ shall ta%e li%e gilded "ills$ 'hich are so com"osed as
'ell to tem"t the a""etite$ and decei#e the "alate$ as to hel" and
medicinally 'or% u"on the 'hole body< my lines shall not only recreate$ but
rectify the mind. I thin% I ha#e said enough< if not$ let him that is
other'ise minded$ remember that of ;???,GMaudarensis$ Lhe 'as in his life a
"hiloso"herL (as Ausonius a"ologiseth for him)$ Lin his e"igrams a lo#er$
in his "rece"ts most se#ere< in his e"istle to :aerellia$ a 'anton.L
Annianus$ 9ul"icius$ E#emus$ Menander$ and many old "oets besides$ did _in
scri"tis "rurire_$ 'rite 7escennines$ Atellans$ and lasci#ious songs<
_laetam materiam_< yet they had _in moribus censuram$ et se#eritatem_$ they
'ere chaste$ se#ere$ and u"right li#ers.
;???=G L:astum esse decet "ium "oetam
I"sum$ #ersiculos nihil necesse est$
Kui tum deni0ue habent salem et le"orem.L
I am of :atullus! o"inion$ and ma%e the same a"ology in mine o'n behalf<
_5oc etiam 0uod scribo$ "endet "lerum0ue e+ aliorum sententia et
auctoritate< nec i"se forsan insanio$ sed insanientes se0uor. At0ui detur
hoc insanire me< 9emel insani#imus omnes$ et tute i"se o"inor insanis
ali0uando$ et is$ et ille$ et ego$ scilicet_.;???.G _5omo sum$ humani a me
nihil alienum "uto_&;????G And 'hich he urgeth for himself$ accused of the
li%e fault$ I as justly "lead$ ;???@G_lasci#a est nobis "agina$ #ita "roba
est_. 5o'soe#er my lines err$ my life is honest$ ;???-G_#ita #erecunda est$
musa jocosa mihi_. ut I "resume I need no such a"ologies$ I need not$ as
9ocrates in Plato$ co#er his face 'hen he s"a%e of lo#e$ or blush and hide
mine eyes$ as Pallas did in her hood$ 'hen she 'as consulted by Du"iter
about Mercury!s marriage$ _0uod$ su"er nu"tiis #irgo consulitur_$ it is no
such lasci#ious$ obscene$ or 'anton discourse< I ha#e not offended your
chaster ears 'ith anything that is here 'ritten$ as many 7rench and Italian
authors in their modern language of late ha#e done$ nay some of our *atin
"ontificial 'riters$ >anches$ Asorius$ Abulensis$ urchardus$ Fc.$ 'hom
;???AG1i#et accuseth to be more lasci#ious than Iirgil in Pria"eiis$
Petronius in :atalectis$ Aristo"hanes in *ycistratae$ Martialis$ or any
other "agan "rofane 'riter$ _0ui tam atrociter_ (;???/Gone notes) _hoc
genere "eccarunt ut multa ingeniosissime scri"ta obscaenitatum gratia
castae mentes abhorreant_. !Tis not scurrile this$ but chaste$ honest$ most
"art serious$ and e#en of religion itself. ;???BGLIncensedL (as he said)
L'ith the lo#e of finding lo#e$ 'e ha#e sought it$ and found it.L More yet$
I ha#e augmented and added something to this light treatise (if light)
'hich 'as not in the former editions$ I am not ashamed to confess it$ 'ith
a good ;??@CGauthor$ _0uod e+tendi et locu"letari hoc subjectum "leri0ue
"ostulabant$ et eorum im"ortunitate #ictus$ animum utcun0ue renitentem eo
adegi$ ut jam se+ta #ice calamum in manum sumerem$ scri"tioni0ue longe et a
studiis et "rofessione mea alienae$ me accingerem$ horas ali0uas a seriis
meis occu"ationibus interim suffuratus$ eas0ue #eluti ludo cuidam ac
recreationi destinans_<
;??@,G L:ogor------retrorsum
Iela dare$ at0ue literare cursus
2lim relictosL------
_etsi non ignorarem no#os fortasse detractores no#is hisce
inter"olationibus meis minime defuturos_. ;??@=G
And thus much I ha#e thought good to say by 'ay of "reface$ lest any man
('hich ;??@.GGodefridus feared in his boo%) should blame in me lightness$
'antonness$ rashness$ in s"ea%ing of lo#e!s causes$ enticements$ sym"toms$
remedies$ la'ful and unla'ful lo#es$ and lust itself$ ;??@?GI s"ea% it only
to ta+ and deter others from it$ not to teach$ but to sho' the #anities and
fo""eries of this heroical or 5erculean lo#e$ ;??@@Gand to a""ly remedies
unto it. I 'ill treat of this 'ith li%e liberty as of the rest.
;??@-G L9ed dicam #obis$ #os "orro dicite multis
Millibus$ et facite haec charta lo0uatur anus.L
:ondemn me not good reader then$ or censure me hardly$ if some "art of this
treatise to thy thin%ing as yet be too light< but consider better of it<
_2mnia munda mundis_$ ;??@AGa na%ed man to a modest 'oman is no other'ise
than a "icture$ as Augusta *i#ia truly said$ and ;??@/G_mala mens$ malus
animus_$ !tis as !tis ta%en. If in thy censure it be too light$ I ad#ise
thee as *i"sius did his reader for some "laces of Plautus$ _istos 0uasi
9irenum sco"ulos "raeter#ehare_$ if they li%e thee not$ let them "ass< or
o""ose that 'hich is good to that 'hich is bad$ and reject not therefore
all. 7or to in#ert that #erse of Martial$ and 'ith 5ierom 4olfius to a""ly
it to my "resent "ur"ose$ _sunt mala$ sunt 0uaedam mediocria$ sunt bona
"lura_< some is good$ some bad$ some is indifferent. I say further 'ith him
yet$ I ha#e inserted (;??@BG_le#icula 0uaedam et ridicula ascribere non sum
gra#atus$ circumforanea 0uaedam e theatris$ e "lateis$ etiam e "o"inis_)
some things more homely$ light$ or comical$ _litans gratiis_$ Fc. 'hich I
'ould re0uest e#ery man to inter"ret to the best$ and as Dulius :aesar
9caliger besought :ardan (_si 0uid urbaniuscule lusum a nobis$ "er deos
immortales te oro 5ieronyme :ardane ne me male ca"ias_). I beseech thee$
good reader$ not to mista%e me$ or misconstrue 'hat is here 'ritten< _Per
Musas et :harites$ et omnia Poetarum numina$ benigne lector$ oro te ne me
male ca"ias_. !Tis a comical subject< in sober sadness I cra#e "ardon of
'hat is amiss$ and desire thee to sus"end thy judgment$ 'in% at small
faults$ or to be silent at least< but if thou li%est$ s"ea% 'ell of it$ and
'ish me good success. _E+tremum hunc Arethusa mihi concede laborem_.;??-CG
I am resol#ed ho'soe#er$ _#elis$ nolis$ audacter stadium intrare_$ in the
2lym"ics$ 'ith those Aeliensian 'restlers in Philostratus$ boldly to sho'
myself in this common stage$ and in this tragicomedy of lo#e$ to act
se#eral "arts$ some satirically$ some comically$ some in a mi+ed tone$ as
the subject I ha#e in hand gi#es occasion$ and "resent scene shall re0uire$
or offer itself.
9H9E:T. II.--_*o#e!s eginning$ 2bject$ 3efinition$ 3i#ision_.
L*o#e!s limits are am"le and great$ and a s"acious 'al% it hath$ beset 'ith
thorns$L and for that cause$ 'hich ;??-,G9caliger re"rehends in :ardan$
Lnot lightly to be "assed o#er.L *est I incur the same censure$ , 'ill
e+amine all the %inds of lo#e$ his nature$ beginning$ difference$ objects$
ho' it is honest or dishonest$ a #irtue or #ice$ a natural "assion$ or a
disease$ his "o'er and effects$ ho' far it e+tends& of 'hich$ although
something has been said in the first "artition$ in those sections of
"erturbations (;??-=G Lfor lo#e and hatred are the first and most common
"assions$ from 'hich all the rest arise$ and are attendant$L as
Picolomineus holds$ or as 8ich. :aussinus$ the _"rimum mobile_ of all other
affections$ 'hich carry them all about them) I 'ill no' more co"iously
dilate$ through all his "arts and se#eral branches$ that so it may better
a""ear 'hat lo#e is$ and ho' it #aries 'ith the objects$ ho' in defect$ or
('hich is most ordinary and common) immoderate$ and in e+cess$ causeth
melancholy.
*o#e uni#ersally ta%en$ is defined to be a desire$ as a 'ord of more am"le
signification& and though *eon 5ebreus$ the most co"ious 'riter of this
subject$ in his third dialogue ma%e no difference$ yet in his first he
distinguisheth them again$ and defines lo#e by desire. ;??-.GL*o#e is a
#oluntary affection$ and desire to enjoy that 'hich is good. ;??-?G3esire
'isheth$ lo#e enjoys< the end of the one is the beginning of the other<
that 'hich 'e lo#e is "resent< that 'hich 'e desire is absent.L ;??-@GLIt
is 'orth the labour$L saith Plotinus$ Lto consider 'ell of lo#e$ 'hether it
be a god or a de#il$ or "assion of the mind$ or "artly god$ "artly de#il$
"artly "assion.L 5e concludes lo#e to "artici"ate of all three$ to arise
from desire of that 'hich is beautiful and fair$ and defines it to be Lan
action of the mind desiring that 'hich is good.L ;??--GPlato calls it the
great de#il$ for its #ehemency$ and so#ereignty o#er all other "assions$
and defines it an a""etite$ ;??-AGLby 'hich 'e desire some good to be
"resent.L 7icinus in his comment adds the 'ord fair to this definition.
*o#e is a desire of enjoying that 'hich is good and fair. Austin dilates
this common definition$ and 'ill ha#e lo#e to be a delectation of the
heart$ ;??-/GLfor something 'hich 'e see% to 'in$ or joy to ha#e$ co#eting
by desire$ resting in joy.L ;??-BG9caliger _e+erc. .C,._ ta+eth these
former definitions$ and 'ill not ha#e lo#e to be defined by desire or
a""etite< Lfor 'hen 'e enjoy the things 'e desire$ there remains no more
a""etite&L as he defines it$ L*o#e is an affection by 'hich 'e are either
united to the thing 'e lo#e$ or "er"etuate our union<L 'hich agrees in "art
'ith *eon 5ebreus.
8o' this lo#e #aries as its object #aries$ 'hich is al'ays good$ amiable$
fair$ gracious$ and "leasant. ;??ACGLAll things desire that 'hich is good$L
as 'e are taught in the Ethics$ or at least that 'hich to them seems to be
good< _0uid enim #is mali_ (as Austin 'ell infers) _dic mihiN "uto nihil in
omnibus actionibus_< thou 'ilt 'ish no harm$ I su""ose$ no ill in all thine
actions$ thoughts or desires$ _nihil mali #is_< ;??A,Gthou 'ilt not ha#e
bad corn$ bad soil$ a naughty tree$ but all good< a good ser#ant$ a good
horse$ a good son$ a good friend$ a good neighbour$ a good 'ife. 7rom this
goodness comes beauty< from beauty$ grace$ and comeliness$ 'hich result as
so many rays from their good "arts$ ma%e us to lo#e$ and so to co#et it&
for 'ere it not "leasing and gracious in our eyes$ 'e should not see%.
;??A=GL8o man lo#esL (saith Aristotle _B. mor. ca". @._) Lbut he that 'as
first delighted 'ith comeliness and beauty.L As this fair object #aries$ so
doth our lo#e< for as Proclus holds$ _2mne "ulchrum amabile_$ e#ery fair
thing is amiable$ and 'hat 'e lo#e is fair and gracious in our eyes$ or at
least 'e do so a""rehend and still esteem of it. ;??A.G LAmiableness is the
object of lo#e$ the sco"e and end is to obtain it$ for 'hose sa%e 'e lo#e$
and 'hich our mind co#ets to enjoy.L And it seems to us es"ecially fair and
good< for good$ fair$ and unity$ cannot be se"arated. eauty shines$ Plato
saith$ and by reason of its s"lendour and shining causeth admiration< and
the fairer the object is$ the more eagerly it is sought. 7or as the same
Plato defines it$ ;??A?GLeauty is a li#ely$ shining or glittering
brightness$ resulting from effused good$ by ideas$ seeds$ reasons$ shado's$
stirring u" our minds$ that by this good they may be united and made one.L
2thers 'ill ha#e beauty to be the "erfection of the 'hole com"osition$
;??A@GLcaused out of the congruous symmetry$ measure$ order and manner of
"arts$ and that comeliness 'hich "roceeds from this beauty is called grace$
and from thence all fair things are gracious.L 7or grace and beauty are so
'onderfully anne+ed$ ;??A-GLso s'eetly and gently 'in our souls$ and
strongly allure$ that they confound our judgment and cannot be
distinguished. eauty and grace are li%e those beams and shinings that come
from the glorious and di#ine sun$L 'hich are di#erse$ as they "roceed from
the di#erse objects$ to "lease and affect our se#eral senses. ;??AAGLAs the
s"ecies of beauty are ta%en at our eyes$ ears$ or concei#ed in our inner
soul$L as Plato dis"utes at large in his _3ialogue de "ulchro$ Phaedro$
5y""ias_$ and after many so"histical errors confuted$ concludes that beauty
is a grace in all things$ delighting the eyes$ ears$ and soul itself< so
that$ as Ialesius infers hence$ 'hatsoe#er "leaseth our ears$ eyes$ and
soul$ must needs be beautiful$ fair$ and delightsome to us. ;??A/GLAnd
nothing can more "lease our ears than music$ or "acify our minds.L 7air
houses$ "ictures$ orchards$ gardens$ fields$ a fair ha'%$ a fair horse is
most acce"table unto us< 'hatsoe#er "leaseth our eyes and ears$ 'e call
beautiful and fair< ;??ABGLPleasure belongeth to the rest of the senses$
but grace and beauty to these t'o alone.L As the objects #ary and are
di#erse$ so they di#ersely affect our eyes$ ears$ and soul itself. 4hich
gi#es occasion to some to ma%e so many se#eral %inds of lo#e as there be
objects. 2ne beauty ariseth from God$ of 'hich and di#ine lo#e 9.
3ionysius$ ;??/CG'ith many fathers and neoterics$ ha#e 'ritten just
#olumes$ _3e amore 3ei_$ as they term it$ many "araenetical discourses<
another from his creatures< there is a beauty of the body$ a beauty of the
soul$ a beauty from #irtue$ _formam martyrum_$ Austin calls it$ _0uam
#idemus oculis animi_$ 'hich 'e see 'ith the eyes of our mind< 'hich
beauty$ as Tully saith$ if 'e could discern 'ith these cor"oreal eyes$
_admirabili sui amores e+citaret_$ 'ould cause admirable affections$ and
ra#ish our souls. This other beauty 'hich ariseth from those e+treme "arts$
and graces 'hich "roceed from gestures$ s"eeches$ se#eral motions$ and
"ro"ortions of creatures$ men and 'omen (es"ecially from 'omen$ 'hich made
those old "oets "ut the three graces still in Ienus! com"any$ as attending
on her$ and holding u" her train) are infinite almost$ and #ary their names
'ith their objects$ as lo#e of money$ co#etousness$ lo#e of beauty$ lust$
immoderate desire of any "leasure$ concu"iscence$ friendshi"$ lo#e$
good'ill$ Fc. and is either #irtue or #ice$ honest$ dishonest$ in e+cess$
defect$ as shall be sho'ed in his "lace. 5eroical lo#e$ religious lo#e$ Fc.
'hich may be reduced to a t'ofold di#ision$ according to the "rinci"al
"arts 'hich are affected$ the brain and li#er. _Amor et amicitia_$ 'hich
9caliger _e+ercitat. .C,._ Ialesius and Melancthon 'arrant out of Plato
;Gree%& "hileinG and ;Gree%& eranG from that s"eech of Pausanias beli%e$
that ma%es t'o Ieneres and t'o lo#es. ;??/,GL2ne Ienus is ancient 'ithout a
mother$ and descended from hea#en$ 'hom 'e call celestial< the younger$
begotten of Du"iter and 3ione$ 'hom commonly 'e call Ienus.L 7icinus$ in
his comment u"on this "lace$ _ca". /._ follo'ing Plato$ calls these t'o
lo#es$ t'o de#ils$ ;??/=Gor good and bad angels according to us$ 'hich are
still ho#ering about our souls. ;??/.GLThe one rears to hea#en$ the other
de"resseth us to hell< the one good$ 'hich stirs us u" to the contem"lation
of that di#ine beauty for 'hose sa%e 'e "erform justice and all godly
offices$ study "hiloso"hy$ Fc.< the other base$ and though bad yet to be
res"ected< for indeed both are good in their o'n natures& "rocreation of
children is as necessary as that finding out of truth$ but therefore called
bad$ because it is abused$ and 'ithdra's our souls from the s"eculation of
that other to #iler objects$L so far 7icinus. 9. Austin$ _lib. ,@. de ci#.
3ei et su". Psal. l+i#._$ hath deli#ered as much in effect. ;??/?GLE#ery
creature is good$ and may be lo#ed 'ell or ill&L and ;??/@GLT'o cities ma%e
t'o lo#es$ Derusalem and abylon$ the lo#e of God the one$ the lo#e of the
'orld the other< of these t'o cities 'e all are citizens$ as by e+amination
of oursel#es 'e may soon find$ and of 'hich.L The one lo#e is the root of
all mischief$ the other of all good. 9o$ in his _,@. ca". lib. de amor.
Ecclesiae_$ he 'ill ha#e those four cardinal #irtues to be nought else but
lo#e rightly com"osed< in his ,@. boo% _de ci#. 3ei$ ca". ==._ he calls
#irtue the order of lo#e$ 'hom Thomas follo'ing _,. "art. =. 0uaest. @@.
art. ,._ and _0uaest. @-. .. 0uaest. -=. art. =._ confirms as much$ and
am"lifies in many 'ords. ;??/-G*ucian$ to the same "ur"ose$ hath a di#ision
of his o'n$ L2ne lo#e 'as born in the sea$ 'hich is as #arious and raging
in young men!s breasts as the sea itself$ and causeth burning lust& the
other is that golden chain 'hich 'as let do'n from hea#en$ and 'ith a
di#ine fury ra#isheth our souls$ made to the image of God$ and stirs us u"
to com"rehend the innate and incorru"tible beauty to 'hich 'e 'ere once
created.L eroaldus hath e+"ressed all this in an e"igram of his&
L3ogmata di#ini memorant si #era Platonis$
9unt geminae Ieneres$ et geminatus amor.
:oelestis Ienus est nullo generata "arente$
Kuae casto sanctos nectit amore #iros.
Altera sed Ienus est totum #ulgata "er orbem$
Kuae di#um mentes alligat$ at0ue hominum<L
LIm"roba$ seductri+$ "etulans$L Fc.
LIf di#ine Plato!s tenets they be true$
T'o Ieneres$ t'o lo#es there be$
The one from hea#en$ unbegotten still$
4hich %nits our souls in unity.
The other famous o#er all the 'orld$
inding the hearts of gods and men<
3ishonest$ 'anton$ and seducing she$
1ules 'hom she 'ill$ both 'here and 'hen.L
This t'ofold di#ision of lo#e$ 2rigen li%e'ise follo's$ in his :omment on
the :anticles$ one from God$ the other from the de#il$ as he holds
(understanding it in the 'orse sense) 'hich many others re"eat and imitate.
oth 'hich (to omit all subdi#isions) in e+cess or defect$ as they are
abused$ or degenerate$ cause melancholy in a "articular %ind$ as shall be
sho'n in his "lace. Austin$ in another Tract$ ma%es a threefold di#ision of
this lo#e$ 'hich 'e may use 'ell or ill& ;??/AGLGod$ our neighbour$ and the
'orld& God abo#e us$ our neighbour ne+t us$ the 'orld beneath us. In the
course of our desires$ God hath three things$ the 'orld one$ our neighbour
t'o. 2ur desire to God$ is either from God$ 'ith God$ or to God$ and
ordinarily so runs. 7rom God$ 'hen it recei#es from him$ 'hence$ and for
'hich it should lo#e him& 'ith God$ 'hen it contradicts his 'ill in
nothing& to God$ 'hen it see%s to him$ and rests itself in him. 2ur lo#e to
our neighbour may "roceed from him$ and run 'ith him$ not to him& from him$
as 'hen 'e rejoice of his good safety$ and 'ell doing& 'ith him$ 'hen 'e
desire to ha#e him a fello' and com"anion of our journey in the 'ay of the
*ord& not in him$ because there is no aid$ ho"e$ or confidence in man. 7rom
the 'orld our lo#e comes$ 'hen 'e begin to admire the :reator in his 'or%s$
and glorify God in his creatures& 'ith the 'orld it should run$ if$
according to the mutability of all tem"oralities$ it should be dejected in
ad#ersity$ or o#er ele#ated in "ros"erity& to the 'orld$ if it 'ould settle
itself in its #ain delights and studies.L Many such "artitions of lo#e I
could re"eat$ and subdi#isions$ but least ('hich 9caliger objects to
:ardan$ _E+ercitat. @C,._) ;??//GLI confound filthy burning lust 'ith "ure
and di#ine lo#e$L I 'ill follo' that accurate di#ision of *eon 5ebreus$
dial. =. bet'i+t 9o"hia and Philo$ 'here he s"ea%s of natural$ sensible$
and rational lo#e$ and handleth each a"art. 8atural lo#e or hatred$ is that
sym"athy or anti"athy 'hich is to be seen in animate and inanimate
creatures$ in the four elements$ metals$ stones$ _gra#ia tendunt deorsum_$
as a stone to his centre$ fire u"'ard$ and ri#ers to the sea. The sun$
moon$ and stars go still around$ ;??/BG_Amantes naturae$ debita e+ercere_$
for lo#e of "erfection. This lo#e is manifest$ I say$ in inanimate
creatures. 5o' comes a loadstone to dra' iron to itN jet chaffN the ground
to co#et sho'ers$ but for lo#eN 8o creature$ 9. 5ierom concludes$ is to be
found$ _0uod non ali0uid amat_$ no stoc%$ no stone$ that hath not some
feeling of lo#e$ !Tis more eminent in "lants$ herbs$ and is es"ecially
obser#ed in #egetables< as bet'een the #ine and elm a great sym"athy$
bet'een the #ine and the cabbage$ bet'een the #ine and the oli#e$ ;??BCG
_Iirgo fugit romium_$ bet'een the #ine and bays a great anti"athy$ the
#ine lo#es not the bay$ ;??B,GLnor his smell$ and 'ill %ill him$ if he gro'
near him<L the bur and the lentil cannot endure one another$ the oli#e
;??B=Gand the myrtle embrace each other$ in roots and branches if they gro'
near. 1ead more of this in Picolomineus _grad. A. ca". ,._ :rescentius
_lib. @. de agric._ a"tista Porta _de mag. lib. ,. ca". de "lant. dodio et
element. sym._ 7racastorius _de sym. et anti"._ of the lo#e and hatred of
"lanets$ consult 'ith e#ery astrologer. *eon 5ebreus gi#es many fabulous
reasons$ and moraliseth them 'ithal.
9ensible lo#e is that of brute beasts$ of 'hich the same *eon 5ebreus
_dial. =._ assigns these causes. 7irst for the "leasure they ta%e in the
act of generation$ male and female lo#e one another. 9econdly$ for the
"reser#ation of the s"ecies$ and desire of young brood. Thirdly$ for the
mutual agreement$ as being of the same %ind& _9us sui$ canis cani$ bos
bo#i$ et asinus asino "ulcherrimus #idetur_$ as E"icharmus held$ and
according to that adage of 3iogenianus$ _Adsidet us0ue graculus a"ud
graculum_$ they much delight in one another!s com"any$ ;??B.G_7ormicae
grata est formica$ cicada cicadae_$ and birds of a feather 'ill gather
together. 7ourthly$ for custom$ use$ and familiarity$ as if a dog be
trained u" 'ith a lion and a bear$ contrary to their natures$ they 'ill
lo#e each other. 5a'%s$ dogs$ horses$ lo#e their masters and %ee"ers& many
stories I could relate in this %ind$ but see Gillius _de hist. anim. lib.
.. ca". ,?._ those t'o E"istles of *i"sius$ of dogs and horses$ Agellius$
Fc. 7ifthly$ for bringing u"$ as if a bitch bring u" a %id$ a hen
duc%lings$ a hedge-s"arro' a cuc%oo$ Fc.
The third %ind is _Amor cognitionis_$ as *eon calls it$ rational lo#e$
_Intellecti#us amor_$ and is "ro"er to men$ on 'hich I must insist. This
a""ears in God$ angels$ men. God is lo#e itself$ the fountain of lo#e$ the
disci"le of lo#e$ as Plato styles him< the ser#ant of "eace$ the God of
lo#e and "eace< ha#e "eace 'ith all men and God is 'ith you.
;??B?G ------LKuis0uis #eneratur 2lym"um$
I"se sibi mundum subjicit at0ue 3eum.L
;??B@GLy this lo#eL (saith Gerson) L'e "urchase hea#en$L and buy the
%ingdom of God. This ;??B-Glo#e is either in the Trinity itself (for the
5oly Ghost is the lo#e of the 7ather and the 9on$ Fc. Dohn iii. .@$ and #.
=C$ and +i#. .,)$ or to'ards us his creatures$ as in ma%ing the 'orld.
_Amor mundum fecit_$ lo#e built cities$ _mundi anima_$ in#ented arts$
sciences$ and all ;??BAGgood things$ incites us to #irtue and humanity$
combines and 0uic%ens< %ee"s "eace on earth$ 0uietness by sea$ mirth in the
'inds and elements$ e+"els all fear$ anger$ and rusticity< _:irculus a bono
in bonum_$ a round circle still from good to good< for lo#e is the beginner
and end of all our actions$ the efficient and instrumental cause$ as our
"oets in their symbols$ im"resses$ ;??B/Gemblems of rings$ s0uares$ Fc.$
shado' unto us$
L9i rerum 0uaeris fuerit 0uis finis et ortus$
3esine< nam causa est unica solus amor.L
LIf first and last of anything you 'it$
:ease< lo#e!s the sole and only cause of it.L
*o#e$ saith ;??BBG*eo$ made the 'orld$ and after'ards in redeeming of it$
LGod so lo#ed the 'orld$ that he ga#e his only begotten son for it$L Dohn
iii. ,-. Lehold 'hat lo#e the 7ather hath sho'ed on us$ that 'e should be
called the sons of God$L , Dohn iii. ,. 2r by 5is s'eet Pro#idence$ in
"rotecting of it< either all in general$ or 5is saints elect and church in
"articular$ 'hom 5e %ee"s as the a""le of 5is eye$ 'hom 5e lo#es freely$ as
5osea +i#. @. s"ea%s$ and dearly res"ects$ ;?@CCG_:harior est i"sis homo
0uam sibi_. 8ot that 'e are fair$ nor for any merit or grace of ours$ for
'e are most #ile and base< but out of 5is incom"arable lo#e and goodness$
out of 5is 3i#ine 8ature. And this is that 5omer!s golden chain$ 'hich
reacheth do'n from hea#en to earth$ by 'hich e#ery creature is anne+ed$ and
de"ends on his :reator. 5e made all$ saith ;?@C,GMoses$ Land it 'as good<L
5e lo#es it as good.
The lo#e of angels and li#ing souls is mutual amongst themsel#es$ to'ards
us militant in the church$ and all such as lo#e God< as the sunbeams
irradiate the earth from those celestial thrones$ they by their 'ell 'ishes
reflect on us$ ;?@C=G_in salute hominum "romo#enda alacres$ et constantes
administri_$ there is joy in hea#en for e#ery sinner that re"enteth< they
"ray for us$ are solicitous for our good$ ;?@C.G_:asti genii_.
;?@C?G LHbi regnat charitas$ sua#e desiderium$
*aetitia0ue et amor 3eo conjunctus.L
*o#e "ro"er to mortal men is the third member of this subdi#ision$ and the
subject of my follo'ing discourse.
MEM. II.
9H9E:T. I.--_*o#e of Men$ 'hich #aries as his 2bjects$ Profitable$
Pleasant$ 5onest_.
Ialesius$ _lib. .. contr. ,._$ defines this lo#e 'hich is in men$ Lto be
;?@C@Gan affection of both "o'ers$ a""etite and reason.L The rational
resides in the brain$ the other in the li#er (as before hath been said out
of Plato and others)< the heart is di#ersely affected of both$ and carried
a thousand 'ays by consent. The sensiti#e faculty most "art o#errules
reason$ the soul is carried hood'in%ed$ and the understanding ca"ti#e li%e
a beast. ;?@C-GLThe heart is #ariously inclined$ sometimes they are merry$
sometimes sad$ and from lo#e arise ho"e and fear$ jealousy$ fury$
des"eration.L 8o' this lo#e of men is di#erse$ and #aries$ as the object
#aries$ by 'hich they are enticed$ as #irtue$ 'isdom$ elo0uence$ "rofit$
'ealth$ money$ fame$ honour$ or comeliness of "erson$ Fc. *eon 5ubreus$ in
his first dialogue$ reduceth them all to these three$ _utile$ jucundum$
honestum_$ "rofitable$ "leasant$ honest< (out of Aristotle beli%e _/.
moral._) of 'hich he discourseth at large$ and 'hatsoe#er is beautiful and
fair$ is referred to them$ or any 'ay to be desired. ;?@CAGLTo "rofitable
is ascribed health$ 'ealth$ honour$ Fc.$ 'hich is rather ambition$ desire$
co#etousness$ than lo#e&L friends$ children$ lo#e of 'omen$ ;?@C/Gall
delightful and "leasant objects$ are referred to the second. The lo#e of
honest things consists in #irtue and 'isdom$ and is "referred before that
'hich is "rofitable and "leasant& intellectual$ about that 'hich is honest.
;?@CBG9t. Austin calls L"rofitable$ 'orldly< "leasant$ carnal< honest$
s"iritual. ;?@,CG2f and from all three$ result charity$ friendshi"$ and
true lo#e$ 'hich res"ects God and our neighbour.L 2f each of these I 'ill
briefly dilate$ and sho' in 'hat sort they cause melancholy.
Amongst all these fair enticing objects$ 'hich "rocure lo#e$ and be'itch
the soul of man$ there is none so mo#ing$ so forcible as "rofit< and that
'hich carrieth 'ith it a sho' of commodity. 5ealth indeed is a "recious
thing$ to reco#er and "reser#e 'hich 'e 'ill undergo any misery$ drin%
bitter "otions$ freely gi#e our goods& restore a man to his health$ his
"urse lies o"en to thee$ bountiful he is$ than%ful and beholding to thee<
but gi#e him 'ealth and honour$ gi#e him gold$ or 'hat shall be for his
ad#antage and "referment$ and thou shalt command his affections$ oblige him
eternally to thee$ heart$ hand$ life$ and all is at thy ser#ice$ thou art
his dear and lo#ing friend$ good and gracious lord and master$ his
Mecaenas< he is thy sla#e$ thy #assal$ most de#ote$ affectioned$ and bound
in all duty& tell him good tidings in this %ind$ there s"o%e an angel$ a
blessed hour that brings in gain$ he is thy creature$ and thou his creator$
he hugs and admires thee< he is thine for e#er. 8o loadstone so attracti#e
as that of "rofit$ none so fair an object as this of gold< ;?@,,Gnothing
'ins a man sooner than a good turn$ bounty and liberality command body and
soul&
LMunera (crede mihi) "lacant homines0ue deos0ue<
Placatur donis Du"iter i"se datis.L
LGood turns doth "acify both God and men$
And Du"iter himself is 'on by them.L
Gold of all other is a most delicious object< a s'eet light$ a goodly
lustre it hath< _gratius aurum 0uam solem intuemur_$ saith Austin$ and 'e
had rather see it than the sun. 9'eet and "leasant in getting$ in %ee"ing<
it seasons all our labours$ intolerable "ains 'e ta%e for it$ base
em"loyments$ endure bitter flouts and taunts$ long journeys$ hea#y burdens$
all are made light and easy by this ho"e of gain& _At mihi "laudo i"se
domi$ simul ac nummos contem"lor in arca_. The sight of gold refresheth our
s"irits$ and ra#isheth our hearts$ as that abylonian garment and ;?@,=G
golden 'edge did Achan in the cam"$ the #ery sight and hearing sets on fire
his soul 'ith desire of it. It 'ill ma%e a man run to the anti"odes$ or
tarry at home and turn "arasite$ lie$ flatter$ "rostitute himself$ s'ear
and bear false 'itness< he 'ill #enture his body$ %ill a %ing$ murder his
father$ and damn his soul to come at it. _7ormosior auri massa_$ as ;?@,.G
he 'ell obser#ed$ the mass of gold is fairer than all your Grecian
"ictures$ that A"elles$ Phidias$ or any doting "ainter could e#er ma%e& 'e
are enamoured 'ith it$
;?@,?G LPrima fere #ota$ et cunctis notissima tem"lis$
3i#itiae ut crescant.L------
All our labours$ studies$ endea#ours$ #o's$ "rayers and 'ishes$ are to get$
ho' to com"ass it.
;?@,@G L5aec est illa cui famulatur ma+imus orbis$
3i#a "otens rerum$ domitri+0ue "ecunia fati.L
LThis is the great goddess 'e adore and 'orshi"< this is the sole object of
our desire.L If 'e ha#e it$ as 'e thin%$ 'e are made for e#er$ thrice
ha""y$ "rinces$ lords$ Fc. If 'e lose it$ 'e are dull$ hea#y$ dejected$
discontent$ miserable$ des"erate$ and mad. 2ur estate and _bene esse_ ebbs
and flo's 'ith our commodity< and as 'e are endo'ed or enriched$ so are 'e
belo#ed and esteemed& it lasts no longer than our 'ealth< 'hen that is
gone$ and the object remo#ed$ fare'ell friendshi"& as long as bounty$ good
cheer$ and re'ards 'ere to be ho"ed$ friends enough< they 'ere tied to thee
by the teeth$ and 'ould follo' thee as cro's do a carcass& but 'hen thy
goods are gone and s"ent$ the lam" of their lo#e is out$ and thou shalt be
contemned$ scorned$ hated$ injured. ;?@,-G*ucian!s Timon$ 'hen he li#ed in
"ros"erity$ 'as the sole s"ectacle of Greece$ only admired< 'ho but TimonN
E#erybody lo#ed$ honoured$ a""lauded him$ each man offered him his ser#ice$
and sought to be %in to him< but 'hen his gold 'as s"ent$ his fair
"ossessions gone$ fare'ell Timon& none so ugly$ none so deformed$ so odious
an object as Timon$ no man so ridiculous on a sudden$ they ga#e him a "enny
to buy a ro"e$ no man 'ould %no' him.
!Tis the general humour of the 'orld$ commodity steers our affections
throughout$ 'e lo#e those that are fortunate and rich$ that thri#e$ or by
'hom 'e may recei#e mutual %indness$ ho"e for li%e courtesies$ get any
good$ gain$ or "rofit< hate those$ and abhor on the other side$ 'hich are
"oor and miserable$ or by 'hom 'e may sustain loss or incon#enience. And
e#en those that 'ere no' familiar and dear unto us$ our lo#ing and long
friends$ neighbours$ %insmen$ allies$ 'ith 'hom 'e ha#e con#ersed$ and
li#ed as so many Geryons for some years "ast$ stri#ing still to gi#e one
another all good content and entertainment$ 'ith mutual in#itations$
feastings$ dis"orts$ offices$ for 'hom 'e 'ould ride$ run$ s"end oursel#es$
and of 'hom 'e ha#e so freely and honourably s"o%en$ to 'hom 'e ha#e gi#en
all those turgent titles$ and magnificent eulogiums$ most e+cellent and
most noble$ 'orthy$ 'ise$ gra#e$ learned$ #aliant$ Fc.$ and magnified
beyond measure& if any contro#ersy arise bet'een us$ some tres"ass$ injury$
abuse$ some "art of our goods be detained$ a "iece of land come to be
litigious$ if they cross us in our suit$ or touch the string of our
commodity$ 'e detest and de"ress them u"on a sudden& neither affinity$
consanguinity$ or old ac0uaintance can contain us$ but ;?@,AG_ru"to jecore
e+ierit :a"rificus_. A golden a""le sets altogether by the ears$ as if a
marro'bone or honeycomb 'ere flung amongst bears& father and son$ brother
and sister$ %insmen are at odds& and loo% 'hat malice$ deadly hatred can
in#ent$ that shall be done$ _Terrible$ dirum$ "estilens$ atro+$ ferum_$
mutual injuries$ desire of re#enge$ and ho' to hurt them$ him and his$ are
all our studies. If our "leasures be interru"t$ 'e can tolerate it& our
bodies hurt$ 'e can "ut it u" and be reconciled& but touch our commodities$
'e are most im"atient& fair becomes foul$ the graces are turned to har"ies$
friendly salutations to bitter im"recations$ mutual feastings to "lotting
#illainies$ minings and counterminings< good 'ords to satires and
in#ecti#es$ 'e re#ile _e contra_$ nought but his im"erfections are in our
eyes$ he is a base %na#e$ a de#il$ a monster$ a cater"illar$ a #i"er$ a
hog-rubber$ Fc. _3esinit in "iscem mulier formosa su"erne_<;?@,/G the scene
is altered on a sudden$ lo#e is turned to hate$ mirth to melancholy& so
furiously are 'e most "art bent$ our affections fi+ed u"on this object of
commodity$ and u"on money$ the desire of 'hich in e+cess is co#etousness&
ambition tyranniseth o#er our souls$ as ;?@,BGI ha#e sho'n$ and in defect
crucifies as much$ as if a man by negligence$ ill husbandry$ im"ro#idence$
"rodigality$ 'aste and consume his goods and fortunes$ beggary follo's$ and
melancholy$ he becomes an abject$ ;?@=CGodious and L'orse than an infidel$
in not "ro#iding for his family.L
9H9E:T. II.--_Pleasant 2bjects of *o#e_.
Pleasant objects are infinite$ 'hether they be such as ha#e life$ or be
'ithout life< inanimate are countries$ "ro#inces$ to'ers$ to'ns$ cities$ as
he said$ ;?@=,G_Pulcherrimam insulam #idemus$ etiam cum non #idemus_ 'e see
a fair island by descri"tion$ 'hen 'e see it not. The ;?@==Gsun ne#er sa' a
fairer city$ Thessala Tem"e$ orchards$ gardens$ "leasant 'al%s$ gro#es$
fountains$ Fc. The hea#en itself is said to be ;?@=.Gfair or foul& fair
buildings$ ;?@=?Gfair "ictures$ all artificial$ elaborate and curious
'or%s$ clothes$ gi#e an admirable lustre& 'e admire$ and gaze u"on them$
_ut "ueri Dunonis a#em_$ as children do on a "eacoc%& a fair dog$ a fair
horse and ha'%$ Fc. ;?@=@G_Thessalus amat e0uum "ullinum$ buculum
Aegy"tius$ *acedaemonius :atulum_$ Fc.$ such things 'e lo#e$ are most
gracious in our sight$ acce"table unto us$ and 'hatsoe#er else may cause
this "assion$ if it be su"erfluous or immoderately lo#ed$ as Guianerius
obser#es. These things in themsel#es are "leasing and good$ singular
ornaments$ necessary$ comely$ and fit to be had< but 'hen 'e fi+ an
immoderate eye$ and dote on them o#er much$ this "leasure may turn to "ain$
bring much sorro' and discontent unto us$ 'or% our final o#erthro'$ and
cause melancholy in the end. Many are carried a'ay 'ith those be'itching
s"orts of gaming$ ha'%ing$ hunting$ and such #ain "leasures$ as ;?@=-GI
ha#e said& some 'ith immoderate desire of fame$ to be cro'ned in the
2lym"ics$ %nighted in the field$ Fc.$ and by these means ruinate
themsel#es. The lasci#ious dotes on his fair mistress$ the glutton on his
dishes$ 'hich are infinitely #aried to "lease the "alate$ the e"icure on
his se#eral "leasures$ the su"erstitious on his idol$ and fats himself 'ith
future joys$ as Tur%s feed themsel#es 'ith an imaginary "ersuasion of a
sensual "aradise& so se#eral "leasant objects di#ersely affect di#erse men.
ut the fairest objects and enticings "roceed from men themsel#es$ 'hich
most fre0uently ca"ti#ate$ allure$ and ma%e them dote beyond all measure
u"on one another$ and that for many res"ects& first$ as some su""ose$ by
that secret force of stars$ (_0uod me tibi tem"erat astrum_N) They do
singularly dote on such a man$ hate such again$ and can gi#e no reason for
it. ;?@=AG_8on amo te 9abidi_$ Fc. Ale+ander admired E"hestion$ Adrian
Antinous$ 8ero 9"orus$ Fc. The "hysicians refer this to their tem"erament$
astrologers to trine and se+tile as"ects$ or o""osite of their se#eral
ascendants$ lords of their genitures$ lo#e and hatred of "lanets< ;?@=/G
:icogna$ to concord and discord of s"irits< but most to out'ard graces. A
merry com"anion is 'elcome and acce"table to all men$ and therefore$ saith
;?@=BGGomesius$ "rinces and great men entertain jesters and "layers
commonly in their courts. ut ;?@.CG_Pares cum "aribus facillime
congregantur_$ !tis that ;?@.,Gsimilitude of manners$ 'hich ties most men
in an inse"arable lin%$ as if they be addicted to the same studies or
dis"orts$ they delight in one another!s com"anies$ Lbirds of a feather 'ill
gather together&L if they be of di#ers inclinations$ or o""osite in
manners$ they can seldom agree. 9econdly$ ;?@.=Gaffability$ custom$ and
familiarity$ may con#ert nature many times$ though they be different in
manners$ as if they be countrymen$ fello'-students$ colleagues$ or ha#e
been fello'-soldiers$ ;?@..Gbrethren in affliction$ (;?@.?G_acerba
calamitatum societas$ di#ersi etiam ingenii homines conjungit_) affinity$
or some such accidental occasion$ though they cannot agree amongst
themsel#es$ they 'ill stic% together li%e burrs$ and bold against a third<
so after some discontinuance$ or death$ enmity ceaseth< or in a foreign
"lace&
LPascitur in #i#is li#or$ "ost fata 0uiescit&
Et cecidere odia$ et tristes mors obruit iras.L
A third cause of lo#e and hate$ may be mutual offices$ _acce"tum
beneficium_$ ;?@.@Gcommend him$ use him %indly$ ta%e his "art in a 0uarrel$
relie#e him in his misery$ thou 'innest him for e#er< do the o""osite$ and
be sure of a "er"etual enemy. Praise and dis"raise of each other$ do as
much$ though un%no'n$ as ;?@.-G9cho""ius by 9caliger and :asaubonus& _mulus
mulum scabit_< 'ho but 9caliger 'ith himN 'hat encomiums$ e"ithets$
eulogiumsN _Antistes sa"ientiae$ "er"etuus dictator$ literarum ornamentum$
Euro"ae miraculum_$ noble 9caliger$ ;?@.AG _incredibilis ingenii
"raestantia$ Fc.$ diis "otius 0uam hominibus "er omnia com"arandus$ scri"ta
ejus aurea ancylia de coelo dela"sa "o"litibus #eneramur fle+is_$
Fc.$;?@./G but 'hen they began to #ary$ none so absurd as 9caliger$ so #ile
and base$ as his boo%s _de urdonum familia_$ and other satirical
in#ecti#es may 'itness$ 2#id$ _in Ibin_$ Archilocus himself 'as not so
bitter. Another great tie or cause of lo#e$ is consanguinity& "arents are
clear to their children$ children to their "arents$ brothers and sisters$
cousins of all sorts$ as a hen and chic%ens$ all of a %not& e#ery cro'
thin%s her o'n bird fairest. Many memorable e+am"les are in this %ind$ and
!tis _"ortenti simile_$ if they do not& ;?@.BGLa mother cannot forget her
child&L 9olomon so found out the true o'ner< lo#e of "arents may not be
concealed$ !tis natural$ descends$ and they that are inhuman in this %ind$
are un'orthy of that air they breathe$ and of the four elements< yet many
unnatural e+am"les 'e ha#e in this ran%$ of hard-hearted "arents$
disobedient children$ of ;?@?CGdisagreeing brothers$ nothing so common. The
lo#e of %insmen is gro'n cold$ ;?@?,GLmany %insmenL (as the saying is) Lfe'
friends<L if thine estate be good$ and thou able$ _"ar "ari referre_$ to
re0uite their %indness$ there 'ill be mutual corres"ondence$ other'ise thou
art a burden$ most odious to them abo#e all others. The last object that
ties man and man$ is comeliness of "erson$ and beauty alone$ as men lo#e
'omen 'ith a 'anton eye& 'hich ;Gree%& %at! e+ochaenG is termed heroical$
or lo#e-melancholy. 2ther lo#es (saith Picolomineus) are so called 'ith
some contraction$ as the lo#e of 'ine$ gold$ Fc.$ but this of 'omen is
"redominant in a higher strain$ 'hose "art affected is the li#er$ and this
lo#e deser#es a longer e+"lication$ and shall be dilated a"art in the ne+t
section.
9H9E:T. III.--_5onest 2bjects of *o#e_.
eauty is the common object of all lo#e$ ;?@?=GLas jet dra's a stra'$ so
doth beauty lo#e&L #irtue and honesty are great moti#es$ and gi#e as fair a
lustre as the rest$ es"ecially if they be sincere and right$ not fucate$
but "roceeding from true form$ and an incorru"t judgment< those t'o Ienus!
t'ins$ Eros and Anteros$ are then most firm and fast. 7or many times
other'ise men are decei#ed by their flattering gnathos$ dissembling
camelions$ outsides$ hy"ocrites that ma%e a sho' of great lo#e$ learning$
"retend honesty$ #irtue$ zeal$ modesty$ 'ith affected loo%s and counterfeit
gestures& feigned "rotestations often steal a'ay the hearts and fa#ours of
men$ and decei#e them$ _s"ecie #irtutis et umbra_$ 'hen as _re#era_ and
indeed$ there is no 'orth or honesty at all in them$ no truth$ but mere
hy"ocrisy$ subtlety$ %na#ery$ and the li%e. As true friends they are$ as he
that :aelius 9ecundus met by the high'ay side< and hard it is in this
tem"orising age to distinguish such com"anions$ or to find them out. 9uch
gnathos as these for the most "art belong to great men$ and by this glozing
flattery$ affability$ and such li%e "hilters$ so di#e and insinuate into
their fa#ours$ that they are ta%en for men of e+cellent 'orth$ 'isdom$
learning$ demigods$ and so scre' themsel#es into dignities$ honours$
offices< but these men cause harsh confusion often$ and as many times stirs
as 1ehoboam!s counsellors in a common'ealth$ o#erthre' themsel#es and
others. Tandlerus and some authors ma%e a doubt$ 'hether lo#e and hatred
may be com"elled by "hilters or characters< :ardan and Marbodius$ by
"recious stones and amulets< astrologers by election of times$ Fc. as
;?@?.GI shall else'here discuss. The true object of this honest lo#e is
#irtue$ 'isdom$ honesty$ ;?@??Greal 'orth$ _Interna forma_$ and this lo#e
cannot decei#e or be com"elled$ _ut ameris amabilis esto_$ lo#e itself is
the most "otent "hiltrum$ #irtue and 'isdom$ _gratia gratum faciens_$ the
sole and only grace$ not counterfeit$ but o"en$ honest$ sim"le$ na%ed$
;?@?@GLdescending from hea#en$L as our a"ostle hath it$ an infused habit
from God$ 'hich hath gi#en se#eral gifts$ as 'it$ learning$ tongues$ for
'hich they shall be amiable and gracious$ E"h. i#. ,,. as to 9aul stature
and a goodly "resence$ , 9am. i+. ,. Dose"h found fa#our in Pharaoh!s
court$ Gen. +++i+$ for ;?@?-Ghis "erson< and 3aniel 'ith the "rinces of the
eunuchs$ 3an. +i+. ,B. :hrist 'as gracious 'ith God and men$ *u%e ii. @=.
There is still some "eculiar grace$ as of good discourse$ elo0uence$ 'it$
honesty$ 'hich is the _"rimum mobile_$ first mo#er$ and a most forcible
loadstone to dra' the fa#ours and good 'ills of men!s eyes$ ears$ and
affections unto them. 4hen LDesus s"a%e$ they 'ere all astonished at his
ans'ers$L (*u%e ii. ?A.) Land 'ondered at his gracious 'ords 'hich
"roceeded from his mouth.L An orator steals a'ay the hearts of men$ and as
another 2r"heus$ _0uo #ult$ unde #ult_$ he "ulls them to him by s"eech
alone& a s'eet #oice causeth admiration< and he that can utter himself in
good 'ords$ in our ordinary "hrase$ is called a "ro"er man$ a di#ine
s"irit. 7or 'hich cause beli%e$ our old "oets$ _9enatus "o"ulus0ue
"oetarum_$ made Mercury the gentleman-usher to the Graces$ ca"tain of
elo0uence$ and those charities to be Du"iter!s and Eurymone!s daughters$
descended from abo#e. Though they be other'ise deformed$ croo%ed$ ugly to
behold$ those good "arts of the mind denominate them fair. Plato commends
the beauty of 9ocrates< yet 'ho 'as more grim of countenance$ stern and
ghastly to loo% u"onN 9o are and ha#e been many great "hiloso"hers$ as
;?@?AGGregory 8azianzen obser#es$ Ldeformed most "art in that 'hich is to
be seen 'ith the eyes$ but most elegant in that 'hich is not to be seen.L
_9ae"e sub attrita latitat sa"ientia #este_. Aeso"$ 3emocritus$ Aristotle$
Politianus$ Melancthon$ Gesner$ Fc. 'ithered old men$ _9ileni Alcibiadis_$
#ery harsh and im"olite to the eye< but 'ho 'ere so terse$ "olite$
elo0uent$ generally learned$ tem"erate and modestN 8o man then li#ing 'as
so fair as Alcibiades$ so lo#ely _0uo ad su"erficiem_$ to the eye$ as
;?@?/Goethius obser#es$ but he had _:or"us tur"issimum interne_$ a most
deformed soul< honesty$ #irtue$ fair conditions$ are great enticers to such
as are 'ell gi#en$ and much a#ail to get the fa#our and good'ill of men.
Abdolominus in :urtius$ a "oor man$ (but 'hich mine author notes$
;?@?BGLthe cause of this "o#erty 'as his honestyL) for his modesty and
continency from a "ri#ate "erson (for they found him digging in his garden)
'as saluted %ing$ and "referred before all the magnificoes of his time$
_injecta ei #estis "ur"ura auro0ue distincta_$ La "ur"le embroidered
garment 'as "ut u"on him$ ;?@@CGand they bade him 'ash himself$ and$ as he
'as 'orthy$ ta%e u"on him the style and s"irit of a %ing$L continue his
continency and the rest of his good "arts. Titus Pom"onius Atticus$ that
noble citizen of 1ome$ 'as so fair conditioned$ of so s'eet a carriage$
that he 'as generally belo#ed of all good men$ of :aesar$ Pom"ey$ Antony$
Tully$ of di#ers sects$ Fc. _multas haereditates_ (;?@@,G:ornelius 8e"os
'rites) _sola bonitate conse0uutus. 2"erae$ "retium audire_$ Fc. It is
'orthy of your attention$ *i#y cries$ ;?@@=GLyou that scorn all but riches$
and gi#e no esteem to #irtue$ e+ce"t they be 'ealthy 'ithal$ K. :incinnatus
had but four acres$ and by the consent of the senate 'as chosen dictator of
1ome.L 2f such account 'ere :ato$ 7abricius$ Aristides$ Antonius$ Probus$
for their eminent 'orth& so :aesar$ Trajan$ Ale+ander$ admired for #alour$
;?@@.G 5ae"hestion lo#ed Ale+ander$ but Parmenio the %ing& _Titus deliciae
humani generis_$ and 'hich Aurelius Iictor hath of Ies"asian$ the darling
of his time$ as ;?@@?GEdgar Etheling 'as in England$ for his
;?@@@Ge+cellent #irtues& their memory is yet fresh$ s'eet$ and 'e lo#e them
many ages after$ though they be dead& _9ua#em memoriam sui reli0uit_$ saith
*i"sius of his friend$ li#ing and dead they are all one. ;?@@-GLI ha#e e#er
lo#ed as thou %no'estL (so Tully 'rote to 3olabella) LMarcus rutus for his
great 'it$ singular honesty$ constancy$ s'eet conditions< and belie#e itL
;?@@AG Lthere is nothing so amiable and fair as #irtue.L LI ;?@@/Gdo
mightily lo#e :al#isinus$L (so Pliny 'rites to 9ossius) La most
industrious$ elo0uent$ u"right man$ 'hich is all in all 'ith me&L the
affection came from his good "arts. And as 9t. Austin comments on the /?th
Psalm$ ;?@@BGLthere is a "eculiar beauty of justice$ and in'ard beauty$
'hich 'e see 'ith the eyes of our hearts$ lo#e$ and are enamoured 'ith$ as
in martyrs$ though their bodies be torn in "ieces 'ith 'ild beasts$ yet
this beauty shines$ and 'e lo#e their #irtues.L The ;?@-CGstoics are of
o"inion that a 'ise man is only fair< and :ato in Tully _. de 7inibus_
contends the same$ that the lineaments of the mind are far fairer than
those of the body$ incom"arably beyond them& 'isdom and #alour according to
;?@-,GJeno"hon$ es"ecially deser#e the name of beauty$ and denominate one
fair$ _et incom"arabiliter "ulchrior est_ (as Austin holds) _#eritas
:hristianorum 0uam 5elena Graecorum_. L4ine is strong$ the %ing is strong$
'omen are strong$ but truth o#ercometh all things$L Esd. i. .$ ,C$ ,,$ ,=.
Llessed is the man that findeth 'isdom$ and getteth understanding$ for the
merchandise thereof is better than sil#er$ and the gain thereof better than
gold& it is more "recious than "earls$ and all the things thou canst desire
are not to be com"ared to her$L Pro#. ii. ,.$ ,?$ ,@$ a 'ise$ true$ just$
u"right$ and good man$ I say it again$ is only fair& ;?@-=Git is re"orted
of Magdalene Kueen of 7rance$ and 'ife to *e'is ,,th$ a 9cottish 'oman by
birth$ that 'al%ing forth in an e#ening 'ith her ladies$ she s"ied M.
Alanus$ one of the %ing!s cha"lains$ a silly$ old$ ;?@-.Ghard-fa#oured man
fast aslee" in a bo'er$ and %issed him s'eetly< 'hen the young ladies
laughed at her for it$ she re"lied$ that it 'as not his "erson that she did
embrace and re#erence$ but$ 'ith a "latonic lo#e$ the di#ine beauty of
;?@-?Ghis soul. Thus in all ages #irtue hath been adored$ admired$ a
singular lustre hath "roceeded from it& and the more #irtuous he is$ the
more gracious$ the more admired. 8o man so much follo'ed u"on earth as
:hrist himself& and as the Psalmist saith$ +l#. =$ L5e 'as fairer than the
sons of men.L :hrysostom _5om. / in Mat._ ernard _9er. ,. de omnibus
sanctis_< Austin$ :assiodore$ _5ier. in B Mat._ inter"ret it of the
;?@-@Gbeauty of his "erson< there 'as a di#ine majesty in his loo%s$ it
shined li%e lightning and dre' all men to it& but asil$ _:yril$ lib. -.
su"er. @@. Esay._ Theodoret$ Arnobius$ Fc. of the beauty of his di#inity$
justice$ grace$ elo0uence$ Fc. Thomas _in Psal. +li#._ of both< and so doth
aradius and Peter Morales$ _lib de "ulchritud. Desu et Mariae_$ adding as
much of Dose"h and the Iirgin Mary$--_haec alias forma "raecesserit omnes_$
;?@--Gaccording to that "rediction of 9ibylla :umea. e they "resent or
absent$ near us$ or afar off$ this beauty shines$ and 'ill attract men many
miles to come and #isit it. Plato and Pythagoras left their country$ to see
those 'ise Egy"tian "riests& A"ollonius tra#elled into Ethio"ia$ Persia$ to
consult 'ith the Magi$ rachmanni$ gymnoso"hists. The Kueen of 9heba came
to #isit 9olomon< and Lmany$L saith ;?@-AG5ierom$ L'ent out of 9"ain and
remote "laces a thousand miles$ to behold that elo0uent *i#y&L ;?@-/G_Multi
1omam non ut urbem "ulcherrimam$ aut urbis et orbis dominum 2cta#ianum$ sed
ut hunc unum in#iserent audirent0ue$ a Gadibus "rofecti sunt._ 8o beauty
lea#es such an im"ression$ stri%es so dee" ;?@-BG$ or lin%s the souls of
men closer than #irtue.
;?@ACG L8on "er deos aut "ictor "osset$
Aut statuarius ullus fingere
Talem "ulchritudinem 0ualem #irtus habet<L
Lno "ainter$ no gra#er$ no car#er can e+"ress #irtue!s lustre$ or those
admirable rays that come from it$ those enchanting rays that enamour
"osterity$ those e#erlasting rays that continue to the 'orld!s end.L Many$
saith Pha#orinus$ that lo#ed and admired Alcibiades in his youth$ %ne' not$
cared not for Alcibiades a man$ _nunc intuentes 0uaerebant Alcibiadem_< but
the beauty of 9ocrates is still the same< ;?@A,G#irtue!s lustre ne#er
fades$ is e#er fresh and green$ _sem"er #i#a_ to all succeeding ages$ and a
most attracti#e loadstone$ to dra' and combine such as are "resent. 7or
that reason beli%e$ 5omer feigns the three Graces to be lin%ed and tied
hand in hand$ because the hearts of men are so firmly united 'ith such
graces. ;?@A=GL2 s'eet bands (9eneca e+claims)$ 'hich so ha""ily combine$
that those 'hich are bound by them lo#e their binders$ desiring 'ithal much
more harder to be bound$L and as so many Geryons to be united into one. 7or
the nature of true friendshi" is to combine$ to be li%e affected$ of one
mind$
;?@A.G LIelle et nolle ambobus idem$ satiata0ue toto
Mens ae#oL------
as the "oet saith$ still to continue one and the same. And 'here this lo#e
ta%es "lace there is "eace and 0uietness$ a true corres"ondence$ "erfect
amity$ a dia"ason of #o's and 'ishes$ the same o"inions$ as bet'een ;?@A?G
3a#id and Donathan$ 3amon and Pythias$ Pylades and 2restes$ ;?@A@G8ysus and
Euryalus$ Theseus and Pirithous$ ;?@A-Gthey 'ill li#e and die together$ and
"rosecute one another 'ith good turns. ;?@AAG_8am #inci in amore
tur"issimum "utant_$ not only li#ing$ but 'hen their friends are dead$ 'ith
tombs and monuments$ nenias$ e"ita"hs elegies$ inscri"tions$ "yramids$
obelis%s$ statues$ images$ "ictures$ histories$ "oems$ annals$ feasts$
anni#ersaries$ many ages after (as Plato!s scholars did) they 'ill
_"arentare_ still$ omit no good office that may tend to the "reser#ation of
their names$ honours$ and eternal memory. ;?@A/G_Illum coloribus$ illum
cera$ illum aere_$ Fc. L5e did e+"ress his friends in colours$ in 'a+$ in
brass$ in i#ory$ marble$ gold$ and sil#erL (as Pliny re"orts of a citizen
in 1ome)$ Land in a great auditory not long since recited a just #olume of
his life.L In another "lace$ ;?@ABGs"ea%ing of an e"igram 'hich Martial had
com"osed in "raise of him$ ;?@/CGL5e ga#e me as much as he might$ and 'ould
ha#e done more if he could& though 'hat can a man gi#e more than honour$
glory$ and eternityNL ut that 'hich he 'rote "erad#enture 'ill not
continue$ yet he 'rote it to continue. !Tis all the recom"ense a "oor
scholar can ma%e his 'ell-deser#ing "atron$ Mecaenas$ friend$ to mention
him in his 'or%s$ to dedicate a boo% to his name$ to 'rite his life$ Fc.$
as all our "oets$ orators$ historiogra"hers ha#e e#er done$ and the
greatest re#enge such men ta%e of their ad#ersaries$ to "ersecute them 'ith
satires$ in#ecti#es$ Fc.$ and !tis both 'ays of great moment$ as ;?@/,G
Plato gi#es us to understand. Paulus Do#ius$ in the fourth boo% of the life
and deeds of Po"e *eo 3ecimus$ his noble "atron$ concludes in these 'ords$
;?@/=GLecause I cannot honour him as other rich men do$ 'ith li%e
endea#our$ affection$ and "iety$ I ha#e underta%en to 'rite his life< since
my fortunes 'ill not gi#e me lea#e to ma%e a more sum"tuous monument$ I
'ill "erform those rites to his sacred ashes$ 'hich a small$ "erha"s$ but a
liberal 'it can afford.L ut I ro#e. 4here this true lo#e is 'anting$ there
can be no firm "eace$ friendshi" from teeth out'ard$ counterfeit$ or for
some by-res"ects$ so long dissembled$ till they ha#e satisfied their o'n
ends$ 'hich$ u"on e#ery small occasion$ brea%s out into enmity$ o"en 'ar$
defiance$ heart-burnings$ 'his"ering$ calumnies$ contentions$ and all
manner of bitter melancholy discontents. And those men 'hich ha#e no other
object of their lo#e$ than greatness$ 'ealth$ authority$ Fc.$ are rather
feared than belo#ed< _nec amant 0uem0uam$ nec amantur ab ullo_& and
ho'soe#er borne 'ith for a time$ yet for their tyranny and o""ression$
gri"ing$ co#etousness$ currish hardness$ folly$ intem"erance$ im"rudence$
and such li%e #ices$ they are generally odious$ abhorred of all$ both God
and men.
L8on u+or sal#um te #ult$ non filius$ omnes
Iicini oderunt$L------
L'ife and children$ friends$ neighbours$ all the 'orld forsa%es them$ 'ould
feign be rid of them$L and are com"elled many times to lay #iolent hands on
them$ or else God!s judgments o#erta%e them& instead of graces$ come
furies. 9o 'hen fair ;?@/.GAbigail$ a 'oman of singular 'isdom$ 'as
acce"table to 3a#id$ 8abal 'as churlish and e#il-conditioned< and therefore
;?@/?GMordecai 'as recei#ed$ 'hen 5aman 'as e+ecuted$ 5aman the fa#ourite$
Lthat had his seat abo#e the other "rinces$ to 'hom all the %ing!s ser#ants
that stood in the gates$ bo'ed their %nees and re#erenced.L Though they
flourished many times$ such hy"ocrites$ such tem"orising fo+es$ and blear
the 'orld!s eyes by flattery$ bribery$ dissembling their natures$ or other
men!s 'ea%ness$ that cannot so a""rehend their tric%s$ yet in the end they
'ill be discerned$ and "reci"itated in a moment& Lsurely$L saith 3a#id$
Lthou hast set them in sli""ery "laces$L Psal. +++#ii. @. as so many
9ejani$ they 'ill come do'n to the Gemonian scales< and as Eusebius in
;?@/@G Ammianus$ that 'as in such authority$ _ad jubendum Im"eratorem_$ be
cast do'n headlong on a sudden. 2r "ut case they esca"e$ and rest unmas%ed
to their li#es! end$ yet after their death their memory stin%s as a snuff
of a candle "ut out$ and those that durst not so much as mutter against
them in their li#es$ 'ill "rosecute their name 'ith satires$ libels$ and
bitter im"recations$ they shall _male audire_ in all succeeding ages$ and
be odious to the 'orld!s end.
MEM. III.
_:harity com"osed of all three 6inds$ Pleasant$ Profitable$ 5onest_.
esides this lo#e that comes from "rofit$ "leasant$ honest (for one good
turn as%s another in e0uity)$ that 'hich "roceeds from the la' of nature$
or from disci"line and "hiloso"hy$ there is yet another lo#e com"ounded of
all these three$ 'hich is charity$ and includes "iety$ dilection$
bene#olence$ friendshi"$ e#en all those #irtuous habits< for lo#e is the
circle e0uant of all other affections$ of 'hich Aristotle dilates at large
in his Ethics$ and is commanded by God$ 'hich no man can 'ell "erform$ but
he that is a :hristian$ and a true regenerate man< this is$ ;?@/-GLTo lo#e
God abo#e all$ and our neighbour as ourself<L for this lo#e is _lychnus
accendens et accensus_$ a communicating light$ a"t to illuminate itself as
'ell as others. All other objects are fair$ and #ery beautiful$ I confess<
%indred$ alliance$ friendshi"$ the lo#e that 'e o'e to our country$ nature$
'ealth$ "leasure$ honour$ and such moral res"ects$ Fc.$ of 'hich read
;?@/AGco"ious Aristotle in his morals< a man is belo#ed of a man$ in that
he is a man< but all these are far more eminent and great$ 'hen they shall
"roceed from a sanctified s"irit$ that hath a true touch of religion$ and a
reference to God. 8ature binds all creatures to lo#e their young ones< a
hen to "reser#e her brood 'ill run u"on a lion$ a hind 'ill fight 'ith a
bull$ a so' 'ith a bear$ a silly shee" 'ith a fo+. 9o the same nature
urgeth a man to lo#e his "arents$ (;?@//G_dii me "ater omnes oderint$ ni te
magis 0uam oculos amem meosO_) and this lo#e cannot be dissol#ed$ as Tully
holds$ ;?@/BGL'ithout detestable offence&L but much more God!s commandment$
'hich enjoins a filial lo#e$ and an obedience in this %ind. ;?@BCGLThe lo#e
of brethren is great$ and li%e an arch of stones$ 'here if one be
dis"laced$ all comes do'n$L no lo#e so forcible and strong$ honest$ to the
combination of 'hich$ nature$ fortune$ #irtue$ ha""ily concur< yet this
lo#e comes short of it. ;?@B,G_3ulce et decorum "ro "atria mori_$ ;?@B=Git
cannot be e+"ressed$ 'hat a deal of charity that one name of country
contains. _Amor laudis et "atriae "ro sti"endio est_< the 3ecii did _se
de#o#ere_$ 5oratii$ :urii$ 9cae#ola$ 1egulus$ :odrus$ sacrifice themsel#es
for their country!s "eace and good.
;?@B.G LHna dies 7abios ad bellum miserat omnes$
Ad bellum missos "erdidit una dies.L
L2ne day the 7abii stoutly 'arred$
2ne day the 7abii 'ere destroyed.L
7ifty thousand Englishmen lost their li#es 'illingly near attle Abbey$ in
defence of their country. ;?@B?GP. Aemilius _l. -._ s"ea%s of si+ senators
of :alais$ that came 'ith halters in their hands to the %ing of England$ to
die for the rest. This lo#e ma%es so many 'riters ta%e such "ains$ so many
historiogra"hers$ "hysicians$ Fc.$ or at least$ as they "retend$ for common
safety$ and their country!s benefit. ;?@B@G_9anctum nomen amiciticae$
sociorum communio sacra_< friendshi" is a holy name$ and a sacred communion
of friends. ;?@B-GLAs the sun is in the firmament$ so is friendshi" in the
'orld$L a most di#ine and hea#enly band. As nu"tial lo#e ma%es$ this
"erfects man%ind$ and is to be "referred (if you 'ill stand to the judgment
of ;?@BAG:ornelius 8e"os) before affinity or consanguinity< _"lus in
amiciticia #alet similitudo morum$ 0uam affinitas_$ Fc.$ the cords of lo#e
bind faster than any other 'reath 'hatsoe#er. Ta%e this a'ay$ and ta%e all
"leasure$ joy$ comfort$ ha""iness$ and true content out of the 'orld< !tis
the greatest tie$ the surest indenture$ strongest band$ and$ as our modern
Maro decides it$ is much to be "referred before the rest.
;?@B/G L5ard is the doubt$ and difficult to deem$
4hen all three %inds of lo#e together meet<
And do dis"art the heart 'ith "o'er e+treme$
4hether shall 'eigh the balance do'n< to 'it$
The dear affection unto %indred s'eet$
2r raging fire of lo#e to 'omen %ind$
2r zeal of friends$ combin!d by #irtues meet<
ut of them all the band of #irtuous mind$
Methin%s the gentle heart should most assured bind.
7or natural affection soon doth cease$
And 0uenched is 'ith :u"id!s greater flame<
ut faithful friendshi" doth them both su""ress$
And them 'ith mastering disci"line doth tame$
Through thoughts as"iring to eternal fame.
7or as the soul doth rule the earthly mass$
And all the ser#ice of the body frame$
9o lo#e of soul doth lo#e of body "ass$
8o less than "erfect gold surmounts the meanest brass.L
;?@BBGA faithful friend is better than ;?-CCGgold$ a medicine of misery$
;?-C,Gan only "ossession< yet this lo#e of friends$ nu"tial$ heroical$
"rofitable$ "leasant$ honest$ all three lo#es "ut together$ are little
'orth$ if they "roceed not from a true :hristian illuminated soul$ if it be
not done _in ordine ad 3eum_ for God!s sa%e. LThough I had the gift of
"ro"hecy$ s"a%e 'ith tongues of men and angels$ though I feed the "oor 'ith
all my goods$ gi#e my body to be burned$ and ha#e not this lo#e$ it
"rofiteth me nothing$L , :or. +iii. ,$ .. !tis _s"lendidum "eccatum_$
'ithout charity. This is an all-a""rehending lo#e$ a deifying lo#e$ a
refined$ "ure$ di#ine lo#e$ the 0uintessence of all lo#e$ the true
"hiloso"her!s stone$ _8on "otest enim_$ as ;?-C=GAustin infers$ _#eraciter
amicus esse hominis$ nisi fuerit i"sius "rimitus #eritatis_$ 5e is no true
friend that lo#es not God!s truth. And therefore this is true lo#e indeed$
the cause of all good to mortal men$ that reconciles all creatures$ and
glues them together in "er"etual amity and firm league< and can no more
abide bitterness$ hate$ malice$ than fair and foul 'eather$ light and
dar%ness$ sterility and "lenty may be together< as the sun in the firmament
(I say)$ so is lo#e in the 'orld< and for this cause !tis lo#e 'ithout an
addition$ lo#e ;Gree%& %at! e+ochaenG$ lo#e of God$ and lo#e of men.
;?-C.GLThe lo#e of God begets the lo#e of man< and by this lo#e of our
neighbour$ the lo#e of God is nourished and increased.L y this ha""y union
of lo#e$ ;?-C?GLall 'ell-go#erned families and cities are combined$ the
hea#ens anne+ed$ and di#ine souls com"licated$ the 'orld itself com"osed$
and all that is in it conjoined in God$ and reduced to one.L ;?-C@GLThis
lo#e causeth true and absolute #irtues$ the life$ s"irit$ and root of e#ery
#irtuous action$ it finisheth "ros"erity$ easeth ad#ersity$ corrects all
natural encumbrances$L incon#eniences$ sustained by faith and ho"e$ 'hich
'ith this our lo#e ma%e an indissoluble t'ist$ a Gordian %not$ an
e0uilateral triangle$ Land yet the greatest of them is lo#e$L , :or. +iii.
,.$ ;?-C-GL'hich inflames our souls 'ith a di#ine heat$ and being so
inflamed$ "urged$ and so "urgeth$ ele#ates to God$ ma%es an atonement$ and
reconciles us unto him.L ;?-CAG LThat other lo#e infects the soul of man$
this cleanseth< that de"resses$ this rears< that causeth cares and
troubles$ this 0uietness of mind< this informs$ that deforms our life< that
leads to re"entance$ this to hea#en.L 7or if once 'e be truly lin%ed and
touched 'ith this charity$ 'e shall lo#e God abo#e all$ our neighbour as
ourself$ as 'e are enjoined$ Mar% +ii. .,. Matt. +i+. ,B. "erform those
duties and e+ercises$ e#en all the o"erations of a good :hristian.
LThis lo#e suffereth long$ it is bountiful$ en#ieth not$ boasteth not
itself$ is not "uffed u"$ it decei#eth not$ it see%eth not his o'n things$
is not "ro#o%ed to anger$ it thin%eth not e#il$ it rejoiceth not in
ini0uity$ but in truth. It suffereth all things$ belie#eth all things$
ho"eth all things$L , :or. +iii. ?$ @$ -$ A< Lit co#ereth all tres"asses$L
Pro#$ +. ,=< La multitude of sins$L , Pet. ?$ as our 9a#iour told the 'oman
in the Gos"el$ that 'ashed his feet$ Lmany sins 'ere forgi#en her$ for she
lo#ed much$L *u%e #ii. ?A< Lit 'ill defend the fatherless and the 'ido'$L
Isa. i. ,A< L'ill see% no re#enge$ or be mindful of 'rong$L *e#it. +i+. ,/<
L'ill bring home his brother!s o+ if he go astray$ as it is commanded$L
3eut. ++ii. ,< L'ill resist e#il$ gi#e to him that as%eth$ and not turn
from him that borro'eth$ bless them that curse him$ lo#e his enemy$L Matt.
#< Lbear his brother!s burthen$L Gal. #i. A. 5e that so lo#es 'ill be
hos"itable$ and distribute to the necessities of the saints< he 'ill$ if it
be "ossible$ ha#e "eace 'ith all men$ Lfeed his enemy if he be hungry$ if
he be athirst gi#e him drin%<L he 'ill "erform those se#en 'or%s of mercy$
Lhe 'ill ma%e himself e0ual to them of the lo'er sort$ rejoice 'ith them
that rejoice$ 'ee" 'ith them that 'ee"$L 1om. +ii< he 'ill s"ea% truth to
his neighbour$ be courteous and tender-hearted$ Lforgi#ing others for
:hrist!s sa%e$ as God forga#e him$L E"h. i#. .=< Lhe 'ill be li%e minded$L
Phil. ii. =. L2f one judgment< be humble$ mee%$ long-suffering$L :olos.
iii. L7orbear$ forget and forgi#e$L +ii. ,.. =.. and 'hat he doth shall be
heartily done to God$ and not to men. Le "itiful and courteous$L , Pet.
iii. L9ee% "eace and follo' it.L 5e 'ill lo#e his brother$ not in 'ord and
tongue$ but in deed and truth$ Dohn iii. ,/. Land he that lo#es God$ :hrist
'ill lo#e him that is begotten of him$L Dohn #. ,$ Fc. Thus should 'e
'illingly do$ if 'e had a true touch of this charity$ of this di#ine lo#e$
if 'e could "erform this 'hich 'e are enjoined$ forget and forgi#e$ and
com"ose oursel#es to those :hristian la's of lo#e.
;?-C/G L2 feli+ hominum genus$
9i #estros animos amor
Kuo coelum regitur regatOL
LAngelical souls$ ho' blessed$ ho' ha""y should 'e be$ so lo#ing$ ho' might
'e trium"h o#er the de#il$ and ha#e another hea#en u"on earthOL
ut this 'e cannot do< and 'hich is the cause of all our 'oes$ miseries$
discontent$ melancholy$ ;?-CBG'ant of this charity. 4e do _in#icem
angariare_$ contemn$ consult$ #e+$ torture$ molest$ and hold one another!s
noses to the grindstone hard$ "ro#o%e$ rail$ scoff$ calumniate$ challenge$
hate$ abuse (hard-hearted$ im"lacable$ malicious$ "ee#ish$ ine+orable as 'e
are)$ to satisfy our lust or "ri#ate s"leen$ for ;?-,CGtoys$ trifles$ and
im"ertinent occasions$ s"end oursel#es$ goods$ friends$ fortunes$ to be
re#enged on our ad#ersary$ to ruin him and his. !Tis all our study$
"ractice$ and business ho' to "lot mischief$ mine$ countermine$ defend and
offend$ 'ard oursel#es$ injure others$ hurt all< as if 'e 'ere born to do
mischief$ and that 'ith such eagerness and bitterness$ 'ith such rancour$
malice$ rage$ and fury$ 'e "rosecute our intended designs$ that neither
affinity or consanguinity$ lo#e or fear of God or men can contain us& no
satisfaction$ no com"osition 'ill be acce"ted$ no offices 'ill ser#e$ no
submission< though he shall u"on his %nees$ as 9ar"edon did to Glaucus in
5omer$ ac%no'ledging his error$ yield himself 'ith tears in his eyes$ beg
his "ardon$ 'e 'ill not relent$ forgi#e$ or forget$ till 'e ha#e confounded
him and his$ Lmade dice of his bones$L as they say$ see him rot in "rison$
banish his friends$ follo'ers$ _et omne in#isum genus_$ rooted him out and
all his "osterity. Monsters of men as 'e are$ dogs$ 'ol#es$ ;?-,,Gtigers$
fiends$ incarnate de#ils$ 'e do not only contend$ o""ress$ and tyrannise
oursel#es$ but as so many firebrands$ 'e set on$ and animate others& our
'hole life is a "er"etual combat$ a conflict$ a set battle$ a snarling fit.
_Eris dea_ is settled in our tents$ ;?-,=G_2mnia de lite_$ o""osing 'it to
'it$ 'ealth to 'ealth$ strength to strength$ fortunes to fortunes$ friends
to friends$ as at a sea-fight$ 'e turn our broadsides$ or t'o millstones
'ith continual attrition$ 'e fire oursel#es$ or brea% another!s bac%s$ and
both are ruined and consumed in the end. Miserable 'retches$ to fat and
enrich oursel#es$ 'e care not ho' 'e get it$ _Kuocun0ue modo rem_< ho' many
thousands 'e undo$ 'hom 'e o""ress$ by 'hose ruin and do'nfall 'e arise$
'hom 'e injure$ fatherless children$ 'ido's$ common societies$ to satisfy
our o'n "ri#ate lust. Though 'e ha#e myriads$ abundance of 'ealth and
treasure$ ("itiless$ merciless$ remorseless$ and uncharitable in the
highest degree)$ and our "oor brother in need$ sic%ness$ in great
e+tremity$ and no' ready to be star#ed for 'ant of food$ 'e had rather$ as
the fo+ told the a"e$ his tail should s'ee" the ground still$ than co#er
his buttoc%s< rather s"end it idly$ consume it 'ith dogs$ ha'%s$ hounds$
unnecessary buildings$ in riotous a""arel$ ingurgitate$ or let it be lost$
than he should ha#e "art of it< ;?-,.Grather ta%e from him that little
'hich he hath$ than relie#e him.
*i%e the dog in the manger$ 'e neither use it oursel#es$ let others ma%e
use of or enjoy it< "art 'ith nothing 'hile 'e li#e& for 'ant of dis"osing
our household$ and setting things in order$ set all the 'orld together by
the ears after our death. Poor *azarus lies ho'ling at his gates for a fe'
crumbs$ he only see%s chi""ings$ offals< let him roar and ho'l$ famish$ and
eat his o'n flesh$ he res"ects him not. A "oor decayed %insman of his sets
u"on him by the 'ay in all his jollity$ and runs begging bareheaded by him$
conjuring by those former bonds of friendshi"$ alliance$ consanguinity$
Fc.$ uncle$ cousin$ brother$ father$
------LPer ego has lachrymas$ de+tram0ue tuam te$
9i 0uid0uam de te merui$ fuit aut tibi 0uid0uam
3ulce meum$ misere mei.L
L9ho' some "ity for :hrist!s sa%e$ "ity a sic% man$ an old man$L Fc.$ he
cares not$ ride on& "retend sic%ness$ ine#itable loss of limbs$ goods$
"lead suretyshi"$ or shi"'rec%$ fires$ common calamities$ sho' thy 'ants
and im"erfections$
LEt si "er sanctum juratus dicat 2syrim$
:redite$ non ludo$ crudeles tollite claudum.L
9'ear$ "rotest$ ta%e God and all his angels to 'itness$ _0uaere
"eregrinum_$ thou art a counterfeit cran%$ a cheater$ he is not touched
'ith it$ _"au"er ubi0ue jacet_$ ride on$ he ta%es no notice of it. Put u" a
su""lication to him in the name of a thousand or"hans$ a hos"ital$ a
s"ittle$ a "rison$ as he goes by$ they cry out to him for aid$ ride on$
_surdo narras_$ he cares not$ let them eat stones$ de#our themsel#es 'ith
#ermin$ rot in their o'n dung$ he cares not. 9ho' him a decayed ha#en$ a
bridge$ a school$ a fortification$ etc.$ or some "ublic 'or%$ ride on< good
your 'orshi"$ your honour$ for God!s sa%e$ your country!s sa%e$ ride on.
ut sho' him a roll 'herein his name shall be registered in golden letters$
and commended to all "osterity$ his arms set u"$ 'ith his de#ices to be
seen$ then "erad#enture he 'ill stay and contribute< or if thou canst
thunder u"on him$ as Pa"ists do$ 'ith satisfactory and meritorious 'or%s$
or "ersuade him by this means he shall sa#e his soul out of hell$ and free
it from "urgatory (if he be of any religion)$ then in all li%elihood he
'ill listen and stay< or that he ha#e no children$ no near %insman$ heir$
he cares for$ at least$ or cannot 'ell tell other'ise ho' or 'here to
besto' his "ossessions (for carry them 'ith him he cannot)$ it may be then
he 'ill build some school or hos"ital in his life$ or be induced to gi#e
liberally to "ious uses after his death. 7or I dare boldly say$ #ainglory$
that o"inion of merit$ and this enforced necessity$ 'hen they %no' not
other'ise ho' to lea#e$ or 'hat better to do 'ith them$ is the main cause
of most of our good 'or%s. I 'ill not urge this to derogate from any man!s
charitable de#otion$ or bounty in this %ind$ to censure any good 'or%< no
doubt there be many sanctified$ heroical$ and 'orthy-minded men$ that in
true zeal$ and for #irtue!s sa%e (di#ine s"irits)$ that out of
commiseration and "ity e+tend their liberality$ and as much as in them lies
do good to all men$ clothe the na%ed$ feed the hungry$ comfort the sic% and
needy$ relie#e all$ forget and forgi#e injuries$ as true charity re0uires<
yet most "art there is _simulatum 0uid_$ a deal of hy"ocrisy in this %ind$
much default and defect. ;?-,?G:osmo de Medici$ that rich citizen of
7lorence$ ingeniously confessed to a near friend of his$ that 'ould %no' of
him 'hy he built so many "ublic and magnificent "alaces$ and besto'ed so
liberally on scholars$ not that he lo#ed learning more than others$ Lbut to
;?-,@Geternise his o'n name$ to be immortal by the benefit of scholars< for
'hen his friends 'ere dead$ 'alls decayed$ and all inscri"tions gone$ boo%s
'ould remain to the 'orld!s end.L The lantern in ;?-,-GAthens 'as built by
>enocles$ the theatre by Pericles$ the famous "ort Pyraeum by Musicles$
Pallas Palladium by Phidias$ the Pantheon by :allicratidas< but these bra#e
monuments are decayed all$ and ruined long since$ their builders! names
alone flourish by meditation of 'riters. And as ;?-,AGhe said of that
Marian oa%$ no' cut do'n and dead$ _nullius Agricolae manu #ulta stir"s tam
diuturna$ 0uam 0uae "oetae$ #ersu seminari "otest_$ no "lant can gro' so
long as that 'hich is _ingenio sata_$ set and manured by those e#er-li#ing
'its. ;?-,/GAllon ac%uth$ that 'ee"ing oa%$ under 'hich 3eborah$ 1ebecca!s
nurse$ died$ and 'as buried$ may not sur#i#e the memory of such e#erlasting
monuments. Iainglory and emulation (as to most men) 'as the cause
efficient$ and to be a trum"eter of his o'n fame$ :osmo!s sole intent so to
do good$ that all the 'orld might ta%e notice of it. 9uch for the most "art
is the charity of our times$ such our benefactors$ Mecaenates and "atrons.
9ho' me amongst so many myriads$ a truly de#out$ a right$ honest$ u"right$
mee%$ humble$ a "atient$ innocuous$ innocent$ a merciful$ a lo#ing$ a
charitable manO ;?-,BG_Probus 0uis nobiscum #i#it_N 9ho' me a :aleb or a
DoshuaO _3ic mihi Musa #irum_--sho' a #irtuous 'oman$ a constant 'ife$ a
good neighbour$ a trusty ser#ant$ an obedient child$ a true friend$ Fc.
:ro's in Africa are not so scant. 5e that shall e+amine this ;?-=CGiron age
'herein 'e li#e$ 'here lo#e is cold$ _et jam terras Astrea reli0uit_$
justice fled 'ith her assistants$ #irtue e+"elled$
;?-=,G ------LDustitiae soror$
Incorru"ta fides$ nuda0ue #eritas$L------
all goodness gone$ 'here #ice abounds$ the de#il is loose$ and see one man
#ilify and insult o#er his brother$ as if he 'ere an innocent$ or a bloc%$
o""ress$ tyrannise$ "rey u"on$ torture him$ #e+$ gall$ torment and crucify
him$ star#e him$ 'here is charityN 5e that shall see men ;?-==Gs'ear and
fors'ear$ lie and bear false 'itness$ to ad#antage themsel#es$ "rejudice
others$ hazard goods$ li#es$ fortunes$ credit$ all$ to be re#enged on their
enemies$ men so uns"ea%able in their lusts$ unnatural in malice$ such
bloody designments$ Italian blas"heming$ 9"anish renouncing$ Fc.$ may 'ell
as% 'here is charityN 5e that shall obser#e so many la'suits$ such endless
contentions$ such "lotting$ undermining$ so much money s"ent 'ith such
eagerness and fury$ e#ery man for himself$ his o'n ends$ the de#il for all&
so many distressed souls$ such lamentable com"laints$ so many factions$
cons"iracies$ seditions$ o""ressions$ abuses$ injuries$ such grudging$
re"ining$ discontent$ so much emulation$ en#y$ so many bra'ls$ 0uarrels$
monomachies$ Fc.$ may 'ell re0uire 'hat is become of charityN 'hen 'e see
and read of such cruel 'ars$ tumults$ u"roars$ bloody battles$ so many
;?-=.Gmen slain$ so many cities ruinated$ Fc. (for 'hat else is the subject
of all our stones almost$ but bills$ bo's$ and gunsO) so many murders and
massacres$ Fc.$ 'here is charityN 2r see men 'holly de#ote to God$
churchmen$ "rofessed di#ines$ holy men$ ;?-=?GLto ma%e the trum"et of the
gos"el the trum"et of 'ar$L a com"any of hell-born Desuits$ and
fiery-s"irited friars$ _facem "raeferre_ to all seditions& as so many
firebrands set all the 'orld by the ears (I say nothing of their
contentious and railing boo%s$ 'hole ages s"ent in 'riting one against
another$ and that 'ith such #irulency and bitterness$ _ionaeis sermonibus
et sale nigro_)$ and by their bloody in0uisitions$ that in thirty years$
ale saith$ consumed .B "rinces$ ,?/ earls$ =.@ barons$ ,?$A@@ commons<
'orse than those ten "ersecutions$ may justly doubt 'here is charityN
_2bsecro #os 0uales hi demum :hristianiO_ Are these :hristiansN I beseech
you tell me& he that shall obser#e and see these things$ may say to them as
:ato to :aesar$ _credo 0uae de inferis dicuntur falsa e+istimas_$ Lsure I
thin% thou art of o"inion there is neither hea#en nor hell.L *et them
"retend religion$ zeal$ ma%e 'hat sho's they 'ill$ gi#e alms$ "eace-ma%ers$
fre0uent sermons$ if 'e may guess at the tree by the fruit$ they are no
better than hy"ocrites$ e"icures$ atheists$ 'ith the ;?-=@GLfool in their
hearts they say there is no God.L !Tis no mar#el then if being so
uncharitable$ hard-hearted as 'e are$ 'e ha#e so fre0uent and so many
discontents$ such melancholy fits$ so many bitter "angs$ mutual discords$
all in a combustion$ often com"laints$ so common grie#ances$ general
mischiefs$ _si tantae in terris tragoediae$ 0uibus labefactatur et misere
laceratur humanum genus_$ so many "estilences$ 'ars$ u"roars$ losses$
deluges$ fires$ inundations$ God!s #engeance and all the "lagues of Egy"t$
come u"on us$ since 'e are so currish one to'ards another$ so res"ectless
of God$ and our neighbours$ and by our crying sins "ull these miseries u"on
our o'n heads. 8ay more$ !tis justly to be feared$ 'hich ;?-=-GDose"hus
once said of his countrymen De's$ Lif the 1omans had not come 'hen they did
to sac% their city$ surely it had been s'allo'ed u" 'ith some earth0ua%e$
deluge$ or fired from hea#en as 9odom and Gomorrah& their des"erate malice$
'ic%edness and "ee#ishness 'as such.L !Tis to be sus"ected$ if 'e continue
these 'retched 'ays$ 'e may loo% for the li%e hea#y #isitations to come
u"on us. If 'e had any sense or feeling of these things$ surely 'e should
not go on as 'e do$ in such irregular courses$ "ractise all manner of
im"ieties< our 'hole carriage 'ould not be so a#erse from God. If a man
'ould but consider$ 'hen he is in the midst and full career of such
"rodigious and uncharitable actions$ ho' dis"leasing they are in God!s
sight$ ho' no+ious to himself$ as 9olomon told Doab$ , 6ings$ ii. LThe *ord
shall bring this blood u"on their heads.L Pro#. i. =A$ Lsudden desolation
and destruction shall come li%e a 'hirl'ind u"on them& affliction$ anguish$
the re'ard of his hand shall be gi#en him$L Isa. iii. ,,$ Fc.$ Lthey shall
fall into the "it they ha#e digged for others$L and 'hen they are scra"ing$
tyrannising$ getting$ 'allo'ing in their 'ealth$ Lthis night$ 2 fool$ I
'ill ta%e a'ay thy soul$L 'hat a se#ere account they must ma%e< and ho'
;?-=AGgracious on the other side a charitable man is in God!s eyes$ _haurit
sibi gratiam_. Matt. #. A$ Llessed are the merciful$ for they shall obtain
mercy& he that lendeth to the "oor$ gi#es to God$L and ho' it shall be
restored to them again< Lho' by their "atience and long-suffering they
shall hea" coals on their enemies! heads$L 1om. +ii. Land he that follo'eth
after righteousness and mercy$ shall find righteousness and glory<L surely
they 'ould chec% their desires$ curb in their unnatural$ inordinate
affections$ agree amongst themsel#es$ abstain from doing e#il$ amend their
li#es$ and learn to do 'ell. Lehold ho' comely and good a thing it is for
brethren to li#e together in ;?-=/Gunion& it is li%e the "recious ointment$
Fc. 5o' odious to contend one 'ith the otherOL ;?-=BG _Miseri0uid
luctatiunculis hisce #olumusN ecce mors su"ra ca"ut est$ et su"remum illud
tribunal$ ubi et dicta et facta nostra e+aminanda sunt& 9a"iamusO_ L4hy do
'e contend and #e+ one anotherN behold death is o#er our heads$ and 'e must
shortly gi#e an account of all our uncharitable 'ords and actions& thin%
u"on it& and be 'ise.L
9E:T. II. MEM. I.
9H9E:T. I.--_5eroical lo#e causeth Melancholy. 5is Pedigree$ Po'er$ and
E+tent_.
In the "receding section mention 'as made$ amongst other "leasant objects$
of this comeliness and beauty 'hich "roceeds from 'omen$ that causeth
heroical$ or lo#e-melancholy$ is more eminent abo#e the rest$ and "ro"erly
called lo#e. The "art affected in men is the li#er$ and therefore called
heroical$ because commonly gallants. 8oblemen$ and the most generous
s"irits are "ossessed 'ith it. 5is "o'er and e+tent is #ery large$ ;?-.CG
and in that t'ofold di#ision of lo#e$ ;Gree%& "hileinG and ;Gree%& eranG
;?-.,Gthose t'o #eneries 'hich Plato and some other ma%e mention of it is
most eminent$ and ;Gree%& %at! e+ochaenG called Ienus$ as I ha#e said$ or
lo#e itself. 4hich although it be denominated from men$ and most e#ident in
them$ yet it e+tends and sho's itself in #egetal and sensible creatures$
those incor"oreal substances (as shall be s"ecified)$ and hath a large
dominion of so#ereignty o#er them. 5is "edigree is #ery ancient$ deri#ed
from the beginning of the 'orld$ as ;?-.=GPhaedrus contends$ and his ;?-..G
"arentage of such anti0uity$ that no "oet could e#er find it out. 5esiod
ma%es ;?-.?GTerra and :haos to be *o#e!s "arents$ before the Gods 'ere
born& _Ante deos omnes "rimum genera#it amorem_. 9ome thin% it is the
self-same fire Prometheus fetched from hea#en. Plutarch _amator. libello_$
'ill ha#e *o#e to be the son of Iris and 7a#onius< but 9ocrates in that
"leasant dialogue of Plato$ 'hen it came to his turn to s"ea% of lo#e$ (of
'hich subject Agatho the rhetorician$ _magnilo0uus_ Agatho$ that chanter
Agatho$ had ne'ly gi#en occasion) in a "oetical strain$ telleth this tale&
'hen Ienus 'as born$ all the gods 'ere in#ited to a ban0uet$ and amongst
the rest$ ;?-.@GPorus the god of bounty and 'ealth< Penia or Po#erty came a
begging to the door< Porus 'ell 'hittled 'ith nectar (for there 'as no 'ine
in those days) 'al%ing in Du"iter!s garden$ in a bo'er met 'ith Penia$ and
in his drin% got her 'ith child$ of 'hom 'as born *o#e< and because he 'as
begotten on Ienus!s birthday$ Ienus still attends u"on him. The moral of
this is in ;?-.-G7icinus. Another tale is there borro'ed out of
Aristo"hanes& ;?-.AGin the beginning of the 'orld$ men had four arms and
four feet$ but for their "ride$ because they com"ared themsel#es 'ith the
gods$ 'ere "arted into hal#es$ and no' "erad#enture by lo#e they ho"e to be
united again and made one. 2ther'ise thus$ ;?-./GIulcan met t'o lo#ers$ and
bid them as% 'hat they 'ould and they should ha#e it< but they made ans'er$
_2 Iulcane faber 3eorum_$ Fc. L2 Iulcan the gods! great smith$ 'e beseech
thee to 'or% us ane' in thy furnace$ and of t'o ma%e us one< 'hich he
"resently did$ and e#er since true lo#ers are either all one$ or else
desire to be united.L Many such tales you shall find in *eon 5ebreus$
_dial. .._ and their moral to them. The reason 'hy *o#e 'as still "ainted
young$ (as Phornutus ;?-.BGand others 'ill) ;?-?CGLis because young men are
most a"t to lo#e< soft$ fair$ and fat$ because such fol%s are soonest
ta%en& na%ed$ because all true affection is sim"le and o"en& he smiles$
because merry and gi#en to delights& hath a 0ui#er$ to sho' his "o'er$ none
can esca"e& is blind$ because he sees not 'here he stri%es$ 'hom he hits$
Fc.L 5is "o'er and so#ereignty is e+"ressed by the ;?-?,G"oets$ in that he
is held to be a god$ and a great commanding god$ abo#e Du"iter himself<
Magnus 3aemon$ as Plato calls him$ the strongest and merriest of all the
gods according to Alcinous and ;?-?=GAthenaeus. _Amor #irorum re+$ amor re+
et deum_$ as Euri"ides$ the god of gods and go#ernor of men< for 'e must
all do homage to him$ %ee" a holiday for his deity$ adore in his tem"les$
'orshi" his image$ (_numen enim hoc non est nudum nomen_) and sacrifice to
his altar$ that con0uers all$ and rules all&
;?-?.G LMallem cum icone$ cer#o et a"ro Aeolico$
:um Anteo et 9tym"halicis a#ibus luctari
Kuam cum amoreL------
LI had rather contend 'ith bulls$ lions$ bears$ and giants$ than 'ith
*o#e<L he is so "o'erful$ enforceth ;?-??Gall to "ay tribute to him$
domineers o#er all$ and can ma%e mad and sober 'hom he list< insomuch that
:aecilius in Tully!s Tusculans$ holds him to be no better than a fool or an
idiot$ that doth not ac%no'ledge *o#e to be a great god.
;?-?@G L:ui in manu sit 0uem esse dementem #elit$
Kuem sa"ere$ 0uam in morbum injici$L Fc.
That can ma%e sic%$ and cure 'hom he list. 5omer and 9tesichorus 'ere both
made blind$ if you 'ill belie#e ;?-?-G*eon 5ebreus$ for s"ea%ing against
his godhead& and though Aristo"hanes degrade him$ and say that he 'as
;?-?AGscornfully rejected from the council of the gods$ had his 'ings
cli""ed besides$ that he might come no more amongst them$ and to his
farther disgrace banished hea#en for e#er$ and confined to d'ell on earth$
yet he is of that ;?-?/G"o'er$ majesty$ omni"otency$ and dominion$ that no
creature can 'ithstand him.
;?-?BG LIm"erat :u"ido etiam diis "ro arbitrio$
Et i"sum arcere ne armi"otens "otest Du"iter.L
5e is more than 0uarter-master 'ith the gods$
;?-@CG ------LTenet
Thetide ae0uor$ umbras Aeaco$ coelum Do#e&L
and hath not so much "ossession as dominion. Du"iter himself 'as turned
into a satyr$ she"herd$ a bull$ a s'an$ a golden sho'er$ and 'hat not$ for
lo#e< that as ;?-@,G*ucian!s Duno right 'ell objected to him$ _ludus amoris
tu es_$ thou art :u"id!s 'hirligig& ho' did he insult o#er all the other
gods$ Mars$ 8e"tune$ Pan$ Mercury$ acchus$ and the restN ;?-@=G *ucian
brings in Du"iter com"laining of :u"id that he could not be 0uiet for him<
and the moon lamenting that she 'as so im"otently besotted on Endymion$
e#en Ienus herself confessing as much$ ho' rudely and in 'hat sort her o'n
son :u"id had used her being his ;?-@.Gmother$ Lno' dra'ing her to Mount
Ida$ for the lo#e of that Trojan Anchises$ no' to *ibanus for that Assyrian
youth!s sa%e. And although she threatened to brea% his bo' and arro's$ to
cli" his 'ings$ ;?-@?Gand 'hi""ed him besides on the bare buttoc%s 'ith her
"antofle$ yet all 'ould not ser#e$ he 'as too headstrong and unruly.L That
monster-con0uering 5ercules 'as tamed by him&
LKuem non mille ferae$ 0uem non 9thenelejus hostis$
8ec "otuit Duno #incere$ #icit amor.L
L4hom neither beasts nor enemies could tame$
8or Duno!s might subdue$ *o#e 0uell!d the same.L
Eour bra#est soldiers and most generous s"irits are ener#ated 'ith it$
;?-@@G_ubi mulieribus blanditiis "ermittunt se$ et in0uinantur am"le+ibus_.
A"ollo$ that too% u"on him to cure all diseases$ ;?-@-Gcould not hel"
himself of this< and therefore ;?-@AG9ocrates calls *o#e a tyrant$ and
brings him trium"hing in a chariot$ 'hom Petrarch imitates in his trium"h
of *o#e$ and 7racastorius$ in an elegant "oem e+"resseth at large$ :u"id
riding$ Mars and A"ollo follo'ing his chariot$ Psyche 'ee"ing$ Fc.
In #egetal creatures 'hat so#ereignty lo#e hath$ by many "regnant "roofs
and familiar e+am"les may be "ro#ed$ es"ecially of "alm-trees$ 'hich are
both he and she$ and e+"ress not a sym"athy but a lo#e-"assion$ and by many
obser#ations ha#e been confirmed.
;?-@/G LIi#unt in #enerem frondes$ omnis0ue #icissim
7eli+ arbor amat$ nutant et mutua "almae
7oedera$ "o"uleo sus"irat "o"ulus ictu$
Et "latano "latanus$ alno0ue assibilat alnus.L
:onstantine _de Agric. lib. ,C. ca". ?._ gi#es an instance out of
7lorentius his Georgics$ of a "alm-tree that lo#ed most fer#ently$ ;?-@BG
Land 'ould not be comforted until such time her lo#e a""lied herself unto
her< you might see the t'o trees bend$ and of their o'n accords stretch out
their boughs to embrace and %iss each other& they 'ill gi#e manifest signs
of mutual lo#e.L Ammianus Marcellinus$ _lib. =?_$ re"orts that they marry
one another$ and fall in lo#e if they gro' in sight< and 'hen the 'ind
brings the smell to them$ they are mar#ellously affected. Philostratus _in
Imaginibus_$ obser#es as much$ and Galen _lib. -. de locis affectis$ ca".
@._ they 'ill be sic% for lo#e< ready to die and "ine a'ay$ 'hich the
husbandmen "ercei#ing$ saith ;?--CG:onstantine$ Lstro%e many "alms that
gro' together$ and so stro%ing again the "alm that is enamoured$ they carry
%isses from the one to the other&L or tying the lea#es and branches of the
one to the stem of the other$ 'ill ma%e them both flourish and "ros"er a
great deal better& ;?--,GL'hich are enamoured$ they can "ercei#e by the
bending of boughs$ and inclination of their bodies.L If any man thin% this
'hich I say to be a tale$ let him read that story of t'o "alm-trees in
Italy$ the male gro'ing at rundusium$ the female at 2tranto (related by
Do#ianus Pontanus in an e+cellent "oem$ sometimes tutor to Al"honsus
junior$ 6ing of 8a"les$ his secretary of state$ and a great "hiloso"her)
L'hich 'ere barren$ and so continued a long time$L till they came to see
one another gro'ing u" higher$ though many stadiums asunder. Pierius in his
5ierogly"hics$ and Melchior Guilandinus$ _Mem. .. tract. de "a"yro_$ cites
this story of Pontanus for a truth. 9ee more in 9almuth _:omment. in
Pancirol. de 8o#a re"ert. Tit. ,. de no#o orbe_ Mizaldus Arcanorum _lib.
=._ 9and!s Ioyages$ _lib. =. fol. ,C.._ Fc.
If such fury be in #egetals$ 'hat shall 'e thin% of sensible creatures$ ho'
much more #iolent and a""arent shall it be in themO
;?--=G L2mne adeo genus in terris hominum0ue ferarum$
Et genus ae0uoreum$ "ecudes$ "ictae0ue #olucres
In furias ignem0ue ruunt< amor omnibus idem.L
LAll %ind of creatures in the earth$
And fishes of the sea$
And "ainted birds do rage ali%e<
This lo#e bears e0ual s'ay.L
;?--.G L5ic 3eus et terras et maria alta domat.L
:ommon e+"erience and our sense 'ill inform us ho' #iolently brute beasts
are carried a'ay 'ith this "assion$ horses abo#e the rest$--_furor est
insignis e0uarum_. ;?--?GL:u"id in *ucian bids Ienus his mother be of good
cheer$ for he 'as no' familiar 'ith lions$ and oftentimes did get on their
bac%s$ hold them by the mane$ and ride them about li%e horses$ and they
'ould fa'n u"on him 'ith their tails.L ulls$ bears$ and boars are so
furious in this %ind they %ill one another& but es"ecially coc%s$ ;?--@G
lions$ and harts$ 'hich are so fierce that you may hear them fight half a
mile off$ saith ;?---GTurber#ille$ and many times %ill each other$ or
com"el them to abandon the rut$ that they may remain masters in their
"laces< Land 'hen one hath dri#en his co-ri#al a'ay$ he raiseth his nose u"
into the air$ and loo%s aloft$ as though he ga#e than%s to nature$L 'hich
affords him such great delight. 5o' birds are affected in this %ind$
a""ears out of Aristotle$ he 'ill ha#e them to sing _ob futuram #enerem_
for joy or in ho"e of their #enery 'hich is to come.
;?--AG LAeeriae "rimum #olucres te 3i#a tuum0ue
significant initum$ "erculsae corda tua #i.L
L7ishes "ine a'ay for lo#e and 'a+ lean$L if ;?--/GGomesius!s authority may
be ta%en$ and are ram"ant too$ some of them& Peter Gellius$ _lib. ,C. de
hist$ animal._ tells 'onders of a triton in E"irus& there 'as a 'ell not
far from the shore$ 'here the country 'enches fetched 'ater$ they$
;?--BGtritons$ _stu"ri causa_ 'ould set u"on them and carry them to the
sea$ and there dro'n them$ if they 'ould not yield< so lo#e tyranniseth in
dumb creatures. Eet this is natural for one beast to dote u"on another of
the same %ind< but 'hat strange fury is that$ 'hen a beast shall dote u"on
a manN 9a+o Grammaticus$ _lib. ,C. 3an. hist._ hath a story of a bear that
lo#ed a 'oman$ %e"t her in his den a long time and begot a son of her$ out
of 'hose loins "roceeded many northern %ings& this is the original beli%e
of that common tale of Ialentine and 2rson& Aelian$ Pliny$ Peter Gillius$
are full of such relations. A "eacoc% in *ucadia lo#ed a maid$ and 'hen she
died$ the "eacoc% "ined. ;?-ACGLA dol"hin lo#ed a boy called 5ernias$ and
'hen he died$ the fish came on land$ and so "erished.L The li%e adds
Gellius$ _lib. ,C. ca". ==._ out of A""ion$ _Aegy"t. lib. ,@._ a dol"hin at
Puteoli lo#ed a child$ 'ould come often to him$ let him get on his bac%$
and carry him about$ ;?-A,GLand 'hen by sic%ness the child 'as ta%en a'ay$
the dol"hin died.L ;?-A=GLE#ery boo% is fullL (saith usbe0uius$ the
em"eror!s orator 'ith the Grand 9ignior$ not long since$ _e". .. legat.
Turc._)$ Land yields such instances$ to belie#e 'hich I 'as al'ays afraid
lest I should be thought to gi#e credit to fables$ until I sa' a lyn+ 'hich
I had from Assyria$ so affected to'ards one of my men$ that it cannot be
denied but that he 'as in lo#e 'ith him. 4hen my man 'as "resent$ the beast
'ould use many notable enticements and "leasant motions$ and 'hen he 'as
going$ hold him bac%$ and loo% after him 'hen he 'as gone$ #ery sad in his
absence$ but most jocund 'hen he returned& and 'hen my man 'ent from me$
the beast e+"ressed his lo#e 'ith continual sic%ness$ and after he had
"ined a'ay some fe' days$ died.L 9uch another story he hath of a crane of
Majorca$ that lo#ed a 9"aniard$ that 'ould 'al% any 'ay 'ith him$ and in
his absence see% about for him$ ma%e a noise that he might hear her$ and
%noc% at his door$ ;?-A.GLand 'hen he too% his last fare'ell$ famished
herself.L 9uch "retty "ran%s can lo#e "lay 'ith birds$ fishes$ beasts&
(;?-A?G:oelestis aestheris$ "onti$ terrae cla#es habet Ienus$
9ola0ue istorum omnium im"erium obtinet.)
and if all be certain that is credibly re"orted$ 'ith the s"irits of the
air$ and de#ils of hell themsel#es$ 'ho are as much enamoured and dote (if
I may use that 'ord) as any other creatures 'hatsoe#er. 7or if those
stories be true that are 'ritten of incubus and succubus$ of nym"hs$
lasci#ious fauns$ satyrs$ and those heathen gods 'hich 'ere de#ils$ those
lasci#ious Telchines$ of 'hom the Platonists tell so many fables< or those
familiar meetings in our days$ and com"any of 'itches and de#ils$ there is
some "robability for it. I %no' that iarmannus$ 4ierus$ _lib. ,. ca". ,B.
et =?._ and some others stoutly deny it$ that the de#il hath any carnal
co"ulation 'ith 'omen$ that the de#il ta%es no "leasure in such facts$ they
be mere fantasies$ all such relations of incubi$ succubi$ lies and tales<
but Austin$ _lib. ,@. de ci#it. 3ei_. doth ac%no'ledge it& Erastus _de
*amiis_$ Dacobus 9"renger and his colleagues$ Fc. ;?-A@G >anchius$ _ca".
,-. lib. ?. de o"er. 3ei_. 3andinus$ _in Arist. de Anima$ lib. =. te+t. =B.
com. .C._ odin$ _lib. =. ca". A._ and Paracelsus$ a great cham"ion of this
tenet amongst the rest$ 'hich gi#e sundry "eculiar instances$ by many
testimonies$ "roofs$ and confessions e#ince it. 5ector oethius$ in his
9cottish history$ hath three or four such e+am"les$ 'hich :ardan confirms
out of him$ _lib. ,-. ca". ?.._ of such as ha#e had familiar com"any many
years 'ith them$ and that in the habit of men and 'omen Philostratus in his
fourth boo% _de #ita A"ollonii_$ hath a memorable instance in this %ind$
'hich I may not omit$ of one Meni""us *ycius$ a young man t'enty-fi#e years
of age$ that going bet'een :enchreas and :orinth$ met such a "hantasm in
the habit of a fair gentle'oman$ 'hich ta%ing him by the hand$ carried him
home to her house in the suburbs of :orinth$ and told him she 'as a
Phoenician by birth$ and if he 'ould tarry 'ith her$ ;?-A-GLhe should hear
her sing and "lay$ and drin% such 'ine as ne#er any dran%$ and no man
should molest him< but she being fair and lo#ely 'ould li#e and die 'ith
him$ that 'as fair and lo#ely to behold.L The young man a "hiloso"her$
other'ise staid and discreet$ able to moderate his "assions$ though not
this of lo#e$ tarried 'ith her a'hile to his great content$ and at last
married her$ to 'hose 'edding$ amongst other guests$ came A"ollonius$ 'ho$
by some "robable conjectures$ found her out to be a ser"ent$ a lamia$ and
that all her furniture 'as li%e Tantalus!s gold described by 5omer$ no
substance$ but mere illusions. 4hen she sa' herself descried$ she 'e"t$ and
desired A"ollonius to be silent$ but he 'ould not be mo#ed$ and thereu"on
she$ "late$ house$ and all that 'as in it$ #anished in an instant&
;?-AAGLmany thousands too% notice of this fact$ for it 'as done in the
midst of Greece.L 9abine in his :omment on the tenth of 2#id!s
Metamor"hoses$ at the tale of 2r"heus$ telleth us of a gentleman of
a#aria$ that for many months together be'ailed the loss of his dear 'ife<
at length the de#il in her habit came and comforted him$ and told him$
because he 'as so im"ortunate for her$ that she 'ould come and li#e 'ith
him again$ on that condition he 'ould be ne' married$ ne#er s'ear and
blas"heme as he used formerly to do< for if he did$ she should be gone&
;?-A/GLhe #o'ed it$ married$ and li#ed 'ith her$ she brought him children$
and go#erned his house$ but 'as still "ale and sad$ and so continued$ till
one day falling out 'ith him$ he fell a s'earing< she #anished thereu"on$
and 'as ne#er after seen.L ;?-ABGLThis I ha#e heard$L saith 9abine$ Lfrom
"ersons of good credit$ 'hich told me that the 3u%e of a#aria did tell it
for a certainty to the 3u%e of 9a+ony.L 2ne more I 'ill relate out of
7lorilegus$ _ad annum_ ,C@/$ an honest historian of our nation$ because he
telleth it so confidently$ as a thing in those days tal%ed of all o#er
Euro"e& a young gentleman of 1ome$ the same day that he 'as married$ after
dinner 'ith the bride and his friends 'ent a 'al%ing into the fields$ and
to'ards e#ening to the tennis-court to recreate himself< 'hilst he "layed$
he "ut his ring u"on the finger of _Ienus statua_$ 'hich 'as thereby made
in brass< after he had sufficiently "layed$ and no' made an end of his
s"ort$ he came to fetch his ring$ but Ienus had bo'ed her finger in$ and he
could not get it off. 4hereu"on loath to ma%e his com"any tarry at "resent$
there left it$ intending to fetch it the ne+t day$ or at some more
con#enient time$ 'ent thence to su""er$ and so to bed. In the night$ 'hen
he should come to "erform those nu"tial rites$ Ienus ste"s bet'een him and
his 'ife (unseen or felt of her)$ and told her that she 'as his 'ife$ that
he had betrothed himself unto her by that ring$ 'hich he "ut u"on her
finger& she troubled him for some follo'ing nights. 5e not %no'ing ho' to
hel" himself$ made his moan to one Palumbus$ a learned magician in those
days$ 'ho ga#e him a letter$ and bid him at such a time of the night$ in
such a cross-'ay$ at the to'n!s end$ 'here old 9aturn 'ould "ass by 'ith
his associates in "rocession$ as commonly he did$ deli#er that scri"t 'ith
his o'n hands to 9aturn himself< the young man of a bold s"irit$
accordingly did it< and 'hen the old fiend had read it$ he called Ienus to
him$ 'ho rode before him$ and commanded her to deli#er his ring$ 'hich
forth'ith she did$ and so the gentleman 'as freed. Many such stories I find
in se#eral ;?-/CGauthors to confirm this 'hich I ha#e said< as that more
notable amongst the rest$ of Philinium and Machates in ;?-/,GPhlegon!s
Tract$ _de rebus mirabilibus_$ and though many be against it$ yet I$ for my
"art$ 'ill subscribe to *actantius$ _lib. ,?. ca". ,@._ ;?-/=GLGod sent
angels to the tuition of men< but 'hilst they li#ed amongst us$ that
mischie#ous all-commander of the earth$ and hot in lust$ enticed them by
little and little to this #ice$ and defiled them 'ith the com"any of
'omen&L and to Ana+agoras$ _de resurrect_. ;?-/.GLMany of those s"iritual
bodies$ o#ercome by the lo#e of maids$ and lust$ failed$ of 'hom those 'ere
born 'e call giants.L Dustin Martyr$ :lemens Ale+andrinus$ 9ul"icius
9e#erus$ Eusebius$ etc.$ to this sense ma%e a t'ofold fall of angels$ one
from the beginning of the 'orld$ another a little before the deluge$ as
Moses teacheth us$ ;?-/?Go"enly "rofessing that these genii can beget$ and
ha#e carnal co"ulation 'ith 'omen. At Da"an in the East Indies$ at this
"resent (if 'e may belie#e the relation of ;?-/@Gtra#ellers)$ there is an
idol called Teuchedy$ to 'hom one of the fairest #irgins in the country is
monthly brought$ and left in a "ri#ate room$ in the foto0ui$ or church$
'here she sits alone to be deflo'ered. At certain times ;?-/-Gthe Teuchedy
('hich is thought to be the de#il) a""ears to her$ and %no'eth her
carnally. E#ery month a fair #irgin is ta%en in< but 'hat becomes of the
old$ no man can tell. In that goodly tem"le of Du"iter elus in abylon$
there 'as a fair cha"el$ ;?-/AGsaith 5erodotus$ an eye'itness of it$ in
'hich 'as _s"lendide stratus lectus et a""osita mensa aurea_$ a bra#e bed$
a table of gold$ Fc.$ into 'hich no creature came but one only 'oman$ 'hich
their god made choice of$ as the :haldean "riests told him$ and that their
god lay 'ith her himself$ as at Thebes in Egy"t 'as the li%e done of old.
9o that you see this is no ne's$ the de#ils themsel#es$ or their juggling
"riests$ ha#e "layed such "ran%s in all ages. Many di#ines stiffly
contradict this< but I 'ill conclude 'ith ;?-//G*i"sius$ that since
Le+am"les$ testimonies$ and confessions$ of those unha""y 'omen are so
manifest on the other side$ and many e#en in this our to'n of *ou#ain$ that
it is li%ely to be so. ;?-/BG2ne thing I 'ill add$ that I su""ose that in
no age "ast$ I %no' not by 'hat destiny of this unha""y time$ ha#e there
e#er a""eared or sho'ed themsel#es so many lecherous de#ils$ satyrs$ and
genii$ as in this of ours$ as a""ears by the daily narrations$ and judicial
sentences u"on record.L 1ead more of this 0uestion in Plutarch$ _#it.
8umae_$ Austin _de ci#. 3ei. lib. ,@._ 4ierus$ _lib. .. de "raestig. 3aem._
Giraldus :ambrensis$ _itinerar. :amb. lib. ,._ _Malleus malefic. 0uaest. @.
"art. ,._ Dacobus 1eussus$ _lib. @. ca". -. fol. @?._ Godelman$ _lib. =.
ca". ?._ Erastus$ Ialesius _de sacra "hilo. ca". ?C._ Dohn 8ider$
_7ornicar. lib. @. ca". B._ 9troz. :icogna. _lib. .. ca". .._ 3elrio$
*i"sius odine$ _daemonol. lib. =. ca". A._ Pererius _in Gen. lib. /. in -.
ca". #er. =._ 6ing Dames$ Fc.
9H9E:T. II.--_5o' *o#e tyranniseth o#er men. *o#e$ or 5eroical Melancholy$
his definition$ "art affected_.
Eou ha#e heard ho' this tyrant *o#e rageth 'ith brute beasts and s"irits<
no' let us consider 'hat "assions it causeth amongst men. ;?-BCG_Im"robe
amor 0uid non mortalia "ectora cogis_N 5o' it tic%les the hearts of mortal
men$ _5orresco referens_$--I am almost afraid to relate$ amazed$ ;?-B,Gand
ashamed$ it hath 'rought such stu"endous and "rodigious effects$ such foul
offences. *o#e indeed (I may not deny) first united "ro#inces$ built
cities$ and by a "er"etual generation ma%es and "reser#es man%ind$
"ro"agates the church< but if it rage it is no more lo#e$ but burning lust$
a disease$ frenzy$ madness$ hell. ;?-B=G_Est orcus ille$ #is est
immedicabilis$ est rabies insana_< !tis no #irtuous habit this$ but a
#ehement "erturbation of the mind$ a monster of nature$ 'it$ and art$ as
Ale+is in ;?-B.GAthenaeus sets it out$ _#iriliter auda+$ muliebriter
timidium$ furore "raece"s$ labore infractum$ mel felleum$ blanda
"ercussio_$ Fc. It sub#erts %ingdoms$ o#erthro's cities$ to'ns$ families$
mars$ corru"ts$ and ma%es a massacre of men< thunder and lightning$ 'ars$
fires$ "lagues$ ha#e not done that mischief to man%ind$ as this burning
lust$ this brutish "assion. *et 9odom and Gomorrah$ Troy$ ('hich 3ares
Phrygius$ and 3ictis :retensis 'ill ma%e good) and I %no' not ho' many
cities bear record$--_et fuit ante 5elenam_$ Fc.$ all succeeding ages 'ill
subscribe& Doanna of 8a"les in Italy$ 7redegunde and runhalt in 7rance$
all histories are full of these basilis%s. esides those daily monomachies$
murders$ effusion of blood$ ra"es$ riot$ and immoderate e+"ense$ to satisfy
their lusts$ beggary$ shame$ loss$ torture$ "unishment$ disgrace$ loathsome
diseases that "roceed from thence$ 'orse than calentures and "estilent
fe#ers$ those often gouts$ "o+$ arthritis$ "alsies$ cram"s$ sciatica$
con#ulsions$ aches$ combustions$ Fc.$ 'hich torment the body$ that feral
melancholy 'hich crucifies the soul in this life$ and e#erlastingly
torments in the 'orld to come.
8ot'ithstanding they %no' these and many such miseries$ threats$ tortures$
'ill surely come u"on them$ re'ards$ e+hortations$ _e contra_< yet either
out of their o'n 'ea%ness$ a de"ra#ed nature$ or lo#e!s tyranny$ 'hich so
furiously rageth$ they suffer themsel#es to be led li%e an o+ to the
slaughter& (_7acilis descensus A#erni_) they go do'n headlong to their o'n
"erdition$ they 'ill commit folly 'ith beasts$ men Llea#ing the natural use
of 'omen$L as ;?-B?GPaul saith$ Lburned in lust one to'ards another$ and
man 'ith man 'rought filthiness.L
9emiramis e0uo$ Pasi"hae tauro$ Aristo E"hesius asinae se commiscuit$
7ul#ius e0uae$ alii canibus$ ca"ris$ Fc.$ unde monstra nascuntur ali0uando$
:entauri$ 9yl#ani$ et ad terrorem hominum "rodigiosa s"ectra& 8ec cum
brutis$ sed i"sis hominibus rem habent$ 0uod "eccatum 9odomiae #ulgo
dicitur< et fre0uens olim #itium a"ud 2rientalis illos fuit$ Graecos
nimirum$ Italos$ Afros$ Asianos& ;?-B@G5ercules 5ylam habuit$ Polycletum$
3ionem$ Perithoonta$ Abderum et Phryga< alii et Euristium ab 5ercule amatum
tradunt. 9ocrates "ulchrorum Adolescentum causa fre0uens Gymnasium adibat$
flagitios0ue s"ectaculo "ascebat oculos$ 0uod et Philebus et Phaedon$
1i#ales$ :harmides et ;?-B-Greli0ui Platonis 3ialogi$ satis su"er0ue
testatum faciunt& 0uod #ero Alcibiades de eodem 9ocrate lo0uatur$ lubens
conticesco$ sed et abhorreo< tantum incitamentum "raebet libidini. At hunc
"erstrin+it Theodoretus _lib. de curat. graec. affect. ca". ultimo._ Kuin
et i"se Plato suum demiratur Agathonem$ Jeno"hon$ :liniam$ Iirgilius
Ale+in$ Anacreon athyllum& Kuod autem de 8erone$ :laudio$ caeterorum0ue
"ortentosa libidine memoriae "roditum$ mallem a Petronio$ 9uetonio$
caeteris0ue "etatis$ 0uando omnem fidem e+cedat$ 0uam a me e+"ectetis< sed
#etera 0uerimur. ;?-BAGA"ud Asianos$ Turcas$ Italos$ nun0uam fre0uentius
hoc 0uam hodierno die #itium< 3iana 1omanorum 9odomia< officinae horum
alicubi a"ud Turcas$--L0ui sa+is semina mandantL--arenas arantes< et
fre0uentes 0uerelae$ etiam inter i"sos conjuges hac de re$ L0uae #irorum
concubitum illicitum calceo in o""ositam "artem #erso magistratui
indicantL< nullum a"ud Italos familiare magis "eccatum$ 0ui et "ost
;?-B/G*ucianum et ;?-BBGTatium$ scri"tis #oluminibis defendunt. Dohannes de
la :asa$ e#entinus E"isco"us$ di#inum o"us #ocat$ sua#e scelus$ adeo0ue
jactat$ se non alia$ usum Ienere. 8ihil usitatius a"ud monachos$
:ardinales$ sacrificulos$ etiam ;?ACCGfuror hic ad mortem$ ad insaniam.
;?AC,GAngelus Politianus$ ob "ueri amorem$ #iolentas sibi inanus injecit.
Et horrendum sane dictu$ 0uantum a"ud nos "atrum memoria$ scelus
detestandum hoc sae#ieritO Kuum enim Anno ,@./. L"rudentissimus 1e+
5enricus 2cta#us cucullatorum coenobia$ et sacrificorum collegia$
#otariorum$ "er #enerabiles legum 3octores Thomam *eum$ 1ichardum *aytonum
#isitari fecerat$ Fc.$ tanto numero re"erti sunt a"ud eos scortatores$
cinaedi$ ganeones$ "aedicones$ "uerarii$ "aederastae$ 9odomitaeL$
(;?AC=Galei #erbis utor) LGanimedes$ Fc. ut in uno0uo0ue eorum no#am
credideris GomorrhamL. 9ed #ide si lubet eorundem :atalogum a"ud eundem
alcum< LPuellaeL (in0uit) Lin lectis dormire non "oterant ob fratres
necromanticosL. 5aec si a"ud #otarios$ monachos$ sanctos scilicet
homunciones$ 0uid in foro$ 0uid in aula factum sus"icerisN 0uid a"ud
nobiles$ 0uid inter fornices$ 0uam non foeditatem$ 0uam non s"urcitiemN
9ileo interim tur"es illas$ et ne nominandas 0uidem monachorum ;?AC.G
mastru"ationes$ masturbatores. ;?AC?G1odericus a :astro #ocat$ tum et eos
0ui se in#icem ad Ienerem e+citandam flagris caedunt$ 9"intrias$ 9uccubas$
Ambubeias$ et lasci#iente lumbo Tribades illas mulierculas$ 0uae se in#icem
fricant$ et "raeter Eunuchos etiam ad Ienerem e+"lendam$ artificiosa illa
#eretra habent. Immo 0uod magis mirere$ faemina foeminam :onstantino"oli
non ita "ridem de"eriit$ ausa rem "lane incredibilem$ mutato cultu mentita
#irum de nu"tiis sermonem init$ et bre#i nu"ta est& sed authorem i"sum
consule$ usbe0uium. 2mitto ;?AC@G9alanarios illos Egy"tiacos$ 0ui cum
formosarum cada#eribus concumbunt< et eorum #esanam libidinem$ 0ui etiam
idola et imagines de"ereunt. 8ota est fabula Pigmalionis a"ud
;?AC-G2#idium< Mundi et Paulini a"ud Aegesi""um _belli Dud. lib. =. ca".
?._ Pontius :. :aesaris legatus$ referente Plinio$ _lib. .@. ca". .._ 0uem
sus"icor eum esse 0ui :hristum crucifi+it$ "icturis Atalantae et 5elenae
adeo libidine incensus$ ut tollere eas #ellet si natura tectorii
"ermisisset$ alius statuam bonae 7ortunae de"eriit (Aelianus$ _lib. B. ca".
.A._) alius bonae deae$ et ne 0ua "ars "robro #acet. ;?ACAGL1a"tus ad
stu"raL (0uod ait ille) Let ne ;?AC/Gos 0uidem a libidine e+ce"tum.L
5eliogabalus$ "er omnia ca#a cor"oris libidinem rece"it$ *am"rid. #ita
ejus. ;?ACBG5ostius 0uidam s"ecula fecit$ et ita dis"osuit$ ut 0uum #irum
i"se "ateretur$ a#ersus omnes admissarii motus in s"eculo #ideret$ ac
deinde falsa magnitudine i"sius membri tan0uam #era gauderet$ simul #irum
et foeminam "assus$ 0uod dictu foedum et abominandum. Ht #eram "lane sit$
0uod a"ud ;?A,CGPlutarchum Gryllus Hlyssi objecit. LAd hunc us0ue diem a"ud
nos ne0ue mas marem$ ne0ue foemina foeminam ama#it$ 0ualia multa a"ud #os
memorabiles et "raeclari #iri fecerunt& ut #iles missos faciam$ 5ercules
imberbem sectans socium$ amicos deseruit$ Fc. Iestrae libidines intra suos
naturae fines coerceri non "ossunt$ 0uin instar flu#ii e+undantis atrocem
foeditatum$ tumultum$ confusionem0ue naturae gignant in re Ienerea& nam et
ca"ras$ "orcos$ e0uos inierunt #iri et foeminae$ insano bestiarum amore
e+arserunt$ imde Minotauri$ :entauri$ 9yl#ani$ 9"hingesL$ Fc. 9ed ne
confutando doceam$ aut ea foras efferam$ 0uae$ non omnes scire con#enit
(haec enim doctis solummodo$ 0uod causa non absimili ;?A,,G1odericus$
scri"ta #elim) ne le#issomis ingentis et de"ra#atis mentibus foedissimi
sceleris notitiam$ Fc.$ nolo 0uem diutius hisce sordibus in0uinare.
I come at last to that heroical lo#e 'hich is "ro"er to men and 'omen$ is a
fre0uent cause of melancholy$ and deser#es much rather to be called burning
lust$ than by such an honourable title. There is an honest lo#e$ I confess$
'hich is natural$ la0ueus occultus ca"ti#ans corda hominum$ ut a mulieribus
non "ossint se"arari$ La secret snare to ca"ti#ate the hearts of men$L as
;?A,=G:hristo"her 7onseca "ro#es$ a strong allurement$ of a most
attracti#e$ occult$ adamantine "ro"erty$ and "o'erful #irtue$ and no man
li#ing can a#oid it. ;?A,.G_Et 0ui #im non sensit amoris$ aut la"is est$
aut bellua_. 5e is not a man but a bloc%$ a #ery stone$ _aut ;?A,?G8umen$
aut 8ebuchadnezzar_$ he hath a gourd for his head$ a "e"on for his heart$
that hath not felt the "o'er of it$ and a rare creature to be found$ one in
an age$ _Kui nun0uam #isae flagra#it amore "uellae_< ;?A,@Gfor _semel
insani#imus omnes_$ dote 'e either young or old$ as ;?A,-Ghe said$ and none
are e+ce"ted but Miner#a and the Muses& so :u"id in ;?A,AG*ucian com"lains
to his mother Ienus$ that amongst all the rest his arro's could not "ierce
them. ut this nu"tial lo#e is a common "assion$ an honest$ for men to lo#e
in the 'ay of marriage< _ut materia a""etit formam$ sic mulier #irum._
;?A,/GEou %no' marriage is honourable$ a blessed calling$ a""ointed by God
himself in Paradise< it breeds true "eace$ tran0uillity$ content$ and
ha""iness$ _0ua nulla est aut fuit un0uam sanctior conjunctio_$ as
3a"hnaeus in ;?A,BGPlutarch could 'ell "ro#e$ _et 0uae generi humano
immortalitatem "arat_$ 'hen they li#e 'ithout jarring$ scolding$ lo#ingly
as they should do.
;?A=CG L7elices ter et am"lius
Kuos irru"ta tenet co"ula$ nec ullis
3i#ulsus 0uerimoniis
9u"rema citius sol#it amor die.L
LThrice ha""y they$ and more than that$
4hom bond of lo#e so firmly ties$
That 'ithout bra'ls till death them "art$
!Tis undissol#!d and ne#er dies.L
As 9eneca li#ed 'ith his Paulina$ Abraham and 9arah$ 2r"heus and Eurydice$
Arria and Poetus$ Artemisia and Mausolus$ 1ubenius :eler$ that 'ould needs
ha#e it engra#en on his tomb$ he had led his life 'ith Ennea$ his dear
'ife$ forty-three years eight months$ and ne#er fell out. There is no
"leasure in this 'orld com"arable to it$ !tis _summum mortalitatis bonum--
;?A=,Ghominum di#um0ue #olu"tas$ Alma Ienus--latet enim in muliere ali0uid
majus "otentius0ue$ omnibus aliis humanis #olu"tatibus_$ as ;?A==Gone
holds$ there!s something in a 'oman beyond all human delight< a magnetic
#irtue$ a charming 0uality$ an occult and "o'erful moti#e. The husband
rules her as head$ but she again commands his heart$ he is her ser#ant$ she
is only joy and content& no ha""iness is li%e unto it$ no lo#e so great as
this of man and 'ife$ no such comfort as ;?A=.G_"lacens u+or_$ a s'eet
'ife& ;?A=?G_2mnis amor magnus$ sed a"erto in conjuge major_. 4hen they
lo#e at last as fresh as they did at first$ ;?A=@G_:hara0ue charo
consenescit conjugi_$ as 5omer brings Paris %issing 5elen$ after they had
been married ten years$ "rotesting 'ithal that he lo#ed her as dear as he
did the first hour that he 'as betrothed. And in their old age$ 'hen they
ma%e much of one another$ saying$ as he did to his 'ife in the "oet$
;?A=-G LH+or #i#amus 0uod #i+imus$ et moriamur$
9er#antes nomen sum"simus in thalamo<
8ec ferat ulla dies ut commutemur in ae#o$
Kuin tibi sim ju#enis$ tu0ue "uella mihi.L
L3ear 'ife$ let!s li#e in lo#e$ and die together$
As hitherto 'e ha#e in all good 'ill&
*et no day change or alter our affections.
ut let!s be young to one another still.L
9uch should conjugal lo#e be$ still the same$ and as they are one flesh$ so
should they be of one mind$ as in an aristocratical go#ernment$ one
consent$ ;?A=AGGeyron-li%e$ _coalescere in unum_$ ha#e one heart in t'o
bodies$ 'ill and nill the same. A good 'ife$ according to Plutarch$ should
be as a loo%ing-glass to re"resent her husband!s face and "assion& if he be
"leasant$ she should be merry& if he laugh$ she should smile& if he loo%
sad$ she should "artici"ate of his sorro'$ and bear a "art 'ith him$ and so
should they continue in mutual lo#e one to'ards another.
;?A=/G LEt me ab amore tuo deducet nulla senectus$
9i#e ego Tythonus$ si#e ego 8estor ero.L
L8o age shall "art my lo#e from thee$ s'eet 'ife$
Though I li#e 8estor or Tithonus! life.L
And she again to him$ as the ;?A=BGride saluted the ridegroom of old in
1ome$ _Hbi tu :aius$ ego sem"er :aia_$ be thou still :aius$ I!ll be :aia.
!Tis a ha""y state this indeed$ 'hen the fountain is blessed (saith
9olomon$ Pro#. #. ,A.) Land he rejoiceth 'ith the 'ife of his youth$ and
she is to him as the lo#ing hind and "leasant roe$ and he delights in her
continually.L ut this lo#e of ours is immoderate$ inordinate$ and not to
be com"rehended in any bounds. It 'ill not contain itself 'ithin the union
of marriage$ or a""ly to one object$ but is a 'andering$ e+tra#agant$ a
domineering$ a boundless$ an irrefragable$ a destructi#e "assion& sometimes
this burning lust rageth after marriage$ and then it is "ro"erly called
jealousy< sometimes before$ and then it is called heroical melancholy< it
e+tends sometimes to co-ri#als$ Fc.$ begets ra"es$ incests$ murders&
_Marcus Antonius com"ressit 7austinam sororem$ :aracalla Duliam 8o#ercam$
8ero Matrem$ :aligula sorores$ :yneras Myrrham filiam_$ Fc. ut it is
confined 'ithin no terms of blood$ years$ se+$ or 'hatsoe#er else. 9ome
furiously rage before they come to discretion$ or age. ;?A.CGKuartilla in
Petronius ne#er remembered she 'as a maid< and the 'ife of ath$ in
:haucer$ crac%s$
_9ince I 'as t'el#e years old$ belie#e$
5usbands at 6ir%-door had I fi#e_.
;?A.,GAratine *ucretia sold her maidenhead a thousand times before she 'as
t'enty-four years old$ _"lus milies #endiderant #irginitatem$ Fc. ne0ue te
celabo$ non deerant 0ui ut integram ambirent_. 1ahab$ that harlot$ began to
be a "rofessed 0uean at ten years of age$ and 'as but fifteen 'hen she hid
the s"ies$ as ;?A.=G5ugh roughton "ro#es$ to 'hom 9errarius the Desuit$
_0uaest. -. in ca". =. Dosue_$ subscribes. Generally 'omen begin
_"ubescere_$ as they call it$ or _catullire_$ as Dulius Pollu+ cites$ _lib.
=. ca". .. onomast_ out of Aristo"hanes$ ;?A..Gat fourteen years old$ then
they do offer themsel#es$ and some "lainly rage. ;?A.?G*eo Afer saith$ that
in Africa a man shall scarce find a maid at fourteen years of age$ they are
so for'ard$ and many amongst us after they come into the teens do not li#e
'ithout husbands$ but linger. 4hat "ran%s in this %ind the middle ages ha#e
"layed is not to be recorded. _9i mihi sint centum linguae$ sint ora0ue
centum_$ no tongue can sufficiently declare$ e#ery story is full of men and
'omen!s insatiable lust$ 8ero!s$ 5eliogabali$ onosi$ Fc. ;?A.@G _:oelius
Am"hilenum$ sed Kuintius Am"helinam de"ereunt_$ Fc. They neigh after other
men!s 'i#es (as Deremia$ _ca". #. /._ com"laineth) li%e fed horses$ or
range li%e to'n bulls$ _ra"tores #irginum et #iduarum_$ as many of our
great ones do. 9olomon!s 'isdom 'as e+tinguished in this fire of lust$
9amson!s strength ener#ated$ "iety in *ot!s daughters 0uite forgot$ gra#ity
of "riesthood in Eli!s sons$ re#erend old age in the Elders that 'ould
#iolate 9usanna$ filial duty in Absalom to his ste"mother$ brotherly lo#e
in Ammon. to'ards his sister. 5uman$ di#ine la's$ "rece"ts$ e+hortations$
fear of God and men$ fair$ foul means$ fame$ fortune$ shame$ disgrace$
honour cannot o""ose$ sta#e off$ or 'ithstand the fury of it$ _omnia #incit
amor_$ Fc. 8o cord nor cable can so forcibly dra'$ or hold so fast$ as lo#e
can do 'ith$ a t'ined thread. The scorching beams under the e0uinoctial$ or
e+tremity of cold 'ithin the circle arctic$ 'here the #ery seas are frozen$
cold or torrid zone$ cannot a#oid or e+"el this heat$ fury$ and rage of
mortal men.
;?A.-G LKuo fugis ab demens$ nulla est fuga$ tu licet us0ue
Ad Tanaim fugias$ us0ue se0uetur amor.L
2f 'omen!s unnatural$ ;?A.AGinsatiable lust$ 'hat country$ 'hat #illage
doth not com"lainN Mother and daughter sometimes dote on the same man$
father and son$ master and ser#ant$ on one 'oman.
;?A./G L--9ed amor$ sed ineffrenata libido$
Kuid castum in terris intentatum0ue reli0uitNL
4hat breach of #o's and oaths$ fury$ dotage$ madness$ might I rec%on u"N
Eet this is more tolerable in youth$ and such as are still in their hot
blood< but for an old fool to dote$ to see an old lecher$ 'hat more odious$
'hat can be more absurdN and yet 'hat so commonN 4ho so furiousN;?A.BG
_Amare ea aetate si occi"erint$ multo insaniunt acrius_. 9ome dote then
more than e#er they did in their youth. 5o' many decre"it$ hoary$ harsh$
'rithen$ bursten-bellied$ croo%ed$ toothless$ bald$ blear-eyed$ im"otent$
rotten$ old men shall you see flic%ering still in e#ery "laceN 2ne gets him
a young 'ife$ another a courtesan$ and 'hen he can scarce lift his leg o#er
a sill$ and hath one foot already in :haron!s boat$ 'hen he hath the
trembling in his joints$ the gout in his feet$ a "er"etual rheum in his
head$ La continuate cough$L ;?A?CGhis sight fails him$ thic% of hearing$
his breath stin%s$ all his moisture is dried u" and gone$ may not s"it from
him$ a #ery child again$ that cannot dress himself$ or cut his o'n meat$
yet he 'ill be dreaming of$ and honing after 'enches$ 'hat can be more
unseemlyN 4orse it is in 'omen than in men$ 'hen she is _aetate decli#is$
diu #idua$ mater olim$ "arum decore matrimonium se0ui #idetur_$ an old
'ido'$ a mother so long since (;?A?,Gin Pliny!s o"inion)$ she doth #ery
unseemly see% to marry$ yet 'hilst she is ;?A?=Gso old a crone$ a beldam$
she can neither see$ nor hear$ go nor stand$ a mere ;?A?.Gcarcass$ a 'itch$
and scarce feel< she cater'auls$ and must ha#e a stallion$ a cham"ion$ she
must and 'ill marry again$ and betroth herself to some young man$
;?A??Gthat hates to loo% on$ but for her goods< abhors the sight of her$ to
the "rejudice of her good name$ her o'n undoing$ grief of friends$ and ruin
of her children.
ut to enlarge or illustrate this "o'er and effects of lo#e$ is to set a
candle in the sun. ;?A?@GIt rageth 'ith all sorts and conditions of men$
yet is most e#ident among such as are young and lusty$ in the flo'er of
their years$ nobly descended$ high fed$ such as li#e idly$ and at ease< and
for that cause ('hich our di#ines call burning lust) this ;?A?-G_ferinus
insanus amor_$ this mad and beastly "assion$ as I ha#e said$ is named by
our "hysicians heroical lo#e$ and a more honourable title "ut u"on it$
_Amor nobilis_$ as ;?A?AG9a#anarola styles it$ because noble men and 'omen
ma%e a common "ractice of it$ and are so ordinarily affected 'ith it.
A#icenna$ _lib. .. 7en$ ,. tract. ?. ca". =.._ calleth this "assion
_Ilishi_$ and defines it ;?A?/GLto be a disease or melancholy #e+ation$ or
anguish of mind$ in 'hich a man continually meditates of the beauty$
gesture$ manners of his mistress$ and troubles himself about it&L desiring$
(as 9a#anarola adds) 'ith all intentions and eagerness of mind$ Lto com"ass
or enjoy her$ ;?A?BGas commonly hunters trouble themsel#es about their
s"orts$ the co#etous about their gold and goods$ so is he tormented still
about his mistress.L Arnoldus Iillano#anus$ in his boo% of heroical lo#e$
defines it$ ;?A@CGLa continual cogitation of that 'hich he desires$ 'ith a
confidence or ho"e of com"assing it<L 'hich definition his commentator
ca#ils at. 7or continual cogitation is not the genus but a sym"tom of lo#e<
'e continually thin% of that 'hich 'e hate and abhor$ as 'ell as that 'hich
'e lo#e< and many things 'e co#et and desire$ 'ithout all ho"e of
attaining. :arolus a *orme$ in his Kuestions$ ma%es a doubt$ _An amor sit
morbus_$ 'hether this heroical lo#e be a disease& Dulius Pollu+ _2nomast.
lib. -. ca". ??._ determines it. They that are in lo#e are li%e'ise
;?A@,Gsic%< _lasci#us$ sala+$ lasci#iens$ et 0ui in #enerem furit$ #ere est
aegrotus_$ Arnoldus 'ill ha#e it im"ro"erly so called$ and a malady rather
of the body than mind. Tully$ in his _Tusculans_$ defines it a furious
disease of the mind. Plato$ madness itself. 7icinus$ his :ommentator$ _ca".
,=._ a s"ecies of madness$ Lfor many ha#e run mad for 'omen$L Esdr. i#. =-.
ut ;?A@=G1hasis La melancholy "assion&L and most "hysicians ma%e it a
s"ecies or %ind of melancholy (as 'ill a""ear by the sym"toms)$ and treat
of it a"art< 'hom I mean to imitate$ and to discuss it in all his %inds$ to
e+amine his se#eral causes$ to sho' his sym"toms$ indications$ "rognostics$
effect$ that so it may be 'ith more facility cured.
The "art affected in the meantime$ as ;?A@.GArnoldus su""oseth$ Lis the
former "art of the head for 'ant of moisture$L 'hich his :ommentator
rejects. *angius$ _med. e"ist. lib. ,. ca". =?._ 'ill ha#e this "assion
seated in the li#er$ and to %ee" residence in the heart$ ;?A@?GLto "roceed
first from the eyes so carried by our s"irits$ and %indled 'ith imagination
in the li#er and heart<L _coget amare jecur_$ as the saying is. _Medium
feret "er e"ar_$ as :u"id in Anacreon. 7or some such cause beli%e ;?A@@G
5omer feigns Titius! li#er ('ho 'as enamoured of *atona) to be still gna'ed
by t'o #ultures day and night in hell$ ;?A@-GLfor that young men!s bo'els
thus enamoured$ are so continually tormented by lo#e.L Gordonius$ _ca". =.
"art. =._ ;?A@AGL'ill ha#e the testicles an immediate subject or cause$ the
li#er an antecedent.L 7racastorius agrees in this 'ith Gordonius$ _inde
"rimitus imaginatio #enerea$ erectio$ Fc. titillatissimam "artem #ocat$ ita
ut nisi e+truso semine gestiens #olu"tas non cessat$ nec assidua #eneris
recordatio$ addit Gnasti#inius_ _:omment. ?. 9ect. "rob. =A. Arist._ ut
;?A@/G"ro"erly it is a "assion of the brain$ as all other melancholy$ by
reason of corru"t imagination$ and so doth Dason Pratensis$ _c. ,B. de
morb. cerebri_ ('ho 'rites co"iously of this erotical lo#e)$ "lace and
rec%on it amongst the affections of the brain. ;?A@BGMelancthon _de anima_
confutes those that ma%e the li#er a "art affected$ and Guianerius$ _Tract.
,@. ca". ,. et ,A._ though many "ut all the affections in the heart$ refers
it to the brain. 7icinus$ _ca". A. in :on#i#ium Platonis_$ L'ill ha#e the
blood to be the "art affected.L Do. 7rietagius$ _ca". ,?. noct. med._
su""oseth all four affected$ heart$ li#er$ brain$ blood< but the major "art
concur u"on the brain$ ;?A-CG!tis _imaginatio laesa_< and both imagination
and reason are misaffected<$ because of his corru"t judgment$ and continual
meditation of that 'hich he desires$ he may truly be said to be melancholy.
If it be #iolent$ or his disease in#eterate$ as I ha#e determined in the
"recedent "artitions$ both imagination and reason are misaffected$ first
one$ then the other.
MEM. II.
9H9E:T. I.--_:auses of 5eroical *o#e$ Tem"erature$ full 3iet$ Idleness$
Place$ :limate$ Fc._
2f all causes the remotest are stars. ;?A-,G7icinus _ca". ,B._ saith they
are most "rone to this burning lust$ that ha#e Ienus in *eo in their
horosco"e$ 'hen the Moon and Ienus be mutually as"ected$ or such as be of
Ienus! com"le+ion. ;?A-=GPlutarch inter"rets astrologically that tale of
Mars and Ienus$ Lin 'hose genitures ;9ymbol& MarsG and ;9ymbol& MarsG are
in conjunction$L they are commonly lasci#ious$ and if 'omen 0ueans< as the
good 'ife of ath confessed in :haucer<
_I follo'ed aye mine inclination$
y #irtue of my constellation_.
ut of all those astrological a"horisms 'hich I ha#e e#er read$ that of
:ardan is most memorable$ for 'hich ho'soe#er he is bitterly censured by
;?A-.GMarinus Marcennus$ a mala"ert friar$ and some others ('hich ;?A-?G he
himself sus"ected) yet methin%s it is free$ do'nright$ "lain and ingenious.
In his ;?A-@Geighth _Geniture_$ or e+am"le$ he hath these 'ords of himself$
;9ymbol& MarsG ;9ymbol& MarsG and ;9ymbol& MercuryG in ;9ymbol& MercuryG
_dignitatibus assiduam mihi Ienereorum cogitationem "raestabunt$ ita ut
nun0uam 0uiescam._ Et "aulo "ost$ _:ogitatio Ienereorum me tor0uet
"er"etuo$ et 0uam facto im"lere non licuit$ aut fecisse "otentem "uduit$
cogitatione assidua mentitus sum #olu"tatem_. Et alibi$ _ob ;9ymbol&
Moon-.P?G et ;9ymbol& MercuryG dominium et radiorum mi+tionem$ "rofundum
fuit ingenium$ sed lasci#um$ ego0ue tur"i libidini deditus et obscaenus._
9o far :ardan of himself$ _0uod de se fatetur ideo ;?A--Gut utilitatem
adferat studiosis hujusce disci"linae_$ and for this he is traduced by
Marcennus$ 'hen as in effect he saith no more than 'hat Gregory 8azianzen
of old$ to :hilo his scholar$ _offerebant se mihi #isendae mulieres$ 0uarum
"raecellenti elegantia et decore s"ectabili tentabatur meae. integritas
"udicitiae. Et 0uidem flagitium #ita#i fornicationis$ at munditiae
#irginalis florem arcana cordis cogitatione foeda#i. 9ed ad rem._ A"tiores
ad masculinam #enerem sunt 0uorum genesi Ienus est in signo masculino$ et
in 9aturni finibus aut o""ositione$ Fc. Ptolomeus _in 0uadri"art._ "lura de
his et s"ecialia habet a"horismata$ longo "roculdubio usu confirmata$ et ab
e+"erientia multa "erfecta$ in0uit commentator ejus :ardanus. Tho.
:am"anella _Astrologiae lib. ?. ca". /. articulis ? and @._ insaniam
amatoriam remonstrantia$ multa "rae caeteris accumulat a"horismata$ 0uae
0ui #olet$ consulat. :hiromantici e+ cingulo Ieneris "lerum0ue conjecturam
faciunt$ et monte Ieneris$ de 0uorum decretis$ Taisnerum$ Dohan. de
Indagine$ Goclenium$ ceteros0ue si lubet$ ins"icias. Physicians di#ine
'holly from the tem"erature and com"le+ion< "hlegmatic "ersons are seldom
ta%en$ according to 7icinus _:omment$ ca". B_< naturally melancholy less
than they$ but once ta%en they are ne#er freed< though many are of o"inion
flatuous or hy"ochondriacal melancholy are most subject of all others to
this infirmity. Ialescus assigns their strong imagination for a cause$
odine abundance of 'ind$ Gordonius of seed$ and s"irits$ or atomi in the
seed$ 'hich cause their #iolent and furious "assions. 9anguine thence are
soon caught$ young fol%s most a"t to lo#e$ and by their good 'ills$ saith
;?A-AG*ucian$ L'ould ha#e a bout 'ith e#ery one they see&L the colt!s e#il
is common to all com"le+ions. Theomestus a young and lusty gallant
ac%no'ledgeth (in the said author) all this to be #erified in him$ LI am so
amorously gi#en$ ;?A-/Gyou may sooner number the sea-sands$ and sno'
falling from the s%ies$ than my se#eral lo#es. :u"id had shot all his
arro's at me$ I am deluded 'ith #arious desires$ one lo#e succeeds another$
and that so soon$ that before one is ended$ I begin 'ith a second< she that
is last is still fairest$ and she that is "resent "leaseth me most& as an
hydra!s head my lo#es increase$ no Iolaus can hel" me. Mine eyes are so
moist a refuge and sanctuary of lo#e$ that they dra' all beauties to them$
and are ne#er satisfied. I am in a doubt 'hat fury of Ienus this should be&
alas$ ho' ha#e I offended her so to #e+ me$ 'hat 5i""olitus am IOL 4hat
Telchine is my geniusN or is it a natural im"erfection$ an hereditary
"assionN Another in ;?A-BGAnacreon confesseth that he had t'enty
s'eethearts in Athens at once$ fifteen at :orinth$ as many at Thebes$ at
*esbos$ and at 1hodes$ t'ice as many in Ionia$ thrice in :aria$ t'enty
thousand in all& or in a 'ord$ ;Gree%& ei "hulla$ "antaG$ Fc.
L7olia arborum omnium si
8osti referre cuncta$
Aut com"utare arenas
In ae0uore uni#ersas$
9olum meorum amorum
Te fecero logistamNL
L:anst count the lea#es in May$
2r sands i! th! ocean seaN
Then count my lo#es I "ray.L
5is eyes are li%e a balance$ a"t to "ro"end each 'ay$ and to be 'eighed
do'n 'ith e#ery 'ench!s loo%s$ his heart a 'eathercoc%$ his affection
tinder$ or na"htha itself$ 'hich e#ery fair object$ s'eet smile$ or
mistress!s fa#our sets on fire. Guianerius _tract ,@. ca". ,?._ refers all
this ;?AACGto Lthe hot tem"erature of the testicles$L 7erandus a 7renchman
in his _Eroti0ue Mel._ ('hich ;?AA,Gboo% came first to my hands after the
third edition) to certain atomi in the seed$ Lsuch as are #ery s"ermatic
and full of seed.L I find the same in Aristot. _sect. ?. "rob. ,A._ _si non
secernatur semen$ cessare tentigines non "ossunt_$ as Gausta#inius his
commentator translates it& for 'hich cause these young men that be strong
set$ of able bodies$ are so subject to it. 5ercules de 9a+onia hath the
same 'ords in effect. ut most "art I say$ such as are a"test to lo#e that
are young and lusty$ li#e at ease$ stall-fed$ free from cares$ li%e cattle
in a ran% "asture$ idle and solitary "ersons$ they must needs
_hir0uitullire_$ as Guasta#inius recites out of :ensorinus.
;?AA=G LMens erit a"ta ca"i tum 0uum laetissima rerum.
Ht seges in "ingui lu+uriabit humo.L
LThe mind is a"t to lust$ and hot or cold$
As corn lu+uriates in a better mould.L
The "lace itself ma%es much 'herein 'e li#e$ the clime$ air$ and disci"line
if they concur. In our Misnia$ saith Galen$ near to Pergamus$ thou shalt
scarce find an adulterer$ but many at 1ome$ by reason of the delights of
the seat. It 'as that "lenty of all things$ 'hich made ;?AA.G:orinth so
infamous of old$ and the o""ortunity of the "lace to entertain those
foreign comers< e#ery day strangers came in$ at each gate$ from all
0uarters. In that one tem"le of Ienus a thousand 'hores did "rostitute
themsel#es$ as 9trabo 'rites$ besides *ais and the rest of better note& all
nations resorted thither$ as to a school of Ienus. Eour hot and southern
countries are "rone to lust$ and far more incontinent than those that li#e
in the north$ as odine discourseth at large$ _Method$ hist. ca". @._
_Molles Asiatici_$ so are Tur%s$ Gree%s$ 9"aniards$ Italians$ e#en all that
latitude< and in those tracts$ such as are more fruitful$ "lentiful$ and
delicious$ as Ialence in 9"ain$ :a"ua in Italy$ _domicilium lu+us_ Tully
terms it$ and ('hich 5annibal!s soldiers can 'itness) :ano"us in Egy"t$
9ybaris$ Phoeacia$ aiae$ ;?AA?G:y"rus$ *am"sacus. In ;?AA@G8a"les the
fruit of the soil and "leasant air ener#ate their bodies$ and alter
constitutions& insomuch that 7lorus calls it _:ertamen acchi et Ieneris_$
but ;?AA-G7oliot admires it. In Italy and 9"ain they ha#e their ste's in
e#ery great city$ as in 1ome$ Ienice$ 7lorence$ 'herein$ some say$ d'ell
ninety thousand inhabitants$ of 'hich ten thousand are courtesans< and yet
for all this$ e#ery gentleman almost hath a "eculiar mistress<
fornications$ adulteries$ are no'here so common& _urbs est jam tota
lu"anar_< ho' should a man li#e honest amongst so many "ro#ocationsN no' if
#igour of youth$ greatness$ liberty I mean$ and that im"unity of sin 'hich
grandees ta%e unto themsel#es in this %ind shall meet$ 'hat a ga" must it
needs o"en to all manner of #ice$ 'ith 'hat fury 'ill it rageN 7or$ as
Ma+imus Tyrius the Platonist obser#es$ _libido conse0uuta 0uum fuerit
materiam im"robam et "raeru"tam licentiam$ et effrenatam audaciam_$ Fc.$
'hat 'ill not lust effect in such "ersonsN 7or commonly "rinces and great
men ma%e no scru"le at all of such matters$ but 'ith that 'hore in
9"artian$ _0uic0uid libet licet_$ they thin% they may do 'hat they list$
"rofess it "ublicly$ and rather brag 'ith Proculus (that 'rit to a friend
of his in 1ome$ ;?AAAG'hat famous e+"loits he had done in that %ind) than
any 'ay be abashed at it. ;?AA/G8icholas 9anders relates of 5enry IIII. (I
%no' not ho' truly) _Kuod "aucas #idit "ulchriores 0uas non concu"ierit$ et
"aucissimas non concu"ierit 0uas non #iolarit_$ L5e sa' #ery fe' maids that
he did not desire$ and desired fe'er 'hom he did not enjoy&L nothing so
familiar amongst them$ !tis most of their business& 9ardana"alus$
Messalina$ and Doan of 8a"les$ are not com"arable to ;?AABGmeaner men and
'omen< 9olomon of old had a thousand concubines< Ahasuerus his eunuchs and
%ee"ers< 8ero his Tigillinus "anders$ and ba'ds< the Tur%s$ ;?A/CG
Musco#ites$ Mogors$ Jeriffs of arbary$ and Persian 9o"hies$ are no 'hit
inferior to them in our times. _3electus fit omnium "uellarum toto regno
forma "raestantiorum_ (saith Do#ius) _"ro im"eratore< et 0uas ille lin0uit$
nobiles habent_< they "ress and muster u" 'enches as 'e do soldiers$ and
ha#e their choice of the rarest beauties their countries can afford$ and
yet all this cannot %ee" them from adultery$ incest$ sodomy$ buggery$ and
such "rodigious lusts. 4e may conclude$ that if they be young$ fortunate$
rich$ high-fed$ and idle 'ithal$ it is almost im"ossible that they should
li#e honest$ not rage$ and "reci"itate themsel#es into these incon#eniences
of burning lust.
;?A/,G L2tium et reges "rius et beatas
Perdidit urbes.L
Idleness o#erthro's all$ _Iacuo "ectore regnat amor_$ lo#e tyranniseth in
an idle "erson. _Amore abundas Anti"hio_. If thou hast nothing to do$;?A/=G
_In#idia #el amore miser tor0uebere_--Thou shalt be haled in "ieces 'ith
en#y$ lust$ some "assion or other. _5omines nihil agendo male agere
discunt_< !tis Aristotle!s simile$ ;?A/.GLas match or touch'ood ta%es fire$
so doth an idle "erson lo#e.L _Kuaeritur Aegistus 0uare sit factus
adulter_$ Fc.$ 'hy 'as Aegistus a 'horemasterN Eou need not as% a reason of
it. Ismenedora stole accho$ a 'oman forced a man$ as ;?A/?GAurora did
:e"halus& no mar#el$ saith ;?A/@GPlutarch$ _*u+urians o"ibus more hominum
mulier agit_& she 'as rich$ fortunate and jolly$ and doth but as men do in
that case$ as Du"iter did by Euro"a$ 8e"tune by Amymone. The "oets
therefore did 'ell to feign all she"herds lo#ers$ to gi#e themsel#es to
songs and dalliances$ because they li#ed such idle li#es. 7or lo#e$ as
;?A/-GTheo"hrastus defines it$ is _otiosi animi affectus_$ an affection of
an idle mind$ or as ;?A/AG9eneca describes it$ _Du#enta gignitur$ ju+u
nutritur$ feriis alitur$ otio0ue inter laeta fortunae bonae_< youth begets
it$ riot maintains it$ idleness nourisheth it$ Fc. 'hich ma%es ;?A//G
Gordonius the "hysician _ca". =C. "art. =._ call this disease the "ro"er
"assion of nobility. 8o' if a 'ea% judgment and a strong a""rehension do
concur$ ho'$ saith 5ercules de 9a+onia$ shall they resistN 9a#anarola
a""ro"riates it almost to ;?A/BGLmon%s$ friars$ and religious "ersons$
because they li#e solitarily$ fair daintily$ and do nothing&L and 'ell he
may$ for ho' should they other'ise chooseN
3iet alone is able to cause it& a rare thing to see a young man or a 'oman
that li#es idly and fares 'ell$ of 'hat condition soe#er$ not to be in
lo#e. ;?ABCGAlcibiades 'as still dallying 'ith 'anton young 'omen$
immoderate in his e+"enses$ effeminate in his a""arel$ e#er in lo#e$ but
'hyN he 'as o#er-delicate in his diet$ too fre0uent and e+cessi#e in
ban0uets$ _Hbicun0ue securitas$ ibi libido dominatur_< lust and security
domineer together$ as 9t. 5ierome a#erreth. All 'hich the 'ife of ath in
:haucer freely justifies$
_7or all to sic%er$ as cold engendreth hail$
A li0uorish tongue must ha#e a li0uorish tail_.
Es"ecially if they shall further it by choice diet$ as many times those
9ybarites and Phaeaces do$ feed liberally$ and by their good 'ill eat
nothing else but lasci#ious meats. ;?AB,GIinum im"rimis generosum$ legumen$
fabas$ radices omnium generum bene conditas$ et largo "i"ere as"ersas$
carduos hortulanos$ lactucas$ ;?AB=Gerucas$ ra"as$ "orros$ cae"as$ nucem
"iceam$ amygdalas dulces$ electuaria$ syru"os$ succos$ cochleas$ conchas$
"isces o"time "rae"aratos$ a#iculas$ testiculos animalium$ o#a$ condimenta
di#ersorum generum$ molles lectos$ "ul#inaria$ Fc. Et 0uic0uid fere medici
im"otentia rei #enereae laboranti "raescribunt$ hoc 0uasi diasatyrion
habent in delitiis$ et his da"es multo delicatiores< mulsum$ e+0uisitas et
e+oticas fruges$ aromata$ "lacentas$ e+"ressos succos multis ferculis
#ariatos$ i"sum0ue #inum sua#itate #incentes$ et 0uic0uid culina$
"harmaco"aea$ aut 0uae0ue fere officina subministrare "ossit. Et hoc
"lerum0ue #ictu 0uum se ganeones infarciant$ ;?AB.Gut ille ob :hreseida
suam$ se bulbis et cochleis cura#it< etiam ad Ienerem se "arent$ et ad hanc
"alestram se e+erceant$ 0ui fieri "ossit$ ut non misere de"ereant$ ;?AB?Gut
non "enitus insaniantN _Aestuans #enter cito des"uit in libidinem_$
5ieronymus ait. ;?AB@G_Post "randia$ :allyroenda_. Kuis enim continere se
"otestN ;?AB-G_*u+uriosa res #inum_$ fomentum libidinis #ocat Augustinus$
blandum daemonem$ ernardus< lac #eneris$ Aristo"hanes. _8on Aetna$ non
Iesu#ius tantis ardoribus aestuant$ ac ju#eniles medullae #ino "lenae_$
addit ;?ABAG5ieronymus& unde ob o"timum #inum *amsacus olim Pria"o sacer&
et #enerandi acchi socia a"ud ;?AB/G 2r"heum Ienus audit. 5aec si #inum
sim"le+$ et "er se sum"tum "raestare "ossit$ nam--;?ABBG_0uo me acche
ra"is tui "lenum_N 0uam non insaniam$ 0uem non furorem a caeteris
e+"ectemusN ;?/CCGGomesius salem enumerat inter ea 0uae intem"sti#am
libidinem "ro#ocare solent$ _et salatiores fieri foeminas ob esum salis
contendit& Ienerem ideo dicunt ab 2ceano ortam_.
;?/C,G LHnde tot in Ieneta scortorum millia cur stintN
In "rom"tu causa est$ est Ienus orta mari.L
_Et hinc foeta mater 9alacea 2ceani conju+_$ #erbum0ue fortasse sala+ a
sale efflu+it. Mala acchica tantum olim in amoribus "rae#aluerunt$ ut
coronae e+ illis statuae acchi "onerentur. ;?/C=G:ubebis in #ino maceratis
utuntur Indi 2rientales ad Ienerem e+citandum$ et ;?/C.G9ura+ radice
Africani. :hinae radi+ eosdem effectus habet$ talis0ue herbae meminit _mag.
nat. lib. =. ca". ,-_. ;?/C?Ga"tista Porta e+ India allatae$ cujus
mentionem facit et Theo"hrastus. 9ed infinita his similia a"ud 1hasin$
Matthiolum$ Mizaldum$ caeteros0ue medicos occurrunt$ 0uorum ideo mentionem
feci$ ne 0uis im"eritior in hos sco"ulas im"ingat$ sed "ro #irili tan0uam
syrtes et cautes consulto effugiat.
9H9E:T. II.--_2ther causes of *o#e-Melancholy$ 9ight$ eing from the 7ace$
Eyes$ other "arts$ and ho' it "ierceth_.
Many such causes may be rec%oned u"$ but they cannot a#ail$ e+ce"t
o""ortunity be offered of time$ "lace$ and those other beautiful objects$
or artificial enticements$ as %issing$ conference$ discourse$ gestures
concur$ 'ith such li%e lasci#ious "ro#ocations. 6ornmannus$ in his boo% _de
linea amoris_$ ma%es fi#e degrees of lust$ out of ;?/C@G*ucian beli%e$
'hich he handles in fi#e cha"ters$ _Iisus$ :ollo0uium$ :on#ictus$ 2scula$
Tactus_. ;?/C-G9ight$ of all other$ is the first ste" of this unruly lo#e$
though sometime it be "re#ented by relation or hearing$ or rather incensed.
7or there be those so a"t$ credulous$ and facile to lo#e$ that if they hear
of a "ro"er man$ or 'oman$ they are in lo#e before they see them$ and that
merely by relation$ as Achilles Tatius obser#es. ;?/CAGL9uch is their
intem"erance and lust$ that they are as much maimed by re"ort$ as if they
sa' them. :allisthenes a rich young gentleman of yzance in Thrace$ hearing
of ;?/C/G*euci""e$ 9ostratus! fair daughter$ 'as far in lo#e 'ith her$ and$
out of fame and common rumour$ so much incensed$ that he 'ould needs ha#e
her to be his 'ife.L And sometimes by reading they are so affected$ as he
in ;?/CBG*ucian confesseth of himself$ LI ne#er read that "lace of Panthea
in Jeno"hon$ but I am as much affected as if I 'ere "resent 'ith her.L 9uch
"ersons commonly ;?/,CGfeign a %ind of beauty to themsel#es< and so did
those three gentle'omen in ;?/,,Galthazar :astilio fall in lo#e 'ith a
young man 'hom they ne#er %ne'$ but only heard him commended& or by reading
of a letter< for there is a grace cometh from hearing$ ;?/,=G as a moral
"hiloso"her informeth us$ Las 'ell from sight< and the s"ecies of lo#e are
recei#ed into the fantasy by relation alone&L ;?/,.G_ut cu"ere ab as"ectu$
sic #elle ab auditu_$ both senses affect. _Interdum et absentes amamus_$
sometimes 'e lo#e those that are absent$ saith Philostratus$ and gi#es
instance in his friend Athenodorus$ that lo#ed a maid at :orinth 'hom he
ne#er sa'< _non oculi sed mens #idet_$ 'e see 'ith the eyes of our
understanding.
ut the most familiar and usual cause of lo#e is that 'hich comes by sight$
'hich con#eys those admirable rays of beauty and "leasing graces to the
heart. Plotinus deri#es lo#e from sight$ ;Gree%& erosG 0uasi ;Gree%&
horasisG. ;?/,?G_9i nescis$ oculi sunt in amore duces_$ Lthe eyes are the
harbingers of lo#e$L and the first ste" of lo#e is sight$ as ;?/,@G*ilius
Giraldus "ro#es at large$ _hist. deor. syntag. ,.._ they as t'o sluices let
in the influences of that di#ine$ "o'erful$ soul-ra#ishing$ and ca"ti#ating
beauty$ 'hich$ as ;?/,-Gone saith$ Lis shar"er than any dart or needle$
'ounds dee"er into the heart< and o"ens a ga" through our eyes to that
lo#ely 'ound$ 'hich "ierceth the soul itselfL (Ecclus. ,/.) Through it lo#e
is %indled li%e a fire. This amazing$ confounding$ admirable$ amiable
beauty$ ;?/,AGLthan 'hich in all nature!s treasure (saith Isocrates) there
is nothing so majestical and sacred$ nothing so di#ine$ lo#ely$ "recious$L
!tis nature!s cro'n$ gold and glory< _bonum si non summum$ de summis tamen
non infre0uenter trium"hans_$ 'hose "o'er hence may be discerned< 'e
contemn and abhor generally such things as are foul and ugly to behold$
account them filthy$ but lo#e and co#et that 'hich is fair. !Tis ;?/,/G
beauty in all things 'hich "leaseth and allureth us$ a fair ha'%$ a fine
garment$ a goodly building$ a fair house$ Fc. That Persian Jer+es 'hen he
destroyed all those tem"les of the gods in Greece$ caused that of 3iana$
_in integrum ser#ari_$ to be s"ared alone for that e+cellent beauty and
magnificence of it. Inanimate beauty can so command. !Tis that 'hich
"ainters$ artificers$ orators$ all aim at$ as Eri+imachus the "hysician$ in
Plato contends$ ;?/,BGLIt 'as beauty first that ministered occasion to art$
to find out the %no'ledge of car#ing$ "ainting$ building$ to find out
models$ "ers"ecti#es$ rich furnitures$ and so many rare in#entions.L
4hiteness in the lily$ red in the rose$ "ur"le in the #iolet$ a lustre in
all things 'ithout life$ the clear light of the moon$ the bright beams of
the sun$ s"lendour of gold$ "ur"le$ s"ar%ling diamond$ the e+cellent
feature of the horse$ the majesty of the lion$ the colour of birds$
"eacoc%!s tails$ the sil#er scales of fish$ 'e behold 'ith singular delight
and admiration. ;?/=CGLAnd 'hich is rich in "lants$ delightful in flo'ers$
'onderful in beasts$ but most glorious in men$L doth ma%e us affect and
earnestly desire it$ as 'hen 'e hear any s'eet harmony$ an elo0uent tongue$
see any e+cellent 0uality$ curious 'or% of man$ elaborate art$ or aught
that is e+0uisite$ there ariseth instantly in us a longing for the same. 4e
lo#e such men$ but most "art for comeliness of "erson$ 'e call them gods
and goddesses$ di#ine$ serene$ ha""y$ Fc. And of all mortal men they alone
(;?/=,G:alcagninus holds) are free from calumny< _0ui di#itiis$ magistratu
et gloria florent$ injuria lacessimus_$ 'e bac%bite$ 'rong$ hate reno'ned$
rich$ and ha""y men$ 'e re"ine at their felicity$ they are undeser#ing 'e
thin%$ fortune is a ste"mother to us$ a "arent to them. L4e en#yL (saith
;?/==GIsocrates) L'ise$ just$ honest men$ e+ce"t 'ith mutual offices and
%indnesses$ some good turn or other$ they e+tort this lo#e from us< only
fair "ersons 'e lo#e at first sight$ desire their ac0uaintance$ and adore
them as so many gods& 'e had rather ser#e them than command others$ and
account oursel#es the more beholding to them$ the more ser#ice they enjoin
us&L though they be other'ise #icious$ dishonest$ 'e lo#e them$ fa#our
them$ and are ready to do them any good office for their ;?/=.Gbeauty!s
sa%e$ though they ha#e no other good 0uality beside. _3ic igitur o fomose$
adolescens_ (as that elo0uent Pha#orinus brea%s out in ;?/=?G9tobeus) _dic
Autilo0ue$ sua#ius nectare lo0ueris< dic o Telemache$ #ehementius Hlysse
dicis< dic Alcibiades utcun0ue ebrius$ libentius tibi licet ebrio
auscultabimus_. L9"ea%$ fair youth$ s"ea% Autilo0uus$ thy 'ords are s'eeter
than nectar$ s"ea% 2 Telemachus$ thou art more "o'erful than Hlysses$ s"ea%
Alcibiades though drun%$ 'e 'ill 'illingly hear thee as thou art.L 7aults
in such are no faults& for 'hen the said Alcibiades had stolen Anytus his
gold and sil#er "late$ he 'as so far from "rosecuting so foul a fact
(though e#ery man else condemned his im"udence and insolency) that he
'ished it had been more$ and much better (he lo#ed him dearly) for his
s'eet sa%e. L8o 'orth is eminent in such lo#ely "ersons$ all im"erfections
hid<L _non enim facile de his 0uos "lurimum diligimus$ tur"itudinem
sus"icamur_$ for hearing$ sight$ touch$ Fc.$ our mind and all our senses
are ca"ti#ated$ _omnes sensus formosus delectat_. Many men ha#e been
"referred for their "erson alone$ chosen %ings$ as amongst the Indians$
Persians$ Ethio"ians of old< the "ro"erest man of "erson the country could
afford$ 'as elected their so#ereign lord< _Gratior est "ulchro #eniens e
cor"ore #irtus_$ ;?/=@Gand so ha#e many other nations thought and done$ as
;?/=-G:urtius obser#es& _Ingens enim in cor"oris majestate #eneratio est_$
Lfor there is a majestical "resence in such men<L and so far 'as beauty
adored amongst them$ that no man 'as thought fit to reign$ that 'as not in
all "arts com"lete and su"ereminent. Agis$ %ing of *acedaemon$ had li%e to
ha#e been de"osed$ because he married a little 'ife$ they 'ould not ha#e
their royal issue degenerate. 4ho 'ould e#er ha#e thought that Adrian! the
7ourth$ an English mon%!s bastard (as ;?/=AGPa"irius Masso#ius 'rites in
his life)$ _ino"s a suis relectus$ s0ualidus et miser_$ a "oor forsa%en
child$ should e#er come to be "o"e of 1omeN ut 'hy 'as itN _Erat acri
ingenio$ facundia e+"edita eleganti cor"ore$ facie0ue laeta ac hilari_$ (as
he follo's it out of ;?/=/G8ubrigensis$ for he "loughs 'ith his heifer$)
Lhe 'as 'ise$ learned$ elo0uent$ of a "leasant$ a "romising countenance$ a
goodly$ "ro"er man< he had$ in a 'ord$ a 'inning loo% of his o'n$L and that
carried it$ for that he 'as es"ecially ad#anced. 9o L9aul 'as a goodly
"erson and a fair.L Ma+iminus elected em"eror$ Fc. ranchus the son of
A"ollo$ 'hom he begot of Dance$ 9uccron!s daughter (saith *actantius)$ 'hen
he %e"t 6ing Admetus! herds in Thessaly$ no' gro'n a man$ 'as an earnest
suitor to his mother to %no' his father< the nym"h denied him$ because
A"ollo had conjured her to the contrary< yet o#ercome by his im"ortunity at
last she sent him to his father< 'hen he came into A"ollo!s "resence$
_malas 3ei re#erenter osculatus_$ he carried himself so 'ell$ and 'as so
fair a young man$ that A"ollo 'as infinitely ta%en 'ith the beauty of his
"erson$ he could scarce loo% off him$ and said he 'as 'orthy of such
"arents$ ga#e him a cro'n of gold$ the s"irit of di#ination$ and in
conclusion made him a demigod. _2 #is su"erba formae_$ a goddess beauty is$
'hom the #ery gods adore$ _nam "ulchros dii amant_< she is _Amoris domina_$
lo#e!s harbinger$ lo#e!s loadstone$ a 'itch$ a charm$ Fc. eauty is a do'er
of itself$ a sufficient "atrimony$ an am"le commendation$ an accurate
e"istle$ as ;?/=BG*ucian$ ;?/.CGA"uleius$ Tira0uellus$ and some others
conclude. _Im"erio digna forma_$ beauty deser#es a %ingdom$ saith
Abulensis$ _"arado+. =. ca". ,,C._ immortality< and ;?/.,GLmore ha#e got
this honour and eternity for their beauty$ than for all other #irtues
besides&L and such as are fair$ Lare 'orthy to be honoured of God and men.L
That Idalian Ganymede 'as therefore fetched by Du"iter into hea#en$
5e"haestion dear to Ale+ander$ Antinous to Adrian. Plato calls beauty for
that cause a "ri#ilege of nature$ _8aturae gaudentis o"us_$ nature!s
master"iece$ a dumb comment< Theo"hrastus$ a silent fraud< still rhetoric
:arneades$ that "ersuades 'ithout s"eech$ a %ingdom 'ithout a guard$
because beautiful "ersons command as so many ca"tains< 9ocrates$ a tyranny$
L'hich tyranniseth o#er tyrants themsel#es<L 'hich made 3iogenes beli%e
call "ro"er 'omen 0ueens$ _0uod facerent homines 0uae "raeci"erent_$
because men 'ere so obedient to their commands. They 'ill adore$ cringe$
com"liment$ and bo' to a common 'ench (if she be fair) as if she 'ere a
noble 'oman$ a countess$ a 0ueen$ or a goddess. Those intem"erate young men
of Greece erected at 3el"hos a golden image 'ith infinite cost$ to the
eternal memory of Phryne the courtesan$ as Aelian relates$ for she 'as a
most beautiful 'oman$ insomuch$ saith ;?/.=GAthenaeus$ that A"elles and
Pra+iteles dre' Ienus!s "icture from her. Thus young men 'ill adore and
honour beauty< nay %ings themsel#es I say 'ill do it$ and #oluntarily
submit their so#ereignty to a lo#ely 'oman. L4ine is strong$ %ings are
strong$ but a 'oman strongest$L , Esd. i#. ,C. as >erobabel "ro#ed at large
to 6ing 3arius$ his "rinces and noblemen. L6ings sit still and command sea
and land$ Fc.$ all "ay tribute to the %ing< but 'omen ma%e %ings "ay
tribute$ and ha#e dominion o#er them. 4hen they ha#e got gold and sil#er$
they submit all to a beautiful 'oman$ gi#e themsel#es 'holly to her$ ga"e
and gaze on her$ and all men desire her more than gold or sil#er$ or any
"recious thing& they 'ill lea#e father and mother$ and #enture their li#es
for her$ labour and tra#el to get$ and bring all their gains to 'omen$
steal$ fight$ and s"oil for their mistress!s sa%e. And no %ing so strong$
but a fair 'oman is stronger than he is. All thingsL (as ;?/..Ghe "roceeds)
Lfear to touch the %ing< yet I sa' him and A"ame his concubine$ the
daughter of the famous artacus$ sitting on the right hand of the %ing$ and
she too% the cro'n off his head$ and "ut it on her o'n$ and stro%e him 'ith
her left hand< yet the %ing ga"ed and gazed on her$ and 'hen she laughed he
laughed$ and 'hen she 'as angry he flattered to be reconciled to her.L 9o
beauty commands e#en %ings themsel#es< nay 'hole armies and %ingdoms are
ca"ti#ated together 'ith their %ings& ;?/.?G_7orma #incit armatos$ ferrum
"ulchritudo ca"ti#at< #incentur s"ecie$ 0ui non #incentur "roelio_. And
!tis a great matter saith ;?/.@GJeno"hon$ Land of 'hich all fair "ersons
may 'orthily brag$ that a strong man must labour for his li#ing if he 'ill
ha#e aught$ a #aliant man must fight and endanger himself for it$ a 'ise
man s"ea%$ sho' himself$ and toil< but a fair and beautiful "erson doth all
'ith ease$ he com"asseth his desire 'ithout any "ains-ta%ing&L God and men$
hea#en and earth cons"ire to honour him< e#ery one "ities him abo#e other$
if he be in need$ ;?/.-Gand all the 'orld is 'illing to do him good.
;?/.AG:hariclea fell into the hand of "irates$ but 'hen all the rest 'ere
"ut to the edge of the s'ord$ she alone 'as "reser#ed for her "erson.
;?/./G4hen :onstantino"le 'as sac%ed by the Tur%$ Irene esca"ed$ and 'as so
far from being made a ca"ti#e$ that she e#en ca"ti#ated the Grand 9ignior
himself. 9o did 1osamond insult o#er 6ing 5enry the 9econd.
;?/.BG ------LI 'as so fair an object<
4hom fortune made my %ing$ my lo#e made subject<
5e found by "roof the "ri#ilege of beauty$
That it had "o'er to countermand all duty.L
It ca"ti#ates the #ery gods themsel#es$ _Morosiora numina_$
;?/?CG ------L3eus i"se deorum
7actus ob hanc formam bos$ e0uus imber olor.L
And those _mali genii_ are ta%en 'ith it$ as ;?/?,GI ha#e already "ro#ed.
_7ormosam arbari #erentur$ et ad s"ectum "ulchrum immanis animus
mansuescit_. (5eliodor. _lib. @._) The barbarians stand in a'e of a fair
'oman$ and at a beautiful as"ect a fierce s"irit is "acified. 7or 'hen as
Troy 'as ta%en$ and the 'ars ended (as :lemens ;?/?=GAle+andrinus 0uotes
out of Euri"ides) angry Menelaus 'ith rage and fury armed$ came 'ith his
s'ord dra'n$ to ha#e %illed 5elen$ 'ith his o'n hands$ as being the sole
cause of all those 'ars and miseries& but 'hen he sa' her fair face$ as one
amazed at her di#ine beauty$ he let his 'ea"on fall$ and embraced her
besides$ he had no "o'er to stri%e so s'eet a creature. _Ergo habetantur
enses "ulchritudine_$ the edge of a shar" s'ord (as the saying is) is
dulled 'ith a beautiful as"ect$ and se#erity itself is o#ercome. 5i"erides
the orator$ 'hen Phryne his client 'as accused at Athens for her le'dness$
used no other defence in her cause$ but tearing her u""er garment$
disclosed her na%ed breast to the judges$ 'ith 'hich comeliness of her body
and amiable gesture they 'ere so mo#ed and astonished$ that they did ac0uit
her forth'ith$ and let her go. 2 noble "iece of justiceO mine author
e+claims& and 'ho is he that 'ould not rather lose his seat and robes$
forfeit his office$ than gi#e sentence against the majesty of beautyN 9uch
"rerogati#es ha#e fair "ersons$ and they alone are free from danger.
Partheno"aeus 'as so lo#ely and fair$ that 'hen he fought in the Theban
'ars$ if his face had been by chance bare$ no enemy 'ould offer to stri%e
at or hurt him$ such immunities hath beauty. easts themsel#es are mo#ed
'ith it. 9inalda 'as a 'oman of such e+cellent feature$ ;?/?.Gand a 0ueen$
that 'hen she 'as to be trodden on by 'ild horses for a "unishment$ Lthe
'ild beasts stood in admiration of her "erson$L (9a+o Grammaticus _lib. /.
3an. hist._) Land 'ould not hurt her.L 4herefore did that royal #irgin in
;?/??GA"uleius$ 'hen she fled from the thie#es! den$ in a desert$ ma%e such
an a"ostro"he to her ass on 'hom she rode< (for 'hat %ne' she to the
contrary$ but that he 'as an assN) _9i me "arentibus et "roco formoso
reddideris$ 0uas$ tibi gratias$ 0uos honores habebo$ 0uos cibos e+hibebo_N
;?/?@G9he 'ould comb him$ dress him$ feed him$ and tric% him e#ery day
herself$ and he should 'or% no more$ toil no more$ but rest and "lay$ Fc.
And besides she 'ould ha#e a dainty "icture dra'n$ in "er"etual
remembrance$ a #irgin riding u"on an ass!s bac% 'ith this motto$ _Asino
#ectore regia #irgo fugiens ca"ti#itatem_< 'hy said she all thisN 'hy did
she ma%e such "romises to a dumb beastN but that she "ercei#ed the "oor ass
to be ta%en 'ith her beauty$ for he did often _obli0uo collo "edes "uellae
decoros basiare_$ %iss her feet as she rode$ _et ad delicatulas #oculas
tentabat adhinnire_$ offer to gi#e consent as much as in him 'as to her
delicate s"eeches$ and besides he had some feeling$ as she concei#ed of her
misery. And 'hy did Theogine!s horse in 5eliodorus ;?/?-Gcur#et$ "rance$
and go so "roudly$ _e+ultans alacriter et su"erbiens_$ Fc.$ but that such
as mine author su""oseth$ he 'as in lo#e 'ith his masterN _di+isses i"sum
e0uum "ulchrum intelligere "ulchram domini fomam_N A fly lighted on ;?/?AG
Malthius! chee% as he lay aslee"< but 'hyN 8ot to hurt him$ as a "arasite
of his$ standing by$ 'ell "ercei#ed$ _non ut "ungeret$ sed ut oscularetur_$
but certainly to %iss him$ as ra#ished 'ith his di#ine loo%s. Inanimate
creatures$ I su""ose$ ha#e a touch of this. 4hen a dro" of ;?/?/GPsyche!s
candle fell on :u"id!s shoulder$ I thin% sure it 'as to %iss it. 4hen Ienus
ran to meet her rose-chee%ed Adonis$ as an elegant ;?/?BG"oet of our!s sets
her out$
------Lthe bushes in the 'ay
9ome catch her nec%$ some %iss her face$
9ome t'ine about her legs to ma%e her stay$
And all did co#et her for to embrace.L
_Aer i"se amore inficitur_$ as 5eliodorus holds$ the air itself is in lo#e&
for 'hen 5ero "laid u"on her lute$
;?/@CG LThe 'anton air in t'enty s'eet forms danc!t
After her fingersL------
and those lasci#ious 'inds stayed 3a"hne 'hen she fled from A"ollo<
;?/@,G ------Lnudabant cor"ora #enti$
2b#ia0ue ad#ersas #ibrabant flamina #estes.L
oreas Ientus lo#ed 5yacinthus$ and 2rithya Ericthons!s daughter of Athens&
_#i ra"uit_$ Fc. he too% her a'ay by force$ as she 'as "laying 'ith other
'enches at Ilissus$ and begat >etes and Galias his t'o sons of her. That
seas and 'aters are enamoured 'ith this our beauty$ is all out as li%ely as
that of the air and 'inds< for 'hen *eander s'am in the 5elles"ont$ 8e"tune
'ith his trident did beat do'n the 'a#es$ but
LThey still mounted u" intending to ha#e %iss!d him.
And fell in dro"s li%e tears because they missed him.L
The ;?/@=Gri#er Al"heus 'as in lo#e 'ith Arethusa$ as she tells the tale
herself$
;?/@.G ------L#irides0ue manu siccata ca"illos$
7luminis Al"hei #eteres recita#it amores<
Pars ego 8ym"harum$L Fc.
4hen our Thame and Isis meet
;?/@?G L2scula mille sonant$ conne+u brachia "allent$
Mutua0ue e+"licitis connectunt colla lacertis.L
Inachus and Pineus$ and ho' many lo#ing ri#ers can I rec%on u"$ 'hom beauty
hath enthralledO I say nothing all this 'hile of idols themsel#es that ha#e
committed idolatry in this %ind$ of loo%ing-glasses$ that ha#e been ra"t in
lo#e (if you 'ill belie#e ;?/@@G"oets)$ 'hen their ladies and mistresses
loo%ed on to dress them.
LEt si non habeo sensum$ tua gratia sensum
E+hibet$ et calidi sentio amoris onus.
3irigis huc 0uoties s"ectantia lumina$ flamma
9uccendunt ino"i saucia membra mihi.L
LThough I no sense at all of feeling ha#e.
Eet your s'eet loo%s do animate and sa#e<
And 'hen your s"ea%ing eyes do this 'ay turn$
Methin%s my 'ounded members li#e and burn.L
I could tell you such another story of a s"indle that 'as fired by a fair
lady!s ;?/@-Gloo%s$ or fingers$ some say$ I %no' not 'ell 'hether$ but
fired it 'as by re"ort$ and of a cold bath that suddenly smo%ed$ and 'as
#ery hot 'hen na%ed :oelia came into it$ _Miramur 0uis sit tantus et unde
#a"or_$ ;?/@AGFc. ut of all the tales in this %ind$ that is the most
memorable of ;?/@/G3eath himself$ 'hen he should ha#e struc%en a s'eet
young #irgin 'ith his dart$ he fell in lo#e 'ith the object. Many more such
could I relate 'hich are to be belie#ed 'ith a "oetical faith. 9o dumb and
dead creatures dote$ but men are mad$ stu"efied many times at the first
sight of beauty$ amazed$ ;?/@BGas that fisherman in Aristaenetus that s"ied
a maid bathing herself by the seaside$
;?/-CG L9oluta mihi sunt omnia membra--
A ca"ite ad calcem. sensus0ue omnis "eriit
3e "ectore$ tam immensus stu"or animam in#asit mihi.L
And as ;?/-,G*ucian$ in his images$ confesses of himself$ that he 'as at
his mistress!s "resence #oid of all sense$ immo#able$ as if he had seen a
Gorgon!s head& 'hich 'as no such cruel monster (as ;?/-=G:oelius inter"rets
it$ _lib. .. ca". B._)$ Lbut the #ery 0uintessence of beauty$L some fair
creature$ as 'ithout doubt the "oet understood in the first fiction of it$
at 'hich the s"ectators 'ere amazed. ;?/-.G_Miseri 0uibus intentata nites_$
"oor 'retches are com"elled at the #ery sight of her ra#ishing loo%s to run
mad$ or ma%e a'ay 'ith themsel#es.
;?/-?G LThey 'ait the sentence of her scornful eyes<
And 'hom she fa#ours li#es$ the other dies.L
?/-@G5eliodorus$ _lib. ,._ brings in Thyamis almost besides himself$ 'hen
he sa' :hariclia first$ and not daring to loo% u"on her a second time$ Lfor
he thought it im"ossible for any man li#ing to see her and contain
himself.L The #ery fame of beauty 'ill fetch them to it many miles off
(such an attracti#e "o'er this loadstone hath)$ and they 'ill seem but
short$ they 'ill underta%e any toil or trouble$ ;?/--Glong journeys. Penia
or Atalanta shall not o#ergo them$ through seas$ deserts$ mountains$ and
dangerous "laces$ as they did to gaze on Psyche& Lmany mortal men came far
and near to see that glorious object of her age$L Paris for 5elena$ :orebus
to Troja.
------LIllis Trojam 0ui forte diebus
Ienerat insano :assandrae insensus amore.L
L'ho inflamed 'ith a #iolent "assion for :assandra$ ha""ened then to be in
Troy.L 6ing Dohn of 7rance$ once "risoner in England$ came to #isit his old
friends again$ crossing the seas< but the truth is$ his coming 'as to see
the :ountess of 9alisbury$ the non"areil of those times$ and his dear
mistress. That infernal God Pluto came from hell itself$ to steal
Proser"ine< Achilles left all his friends for Poli+ena!s sa%e$ his enemy!s
daughter< and all the ;?/-AGGraecian gods forsoo% their hea#enly mansions
for that fair lady$ Philo 3ioneus daughter!s sa%e$ the "aragon of Greece in
those days< _ea enim #enustate fuit$ ut eam certatim omnes dii conjugem
e+"eterent_& Lfor she 'as of such sur"assing beauty$ that all the gods
contended for her lo#e.L ;?/-/G_7ormosa di#is im"erat "uella_. LThe
beautiful maid commands the gods.L They 'ill not only come to see$ but as a
falcon ma%es a hungry ha'% ho#er about$ follo'$ gi#e attendance and
ser#ice$ s"end goods$ li#es$ and all their fortunes to attain<
L4ere beauty under t'enty loc%s %e"t fast$
Eet lo#e brea%s through$ and "ic%s them all at last.L
4hen fair ;?/-BG5ero came abroad$ the eyes$ hearts$ and affections of her
s"ectators 'ere still attendant on her.
;?/ACG LEt medios inter #ultus su"ereminet omnes$
Per0ue urbem as"iciunt #enientem numinis instar.L
;?/A,G L9o far abo#e the rest fair 5ero shined.
And stole a'ay the enchanted gazer!s mind.L
;?/A=G4hen Peter Aretine!s *ucretia came first to 1ome$ and that the fame
of her beauty$ _ad urbanarum deliciarum sectatores #enerat$ nemo non ad
#idendam eam_$ Fc. 'as s"read abroad$ they came in (as they say) thic% and
threefold to see her$ and ho#ered about her gates$ as they did of old to
*ais of :orinth$ and Phryne of Thebes$ ;?/A.G_Ad cujus jacuit Graecia tota
fores_$ Lat 'hose gates lay all Greece.L ;?/A?GLE#ery man sought to get her
lo#e$ some 'ith gallant and costly a""arel$ some 'ith an affected "ace$
some 'ith music$ others 'ith rich gifts$ "leasant discourse$ multitude of
follo'ers< others 'ith letters$ #o's$ and "romises$ to commend themsel#es$
and to be gracious in her eyes.L 5a""y 'as he that could see her$ thrice
ha""y that enjoyed her com"any. :harmides ;?/A@Gin Plato 'as a "ro"er young
man in comeliness of "erson$ Land all good 0ualities$ far e+ceeding others<
'hensoe#er fair :harmides came abroad$ they seemed all to be in lo#e 'ith
himL (as :ritias describes their carriage)$ Land 'ere troubled at the #ery
sight of him< many came near him$ many follo'ed him 'heresoe#er he 'ent$L
as those ;?/A-G_formarum s"ectatores_ did Acontius$ if at any time he
'al%ed abroad& the Athenian lasses stared on Alcibiades< 9a""ho and the
Mitilenean 'omen on Phaon the fair. 9uch lo#ely sights do not only "lease$
entice$ but ra#ish and amaze. :leonimus$ a delicate and tender youth$
"resent at a feast 'hich Androcles his uncle made in Piraeo at Athens$ 'hen
he sacrificed to Mercury$ so stu"efied the guests$ 3ineas$ Aristi""us$
Agasthenes$ and the rest (as :haridemus in ;?/AAG*ucian relates it)$ that
they could not eat their meat$ they sat all su""er time gazing$ glancing at
him$ stealing loo%s$ and admiring of his beauty. Many 'ill condemn these
men that are so enamoured$ for fools< but some again commend them for it<
many reject Paris!s judgment$ and yet *ucian a""ro#es of it$ admiring Paris
for his choice< he 'ould ha#e done as much himself$ and by good desert in
his mind& beauty is to be "referred ;?/A/GLbefore 'ealth or 'isdom.L
;?/ABGAthenaeus _3ei"noso"hist$ lib. ,.. ca". A_$ holds it not such
indignity for the Trojans and Gree%s to contend ten years$ to s"end so much
labour$ lose so many men!s li#es for 5elen!s sa%e$ ;?//CGfor so fair a
lady!s sa%e$
L2b talem u+orem cui "raestantissima forma$
8il mortale refert.L
That one 'oman 'as 'orth a %ingdom$ a hundred thousand other 'omen$ a 'orld
itself. 4ell might ;?//,G9ter"sichores be blind for car"ing at so fair a
creature$ and a just "unishment it 'as. The same testimony gi#es 5omer of
the old men of Troy$ that 'ere s"ectators of that single combat bet'een
Paris and Menelaus at the 9eian gate$ 'hen 5elen stood in "resence< they
said all$ the 'ar 'as 'orthily "rolonged and underta%en ;?//=Gfor her sa%e.
The #ery gods themsel#es (as 5omer and ;?//.GIsocrates record) fought more
for 5elen$ than they did against the giants. 4hen ;?//?GIenus lost her son
:u"id$ she made "roclamation by Mercury$ that he that could bring tidings
of him should ha#e se#en %isses< a noble re'ard some say$ and much better
than so many golden talents< se#en such %isses to many men 'ere more
"recious than se#en cities$ or so many "ro#inces. 2ne such a %iss alone
'ould reco#er a man if he 'ere a dying$ ;?//@G_9ua#iolum 9tygia sic te de
#alle reducet_$ Fc. Great Ale+ander married 1o+anne$ a "oor man!s child$
only for her "erson. ;?//-G!T'as 'ell done of Ale+ander$ and heroically
done< I admire him for it. 2rlando 'as mad for Angelica$ and 'ho doth not
condole his misha"N Thisbe died for Pyramus$ 3ido for Aeneas< 'ho doth not
'ee"$ as (before his con#ersion) ;?//AGAustin did in commiseration of her
estateO she died for him< Lmethin%sL (as he said) LI could die for her.L
ut this is not the matter in hand< 'hat "rerogati#e this beauty hath$ of
'hat "o'er and so#ereignty it is$ and ho' far such "ersons that so much
admire$ and dote u"on it$ are to be justified< no man doubts of these
matters< the 0uestion is$ ho' and by 'hat means beauty "roduceth this
effectN y sight& the eye betrays the soul$ and is both acti#e and "assi#e
in this business< it 'ounds and is 'ounded$ is an es"ecial cause and
instrument$ both in the subject and in the object. ;?///GLAs tears$ it
begins in the eyes$ descends to the breast<L it con#eys these beauteous
rays$ as I ha#e said$ unto the heart. _Ht #idi ut "erii._ ;?//BG_Mars #idet
hanc$ #isam0ue cu"it._ 9chechem sa' 3inah the daughter of *eah$ and defiled
her$ Gen. +++i#. .. Dacob$ 1achel$ ++i+. ,A$ Lfor she 'as beautiful and
fair.L 3a#id s"ied athsheba afar off$ = 9am. +i. =. The Elders$ 9usanna$
;?/BCGas that 2rthomenian 9trato sa' fair Aristoclea daughter of
Theo"hanes$ bathing herself at that 5ercyne 'ell in *ebadea$ and 'ere
ca"ti#ated in an instant. _Iiderunt oculi$ ra"uerunt "ectora flammae_<
Ammon fell sic% for Thamar!s sa%e$ = 9am. +iii. =. The beauty of Esther 'as
such$ that she found fa#our not only in the sight of Ahasuerus$ Lbut of all
those that loo%ed u"on her.L Gerson$ 2rigen$ and some others$ contended
that :hrist himself 'as the fairest of the sons of men$ and Dose"h ne+t
unto him$ _s"eciosus "rae filiis hominum_$ and they 'ill ha#e it literally
ta%en< his #ery "erson 'as such$ that he found grace and fa#our of all
those that loo%ed u"on him. Dose"h 'as so fair$ that$ as the ordinary gloss
hath it$ _filiae decurrerent "er murum$ et ad fenestras_$ they ran to the
to" of the 'alls and to the 'indo's to gaze on him$ as 'e do commonly to
see some great "ersonage go by& and so Matthe' Paris describes Matilda the
Em"ress going through :ullen. ;?/B,GP. Morales the Desuit saith as much of
the Iirgin Mary. Antony no sooner sa' :leo"atra$ but$ saith A""ian$ _lib.
,_$ he 'as enamoured of her. ;?/B=GTheseus at the first sight of 5elen 'as
so besotted$ that he esteemed himself the ha""iest man in the 'orld if he
might enjoy her$ and to that "ur"ose %neeled do'n$ and made his "athetical
"rayers unto the gods. ;?/B.G:haricles$ by chance$ es"ying that curious
"icture of smiling Ienus na%ed in her tem"le$ stood a great 'hile gazing$
as one amazed< at length$ he bra%e into that mad "assionate s"eech$ L2
fortunate god Mars$ that 'ast bound in chains$ and made ridiculous for her
sa%eOL 5e could not contain himself$ but %issed her "icture$ I %no' not ho'
oft$ and heartily desired to be so disgraced as Mars 'as. And 'hat did he
that his betters had not done before himN
;?/B?G ------Lat0ue ali0uis de diis non tristibus o"tat
9ic fieri tur"isL------
4hen Ienus came first to hea#en$ her comeliness 'as such$ that (as mine
author saith) ;?/B@GLall the gods came floc%ing about$ and saluted her$
each of them 'ent to Du"iter$ and desired he might ha#e her to be his
'ife.L 4hen fair ;?/B-GAntilochus came in "resence$ as a candle in the dar%
his beauty shined$ all men!s eyes (as Jeno"hon describes the manner of it)
L'ere instantly fi+ed on him$ and mo#ed at the sight$ insomuch that they
could not conceal themsel#es$ but in gesture or loo%s it 'as discerned and
e+"ressed.L Those other senses$ hearing$ touching$ may much "enetrate and
affect$ but none so much$ none so forcible as sight. _7orma riseis mediis
in armis mo#it Achillem_$ Achilles 'as mo#ed in the midst of a battle by
fair riseis$ Aja+ by Tecmessa< Dudith ca"ti#ated that great :a"tain
5olofernes& 3alilah$ 9amson< 1osamund$ ;?/BAG5enry the 9econd< 1o+olana$
9uleiman the Magnificent$ Fc.
;?/B/G L;Gree%& ni%a de %ai sidaeron
%ai "ur %alae tis ousa.GL
LA fair 'oman o#ercomes fire and s'ord.L
;?/BBG L8ought under hea#en so strongly doth allure
The sense of man and all his mind "ossess$
As beauty!s lo#eliest bait$ that doth "rocure
Great 'arriors erst their rigour to su""ress$
And mighty hands forget their manliness$
3ri#en 'ith the "o'er of an heart-burning eye$
And la"t in flo'ers of a golden tress.
That can 'ith melting "leasure mollify
Their harden!d hearts inur!d to cruelty.L
;?BCCG:liti"hon ingenuously confesseth$ that he no sooner came in
*euci""e!s "resence$ but that he did _corde tremere$ et oculis lasci#ius
intueri_< ;?BC,Ghe 'as 'ounded at the first sight$ his heart "anted$ and he
could not "ossibly turn his eyes from her. 9o doth :alysiris in 5eliodorus$
_lib. =._ Isis Priest$ a re#erend old man$ com"lain$ 'ho by chance at
Mem"his seeing that Thracian 1odo"he$ might not hold his eyes off her&
;?BC=GLI 'ill not conceal it$ she o#ercame me 'ith her "resence$ and 0uite
assaulted my continency 'hich I had %e"t unto mine old age< I resisted a
long time my bodily eyes 'ith the eyes of my understanding< at last I 'as
con0uered$ and as in a tem"est carried headlong.L ;?BC.G Jeno"hiles$ a
"hiloso"her$ railed at 'omen do'nright for many years together$ scorned$
hated$ scoffed at them< coming at last into 3a"hnis a fair maid!s com"any
(as he condoles his misha" to his friend 3emaritis)$ though free before$
_Intactus nullis ante cu"idinibus_$ 'as far in lo#e$ and 0uite o#ercome
u"on a sudden. _Iictus sum fateor a 3a"hnide_$ Fc. I confess I am ta%en$
;?BC?G L9ola haec infle+it sensus$ animum0ue labentem
Im"ulitL------
I could hold out no longer. 9uch another misha"$ but 'orse$ had 9tratocles
the "hysician$ that blear-eyed old man$ _muco "lenus_ (so ;?BC@GProdromus
describes him)< he 'as a se#ere 'oman!s-hater all his life$ _foeda et
contumeliosa sem"er in faeminas "rofatus_$ a bitter "ersecutor of the 'hole
se+$ _humanas as"ides et #i"eras a""ellabat_$ he fors'ore them all still$
and moc%ed them 'heresoe#er he came$ in such #ile terms$ _ut matrem et
sorores odisses_$ that if thou hadst heard him$ thou 'ouldst ha#e loathed
thine o'n mother and sisters for his 'ord!s sa%e. Eet this old doting fool
'as ta%en at last 'ith that celestial and di#ine loo% of Myrilla$ the
daughter of Anticles the gardener$ that smir%ing 'ench$ that he sha#ed off
his bushy beard$ "ainted his face$ ;?BC-Gcurled his hair$ 'ore a laurel
cro'n to co#er his bald "ate$ and for her lo#e besides 'as ready to run
mad. 7or the #ery day that he married he 'as so furious$ _ut solis occasum
minus e+"ectare "osset_ (a terrible$ a monstrous long day)$ he could not
stay till it 'as night$ _sed omnibus insalutatis in thalamum festinans
irru"it_$ the meat scarce out of his mouth$ 'ithout any lea#e ta%ing$ he
'ould needs go "resently to bed. 4hat young man$ therefore$ if old men be
so intem"erate$ can secure himselfN 4ho can say I 'ill not be ta%en 'ith a
beautiful objectN I can$ I 'ill contain. 8o$ saith ;?BCAG*ucian of his
mistress$ she is so fair$ that if thou dost but see her$ she 'ill stu"efy
thee$ %ill thee straight$ and$ Medusa li%e$ turn thee to a stone< thou
canst not "ull thine eyes from her$ but$ as an adamant doth iron$ she 'ill
carry thee bound headlong 'hither she 'ill herself$ infect thee li%e a
basilis%. It holds both in men and 'omen. 3ido 'as amazed at Aeneas!
"resence< _2bstu"uit "rimo as"ectu 9idonia 3ido_< and as he feelingly
#erified out of his e+"erience<
;?BC/G LKuam ego "ost0uam #idi$ non ita ama#i ut sani solent
5omines$ sed eodem "acto ut insani solent.L
LI lo#!d her not as others soberly$
ut as a madman rageth$ so did I.L
9o Museus of *eander$ _nus0uam lumen detor0uet ab illa_< and ;?BCBG:haucer
of Palamon$
_5e cast his eye u"on Emilia$
And there'ith he blent and cried ha$ ha$
As though he had been stro%e unto the hearta_.
If you desire to %no' more "articularly 'hat this beauty is$ ho' it doth
_Influere_$ ho' it doth fascinate (for$ as all hold$ lo#e is a
fascination)$ thus in brief. ;?B,CGLThis comeliness or beauty ariseth from
the due "ro"ortion of the 'hole$ or from each se#eral "art.L 7or an e+act
delineation of 'hich$ I refer you to "oets$ historiogra"hers$ and those
amorous 'riters$ to *ucian!s Images$ and :haridemus$ Jeno"hon!s descri"tion
of Panthea$ Petronius :atalectes$ 5eliodorus :hariclia$ Tacius *euci""e$
*ongus 9o"hista!s 3a"hnis and :hloe$ Theodorus Prodromus his 1hodanthes$
Aristaenetus and Philostratus E"istles$ althazar :astilio$ _lib. ?. de
aulico._ *aurentius$ _ca". ,C$ de melan._ Aeneas 9yl#ius his *ucretia$ and
e#ery "oet almost$ 'hich ha#e most accurately described a "erfect beauty$
an absolute feature$ and that through e#ery member$ both in men and 'omen.
Each "art must concur to the "erfection of it< for as 9eneca saith$ _E".
... lib. ?._ _8on est formosa mulier cujus crus laudatur et brachium$ sed
illa cujus simul uni#ersa facies admirationem singulis "artibus dedit_<
Lshe is no fair 'oman$ 'hose arm$ thigh$ Fc. are commended$ e+ce"t the face
and all the other "arts be corres"ondent.L And the face es"ecially gi#es a
lustre to the rest& the face is it that commonly denominates a fair or
foul& _ar+ formae facies_$ the face is beauty!s to'er< and though the other
"arts be deformed$ yet a good face carries it (_facies non u+or amatur_)
that alone is most "art res"ected$ "rinci"ally #alued$ _deliciis suis
fero+_$ and of itself able to ca"ti#ate.
;?B,,G LHrit te Glycerae nitor$
Hrit grata "roter#itas$
Et #ultus nimium lubricus as"ici.L
LGlycera!s too fair a face 'as it that set him on fire$ too fine to be
beheld.L 4hen ;?B,=G:haerea sa' the singing 'ench!s s'eet loo%s$ he 'as so
ta%en$ that he cried out$ _2 faciem "ulchram$ deleo omnes dehinc e+ animo
mulieres$ taedet 0uotidianarum harum formarumO_ L2 fair face$ I!ll ne#er
lo#e any but her$ loo% on any other hereafter but her< I am 'eary of these
ordinary beauties$ a'ay 'ith them.L The more he sees her$ the 'orse he
is$--_urit0ue #idendo_$ as in a burning-glass$ the sunbeams are
re-collected to a centre$ the rays of lo#e are "rojected from her eyes. It
'as Aeneas!s countenance ra#ished Kueen 3ido$ _2s humeros0ue 3eo similis_$
he had an angelical face.
;?B,.G L2 sacros #ultus accho #el A"olline dignos$
Kuos #ir$ 0uos tuto foemina nulla #idetOL
------L2 sacred loo%s$ befitting majesty$
4hich ne#er mortal 'ight could safely see.L
Although for the greater "art this beauty be most eminent in the face$ yet
many times those other members yield a most "leasing grace$ and are alone
sufficient to enamour. A high bro' li%e unto the bright hea#ens$ _coeli
"ulcherrima "laga$ 7rons ubi #i#it honor$ frons ubi ludit amor_$ 'hite and
smooth li%e the "olished alabaster$ a "air of chee%s of #ermilion colour$
in 'hich lo#e lodgeth< ;?B,?G_Amor 0ui mollibus genis "uellae "ernoctas_& a
coral li"$ _sua#iorum delubrum_$ in 'hich _asia mille "atent$ basia mille
latent_$ LA thousand a""ear$ as many are concealed<L _gratiarum sedes
gratissima_< a s'eet-smelling flo'er$ from 'hich bees may gather honey$
;?B,@G_Mellilegae #olucres 0uid adhuc ca#a thyma rosas0ue_$ Fc.
L2mnes ad dominae labra #enite meae$
Illa rosas s"irat$L Fc.
A 'hite and round nec%$ that _#ia lactea_$ dim"le in the chin$ blac%
eyebro's$ _:u"idinis arcus_$ s'eet breath$ 'hite and e#en teeth$ 'hich some
call the sale"iece$ a fine soft round "a"$ gi#es an e+cellent grace$
;?B,-G_Kuale decus tumidis Pario de marmore mammisO_ ;?B,AGand ma%e a
"leasant #alley _lacteum sinum_$ bet'een t'o chal%y hills$ _9ororiantes
"a"illulas$ et ad "ruritum frigidos amatores solo as"ectu e+citantes. Hnde
is$ ;?B,/G7orma "a"illarum 0uam fuit a"ta "remiO_--Again _Hrebant oculos
durae stantes0ue mamillae_. A fla+en hair< golden hair 'as e#en in great
account$ for 'hich Iirgil commends 3ido$ _8ondum sustulerat fla#um
Proser"inina crinem$ Et crines nodantur in aurum_. A"ollonius (_Argonaut.
lib. ?._ _Dasonis fla#a coma incendit cor Medeae_) 'ill ha#e Dason!s golden
hair to be the main cause of Medea!s dotage on him. :astor and Pollu+ 'ere
both yello' haired. Paris$ Menelaus$ and most amorous young men$ ha#e been
such in all ages$ _molles ac sua#es_$ as a"tista Porta infers$ ;?B,BG
_Physiog. lib. =._ lo#ely to behold. 5omer so commends 5elen$ ma%es
Patroclus and Achilles both yello' haired& Pulchricoma Ienus$ and :u"id
himself 'as yello' haired$ _in aurum coruscante et cris"ante ca"illo_$ li%e
that neat "icture of 8arcissus in :allistratus< for so ;?B=CGPsyche s"ied
him aslee"$ riseis$ Poli+ena$ Fc. _fla#icomae omnes_$
------Land 5ero the fair$
4hom young A"ollo courted for her hair.L
*eland commends Guithera$ %ing Arthur!s 'ife$ for a fla+en hair& so Paulus
Aemilius sets out :lode#eus$ that lo#ely %ing of 7rance. ;?B=,G9ynesius
holds e#ery effeminate fello' or adulterer is fair haired& and A"uleius
adds that Ienus herself$ goddess of lo#e$ cannot delight$ ;?B==GLthough she
come accom"anied 'ith the graces$ and all :u"id!s train to attend u"on her$
girt 'ith her o'n girdle$ and smell of cinnamon and balm$ yet if she be
bald or badhaired$ she cannot "lease her Iulcan.L 4hich beli%e ma%es our
Ienetian ladies at this day to counterfeit yello' hair so much$ great 'omen
to calamistrate and curl it u"$ _#ibrantes ad gratiam crines$ et tot
orbibus in ca"ti#itatem fle+os_$ to adorn their heads 'ith s"angles$
"earls$ and made-flo'ers< and all courtiers to effect a "leasing grace in
this %ind. In a 'ord$ ;?B=.GLthe hairs are :u"id!s nets$ to catch all
comers$ a brushy 'ood$ in 'hich :u"id builds his nest$ and under 'hose
shado' all lo#es a thousand se#eral 'ays s"ort themsel#es.L
A little soft hand$ "retty little mouth$ small$ fine$ long fingers$
_Gratiae 0uae digitis_ --!tis that 'hich A"ollo did admire in
3a"hne$--_laudat digitos0ue manus0ue_< a straight and slender body$ a small
foot$ and 'ell-"ro"ortioned leg$ hath an e+cellent lustre$ ;?B=?G_:ui totum
incumbit cor"us uti fundamento aedes_. :learchus #o'ed to his friend
Amyander in ;?B=@GAristaenetus$ that the most attracti#e "art in his
mistress$ to ma%e him lo#e and li%e her first$ 'as her "retty leg and foot&
a soft and 'hite s%in$ Fc. ha#e their "eculiar graces$ ;?B=-G_8ebula haud
est mollior ac hujus cutis est$ aedi"ol "a"illam bellulam_. Though in men
these "arts are not so much res"ected< a grim 9aracen sometimes$--_nudus
membra Pyracmon_$ a martial hirsute face "leaseth best< a blac% man is a
"earl in a fair 'oman!s eye$ and is as acce"table as ;?B=AGlame Iulcan 'as
to Ienus< for he being a s'eaty fuliginous blac%smith$ 'as dearly belo#ed
of her$ 'hen fair A"ollo$ nimble Mercury 'ere rejected$ and the rest of the
s'eet-faced gods forsa%en. Many 'omen (as Petronius ;?B=/Gobser#es)
_sordibus calent_ (as many men are more mo#ed 'ith %itchen 'enches$ and a
"oor mar%et maid$ than all these illustrious court and city dames) 'ill
sooner dote u"on a sla#e$ a ser#ant$ a dirt dauber$ a brontes$ a coo%$ a
"layer$ if they see his na%ed legs or arms$ _thorosa0ue brachia_$
;?B=BGFc.$ li%e that huntsman Meleager in Philostratus$ though he be all in
rags$ obscene and dirty$ besmeared li%e a ruddleman$ a gi"sy$ or a
chimney-s'ee"er$ than u"on a noble gallant$ 8ireus$ E"hestion$ Alcibiades$
or those embroidered courtiers full of sil% and gold. ;?B.CGDustine!s 'ife$
a citizen of 1ome$ fell in lo#e 'ith Pylades a "layer$ and 'as ready to run
mad for him$ had not Galen himself hel"ed her by chance. 7austina the
em"ress doted on a fencer.
8ot one of a thousand falls in lo#e$ but there is some "eculiar "art or
other 'hich "leaseth most$ and inflames him abo#e the rest. ;?B.,GA com"any
of young "hiloso"hers on a time fell at #ariance$ 'hich "art of a 'oman 'as
most desirable and "leased bestN some said the forehead$ some the teeth$
some the eyes$ chee%s$ li"s$ nec%$ chin$ Fc.$ the contro#ersy 'as referred
to *ais of :orinth to decide< but she$ smiling$ said$ they 'ere a com"any
of fools< for su""ose they had her 'here they 'ished$ 'hat 'ould they
;?B.=Gfirst see%N Eet this not'ithstanding I do easily grant$ _ne0ue 0uis
#estrum nega#erit o"inor_$ all "arts are attracti#e$ but es"ecially
;?B..Gthe eyes$ ;?B.?G
------L#idet igne micantes$
9ideribus similes oculosL------
'hich are lo#e!s fo'lers< ;?B.@G_aucu"ium amoris_$ the shoeing horns$ Lthe
hoo%s of lo#eL (as Arandus 'ill) Lthe guides$ touchstone$ judges$ that in a
moment cure mad men$ and ma%e sound fol%s mad$ the 'atchmen of the body<
'hat do they notNL 5o' #e+ they notN All this is true$ and ('hich Athaeneus
_lib. ,.. di". ca". @._ and Tatius hold) they are the chief seats of lo#e$
and Dames *ernutius ;?B.-Ghath facetely e+"ressed in an elegant ode of his$
LAmorem ocellis flammeolis herae
Iidi insidentem$ credite "osteri$
7ratres0ue circum ludibundos
:um "haretra #olitare et arcu$L Fc.
LI sa' *o#e sitting in my mistress! eyes
9"ar%ling$ belie#e it all "osterity$
And his attendants "laying round about
4ith bo' and arro's ready for to fly.L
9caliger calls the eyes$ ;?B.AGL:u"id!s arro's< the tongue$ the lightning
of lo#e< the "a"s$ the tents&L ;?B./Galthazar :astilio$ the causes$ the
chariots$ the lam"s of lo#e$
------Laemula lumina stellis$
*umina 0uae "ossent sollicitare deos.L
LEyes emulating stars in light$
Enticing gods at the first sight<L
*o#e!s orators$ Petronius.
L2 blandos oculos$ et o facetos$
Et 0uadam "ro"ria nota lo0uaces
Illic est Ienus$ et le#es amores$
At0ue i"sa in medio sedet #olu"tas.L
L2 s'eet and "retty s"ea%ing eyes$
4here Ienus$ lo#e$ and "leasure lies.L
*o#e!s torches$ touch-bo+$ na"htha and matches$ ;?B.BGTibullus.
LIllius e+ oculis 0uum #ult e+urere di#os$
Accendit geminas lam"ades acer amor.L
LTart *o#e 'hen he 'ill set the gods on fire$
*ightens the eyes as torches to desire.L
*eander$ at the first sight of 5ero!s eyes$ 'as incensed$ saith Musaeus.
L9imul in ;?B?CGoculorum radiis crescebat fa+ amorum$
Et cor fer#ebat in#ecti ignis im"etu<
Pulchritudo enim :elebris immaculatae foeminae$
Acutior hominibus est #eloci sagitta.
2culos #ero #ia est$ ab oculi ictibus
Iulnus dilabitur$ et in "raecordia #iri manat.L
L*o#e!s torches !gan to burn first in her eyes.
And set his heart on fire 'hich ne#er dies&
7or the fair beauty of a #irgin "ure
Is shar"er than a dart$ and doth inure
A dee"er 'ound$ 'hich "ierceth to the heart
y the eyes$ and causeth such a cruel smart.L
;?B?,GA modern "oet brings in Amnon com"laining of Thamar$
------Let me fascino
2ccidit ille risus et formae le"os$
Ille nitor$ illa gratia$ et #erus decor$
Illae aemulantes "ur"uram$ et ;?B?=Grosas genae$
2culi0ue #inctae0ue aureo nodo comae.L------
LIt 'as thy beauty$ !t'as thy "leasing smile$
Thy grace and comeliness did me beguile<
Thy rose-li%e chee%s$ and unto "ur"le fair
Thy lo#ely eyes and golden %notted hair.L
;?B?.GPhilostratus *emnius cries out on his mistress!s basilis% eyes$
_ardentes faces_$ those t'o burning-glasses$ they had so inflamed his soul$
that no 'ater could 0uench it. L4hat a tyrannyL (saith he)$ L'hat a
"enetration of bodies is thisO thou dra'est 'ith #iolence$ and s'allo'est
me u"$ as :harybdis doth sailors 'ith thy roc%y eyes& he that falls into
this gulf of lo#e$ can ne#er get out.L *et this be the corollary then$ the
strongest beams of beauty are still darted from the eyes.
;?B??G L8am 0uis lumina tanta$ tanta
Posset luminibus suis tueri$
8on statim tre"idans0ue$ "al"itans0ue$
Prae desiderii aestuantis auraNL Fc.
L7or 'ho such eyes 'ith his can see$
And not forth'ith enamour!d beOL
And as men catch dotterels by "utting out a leg or an arm$ 'ith those
mutual glances of the eyes they first in#eigle one another. ;?B?@G_:ynthia
"rima suis miserum me$ ce"it ocellis_. 2f all eyes (by the 'ay) blac% are
most amiable$ enticing and fairer$ 'hich the "oet obser#es in commending of
his mistress. ;?B?-G_9"ectandum nigris oculis$ nigro0ue ca"illo_$ 'hich
5esiod admires in his Alemena$
;?B?AG L:ujus a #ertice ac nigricantibus oculis$
Tale 0uiddam s"iral ac ab aurea Ienere.L
L7rom her blac% eyes$ and from her golden face
As if from Ienus came a lo#ely grace.L
and ;?B?/GTriton in his Milaene--_nigra oculos formosa mihi_. ;?B?BG5omer
useth that e"ithet of o+-eyed$ in describing Duno$ because a round blac%
eye is the best$ the son of beauty$ and farthest from blac% the 'orse&
'hich ;?B@CGPolydore Iirgil ta+eth in our nation& _Angli ut "lurimum
caesiis oculis_$ 'e ha#e grey eyes for the most "art. a"tisma Porta$
_Physiognom. lib. .._ "uts grey colour u"on children$ they be childish
eyes$ dull and hea#y. Many commend on the other side 9"anish ladies$ and
those ;?B@,GGree% dames at this day$ for the blac%ness of their eyes$ as
Porta doth his 8ea"olitan young 'i#es. 9uetonius describes Dulius :aesar to
ha#e been _nigris #egetis0ue oculis micantibus_$ of a blac% 0uic% s"ar%ling
eye& and although A#erroes in his :olliget 'ill ha#e such "ersons timorous$
yet 'ithout 0uestion they are most amorous.
8o' last of all$ I 'ill sho' you by 'hat means beauty doth fascinate$
be'itch$ as some hold$ and 'or% u"on the soul of a man by the eye. 7or
certainly I am of the "oet!s mind$ lo#e doth be'itch and strangely change
us.
;?B@=G L*udit amor sensus$ oculos "erstringit$ et aufert
*ibertatem animi$ mira nos fascinat arte.
:redo ali0uis daemon subiens "raecordia flammam
:oncitat$ et ra"tam tollit de cardine mentem.L
L*o#e moc%s our senses$ curbs our liberties$
And doth be'itch us 'ith his art and rings$
I thin% some de#il gets into our entrails$
And %indles coals$ and hea#es our souls from th!hinges.L
5eliodorus _lib. .._ "ro#es at large$ ;?B@.Gthat lo#e is 'itchcraft$ Lit
gets in at our eyes$ "ores$ nostrils$ engenders the same 0ualities and
affections in us$ as 'ere in the "arty 'hence it came.L The manner of the
fascination$ as 7icinus _,C. ca". com. in Plat._ declares it$ is thus&
LMortal men are then es"ecially be'itched$ 'hen as by often gazing one on
the other$ they direct sight to sight$ join eye to eye$ and so drin% and
suc% in lo#e bet'een them< for the beginning of this disease is the eye.
And therefore he that hath a clear eye$ though he be other'ise deformed$ by
often loo%ing u"on him$ 'ill ma%e one mad$ and tie him fast to him by the
eye.L *eonard. Iarius$ _lib. ,. ca". =. de fascinat._ telleth us$ that by
this inter#ie'$ ;?B@?GLthe "urer s"irits are infected$L the one eye
"ierceth through the other 'ith his rays$ 'hich he sends forth$ and many
men ha#e those e+cellent "iercing eyes$ that$ 'hich 9uetonius relates of
Augustus$ their brightness is such$ they com"el their s"ectators to loo%
off$ and can no more endure them than the sunbeams. ;?B@@Garradius$ _lib.
-. ca". ,C. de 5armonia E#angel._ re"orts as much of our 9a#iour :hrist$
and ;?B@-GPeter Morales of the Iirgin Mary$ 'hom 8ice"horus describes
li%e'ise to ha#e been yello'-haired$ of a 'heat colour$ but of a most
amiable and "iercing eye. The rays$ as some thin%$ sent from the eyes$
carry certain s"iritual #a"ours 'ith them$ and so infect the other "arty$
and that in a moment. I %no'$ they that hold _#isio fit intra mittendo_$
'ill ma%e a doubt of this< but 7icinus "ro#es it from blear-eyes$ ;?B@AG
LThat by sight alone$ ma%e others blear-eyed< and it is more than manifest$
that the #a"our of the corru"t blood doth get in together 'ith the rays$
and so by the contagion the s"ectators! eyes are infected.L 2ther arguments
there are of a basilis%$ that %ills afar off by sight$ as that E"hesian did
of 'hom ;?B@/GPhilostratus s"ea%s$ of so "ernicious an eye$ he "oisoned all
he loo%ed steadily on& and that other argument$ _menstruae faminae_$ out of
Aristotle!s Problems$ _morbosae_ :a"i#accius adds$ and ;?B@BG9e"talius the
commentator$ that contaminate a loo%ing-glass 'ith beholding it. ;?B-CG L9o
the beams that come from the agent!s heart$ by the eyes$ infect the s"irits
about the "atients$ in'ardly 'ound$ and thence the s"irits infect the
blood.L To this effect she com"lained in ;?B-,GA"uleius$ LThou art the
cause of my grief$ thy eyes "iercing through mine eyes to mine inner "arts$
ha#e set my bo'els on fire$ and therefore "ity me that am no' ready to die
for thy sa%e.L 7icinus illustrates this 'ith a familiar e+am"le of that
Marrhusian Phaedrus and Theban *ycias$ ;?B-=GL*ycias he stares on Phaedrus!
face$ and Phaedrus fastens the balls of his eyes u"on *ycias$ and 'ith
those s"ar%ling rays sends out his s"irits. The beams of Phaedrus! eyes are
easily mingled 'ith the beams of *ycias$ and s"irits are joined to s"irits.
This #a"our begot in Phaedrus! heart$ enters into *ycias! bo'els< and that
'hich is a greater 'onder$ Phaedrus! blood is in *ycias! heart$ and thence
come those ordinary lo#e-s"eeches$ my s'eetheart Phaedrus$ and mine o'n
self$ my dear bo'els. And Phaedrus again to *ycias$ 2 my light$ my joy$ my
soul$ my life. Phaedrus follo's *ycias$ because his heart 'ould ha#e his
s"irits$ and *ycias follo's Phaedrus$ because he lo#es the seat of his
s"irits< both follo'< but *ycias the earnester of the t'o& the ri#er hath
more need of the fountain$ than the fountain of the ri#er< as iron is dra'n
to that 'hich is touched 'ith a loadstone$ but dra's not it again< so
*ycias dra's Phaedrus.L ut ho' comes it to "ass then$ that the blind man
lo#es$ that ne#er sa'N 4e read in the *i#es of the 7athers$ a story of a
child that 'as brought u" in the 'ilderness$ from his infancy$ by an old
hermit& no' come to man!s estate$ he sa' by chance t'o comely 'omen
'andering in the 'oods& he as%ed the old man 'hat creatures they 'ere$ he
told him fairies< after a 'hile tal%ing _obiter_$ the hermit demanded of
him$ 'hich 'as the "leasantest sight that e#er he sa' in his lifeN 5e
readily re"lied$ the t'o ;?B-.Gfairies he s"ied in the 'ilderness. 9o that$
'ithout doubt$ there is some secret loadstone in a beautiful 'oman$ a
magnetic "o'er$ a natural inbred affection$ 'hich mo#es our concu"iscence$
and as he sings$
LMethin%s I ha#e a mistress yet to come$
And still I see%$ I lo#e$ I %no' not 'hom.L
!Tis true indeed of natural and chaste lo#e$ but not of this heroical
"assion$ or rather brutish burning lust of 'hich 'e treat< 'e s"ea% of
'andering$ 'anton$ adulterous eyes$ 'hich$ as ;?B-?Ghe saith$ Llie still in
'ait as so many soldiers$ and 'hen they s"y an innocent s"ectator fi+ed on
them$ shoot him through$ and "resently be'itch him& es"ecially 'hen they
shall gaze and gloat$ as 'anton lo#ers do one u"on another$ and 'ith a
"leasant eye-conflict "artici"ate each other!s souls.L 5ence you may
"ercei#e ho' easily and ho' 0uic%ly 'e may be ta%en in lo#e< since at the
t'in%ling of an eye$ Phaedrus! s"irits may so "erniciously infect *ycias!
blood. ;?B-@GL8either is it any 'onder$ if 'e but consider ho' many other
diseases closely$ and as suddenly are caught by infection$ "lague$ itch$
scabs$ flu+$L Fc. The s"irits ta%en in$ 'ill not let him rest that hath
recei#ed them$ but egg him on. ;?B--G_Id0ue "etit cor"us mens unde est
saucia amore_< and 'e may manifestly "ercei#e a strange eduction of
s"irits$ by such as bleed at nose after they be dead$ at the "resence of
the murderer< but read more of this in *emnius$ _lib. =. de occult. nat.
mir. ca". A._ Ialleriola _lib. =. obser#. ca". A._ Ialesius _contro#._
7icinus$ :ardan$ *iba#ius _de cruentis cada#eribus_$ Fc.
9H9E:T. III.--_Artificial allurements of *o#e$ :auses and Pro#ocations to
*ust< Gestures$ :lothes$ 3o'er$ Fc._
8atural beauty is a stronger loadstone of itself$ as you ha#e heard$ a
great tem"tation$ and "ierceth to the #ery heart< ;?B-AG_forma #erecundae$
nocuit mihi #isa "uellae_< but much more 'hen those artificial enticements
and "ro#ocations of gestures$ clothes$ je'els$ "igments$ e+ornations$ shall
be anne+ed unto it< those other circumstances$ o""ortunity of time and
"lace shall concur$ 'hich of themsel#es alone 'ere all sufficient$ each one
in "articular to "roduce this effect. It is a 0uestion much contro#erted by
some 'ise men$ _forma debeat "lus arti an naturae_N 4hether natural or
artificial objects be more "o'erfulN but not decided& for my "art I am of
o"inion$ that though beauty itself be a great moti#e$ and gi#e an e+cellent
lustre _in sordibus_$ in beggary$ as a je'el on a dunghill 'ill shine and
cast his rays$ it cannot be su""ressed$ 'hich 5eliodorus feigns of
:hariclia$ though she 'ere in beggar!s 'eeds& yet as it is used$ artificial
is of more force$ and much to be "referred.
;?B-/G L9ic dentata sibi #idetur Aegle$
Em"tis ossibus Indico0ue cornu<
9ic 0uae nigrior est cadente moro$
:erussata sibi "lacet *ychoris.L
L9o toothless Aegle seems a "retty one$
9et out 'ith ne'-bought teeth of Indy bone&
9o foul *ychoris blac%er than berry
5erself admires$ no' finer than cherry.L
Dohn *erius the urgundian$ _ca". /. hist. na#igat. in razil._ is
altogether on my side. 7or 'hereas (saith he) at our coming to razil$ 'e
found both men and 'omen na%ed as they 'ere born$ 'ithout any co#ering$ so
much as of their "ri#ities$ and could not be "ersuaded$ by our 7renchmen
that li#ed a year 'ith them$ to 'ear any$ ;?B-BGLMany 'ill thin% that our
so long commerce 'ith na%ed 'omen$ must needs be a great "ro#ocation to
lust<L but he concludes other'ise$ that their na%edness did much less
entice them to lasci#iousness$ than our 'omen!s clothes. LAnd I dare boldly
affirmL (saith he) Lthat those glittering attires$ counterfeit colours$
headgears$ curled hairs$ "laited coats$ cloa%s$ go'ns$ costly stomachers$
guarded and loose garments$ and all those other accoutrements$ 'here'ith
our country'omen counterfeit a beauty$ and so curiously set out themsel#es$
cause more incon#enience in this %ind$ than that barbarian homeliness$
although they be no 'hit inferior unto them in beauty. I could e#ince the
truth of this by many other arguments$ but I a""ealL (saith he) Lto my
com"anions at that "resent$ 'hich 'ere all of the same mind.L 5is
countryman$ Montague$ in his essays$ is of the same o"inion$ and so are
many others< out of 'hose assertions thus much in brief 'e may conclude$
that beauty is more beholden to art than nature$ and stronger "ro#ocations
"roceed from out'ard ornaments$ than such as nature hath "ro#ided. It is
true that those fair s"ar%ling eyes$ 'hite nec%$ coral li"s$ turgent "a"s$
rose-coloured chee%s$ Fc.$ of themsel#es are "otent enticers< but 'hen a
comely$ artificial$ 'ell-com"osed loo%$ "leasing gesture$ an affected
carriage shall be added$ it must needs be far more forcible than it 'as$
'hen those curious needle'or%s$ #ariety of colours$ "urest dyes$ je'els$
s"angles$ "endants$ la'n$ lace$ tiffanies$ fair and fine linen$
embroideries$ calamistrations$ ointments$ etc. shall be added$ they 'ill
ma%e the #eriest do'dy other'ise$ a goddess$ 'hen nature shall be furthered
by art. 7or it is not the eye of itself that enticeth to lust$ but an
Ladulterous eye$L as Peter terms it$ =. ii. ,?. a 'anton$ a rolling$
lasci#ious eye& a 'andering eye$ 'hich Isaiah ta+eth$ iii. ,-. :hrist
himself$ and the Iirgin Mary$ had most beautiful eyes$ as amiable eyes as
any "ersons$ saith ;?BACGaradius$ that e#er li#ed$ but 'ithal so modest$
so chaste$ that 'hosoe#er loo%ed on them 'as freed from that "assion of
burning lust$ if 'e may belie#e ;?BA,GGerson and ;?BA=Gona#enture& there
'as no such antidote against it$ as the Iirgin Mary!s face< !tis not the
eye$ but carriage of it$ as they use it$ that causeth such effects. 4hen
Pallas$ Duno$ Ienus$ 'ere to 'in Paris! fa#our for the golden a""le$ as it
is elegantly described in that "leasant interlude of ;?BA.GA"uleius$ Duno
came 'ith majesty u"on the stage$ Miner#a gra#ity$ but Ienus _dulce
subridens$ constitit amaene< et gratissimae$ Graticae deam "ro"itiantes_$
Fc. came in smiling 'ith her gracious graces and e+0uisite music$ as if she
had danced$ _et nonnun0uam saltare solis oculis_$ and 'hich 'as the main
matter of all$ she danced 'ith her rolling eyes& they 'ere the bro%ers and
harbingers of her suite. 9o she ma%es her brags in a modern "oet$
;?BA?G L9oon could I ma%e my bro' to tyrannise$
And force the 'orld do homage to mine eyes.L
The eye is a secret orator$ the first ba'd$ _Amoris "orta_$ and 'ith
"ri#ate loo%s$ 'in%ing$ glances and smiles$ as so many dialogues they ma%e
u" the match many times$ and understand one another!s meanings$ before they
come to s"ea% a 'ord. ;?BA@GEuryalus and *ucretia 'ere so mutually
enamoured by the eye$ and "re"ared to gi#e each other entertainment$ before
e#er they had conference& he as%ed her good 'ill 'ith his eyes< she did
_suffragari_$ and ga#e consent 'ith a "leasant loo%. That ;?BA-GThracian
1odo"he 'as so e+cellent at this dumb rhetoric$ Lthat if she had but loo%ed
u"on any one almostL (saith :alisiris) Lshe 'ould ha#e be'itched him$ and
he could not "ossibly esca"e it.L 7or as ;?BAAG9al#ianus obser#es$ Lthe
eyes are the 'indo's of our souls$ by 'hich as so many channels$ all
dishonest concu"iscence gets into our hearts.L They re#eal our thoughts$
and as they say$ _frons animi inde+_$ but the eye of the countenance$
;?BA/G_Kuid "rocacibus intuere ocellis_N Fc. I may say the same of smiling$
gait$ na%edness of "arts$ "lausible gestures$ Fc. To laugh is the "ro"er
"assion of a man$ an ordinary thing to smile< but those counterfeit$
com"osed$ affected$ artificial and reci"rocal$ those counter-smiles are the
dumb sho's and "rognostics of greater matters$ 'hich they most "art use$ to
in#eigle and decei#e< though many fond lo#ers again are so fre0uently
mista%en$ and led into a fool!s "aradise. 7or if they see but a fair maid
laugh$ or sho' a "leasant countenance$ use some gracious 'ords or gestures$
they a""ly it all to themsel#es$ as done in their fa#our< sure she lo#es
them$ she is 'illing$ coming$ Fc.
L9tultus 0uando #idet 0uod "ulchra "uellula ridet$
Tum fatuus credit se 0uod amare #elit&L
L4hen a fool sees a fair maid for to smile$
5e thin%s she lo#es him$ !tis but to beguile.L
They ma%e an art of it$ as the "oet telleth us$
;?BABG LKuis credatN discunt etiam ridere "uellae$
Kuaeritur at0ue illis hac 0uo0ue "arte decor.L
L4ho can belie#eN to laugh maids ma%e an art$
And see% a "leasant grace to that same "art.L
And !tis as great an enticement as any of the rest$
;?B/CG ------Lsubrisit molle "uella$
:or tibi rite salit.L
L9he ma%es thine heart lea" 'ith ;?B/,Ga "leasing gentle smile of hers.L
;?B/=G L3ulce ridentem *alagen amabo$
3ulce lo0uentem$L
LI lo#e *alage as much for smiling$ as for discoursing$L _delectata illa
risit tam blandum_$ as he said in Petronius of his mistress$ being 'ell
"leased$ she ga#e so s'eet a smile. It 'on Ismenias$ as he ;?B/.G
confesseth$ _Ismene subrisit amatorium_$ Ismene smiled so lo#ingly the
second time I sa' her$ that I could not choose but admire her& and Galla!s
s'eet smile 0uite o#ercame ;?B/?G7austus the she"herd$ _Me as"iciens moils
blande subrisit ocellis_. All other gestures of the body 'ill enforce as
much. 3a"hnis in ;?B/@G*ucian 'as a "oor tattered 'ench 'hen I %ne' her
first$ said :orbile$ _"annosa et >acera_$ but no' she is a stately "iece
indeed$ hath her maids to attend her$ bra#e attires$ money in her "urse$
Fc.$ and 'ill you %no' ho' this came to "assN Lby setting out herself after
the best fashion$ by her "leasant carriage$ affability$ s'eet smiling u"on
all$L Fc. Many 'omen dote u"on a man for his com"liment only$ and good
beha#iour$ they are 'on in an instant< too credulous to belie#e that e#ery
light 'anton suitor$ 'ho sees or ma%es lo#e to them$ is instantly
enamoured$ he certainly dotes on$ admires them$ 'ill surely marry$ 'hen as
he means nothing less$ !tis his ordinary carriage in all such com"anies. 9o
both delude each other by such out'ard sho's< and amongst the rest$ an
u"right$ a comely grace$ courtesies$ gentle salutations$ cringes$ a mincing
gait$ a decent and an affected "ace$ are most "o'erful enticers$ and 'hich
the "ro"het Isaiah$ a courtier himself$ and a great obser#er$ objected to
the daughters of >ion$ iii. ,-. Lthey minced as they 'ent$ and made a
tin%ling 'ith their feet.L To say the truth$ 'hat can they not effect by
such meansN
L4hilst nature dec%s them in their best attires
2f youth and beauty 'hich the 'orld admires.L
;?B/-G_Hrit--#oce$ manu$ gressu$ "ectore$ fronte$ oculis_. 4hen art shall
be anne+ed to beauty$ 'hen 'iles and guiles shall concur< for to s"ea% as
it is$ lo#e is a %ind of legerdemain< mere juggling$ a fascination. 4hen
they sho' their fair hand$ fine foot and leg 'ithal$ _magnum sui desiderium
nobis relin0uunt_$ saith ;?B/AGalthazar :astilio$ _lib. ,._ they set us a
longing$ Land so 'hen they "ull u" their "etticoats$ and out'ard garments$L
as usually they do to sho' their fine stoc%ings$ and those of "urest sil%en
dye$ gold fringes$ laces$ embroiderings$ (it shall go hard but 'hen they go
to church$ or to any other "lace$ all shall be seen) !tis but a s"ringe to
catch 'oodcoc%s< and as ;?B//G:hrysostom telleth them do'nright$ Lthough
they say nothing 'ith their mouths$ they s"ea% in their gait$ they s"ea%
'ith their eyes$ they s"ea% in the carriage of their bodies.L And 'hat
shall 'e say other'ise of that baring of their nec%s$ shoulders$ na%ed
breasts$ arms and 'rists$ to 'hat end are they but only to tem"t men to
lustO
;?B/BG L8am 0uid lacteolus sinus$ et i"sas
Prae te fers sine linteo "a"illasN
5oc est dicere$ "osce$ "osce$ trado<
5oc est ad Ienerem #ocare amantes.L
There needs no more$ as ;?BBCG7redericus Matenesius 'ell obser#es$ but a
crier to go before them so dressed$ to bid us loo% out$ a trum"et to sound$
or for defect a so'-gelder to blo'$
;?BB,G L*oo% out$ loo% out and see
4hat object this may be
That doth "erstringe mine eye<
A gallant lady goes
In rich and gaudy clothes$
ut 'hither a'ay God %no's$
------loo% out$ Fc.$ _et 0uae se0uuntur_$L
or to 'hat end and "ur"oseN ut to lea#e all these fantastical ra"tures$
I!ll "rosecute my intended theme. 8a%edness$ as I ha#e said$ is an odious
thing of itself$ _remedium amoris_< yet it may be so used$ in "art$ and at
set times$ that there can be no such enticement as it is<
;?BB=G L8ec mihi cincta 3iana "lacet$ nec nuda :ythere$
Illa #olu"tatis nil habet$ haec nimium.L
3a#id so es"ied athsheba$ the elders 9usanna& ;?BB.GA"elles 'as enamoured
'ith :am"as"e$ 'hen he 'as to "aint her na%ed. Tiberius _in 9uet. ca". ?=._
su""ed 'ith 9estius Gallus an old lecher$ _libidinoso sene$ ea lege ut
nudae "uellae administrarent_< some say as much of 8ero$ and Pontus 5uter
of :arolus Pugna+. Amongst the abylonians$ it 'as the custom of some
lasci#ious 0ueans to dance fris%ing in that fashion$ saith :urtius _lib.
@._ and 9ardus _de mor. gent. lib. ,._ 'rites of others to that effect. The
;?BB?GTuscans at some set ban0uets had na%ed 'omen to attend u"on them$
'hich *eonicus _de Iaria hist. lib. .. ca". B-._ confirms of such other
ba'dy nations. 8ero 'ould ha#e filthy "ictures still hanging in his
chamber$ 'hich is too commonly used in our times$ and 5eliogabalus$ _etiam
coram agentes$ ut ad #enerem incitarent_& 9o things may be abused. A
ser#ant maid in Aristaenetus s"ied her master and mistress through the
%ey-hole ;?BB@Gmerrily dis"osed< u"on the sight she fell in lo#e 'ith her
master. ;?BB-GAntoninus :aracalla obser#ed his mother-in-la' 'ith her
breasts amorously laid o"en$ he 'as so much mo#ed$ that he said$ _Ah si
liceret_$ 2 that I might< 'hich she by chance o#erhearing$ re"lied as
im"udently$ ;?BBAG_Kuic0uid libet licet_$ thou mayst do 'hat thou 'ilt& and
u"on that tem"tation he married her& this object 'as not in cause$ not the
thing itself$ but that unseemly$ indecent carriage of it.
4hen you ha#e all done$ _#eniunt a #este sagittae_ the greatest
"ro#ocations of lust are from our a""arel< God ma%es$ they say$ man sha"es$
and there is no moti#e li%e unto it<
;?BB/G L4hich doth e#en beauty beautify$
And most be'itch a 'retched eye$L
a filthy %na#e$ a deformed 0uean$ a croo%ed carcass$ a ma'%in$ a 'itch$ a
rotten "ost$ a hedgesta%e may be so set out and tric%ed u"$ that it shall
ma%e as fair a sho'$ as much enamour as the rest& many a silly fello' is so
ta%en. _Primum lu+uriae$ aucu"ium_$ one calls it$ the first snare of lust<
;?BBBG_ossus aucu"ium animarum$ lethalem arundinem_$ a fatal reed$ the
greatest ba'd$ _forte lenocinium$ sanguineis lachrymis de"lorandum_$ saith
;@CCCGMatenesius$ and 'ith tears of blood to be de"lored. 8ot that
comeliness of clothes is therefore to be condemned$ and those usual
ornaments& there is a decency and decorum in this as 'ell as in other
things$ fit to be used$ becoming se#eral "ersons$ and befitting their
estates< he is only fantastical that is not in fashion$ and li%e an old
image in arras hangings$ 'hen a manner of attire is generally recei#ed< but
'hen they are so ne'-fangled$ so unstaid$ so "rodigious in their attires$
beyond their means and fortunes$ unbefitting their age$ "lace$ 0uality$
condition$ 'hat should 'e other'ise thin% of themN 4hy do they adorn
themsel#es 'ith so many colours of herbs$ fictitious flo'ers$ curious
needle'or%s$ 0uaint de#ices$ s'eet-smelling odours$ 'ith those inestimable
riches of "recious stones$ "earls$ rubies$ diamonds$ emeralds$ Fc.N 4hy do
they cro'n themsel#es 'ith gold and sil#er$ use coronets and tires of
se#eral fashions$ dec% themsel#es 'ith "endants$ bracelets$ earrings$
chains$ girdles$ rings$ "ins$ s"angles$ embroideries$ shado's$ rebatoes$
#ersicolour ribandsN 'hy do they ma%e such glorious sho's 'ith their
scar#es$ feathers$ fans$ mas%s$ furs$ laces$ tiffanies$ ruffs$ falls$
calls$ cuffs$ damas%s$ #el#ets$ tinsels$ cloth of gold$ sil#er$ tissueN
'ith colours of hea#ens$ stars$ "lanets& the strength of metals$ stones$
odours$ flo'ers$ birds$ beasts$ fishes$ and 'hatsoe#er Africa$ Asia$
America$ sea$ land$ art$ and industry of man can affordN 4hy do they use
and co#et such no#elty of in#entions< such ne'-fangled tires$ and s"end
such inestimable sums on themN LTo 'hat end are those cris"ed$ false hairs$
"ainted faces$L as ;@CC,Gthe satirist obser#es$ Lsuch a com"osed gait$ not
a ste" a'ryNL 4hy are they li%e so many 9ybarites$ or 8ero!s Po""aea$
Ahasuerus! concubines$ so costly$ so long a dressing$ as :aesar 'as
marshalling his army$ or a ha'% in "runingN ;@CC=G_3um moliuntur$ dum
comuntur annus est_& a ;@CC.Ggardener ta%es not so much delight and "ains
in his garden$ a horseman to dress his horse$ scour his armour$ a mariner
about his shi"$ a merchant his sho" and sho"-boo%$ as they do about their
faces$ and all those other "arts& such setting u" 'ith cor%s$ straightening
'ith 'halebones< 'hy is it$ but as a day-net catcheth lar%s$ to ma%e young
men stoo" unto themN Philocharus$ a gallant in Aristenaetus$ ad#ised his
friend Poliaenus to ta%e heed of such enticements$ ;@CC?GLfor it 'as the
s'eet sound and motion of his mistress!s s"angles and bracelets$ the smell
of her ointments$ that ca"ti#ated him first$L _Illa fuit mentis "rima ruina
meae_. _Kuid sibi #ult "i+idum turba_$ saith ;@CC@G*ucian$ Lto 'hat use are
"ins$ "ots$ glasses$ ointments$ irons$ combs$ bod%ins$ setting-stic%sN 'hy
besto' they all their "atrimonies and husbands! yearly re#enues on such
fooleriesNL ;@CC-G_bina "atrimonia singulis auribus_< L'hy use they
dragons$ 'as"s$ sna%es$ for chains$ enamelled je'els on their nec%s$ earsNL
_dignum "otius foret ferro manus istas religari$ at0ue utinam monilia #ere
dracones essent_< they had more need some of them be tied in bedlam 'ith
iron chains$ ha#e a 'hi" for a fan$ and hair-cloths ne+t to their s%ins$
and instead of 'rought smoc%s$ ha#e their chee%s stigmatised 'ith a hot
iron& I say$ some of our Dezebels$ instead of "ainting$ if they 'ere 'ell
ser#ed. ut 'hy is all this labour$ all this cost$ "re"aration$ riding$
running$ far-fetched$ and dear bought stuffN ;@CCAGLecause forsooth they
'ould be fair and fine$ and 'here nature$ is defecti#e$ su""ly it by art.L
;@CC/G_9anguine 0uae #ero non rubet$ arte rubet_$ (2#id)< and to that
"ur"ose they anoint and "aint their faces$ to ma%e 5elen of
5ecuba--_"ar#am0ue e+ortam0ue "uellam--Euro"en._;@CCBGTo this intent they
crush in their feet and bodies$ hurt and crucify themsel#es$ sometimes in
la+-clothes$ a hundred yards I thin% in a go'n$ a slee#e< and sometimes
again so close$ _ut nudos e+"rimant artus._ ;@C,CG8o' long tails and
trains$ and then short$ u"$ do'n$ high$ lo'$ thic%$ thin$ Fc.< no' little
or no bands$ then as big as cart 'heels< no' loose bodies$ then great
farthingales and close girt$ Fc. 4hy is all this$ but 'ith the 'hore in the
Pro#erbs$ to into+icate some or otherN _oculorum deci"ulam_$ ;@C,,Gone
therefore calls it$ _et indicem libidinis_$ the tra" of lust$ and sure
to%en$ as an i#y-bush is to a ta#ern.
LKuod "ulchros Glycere sumas de "i+ide #ultus$
Kuod tibi com"ositae nec sine lege comae&
Kuod niteat digitis adamas$ eryllus in aure$
8on sum di#inus$ sed scio 0uid cu"ias.L
L2 Glycere$ in that you "aint so much$
Eour hair is so bedec%t in order such.
4ith rings on fingers$ bracelets in your ear$
Although no "ro"het$ tell I can$ I fear.L
To be admired$ to be gazed on$ to circum#ent some no#ice< as many times
they do$ that instead of a lady he lo#es a ca" and a feather instead of a
maid that should ha#e _#erum colorem$ cor"us solidum et succi "lenum_ (as
:haerea describes his mistress in the ;@C,=G"oet)$ a "ainted face$ a
ruff-band$ fair and fine linen$ a coronet$ a flo'er$ (;@C,.G_8aturae0ue
"utat 0uod fuit artificis_$) a 'rought 'aistcoat he dotes on$ or a "ied
"etticoat$ a "ure dye instead of a "ro"er 'oman. 7or generally$ as 'ith
rich-furred conies$ their cases are far better than their bodies$ and li%e
the bar% of a cinnamon$ tree$ 'hich is dearer than the 'hole bul%$ their
out'ard accoutrements are far more "recious than their in'ard endo'ments.
!Tis too commonly so.
;@C,?G LAuferimur cultu$ et gemmis$ auro0ue teguntur
2mnia< "ars minima est i"sa "uella sui.L
L4ith gold and je'els all is co#ered$
And 'ith a strange tire 'e are 'on$
(4hilst she!s the least "art of herself)
And 'ith such baubles 0uite undone.L
4hy do they %ee" in so long together$ a 'hole 'inter sometimes$ and 'ill
not be seen but by torch or candlelight$ and come abroad 'ith all the
"re"aration may be$ 'hen they ha#e no business$ but only to sho'
themsel#esN _9"ectatum #eniunt$ #eniunt s"ectentur ut i"sae._
;@C,@G L7or 'hat is beauty if it be not seen$
2r 'hat is!t to be seen if not admir!d$
And though admir!d$ unless in lo#e desir!dNL
'hy do they go 'ith such counterfeit gait$ 'hich ;@C,-GPhilo Dudeus
re"rehends them for$ and use (I say it again) such gestures$ a"ish$
ridiculous$ indecent attires$ sybaritical tric%s$ _fucos genis$ "ur"urissam
#enis$ cerussam fronti$ leges occulis_$ Fc. use those s'eet "erfumes$
"o'ders and ointments in "ublic< floc% to hear sermons so fre0uent$ is it
for de#otionN or rather$ as ;@C,AGasil tells them$ to meet their
s'eethearts$ and see fashions< for$ as he saith$ commonly they come so
"ro#ided to that "lace$ 'ith such curious com"liments$ 'ith such gestures
and tires$ as if they should go to a dancing-school$ a stage-"lay$ or
ba'dy-house$ fitter than a church.
L4hen such a she-"riest comes her mass to say$
T'enty to one they all forget to "ray.L
LThey ma%e those holy tem"les$ consecrated to godly martyrs and religious
uses$ the sho"s of im"udence$ dens of 'hores and thie#es$ and little better
than brothel houses.L 4hen 'e shall see these things daily done$ their
husbands ban%ru"ts$ if not cornutos$ their 'i#es light house'i#es$
daughters dishonest< and hear of such dissolute acts$ as daily 'e do$ ho'
should 'e thin% other'iseN 'hat is their end$ but to decei#e and in#eigle
young menN As to' ta%es fire$ such enticing objects "roduce their effect$
ho' can it be alteredN 4hen Ienus stood before Anchises (as ;@C,/G5omer
feigns in one of his hymns) in her costly robes$ he 'as instantly ta%en$
L:um ante i"sum staret Do#is filia$ #idens eam
Anchises$ admirabatur formam$ et stu"endas #estes<
Erat enim induta "e"lo$ igneis radiis s"iendidiore<
5abebat 0uo0ue tor0ues fulgidos$ fle+iles haelices$
Tenerum collum ambiebant monilia "ulchra$
Aurea$ #ariegata.L------
L4hen Ienus stood before Anchises first$
5e 'as amaz!d to see her in her tires<
7or she had on a hood as red as fire$
And glittering chains$ and i#y-t'isted s"ires$
About her tender nec% 'ere costly brooches$
And nec%laces of gold$ enamell!d ouches.L
9o 'hen Medea came in "resence of Dason first$ attended by her nym"hs and
ladies$ as she is described by ;@C,BGA"ollonius$
L:unctas #ero ignis instar se0uebatur s"lendor$
Tantum ab aureis fimbriis res"lendebat jubar$
Accendit0ue in oculis dulce desiderium.L
LA lustre follo'ed them li%e flaming fire$
And from their golden borders came such beams$
4hich in his eyes "ro#o%!d a s'eet desire.L
9uch a relation 'e ha#e in ;@C=CGPlutarch$ 'hen the 0ueens came and offered
themsel#es to Antony$ ;@C=,GL'ith di#erse "resents$ and enticing ornaments$
Asiatic allurements$ 'ith such 'onderful joy and festi#ity$ they did so
in#eigle the 1omans$ that no man could contain himself$ all 'as turned to
delight and "leasure. The 'omen transformed themsel#es to acchus sha"es$
the men-children to 9atyrs and Pans< but Antony himself 'as 0uite besotted
'ith :leo"atra!s s'eet s"eeches$ "hilters$ beauty$ "leasing tires& for 'hen
she sailed along the ri#er :ydnus$ 'ith such incredible "om" in a gilded
shi"$ herself dressed li%e Ienus$ her maids li%e the Graces$ her "ages li%e
so many :u"ids$ Antony 'as amazed$ and ra"t beyond himself.L 5eliodorus$
_lib. ,._ brings in 3ameneta$ ste"mother to :nemon$ L'hom she ;@C==Gsa' in
his scar#es$ rings$ robes$ and coronet$ 0uite mad for the lo#e of him.L It
'as Dudith!s "antofles that ra#ished the eyes of 5olofernes. And
;@C=.G:ardan is not ashamed to confess$ that seeing his 'ife the first time
all in 'hite$ he did admire and instantly lo#e her. If these out'ard
ornaments 'ere not of such force$ 'hy doth ;@C=?G8aomi gi#e 1uth counsel
ho' to "lease oazN and ;@C=@GDudith$ see%ing to ca"ti#ate 5olofernes$
'ashed and anointed herself 'ith s'eet ointments$ dressed her hair$ and "ut
on costly attires. The riot in this %ind hath been e+cessi#e in times "ast<
no man almost came abroad$ but curled and anointed$
;@C=-G LEt matutino suadans :ris"inus amomo.
Kuantum #i+ redolent duo funera.L
Lone s"ent as much as t'o funerals at once$ and 'ith "erfumed hairs$L
;@C=AG_et rosa canos odorati ca"illos Assyria0ue nardo_. 4hat strange thing
doth ;@C=/G9ueton. relate in this matter of :aligula!s riotN And Pliny$
_lib. ,=. F ,.._ 1ead more in 3ioscorides$ Hlmus$ Arnoldus$ 1andoletius _de
fuco et decoratione_< for it is no' an art$ as it 'as of old$ (so
;@C=BG9eneca records) _officinae$ sunt adores co0uentium_. 4omen are bad
and men 'orse$ no difference at all bet'een their and our times<
;@C.CGLgood mannersL (as 9eneca com"lains) Lare e+tinct 'ith 'antonness$ in
tric%ing u" themsel#es men go beyond 'omen$ they 'ear harlots! colours$ and
do not 'al%$ but jet and dance$L _hic mulier$ haec #ir_$ more li%e "layers$
butterflies$ baboons$ a"es$ antics$ than men. 9o ridiculous$ moreo#er$ 'e
are in our attires$ and for cost so e+cessi#e$ that as 5ierome said of old$
_Hno filio #illarum insunt "retia$ uno lino decies sestertium inseritur_<
!tis an ordinary thing to "ut a thousand oa%s and a hundred o+en into a
suit of a""arel$ to 'ear a 'hole manor on his bac%. 4hat 'ith shoe-ties$
hangers$ "oints$ ca"s and feathers$ scar#es$ bands$ curls$ Fc.$ in a short
s"ace their 'hole "atrimonies are consumed. 5eliogabalus is ta+ed by
*am"ridius$ and admired in his age for 'earing je'els in his shoes$ a
common thing in our times$ not for em"erors and "rinces$ but almost for
ser#ing men and tailors< all the flo'ers$ stars$ constellations$ gold and
"recious stones do condescend to set out their shoes. To re"ress the lu+ury
of those 1oman matrons$ there 'as ;@C.,G*e+ Ialeria and 2""ia$ and a :ato
to contradict< but no la's 'ill ser#e to re"ress the "ride and insolency of
our days$ the "rodigious riot in this %ind. *ucullus!s 'ardrobe is "ut do'n
by our ordinary citizens< and a cobbler!s 'ife in Ienice$ a courtesan in
7lorence$ is no 'hit inferior to a 0ueen$ if our geogra"hers say true& and
'hy is all thisN L4hy do they glory in their je'elsL (as ;@C.=Ghe saith)
Lor e+ult and trium"h in the beauty of clothesN 'hy is all this costN to
incite men the sooner to burning lust.L They "retend decency and ornament<
but let them ta%e heed$ that 'hile they set out their bodies they do not
damn their souls< !tis ;@C..Gernard!s counsel& Lshine in je'els$ stin% in
conditions< ha#e "ur"le robes$ and a torn conscience.L *et them ta%e heed
of Isaiah!s "ro"hecy$ that their sli""ers and attires be not ta%en from
them$ s'eet balls$ bracelets$ earrings$ #eils$ 'im"les$ cris"ing-"ins$
glasses$ fine linen$ hoods$ la'ns$ and s'eet sa#ours$ they become not bald$
burned$ and stin% u"on a sudden. And let maids be'are$ as ;@C.?G:y"rian
ad#iseth$ Lthat 'hile they 'ander too loosely abroad$ they lose not their
#irginities&L and li%e Egy"tian tem"les$ seem fair 'ithout$ but "ro#e
rotten carcases 'ithin. 5o' much better 'ere it for them to follo' that
good counsel of TertullianN ;@C.@GLTo ha#e their eyes "ainted 'ith
chastity$ the 4ord of God inserted into their ears$ :hrist!s yo%e tied to
the hair$ to subject themsel#es to their husbands. If they 'ould do so$
they should be comely enough$ clothe themsel#es 'ith the sil% of sanctity$
damas% of de#otion$ "ur"le of "iety and chastity$ and so "ainted$ they
shall ha#e God himself to be a suitor& let 'hores and 0ueans "ran% u"
themsel#es$ ;@C.-Glet them "aint their faces 'ith minion and ceruse$ they
are but fuels of lust$ and signs of a corru"t soul& if ye be good$ honest$
#irtuous$ and religious matrons$ let sobriety$ modesty and chastity be your
honour$ and God himself your lo#e and desire.L _Mulier recte olet$ ubi
nihil olet_$ then a 'oman smells best$ 'hen she hath no "erfume at all< no
cro'n$ chain$ or je'el (Gui#arra adds) is such an ornament to a #irgin$ or
#irtuous 'oman$ _0uam #irgini "udor_$ as chastity is& more credit in a 'ise
man!s eye and judgment they get by their "lainness$ and seem fairer than
they that are set out 'ith baubles$ as a butcher!s meat is 'ith "ric%s$
"uffed u"$ and adorned li%e so many jays 'ith #ariety of colours. It is
re"orted of :ornelia$ that #irtuous 1oman lady$ great 9ci"io!s daughter$
Titus 9em"ronius! 'ife$ and the mother of the Gracchi$ that being by chance
in com"any 'ith a com"anion$ a strange gentle'oman (some light house'ife
beli%e$ that 'as dressed li%e a May lady$ and$ as most of our gentle'omen
are$ L'as ;@C.AGmore solicitous of her head-tire than of her health$ that
s"ent her time bet'een a comb and a glass$ and had rather be fair than
honestL (as :ato said)$ Land ha#e the common'ealth turned to"sy-tur#y than
her tires marred<L and she did nought but brag of her fine robes and
je'els$ and "ro#o%ed the 1oman matron to sho' hers& :ornelia %e"t her in
tal% till her children came from school$ and these$ said she$ are my
je'els$ and so deluded and "ut off a "roud$ #ain$ fantastical$ house'ife.
5o' much better 'ere it for our matrons to do as she did$ to go ci#illy and
decently$ ;@C./G_5onestae mulieris instar 0uae utitur auro "ro eo 0uod est$
ad ea tantum 0uibus o"us est_$ to use gold as it is gold$ and for that use
it ser#es$ and 'hen they need it$ than to consume it in riot$ beggar their
husbands$ "rostitute themsel#es$ in#eigle others$ and "erad#enture damn
their o'n soulsN 5o' much more 'ould it be for their honour and creditN
Thus doing$ as 5ierom said of lesilla$ ;@C.BGL7urius did not so trium"h
o#er the Gauls$ Pa"yrius of the 9amnites$ 9ci"io of 8umantia$ as she did by
her tem"erance<L _"ulla sem"er #este_$ Fc.$ they should insult and domineer
o#er lust$ folly$ #ainglory$ all such inordinate$ furious and unruly
"assions.
ut I am o#er tedious$ I confess$ and 'hilst I stand ga"ing after fine
clothes$ there is another great allurement$ (in the 'orld!s eye at least)
'hich had li%e to ha#e stolen out of sight$ and that is money$ _#eniunt a
dote sagittae_$ money ma%es the match< ;@C?CG;Gree%& Monon arguron
ble"ousinG& !tis li%e sauce to their meat$ _cum carne condimentum_$ a good
do'ry 'ith a 'ife. Many men if they do hear but of a great "ortion$ a rich
heir$ are more mad than if they had all the beauteous ornaments$ and those
good "arts art and nature can afford$ they ;@C?,Gcare not for honesty$
bringing u"$ birth$ beauty$ "erson$ but for money.
;@C?=G L:anes et e0uos (o :yrne) 0uaerimus
8obiles$ et a bona "rogenie<
Malam #ero u+orem$ mali0ue "atris filiam
3ucere non curat #ir bonus$
Modo ei magnam dotem afferat$L
L2ur dogs and horses still from the best breed
4e carefully see%$ and 'ell may they s"eed&
ut for our 'i#es$ so they "ro#e 'ealthy$
7air or foul$ 'e care not 'hat they be.L
If she be rich$ then she is fair$ fine$ absolute and "erfect$ then they
burn li%e fire$ they lo#e her dearly$ li%e "ig and "ie$ and are ready to
hang themsel#es if they may not ha#e her. 8othing so familiar in these
days$ as for a young man to marry an old 'ife$ as they say$ for a "iece of
gold< _asinum auro onustum_< and though she be an old crone$ and ha#e ne#er
a tooth in her head$ neither good conditions$ nor a good face$ a natural
fool$ but only rich$ she shall ha#e t'enty young gallants to be suitors in
an instant. As she said in 9uetonius$ _non me$ sed mea ambiunt_$ !tis not
for her sa%e$ but for her lands or money< and an e+cellent match it 'ere
(as he added) if she 'ere a'ay. 9o on the other side$ many a young lo#ely
maid 'ill cast a'ay herself u"on an old$ doting$ decre"it dizzard$
;@C?.G Lis "uer effoeto 0uam#is balbutiat ore$
Prima legit rarae tam culta roseta "uellae$L
that is rheumatic and gouty$ hath some t'enty diseases$ "erha"s but one
eye$ one leg$ ne#er a nose$ no hair on his head$ 'it in his brains$ nor
honesty$ if he ha#e land or ;@C??Gmoney$ she 'ill ha#e him before all other
suitors$ ;@C?@G_3ummodo sit di#es barbarus ille "lacet_. LIf he be rich$ he
is the man$L a fine man$ and a "ro"er man$ she 'ill go to Daca%tres or
Tidore 'ith him< _Galesimus de monte aureo_. 9ir Giles Gooseca"$ 9ir
Amorous *a-7ool$ shall ha#e her. And as Philemasium in ;@C?-G Aristaenetus
told Emmusus$ _abs0ue argento omnia #ana_$ hang him that hath no money$
L!tis to no "ur"ose to tal% of marriage 'ithout means$L ;@C?AG trouble me
not 'ith such motions< let others do as they 'ill$ LI!ll be sure to ha#e
one shall maintain me fine and bra#e.L Most are of her mind$ ;@C?/G _3e
moribus ultima fiet 0uestio_$ for his conditions$ she shall in0uire after
them another time$ or 'hen all is done$ the match made$ and e#erybody gone
home. ;@C?BG*ucian!s *ycia 'as a "ro"er young maid$ and had many fine
gentlemen to her suitors< Ethecles$ a senator!s son$ Melissus$ a merchant$
Fc.< but she forsoo% them all for one Passius$ a base$ hirsute$ bald-"ated
%na#e< but 'hy 'as itN L5is father lately died and left him sole heir of
his goods and lands.L This is not amongst your dust-'orms alone$ "oor
sna%es that 'ill "rostitute their souls for money$ but 'ith this bait you
may catch our most "otent$ "uissant$ and illustrious "rinces. That "roud
u"start domineering isho" of Ely$ in the time of 1ichard the 7irst$
#iceroy in his absence$ as ;@C@CG8ubergensis relates it$ to fortify
himself$ and maintain his greatness$ _"ro"in0uarum suarum connubiis$
"lurimos sibi "otentes et nobiles de#incire cura#it_$ married his "oor
%ins'omen ('hich came forth of 8ormandy by dro#es) to the chiefest nobles
of the land$ and they 'ere glad to acce"t of such matches$ fair or foul$
for themsel#es$ their sons$ ne"he's$ Fc. _Et 0uis tam "raeclaram
aflinitatem sub s"e magnae "romotionis non o"taret_N 4ho 'ould not ha#e
done as much for money and "refermentN as mine author ;@C@,Gadds. Iortiger$
6ing of ritain$ married 1o'ena the daughter of 5engist the 9a+on "rince$
his mortal enemy< but 'hereforeN she had 6ent for her do'ry. Iagello the
great 3u%e of *ithuania$ ,./-$ 'as mightily enamoured on 5edenga$ insomuch
that he turned :hristian from a Pagan$ and 'as ba"tised himself by the name
of Hladislaus$ and all his subjects for her sa%e& but 'hy 'as itN she 'as
daughter and heir of Poland$ and his desire 'as to ha#e both %ingdoms
incor"orated into one. :harles the Great 'as an earnest suitor to Irene the
Em"ress$ but$ saith ;@C@=G>onarus$ _ob regnum_$ to anne+ the em"ire of the
East to that of the 4est. Eet 'hat is the e#ent of all such matches$ that
are so made for money$ goods$ by deceit$ or for burning lust$ _0uos foeda
libido conjun+it_$ 'hat follo'sN they are almost mad at first$ but !tis a
mere flash< as chaff and stra' soon fired$ burn #ehemently for a 'hile$ yet
out in a moment< so are all such matches made by those allurements of
burning lust< 'here there is no res"ect of honesty$ "arentage$ #irtue$
religion$ education$ and the li%e$ they are e+tinguished in an instant$ and
instead of lo#e comes hate< for joy$ re"entance and des"eration itself.
7ranciscus arbarus in his first boo% _de re u+oria$ c. @_$ hath a story of
one Phili" of Padua that fell in lo#e 'ith a common 'hore$ and 'as no'
ready to run mad for her< his father ha#ing no more sons let him enjoy her<
;@C@.GLbut after a fe' days$ the young man began to loath$ could not so
much as endure the sight of her$ and from one madness fell into another.L
9uch e#ent commonly ha#e all these lo#ers< and he that so marries$ or for
such res"ects$ let them loo% for no better success than Menelaus had 'ith
5elen$ Iulcan 'ith Ienus$ Theseus 'ith Phaedra$ Minos 'ith Pasi"hae$ and
:laudius 'ith Messalina< shame$ sorro'$ misery$ melancholy$ discontent.
9H9E:T. II.--_Im"ortunity and 2""ortunity of Time$ Place$ :onference$
3iscourse$ 9inging$ 3ancing$ Music$ Amorous Tales$ 2bjects$ 6issing$
7amiliarity$ To%ens$ Presents$ ribes$ Promises$ Protestations$ Tears$ Fc._
All these allurements hitherto are afar off$ and at a distance< I 'ill come
nearer to those other degrees of lo#e$ 'hich are conference$ %issing$
dalliance$ discourse$ singing$ dancing$ amorous tales$ objects$ "resents$
Fc.$ 'hich as so many sirens steal a'ay the hearts of men and 'omen. 7or$
as Tacitus obser#es$ _l. =_$ ;@C@?GLIt is no sufficient trial of a maid!s
affection by her eyes alone$ but you must say something that shall be more
a#ailable$ and use such other forcible engines< therefore ta%e her by the
hand$ 'ring her fingers hard$ and sigh 'ithal< if she acce"t this in good
"art$ and seem not to be much a#erse$ then call her mistress$ ta%e her
about the nec% and %iss her$L Fc. ut this cannot be done e+ce"t they first
get o""ortunity of li#ing$ or coming together$ ingress$ egress$ and
regress< letters and commendations may do much$ out'ard gestures and
actions& but 'hen they come to li#e near one another$ in the same street$
#illage$ or together in a house$ lo#e is %indled on a sudden. Many a
ser#ing-man by reason of this o""ortunity and im"ortunity in#eigles his
master!s daughter$ many a gallant lo#es a do'dy$ many a gentleman runs u"on
his 'ife!s maids< many ladies dote u"on their men$ as the 0ueen in Ariosto
did u"on the d'arf$ many matches are so made in haste$ and they are
com"elled as it 'ere by ;@C@@Gnecessity so to lo#e$ 'hich had they been
free$ come in com"any of others$ seen that #ariety 'hich many "laces
afford$ or com"ared them to a third$ 'ould ne#er ha#e loo%ed one u"on
another. 2r had not that o""ortunity of discourse and familiarity been
offered$ they 'ould ha#e loathed and contemned those 'hom$ for 'ant of
better choice and other objects$ they are fatally dri#en on$ and by reason
of their hot blood$ idle life$ full diet$ Fc.$ are forced to dote u"on them
that come ne+t. And many times those 'hich at the first sight cannot fancy
or affect each other$ but are harsh and ready to disagree$ offended 'ith
each other!s carriage$ li%e enedict and eatrice in the ;@C@-Gcomedy$ and
in 'hom they find many faults$ by this li#ing together in a house$
conference$ %issing$ colling$ and such li%e allurements$ begin at last to
dote insensibly one u"on another.
It 'as the greatest moti#e that Poti"har!s 'ife had to dote u"on Dose"h$
and ;@C@AG:liti"hon u"on *euci""e his uncle!s daughter$ because the "lague
being at izance$ it 'as his fortune for a time to sojourn 'ith her$ to sit
ne+t her at the table$ as he tells the tale himself in Tatius$ _lib. =._
('hich$ though it be but a fiction$ is grounded u"on good obser#ation$ and
doth 'ell e+"ress the "assions of lo#ers)$ he had o""ortunity to ta%e her
by the hand$ and after a 'hile to %iss$ and handle her "a"s$ Fc.$ ;@C@/G
'hich made him almost mad. Ismenias the orator ma%es the li%e confession in
Eustathius$ _lib. ,_$ 'hen he came first to 9osthene!s house$ and sat at
table 'ith :ratistes his friend$ Ismene$ 9osthene!s daughter$ 'aiting on
them L'ith her breasts o"en$ arms half bare$L ;@C@BG_8uda "edem$ discincta
sinum$ s"oliata lacertos_< after the Gree% fashion in those times$--;@C-CG
_nudos media "lus "arte lacertos_$ as 3a"hne 'as 'hen she fled from Phoebus
('hich mo#ed him much)$ 'as e#er ready to gi#e attendance on him$ to fill
him drin%$ her eyes 'ere ne#er off him$ _rogabundi oculi_$ those s"ea%ing
eyes$ courting eyes$ enchanting eyes< but she 'as still smiling on him$ and
'hen they 'ere risen$ that she had got a little o""ortunity$ ;@C-,GLshe
came and dran% to him$ and 'ithal trod u"on his toes$ and 'ould come and
go$ and 'hen she could not s"ea% for the com"any$ she 'ould 'ring his
hand$L and blush 'hen she met him& and by this means first she o#ercame him
(_bibens amorem hauriebam simul_)$ she 'ould %iss the cu" and drin% to him$
and smile$ Land drin% 'here he dran% on that side of the cu"$L by 'hich
mutual com"ressions$ %issings$ 'ringing of hands$ treading of feet$ Fc.
_I"sam mihi #idebar sorbillare #irginem_$ I si""ed and si""ed so long$ till
at length I 'as drun% in lo#e u"on a sudden. Philocharinus$ in ;@C-=G
Aristaenetus$ met a fair maid by chance$ a mere stranger to him$ he loo%ed
bac% at her$ she loo%ed bac% at him again$ and smiled 'ithal.
;@C-.G LIlle dies lethi "rimus$ "rimus0ue malorum
:ausa fuit.L------
It 'as the sole cause of his farther ac0uaintance$ and lo#e that undid him.
;@C-?G_2 nullis tutum credere blanditiis_.
This o""ortunity of time and "lace$ 'ith their circumstances$ are so
forcible moti#es$ that it is im"ossible almost for t'o young fol%s e0ual in
years to li#e together$ and not be in lo#e$ es"ecially in great houses$
"rinces! courts$ 'here they are idle _in summo gradu_$ fare 'ell$ li#e at
ease$ and cannot tell other'ise ho' to s"end their time. ;@C-@G_Illic
5i""olitum "one$ Pria"us erit_. Achilles 'as sent by his mother Thetis to
the island of 9cyros in the Aegean sea ('here *ycomedes then reigned) in
his nonage to be brought u"< to a#oid that hard destiny of the oracle (he
should be slain at the siege of Troy)& and for that cause 'as nurtured in
Genesco$ amongst the %ing!s children in a 'oman!s habit< but see the e#ent&
he com"ressed 3eidamia$ the %ing!s fair daughter$ and had a fine son$
called Pyrrhus by her. Peter Abelard the "hiloso"her$ as he tells the tale
himself$ being set by 7ulbertus her uncle to teach 5eloise his lo#ely
niece$ and to that "ur"ose sojourned in his house$ and had committed _agnam
tenellam famelico lu"o_$ I use his o'n 'ords$ he soon got her good 'ill$
_"lura erant oscula 0uam sententiae_ and he read more of lo#e than any
other lecture< such "retty feats can o""ortunity "lea< _"rimum domo
conjuncti$ inde animis_$ Fc. ut 'hen as I say$ _no+$ #inum$ et
adolescentia_$ youth$ 'ine$ and night$ shall concur$ _no+ amoris et 0uietis
conscia_$ !tis a 'onder they be not all "lunged o#er head and ears in lo#e<
for youth is _benigna in amorem$ et "rona materies_$ a #ery combustible
matter$ na"htha itself$ the fuel of lo#e!s fire$ and most a"t to %indle it.
If there be se#en ser#ants in an ordinary house$ you shall ha#e three
cou"le in some good li%ing at least$ and amongst idle "ersons ho' should it
be other'iseN L*i#ing at ;@C--G1ome$L saith Aretine!s *ucretia$ Lin the
flo'er of my fortunes$ rich$ fair$ young$ and so 'ell brought u"$ my
con#ersation$ age$ beauty$ fortune$ made all the 'orld admire and lo#e me.L
8ight alone$ that one occasion$ is enough to set all on fire$ and they are
so cunning in great houses$ that they ma%e their best ad#antage of it& Many
a gentle'oman$ that is guilty to herself of her im"erfections$ "aintings$
im"ostures$ 'ill not 'illingly be seen by day$ but as ;@C-AG:astilio
noteth$ in the night$ _3iem ut glis odit$ taedarum lucem su"er omnia
ma#ult_$ she hateth the day li%e a dormouse$ and abo#e all things lo#es
torches and candlelight$ and if she must come abroad in the day$ she
co#ets$ as ;@C-/Gin a mercer!s sho"$ a #ery obfuscate and obscure sight.
And good reason she hath for it& _8octe latent mendae_$ and many an amorous
gull is fetched o#er by that means. Gomesius _lib. .. de sale gen. c. ==._
gi#es instance in a 7lorentine gentleman$ that 'as so decei#ed 'ith a 'ife$
she 'as so radiantly set out 'ith rings and je'els$ la'ns$ scar#es$ laces$
gold$ s"angles$ and gaudy de#ices$ that the young man too% her to be a
goddess (for he ne#er sa' her but by torchlight)< but after the 'edding
solemnities$ 'hen as he #ie'ed her the ne+t morning 'ithout her tires$ and
in a clear day$ she 'as so deformed$ a lean$ yello'$ shri#elled$ Fc.$ such
a beastly creature in his eyes$ that he could not endure to loo% u"on her.
9uch matches are fre0uently made in Italy$ 'here they ha#e no other
o""ortunity to 'oo but 'hen they go to church$ or$ as ;@C-BGin Tur%ey$ see
them at a distance$ they must interchange fe' or no 'ords$ till such time
they come to be married$ and then as 9ardus _lib. ,. ca". .. de morb.
gent._ and ;@CACGohemus relate of those old *acedaemonians$ Lthe bride is
brought into the chamber$ 'ith her hair girt about her$ the bridegroom
comes in and unties the %not$ and must not see her at all by daylight$ till
such time as he is made a father by her.L In those hotter countries these
are ordinary "ractices at this day< but in our northern "arts$ amongst
Germans$ 3anes$ 7rench$ and ritons$ the continent of 9candia and the rest$
'e assume more liberty in such cases< 'e allo' them$ as ohemus saith$ to
%iss coming and going$ _et modo absit lasci#ia$ in cau"onem ducere_$ to
tal% merrily$ s"ort$ "lay$ sing$ and dance so that it be modestly done$ go
to the alehouse and ta#ern together. And !tis not amiss$ though ;@CA,G
:hrysostom$ :y"rian$ 5ierome$ and some other of the fathers s"ea% bitterly
against it& but that is the abuse 'hich is commonly seen at some drun%en
matches$ dissolute meetings$ or great unruly feasts. ;@CA=GLA young$
"ic%ede#anted$ trim-bearded fello'$L saith 5ierome$ L'ill come 'ith a
com"any of com"liments$ and hold you u" by the arm as you go$ and 'ringing
your fingers$ 'ill so be enticed$ or entice& one drin%s to you$ another
embraceth$ a third %isseth$ and all this 'hile the fiddler "lays or sings a
lasci#ious song< a fourth singles you out to dance$ ;@CA.Gone s"ea%s by
bec% and signs$ and that 'hich he dares not say$ signifies by "assions<
amongst so many and so great "ro#ocations of "leasure$ lust con0uers the
most hard and crabbed minds$ and scarce can a man li#e honest amongst
feastings$ and s"orts$ or at such great meetings.L 7or as he goes on$
;@CA?GLshe 'al%s along and 'ith the ruffling of her clothes$ ma%es men loo%
at her$ her shoes crea%$ her "a"s tied u"$ her 'aist "ulled in to ma%e her
loo% small$ she is straight girded$ her hairs hang loose about her ears$
her u""er garment sometimes falls$ and sometimes tarries to sho' her na%ed
shoulders$ and as if she 'ould not be seen$ she co#ers that in all haste$
'hich #oluntarily she sho'ed.L And not at feasts$ "lays$ "ageants$ and such
assemblies$ ;@CA@Gbut as :hrysostom objects$ these tric%s are "ut in
"ractice Lat ser#ice time in churches$ and at the communion itself.L If
such dumb sho's$ signs$ and more obscure significations of lo#e can so
mo#e$ 'hat shall they do that ha#e full liberty to sing$ dance$ %iss$ coll$
to use all manner of discourse and dallianceO 4hat shall he do that is
beleaguered of all sidesN
;@CA-G LKuem tot$ tam roseae "etunt "uellae$
Kuem cultae cu"iunt nurus$ amor0ue
2mnis undi0ue et undecun0ue et us0ue$
2mnis ambit Amor$ Ienus0ue 5ymen0ue.L
LAfter 'hom so many rosy maids in0uire$
4hom dainty dames and lo#ing 'ights desire$
In e#ery "lace$ still$ and at all times sue$
4hom gods and gentle goddesses do 'oo.L
5o' shall he containN The #ery tone of some of their #oices$ a "retty
"leasing s"eech$ an affected tone they use$ is able of itself to ca"ti#ate
a young man< but 'hen a good 'it shall concur$ art and elo0uence$
fascinating s"eech$ "leasant discourse$ s'eet gestures$ the 9irens
themsel#es cannot so enchant. ;@CAAGP. Do#ius commends his Italian
country'omen$ to ha#e an e+cellent faculty in this %ind$ abo#e all other
nations$ and amongst them the 7lorentine ladies& some "refer 1oman and
Ienetian courtesans$ they ha#e such "leasing tongues$ and such ;@CA/G
elegancy of s"eech$ that they are able to o#ercome a saint$ _Pro facie
multis #o+ sua lena fuit. Tanta gratia #ocis famam conciliabat_$ saith
Petronius ;@CABGin his fragment of "ure im"urities$ I mean his _9atyricon$
tam dulcis sonus "ermulcebat aera$ ut "utares inter auras cantare 9yrenum
concordiam_< she sang so s'eetly that she charmed the air$ and thou 'ouldst
ha#e thought thou hadst heard a concert of 9irens. L2 good God$ 'hen *ais
s"ea%s$ ho' s'eet it isOL Philocolus e+claims in Aristenaetus$ to hear a
fair young gentle'oman "lay u"on the #irginals$ lute$ #iol$ and sing to it$
'hich as Gellius obser#es$ _lib. ,. ca". ,,._ are _lasci#ientium
delicicae_$ the chief delight of lo#ers$ must needs be a great enticement.
Parthenis 'as so ta%en. ;@C/CG_Mi #o+ ista a#ida haurit ab aure animam_& 2
sister 5ar"edona (she laments) I am undone$ ;@C/,GLho' s'eetly he sings$
I!ll s"ea% a bold 'ord$ he is the "ro"erest man that e#er I sa' in my life&
2 ho' s'eetly he sings$ I die for his sa%e$ 2 that he 'ould lo#e me againOL
If thou didst but hear her sing$ saith ;@C/=G*ucian$ Lthou 'ouldst forget
father and mother$ forsa%e all thy friends$ and follo' her.L 5elena is
highly commended by ;@C/.GTheocritus the "oet for her s'eet #oice and
music< none could "lay so 'ell as she$ and 3a"hnis in the same Edyllion$
LKuam tibi os dulce est$ et #o+ amabilis o 3a"hni$
Ducundius est audire te canentem$ 0uam mel lingereOL
L5o' s'eet a face hath 3a"hne$ ho' lo#ely a #oiceO
5oney itself is not so "leasant in my choice.L
A s'eet #oice and music are "o'erful enticers. Those 9amian singing
'enches$ Aristonica$ 2nanthe and Agathocleia$ _regiis diadematibus
insultarunt_$ insulted o#er %ings themsel#es$ as ;@C/?GPlutarch contends.
_:entum luminibus cinctum ca"ut Argus habebat_$ Argus had a hundred eyes$
all so charmed by one silly "i"e$ that he lost his head. :liti"hon
com"lains in ;@C/@GTatius of *euci""e!s s'eet tunes$ Lhe heard her "lay by
chance u"on the lute$ and sing a "retty song to it in commendations of a
rose$L out of old Anacreon beli%e<
L1osa honor decus0ue florum$
1osa flos odor0ue di#um$
5ominum rosa est #olu"tas$
3ecus illa Gratiarum$
7lorente amoris hora$
1osa sua#ium 3iones$L Fc.
L1ose the fairest of all flo'ers.
1ose delight of higher "o'ers$
1ose the joy of mortal men$
1ose the "leasure of fine 'omen$
1ose the Graces! ornament$
1ose 3ione!s s'eet content.L
To this effect the lo#ely #irgin 'ith a melodious air u"on her golden 'ired
har" or lute$ I %no' not 'ell 'hether$ "layed and sang$ and that
trans"orted him beyond himself$ Land that ra#ished his heart.L It 'as
Dason!s discourse as much as his beauty$ or any other of his good "arts$
'hich delighted Medea so much.
;@C/-G ------L3electabatur enim
Animus simul forma dulcibus0ue #erbis.L
It 'as :leo"atra!s s'eet #oice and "leasant s"eech 'hich in#eigled Antony$
abo#e the rest of her enticements. _Ierba ligant hominem$ ut taurorum
cornua funes_$ Las bulls! horns are bound 'ith ro"es$ so are men!s hearts
'ith "leasant 'ords.L L5er 'ords burn as fire$L Eccles. i+. ,C. 1o+alana
be'itched 9uleiman the Magnificent$ and 9hore!s 'ife by this engine
o#ercame Ed'ard the 7ourth$ ;@C/AG_2mnibus una omnes surri"uit Ieneres_.
The 'ife of ath in :haucer confesseth all this out of her e+"erience.
_9ome fol% desire us for riches.
9ome for sha"e$ some for fairness$
9ome for that she can sing or dance.
9ome for gentleness$ or for dalliance_.
;@C//GPeter Aretine!s *ucretia telleth as much and more of herself$ LI
counterfeited honesty$ as if I had been _#irgo #irginissima_$ more than a
#estal #irgin$ I loo%ed li%e a 'ife$ I 'as so demure and chaste$ I did add
such gestures$ tunes$ s"eeches$ signs and motions u"on all occasions$ that
my s"ectators and auditors 'ere stu"efied$ enchanted$ fastened all to their
"laces$ li%e so many stoc%s and stones.L Many silly gentle'omen are fetched
o#er in li%e sort$ by a com"any of gulls and s'aggering com"anions$ that
fre0uently belie noblemen!s fa#ours$ rhyming :oribantiasmi$ Thrasonean
1hadomantes or ombomachides$ that ha#e nothing in them but a fe' "layer!s
ends and com"liments$ #ain braggadocians$ im"udent intruders$ that can
discourse at table of %nights and lords! combats$ li%e ;@C/BG*ucian!s
*eonitiscus$ of other men!s tra#els$ bra#e ad#entures$ and such common
tri#ial ne's$ ride$ dance$ sing old ballad tunes$ and 'ear their clothes in
fashion$ 'ith a good grace< a fine s'eet gentleman$ a "ro"er man$ 'ho could
not lo#e himO 9he 'ill ha#e him though all her friends say no$ though she
beg 'ith him. 9ome again are incensed by reading amorous toys$ Amadis de
Gaul$ Palmerin de 2li#a$ the 6night of the 9un$ Fc.$ or hearing such tales
of ;@CBCGlo#ers$ descri"tions of their "ersons$ lasci#ious discourses$ such
as Astyanassa$ 5elen!s 'aiting-'oman$ by the re"ort of 9uidas$ 'rit of old$
_de #ariis concubitus modis_$ and after her Philenis and Ele"hantine< or
those light tracts of ;@CB,GAristides Milesius (mentioned by Plutarch) and
found by the Persians in :rassus! army amongst the s"oils$ Aretine!s
dialogues$ 'ith ditties$ lo#e songs$ Fc.$ must needs set them on fire$ 'ith
such li%e "ictures$ as those of Aretine$ or 'anton objects of 'hat %ind
soe#er< Lno stronger engine than to hear or read of lo#e toys$ fables and
discoursesL (;@CB=Gone saith) Land many by this means are 0uite mad.L At
Abdera in Thrace (Andromeda one of Euri"ides! tragedies being "layed) the
s"ectators 'ere so much mo#ed 'ith the object$ and those "athetical lo#e
s"eeches of Perseus$ amongst the rest$ L2 :u"id$ Prince of Gods and men$L
Fc. that e#ery man almost a good 'hile after s"a%e "ure iambics$ and ra#ed
still on Perseus! s"eech$ L2 :u"id$ Prince of Gods and men.L As carmen$
boys and a""rentices$ 'hen a ne' song is "ublished 'ith us$ go singing that
ne' tune still in the streets$ they continually acted that tragical "art of
Perseus$ and in e#ery man!s mouth 'as L2 :u"id$L in e#ery street$ L2
:u"id$L in e#ery house almost$ L2 :u"id$ Prince of Gods and men$L
"ronouncing still li%e stage-"layers$ L2 :u"id<L they 'ere so "ossessed all
'ith that ra"ture$ and thought of that "athetical lo#e s"eech$ they could
not a long time after forget$ or dri#e it out of their minds$ but L2 :u"id$
Prince of Gods and men$L 'as e#er in their mouths. This beli%e made
Aristotle$ _Polit. lib. A. ca". ,/._ forbid young men to see comedies$ or
to hear amorous tales.
;@CB.G L5aec igitur ju#enes ne0uam faciles0ue "uellae
Ins"iciantL------
Llet not young fol%s meddle at all 'ith such matters.L And this made the
1omans$ as ;@CB?GIitru#ius relates$ "ut Ienus! tem"le in the suburbs$
_e+tra murum$ ne adolescentes #enereis insuescant_$ to a#oid all occasions
and objects. 7or 'hat 'ill not such an object doN Ismenias$ as he 'al%ed in
9osthene!s garden$ being no' in lo#e$ 'hen he sa' so many ;@CB@Glasci#ious
"ictures$ Thetis! marriage$ and I %no' not 'hat$ 'as almost beside himself.
And to say truth$ 'ith a lasci#ious object 'ho is not mo#ed$ to see others
dally$ %iss$ danceN And much more 'hen he shall come to be an actor
himself.
To %iss and be %issed$ 'hich$ amongst other lasci#ious "ro#ocations$ is as
a burden in a song$ and a most forcible battery$ as infectious$ ;@CB-G
Jeno"hon thin%s$ as the "oison of a s"ider< a great allurement$ a fire
itself$ _"rooemium aut anticoenium_$ the "rologue of burning lust (as
A"uleius adds)$ lust itself$ ;@CBAG_Ienus 0uinta "arte sui nectaris
imbuit_$ a strong assault$ that con0uers ca"tains$ and those all commanding
forces$ (;@CB/G_3omas0ue ferro sed domaris osculo_). ;@CBBGAretine!s
*ucretia$ 'hen she 'ould in %indness o#ercome a suitor of hers$ and ha#e
her desire of him$ Ltoo% him about the nec%$ and %issed him again and
again$L and to that$ 'hich she could not other'ise effect$ she made him so
s"eedily and 'illingly condescend. And !tis a continual
assault$--;@,CCG_hoc non deficit inci"it0ue sem"er_$ al'ays fresh$ and
ready to ;@,C,Gbegin as at first$ _basium nullo fine terminatur$ sed sem"er
recens est_$ and hath a fiery touch 'ith it.
;@,C=G ------LTenta modo tangere cor"us$
Dam tua mellifluo membra calore fluent.L
Es"ecially 'hen they shall be lasci#iously gi#en$ as he feelingly said$
;@,C.G_et me "raessulum deosculata 7otis$ :atenatis lacertis_$ ;@,C?G
_2btorto #algiter labello_.
;@,C@G LIalgiis sua#iis$
3um semiulco sua#io
Meam "uellam sua#ior$
Anima tunc aegra et saucia
:oncurrit ad labia mihi.L
The soul and all is mo#ed< ;@,C-G_Dam "luribus osculis labra cre"itabant$
animarum 0uo0ue mi+turam facientes$ inter mutuos com"le+us animas
anhelantes_$
;@,CAG L5aesimus calentes$
Et transfudimus hinc et hinc labellis
Errantes animas$ #alete curae.L
LThey breathe out their souls and s"irits together 'ith their %isses$L
saith ;@,C/Galthazar :astilio$ Lchange hearts and s"irits$ and mingle
affections as they do %isses$ and it is rather a connection of the mind
than of the body.L And although these %isses be delightsome and "leasant$
Ambrosial %isses$ ;@,CBG_9ua#iolum dulci dulcius Ambrosia_$ such as ;@,,CG
Ganymede ga#e Du"iter$ _8ectare sua#ius_$ s'eeter than ;@,,,Gnectar$
balsam$ honey$ ;@,,=G_2scula merum amorem stillantia_$ lo#e-dro""ing
%isses< for
LThe gilliflo'er$ the rose is not so s'eet$
As sugared %isses be 'hen lo#ers meet<L
Eet they lea#e an ir%some im"ression$ li%e that of aloes or gall$
;@,,.G LHt mi e+ Ambrosia$ mutatum jam foret illud
9ua#iolum tristi tristius helleboro.L
LAt first Ambrose itself 'as not s'eeter$
At last blac% hellebore 'as not so bitter.L
They are deceitful %isses$
;@,,?G LKuid me mollibus im"licas lacertisN
Kuid fallacibus osculis inescasNFc.L
L4hy dost 'ithin thine arms me la"$
And 'ith false %isses me entra".L
They are destructi#e$ and the more the 'orse& ;@,,@G_Et 0uae me "erdunt$
oscula mille dabat_$ they are the bane of these miserable lo#ers. There be
honest %isses$ I deny not$ _osculum charitatis_$ friendly %isses$ modest
%isses$ #estal-#irgin %isses$ officious and ceremonial %isses$ Fc. _2sculi
sensus$ brachiorum am"le+us_$ %issing and embracing are "ro"er gifts of
8ature to a man< but these are too lasci#ious %isses$ ;@,,-G_Im"licuit0ue
suos circum meet colla lacertos_$ Fc. too continuate and too #iolent$
;@,,AG_rachia non hederae$ non #incunt oscula conchae_< they cling li%e
i#y$ close as an oyster$ bill as do#es$ meretricious %isses$ biting of
li"s$ _cum additamento& Tam im"resso ore_ (saith ;@,,/G*ucian) _ut #i+
labia detrahant$ inter deosculandum mordicantes$ tum et os a"erientes
0uo0ue et mammas attrectantes_$ Fc. such %isses as she ga#e to Gyton$
_innumera oscula dedit non re"ugnanti "uero$ cer#icem in#adens_$
innumerable %isses$ Fc. More than %isses$ or too homely %isses& as those
that ;@,,BGhe s"a%e of$ _Acce"turus ab i"sa #enere A$ sua#ia_$ Fc. 'ith
such other obscenities that #ain lo#ers use$ 'hich are abominable and
"ernicious. If$ as Peter de *edesmo _cas. cons._ holds$ e#ery %iss a man
gi#es his 'ife after marriage$ be _mortale "eccatum_$ a mortal sin$ or that
of ;@,=CG5ierome$ _Adulter est 0uis0uis in u+orem suam ardentior est
amator_< or that of Thomas 9ecund. _0uaest. ,@?. artic. ?._ _contactus et
osculum sit mortale "eccatum_$ or that of 3urand. _1ational. lib. ,. ca".
,C._ _abstinere debent conjuges a com"le+u$ toto tem"ore 0uo solennitas
nu"tiarum interdicitur_$ 'hat shall become of all such ;@,=,Gimmodest
%isses and obscene actions$ the forerunners of brutish lust$ if not lust
itselfO 4hat shall become of them that often abuse their o'n 'i#esN ut
'hat ha#e I to do 'ith thisN
That 'hich I aim at$ is to sho' you the "rogress of this burning lust< to
e"itomise therefore all this 'hich I ha#e hitherto said$ 'ith a familiar
e+am"le out of that elegant Musaeus$ obser#e but 'ith me those amorous
"roceedings of *eander and 5ero& they began first to loo% one on another
'ith a lasci#ious loo%$
L2bli0ue intuens inde nutibus$--
8utibus mutuis inducens in errorem mentem "uellae.
Et illa e contra nutibus mutuis ju#enis
*eandri 0uod amorem non renuit$ Fc. Inde
Adibat in tenebris tacite 0uidem stringens
1oseos "uellae digitos$ e+ imo sus"irabat
Iehementer------Inde
Iirginis autem bene olens collum osculatus.
Tale #erbum ait amoris ictus stimulo$
Preces audi et amoris miserere mei$ Fc.
9ic fatus recusantis "ersuasit mentem "uellae.L
L4ith bec%s and nods he first began
To try the 'ench!s mind.
4ith bec%s and nods and smiles again
An ans'er he did find.L
LAnd in the dar% he too% her by the hand$
And 'rung it hard$ and sighed grie#ously$
And %iss!d her too$ and 'oo!d her as he might$
4ith "ity me$ s'eetheart$ or else I die$
And 'ith such 'ords and gestures as there "ast$
5e 'on his mistress! fa#our at the last.L
The same "roceeding is elegantly described by A"ollonius in his
Argonautics$ bet'een Dason and Medea$ by Eustathius in the ten boo%s of the
lo#es of Ismenias and Ismene$ Achilles Tatius bet'een his :lito"hon and
*euci""e$ :haucer!s neat "oem of Troilus and :resseide< and in that notable
tale in Petronius of a soldier and a gentle'oman of E"hesus$ that 'as so
famous all o#er Asia for her chastity$ and that mourned for her husband&
the soldier 'ooed her 'ith such rhetoric as lo#ers use to do$--_"lacitone
etiam "ugnabis amori_N Fc. at last$ _frangi "ertinaciam "assa est_$ he got
her good 'ill$ not only to satisfy his lust$ ;@,==Gbut to hang her dead
husband!s body on the cross ('hich he 'atched instead of the thief!s that
'as ne'ly stolen a'ay)$ 'hilst he 'ooed her in her cabin. These are tales$
you 'ill say$ but they ha#e most significant morals$ and do 'ell e+"ress
those ordinary "roceedings of doting lo#ers.
Many such allurements there are$ nods$ jests$ 'in%s$ smiles$ 'restlings$
to%ens$ fa#ours$ symbols$ letters$ #alentines$ Fc. 7or 'hich cause beli%e$
Godfridus _lib. =. de amor_. 'ould not ha#e 'omen learn to 'rite. Many such
"ro#ocations are used 'hen they come in "resence$ ;@,=.G,C they 'ill and
'ill not$
LMalo me Galatea "etit lasci#a "uella$
Et fugit ad salices$ et se cu"it ante #ideri.L
LMy mistress 'ith an a""le 'oos me$
And hastily to co#ert goes
To hide herself$ but 'ould be seen
4ith all her heart before$ God %no's.L
5ero so tri""ed a'ay from *eander as one dis"leased$
;@,=?G LEet as she 'ent full often loo%!d behind$
And many "oor e+cuses did she find
To linger by the 'ay$L------
but if he chance to o#erta%e her$ she is most a#erse$ nice and coy$
L3enegat et "ugnat$ sed #ult su"er omnia #inci.L
L9he seems not 'on$ but 'on she is at length$
In such 'ars 'omen use but half their strength.L
9ometimes they lie o"en and are most tractable and coming$ a"t$ yielding$
and 'illing to embrace$ to ta%e a green go'n$ 'ith that she"herdess in
Theocritus$ _Edyl. =A._ to let their coats$ Fc.$ to "lay and dally$ at such
seasons$ and to some$ as they s"y their ad#antage< and then coy$ close
again$ so nice$ so surly$ so demure$ you had much better tame a colt$ catch
or ride a 'ild horse$ than get her fa#our$ or 'in her lo#e$ not a loo%$ not
a smile$ not a %iss for a %ingdom. ;@,=@GAretine!s *ucretia 'as an
e+cellent artisan in this %ind$ as she tells her o'n tale$ LThough I 'as by
nature and art most beautiful and fair$ yet by these tric%s I seemed to be
far more amiable than I 'as$ for that 'hich men earnestly see% and cannot
attain$ dra's on their affection 'ith a most furious desire. I had a suitor
lo#ed me dearlyL (said she)$ Land the ;@,=-Gmore he ga#e me$ the more
eagerly he 'ooed me$ the more I seemed to neglect$ to scorn him$ and 'hich
I commonly ga#e others$ I 'ould not let him see me$ con#erse 'ith me$ no$
not ha#e a %iss.L To gull him the more$ and fetch him o#er (for him only I
aimed at) I "ersonated mine o'n ser#ant to bring in a "resent from a
9"anish count$ 'hilst he 'as in my com"any$ as if he had been the count!s
ser#ant$ 'hich he did e+cellently 'ell "erform& ;@,=AG_:omes de monte
Turco_$ Lmy lord and master hath sent your ladyshi" a small "resent$ and
"art of his hunting$ a "iece of #enison$ a "heasant$ a fe' "artridges$ Fc.
(all 'hich she bought 'ith her o'n money)$ commends his lo#e and ser#ice to
you$ desiring you to acce"t of it in good "art$ and he means #ery shortly
to come and see you.L 4ithal she sho'ed him rings$ glo#es$ scar#es$
coronets 'hich others had sent her$ 'hen there 'as no such matter$ but only
to circum#ent him. ;@,=/Gy these means (as she concludes) LI made the "oor
gentleman so mad$ that he 'as ready to s"end himself$ and #enture his
dearest blood for my sa%e.L Philinna$ in ;@,=BG*ucian$ "ractised all this
long before$ as it shall a""ear unto you by her discourse< for 'hen
3i"hilus her s'eetheart came to see her (as his daily custom 'as) she
fro'ned u"on him$ 'ould not #ouchsafe him her com"any$ but %issed *am"rius
his co-ri#al$ at the same time ;@,.CGbefore his face& but 'hy 'as itN To
ma%e him (as she telleth her mother that chid her for it) more jealous< to
'het his lo#e$ to come 'ith a greater a""etite$ and to %no' that her fa#our
'as not so easy to be had. Many other tric%s she used besides this (as she
there confesseth)$ for she 'ould fall out 'ith$ and anger him of set
"ur"ose$ "ic% 0uarrels u"on no occasion$ because she 'ould be reconciled to
him again. _Amantium irae amoris redintegratio_$ as the old saying is$ the
falling out of lo#ers is the rene'ing of lo#e< and according to that of
Aristenaetis$ _jucundiores amorum "ost injurias deliciae_$ lo#e is
increased by injuries$ as the sunbeams are more gracious after a cloud. And
surely this a"horism is most true< for as Am"elis informs :risis in the
said *ucian$ ;@,.,GLIf a lo#er be not jealous$ angry$ 'as"ish$ a"t to fall
out$ sigh and s'ear$ he is no true lo#er.L To %iss and coll$ hang about her
nec%$ "rotest$ s'ear and 'ish$ are but ordinary sym"toms$ _inci"ientis
adhuc et crescentis amoris signa_< but if he be jealous$ angry$ a"t to
mista%e$ Fc.$ _bene s"eres licet_$ s'eet sister he is thine o'n< yet if you
let him alone$ humour him$ "lease him$ Fc.$ and that he "ercei#e once he
hath you sure$ 'ithout any co-ri#al$ his lo#e 'ill languish$ and he 'ill
not care so much for you. 5itherto (saith she) can I s"ea% out of
e+"erience< 3emo"hantus a rich fello' 'as a suitor of mine$ I seemed to
neglect him$ and ga#e better entertainment to :alliades the "ainter before
his face$ _"rinci"io abiit$ #erbis me insectatus_$ at first he 'ent a'ay
all in a chafe$ cursing and s'earing$ but at last he came submitting
himself$ #o'ing and "rotesting he lo#ed me most dearly$ I should ha#e all
he had$ and that he 'ould %ill himself for my sa%e. Therefore I ad#ise thee
(dear sister :risis) and all maids$ not to use your suitors o#er %indly<
_insolentes enim sunt hoc cum sentiunt_$ !t'ill ma%e them "roud and
insolent< but no' and then reject them$ estrange thyself$ _et si me audies
semel at0ue iterum e+clude_$ shut him out of doors once or t'ice$ let him
dance attendance< follo' my counsel$ and by this means ;@,.=Gyou shall ma%e
him mad$ come off roundly$ stand to any conditions$ and do 'hatsoe#er you
'ill ha#e him. These are the ordinary "ractices< yet in the said *ucian$
Melissa methin%s had a tric% beyond all this< for 'hen her suitor came
coldly on$ to stir him u"$ she 'rit one of his co-ri#al!s names and her o'n
in a "a"er$ _Melissa amat 5ermotimum$ 5ermotimus Mellissam_$ causing it to
be stuc% u"on a "ost$ for all gazers to behold$ and lost it in the 'ay
'here he used to 'al%< 'hich 'hen the silly no#ice "ercei#ed$ _statim ut
legit credidit_$ instantly a""rehended it 'as so$ came ra#ing to me$ Fc.
;@,..GLand so 'hen I 'as in des"air of his lo#e$ four months after I
reco#ered him again.L Eugenia dre' Timocles for her #alentine$ and 'ore his
name a long time after in her bosom& :amaena singled out Pam"hilus to
dance$ at Myson!s 'edding (some say)$ for there she sa' him first<
7elicianus o#ertoo% :aelia by the high'ay side$ offered his ser#ice$ thence
came further ac0uaintance$ and thence came lo#e. ut 'ho can re"eat half
their de#icesN 4hat Aretine e+"erienced$ 'hat conceited *ucian$ or 'anton
AristenaetusN They 'ill deny and ta%e$ stiffly refuse$ and yet earnestly
see% the same$ re"el to ma%e them come 'ith more eagerness$ fly from if you
follo'$ but if a#erse$ as a shado' they 'ill follo' you again$ _fugientem
se0uitur$ se0uentem fugit_< 'ith a regaining retreat$ a gentle reluctancy$
a smiling threat$ a "retty "leasant "ee#ishness they 'ill "ut you off$ and
ha#e a thousand such se#eral enticements. 7or as he saith$
;@,.?G L8on est forma satis$ nec 0uae #ult bella #ideri$
3ebet #ulgari more "lacere suis.
3icta$ sales$ lusus$ sermones$ gratia$ risus$
Iincunt naturae candidioris o"us.L
L!Tis not enough though she be fair of hue$
7or her to use this #ulgar com"liment&
ut "retty toys and jests$ and sa's and smiles$
As far beyond 'hat beauty can attem"t.L
;@,.@G7or this cause beli%e Philostratus$ in his images$ ma%es di#erse
lo#es$ Lsome young$ some of one age$ some of another$ some 'inged$ some of
one se+$ some of another$ some 'ith torches$ some 'ith golden a""les$ some
'ith darts$ gins$ snares$ and other engines in their hands$L as Pro"ertius
hath "rettily "ainted them out$ _lib. =. et =B._ and 'hich some inter"ret$
di#erse enticements$ or di#erse affections of lo#ers$ 'hich if not alone$
yet jointly may batter and o#ercome the strongest constitutions.
It is re"orted of 3ecius$ and Ialerianus$ those t'o notorious "ersecutors
of the church$ that 'hen they could enforce a young :hristian by no means
(as ;@,.-G5ierome records) to sacrifice to their idols$ by no torments or
"romises$ they too% another course to tem"t him& they "ut him into a fair
garden$ and set a young courtesan to dally 'ith him$ ;@,.AGLtoo% him about
the nec% and %issed him$ and that 'hich is not to be named$L _manibus0ue
attrectare_$ Fc.$ and all those enticements 'hich might be used$ that 'hom
torments could not$ lo#e might batter and beleaguer. ut such 'as his
constancy$ she could not o#ercome$ and 'hen this last engine 'ould ta%e no
"lace$ they left him to his o'n 'ays. At ;@,./Ger%ley in Gloucestershire$
there 'as in times "ast a nunnery (saith Gualterus Ma"es$ an old
historiogra"her$ that li#ed ?CC years since)$ Lof 'hich there 'as a noble
and a fair lady abbess& God'in$ that subtile Earl of 6ent$ tra#elling that
'ay$ (see%ing not her but hers) lea#es a ne"he' of his$ a "ro"er young
gallant (as if he had been sic%) 'ith her$ till he came bac% again$ and
gi#es the young man charge so long to counterfeit$ till he had deflo'ered
the abbess$ and as many besides of the nuns as he could$ and lea#es him
'ithal rings$ je'els$ girdles$ and such toys to gi#e them still$ 'hen they
came to #isit him. The young man$ 'illing to undergo such a business$
"layed his "art so 'ell$ that in short s"ace he got u" most of their
bellies$ and 'hen he had done$ told his lord ho' he had s"ed& ;@,.BGhis
lord made instantly to the court$ tells the %ing ho' such a nunnery 'as
become a ba'dy-house$ "rocures a #isitation$ gets them to be turned out$
and begs the lands to his o'n use.L This story I do therefore re"eat$ that
you may see of 'hat force these enticements are$ if they be o""ortunely
used$ and ho' hard it is e#en for the most a#erse and sanctified souls to
resist such allurements. Dohn Major in the life of Dohn the mon%$ that
li#ed in the days of Theodosius$ commends the hermit to ha#e been a man of
singular continency$ and of a most austere life< but one night by chance
the de#il came to his cell in the habit of a young mar%et 'ench that had
lost her 'ay$ and desired for God!s sa%e some lodging 'ith him. ;@,?CGLThe
old man let her in$ and after some common conference of her misha"$ she
began to in#eigle him 'ith lasci#ious tal% and jests$ to "lay 'ith his
beard$ to %iss him$ and do 'orse$ till at last she o#ercame him. As he 'ent
to address himself to that business$ she #anished on a sudden$ and the
de#ils in the air laughed him to scorn.L 4hether this be a true story$ or a
tale$ I 'ill not much contend$ it ser#es to illustrate this 'hich I ha#e
said.
Eet 'ere it so$ that these of 'hich I ha#e hitherto s"o%en$ and such li%e
enticing baits$ be not sufficient$ there be many others$ 'hich 'ill of
themsel#es intend this "assion of burning lust$ amongst 'hich$ dancing is
none of the least< and it is an engine of such force$ I may not omit it.
_Incitamentum libidinis_$ Petrarch calls it$ the s"ur of lust. LA ;@,?,G
circle of 'hich the de#il himself is the centre. ;@,?=GMany 'omen that use
it$ ha#e come dishonest home$ most indifferent$ none better.L ;@,?.G
Another terms it Lthe com"anion of all filthy delights and enticements$ and
!tis not easily told 'hat incon#eniences come by it$ 'hat scurrile tal%$
obscene actions$L and many times such monstrous gestures$ such lasci#ious
motions$ such 'anton tunes$ meretricious %isses$ homely embracings.
;@,??G ------L(ut Gaditana canoro
Inci"iat "rurire choro$ "lausu0ue "robatae
Ad terram tremula descendant clune "uellae$
Irritamentum Ieneris languentis)L------
that it 'ill ma%e the s"ectators mad. 4hen that e"itomiser of ;@,?@GTrogus
had to the full described and set out 6ing Ptolemy!s riot as a chief engine
and instrument of his o#erthro'$ he adds$ _tym"anum et tri"udium_$ fiddling
and dancing& Lthe %ing 'as not a s"ectator only$ but a "rinci"al actor
himself.L A thing ne#ertheless fre0uently used$ and "art of a gentle'oman!s
bringing u"$ to sing$ dance$ and "lay on the lute$ or some such instrument$
before she can say her "aternoster$ or ten commandments. !Tis the ne+t 'ay
their "arents thin% to get them husbands$ they are com"elled to learn$ and
by that means$ ;@,?-G_Incoestos amores de tenero meditantur ungue_< !tis a
great allurement as it is often used$ and many are undone by it. Thais$ in
*ucian$ in#eigled *am"rias in a dance$ 5erodias so far "leased 5erod$ that
she made him s'ear to gi#e her 'hat she 'ould as%$ Dohn a"tist!s head in a
"latter. ;@,?AG1obert$ 3u%e of 8ormandy$ riding by 7alais$ s"ied Arlette$ a
fair maid$ as she danced on a green$ and 'as so much enamoured 'ith the
object$ that ;@,?/Gshe must needs lie 'ith her that night. 2'en Tudor 'on
Kueen :atherine!s affection in. a dance$ falling by chance 'ith his head in
her la". 4ho cannot "arallel these stories out of his e+"erienceN
9"eusi""as a noble gallant in ;@,?BGthat Gree% Aristenaetus$ seeing
Panareta a fair young gentle'oman dancing by accident$ 'as so far in lo#e
'ith her$ that for a long time after he could thin% of nothing but
Panareta& he came ra#ing home full of Panareta& L4ho 'ould not admire her$
'ho 'ould not lo#e her$ that should but see her dance as I didN 2
admirable$ 2 di#ine PanaretaO I ha#e seen old and ne' 1ome$ many fair
cities$ many "ro"er 'omen$ but ne#er any li%e to Panareta$ they are dross$
do'dies all to PanaretaO 2 ho' she danced$ ho' she tri""ed$ ho' she turned$
'ith 'hat a graceO ha""y is that man that shall enjoy her. 2 most
incom"arable$ only$ PanaretaOL 4hen Jeno"hon$ in _9ym"osio_$ or an0uet$
had discoursed of lo#e$ and used all the engines that might be de#ised$ to
mo#e 9ocrates$ amongst the rest$ to stir him the more$ he shuts u" all 'ith
a "leasant interlude or dance of 3ionysius and Ariadne. ;@,@CGL7irst
Ariadne dressed li%e a bride came in and too% her "lace< by and by
3ionysius entered$ dancing to the music. The s"ectators did all admire the
young man!s carriage< and Ariadne herself 'as so much affected 'ith the
sight$ that she could scarce sit. After a 'hile 3ionysius beholding
Ariadne$ and incensed 'ith lo#e$ bo'ing to her %nees$ embraced her first$
and %issed her 'ith a grace< she embraced him again$ and %issed him 'ith
li%e affection$ Fc.$ as the dance re0uired< but they that stood by$ and sa'
this$ did much a""laud and commend them both for it. And 'hen 3ionysius
rose u"$ he raised her u" 'ith him$ and many "retty gestures$ embraces$
%isses$ and lo#e com"liments "assed bet'een them& 'hich 'hen they sa' fair
acchus and beautiful Ariadne so s'eetly and so unfeignedly %issing each
other$ so really embracing$ they s'ore they lo#ed indeed$ and 'ere so
inflamed 'ith the object$ that they began to rouse u" themsel#es$ as if
they 'ould ha#e flo'n. At the last 'hen they sa' them still$ so 'illingly
embracing$ and no' ready to go to the bride-chamber$ they 'ere so ra#ished$
'ith it$ that they that 'ere unmarried$ s'ore they 'ould forth'ith marry$
and those that 'ere married called instantly for their horses$ and gallo"ed
home to their 'i#es.L 4hat greater moti#e can there be than this burning
lustN 'hat so #iolent an o""ugnerN 8ot 'ithout good cause therefore so many
general councils condemn it$ so many fathers abhor it$ so many gra#e men
s"ea% against it< LHse not the com"any of a 'oman$L saith 9iracides$ /. ?.
Lthat is a singer$ or a dancer< neither hear$ lest thou be ta%en in her
craftiness.L _In circo non tam cernitur 0uam discitur libido_. ;@,@,G5aedus
holds$ lust in theatres is not seen$ but learned. Gregory 8azianzen that
elo0uent di#ine$ (;@,@=Gas he relates the story himself$) 'hen a noble
friend of his solemnly in#ited him 'ith other bisho"s$ to his daughter
2lym"ia!s 'edding$ refused to come& ;@,@.GL7or it is absurd to see an old
gouty bisho" sit amongst dancers<L he held it unfit to be a s"ectator$ much
less an actor. _8emo saltat sobrius_$ Tully 'rites$ he is not a sober man
that danceth< for some such reason (beli%e) 3omitian forbade the 1oman
senators to dance$ and for that fact remo#ed many of them from the senate.
ut these$ you 'ill say$ are lasci#ious and Pagan dances$ !tis the abuse
that causeth such incon#enience$ and I do not 'ell therefore to condemn$
s"ea% against$ or Linnocently to accuse the best and "leasantest thing (so
;@,@?G*ucian calls it) that belongs to mortal men.L Eou misinter"ret$ I
condemn it not< I hold it not'ithstanding an honest dis"ort$ a la'ful
recreation$ if it be o""ortune$ moderately and soberly used& I am of
Plutarch!s mind$ ;@,@@GLthat 'hich res"ects "leasure alone$ honest
recreation$ or bodily e+ercise$ ought not to be rejected and contemned&L I
subscribe to ;@,@-G*ucian$ L!tis an elegant thing$ 'hich cheereth u" the
mind$ e+erciseth the body$ delights the s"ectators$ 'hich teacheth many
comely gestures$ e0ually affecting the ears$ eyes$ and soul itself.L
9allust discommends singing and dancing in 9em"ronia$ not that she did sing
or dance$ but that she did it in e+cess$ !tis the abuse of it< and
Gregory!s refusal doth not sim"ly condemn it$ but in some fol%s. Many 'ill
not allo' men and 'omen to dance together$ because it is a "ro#ocation to
lust& they may as 'ell$ 'ith *ycurgus and Mahomet$ cut do'n all #ines$
forbid the drin%ing of 'ine$ for that it ma%es some men drun%.
;@,@AG L8ihil "rodest 0uod non laedere "osset idem<
Igne 0uid utiliusNL------
I say of this as of all other honest recreations$ they are li%e fire$ good
and bad$ and I see no such incon#enience$ but that they may so dance$ if it
be done at due times$ and by fit "ersons& and conclude 'ith 4olfungus
;@,@/G5ider$ and most of our modern di#ines& _9i decorae$ gra#es$
#erecundae$ "lena luce bonorum #irorum et matronarum honestarum$ tem"esti#e
fiant$ "robari "ossunt$ et debent_. LThere is a time to mourn$ a time to
dance$L Eccles. iii. ?. *et them ta%e their "leasures then$ and as ;@,@BG
he said of old$ Lyoung men and maids flourishing in their age$ fair and
lo#ely to behold$ 'ell attired$ and of comely carriage$ dancing a Gree%
galliard$ and as their dance re0uired$ %e"t their time$ no' turning$ no'
tracing$ no' a"art no' altogether$ no' a courtesy then a ca"er$L Fc.$ and
it 'as a "leasant sight to see those "retty %nots$ and s'imming figures.
The sun and moon (some say) dance about the earth$ the three u""er "lanets
about the sun as their centre$ no' stationary$ no' direct$ no' retrograde$
no' in a"ogee$ then in "erigee$ no' s'ift then slo'$ occidental$ oriental$
they turn round$ jum" and trace$ ;9ymbol& MarsG and ;9ymbol& MercuryG about
the sun 'ith those thirty-three Maculae or ourbonian "lanet$ _circa 9olem
saltantes :ytharedum_$ saith 7romundus. 7our Medicean stars dance about
Du"iter$ t'o Austrian about 9aturn$ Fc.$ and all (beli%e) to the music of
the s"heres. 2ur greatest counsellors$ and staid senators$ at some times
dance$ as 3a#id before the ar%$ = 9am. #i. ,?. Miriam$ E+od. +#. =C.
Dudith$ +#. ,.. (though the de#il hence "erha"s hath brought in those ba'dy
bacchanals)$ and 'ell may they do it. The greatest soldiers$ as ;@,-CG
Kuintilianus$ ;@,-,GAemilius Probus$ ;@,-=G:oelius 1hodiginus$ ha#e "ro#ed
at large$ still use it in Greece$ 1ome$ and the most 'orthy senators$
_cantare$ saltare_. *ucian$ Macrobius$ *ibanus$ Plutarch$ Dulius$ Pollu+$
Athenaeus$ ha#e 'ritten just tracts in commendation of it. In this our age
it is in much re0uest in those countries$ as in all ci#il common'ealths$ as
Ale+ander ab Ale+andro$ _lib. ?. ca". ,C. et lib. =. ca". =@._ hath "ro#ed
at large$ ;@,-.Gamongst the barbarians themsel#es none so "recious< all the
'orld allo's it.
;@,-?G L3i#itias contemno tuas$ re+ :raese$ tuam0ue
Iendo Asiam$ unguentis$ flore$ mero$ choreis.L
;@,-@GPlato$ in his :ommon'ealth$ 'ill ha#e dancing-schools to be
maintained$ Lthat young fol%s might meet$ be ac0uainted$ see one another$
and be seen<L nay more$ he 'ould ha#e them dance na%ed< and scoffs at them
that laugh at it. ut Eusebius _"rae"ar. E#angel. lib. ,. ca". ,,._ and
Theodoret _lib. B. curat. graec. affect_. 'orthily lash him for it< and
'ell they might& for as one saith$ ;@,--GLthe #ery sight of na%ed "arts
causeth enormous$ e+ceeding concu"iscences$ and stirs u" both men and 'omen
to burning lust.L There is a mean in all things& this is my censure in
brief< dancing is a "leasant recreation of body and mind$ if sober and
modest (such as our :hristian dances are)< if tem"esti#ely used$ a furious
moti#e to burning lust< if as by Pagans heretofore$ unchastely abused. ut
I "roceed.
If these allurements do not ta%e "lace$ for ;@,-AG9imierus$ that great
master of dalliance$ shall not beha#e himself better$ the more effectually
to mo#e others$ and satisfy their lust$ they 'ill s'ear and lie$ "romise$
"rotest$ forge$ counterfeit$ brag$ bribe$ flatter and dissemble of all
sides. !T'as *ucretia!s counsel in Aretine$ _9i #is amica frui$ "romitte$
finge$ jura$ "erjura$ jacta$ simula$ mentire_< and they "ut it 'ell in
"ractice$ as A"ollo to 3a"hne$
;@,-/G ------Lmihi 3el"hica tellus
Et :laros et Tenedos$ "atarea0ue regia ser#it$
Du"iter est genitorL------
L3el"hos$ :laros$ and Tenedos ser#e me$
And Du"iter is %no'n my sire to be.L
;@,-BGThe "oorest s'ains 'ill do as much$ ;@,ACG_Mille "ecus ni#ei sunt et
mihi #allibus agni_< LI ha#e a thousand shee"$ good store of cattle$ and
they are all at her command$L
;@,A,G ------LTibi nos$ tibi nostra su"elle+$
1ura0ue ser#ierintL------
Lhouse$ land$ goods$ are at her ser#ice$L as he is himself. 3inomachus$ a
senator!s son in ;@,A=G*ucian$ in lo#e 'ith a 'ench inferior to him in
birth and fortunes$ the sooner to accom"lish his desire$ 'e"t unto her$ and
s'ore he lo#ed her 'ith all his heart$ and her alone$ and that as soon as
e#er his father died (a #ery rich man and almost decre"it) he 'ould ma%e
her his 'ife. The maid by chance made her mother ac0uainted 'ith the
business$ 'ho being an old fo+$ 'ell e+"erienced in such matters$ told her
daughter$ no' ready to yield to his desire$ that he meant nothing less$ for
dost thou thin% he 'ill e#er care for thee$ being a "oor 'ench$ ;@,A.Gthat
may ha#e his choice of all the beauties in the city$ one noble by birth$
'ith so many talents$ as young$ better 0ualified$ and fairer than thyselfN
daughter belie#e him not& the maid 'as abashed$ and so the matter bro%e
off. 4hen Du"iter 'ooed Duno first (*ilius Giraldus relates it out of an
old comment on Theocritus) the better to effect his suit$ he turned himself
into a cuc%oo$ and s"ying her one day 'al%ing alone$ se"arated from the
other goddesses$ caused a tem"est suddenly to arise$ for fear of 'hich she
fled to shelter< Du"iter to a#oid the storm li%e'ise fle' into her la"$ _in
#irginis Dunonis gremium de#ola#it_$ 'hom Duno for "ity co#ered in her
;@,A?Ga"ron. ut he turned himself forth'ith into his o'n sha"e$ began to
embrace and offer #iolence unto her$ _sed illa matris metu abnuebat_$ but
she by no means 'ould yield$ _donec "ollicitus connubium obtinuit_$ till he
#o'ed and s'ore to marry her$ and then she ga#e consent. This fact 'as done
at Thorna+ hill$ 'hich e#er after 'as called :uc%oo hill$ and in "er"etual
remembrance there 'as a tem"le erected to Telia Duno in the same "lace. 9o
"o'erful are fair "romises$ #o's$ oaths and "rotestations. It is an
ordinary thing too in this case to belie their age$ 'hich 'ido's usually
do$ that mean to marry again$ and bachelors too sometimes$
;@,A@G L:ujus octa#um tre"ida#it aetas$
cernere lustrum<L
to say they are younger than they are. :armides in the said *ucian lo#ed
Philematium$ an old maid of forty-fi#e years< ;@,A-Gshe s'ore to him she
'as but thirty-t'o ne+t 3ecember. ut to dissemble in this %ind$ is
familiar of all sides$ and often it ta%es. ;@,AAG_7allere credentem res est
o"erosa "uellam_$ !tis soon done$ no such great mastery$ _Egregiam #ero
laudem$ et s"olia am"la_$--and nothing so fre0uent as to belie their
estates$ to "refer their suits$ and to ad#ance themsel#es. Many men to
fetch o#er a young 'oman$ 'ido's$ or 'hom they lo#e$ 'ill not stic% to
crac%$ forge and feign any thing comes ne+t$ bid his boy fetch his cloa%$
ra"ier$ glo#es$ je'els$ Fc. in such a chest$ scarlet-golden-tissue
breeches$ Fc. 'hen there is no such matter< or ma%e any scru"le to gi#e
out$ as he did in Petronius$ that he 'as master of a shi"$ %e"t so many
ser#ants$ and to "ersonate their "art the better ta%e u"on them to be
gentlemen of good houses$ 'ell descended and allied$ hire a""arel at
bro%ers$ some sca#enger or "ric%-louse tailors to attend u"on them for the
time$ s'ear they ha#e great "ossessions$ ;@,A/Gbribe$ lie$ cog$ and foist
ho' dearly they lo#e$ ho' bra#ely they 'ill maintain her$ li%e any lady$
countess$ duchess$ or 0ueen< they shall ha#e go'ns$ tiers$ je'els$ coaches$
and caroches$ choice diet$
LThe heads of "arrots$ tongues of nightingales$
The brains of "eacoc%s$ and of ostriches$
Their bath shall be the juice of gilliflo'ers$
9"irit of roses and of #iolets$
The mil% of unicorns$L Fc.
as old Iol"one courted :elia in the ;@,ABGcomedy$ 'hen as they are no such
men$ not 'orth a groat$ but mere shar%ers$ to ma%e a fortune$ to get their
desire$ or else "retend lo#e to s"end their idle hours$ to be more 'elcome$
and for better entertainment. The conclusion is$ they mean nothing less$
;@,/CG L8il metuunt jurare$ nihil "romittere curant&
9ed simul accu"idae mentis satiata libido est$
3icta nihil metuere$ nihil "erjuria curant<L
L2aths$ #o's$ "romises$ are much "rotested<
ut 'hen their mind and lust is satisfied$
2aths$ #o's$ "romises$ are 0uite neglected<L
though he solemnly s'ear by the genius of :aesar$ by Ienus! shrine$ 5ymen!s
deity$ by Du"iter$ and all the other gods$ gi#e no credit to his 'ords. 7or
'hen lo#ers s'ear$ Ienus laughs$ _Ienus haec "erjuria ridet_$ ;@,/,GDu"iter
himself smiles$ and "ardons it 'ithal$ as gra#e ;@,/=GPlato gi#es out< of
all "erjury$ that alone for lo#e matters is forgi#en by the gods. If
"romises$ lies$ oaths$ and "rotestations 'ill not a#ail$ they fall to
bribes$ to%ens$ gifts$ and such li%e feats. ;@,/.G_Plurimus auro
conciliatur amor_& as Du"iter corru"ted 3anae 'ith a golden sho'er$ and
*iber Ariadne 'ith a lo#ely cro'n$ ('hich 'as after'ards translated into
the hea#ens$ and there for e#er shines<) they 'ill rain chic%ens$ florins$
cro'ns$ angels$ all manner of coins and stam"s in her la". And so must he
certainly do that 'ill s"eed$ ma%e many feasts$ ban0uets$ in#itations$ send
her some "resent or other e#ery foot. _9ummo studio "arentur e"ulae_ (saith
;@,/?G5aedus) _et crebrae fiant largitiones_$ he must be #ery bountiful and
liberal$ see% and sue$ not to her only$ but to all her follo'ers$ friends$
familiars$ fiddlers$ "anders$ "arasites$ and household ser#ants< he must
insinuate himself$ and surely 'ill$ to all$ of all sorts$ messengers$
"orters$ carriers< no man must be unre'arded$ or unres"ected. I had a
suitor (saith ;@,/@GAretine!s *ucretia) that 'hen he came to my house$
flung gold and sil#er about$ as if it had been chaff. Another suitor I had
'as a #ery choleric fello'< but I so handled him$ that for all his fuming$
I brought him u"on his %nees. If there had been an e+cellent bit in the
mar%et$ any no#elty$ fish$ fruit$ or fo'l$ muscatel$ or malmsey$ or a cu"
of neat 'ine in all the city$ it 'as "resented "resently to me< though
ne#er so dear$ hard to come by$ yet I had it& the "oor fello' 'as so fond
at last$ that I thin% if I 'ould I might ha#e had one of his eyes out of
his head. A third suitor 'as a merchant of 1ome$ and his manner of 'ooing
'as 'ith ;@,/-Ge+0uisite music$ costly ban0uets$ "oems$ Fc. I held him off
till at length he "rotested$ "romised$ and s'ore _"ro #irginitate regno me
donaturum_$ I should ha#e all he had$ house$ goods$ and lauds$ _"ro
concubitu solo_< ;@,/AGneither 'as there e#er any conjuror$ I thin%$ to
charm his s"irits that used such attention$ or mighty 'ords$ as he did
e+0uisite "hrases$ or general of any army so many stratagems to 'in a city$
as he did tric%s and de#ices to get the lo#e of me. Thus men are acti#e and
"assi#e$ and 'omen not far behind them in this %ind& _Auda+ ad omnia
foemina$ 0uae #el amat$ #el odit_.
;@,//G _7or half so boldly there can non
9'ear and lye as 'omen can_.
;@,/BGThey 'ill crac%$ counterfeit$ and collogue as 'ell as the best$ 'ith
hand%erchiefs$ and 'rought nightca"s$ "urses$ "osies$ and such toys& as he
justly com"lained$
;@,BCG L:ur mittis #iolasN nem"e ut #iolentius uret<
Kuid #iolas #iolis me #iolenta tuisNL Fc.
L4hy dost thou send me #iolets$ my dearN
To ma%e me burn more #iolent$ I fear$
4ith #iolets too #iolent thou art$
To #iolate and 'ound my gentle heart.L
4hen nothing else 'ill ser#e$ the last refuge is their tears. _5aec scri"si
(testor amorem) mi+ta lachrymis et sus"iriis_$ !t'i+t tears and sighs$ I
'rite this (I ta%e lo#e to 'itness)$ saith ;@,B,G:helidonia to Philonius.
_*umina 0uae modo fulmina$ jam flumina lachrymarum_$ those burning torches
are no' turned to floods of tears. Aretine!s *ucretia$ 'hen her s'eetheart
came to to'n$ ;@,B=G'e"t in his bosom$ Lthat he might be "ersuaded those
tears 'ere shed for joy of his return.L Kuartilla in Petronius$ 'hen nought
'ould mo#e$ fell a 'ee"ing$ and as althazar :astilio "aints them out$
;@,B.GLTo these crocodile!s tears they 'ill add sobs$ fiery sighs$ and
sorro'ful countenance$ "ale colour$ leanness$ and if you do but stir
abroad$ these fiends are ready to meet you at e#ery turn$ 'ith such a
sluttish neglected habit$ dejected loo%$ as if they 'ere no' ready to die
for your sa%e< and ho'$ saith he$ shall a young no#ice thus beset$ esca"eNL
ut belie#e them not.
;@,B?G ------Lanimam ne crede "uellis$
8am0ue est foeminea tutior unda fide.L
Thou thin%est$ "erad#enture$ because of her #o's$ tears$ smiles$ and
"rotestations$ she is solely thine$ thou hast her heart$ hand$ and
affection$ 'hen as indeed there is no such matter$ as the ;@,B@G9"anish
ba'd said$ _gaudet illa habere unum in lecto$ alterum in "orta$ tertium 0ui
domi sus"iret_$ she 'ill ha#e one s'eetheart in bed$ another in the gate$ a
third sighing at home$ a fourth$ Fc. E#ery young man she sees and li%es
hath as much interest$ and shall as soon enjoy her as thyself. 2n the other
side$ 'hich I ha#e said$ men are as false$ let them s'ear$ "rotest$ and
lie< ;@,B-G_Kuod #obis dicunt$ di+erunt mille "uellis_. They lo#e some of
them those ele#en thousand #irgins at once$ and ma%e them belie#e$ each
"articular$ he is besotted on her$ or lo#e one till they see another$ and
then her alone< li%e Milo!s 'ife in A"uleius$ _lib. =._ _9i 0uem
cons"e+erit s"eciosae formae in#enem$ #enustate ejus sumitur$ et in eum
animum intor0uet_. !Tis their common com"liment in that case$ they care not
'hat they s'ear$ say or do& 2ne 'hile they slight them$ care not for them$
rail do'nright and scoff at them$ and then again they 'ill run mad$ hang
themsel#es$ stab and %ill$ if they may not enjoy them. 5enceforth$
therefore$--_nulla #iro juranti foemina credat_$ let not maids belie#e
them. These tric%s and counterfeit "assions are more familiar 'ith 'omen$
;@,BAG_finem hic dolori faciet aut #itae dies$ miserere amantis_$ 0uoth
Phaedra to 5i""olitus. Doessa$ in ;@,B/G*ucian$ told Pythias$ a young man$
to mo#e him the more$ that if he 'ould not ha#e her$ she 'as resol#ed to
ma%e a'ay herself. LThere is a 8emesis$ and it cannot choose but grie#e and
trouble thee$ to hear that I ha#e either strangled or dro'ned myself for
thy sa%e.L 8othing so common to this se+ as oaths$ #o's$ and "rotestations$
and as I ha#e already said$ tears$ 'hich they ha#e at command< for they can
so 'ee"$ that one 'ould thin% their #ery hearts 'ere dissol#ed 'ithin them$
and 'ould come out in tears< their eyes are li%e roc%s$ 'hich still dro"
'ater$ _diariae lachrymae et sudoris in modum lurgeri "rom"tae_$ saith
;@,BBG Aristaenetus$ they 'i"e a'ay their tears li%e s'eat$ 'ee" 'ith one
eye$ laugh 'ith the other< or as children ;@=CCG'ee" and cry$ they can both
together.
;@=C,G L8e#e "uellarum lachrymis mo#eare memento$
Ht flerent oculos erudiere suos.L
L:are not for 'omen!s tears$ I counsel thee$
They teach their eyes as much to 'ee" as see.L
And as much "ity is to be ta%en of a 'oman 'ee"ing$ as of a goose going
barefoot. 4hen Ienus lost her son :u"id$ she sent a crier about$ to bid
e#ery one that met him ta%e heed.
;@=C=G L9i fleatam as"icias$ ne mo+ fallare$ ca#eto<
9in arridebit$ magis effuge< et oscula si fors
7erre #olet$ fugito< sunt oscula no+ia$ in i"sis
9unt0ue #enena labrisL Fc.
LTa%e heed of :u"id!s tears$ if cautious.
And of his smiles and %isses I thee tell$
If that he offer!t$ for they be no+ious$
And #ery "oison in his li"s doth d'ell.L
;@=C.GA thousand years$ as :astilio concei#es$ L'ill scarce ser#e to rec%on
u" those allurements and guiles$ that men and 'omen use to decei#e one
another 'ith.L
9H9E:T. I.--_a'ds$ Philters$ :auses_.
4hen all other engines fail$ that they can "roceed no farther of
themsel#es$ their last refuge is to fly to ba'ds$ "anders$ magical
"hilters$ and recei"ts< rather than fail$ to the de#il himself. _7lectere
si ne0ueunt su"eros$ Acheronta mo#ebunt_. And by those indirect means many
a man is o#ercome$ and "reci"itated into this malady$ if he ta%e not good
heed. 7or these ba'ds$ first$ they are e#ery'here so common$ and so many$
that$ as he said of old ;@=C?G:roton$ _omnes hic aut ca"tantur$ aut
ca"tant_$ either in#eigle or be in#eigled$ 'e may say of most of our
cities$ there be so many "rofessed$ cunning ba'ds in them. esides$ ba'dry
is become an art$ or a liberal science$ as *ucian calls it< and there be
such tric%s and subtleties$ so many nurses$ old 'omen$ "anders$ letter
carriers$ beggars$ "hysicians$ friars$ confessors$ em"loyed about it$ that
_nullus tradere stilus sufficiat_$ one saith$
;@=C@G ------Ltrecentis #ersibus
9uas im"uritias tralo0ui nemo "otest.L
9uch occult notes$ stenogra"hy$ "olygra"hy$ _8untius animatus_$ or
magnetical telling of their minds$ 'hich ;@=C-G:abeus the Desuit$ by the
'ay$ counts fabulous and false< cunning con#eyances in this %ind$ that
neither Duno!s jealousy$ nor 3anae!s custody$ nor Argo!s #igilancy can %ee"
them safe. !Tis the last and common refuge to use an assistant$ such as
that :atanean Phili""a 'as to Doan Kueen of 8a"les$ a ;@=CAGba'd!s hel"$ an
old 'oman in the business$ as ;@=C/GMyrrha did 'hen she doted on :yniras$
and could not com"ass her desire$ the old jade her nurse 'as ready at a
"inch$ _dic in0uit$ o"em0ue me sine ferre tibi--et in hac mea ("one
timorem) 9edulitas erit a"ta libi_$ fear it not$ if it be "ossible to be
done$ I 'ill effect it& _non est mulieri mulier insu"erabilis_$
;@=CBG:aelestina said$ let him or her be ne#er so honest$ 'atched and
reser#ed$ !tis hard but one of these old 'omen 'ill get access& and scarce
shall you find$ as ;@=,CGAustin obser#es$ in a nunnery a maid alone$ Lif
she cannot ha#e egress$ before her 'indo' you shall ha#e an old 'oman$ or
some "rating gossi"$ tell her some tales of this cler%$ and that mon%$
describing or commending some young gentleman or other unto her.L LAs I 'as
'al%ing in the streetL (saith a good fello' in Petronius) Lto see the to'n
ser#ed one e#ening$ ;@=,,GI s"ied an old 'oman in a corner selling of
cabbages and rootsL (as our huc%sters do "lums$ a""les$ and such li%e
fruits)< LmotherL (0uoth he) Lcan you tell 'here I can d'ellN she$ being
'ell "leased 'ith my foolish urbanity$ re"lied$ and 'hy$ sir$ should I not
tellN 4ith that she rose u" and 'ent before me. I too% her for a 'ise
'oman$ and by-and-by she led me into a by-lane$ and told me there I should
d'ell. I re"lied again$ I %ne' not the house< but I "ercei#ed$ on a sudden$
by the na%ed 0ueans$ that I 'as no' come into a ba'dy-house$ and then too
late I began to curse the treachery of this old jade.L 9uch tric%s you
shall ha#e in many "laces$ and amongst the rest it is ordinary in Ienice$
and in the island of >ante$ for a man to be ba'd to his o'n 'ife. 8o sooner
shall you land or come on shore$ but$ as the :omical Poet hath it$
;@=,=G LMorem hunc meretrices habent$
Ad "ortum mittunt ser#ulos$ ancillulas$
9i 0ua "eregrina na#is in "ortum aderit$
1ogant cujatis sit$ 0uod ei nomen siet$
Post illae e+tem"lo sese ad"licent.L
These 'hite de#ils ha#e their "anders$ ba'ds$ and factors in e#ery "lace to
see% about$ and bring in customers$ to tem"t and 'aylay no#ices$ and silly
tra#ellers. And 'hen they ha#e them once 'ithin their clutches$ as Aegidius
Mascrius in his comment u"on Ialerius 7laccus describes them$ ;@=,.GL'ith
"romises and "leasant discourse$ 'ith gifts$ to%ens$ and ta%ing their
o""ortunities$ they lay nets 'hich *ucretia cannot a#oid$ and baits that
5i""olitus himself 'ould s'allo'< they ma%e such strong assaults and
batteries$ that the goddess of #irginity cannot 'ithstand them& gi#e gifts
and bribes to mo#e Penelo"e$ and 'ith threats able to terrify 9usanna. 5o'
many Proser"inas$ 'ith those catch"oles$ doth Pluto ta%eN These are the
slee"y rods 'ith 'hich their souls touched descend to hell< this the glue
or lime 'ith 'hich the 'ings of the mind once ta%en cannot fly a'ay< the
de#il!s ministers to allure$ entice$L Fc. Many young men and maids$ 'ithout
all 0uestion$ are in#eigled by these Eumenides and their associates. ut
these are tri#ial and 'ell %no'n. The most sly$ dangerous$ and cunning
ba'ds$ are your %na#ish "hysicians$ em"irics$ mass-"riests$ mon%s$ ;@=,?G
Desuits$ and friars. Though it be against 5i""ocrates! oath$ some of them
'ill gi#e a dram$ "romise to restore maidenheads$ and do it 'ithout danger$
ma%e an abortion if need be$ %ee" do'n their "a"s$ hinder conce"tion$
"rocure lust$ ma%e them able 'ith 9atyrions$ and no' and then ste" in
themsel#es. 8o monastery so close$ house so "ri#ate$ or "rison so 'ell
%e"t$ but these honest men are admitted to censure and as% 0uestions$ to
feel their "ulse beat at their bedside$ and all under "retence of gi#ing
"hysic. 8o' as for mon%s$ confessors$ and friars$ as he said$
;@=,@G L8on audet 9tygius Pluto tentare 0uod audet
Effrenis monachus$ "lena0ue fraudis anus<L
LThat 9tygian Pluto dares not tem"t or do$
4hat an old hag or mon% 'ill undergo<L
either for himself to satisfy his o'n lust< for another$ if he be hired
thereto$ or both at once$ ha#ing such e+cellent means. 7or under colour of
#isitation$ auricular confession$ comfort and "enance$ they ha#e free
egress and regress$ and corru"t$ God %no's$ ho' many. They can such trades$
some of them$ "ractise "hysic$ use e+orcisms$ Fc.
;@=,-G _That 'hereas 'as 'ont to 'al% and Elf$
There no' 'al%s the *imiter himself$
In e#ery bush and under e#ery tree$
There needs no other Incubus but he_.
;@=,AGIn the mountains bet'een 3au"hine and 9a#oy$ the friars "ersuaded the
good 'i#es to counterfeit themsel#es "ossessed$ that their husbands might
gi#e them free access$ and 'ere so familiar in those days 'ith some of
them$ that$ as one ;@=,/Gobser#es$ L'enches could not slee" in their beds
for necromantic friars&L and the good abbess in occaccio may in some sort
'itness$ that rising betimes$ mistoo% and "ut on the friar!s breeches
instead of her #eil or hat. Eou ha#e heard the story$ I "resume$ of ;@=,BG
Paulina$ a chaste matron in Aegesi""us$ 'hom one of Isis!s "riests did
"rostitute to Mundus$ a young %night$ and made her belie#e it 'as their god
Anubis. Many such "ran%s are "layed by our Desuits$ sometimes in their o'n
habits$ sometimes in others$ li%e soldiers$ courtiers$ citizens$ scholars$
gallants$ and 'omen themsel#es. Proteus-li%e$ in all forms and disguises$
that go abroad in the night$ to inescate and beguile young 'omen$ or to
ha#e their "leasure of other men!s 'i#es< and$ if 'e may belie#e ;@==CG
some relations$ they ha#e 'ardrobes of se#eral suits in the colleges for
that "ur"ose. 5o'soe#er in "ublic they "retend much zeal$ seem to be #ery
holy men$ and bitterly "reach against adultery$ fornication$ there are no
#erier ba'ds or 'horemasters in a country< ;@==,GL'hose soul they should
gain to God$ they sacrifice to the de#il.L ut I s"are these men for the
"resent.
The last battering engines are "hilters$ amulets$ s"ells$ charms$ images$
and such unla'ful means& if they cannot "re#ail of themsel#es by the hel"
of ba'ds$ "anders$ and their adherents$ they 'ill fly for succour to the
de#il himself. I %no' there be those that deny the de#il can do any such
thing (:rato _e"ist. =. lib. med._)$ and many di#ines$ there is no other
fascination than that 'hich comes by the eyes$ of 'hich I ha#e formerly
s"o%en$ and if you desire to be better informed$ read :amerarius$ _o"er
subcis. cent. =. c. @._ It 'as gi#en out of old$ that a Thessalian 'ench
had be'itched 6ing Phili" to dote u"on her$ and by "hilters enforced his
lo#e< but 'hen 2lym"ia$ the Kueen$ sa' the maid of an e+cellent beauty$
'ell brought u"$ and 0ualified--these$ 0uoth she$ 'ere the "hilters 'hich
in#eigled 6ing Phili"< those the true charms$ as 5enry to 1osamond$
;@===G L2ne accent from thy li"s the blood more 'arms$
Than all their "hilters$ e+orcisms$ and charms.L
4ith this alone *ucretia brags ;@==.Gin Aretine$ she could do more than all
"hiloso"hers$ astrologers$ alchemists$ necromancers$ 'itches$ and the rest
of the cre'. As for herbs and "hilters$ I could ne#er s%ill of them$ LThe
sole "hilter that e#er I used 'as %issing and embracing$ by 'hich alone I
made men ra#e li%e beasts stu"efied$ and com"elled them to 'orshi" me li%e
an idol.L In our times it is a common thing$ saith Erastus$ in his boo% _de
*amiis_$ for 'itches to ta%e u"on them the ma%ing of these "hilters$
;@==?GLto force men and 'omen to lo#e and hate 'hom they 'ill$ to cause
tem"ests$ diseases$L Fc.$ by charms$ s"ells$ characters$ %nots.--;@==@G_hic
Thessala #endit Philtra_. 9t. 5ierome "ro#es that they can do it (as in
5ilarius! life$ _e"ist. lib. ._)< he hath a story of a young man$ that 'ith
a "hilter made a maid mad for the lo#e of him$ 'hich maid 'as after cured
by 5ilarion. 9uch instances I find in Dohn 8ider$ _7ormicar. lib. @. ca".
@._ Plutarch records of *ucullus that he died of a "hilter< and that
:leo"atra used "hilters to in#eigle Antony$ amongst other allurements.
Eusebius re"orts as much of *ucretia the "oet. Panormitan$ _lib. ?. de
gest. A"honsi_$ hath a story of one 9te"han$ a 8ea"olitan %night$ that by a
"hilter 'as forced to run mad for lo#e. ut of all others$ that 'hich
;@==-GPetrarch$ _e"ist. famil. lib. ,. e". @_$ relates of :harles the Great
(:harlemagne) is most memorable. 5e foolishly doted u"on a 'oman of mean
fa#our and condition$ many years together$ 'holly delighting in her
com"any$ to the great grief and indignation of his friends and follo'ers.
4hen she 'as dead$ he did embrace her cor"se$ as A"ollo did the bay-tree
for his 3a"hne$ and caused her coffin (richly embalmed and dec%ed 'ith
je'els) to be carried about 'ith him$ o#er 'hich he still lamented. At last
a #enerable bisho"$ that follo'ed his court$ "rayed earnestly to God
(commiserating his lord and master!s case) to %no' the true cause of this
mad "assion$ and 'hence it "roceeded< it 'as re#ealed to him$ in fine$
Lthat the cause of the em"eror!s mad lo#e lay under the dead 'oman!s
tongue.L The bisho" 'ent hastily to the carcass$ and too% a small ring
thence< u"on the remo#al the em"eror abhorred the cor"se$ and$ instead
;@==AGof it$ fell as furiously in lo#e 'ith the bisho"$ he 'ould not suffer
him to be out of his "resence< 'hich 'hen the bisho" "ercei#ed$ he flung
the ring into the midst of a great la%e$ 'here the %ing then 'as. 7rom that
hour the em"eror neglected all his other houses$ d'elt at ;@==/GAche$ built
a fair house in the midst of the marsh$ to his infinite e+"ense$ and a
;@==BGtem"le by it$ 'here after he 'as buried$ and in 'hich city all his
"osterity e#er since use to be cro'ned. Marcus the heretic is accused by
Irenaeus$ to ha#e in#eigled a young maid by this means< and some 'riters
s"ea% hardly of the *ady 6atharine :obham$ that by the same art she
circum#ented 5um"hrey 3u%e of Gloucester to be her husband. 9ycinius
Aemilianus summoned ;@=.CGA"uleius to come before :neius Ma+imus$ "roconsul
of Africa$ that he being a "oor fello'$ Lhad be'itched by "hilters
Pudentilla$ an ancient rich matron$ to lo#e him$L and$ being 'orth so many
thousand sesterces$ to be his 'ife. Agri""a$ _lib. ,. ca". ?/. occult.
"hilos._ attributes much in this %ind to "hilters$ amulets$ images& and
9almutz _com. in Pancirol. Tit. ,C. de 5orol._ *eo Afer$ _lib. ._$ saith$
!tis an ordinary "ractice at 7ez in Africa$ _Praestigiatores ibi "lures$
0ui cogunt amores et concubitus_& as s%ilful all out as that hy"erborean
magician$ of 'hom :leodemus$ in ;@=.,G *ucian$ tells so many fine feats
"erformed in this %ind. ut Erastus$ 4ierus$ and others are against it<
they grant indeed such things may be done$ but (as 4ierus discourseth$
_lib. .. de *amiis. ca". .A._) not by charms$ incantations$ "hilters$ but
the de#il himself< _lib. @. ca". =._ he contends as much< so doth
7reitagius$ _noc. med. ca". A?._ Andreas :isal"inus$ _ca". @_< and so much
9igismundus 9cheretzius$ _ca". B. de hirco nocturno_$ "ro#es at large.
;@=.=GLHnchaste 'omen by the hel" of these 'itches$ the de#il!s %itchen
maids$ ha#e their lo#es brought to them in the night$ and carried bac%
again by a "hantasm flying in the air in the li%eness of a goat. I ha#e
heardL (saith he) Ldi#ers confess$ that they ha#e been so carried on a
goat!s bac% to their s'eethearts$ many miles in a night.L 2thers are of
o"inion that these feats$ 'hich most su""ose to be done by charms and
"hilters$ are merely effected by natural causes$ as by man!s blood
chemically "re"ared$ 'hich much a#ails$ saith Ernestus urgra#ius$ _in
*ucerna #itae et mortis Indice$ ad amorem conciliandum et odium_$ (so
huntsmen ma%e their dogs lo#e them$ and farmers their "ullen$) !tis an
e+cellent "hilter$ as he holds$ _sed #ulgo "rodere grande nefas_$ but not
fit to be made common& and so be _Mala insana_$ mandra%e roots$ mandra%e
;@=..Ga""les$ "recious stones$ dead men!s clothes$ candles$ _mala acchica$
"anis "orcinus$ 5y""omanes_$ a certain hair in a ;@=.?G'olf!s tail$ Fc.$ of
'hich 1hasis$ 3ioscorides$ Porta$ 4ec%er$ 1ubeus$ Mizaldus$ Albertus$
treat& a s'allo'!s heart$ dust of a do#e!s heart$ _multum #alent linguae
#i"erarum$ cerebella asinorum$ tela e0uina$ "alliola 0uibus infantes
ob#oluti nascuntur$ funis strangulati hominis$ la"is de nido A0uilae_$ Fc.
9ee more in 9c%en%ius _obser#at. medicinal$ lib. ?._ Fc.$ 'hich are as
forcible and of as much #irtue as that fountain 9almacis in ;@=.@G
Iitru#ius$ 2#id$ 9trabo$ that made all such mad for lo#e that dran% of it$
or that hot bath at ;@=.-GAi+ in Germany$ 'herein :u"id once di""ed his
arro's$ 'hich e#er since hath a "eculiar #irtue to ma%e them lo#ers all
that 'ash in it. ut hear the "oet!s o'n descri"tion of it$
;@=.AG LHnde hic fer#or a0uis terra erum"entibus udaN
Tela olim hic ludens ignea tin+it amor<
Et gaudens stridore no#o$ fer#ete "erennes
In0uit$ et haec "haretrae sint monumenta meae.
E+ illo fer#et$ rarus0ue hic mergitur hos"es$
:ui non titillet "ectora blandus amor.L
These abo#e-named remedies ha#e ha""ily as much "o'er as that bath of Ai+$
or Ienus! enchanted girdle$ in 'hich$ saith 8atales :omes$ L*o#e toys and
dalliance$ "leasantness$ s'eetness$ "ersuasions$ subtleties$ gentle
s"eeches$ and all 'itchcraft to enforce lo#e$ 'as contained.L 1ead more of
these in Agri""a _de occult. Philos. lib. ,. ca". @C. et ?@._ _Malleus
malefic. "art. ,. 0uaest. A._ 3elrio _tom. =. 0uest. .. lib. .._ 4ierus$
Pom"onatis$ _ca". /. de incantat._ 7icinus$ _lib. ,.. Theol. Plat._
:alcagninus$ Fc.
MEM. III.
_9ym"toms or signs of *o#e Melancholy$ in ody$ Mind$ good$ bad$ Fc._
9ym"toms are either of body or mind< of body$ "aleness$ leanness$ dryness$
Fc. ;@=./G_Pallidus omnis amans$ color hic est a"tus amanti_$ as the "oet
describes lo#ers& _fecit amor maciem_$ lo#e causeth leanness. ;@=.BG
A#icenna _de Ilishi$ c. ..._ Lma%es hollo' eyes$ dryness$ sym"toms of this
disease$ to go smiling to themsel#es$ or acting as if they sa' or heard
some delectable object.L Ialleriola$ _lib. .. obser#at. ca". A._
*aurentius$ _ca". ,C._ Aelianus Montaltus _de 5er. amore_. *angius$ _e"ist.
=?. lib. ,. e"ist. med._ deli#er as much$ _cor"us e+angue "allet$ cor"us
gracile$ oculi ca#i_$ lean$ "ale$--_ut nudis 0ui "ressit calcibus anguem_$
Las one 'ho trod 'ith na%ed foot u"on a sna%e$L hollo'-eyed$ their eyes are
hidden in their heads$--;@=?CG_Tener0ue nitidi cor"osis cecidit decor_$
they "ine a'ay$ and loo% ill 'ith 'a%ing$ cares$ sighs.
LEt 0ui tenebant signa Phoebeae facis
2culi$ nihil gentile nec "atrium micant.L
LAnd eyes that once ri#alled the loc%s of Phoebus$ lose the "atrial and
"aternal lustre.L 4ith groans$ griefs$ sadness$ dullness$
;@=?,G ------L8ulla jam :ereris subi
:ura aut salutisL------
'ant of a""etite$ Fc. A reason of all this$ ;@=?=GDason Pratensis gi#es$
Lbecause of the distraction of the s"irits the li#er doth not "erform his
"art$ nor turns the aliment into blood as it ought$ and for that cause the
members are 'ea% for 'ant of sustenance$ they are lean and "ine$ as the
herbs of my garden do this month of May$ for 'ant of rain.L The green
sic%ness therefore often ha""eneth to young 'omen$ a cache+ia or an e#il
habit to men$ besides their ordinary sighs$ com"laints$ and lamentations$
'hich are too fre0uent. As dro"s from a still$--_ut occluso stillat ab igne
li0uor_$ doth :u"id!s fire "ro#o%e tears from a true lo#er!s eyes$
;@=?.G LThe mighty Mars did oft for Ienus shrie%$
Pri#ily moistening his horrid chee%
4ith 'omanish tears$L------
;@=??G ------Lignis distillat in undas$
Testis erit largus 0ui rigat ora li0uor$L
'ith many such li%e "assions. 4hen :hariclia 'as enamoured of Theagines$ as
;@=?@G5eliodorus sets her out$ Lshe 'as half distracted$ and s"a%e she %ne'
not 'hat$ sighed to herself$ lay much a'a%e$ and 'as lean u"on a sudden&L
and 'hen she 'as besotted on her son-in-la'$ ;@=?-G_"allor deformis$
marcentes oculi_$ Fc.$ she had ugly "aleness$ hollo' eyes$ restless
thoughts$ short 'ind$ Fc. Euryalus$ in an e"istle sent to *ucretia$ his
mistress$ com"lains amongst other grie#ances$ _tu mihi et somni et cibi
usum abstulisti_$ thou hast ta%en my stomach and my slee" from me. 9o he
describes it aright&
;@=?AG _5is slee"$ his meat$ his drin%$ in him bereft$
That lean he 'a+eth$ and dry as a shaft$
5is eyes hollo' and grisly to behold$
5is he' "ale and ashen to unfold$
And solitary he 'as e#er alone$
And 'a%ing all the night ma%ing moan_.
Theocritus _Edyl. =._ ma%es a fair maid of 3el"hos$ in lo#e 'ith a young
man of Minda$ confess as much$
LHt #idi ut insanii$ ut animus mihi male affectiis est$
Miserae mihi forma tabescebat$ ne0ue am"lius "om"am
Hllum curabam$ aut 0uando domum redieram
8o#i$ sed me ardens 0uidam morbus consumebat$
3ecubui in lecto dies decem$ et noctes decem$
3efluebant ca"ite ca"illi$ i"sa0ue sola reli0ua
2ssa et cutisL------
L8o sooner seen I had$ but mad I 'as.
My beauty fail!d$ and I no more did care
7or any "om"$ I %ne' not 'here I 'as$
ut sic% I 'as$ and e#il I did fare<
I lay u"on my bed ten days and nights$
A s%eleton I 'as in all men!s sights.L
All these "assions are 'ell e+"ressed by ;@=?/Gthat heroical "oet in the
"erson of 3ido&
LAt non infeli+ animi Phaenissa$ nec un0uam
9ol#itur in somnos$ oculis0ue ac "ectore amores
Acci"it< ingeminant curae$ rursus0ue resurgens
9ae#it amor$L Fc.------
LHnha""y 3ido could not slee" at all$
ut lies a'a%e$ and ta%es no rest&
And u" she gets again$ 'hilst care and grief$
And raging lo#e torment her breast.L
Accius 9anazarius _Egloga =. de Galatea_$ in the same manner feigns his
*ychoris ;@=?BGtormenting herself for 'ant of slee"$ sighing$ sobbing$ and
lamenting< and Eustathius in his Ismenias much troubled$ and ;@=@CG
L"anting at heart$ at the sight of his mistress$L he could not slee"$ his
bed 'as thorns. ;@=@,GAll ma%e leanness$ 'ant of a""etite$ 'ant of slee"
ordinary sym"toms$ and by that means they are brought often so lo'$ so much
altered and changed$ that as ;@=@=Ghe jested in the comedy$ Lone scarce
%no' them to be the same men.L
LAttenuant ju#enum #igilatae cor"ora noctes$
:ura0ue et immenso 0ui fit amore dolor.L
Many such sym"toms there are of the body to discern lo#ers by$--_0uis enim
bene celet amorem_N :an a man$ saith 9olomon$ Pro#. #i. =A$ carry fire in
his bosom and not burnN it 'ill hardly be hid< though they do all they can
to hide it$ it must out$ _"lus 0uam mille notis_--it may be described$
;@=@.G_0uo0ue magis tegitur$ tectus magis aestuat ignis_. !T'as Anti"hanes
the comedian!s obser#ation of old$ *o#e and drun%enness cannot be
concealed$ _:elare alia "ossis$ haec "raeter duo$ #ini "otum_$ Fc. 'ords$
loo%s$ gestures$ all 'ill betray them< but t'o of the most notable signs
are obser#ed by the "ulse and countenance. 4hen Antiochus$ the son of
9eleucus$ 'as sic% for 9tratonice$ his mother-in-la'$ and 'ould not confess
his grief$ or the cause of his disease$ Erasistratus$ the "hysician$ found
him by his "ulse and countenance to be in lo#e 'ith her$ ;@=@?GLbecause
that 'hen she came in "resence$ or 'as named$ his "ulse #aried$ and he
blushed besides.L In this #ery sort 'as the lo#e of :allices$ the son of
Polycles$ disco#ered by Panacaeas the "hysician$ as you may read the story
at large in ;@=@@GAristenaetus. y the same signs Galen brags that he found
out Dusta$ oethius the consul!s 'ife$ to dote on Pylades the "layer$
because at his name still she both altered "ulse and countenance$ as ;@=@-G
Polyarchus did at the name of Argenis. 7ranciscus Ialesius$ _l. .. contro#.
,.. med. contr._ denies there is any such _"ulsus amatorius_$ or that lo#e
may be so discerned< but A#icenna confirms this of Galen out of his
e+"erience$ _lib. .. 7en. ,._ and Gordonius$ _ca". =C._ ;@=@AGLTheir "ulse$
he saith$ is ordinate and s'ift$ if she go by 'hom he lo#es$L *angius$
_e"ist. =?. lib. ,. med. e"ist._ 8e#iscanus$ _lib. ?. numer. --. syl.
nu"tialis_$ Ialescus de Taranta$ Guianerius$ _Tract. ,@._ Ialleriola sets
do'n this for a sym"tom$ ;@=@/GL3ifference of "ulse$ neglect of business$
'ant of slee"$ often sighs$ blushings$ 'hen there is any s"eech of their
mistress$ are manifest signs.L ut amongst the rest$ Dose"hus 9truthis$
that Polonian$ in the fifth boo%$ _ca". ,A._ of his 3octrine of Pulses$
holds that this and all other "assions of the mind may be disco#ered by the
"ulse. ;@=@BGLAnd if you 'ill %no'$ saith he$ 'hether the men sus"ected be
such or such$ touch their arteries$L Fc. And in his fourth boo%$ fourteenth
cha"ter$ he s"ea%s of this "articular "ulse$ ;@=-CG L*o#e ma%es an une0ual
"ulse$L Fc.$ he gi#es instance of a gentle'oman$ ;@=-,Ga "atient of his$
'hom by this means he found to be much enamoured$ and 'ith 'hom& he named
many "ersons$ but at the last 'hen his name came 'hom he sus"ected$
;@=-=GLher "ulse began to #ary and to beat s'ifter$ and so by often feeling
her "ulse$ he "ercei#ed 'hat the matter 'as.L A"ollonius _Argonaut. lib.
?._ "oetically setting do'n the meeting of Dason and Medea$ ma%es them both
to blush at one another!s sight$ and at the first they 'ere not able to
s"ea%.
;@=-.G ------Ltotus Parmeno
Tremo$ horreo0ue "ost0uam as"e+i hanc$L
Phaedria trembled at the sight of Thais$ others s'eat$ blo' short$ _:rura
tremunt ac "o"lites_$--are troubled 'ith "al"itation of heart u"on the li%e
occasion$ _cor "ro+imum ori_$ saith ;@=-?GAristenaetus$ their heart is at
their mouth$ lea"s$ these burn and freeze$ (for lo#e is fire$ ice$ hot$
cold$ itch$ fe#er$ frenzy$ "leurisy$ 'hat not) they loo% "ale$ red$ and
commonly blush at their first congress< and sometimes through #iolent
agitation of s"irits bleed at nose$ or 'hen she is tal%ed of< 'hich #ery
sign ;@=-@GEustathius ma%es an argument of Ismene!s affection$ that 'hen
she met her s'eetheart by chance$ she changed her countenance to a
maiden-blush. !Tis a common thing amongst lo#ers$ as ;@=--GArnul"hus$ that
merry-conceited bisho"$ hath 'ell e+"ressed in a facetious e"igram of his$
LAlterno facies sibi dat res"onsa rubore$
Et tener affectum "rodit utri0ue "udor$L Fc.
LTheir faces ans'er$ and by blushing say$
5o' both affected are$ they do betray.L
ut the best conjectures are ta%en from such sym"toms as a""ear 'hen they
are both "resent< all their s"eeches$ amorous glances$ actions$ lasci#ious
gestures 'ill betray them< they cannot contain themsel#es$ but that they
'ill be still %issing. ;@=-AG9tratocles$ the "hysician$ u"on his
'edding-day$ 'hen he 'as at dinner$ _8ihil "rius sorbilla#it$ 0uam tria
basia "uellae "angeret_$ could not eat his meat for %issing the bride$ Fc.
7irst a 'ord$ and then a %iss$ then some other com"liment$ and then a %iss$
then an idle 0uestion$ then a %iss$ and 'hen he had "um"ed his 'its dry$
can say no more$ %issing and colling are ne#er out of season$ ;@=-/G_5oc
non deficit inci"it0ue sem"er_$ !tis ne#er at an end$ ;@=-BGanother %iss$
and then another$ another$ and another$ Fc.--_huc ades 2 Thelayra_--:ome
%iss me :orinnaN
;@=ACG L:entum basia centies$
:entum basia millies$
Mille basia millies$
Et tot millia millies$
Kuot guttae 9iculo mari$
Kuot sunt sidera coelo$
Istis "ur"ureis genis$
Istis turgidulis labris$
2celis0ue lo0uaculis$
7igam continuo im"etu<
2 formosa 8eaera. (As :atullus to *esbia.)
3a mihi basia mille$ deindi centum$
3ein mille altera$ da secunda centum$
3ein us0ue altera millia$ deinde centum.L
;@=A,G ------Lfirst gi#e a hundred$
Then a thousand$ then another
5undred$ then unto the other
Add a thousand$ and so more$L Fc.
Till you e0ual 'ith the store$ all the grass$ Fc. 9o Ienus did by her
Adonis$ the moon 'ith Endymion$ they are still dallying and culling$ as so
many do#es$ _:olumbatim0ue labra conserentes labiis_$ and that 'ith
alacrity and courage$
;@=A=G LAffligunt a#ide cor"us$ jungunt0ue sali#as
2ris$ et ins"irant "rensantes dentibus ora.L
;@=A.G_Tam im"resso ore ut #i+ inde labra detrahant$ cer#ice reclinata_$
Las *am"rias in *ucian %issed Thais$ Phili""us her ;@=A?GAristaenetus$L
_amore lym"hato tam uriose adhaesit$ ut #i+ labra sol#ere esset$ totum0ue
os mihi contri#it_< ;@=A@GAretine!s *ucretia$ by a suitor of hers 'as so
saluted$ and !tis their ordinary fashion.
------Ldentes illudunt sae"e labellis$
At0ue "remunt arete adfigentes osculaL------
They cannot$ I say$ contain themsel#es$ they 'ill be still not only joining
hands$ %issing$ but embracing$ treading on their toes$ Fc.$ di#ing into
their bosoms$ and that _libenter$ et cum delectatione_$ as ;@=A-G
Philostratus confesseth to his mistress< and *am"rias in *ucian$ _Mammillas
"remens$ "er sinum clam de+tra_$ Fc.$ feeling their "a"s$ and that scarce
honestly sometimes& as the old man in the ;@=AAG:omedy 'ell obser#ed of his
son$ _8on ego te #idebam manum huic "uellae in sinum insere_N 3id not I see
thee "ut thy hand into her bosomN go to$ 'ith many such lo#e tric%s.
;@=A/GDuno in *ucian _deorum$ tom. .. dial. .._ com"lains to Du"iter of
I+ion$ ;@=ABGLhe loo%ed so attenti#ely on her$ and sometimes 'ould sigh and
'ee" in her com"any$ and 'hen I dran% by chance$ and ga#e Ganymede the cu"$
he 'ould desire to drin% still in the #ery cu" that I dran% of$ and in the
same "lace 'here I dran%$ and 'ould %iss the cu"$ and then loo% steadily on
me$ and sometimes sigh$ and then again smile.L If it be so they cannot come
near to dally$ ha#e not that o""ortunity$ familiarity$ or ac0uaintance to
confer and tal% together< yet if they be in "resence$ their eye 'ill betray
them& _Hbi amor ibi oculus_$ as the common saying is$ L'here I loo% I li%e$
and 'here I li%e I lo#e<L but they 'ill lose themsel#es in her loo%s.
LAlter in alterius jactantes lumina #ultus$
Kuaerebant taciti noster ubi esset amor.L
LThey cannot loo% off 'hom they lo#e$L they 'ill _im"regnare eam$ i"sis
oculis_$ deflo'er her 'ith their eyes$ be still gazing$ staring$ stealing
faces$ smiling$ glancing at her$ as ;@=/CGA"ollo on *eucothoe$ the moon on
her ;@=/,GEndymion$ 'hen she stood still in :aria$ and at *atmos caused her
chariot to be stayed. They must all stand and admire$ or if she go by$ loo%
after her as long as they can see her$ she is _animae auriga_$ as Anacreon
calls her$ they cannot go by her door or 'indo'$ but$ as an adamant$ she
dra's their eyes to it< though she be not there "resent$ they must needs
glance that 'ay$ and loo% bac% to it. Aristenaetus of ;@=/=G E+ithemus$
*ucian$ in his Imagim. of himself$ and Tatius of :lito"hon$ say as much$
_Ille oculos de *euci""e ;@=/.Gnun0uam dejiciebat_$ and many lo#ers confess
'hen they came in their mistress! "resence$ they could not hold off their
eyes$ but loo%ed 'istfully and steadily on her$ _inconni#o as"ectu_$ 'ith
much eagerness and greediness$ as if they 'ould loo% through$ or should
ne#er ha#e enough sight of her. _7i+is ardens obtutibus haeret_< so she
'ill do by him$ drin% to him 'ith her eyes$ nay$ drin% him u"$ de#our him$
s'allo' him$ as Martial!s Mamurra is remembered to ha#e done& _Ins"e+it
molles "ueros$ oculis0ue comedit_$ Fc. There is a "leasant story to this
"ur"ose in _8a#igat. Iertom. lib. .. ca". @._ The sultan of 9ana!s 'ife in
Arabia$ because Iertomannus 'as fair and 'hite$ could not loo% off him$
from sunrising to sunsetting< she could not desist< she made him one day
come into her chamber$ _et geminae$ horae s"atio intuebatur$ non a me
an0uam aciem oculorum a#ertebat$ me obser#ans #eluti :u"idinem 0uendam_$
for t'o hours! s"ace she still gazed on him. A young man in ;@=/?G*ucian
fell in lo#e 'ith Ienus! "icture< he came e#ery morning to her tem"le$ and
there continued all day long ;@=/@Gfrom sunrising to sunset$ un'illing to
go home at night$ sitting o#er against the goddess!s "icture$ he did
continually loo% u"on her$ and mutter to himself I %no' not 'hat. If so be
they cannot see them 'hom they lo#e$ they 'ill still be 'al%ing and 'aiting
about their mistress!s doors$ ta%ing all o""ortunity to see them$ as in
;@=/-G*ongus 9o"hista$ 3a"hnis and :hloe$ t'o lo#ers$ 'ere still ho#ering
at one another!s gates$ he sought all occasions to be in her com"any$ to
hunt in summer$ and catch birds in the frost about her father!s house in
the 'inter$ that she might see him$ and he her. ;@=/AGLA %ing!s "alace 'as
not so diligently attended$L saith Aretine!s *ucretia$ Las my house 'as
'hen I lay in 1ome< the "orch and street 'as e#er full of some$ 'al%ing or
riding$ on set "ur"ose to see me< their eye 'as still u"on my 'indo'< as
they "assed by$ they could not choose but loo% bac% to my house 'hen they
'ere "ast$ and sometimes hem or cough$ or ta%e some im"ertinent occasion to
s"ea% aloud$ that I might loo% out and obser#e them.L !Tis so in other
"laces$ !tis common to e#ery lo#er$ !tis all his felicity to be 'ith her$
to tal% 'ith her< he is ne#er 'ell but in her com"any$ and 'ill 'al% ;@=//G
Lse#en or eight times a day through the street 'here she d'ells$ and ma%e
slee#eless errands to see her<L "lotting still 'here$ 'hen$ and ho' to
#isit her$
;@=/BG L*e#es0ue sub nocte susurri$
:om"osita re"etuntur hora.L
And 'hen he is gone$ he thin%s e#ery minute an hour$ e#ery hour as long as
a day$ ten days a 'hole year$ till he see her again. ;@=BCG_Tem"ora si
numeres$ bene 0uae numeramus amantes._ And if thou be in lo#e$ thou 'ilt
say so too$ _Et longum formosa$ #ale_$ fare'ell s'eetheart$ _#ale
charissima Argenis_$ Fc. 7are'ell my dear Argenis$ once more fare'ell$
fare'ell. And though he is to meet her by com"act$ and that #ery shortly$
"erchance tomorro'$ yet both to de"art$ he!ll ta%e his lea#e again$ and
again$ and then come bac% again$ loo% after$ and sha%e his hand$ 'a#e his
hat afar off. 8o' gone$ he thin%s it long till he see her again$ and she
him$ the cloc%s are surely set bac%$ the hour!s "ast$
;@=B,G L5os"ita 3emo"hoon tua te 1odo"heia Phillis$
Hltra "romissum tem"us abesse 0ueror.L
9he loo%s out at 'indo' still to see 'hether he come$ ;@=B=Gand by re"ort
Phillis 'ent nine times to the seaside that day$ to see if her 3emo"hoon
'ere a""roaching$ and ;@=B.GTroilus to the city gates$ to loo% for his
:resseid. 9he is ill at ease$ and sic% till she see him again$ "ee#ish in
the meantime< discontent$ hea#y$ sad$ and 'hy comes he notN 'here is heN
'hy brea%s he "romiseN 'hy tarries he so longN sure he is not 'ell< sure he
hath some mischance< sure he forgets himself and me< 'ith infinite such.
And then$ confident again$ u" she gets$ out she loo%s$ listens$ and
in0uires$ hear%ens$ %ens< e#ery man afar off is sure he$ e#ery stirring in
the street$ no' he is there$ that!s he$ _male aurorae$ malae soli dicit$
deirat0ue_$ Fc.$ the longest day that e#er 'as$ so she ra#es$ restless and
im"atient< for _Amor non "atitur moras_$ lo#e broo%s no delays& the time!s
0uic%ly gone that!s s"ent in her com"any$ the miles short$ the 'ay
"leasant< all 'eather is good 'hilst he goes to her house$ heat or cold<
though his teeth chatter in his head$ he mo#es not< 'et or dry$ !tis all
one< 'et to the s%in$ he feels it not$ cares not at least for it$ but 'ill
easily endure it and much more$ because it is done 'ith alacrity$ and for
his mistress!s s'eet sa%e< let the burden be ne#er so hea#y$ lo#e ma%es it
light. ;@=B?GDacob ser#ed se#en years for 1achel$ and it 'as 0uic%ly gone
because he lo#ed her. 8one so merry< if he may ha""ily enjoy her com"any$
he is in hea#en for a time< and if he may not$ dejected in an instant$
solitary$ silent$ he de"arts 'ee"ing$ lamenting$ sighing$ com"laining.
ut the sym"toms of the mind in lo#ers are almost infinite$ and so di#erse$
that no art can com"rehend them< though they be merry sometimes$ and ra"t
beyond themsel#es for joy& yet most "art$ lo#e is a "lague$ a torture$ a
hell$ a bitter s'eet "assion at last< ;@=B@G_Amor melle et felle est
faecundissimus$ gustum dat dulcem et amarum_. !Tis _sua#is amaricies$
dolentia delectabilis$ hilare tormentum_<
;@=B-G LEt me melle beant sua#iora$
Et me felle necant amariora.L
li%e a summer fly or s"hin+!s 'ings$ or a rainbo' of all colours$
LKuae ad solis radios con#ersae aureae erant$
Ad#ersus nubes ceruleae$ 0uale jabar iridis$L
fair$ foul$ and full of #ariation$ though most "art ir%some and bad. 7or in
a 'ord$ the 9"anish In0uisition is not com"arable to it< La tormentL and
;@=BAGLe+ecutionL as it is$ as he calls it in the "oet$ an un0uenchable
fire$ and 'hat notN ;@=B/G7rom it$ saith Austin$ arise Lbiting cares$
"erturbations$ "assions$ sorro's$ fears$ sus"icions$ discontents$
contentions$ discords$ 'ars$ treacheries$ enmities$ flattery$ cozening$
riot$ im"udence$ cruelty$ %na#ery$L Fc.
;@=BBG ------Ldolor$ 0uerelae$
*amentatio$ lachrymae "erennes$
*anguor$ an+ietas$ amaritudo<
Aut si triste magis "otest 0uid esse$
5os tu das comites 8eaera #itae.L
These be the com"anions of lo#ers$ and the ordinary sym"toms$ as the "oet
re"eats them.
;@.CCG LIn amore haec insunt #itia$
9us"iciones$ inimicitiae$ audaciae$
ellum$ "a+ rursum$L Fc.
;@.C,G LInsomnia$ aerumna$ error$ terror$ et fuga$
E+cogitantia e+cors immodestia$
Petulantia$ cu"iditas$ et male#olentia<
Inhaeret etiam a#iditas$ desidia$ injuria$
Ino"ia$ contumelia et dis"endium$L Fc.
LIn lo#e these #ices are< sus"icions.
Peace$ 'ar$ and im"udence$ detractions.
3reams$ cares$ and errors$ terrors and affrights$
Immodest "ran%s$ de#ices$ sleights and flights$
5eart-burnings$ 'ants$ neglects$ desire of 'rong$
*oss continual$ e+"ense and hurt among.L
E#ery "oet is full of such catalogues of lo#e sym"toms< but fear and sorro'
may justly challenge the chief "lace. Though 5ercules de 9a+onia$ _ca". ..
Tract. de melanch._ 'ill e+clude fear from lo#e melancholy$ yet I am
other'ise "ersuaded. ;@.C=G_1es est solliciti "lena timoris amor._ !Tis
full of fear$ an+iety$ doubt$ care$ "ee#ishness$ sus"icion< it turns a man
into a 'oman$ 'hich made 5esiod beli%e "ut 7ear and Paleness Ienus!
daughters$
------LMarti cly"eos at0ue arma secanti
Alma Ienus "e"erit Pallorem$ una0ue Timorem&L
because fear and lo#e are still lin%ed together. Moreo#er they are a"t to
mista%e$ am"lify$ too credulous sometimes$ too full of ho"e and confidence$
and then again #ery jealous$ una"t to belie#e or entertain any good ne's.
The comical "oet hath "rettily "ainted out this "assage amongst the rest in
a ;@.C.Gdialogue bet'i+t Mitio and Aeschines$ a gentle father and a
lo#esic% son. Le of good cheer$ my son$ thou shalt ha#e her to 'ife. Ae.
Ah father$ do you moc% me no'N M. I moc% thee$ 'hyN Ae. That 'hich I so
earnestly desire$ I more sus"ect and fear. M. Get you home$ and send for
her to be your 'ife. Ae. 4hat no' a 'ife$ no' father$L Fc. These doubts$
an+ieties$ sus"icions$ are the least "art of their torments< they brea%
many times from "assions to actions$ s"ea% fair$ and flatter$ no' most
obse0uious and 'illing$ by and by they are a#erse$ 'rangle$ fight$ s'ear$
0uarrel$ laugh$ 'ee"& and he that doth not so by fits$ ;@.C?G*ucian holds$
is not thoroughly touched 'ith this loadstone of lo#e. 9o their actions and
"assions are intermi+ed$ but of all other "assions$ sorro' hath the
greatest share< ;@.C@Glo#e to many is bitterness itself< _rem amaram_ Plato
calls it$ a bitter "otion$ an agony$ a "lague.
LEri"ite hanc "estem "erniciem0ue mihi<
Kuae mihi subre"ens imos ut tor"or in artus$
E+"ulit e+ omni "ectore laetitias.L
L2 ta%e a'ay this "lague$ this mischief from me$
4hich$ as a numbness o#er all my body$
E+"els my joys$ and ma%es my soul so hea#y.L
Phaedria had a true touch of this$ 'hen he cried out$
;@.C-G L2 Thais$ utinam esset mihi
Pars ae0ua amoris tecum$ ac "aritor fieret ut
Aut hoc tibi doleret itidem$ ut mihi dolet.L
L2 Thais$ 'ould thou hadst of these my "ains a "art$
2r as it doth me no'$ so it 'ould ma%e thee smart.L
9o had that young man$ 'hen he roared again for discontent$
;@.CAG LDactor$ crucior$ agitor$ stimulor$
Iersor in amoris rota miser$
E+animor$ feror$ distrahor$ deri"ior$
Hbi sum$ ibi non sum< ubi non sum$ ibi est animus.L
LI am #e+t and toss!d$ and rac%!d on lo#e!s 'heel&
4here not$ I am< but 'here am$ do not feel.L
The moon in ;@.C/G*ucian made her moan to Ienus$ that she 'as almost dead
for lo#e$ _"ereo e0uidem amore_$ and after a long tale$ she bro%e off
abru"tly and 'e"t$ ;@.CBGL2 Ienus$ thou %no'est my "oor heart.L :harmides$
in ;@.,CG*ucian$ 'as so im"atient$ that he sobbed and sighed$ and tore his
hair$ and said he 'ould hang himself. LI am undone$ 2 sister Try"hena$ I
cannot endure these lo#e "angs< 'hat shall I doNL _Ios 2 dii A#errunci
sol#ite me his curis_$ 2 ye gods$ free me from these cares and miseries$
out of the anguish of his soul$ ;@.,,GTheocles "rays. 9hall I say$ most
"art of a lo#er!s life is full of agony$ an+iety$ fear$ and grief$
com"laints$ sighs$ sus"icions$ and cares$ (heigh-ho$ my heart is 'oe) full
of silence and ir%some solitarinessN
L7re0uenting shady bo'ers in discontent$
To the air his fruitless clamours he 'ill #ent.L
e+ce"t at such times that he hath _lucida inter#alla_$ "leasant gales$ or
sudden alterations$ as if his mistress smile u"on him$ gi#e him a good
loo%$ a %iss$ or that some comfortable message be brought him$ his ser#ice
is acce"ted$ Fc.
5e is then too confident and ra"t beyond himself$ as if he had heard the
nightingale in the s"ring before the cuc%oo$ or as ;@.,=G:alisto 'as at
Malebaeas! "resence$ _Kuis un0uam hac mortali #ita$ tam gloriosum cor"us
#iditN humanitatem transcendere #ideor._$ Fc. 'ho e#er sa' so glorious a
sight$ 'hat man e#er enjoyed such delightN More content cannot be gi#en of
the gods$ 'ished$ had or ho"ed of any mortal man. There is no ha""iness in
the 'orld com"arable to his$ no content$ no joy to this$ no life to lo#e$
he is in "aradise.
;@.,.G LKuis me uno #i#it feliciorN aut magis hac est
2"tandum #ita dicere 0uis "oteritNL
L4ho li#es so ha""y as myselfN 'hat bliss
In this our life may be com"ar!d to thisNL
5e 'ill not change fortune in that case 'ith a "rince$
;@.,?G L3onec gratus eram tibi$
Persarum #igui rege beatior.L
The Persian %ings are not so jo#ial as he is$ _2 ;@.,@Gfestus dies
hominis_$ 2 ha""y day< so :haerea e+claims 'hen he came from Pam"hila his
s'eetheart 'ell "leased$
L8unc est "rofecto interfici cum "er"eti me "ossem$
8e hoc gaudium contaminet #ita ali0ua aegritudine.L
L5e could find in his heart to be %illed instantly$ lest if he li#e longer$
some sorro' or sic%ness should contaminate his joys.L A little after$ he
'as so merrily set u"on the same occasion$ that he could not contain
himself.
;@.,-G L2 "o"ulares$ ec0uis me #i#it hodie fortunatiorN
8emo hercule 0uis0uam< nam in me dii "lane "otestatem
9uam omnem ostendere<L
LIs!t "ossible (2 my countrymen) for any li#ing to be so ha""y as myselfN
8o sure it cannot be$ for the gods ha#e sho'n all their "o'er$ all their
goodness in me.L Eet by and by 'hen this young gallant 'as crossed in his
'ench$ he laments$ and cries$ and roars do'nright& _2ccidi_--I am undone$
L8e0ue #irgo est us0uam$ ne0ue ego$ 0ui e cons"ectu illam amisi meo$
Hbi 0uaeram$ ubi in#estigem$ 0uem "ercunter$ 0uam insistam #iamNL
The #irgin!s gone$ and I am gone$ she!s gone$ she!s gone$ and 'hat shall I
doN 'here shall I see% her$ 'here shall I find her$ 'hom shall I as%N 'hat
'ay$ 'hat course shall I ta%eN 'hat 'ill become of me--;@.,AG_#itales auras
in#itus agebat_$ he 'as 'eary of his life$ sic%$ mad$ and des"erate$
;@.,/G_utinam mihi esset ali0uid hic$ 0uo nunc me "raeci"item darem_. !Tis
not :haereas! case this alone$ but his$ and his$ and e#ery lo#er!s in the
li%e state. If he hear ill ne's$ ha#e bad success in his suit$ she fro'n
u"on him$ or that his mistress in his "resence res"ect another more (as
;@.,BG5edus obser#es) L"refer another suitor$ s"ea% more familiarly to him$
or use more %indly than himself$ if by nod$ smile$ message$ she discloseth
herself to another$ he is instantly tormented$ none so dejected as he is$L
utterly undone$ a casta'ay$ ;@.=CG_In 0uem fortuna omnia odiorum suorum
crudelissima tela e+onerat_$ a dead man$ the scorn of fortune$ a monster of
fortune$ 'orse than nought$ the loss of a %ingdom had been less.
;@.=,GAretine!s *ucretia made #ery good "roof of this$ as she relates it
herself. L7or 'hen I made some of my suitors belie#e I 'ould beta%e myself
to a nunnery$ they too% on$ as if they had lost father and mother$ because
they 'ere for e#er after to 'ant my com"any.L _2mnes labores le#es fuere_$
all other labour 'as light& ;@.==Gbut this might not be endured. _Tui
carendum 0uod erat_--Lfor I cannot be 'ithout thy com"any$L mournful
Amyntas$ "ainful Amyntas$ careful Amyntas< better a metro"olitan city 'ere
sac%ed$ a royal army o#ercome$ an in#incible armada sun%$ and t'enty
thousand %ings should "erish$ than her little finger ache$ so zealous are
they$ and so tender of her good. They 'ould all turn friars for my sa%e$ as
she follo's it$ in ho"e by that means to meet$ or see me again$ as my
confessors$ at stool-ball$ or at barley-brea%& And so after'ards 'hen an
im"ortunate suitor came$ ;@.=.GLIf I had bid my maid say that I 'as not at
leisure$ not 'ithin$ busy$ could not s"ea% 'ith him$ he 'as instantly
astonished$ and stood li%e a "illar of marble< another 'ent s'earing$
chafing$ cursing$ foaming.L ;@.=?G_Illa sibi #o+ i"sa Do#is #iolentior ira$
cum tonat_$ Fc. the #oice of a mandra%e had been s'eeter music& Lbut he to
'hom I ga#e entertainment$ 'as in the Elysian fields$ ra#ished for joy$
0uite beyond himself.L !Tis the general humour of all lo#ers$ she is their
stern$ "ole-star$ and guide. ;@.=@G_3elicium0ue animi$ deli0uium0ue sui._
As a tuli"ant to the sun ('hich our herbalists calls 8arcissus) 'hen it
shines$ is _Admirandus flos ad radios solis se "andens_$ a glorious flo'er
e+"osing itself< ;@.=-Gbut 'hen the sun sets$ or a tem"est comes$ it hides
itself$ "ines a'ay$ and hath no "leasure left$ ('hich :arolus Gonzaga$ du%e
of Mantua$ in a cause not unli%e$ sometimes used for an im"ress) do all
inamorates to their mistress< she is their sun$ their _Primum mobile_$ or
_anima informans_< this ;@.=AGone hath elegantly e+"ressed by a 'indmill$
still mo#ed by the 'ind$ 'hich other'ise hath no motion of itself. _9ic tua
ni s"iret gratia$ truncus ero._ L5e is 'holly animated from her breath$L
his soul li#es in her body$ ;@.=/G_sola cla#es habet interitus et salutis_$
she %ee"s the %eys of his life& his fortune ebbs and flo's 'ith her fa#our$
a gracious or bad as"ect turns him u" or do'n$ _Mens mea lucescit *ucia
luce tua_. 5o'soe#er his "resent state be "leasing or dis"leasing$ !tis
continuate so long as he ;@.=BGlo#es$ he can do nothing$ thin% of nothing
but her< desire hath no rest$ she is his cynosure$ 5es"erus and #es"er$ his
morning and e#ening star$ his goddess$ his mistress$ his life$ his soul$
his e#erything< dreaming$ 'a%ing$ she is al'ays in his mouth< his heart$
his eyes$ ears$ and all his thoughts are full of her. 5is *aura$ his
Iictorina$ his :olumbina$ 7la#ia$ 7laminia$ :aelia$ 3elia$ or Isabella$
(call her ho' you 'ill) she is the sole object of his senses$ the substance
of his soul$ _nidulus animae suae_$ he magnifies her abo#e measure$ _totus
in illa_$ full of her$ can breathe nothing but her. LI adore Melebaea$L
saith lo#esic% ;@..CG:alisto$ LI belie#e in Melebaea$ I honour$ admire and
lo#e my Melebaea<L 5is soul 'as soused$ im"aradised$ im"risoned in his
lady. 4hen ;@..,GThais too% her lea#e of Phaedria$--_mi Phaedria$ et
nun0uid aliud #is_N 9'eet heart (she said) 'ill you command me any further
ser#iceN he readily re"lied$ and ga#e in this charge$
------Legone 0uid #elimN
3ies noctes0ue ames me$ me desideres$
Me somnies$ me e+"ectes$ me cogites$
Me s"eres$ me te oblectes$ mecum tota sis$
Meus fac "ostremo animus$ 0uando ego sum tuus.L
L3ost as% (my dear) 'hat ser#ice I 'ill ha#eN
To lo#e me day and night is all I cra#e$
To dream on me$ to e+"ect$ to thin% on me$
3e"end and ho"e$ still co#et me to see$
3elight thyself in me$ be 'holly mine$
7or %no'$ my lo#e$ that I am 'holly thine.L
ut all this needed not$ you 'ill say< if she affect once$ she 'ill be his$
settle her lo#e on him$ on him alone$
;@..=G ------Lillum absens absentem
Audit0ue #idet0ueL------
she can$ she must thin% and dream of nought else but him$ continually of
him$ as did 2r"heus on his Eurydice$
LTe dulcis conju+$ te solo in littore mecum$
Te #eniente die$ te discedente canebam.L
L2n thee s'eet 'ife 'as all my song.
Morn$ e#ening$ and all along.L
And 3ido u"on her Aeneas<
------Let 0uae me insomnia terrent$
Multa #iri #irtus$ et "lurima currit imago.L
LAnd e#er and anon she thin%s u"on the man
That 'as so fine$ so fair$ so blithe$ so debonair.L
:lito"hon$ in the first boo% of Achilles$ Tatius$ com"laineth ho' that his
mistress *euci""e tormented him much more in the night than in the day.
;@...GL7or all day long he had some object or other to distract his senses$
but in the night all ran u"on her. All night long he lay ;@..?G a'a%e$ and
could thin% of nothing else but her$ he could not get her out of his mind<
to'ards morning$ slee" too% a little "ity on him$ he slumbered a'hile$ but
all his dreams 'ere of her.L
;@..@G ------Lte nocte sub atra
Allo0uor$ am"lector$ falsa0ue in imagine somni$
Gaudia solicitam "al"ant e#anida mentem.L
LIn the dar% night I s"ea%$ embrace$ and find
That fading joys decei#e my careful mind.L
The same com"laint Euryalus ma%es to his *ucretia$ ;@..-GLday and night I
thin% of thee$ I 'ish for thee$ I tal% of thee$ call on thee$ loo% for
thee$ ho"e for thee$ delight myself in thee$ day and night I lo#e thee.L
;@..AG L8ec mihi #es"ere
9urgente decedunt amores$
8ec ra"idum fugiente solem.L
Morning$ e#ening$ all is ali%e 'ith me$ I ha#e restless thoughts$ ;@../G
_Te #igilans oculis$ animo te nocte re0uiro._ 9till I thin% on thee. _Anima
non est ubi animat$ sed ubi amat_. I li#e and breathe in thee$ I 'ish for
thee.
;@..BG L2 ni#eam 0uae te "oterit mihi reddere lucem$
2 mihi felicem ter0ue 0uater0ue diem.L
L2 ha""y day that shall restore thee to my sight.L In the meantime he ra#es
on her< her s'eet face$ eyes$ actions$ gestures$ hands$ feet$ s"eech$
length$ breadth$ height$ de"th$ and the rest of her dimensions$ are so
sur#eyed$ measured$ and ta%en$ by that Astrolabe of "hantasy$ and that so
#iolently sometimes$ 'ith such earnestness and eagerness$ such continuance$
so strong an imagination$ that at length he thin%s he sees her indeed< he
tal%s 'ith her$ he embraceth her$ I+ion-li%e$ _"ro Dunone nubem_$ a cloud
for Duno$ as he said. _8ihil "raeter *euci""en cerno$ *euci""e mihi
"er"etuo in oculis$ et animo #ersatur_$ I see and meditate of nought but
*euci""e. e she "resent or absent$ all is one<
;@.?CG LEt 0uam#is aberat "lacidae "raesentia formae
Kuem dederat "raesens forma$ manebat amor.L
That im"ression of her beauty is still fi+ed in his mind$--;@.?,G_haerent
infi+i "ectora #ultus_< as he that is bitten 'ith a mad dog thin%s all he
sees dogs--dogs in his meat$ dogs in his dish$ dogs in his drin%& his
mistress is in his eyes$ ears$ heart$ in all his senses. Ialleriola had a
merchant$ his "atient$ in the same "redicament< and ;@.?=GHlricus Molitor$
out of Austin$ hath a story of one$ that through #ehemency of his lo#e
"assion$ still thought he sa' his mistress "resent 'ith him$ she tal%ed
'ith him$ _Et commisceri cum ea #igilans #idebatur_$ still embracing him.
8o' if this "assion of lo#e can "roduce such effects$ if it be "leasantly
intended$ 'hat bitter torments shall it breed$ 'hen it is 'ith fear and
continual sorro'$ sus"icion$ care$ agony$ as commonly it is$ still
accom"anied$ 'hat an intolerable ;@.?.G"ain must it beN
------L8on tam grandes
Gargara culmos$ 0uot demerso
Pectore curas longa ne+as
Hs0ue catena$ #el 0uae "enitus
:rudelis amor #ulnera miscet.L
LMount Gargarus hath not so many stems
As lo#er!s breast hath grie#ous 'ounds$
And lin%ed cares$ 'hich lo#e com"ounds.L
4hen the 6ing of abylon 'ould ha#e "unished a courtier of his$ for lo#ing
of a young lady of the royal blood$ and far abo#e his fortunes$ ;@.??G
A"ollonius in "resence by all means "ersuaded to let him alone< L7or to
lo#e and not enjoy 'as a most uns"ea%able torment$L no tyrant could in#ent
the li%e "unishment< as a gnat at a candle$ in a short s"ace he 'ould
consume himself. 7or lo#e is a "er"etual ;@.?@G_flu+$ angor animi_$ a
'arfare$ _militat omni amans_$ a grie#ous 'ound is lo#e still$ and a
lo#er!s heart is :u"id!s 0ui#er$ a consuming ;@.?-Gfire$ ;@.?AG_accede ad
hunc ignem_$ Fc. an ine+tinguishable fire.
;@.?/G ------Lalitur et crescit malum$
Et ardet intus$ 0ualis Aetnaeo #a"or
E+undat antroL------
As Aetna rageth$ so doth lo#e$ and more than Aetna or any material fire.
;@.?BG ------L8am amor sae"e *y"areo
Iulcano ardentiorem flammam incendere solet.L
Iulcan!s flames are but smo%e to this. 7or fire$ saith ;@.@CGJeno"hon$
burns them alone that stand near it$ or touch it< but this fire of lo#e
burneth and scorcheth afar off$ and is more hot and #ehement than any
material fire& ;@.@,G_Ignis in igne furit_$ !tis a fire in a fire$ the
0uintessence of fire. 7or 'hen 8ero burnt 1ome$ as :alisto urgeth$ he fired
houses$ consumed men!s bodies and goods< but this fire de#ours the soul
itself$ Land ;@.@=Gone soul is 'orth a hundred thousand bodies.L 8o 'ater
can 0uench this 'ild fire.
;@.@.G ------LIn "ectus coecos absorbuit ignes$
Ignes 0ui nec a0ua "erimi "otuere$ nec imbre
3iminui$ ne0ue graminibus$ magicis0ue susurris.L
LA fire he too% into his breast$
4hich 'ater could not 0uench.
8or herb$ nor art$ nor magic s"ells
:ould 0uell$ nor any drench.L
E+ce"t it be tears and sighs$ for so they may chance find a little ease.
;@.@?G L9ic candentia colla$ sic "atens frons$
9ic me blanda tui 8eaera ocelli$
9ic "ares minio genae "erurunt$
Ht ni me lachrymae rigent "erennes$
Totus in tenues eam fa#illas.L
L9o thy 'hite nec%$ 8eaera$ me "oor soul
3oth scorch$ thy chee%s$ thy 'anton eyes that roll&
4ere it not for my dro""ing tears that hinder$
I should be 0uite burnt u" forth'ith to cinder.L
This fire stri%es li%e lightning$ 'hich made those old Grecians "aint
:u"id$ in many of their ;@.@@Gtem"les$ 'ith Du"iter!s thunderbolts in his
hands< for it 'ounds$ and cannot be "ercei#ed ho'$ 'hence it came$ 'here it
"ierced. ;@.@-G_Hrimur$ et coecum$ "ectora #ulnus habent_$ and can hardly
be discerned at first.
;@.@AG ------LEst mollis flamma medullas$
Et tacitum insano #i#it sub "ectore #ulnus.L
LA gentle 'ound$ an easy fire it 'as$
And sly at first$ and secretly did "ass.L
ut by-and-by it began to rage and burn amain<
;@.@/G ------LPectus insanum #a"or.
Amor0ue torret$ intus sae#us #orat
Penitus medullas$ at0ue "er #enas meat
Iisceribus ignis mersus$ et #enis latens$
Ht agilis altas flamma "ercurrit trabes.L
LThis fiery #a"our rageth in the #eins$
And scorcheth entrails$ as 'hen fire burns
A house$ it nimbly runs along the beams$
And at the last the 'hole it o#erturns.L
Abraham 5offemannus$ _lib. ,. amor conjugal$ ca". =. ". ==._ relates out of
Plato$ ho' that Em"edocles$ the "hiloso"her$ 'as "resent at the cutting u"
of one that died for lo#e$ ;@.@BGLhis heart 'as combust$ his li#er smo%y$
his lungs dried u"$ insomuch that he #erily belie#ed his soul 'as either
sodden or roasted through the #ehemency of lo#e!s fire.L 4hich beli%e made
a modern 'riter of amorous emblems e+"ress lo#e!s fury by a "ot hanging
o#er the fire$ and :u"id blo'ing the coals. As the heat consumes the 'ater$
;@.-CG_9ic sua consumit #iscera coecus amor_$ so doth lo#e dry u" his
radical moisture. Another com"ares lo#e to a melting torch$ 'hich stood too
near the fire.
;@.-,G L9ic 0uo 0uis "ro"rior suae "uellae est$
5oc stultus "ro"rior suae runinae est.L
LThe nearer he unto his mistress is$
The nearer he unto his ruin is.L
9o that to say truth$ as ;@.-=G:astilio describes it$ LThe beginning$
middle$ end of lo#e is nought else but sorro'$ #e+ation$ agony$ torment$
ir%someness$ 'earisomeness< so that to be s0ualid$ ugly$ miserable$
solitary$ discontent$ dejected$ to 'ish for death$ to com"lain$ ra#e$ and
to be "ee#ish$ are the certain signs and ordinary actions of a lo#esic%
"erson.L This continual "ain and torture ma%es them forget themsel#es$ if
they be far gone 'ith it$ in doubt$ des"air of obtaining$ or eagerly bent$
to neglect all ordinary business.
;@.-.G ------L"endent o"era interru"ta$ minae0ue
Murorum ingentes$ ae0uata0ue machina coelo.L
*o#esic% 3ido left her 'or% undone$ so did ;@.-?GPhaedra$
------LPalladis telae #acant
Et inter i"sus "ensa labuntur manus.L
7austus$ in ;@.-@GMantuan$ too% no "leasure in anything he did$
L8ulla 0uies mihi dulcis erat$ nullus labor aegro
Pectore$ sensus iners$ et mens tor"ore se"ulta$
:arminis occiderat studium.L------
And !tis the humour of them all$ to be careless of their "ersons and their
estates$ as the she"herd in ;@.--GTheocritus$ _et haec barba inculta est$
s0ualidi0ue ca"illi_$ their beards flag$ and they ha#e no more care of
"ran%ing themsel#es or of any business$ they care not$ as they say$ 'hich
end goes for'ard.
;@.-AG L2blitus0ue greges$ et rura domestica totus
;@.-/G Hritur$ et noctes in luctum e+"endit amaras$
L7orgetting floc%s of shee" and country farms$
The silly she"herd al'ays mourns and burns.L
*o#esic% ;@.-BG:haerea$ 'hen he came from Pam"hila!s house$ and had not so
good 'elcome as he did e+"ect$ 'as all amort$ Parmeno meets him$ _0uid
tristis es_N 4hy art thou so sad manN _unde es_N 'hence comest$ ho' doestN
but he sadly re"lies$ _Ego hercle nescio ne0ue unde eam$ ne0ue 0uorsum eam$
ita "rorsus oblitus sum mei_$ I ha#e so forgotten myself$ I neither %no'
'here I am$ nor 'hence I come$ nor 'hether I 'ill$ 'hat I do. P. ;@.ACGL5o'
soNL :h. LI am in lo#e.L _Prudens sciens._ ;@.A,G--_#i#us #idens0ue "ereo$
nec 0uid agam scio._ ;@.A=GL5e that erst had his thoughts freeL (as
Philostratus *emnius$ in an e"istle of his$ describes this fiery "assion)$
Land s"ent his time li%e a hard student$ in those delightsome "hiloso"hical
"rece"ts< he that 'ith the sun and moon 'andered all o#er the 'orld$ 'ith
stars themsel#es ranged about$ and left no secret or small mystery in
nature unsearched$ since he 'as enamoured can do nothing no' but thin% and
meditate of lo#e matters$ day and night com"oseth himself ho' to "lease his
mistress< all his study$ endea#our$ is to a""ro#e himself to his mistress$
to 'in his mistress! fa#our$ to com"ass his desire$ to be counted her
ser#ant.L 4hen Peter Abelard$ that great scholar of his age$ _:ui soli
"atuit scibile 0uic0uid erat_$ ;@.A.G(L'hose faculties 'ere e0ual to any
difficulty in learning$L) 'as no' in lo#e 'ith 5eloise$ he had no mind to
#isit or fre0uent schools and scholars any more$ _Taediosum mihi #alde
fuit_ (as he ;@.A?Gconfesseth) _ad scholas "rocedere$ #el in iis morari_$
all his mind 'as on his ne' mistress.
8o' to this end and "ur"ose$ if there be any ho"e of obtaining his suit$ to
"rosecute his cause$ he 'ill s"end himself$ goods$ fortunes for her$ and
though he lose and alienate all his friends$ be threatened$ be cast off$
and disinherited< for as the "oet saith$ _Amori 0uis legem det_N;@.A@G
though he be utterly undone by it$ disgraced$ go a begging$ yet for her
s'eet sa%e$ to enjoy her$ he 'ill 'illingly beg$ hazard all he hath$ goods$
lands$ shame$ scandal$ fame$ and life itself.
L8on recedam ne0ue 0uiescam$ noctu et interdiu$
"rofecto 0uam aut i"sam$ aut mortem in#estiga#ero.L
LI!ll ne#er rest or cease my suit
Till she or death do ma%e me mute.L
Parthenis in Aristaenetus ;@.A-G'as fully resol#ed to do as much. LI may
ha#e better matches$ I confess$ but fare'ell shame$ fare'ell honour$
fare'ell honesty$ fare'ell friends and fortunes$ Fc. 2$ 5ar"edona$ %ee" my
counsel$ I 'ill lea#e all for his s'eet sa%e$ I 'ill ha#e him$ say no more$
_contra gentes_$ I am resol#ed$ I 'ill ha#e him.L Gobrias$;@.AAG the
ca"tain$ 'hen$ he had es"ied 1hodanthe$ the fair ca"ti#e maid$ fell u"on
his %nees before Mystilus$ the general$ 'ith tears$ #o's$ and all the
rhetoric he could$ by the scars he had formerly recei#ed$ the good ser#ice
he had done$ or 'hatsoe#er else 'as dear unto him$ besought his go#ernor he
might ha#e the ca"ti#e #irgin to be his 'ife$ _#irtutis suae s"olium_$ as a
re'ard of his 'orth and ser#ice< and$ moreo#er$ he 'ould forgi#e him the
money 'hich 'as o'ing$ and all rec%onings besides due unto him$ LI as% no
more$ no "art of booty$ no "ortion$ but 1hodanthe to be my 'ife.L And 'hen
as he could not com"ass her by fair means$ he fell to treachery$ force and
#illainy$ and set his life at sta%e at last to accom"lish his desire. !Tis
a common humour this$ a general "assion of all lo#ers to be so affected$
and 'hich Aemilia told Aratine$ a courtier in :astilio!s discourse$ Lsurely
Aratine$ if thou 'erst not so indeed$ thou didst not lo#e< ingenuously
confess$ for if thou hadst been thoroughly enamoured$ thou 'ouldst ha#e
desired nothing more than to "lease thy mistress. 7or that is the la' of
lo#e$ to 'ill and nill the same.L;@.A/G_Tantum #elle et nolle$ #elit nolit
0uod amica_N;@.ABG
Hndoubtedly this may be "ronounced of them all$ they are #ery sla#es$
drudges for the time$ madmen$ fools$ dizzards$ _atrabilarii_;@./CG$ beside
themsel#es$ and as blind as beetles. Their dotage ;@./,Gis most eminent$
_Amore simul et sa"ere i"si Do#i non datur_$ as 9eneca holds$ Du"iter
himself cannot lo#e and be 'ise both together< the #ery best of them$ if
once they be o#erta%en 'ith this "assion$ the most staid$ discreet$ gra#e$
generous and 'ise$ other'ise able to go#ern themsel#es$ in this commit many
absurdities$ many indecorums$ unbefitting their gra#ity and "ersons.
;@./=G LKuis0uis amat ser#it$ se0uitur ca"ti#us amantem$
7ert domita cer#ice jugumL------
9amson$ 3a#id$ 9olomon$ 5ercules$ 9ocrates$ Fc. are justly ta+ed of
indiscretion in this "oint< the middle sort are bet'een ha'% and buzzard<
and although they do "ercei#e and ac%no'ledge their o'n dotage$ 'ea%ness$
fury$ yet they cannot 'ithstand it< as 'ell may 'itness those
e+"ostulations and confessions of 3ido in Iirgil.
;@./.G LInci"it effari media0ue in #oce resistit.L
Phaedra in 9eneca.
;@./?G LKuod ratio "oscit$ #incit ac regnat furor$
Potens0ue tota mente dominatur deus.L
Myrrha in ;@./@G. 2#id
LIlla 0uidem sentit$ foedo0ue re"ugnat amori$
Et secum 0uo mente feror$ 0uid molior$ in0uit$
3ii "recor$ et "ietas$L Fc.
L9he sees and %no's her fault$ and doth resist$
Against her filthy lust she doth contend.
And 'hither go I$ 'hat am I aboutN
And God forbid$ yet doth it in the end.L
Again$
------LPer #igil igne
:ar"itur indomito$ furiosa0ue #ota retrectat$
Et modo des"erat$ modo #ult tentare$ "udet0ue
Et cu"it$ et 0uid agat$ non in#enit$L Fc.
L4ith raging lust she burns$ and no' recalls
5er #o'$ and then des"airs$ and 'hen !tis "ast$
5er former thoughts she!ll "rosecute in haste$
And 'hat to do she %no's not at the last.L
9he 'ill and 'ill not$ abhors& and yet as Medea did$ doth it$
------LTrahit in#itam no#a #ia$ aliud0ue cu"ido$
Mens aliud suadet< #ideo meliora$ "robo0ue$
3eteriora se0uor.L------
L1eason "ulls one 'ay$ burning lust another$
9he sees and %no's 'hat!s good$ but she doth neither$L
L2 fraus$ amor0ue$ et mentis emotae furor$
0uo me abstulistisNL;@./-G
The major "art of lo#ers are carried headlong li%e so many brute beasts$
reason counsels one 'ay$ thy friends$ fortunes$ shame$ disgrace$ danger$
and an ocean of cares that 'ill certainly follo'< yet this furious lust
"reci"itates$ counter"oiseth$ 'eighs do'n on the other< though it be their
utter undoing$ "er"etual infamy$ loss$ yet they 'ill do it$ and become at
last _insensati_$ #oid of sense< degenerate into dogs$ hogs$ asses$ brutes<
as Du"iter into a bull$ A"uleius an ass$ *ycaon a 'olf$ Tereus a la"'ing$
;@./AG:alisto a bear$ El"enor and Grillus info s'ine by :irce. 7or 'hat
else may 'e thin% those ingenious "oets to ha#e shado'ed in their 'itty
fictions and "oems but that a man once gi#en o#er to his lust (as
;@.//G7ulgentius inter"rets that of A"uleius$ _Alciat of Tereus_) Lis no
better than a beast.L
L1e+ fueram$ sic crista docet$ sed sordida #ita
Immundam e tanto culmine fecit a#em.L;@./BG
LI 'as a %ing$ my cro'n my 'itness is$
ut by my filthiness am come to this.L
Their blindness is all out as great$ as manifest as their 'ea%ness and
dotage$ or rather an inse"arable com"anion$ an ordinary sign of it$ ;@.BCG
lo#e is blind$ as the saying is$ :u"id!s blind$ and so are all his
follo'ers. _Kuis0uis amat ranam$ ranam "utat esse 3ianam_. E#ery lo#er
admires his mistress$ though she be #ery deformed of herself$ ill-fa#oured$
'rin%led$ "im"led$ "ale$ red$ yello'$ tanned$ tallo'-faced$ ha#e a s'ollen
juggler!s "latter face$ or a thin$ lean$ chitty face$ ha#e clouds in her
face$ be croo%ed$ dry$ bald$ goggle-eyed$ blear-eyed$ or 'ith staring eyes$
she loo%s li%e a s0uissed cat$ hold her head still a'ry$ hea#y$ dull$
hollo'-eyed$ blac% or yello' about the eyes$ or s0uint-eyed$
s"arro'-mouthed$ Persian hoo%-nosed$ ha#e a shar" fo+ nose$ a red nose$
:hina flat$ great nose$ _nare simo "atulo0ue_$ a nose li%e a "romontory$
gubber-tushed$ rotten teeth$ blac%$ une#en$ bro'n teeth$ beetle bro'ed$ a
'itch!s beard$ her breath stin% all o#er the room$ her nose dro" 'inter and
summer$ 'ith a a#arian "o%e under her chin$ a shar" chin$ la#e eared$ 'ith
a long crane!s nec%$ 'hich stands a'ry too$ _"endulis mammis_$ Lher dugs
li%e t'o double jugs$L or else no dugs$ in that other e+treme$ bloody
fallen fingers$ she ha#e filthy$ long un"ared nails$ scabbed hands or
'rists$ a tanned s%in$ a rotten carcass$ croo%ed bac%$ she stoo"s$ is lame$
s"lay-footed$ Las slender in the middle as a co' in the 'aist$L gouty legs$
her an%les hang o#er her shoes$ her feet stin%$ she breed lice$ a mere
changeling$ a #ery monster$ an oaf im"erfect$ her 'hole com"le+ion sa#ours$
a harsh #oice$ incondite gesture$ #ile gait$ a #ast #irago$ or an ugly tit$
a slug$ a fat fustilugs$ a truss$ a long lean ra'bone$ a s%eleton$ a
snea%er (_si 0ua latent meliora "uta_)$ and to thy judgment loo%s li%e a
merd in a lantern$ 'hom thou couldst not fancy for a 'orld$ but hatest$
loathest$ and 'ouldst ha#e s"it in her face$ or blo' thy nose in her bosom$
_remedium amoris_ to another man$ a do'dy$ a slut$ a scold$ a nasty$ ran%$
rammy$ filthy$ beastly 0uean$ dishonest "erad#enture$ obscene$ base$
beggarly$ rude$ foolish$ untaught$ "ee#ish$ Irus! daughter$ Thersites!
sister$ Grobians! scholar$ if he lo#e her once$ he admires her for all
this$ he ta%es no notice of any such errors$ or im"erfections of body or
mind$ ;@.B,G_I"sa haec--delectant$ #eluti albinum Poly"us Agnae_$< he had
rather ha#e her than any 'oman in the 'orld. If he 'ere a %ing$ she alone
should be his 0ueen$ his em"ress. 2 that he had but the 'ealth and treasure
of both the Indies to endo' her 'ith$ a carrac% of diamonds$ a chain of
"earl$ a cascanet of je'els$ (a "air of calfs%in glo#es of four-"ence a
"air 'ere fitter)$ or some such toy$ to send her for a to%en$ she should
ha#e it 'ith all his heart< he 'ould s"end myriads of cro'ns for her sa%e.
Ienus herself$ Panthea$ :leo"atra$ Tar0uin!s Tana0uil$ 5erod!s Mariamne$ or
;@.B=GMary of urgundy$ if she 'ere ali#e$ 'ould not match her.
L(;@.B.GIincit #ultus haec Tyndarios$
Kui mo#erunt horrida bellla.L
*et Paris himself be judge) reno'ned 5elen comes short$ that 1odo"heian
Phillis$ *arissean :oronis$ abylonian Thisbe$ Poli+ena$ *aura$ *esbia$
Fc.$ your counterfeit ladies 'ere ne#er so fair as she is.
;@.B?G LKuic0uid erit "lacidi$ le"idi$ grati$ at0ue faceti$
Ii#ida cunctorum retines Pandora deorum.L
L4hate!er is "retty$ "leasant$ facete$ 'ell$
4hate!er Pandora had$ she doth e+cel.L
;@.B@G_3icebam Tri#ioe formam nihil esse 3ianoe_. 3iana 'as not to be
com"ared to her$ nor Duno$ nor Miner#a$ nor any goddess. Thetis! feet 'ere
as bright as sil#er$ the an%les of 5ebe clearer than crystal$ the arms of
Aurora as ruddy as the rose$ Duno!s breasts as 'hite as sno'$ Miner#a 'ise$
Ienus fair< but 'hat of thisN 3ainty come thou to me. 9he is all in all$
;@.B-G ------L:aelia ridens
Est Ienus$ incedens Duno$ Miner#a lo0uens.L
;@.BAG L7airest of fair$ that fairness doth e+cel.L
E"hemerus in Aristaenetus$ so far admireth his mistress! good "arts$ that
he ma%es "roclamation of them$ and challengeth all comers in her behalf.
;@.B/GL4hoe#er sa' the beauties of the east$ or of the 'est$ let them come
from all 0uarters$ all$ and tell truth$ if e#er they sa' such an e+cellent
feature as this is.L A good fello' in Petronius cries out$ no tongue can
;@.BBGtell his lady!s fine feature$ or e+"ress it$ _0uic0uid di+eris minus
erit_$ Fc.
L8o tongue can her "erfections tell$
In 'hose each "art$ all tongues may d'ell.L
Most of your lo#ers are of his humour and o"inion. 9he is _nulli secunda_$
a rare creature$ a "hoeni+$ the sole commandress of his thoughts$ 0ueen of
his desires$ his only delight& as ;@?CCGTriton no' feelingly sings$ that
lo#esic% sea-god&
L:andida *eucothoe "lacet$ et "lacet atra Melaene$
9ed Galatea "lacet longe magis omnibus una.L
L7air *eucothe$ blac% Melene "lease me 'ell$
ut Galatea doth by odds the rest e+cel.L
All the gracious elogies$ meta"hors$ hy"erbolical com"arisons of the best
things in the 'orld$ the most glorious names< 'hatsoe#er$ I say$ is
"leasant$ amiable$ s'eet$ grateful$ and delicious$ are too little for her.
LPhoebo "ulchrior et sorore Phoebi.L
L5is Phoebe is so fair$ she is so bright$
9he dims the sun!s lustre$ and the moon!s light.L
9tars$ sun$ moons$ metals$ s'eet-smelling flo'ers$ odours$ "erfumes$
colours$ gold$ sil#er$ i#ory$ "earls$ "recious stones$ sno'$ "ainted birds$
do#es$ honey$ sugar$ s"ice$ cannot e+"ress her$ ;@?C,Gso soft$ so tender$
so radiant$ s'eet$ so fair is she.--_Mollior cuniculi ca"illo_$ Fc.
;@?C=G L*ydia bella$ "uelia candida$
Kuae bene su"eras lac$ et lilium$
Albam0ue simul rosam et rubicundam$
Et e+"olitum ebur Indicum.L
L7ine *ydia$ my mistress$ 'hite and fair$
The mil%$ the lily do not thee come near<
The rose so 'hite$ the rose so red to see$
And Indian i#ory comes short of thee.L
9uch a descri"tion our English 5omer ma%es of a fair lady
;@?C.G _That Emilia that 'as fairer to seen$
Then is lily u"on the stal% green&
And fresher then May 'ith flo'ers ne'$
7or 'ith the rose colour stro#e her hue$
I no!t 'hich 'as the fairer of the t'o_.
In this #ery "hrase ;@?C?GPoly"hemus courts Galatea&
L:andidior folio ni#ei Galatea ligustri$
7loridior "rato$ longa "rocerior alno$
9"lendidior #itro$ tenero lasci#ior haedo$ Fc.
Mollior et cygni "lumis$ et lacte coacto.L
L4hiter Galet than the 'hite 'ithie-'ind$
7resher than a field$ higher than a tree$
righter than glass$ more 'anton than a %id$
9ofter than s'an!s do'n$ or ought that may be.L
9o she admires him again$ in that conceited dialogue of *ucian$ 'hich Dohn
9ecundus$ an elegant 3utch modern "oet$ hath translated into #erse. 4hen
3oris and those other sea nym"hs u"braided her 'ith her ugly missha"en
lo#er$ Poly"hemus< she re"lies$ they s"ea% out of en#y and malice$
;@?C@G LEt "lane in#idia huc mera #os stimulare #idetur.
Kuod non #os itidem ut me Poly"hemus amet<L
9ay 'hat they could$ he 'as a "ro"er man. And as 5eloise 'rit to her
s'eetheart Peter Abelard$ _9i me Augustus orbis im"erator u+orem e+"eteret$
mallem tua esse meretri+ 0uam orbis im"eratri+_< she had rather be his
#assal$ his 0uean$ than the 'orld!s em"ress or 0ueen.--_non si me Du"iter
i"se forte #elit_$--she 'ould not change her lo#e for Du"iter himself.
To thy thin%ing she is a most loathsome creature< and as 'hen a country
fello' discommended once that e+0uisite "icture of 5elen$ made by >eu+is$
;@?C-Gfor he sa' no such beauty in it< 8ichomachus a lo#esic% s"ectator
re"lied$ _9ume tibi meos oculos et deam e+istimabis_$ ta%e mine eyes$ and
thou 'ilt thin% she is a goddess$ dote on her forth'ith$ count all her
#ices #irtues< her im"erfections infirmities$ absolute and "erfect& if she
be flat-nosed$ she is lo#ely< if hoo%-nosed$ %ingly< if d'arfish and
little$ "retty< if tall$ "ro"er and man-li%e$ our bra#e ritish oadicea<
if croo%ed$ 'ise< if monstrous$ comely< her defects are no defects at all$
she hath no deformities. _Immo nec i"sum amicae stercus foetet_$ though she
be nasty$ fulsome$ as 9ostratus! bitch$ or Parmeno!s so'< thou hadst as
li#e ha#e a sna%e in thy bosom$ a toad in thy dish$ and callest her 'itch$
de#il$ hag$ 'ith all the filthy names thou canst in#ent< he admires her on
the other side$ she is his idol$ lady$ mistress$ ;@?CAG#enerilla$ 0ueen$
the 0uintessence of beauty$ an angel$ a star$ a goddess.
LThou art my Iesta$ thou my goddess art$
Thy hallo'ed tem"le only is my heart.L
The fragrancy of a thousand courtesans is in her face& ;@?C/G_8ec "ulchrae
effigies$ haec :y"ridis aut 9tratonices_< !tis not Ienus! "icture that$ nor
the 9"anish infanta!s$ as you su""ose (good sir)$ no "rincess$ or %ing!s
daughter& no$ no$ but his di#ine mistress$ forsooth$ his dainty 3ulcinia$
his dear Anti"hila$ to 'hose ser#ice he is 'holly consecrate$ 'hom he alone
adores.
;@?CBG L:ui com"aratus indecens erit "a#o$
Inamabilis sciurus$ et fre0uens Phoeni+.L
LTo 'hom conferr!d a "eacoc%!s indecent$
A s0uirrel!s harsh$ a "hoeni+ too fre0uent.L
All the graces$ #eneries$ elegancies$ "leasures$ attend her. 5e "refers her
before a myriad of court ladies.
;@?,CG L5e that commends Phillis or 8eraea$
2r Amaryllis$ or Galatea$
Tityrus or Melibea$ by your lea#e$
*et him be mute$ his lo#e the "raises ha#e.L
8ay$ before all the gods and goddesses themsel#es. 9o ;@?,,GKuintus
:atullus admired his s0uint-eyed friend 1oscius.
LPace mihi liceat (:oelestes) dicere #estra$
Mortalis #isus "ulchrior esse 3eo.L
Ly your lea#e gentle Gods$ this I!ll say true$
There!s none of you that ha#e so fair a hue.L
All the bombast e"ithets$ "athetical adjuncts$ incom"arably fair$ curiously
neat$ di#ine$ s'eet$ dainty$ delicious$ Fc.$ "retty diminuti#es$ _corculum$
sua#iolum_$ Fc. "leasant names may be in#ented$ bird$ mouse$ lamb$ "uss$
"igeon$ "igsney$ %id$ honey$ lo#e$ do#e$ chic%en$ Fc. he "uts on her.
;@?,=G LMeum mel$ mea sua#itas$ meum cor$
Meum sua#iolum$ mei le"ores$L
Lmy life$ my light$ my je'el$ my glory$L ;@?,.G_Margareta s"eciosa$ cujus
res"ectu omnia mundi "retiosa sordent_$ my s'eet Margaret$ my sole delight
and darling. And as ;@?,?G1hodomant courted Isabella&
Ly all %ind 'ords and gestures that he might$
5e calls her his dear heart$ his sole belo#ed$
5is joyful comfort$ and his s'eet delight.
5is mistress$ and his goddess$ and such names$
As lo#ing %nights a""ly to lo#ely dames.L
E#ery cloth she 'ears$ e#ery fashion "leaseth him abo#e measure< her hand$
_2 0uales digitos$ 0uos habet illa manusO_ "retty foot$ "retty coronets$
her s'eet carriage$ s'eet #oice$ tone$ 2 that "retty tone$ her di#ine and
lo#ely loo%s$ her e#ery thing$ lo#ely$ s'eet$ amiable$ and "retty$ "retty$
"retty. 5er #ery name (let it be 'hat it 'ill) is a most "retty$ "leasing
name< I belie#e no' there is some secret "o'er and #irtue in names$ e#ery
action$ sight$ habit$ gesture< he admires$ 'hether she "lay$ sing$ or
dance$ in 'hat tires soe#er she goeth$ ho' e+cellent it 'as$ ho' 'ell it
became her$ ne#er the li%e seen or heard. ;@?,@G_Mille habet ornatus$ mille
decenter habet._ *et her 'ear 'hat she 'ill$ do 'hat she 'ill$ say 'hat she
'ill$ ;@?,-G_Kuic0uid enim dicit$ seu facit$ omne decet_. 5e a""lauds and
admires e#erything she 'ears$ saith or doth$
;@?,AG LIllam 0uic0uid agit$ 0uo0uo #estigia #ertit$
:om"osuit furtim subse0uitur0ue decor<
9eu sol#it crines$ fusis decet esse ca"illis$
9eu com"sit$ com"tis est re#erenda comis.L
L4hate!er she doth$ or 'hither e!er she go$
A s'eet and "leasing grace attends forsooth<
2r loose$ or bind her hair$ or comb it u"$
9he!s to be honoured in 'hat she doth.L
;@?,/G_Iestem induitur$ formosa est& e+uitur$ tota forma est_$ let her be
dressed or undressed$ all is one$ she is e+cellent still$ beautiful$ fair$
and lo#ely to behold. 4omen do as much by men< nay more$ far fonder$
'ea%er$ and that by many "arasangs. L:ome to me my dear *ycias$L (saith
Musaeus in ;@?,BGAristaenetus) Lcome 0uic%ly s'eetheart$ all other men are
satyrs$ mere clo'ns$ bloc%heads to thee$ nobody to thee.L Thy loo%s$ 'ords$
gestures$ actions$ Fc.$ Lare incom"arably beyond all others.L Ienus 'as
ne#er so much besotted on her Adonis$ Phaedra so delighted in 5i""olitus$
Ariadne in Theseus$ Thisbe in her Pyramus$ as she is enamoured on her
Mo"sus.
Le thou the marigold$ and I 'ill be the sun$
e thou the friar$ and I 'ill be the nun.L
I could re"eat centuries of such. 8o' tell me 'hat greater dotage or
blindness can there be than this in both se+esN and yet their sla#ery is
more eminent$ a greater sign of their folly than the rest.
They are commonly sla#es$ ca"ti#es$ #oluntary ser#ants$ _Amator amicae
manci"ium_$ as ;@?=CG:astilio terms him$ his mistress! ser#ant$ her drudge$
"risoner$ bondman$ 'hat notN L5e com"oseth himself 'holly to her affections
to "lease her$ and$ as Aemelia said$ ma%es himself her lac%ey. All his
cares$ actions$ all his thoughts$ are subordinate to her 'ill and
commandment&L her most de#ote$ obse0uious$ affectionate ser#ant and #assal.
L7or lo#eL (as ;@?=,G:yrus in Jeno"hon 'ell obser#ed) Lis a mere tyranny$
'orse than any disease$ and they that are troubled 'ith it desire to be
free and cannot$ but are harder bound than if they 'ere in iron chains.L
4hat greater ca"ti#ity or sla#ery can there be (as ;@?==GTully
e+"ostulates) than to be in lo#eN LIs he a free man o#er 'hom a 'oman
domineers$ to 'hom she "rescribes la's$ commands$ forbids 'hat she 'ill
herself< that dares deny nothing she demands< she as%s$ he gi#es< she
calls$ he comes< she threatens$ he fears< _8e0uissimum hunc ser#um "uto_$ I
account this man a #ery drudge.L And as he follo's it$ ;@?=.GLIs this no
small ser#itude for an enamourite to be e#ery hour combing his head$
stiffening his beard$ "erfuming his hair$ 'ashing his face 'ith s'eet
'ater$ "ainting$ curling$ and not to come abroad but s"rucely cro'ned$
dec%ed$ and a""arelledNL Eet these are but toys in res"ect$ to go to the
barber$ baths$ theatres$ Fc.$ he must attend u"on her 'here#er she goes$
run along the streets by her doors and 'indo's to see her$ ta%e all
o""ortunities$ slee#eless errands$ disguise$ counterfeit sha"es$ and as
many forms as Du"iter himself e#er too%< and come e#ery day to her house
(as he 'ill surely do if he be truly enamoured) and offer her ser#ice$ and
follo' her u" and do'n from room to room$ as *ucretia!s suitors did$ he
cannot contain himself but he 'ill do it$ he must and 'ill be 'here she is$
sit ne+t her$ still tal%ing 'ith her. ;@?=?GLIf I did but let my glo#e fall
by chance$L (as the said Aretine!s *ucretia brags$) LI had one of my
suitors$ nay t'o or three at once ready to stoo" and ta%e it u"$ and %iss
it$ and 'ith a lo' conge deli#er it unto me< if I 'ould 'al%$ another 'as
ready to sustain me by the arm. A third to "ro#ide fruits$ "ears$ "lums$
cherries$ or 'hatsoe#er I 'ould eat or drin%.L All this and much more he
doth in her "resence$ and 'hen he comes home$ as Troilus to his :ressida$
!tis all his meditation to recount 'ith himself his actions$ 'ords$
gestures$ 'hat entertainment he had$ ho' %indly she used him in such a
"lace$ ho' she smiled$ ho' she graced him$ and that infinitely "leased him<
and then he brea%s out$ 2 s'eet Areusa$ 2 my dearest Anti"hila$ 2 most
di#ine loo%s$ 2 lo#ely graces$ and thereu"on instantly he ma%es an e"igram$
or a sonnet to fi#e or se#en tunes$ in her commendation$ or else he
ruminates ho' she rejected his ser#ice$ denied him a %iss$ disgraced him$
Fc.$ and that as effectually torments him. And these are his e+ercises
bet'een comb and glass$ madrigals$ elegies$ Fc.$ these his cogitations till
he see her again. ut all this is easy and gentle$ and the least "art of
his labour and bondage$ no hunter 'ill ta%e such "ains for his game$ fo'ler
for his s"ort$ or soldier to sac% a city$ as he 'ill for his mistress!
fa#our.
;@?=@G LI"sa comes #eniam$ ne0ue me salebrosa mo#ebunt
9a+a$ nec obli0uo dente timendus a"er.L
As Phaedra to 5i""olitus. 8o danger shall affright$ for if that be true the
"oets feign$ *o#e is the son of Mars and Ienus< as he hath delights$
"leasures$ elegances from his mother$ so hath he hardness$ #alour$ and
boldness from his father. And !tis true that ernard hath< _Amore nihil
mollius$ nihil #olentius_$ nothing so boisterous$ nothing so tender as
lo#e. If once$ therefore$ enamoured$ he 'ill go$ run$ ride many a mile to
meet her$ day and night$ in a #ery dar% night$ endure scorching heat$ cold$
'ait in frost and sno'$ rain$ tem"est$ till his teeth chatter in his head$
those northern 'inds and sho'ers cannot cool or 0uench his flame of lo#e.
_Intem"esta nocte non deterretur_$ he 'ill$ ta%e my 'ord$ sustain hunger$
thirst$ _Penetrabit omnia$ "errum"et omnia_$ Llo#e 'ill find out a 'ay$L
through thic% and thin he 'ill to her$ _E+"editissimi montes #identur omnes
tranabiles_$ he 'ill s'im through an ocean$ ride "ost o#er the Al"s$
A"ennines$ or Pyrenean hills$
;@?=-G LIgnem maris0ue fluctus$ at0ue turbines
Ienti "aratus est transire$L------
though it rain daggers 'ith their "oints do'n'ard$ light or dar%$ all is
one& (_1oscida "er tenebras 7aunus ad antra #enit_)$ for her s'eet sa%e he
'ill underta%e 5ercules!s t'el#e labours$ endure$ hazard$ Fc.$ he feels it
not. ;@?=AGL4hat shall I say$L saith 5aedus$ Lof their great dangers they
undergo$ single combats they underta%e$ ho' they 'ill #enture their li#es$
cree" in at 'indo's$ gutters$ climb o#er 'alls to come to their
s'eethearts$L (anointing the doors and hinges 'ith oil$ because they should
not crea%$ tread soft$ s'im$ 'ade$ 'atch$ Fc.)$ Land if they be sur"rised$
lea" out at 'indo's$ cast themsel#es headlong do'n$ bruising or brea%ing
their legs or arms$ and sometimes loosing life itself$L as :alisto did for
his lo#ely Melibaea. 5ear some of their o'n confessions$ "rotestations$
com"laints$ "roffers$ e+"ostulations$ 'ishes$ brutish attem"ts$ labours in
this %ind. 5ercules ser#ed 2m"hale$ "ut on an a"ron$ too% a distaff and
s"un< Thraso the soldier 'as so submissi#e to Thais$ that he 'as resol#ed
to do 'hate#er she enjoined. ;@?=/G_Ego me Thaidi dedam< et faciam 0uod
jubet_$ I am at her ser#ice. Philostratus in an e"istle to his mistress$
;@?=BGLI am ready to die s'eetheart if it be thy 'ill< allay his thirst
'hom thy star hath scorched and undone$ the fountains and ri#ers deny no
man drin% that comes< the fountain doth not say thou shalt not drin%$ nor
the a""le thou shalt not eat$ nor the fair meado' 'al% not in me$ but thou
alone 'ilt not let me come near thee$ or see thee$ contemned and des"ised I
die for grief.L Polienus$ 'hen his mistress :irce did but fro'n u"on him in
Petronius$ dre' his s'ord$ and bade her ;@?.CG%ill$ stab$ or 'hi" him to
death$ he 'ould stri" himself na%ed$ and not resist. Another 'ill ta%e a
journey to Da"an$ _*ongae na#igationis molestis non curans_& a third (if
she say it) 'ill not s"ea% a 'ord for a t'el#emonth!s s"ace$ her command
shall be most in#iolably %e"t& a fourth 'ill ta%e 5ercules!s club from him$
and 'ith that centurion in the 9"anish ;@?.,G:aelestina$ 'ill %ill ten men
for his mistress Areusa$ for a 'ord of her mouth he 'ill cut buc%lers in
t'o li%e "i""ins$ and fla" do'n men li%e flies$ _Elige 0uo mortis genere
illum occidi cu"is_N ;@?.=GGaleatus of Mantua did a little more& for 'hen
he 'as almost mad for lo#e of a fair maid in the city$ she$ to try him
beli%e 'hat he 'ould do for her sa%e$ bade him in jest lea" into the ri#er
Po if he lo#ed her< he forth'ith did lea" headlong off the bridge and 'as
dro'ned. Another at 7icinum in li%e "assion$ 'hen his mistress by chance
(thin%ing no harm I dare s'ear) bade him go hang$ the ne+t night at her
doors hanged himself. ;@?..GLMoneyL (saith Jeno"hon) Lis a #ery acce"table
and 'elcome guest$ yet I had rather gi#e it my dear :linia than ta%e it of
others$ I had rather ser#e him than command others$ I had rather be his
drudge than ta%e my ease$ undergo any danger for his sa%e than li#e in
security. 7or I had rather see :linia than all the 'orld besides$ and had
rather 'ant the sight of all other things than him alone< I am angry 'ith
the night and slee" that I may not see him$ and than% the light and sun
because they sho' me my :linia< I 'ill run into the fire for his sa%e$ and
if you did but see him$ I %no' that you li%e'ise 'ould run 'ith me.L 9o
Philostratus to his mistress$ ;@?.?GL:ommand me 'hat you 'ill$ I 'ill do
it< bid me go to sea$ I am gone in an instant$ ta%e so many stri"es$ I am
ready$ run through the fire$ and lay do'n my life and soul at thy feet$
!tis done.L 9o did. Aeolus to Duno.
------LTuus o regina 0uod o"tas
E+"lorare labor$ mihi jussa ca"escere fas est.L
L2 0ueen it is thy "ains to enjoin me still$
And I am bound to e+ecute thy 'ill.L
And Phaedra to 5i""olitus$
LMe #el sororem 5i""olite aut famulam #oca$
7amulam0ue "otius$ omne ser#itium feram.L
L2 call me sister$ call me ser#ant$ choose$
2r rather ser#ant$ I am thine to use.L
;@?.@G L8on me "er altas ire si jubeas ni#es$
Pigeat galatis ingredi Pindi jugis$
8on si "er ignes ire aut infesta agmina
:uncter$ "aratus ;@?.-Gensibus "ectus dare$
Te tunc jubere$ me decet jussa e+e0ui.L
LIt shall not grie#e me to the sno'y hills$
2r frozen Pindus! to"s forth'ith to climb.
2r run through fire$ or through an army$
9ay but the 'ord$ for I am al'ays thine.L
:allicratides in ;@?.AG*ucian brea%s out into this "assionate s"eech$ L2
God of 5ea#en$ grant me this life for e#er to sit o#er against my mistress$
and to hear her s'eet #oice$ to go in and out 'ith her$ to ha#e e#ery other
business common 'ith her< I 'ould labour 'hen she labours< sail 'hen she
sails< he that hates her should hate me< and if a tyrant %ill her$ he
should %ill me< if she should die$ I 'ould not li#e$ and one gra#e should
hold us both.L ;@?./G_7iniet illa meos moriens morientis amores_. Abrocomus
in ;@?.BGAristaenetus ma%es the li%e "etition for his 3el"hia$
--;@??CG_Tecum #i#ere amem$ tecum obeam lubens_. LI desire to li#e 'ith
thee$ and I am ready to die 'ith thee.L !Tis the same strain 'hich
Theagines used to his :hariclea$ Lso that I may but enjoy thy lo#e$ let me
die "resently&L *eander to his 5ero$ 'hen he besought the sea 'a#es to let
him go 0uietly to his lo#e$ and %ill him coming bac%. ;@??,G_Parcite dum
"ro"ero$ mergite dum redeo_. L9"are me 'hilst I go$ dro'n me as I return.L
!Tis the common humour of them all$ to contemn death$ to 'ish for death$ to
confront death in this case$ _Kui""e 0ueis nec fera$ nec ignis$ ne0ue
"raeci"itium$ nec fretum$ nec ensis$ ne0ue la0ueus gra#ia #identur_< L!Tis
their desireL (saith Tyrius) Lto die.L
L5aud timet mortem$ cu"it ire in i"sos
------ob#ius enses.L
L5e does not fear death$ he desireth such u"on the #ery s'ords.L Though a
thousand dragons or de#ils %ee" the gates$ :erberus himself$ 9cyron and
Procrastes lay in 'ait$ and the 'ay as dangerous$ as inaccessible as hell$
through fiery flames and o#er burning coulters$ he 'ill ad#enture for all
this. And as ;@??=GPeter Abelard lost his testicles for his 5eloise$ he
'ill I say not #enture an incision$ but life itself. 7or ho' many gallants
offered to lose their li#es for a night!s lodging 'ith :leo"atra in those
daysO and in the hour or moment of death$ !tis their sole comfort to
remember their dear mistress$ as ;@??.G>erbino slain in 7rance$ and
randimart in arbary< as Arcite did his Emily.
;@???G ------_'hen he felt death$
3us%ed been his eyes$ and faded is his breath
ut on his lady yet casteth he his eye$
5is last 'ord 'as$ mercy Emely$
5is s"irit chang!d$ and out 'ent there$
4hether I cannot tell$ ne 'here_.
;@??@G4hen :a"tain Gobrius by an unluc%y accident had recei#ed his death!s
'ound$ _heu me miserum e+clamat_$ miserable man that I am$ (instead of
other de#otions) he cries out$ shall I die before I see my s'eetheart
1hodantheN _9ic amor mortem_$ (saith mine author) _aut 0uic0uid humanitus
accidit$ as"ernatur_$ so lo#e trium"hs$ contemns$ insults o#er death
itself. Thirteen "ro"er young men lost their li#es for that fair
5i""odamias! sa%e$ the daughter of 2nomaus$ %ing of Elis& 'hen that hard
condition 'as "ro"osed of death or #ictory$ they made no account of it$ but
courageously for lo#e died$ till Pelo"s at last 'on her by a sleight.
;@??-GAs many gallants des"erately ad#entured their dearest blood for
Atalanta$ the daughter of 9chenius$ in ho"e of marriage$ all #an0uished and
o#ercame$ till 5i""omenes by a fe' golden a""les ha""ily obtained his suit.
Perseus$ of old$ fought 'ith a sea monster for Andromeda!s sa%e< and our
9t. George freed the %ing!s daughter of 9abea (the golden legend is mine
author) that 'as e+"osed to a dragon$ by a terrible combat. 2ur %nights
errant$ and the 9ir *ancelots of these days$ I ho"e 'ill ad#enture as much
for ladies! fa#ours$ as the 90uire of 3ames$ 6night of the 9un$ 9ir e#is
of 9outham"ton$ or that reno'ned "eer$
;@??AG L2rlando$ 'ho long time had lo#ed dear
Angelica the fair$ and for her sa%e
About the 'orld in nations far and near$
3id high attem"ts "erform and underta%e<L
he is a #ery dastard$ a co'ard$ a bloc% and a beast$ that 'ill not do as
much$ but they 'ill sure$ they 'ill< for it is an ordinary thing for these
inamoratos of our time to say and do more$ to stab their arms$ carouse in
blood$ ;@??/Gor as that Thessalian Thero$ that bit off his o'n thumb$
_"ro#ocans ri#alem ad hoc aemulandum_$ to ma%e his co-ri#al do as much.
!Tis fre0uent 'ith them to challenge the field for their lady and mistress!
sa%e$ to run a tilt$
;@??BG LThat either bears (so furiously they meet)
The other do'n under the horses! feet$L
and then u" and to it again$
LAnd 'ith their a+es both so sorely "our$
That neither "late nor mail sustain!d the stour$
ut ri#eld 'rea% li%e rotten 'ood asunder$
And fire did flash li%e lightning after thunder<L
and in her 0uarrel$ to fight so long ;@?@CGLtill their head"iece$ buc%lers
be all bro%en$ and s'ords hac%ed li%e so many sa's$L for they must not see
her abused in any sort$ !tis blas"hemy to s"ea% against her$ a dishonour
'ithout all good res"ect to name her. !Tis common 'ith these creatures$ to
drin% ;@?@,Ghealths u"on their bare %nees$ though it 'ere a mile to the
bottom$ no matter of 'hat mi+ture$ off it comes. If she bid them they 'ill
go barefoot to Derusalem$ to the great :ham!s court$ ;@?@=G to the East
Indies$ to fetch her a bird to 'ear in her hat& and 'ith 3ra%e and :andish
sail round about the 'orld for her s'eet sa%e$ _ad#ersis #entis_$ ser#e
t'ice se#en years$ as Dacob did for 1achel< do as much as ;@?@.GGesmunda$
the daughter of Tancredus$ "rince of 9alerna$ did for Guisardus$ her true
lo#e$ eat his heart 'hen he died< or as Artemisia dran% her husband!s bones
beaten to "o'der$ and so bury him in herself$ and endure more torments than
Theseus or Paris. _Et his colitur Ienus magis 0uam thure$ et #ictimis_$
'ith such sacrifices as these (as ;@?@?G Aristaenetus holds) Ienus is 'ell
"leased. Generally they underta%e any "ain$ any labour$ any toil$ for their
mistress! sa%e$ lo#e and admire a ser#ant$ not to her alone$ but to all her
friends and follo'ers$ they hug and embrace them for her sa%e< her dog$
"icture$ and e#erything she 'ears$ they adore it as a relic. If any man
come from her$ they feast him$ re'ard him$ 'ill not be out of his com"any$
do him all offices$ still remembering$ still tal%ing of her&
;@?@@G L8am si abest 0uod ames$ "raesto simulacra tamen sunt
Illius$ et nomen dulce obser#atur ad aures.L
The #ery carrier that comes from him to her is a most 'elcome guest< and if
he bring a letter$ she 'ill read it t'enty times o#er$ and as ;@?@-G
*ucretia did by Euryalus$ L%iss the letter a thousand times together$ and
then read it&L And ;@?@AG:helidonia by Philonius$ after many s'eet %isses$
"ut the letter in her bosom$
LAnd %iss again$ and often loo% thereon$
And stay the messenger that 'ould be gone&L
And as%ed many "retty 0uestions$ o#er and o#er again$ as ho' he loo%ed$
'hat he did$ and 'hat he saidN In a 'ord$
;@?@/G LIult "lacere sese amicae$ #ult mihi$ #ult "edisse0uae$
Iult famulis$ #ult etiam ancillis$ et catulo meo.L
L5e stri#es to "lease his mistress$ and her maid$
5er ser#ants$ and her dog$ and!s 'ell a"aid.L
If he get any remnant of hers$ a bus%-"oint$ a feather of her fan$ a
shoe-tie$ a lace$ a ring$ a bracelet of hair$
;@?@BG LPignus0ue dire"tum lacertis<
Aut digito male "ertinaci$L
he 'ears it for a fa#our on his arm$ in his hat$ finger$ or ne+t his heart.
5er "icture he adores t'ice a day$ and for t'o hours together 'ill not loo%
off it< as *aodamia did by Protesilaus$ 'hen he 'ent to 'ar$ ;@?-CGL!sit
at home 'ith his "icture before her<! a garter or a bracelet of hers is
more "recious than any saint!s relic$L he lays it u" in his cas%et$ (2
blessed relic) and e#ery day 'ill %iss it& if in her "resence$ his eye is
ne#er off her$ and drin% he 'ill 'here she dran%$ if it be "ossible$ in
that #ery "lace$ Fc. If absent$ he 'ill 'al% in the 'al%$ sit under that
tree 'here she did use to sit$ in that bo'er$ in that #ery seat$--_et
foribus miser oscula figit_$ ;@?-,Gmany years after sometimes$ though she
be far distant and d'ell many miles off$ he lo#es yet to 'al% that 'ay
still$ to ha#e his chamber-'indo' loo% that 'ay& to 'al% by that ri#er!s
side$ 'hich (though far a'ay) runs by the house 'here she d'ells$ he lo#es
the 'ind blo's to that coast.
;@?-=G L2 0uoties di+i >e"hyris "ro"erantibus illuc$
7elices "ulchram #isuri Amaryllada #enti.L
L2 ha""y 'estern 'inds that blo' that 'ay$
7or you shall see my lo#e!s fair face to day.L
5e 'ill send a message to her by the 'ind.
;@?-.G LIos aurae Al"inae$ "lacidis de montibus aurae$
5aec illi "ortate$L------
;@?-?Ghe desires to confer 'ith some of her ac0uaintance$ for his heart is
still 'ith her$ ;@?-@Gto tal% of her$ admiring and commending her$
lamenting$ moaning$ 'ishing himself anything for her sa%e$ to ha#e
o""ortunity to see her$ 2 that he might but enjoy her "resenceO 9o did
Philostratus to his mistress$ ;@?--GL2 ha""y ground on 'hich she treads$
and ha""y 'ere I if she 'ould tread u"on me. I thin% her countenance 'ould
ma%e the ri#ers stand$ and 'hen she comes abroad$ birds 'ill sing and come
about her.L
L1idebunt #alles$ ridebunt ob#ia Tem"e$
In florem #iridis "rotinus ibi humus.L
LThe fields 'ill laugh$ the "leasant #alleys burn$
And all the grass 'ill into flo'ers turn.L
_2mnis Ambrosiam s"irabit aura_. ;@?-AGL4hen she is in the meado'$ she is
fairer than any flo'er$ for that lasts but for a day$ the ri#er is
"leasing$ but it #anisheth on a sudden$ but thy flo'er doth not fade$ thy
stream is greater than the sea. If I loo% u"on the hea#en$ methin%s I see
the sun fallen do'n to shine belo'$ and thee to shine in his "lace$ 'hom I
desire. If I loo% u"on the night$ methin%s I see t'o more glorious stars$
5es"erus and thyself.L A little after he thus courts his mistress$ ;@?-/G
LIf thou goest forth of the city$ the "rotecting gods that %ee" the to'n
'ill run after to gaze u"on thee& if thou sail u"on the seas$ as so many
small boats$ they 'ill follo' thee& 'hat ri#er 'ould not run into the seaNL
Another$ he sighs and sobs$ s'ears he hath _:or scissum_$ a heart bruised
to "o'der$ dissol#ed and melted 'ithin him$ or 0uite gone from him$ to his
mistress! bosom beli%e$ he is in an o#en$ a salamander in the fire$ so
scorched 'ith lo#e!s heat< he 'isheth himself a saddle for her to sit on$ a
"osy for her to smell to$ and it 'ould not grie#e him to be hanged$ if he
might be strangled in her garters& he 'ould 'illingly die tomorro'$ so that
she might %ill him 'ith her o'n hands. ;@?-BG2#id 'ould be a flea$ a gnat$
a ring$ :atullus a s"arro'$
;@?ACG L2 si tecum ludere sicut i"sa "ossem$
Et tristes animi le#are curas.L
;@?A,GAnacreon$ a glass$ a go'n$ a chain$ anything$
L9ed s"eculum ego i"se fiam$
Ht me tuum us0ue cernas$
Et #estis i"se fiam$
Ht me tuum us0ue gestes.
Mutari et o"to in undam$
*a#em tuos ut artus$
8ardus "uella fiam$
Ht ego tei"sum inungam$
9im fascia in "a"illis$
Tuo et monile collo.
7iam0ue calceus$ me
9altem ut "ede us0ue calces.L
;@?A=G Lut I a loo%ing-glass 'ould be$
9till to be loo%!d u"on by thee$
2r I$ my lo#e$ 'ould be thy go'n$
y thee to be 'orn u" and do'n<
2r a "ure 'ell full to the brims$
That I might 'ash thy "urer limbs&
2r$ I!d be "recious balm to !noint$
4ith choicest care each choicest joint<
2r$ if I might$ I 'ould be fain
About thy nec% thy ha""y chain$
2r 'ould it 'ere my blessed ha"
To be the la'n o!er thy fair "a".
2r 'ould I 'ere thy shoe$ to be
3aily trod u"on by thee.L
2 thrice ha""y man that shall enjoy her& as they that sa' 5ero in Museus$
and ;@?A.G9almacis to 5erma"hroditus$
;@?A?G ------L7elices mater$ Fc. feli+ nutri+.--
9ed longe cunctis$ longe0ue beatior ille$
Kuem fructu s"onsi et socii dignabere lecti.L
The same "assion made her brea% out in the comedy$ ;@?A@G_8ae illae
fortunatae$ sunt 0uae cum illo cubant_$ Lha""y are his bedfello's<L and as
she said of :y"rus$ ;@?A-G_eata 0uae illi u+or futura esset_$ blessed is
that 'oman that shall be his 'ife$ nay$ thrice ha""y she that shall enjoy
him but a night. ;@?AAG_Hna no+ Do#is sce"tro ae0ui"aranda_$ such a night!s
lodging is 'orth Du"iter!s sce"tre.
;@?A/G LKualis no+ erit illa$ dii$ deae0ue$
Kuam mollis thorusNL
L2 'hat a blissful night 'ould it be$ ho' soft$ ho' s'eet a bedOL 9he 'ill
ad#enture all her estate for such a night$ for a nectarean$ a balsam %iss
alone.
;@?ABG LKui te #idet beatus est$
eatior 0ui te audiet$
Kui te "otitur est 3eus.L
The sultan of 9ana!s 'ife in Arabia$ 'hen she had seen Iertomannus$ that
comely tra#eller$ lamented to herself in this manner$ ;@?/CGL2 God$ thou
hast made this man 'hiter than the sun$ but me$ mine husband$ and all my
children blac%< I 'ould to God he 'ere my husband$ or that I had such a
son<L she fell a 'ee"ing$ and so im"atient for lo#e at last$ that (as
Poti"har!s 'ife did by Dose"h) she 'ould ha#e had him gone in 'ith her$ she
sent a'ay Gazella$ Tegeia$ Galzerana$ her 'aiting-maids$ loaded him 'ith
fair "romises and gifts$ and 'ooed him 'ith all the rhetoric she could$--
_e+tremum hoc miserae da munus amanti_$ Lgrant this last re0uest to a
'retched lo#er.L ut 'hen he ga#e not consent$ she 'ould ha#e gone 'ith
him$ and left all$ to be his "age$ his ser#ant$ or his lac%ey$ _:erta se0ui
charum cor"us ut umbra solet_$ so that she might enjoy him$ threatening
moreo#er to %ill herself$ Fc. Men 'ill do as much and more for 'omen$ s"end
goods$ lands$ li#es$ fortunes< %ings 'ill lea#e their cro'ns$ as 6ing Dohn
for Matilda the nun at 3unmo'.
;@?/,G Lut %ings in this yet "ri#ileg!d may be$
I!ll be a mon% so I may li#e 'ith thee.L
The #ery Gods 'ill endure any shame (_at0ue ali0uis de diis non tristibus
in0uit_$ Fc.) be a s"ectacle as Mars and Ienus 'ere$ to all the rest< so
did *ucian!s Mercury 'ish$ and "erad#enture so dost thou. They 'ill
ad#enture their li#es 'ith alacrity --;@?/=G_"ro 0ua non metuam mori_--nay
more$ _"ro 0ua non metuam bis mori_$ I 'ill die t'ice$ nay$ t'enty times
for her. If she die$ there!s no remedy$ they must die 'ith her$ they cannot
hel" it. A lo#er in :alcagninus$ 'rote this on his darling!s tomb$
LKuincia obiit$ sed non Kuincia sola obiit$
Kuincia obiit$ sed cum Kuincia et i"se obii<
1isus obit$ obit gratia$ lusus obit.
8ec mea nunc anima in "ectore$ at in tumulo est.L
LKuincia my dear is dead$ but not alone$
7or I am dead$ and 'ith her I am gone&
9'eet smiles$ mirth$ graces$ all 'ith her do rest$
And my soul too$ for !tis not in my breast.L
5o' many doting lo#ers u"on the li%e occasion might say the sameN ut these
are toys in res"ect$ they 'ill hazard their #ery souls for their mistress!
sa%e.
LAt0ue ali0uis interju#enes miratus est$ et #erbum di+it$
8on ego in caelo cu"erem 3eus esse$
8ostram u+orem habens domi 5ero.L
L2ne said$ to hea#en 'ould I not
desire at all to go$
If that at mine o'n house I had
such a fine 'ife as 5ero.L
Ienus forsoo% hea#en for Adonis! sa%e$--;@?/.G_caelo "raefertur Adonis_.
2ld Dani#ere$ in :haucer$ thought 'hen he had his fair May he should ne#er
go to hea#en$ he should li#e so merrily here on earth< had I such a
mistress$ he "rotests$
;@?/?G L:aelum diis ego non suum in#iderem$
9ed sortem mihi dii meam in#iderent.L
LI 'ould not en#y their "ros"erity$
The gods should en#y my felicity.L
Another as earnestly desires to behold his s'eetheart he 'ill ad#enture and
lea#e all this$ and more than this to see her alone.
;@?/@G L2mnia 0uae "atior mala si "ensare #elit fors$
Hna ali0ua nobis "ros"eritate$ dii
5oc "recor$ ut faciant$ faciant me cernere coram$
:or mihi ca"ti#um 0uae tenet hocce$ deam.L
LIf all my mischiefs 'ere recom"ensed
And God 'ould gi#e 'e 'hat I re0uested$
I 'ould my mistress! "resence only see%$
4hich doth mine heart in "rison ca"ti#e %ee".L
ut 'ho can rec%on u"on the dotage$ madness$ ser#itude and blindness$ the
foolish "hantasms and #anities of lo#ers$ their torments$ 'ishes$ idle
attem"tsN
Eet for all this$ amongst so many ir%some$ absurd$ troublesome sym"toms$
incon#eniences$ fantastical fits and "assions 'hich are usually incident to
such "ersons$ there be some good and graceful 0ualities in lo#ers$ 'hich
this affection causeth. LAs it ma%es 'ise men fools$ so many times it ma%es
fools become 'ise< ;@?/-Git ma%es base fello's become generous$ co'ards
courageous$L as :ardan notes out of Plutarch< Lco#etous$ liberal and
magnificent< clo'ns$ ci#il< cruel$ gentle< 'ic%ed$ "rofane "ersons$ to
become religious< slo#ens$ neat< churls$ merciful< and dumb dogs$ elo0uent<
your lazy drones$ 0uic% and nimble.L _7eras mentes domat cu"ido_$ that
fierce$ cruel and rude :yclo"s Poly"hemus sighed$ and shed many a salt tear
for Galatea!s sa%e. 8o "assion causeth greater alterations$ or more
#ehement of joy or discontent. Plutarch. _9ym"os. lib. @. 0uaest. ,_$
;@?/AG saith$ Lthat the soul of a man in lo#e is full of "erfumes and s'eet
odours$ and all manner of "leasing tones and tunes$ insomuch that it is
hard to say (as he adds) 'hether lo#e do mortal men more harm than good.L
It adds s"irits and ma%es them$ other'ise soft and silly$ generous and
courageous$ ;@?//G_Audacem faciebat amor_. Ariadne!s lo#e made Theseus so
ad#enturous$ and Medea!s beauty Dason so #ictorious< _e+"ectorat amor
timorem_. ;@?/BGPlato is of o"inion that the lo#e of Ienus made Mars so
#alorous. LA young man 'ill be much abashed to commit any foul offence that
shall come to the hearing or sight of his mistress.L As ;@?BCGhe that
desired of his enemy no' dying$ to lay him 'ith his face u"'ard$ _ne
amasius #ideret eum a tergo #ulneratum_$ lest his s'eetheart should say he
'as a co'ard. LAnd if it 'ere ;@?B,G"ossible to ha#e an army consist of
lo#ers$ such as lo#e$ or are belo#ed$ they 'ould be e+traordinary #aliant
and 'ise in their go#ernment$ modesty 'ould detain them from doing amiss$
emulation incite them to do that 'hich is good and honest$ and a fe' of
them 'ould o#ercome a great com"any of others.L There is no man so
"usillanimous$ so #ery a dastard$ 'hom lo#e 'ould not incense$ ma%e of a
di#ine tem"er$ and an heroical s"irit. As he said in li%e case$ ;@?B=G
_Tota ruat caeli moles$ non terreor_$ Fc. 8othing can terrify$ nothing can
dismay them. ut as 9ir landimor and Paridel$ those t'o bra#e fairy
%nights$ fought for the lo#e of fair 7lorimel in "resence--
;@?B.G LAnd dra'ing both their s'ords 'ith rage ane'$
*i%e t'o mad masti#es each other sle'$
And shields did share$ and males did rash$ and helms did he'<
9o furiously each other did assail$
As if their souls at once they 'ould ha#e rent$
2ut of their breasts$ that streams of blood did trail
Ado'n as if their s"rings of life 'ere s"ent$
That all the ground 'ith "ur"le blood 'as s"rent$
And all their armour stain!d 'ith bloody gore$
Eet scarcely once to breath 'ould they relent.
9o mortal 'as their malice and so sore$
That both resol#ed (than yield) to die before.L
E#ery base s'ain in lo#e 'ill dare to do as much for his dear mistress!
sa%e. 5e 'ill fight and fetch$ ;@?B?GArgi#um :ly"eum$ that famous buc%ler
of Argos$ to do her ser#ice$ ad#enture at all$ underta%e any enter"rise.
And as 9erranus the 9"aniard$ then Go#ernor of 9luys$ made ans'er to
Mar0uess 9"inola$ if the enemy brought @C$CCC de#ils against him he 'ould
%ee" it. The nine 'orthies$ 2li#er and 1o'land$ and forty dozen of "eers
are all in him$ he is all mettle$ armour of "roof$ more than a man$ and in
this case im"ro#ed beyond himself. 7or as ;@?B@GAgatho contends$ a true
lo#er is 'ise$ just$ tem"erate$ and #aliant. ;@?B-GLI doubt not$ therefore$
but if a man had such an army of lo#ersL (as :astilio su""oseth) Lhe might
soon con0uer all the 'orld$ e+ce"t by chance he met 'ith such another army
of inamoratos to o""ose it.L ;@?BAG7or so "erha"s they might fight as that
fatal dog and fatal hare in the hea#ens$ course one another round$ and
ne#er ma%e an end. :astilio thin%s 7erdinand 6ing of 9"ain 'ould ne#er ha#e
con0uered Granada$ had not Kueen Isabel and her ladies been "resent at the
siege& ;@?B/GLIt cannot be e+"ressed 'hat courage the 9"anish %nights too%$
'hen the ladies 'ere "resent$ a fe' 9"aniards o#ercame a multitude of
Moors.L They 'ill undergo any danger 'hatsoe#er$ as 9ir 4alter Manny in
Ed'ard the Third!s time$ stuc% full of ladies! fa#ours$ fought li%e a
dragon. 7or _soli amantes_$ as ;@?BBGPlato holds$ _"ro amicis mori
a""etunt_$ only lo#ers 'ill die for their friends$ and in their mistress!
0uarrel. And for that cause he 'ould ha#e 'omen follo' the cam"$ to be
s"ectators and encouragers of noble actions& u"on such an occasion$ the
;@@CCG90uire of 3ames himself$ 9ir *ancelot or 9ir Tristram$ :aesar$ or
Ale+ander$ shall not be more resolute or go beyond them.
8ot courage only doth lo#e add$ but as I said$ subtlety$ 'it$ and many
"retty de#ices$ ;@@C,G_8am0ue dolos ins"irat amor$ fraudes0ue ministrat_$
;@@C=GDu"iter in lo#e 'ith *eda$ and not %no'ing ho' to com"ass his desire$
turned himself into a s'an$ and got Ienus to "ursue him in the li%eness of
an eagle< 'hich she doing$ for shelter$ he fled to *eda!s la"$ _et in ejus
gremio se colloca#it_$ *eda embraced him$ and so fell fast aslee"$ _sed
dormientem Du"iter com"ressit_$ by 'hich means Du"iter had his 'ill.
Infinite such tric%s lo#e can de#ise$ such fine feats in abundance$ 'ith
'isdom and 'ariness$ ;@@C.G_0uis fallere "ossit amantem_. All manner of
ci#ility$ decency$ com"liment and good beha#iour$ _"lus solis et le"oris_$
"olite graces and merry conceits. occaccio hath a "leasant tale to this
"ur"ose$ 'hich he borro'ed from the Gree%s$ and 'hich eroaldus hath turned
into *atin$ ebelius in #erse$ of :ymon and I"higenia. This :ymon 'as a
fool$ a "ro"er man of "erson$ and the go#ernor of :y"rus! son. but a #ery
ass$ insomuch that his father being ashamed of him$ sent him to a farmhouse
he had in the country$ to be brought u". 4here by chance$ as his manner
'as$ 'al%ing alone$ he es"ied a gallant young gentle'oman$ named I"higenia$
a burgomaster!s daughter of :y"rus$ 'ith her maid$ by a broo% side in a
little thic%et$ fast aslee" in her smoc%$ 'here she had ne'ly bathed
herself& L4hen ;@@C?G:ymon sa' her$ he stood leaning on his staff$ ga"ing
on her immo#able$ and in amaze<L at last he fell so far in lo#e 'ith the
glorious object$ that he began to rouse himself u"$ to bethin% 'hat he 'as$
'ould needs follo' her to the city$ and for her sa%e began to be ci#il$ to
learn to sing and dance$ to "lay on instruments$ and got all those
gentlemanli%e 0ualities and com"liments in a short s"ace$ 'hich his friends
'ere most glad of. In brief$ he became$ from an idiot and a clo'n$ to be
one of the most com"lete gentlemen in :y"rus$ did many #alorous e+"loits$
and all for the lo#e of mistress I"higenia. In a 'ord$ I may say thus much
of them all$ let them be ne#er so clo'nish$ rude and horrid$ Grobians and
sluts$ if once they be in lo#e they 'ill be most neat and s"ruce< for$
;@@C@G_2mnibus rebus$ et nitidis nitoribus ante#enit amor_$ they 'ill
follo' the fashion$ begin to tric% u"$ and to ha#e a good o"inion of
themsel#es$ _#enustatem enim mater Ienus_< a shi" is not so long a rigging
as a young gentle'oman a trimming u" herself against her s'eetheart comes.
A "ainter!s sho"$ a flo'ery meado'$ no so gracious as"ect in nature!s
storehouse as a young maid$ _nubilis "uella_$ a 8o#itsa or Ienetian bride$
that loo%s for a husband$ or a young man that is her suitor< com"osed
loo%s$ com"osed gait$ clothes$ gestures$ actions$ all com"osed< all the
graces$ elegances in the 'orld are in her face. Their best robes$ ribands$
chains$ je'els$ la'ns$ linens$ laces$ s"angles$ must come on$
;@@C-G_"raeter 0uam res "atitur student elegantiae_$ they are beyond all
measure coy$ nice$ and too curious on a sudden< !tis all their study$ all
their business$ ho' to 'ear their clothes neat$ to be "olite and terse$ and
to set out themsel#es. 8o sooner doth a young man see his s'eetheart
coming$ but he smugs u" himself$ "ulls u" his cloa% no' fallen about his
shoulders$ ties his garters$ "oints$ sets his band$ cuffs$ slic%s his hair$
t'ires his beard$ Fc. 4hen Mercury 'as to come before his mistress$
;@@CAG ------L:hlamydem0ue ut "endeat a"te
:ollocat$ ut limbus totum0ue a""areat aurum.L
L5e "ut his cloa% in order$ that the lace.
And hem$ and gold-'or%$ all might ha#e his grace.L
9almacis 'ould not be seen of 5erma"hroditus$ till she had s"ruced u"
herself first$
;@@C/G L8ec tamen ante adiit$ etsi "ro"erabat adire$
Kuam se com"osuit$ 0uam circums"e+it amictus$
Et fin+it #ultum$ et meruit formosa #ideri.L
L8or did she come$ although !t'as her desire$
Till she com"os!d herself$ and trimm!d her tire$
And set her loo%s to ma%e him to admire.L
Ienus had so ordered the matter$ that 'hen her son ;@@CBGAeneas 'as to
a""ear before Kueen 3ido$ he 'as
L2s humeros0ue deo similis (nam0ue i"sa decoram
:aesariem nato genetri+$ lumen0ue ju#entae
Pur"ureum et laetos oculis afflarat honores.L)
li%e a god$ for she 'as the tire-'oman herself$ to set him out 'ith all
natural and artificial im"ostures. As mother Mammea did her son
5eliogabalus$ ne' chosen em"eror$ 'hen he 'as to be seen of the "eo"le
first. 4hen the hirsute cyclo"ical Poly"hemus courted Galatea<
;@@,CG LDam0ue tibi formae$ jam0ue est tibi cura "lacendi$
Dam rigidos "ectis rastris Poly"heme ca"illos$
Dam libet hirsutam tibi falce recidere barbam$
Et s"ectare feros in a0ua et com"onere #ultus.L
LAnd then he did begin to "ran% himself$
To "lait and comb his head$ and beard to sha#e$
And loo% his face i! th! 'ater as a glass$
And to com"ose himself for to be bra#e.L
5e 'as u"on a sudden no' s"ruce and %een$ as a ne' ground hatchet. 5e no'
began to ha#e a good o"inion of his o'n features and good "arts$ no' to be
a gallant.
LDam Galatea #eni$ nec munera des"ice nostra$
:erte ego me no#i$ li0uida0ue in imagine #idi
8u"er a0uae$ "lacuit0ue mihi mea forma #identi.L
L:ome no'$ my Galatea$ scorn me not$
8or my "oor "resents< for but yesterday
I sa' myself i! th! 'ater$ and methought
7ull fair I 'as$ then scorn me not I say.L
;@@,,G L8on sum adeo informis$ nu"er me in littore #idi$
:um "lacidum #entis staret mareL------
!Tis the common humour of all suitors to tric% u" themsel#es$ to be
"rodigal in a""arel$ _"ure lotus_$ neat$ combed$ and curled$ 'ith "o'dered
hair$ _com"tus et calimistratus_$ 'ith a long lo#e-loc%$ a flo'er in his
ear$ "erfumed glo#es$ rings$ scar#es$ feathers$ "oints$ Fc. as if he 'ere a
"rince!s Ganymede$ 'ith e#eryday ne' suits$ as the fashion #aries< going as
if he trod u"on eggs$ as 5einsius 'rit to Primierus$ ;@@,=GLif once he be
besotten on a 'ench$ he must li%e a'a%e at nights$ renounce his boo%$ sigh
and lament$ no' and then 'ee" for his hard ha"$ and mar% abo#e all things
'hat hats$ bands$ doublets$ breeches$ are in fashion$ ho' to cut his beard$
and 'ear his loc%s$ to turn u" his mustachios$ and curl his head$ "rune his
"ic%ede#ant$ or if he 'ear it abroad$ that the east side be corres"ondent
to the 'est<L he may be scoffed at other'ise$ as Dulian that a"ostate
em"eror 'as for 'earing a long hirsute goatish beard$ fit to ma%e ro"es
'ith$ as in his Myso"ogone$ or that a"ologetical oration he made at Antioch
to e+cuse himself$ he doth ironically confess$ it hindered his %issing$
_nam non licuit inde "ura "uris$ eo0ue sua#ioribus labra labris adjungere_$
but he did not much esteem it$ as it seems by the se0uel$ _de acci"iendis
dandis#e osculis non laboro_$ yet (to follo' mine author) it may much
concern a young lo#er$ he must be more res"ectful in this behalf$ Lhe must
be in league 'ith an e+cellent tailor$ barber$L
;@@,.G LTonsorem "ucrum sed arte talem$
Kualis nec Thalamis fuit 8eronis<L
Lha#e neat shoe-ties$ "oints$ garters$ s"ea% in "rint$ 'al% in "rint$ eat
and drin% in "rint$ and that 'hich is all in all$ he must be mad in "rint.L
Amongst other good 0ualities an amorous fello' is endo'ed 'ith$ he must
learn to sing and dance$ "lay u"on some instrument or other$ as 'ithout all
doubt he 'ill$ if he be truly touched 'ith this loadstone of lo#e. 7or as
;@@,?GErasmus hath it$ _Musicam docet amor et Poesia_$ lo#e 'ill ma%e them
musicians$ and to com"ose ditties$ madrigals$ elegies$ lo#e sonnets$ and
sing them to se#eral "retty tunes$ to get all good 0ualities may be had.
;@@,@GDu"iter "ercei#ed Mercury to be in lo#e 'ith Philologia$ because he
learned languages$ "olite s"eech$ (for 9uadela herself 'as Ienus! daughter$
as some 'rite) arts and sciences$ _0uo #irgini "laceret_$ all to ingratiate
himself$ and "lease his mistress. !Tis their chiefest study to sing$ dance<
and 'ithout 0uestion$ so many gentlemen and gentle'omen 'ould not be so
'ell 0ualified in this %ind$ if lo#e did not incite them. ;@@,-GL4ho$L
saith :astilio$ L'ould learn to "lay$ or gi#e his mind to music$ learn to
dance$ or ma%e so many rhymes$ lo#e-songs$ as most do$ but for 'omen!s
sa%e$ because they ho"e by that means to "urchase their good 'ills$ and 'in
their fa#ourNL 4e see this daily #erified in our young 'omen and 'i#es$
they that being maids too% so much "ains to sing$ "lay$ and dance$ 'ith
such cost and charge to their "arents$ to get those graceful 0ualities$ no'
being married 'ill scarce touch an instrument$ they care not for it.
:onstantine _agricult. lib. ,,. ca". ,/_$ ma%es :u"id himself to be a great
dancer< by the same to%en as he 'as ca"ering amongst the gods$ ;@@,AGLhe
flung do'n a bo'l of nectar$ 'hich distilling u"on the 'hite rose$ e#er
since made it red&L and :alistratus$ by the hel" of 3edalus$ about :u"id!s
statue ;@@,/Gmade a many of young 'enches still a dancing$ to signify
beli%e that :u"id 'as much affected 'ith it$ as 'ithout all doubt he 'as.
7or at his and Psyche!s 'edding$ the gods being "resent to grace the feast$
Ganymede filled nectar in abundance (as ;@@,BGA"uleius describes it)$
Iulcan 'as the coo%$ the 5ours made all fine 'ith roses and flo'ers$ A"ollo
"layed on the har"$ the Muses sang to it$ _sed sua#i Musicae su"er ingressa
Ienus salta#it_$ but his mother Ienus danced to his and their s'eet
content. 4itty ;@@=CG*ucian in that "athetical lo#e "assage$ or "leasant
descri"tion of Du"iter!s stealing of Euro"a$ and s'imming from Phoenicia to
:rete$ ma%es the sea calm$ the 'inds hush$ 8e"tune and Am"hitrite riding in
their chariot to brea% the 'a#es before them$ the tritons dancing round
about$ 'ith e#ery one a torch$ the sea-nym"hs half na%ed$ %ee"ing time on
dol"hins! bac%s$ and singing 5ymeneus$ :u"id nimbly tri""ing on the to" of
the 'aters$ and Ienus herself coming after in a shell$ stre'ing roses and
flo'ers on their heads. Pra+iteles$ in all his "ictures of lo#e$ feigns
:u"id e#er smiling$ and loo%ing u"on dancers< and in 9t. Mar%!s in 1ome
('hose 'or% I %no' not)$ one of the most delicious "ieces$ is a many of
;@@=,Gsatyrs dancing about a 'ench aslee". 9o that dancing still is as it
'ere a necessary a""endi+ to lo#e matters. Eoung lasses are ne#er better
"leased than 'hen as u"on a holiday$ after e#ensong$ they may meet their
s'eethearts$ and dance about a may"ole$ or in a to'n-green under a shady
elm. 8othing so familiar in. ;@@==G7rance$ as for citizens! 'i#es and maids
to dance a round in the streets$ and often too$ for 'ant of better
instruments$ to ma%e good music of their o'n #oices$ and dance after it.
Eea many times this lo#e 'ill ma%e old men and 'omen that ha#e more toes
than teeth$ dance$--LDohn$ come %iss me no'$L mas% and mum< for :omus and
5ymen lo#e mas%s$ and all such merriments abo#e measure$ 'ill allo' men to
"ut on 'omen!s a""arel in some cases$ and "romiscuously to dance$ young and
old$ rich and "oor$ generous and base$ of all sorts. Paulus Do#ius ta+eth
Augustine 8i"hus the "hiloso"her$ ;@@=.GLfor that being an old man$ and a
"ublic "rofessor$ a father of many children$ he 'as so mad for the lo#e of
a young maid (that 'hich many of his friends 'ere ashamed to see)$ an old
gouty fello'$ yet 'ould dance after fiddlers.L Many laughed him to scorn
for it$ but this omni"otent lo#e 'ould ha#e it so.
;@@=?G L5yacinthino bacillo
Pro"erans amor$ me adegit
Iiolenter ad se0uendum.L
L*o#e hasty 'ith his "ur"le staff did ma%e
Me follo' and the dance to underta%e.L
And !tis no ne's this$ no indecorum< for 'hyN a good reason may be gi#en of
it. :u"id and death met both in an inn< and being merrily dis"osed$ they
did e+change some arro's from either 0ui#er< e#er since young men die$ and
oftentimes old men dote--;@@=@G_9ic moritur Du#enis$ sic moribundus amat_.
And 'ho can then 'ithstand itN If once 'e be in lo#e$ young or old$ though
our teeth sha%e in our heads$ li%e #irginal jac%s$ or stand "arallel
asunder li%e the arches of a bridge$ there is no remedy$ 'e must dance
trenchmore for a need$ o#er tables$ chairs$ and stools$ Fc. And "rincum
"rancum is a fine dance. Plutarch$ _9ym"os. ,. 0uaest. @._ doth in some
sort e+cuse it$ and telleth us moreo#er in 'hat sense$ _Musicam docet amor$
licet "rius fuerit rudis_$ ho' lo#e ma%es them that had no s%ill before
learn to sing and dance< he concludes$ !tis only that "o'er and "rerogati#e
lo#e hath o#er us. ;@@=-GL*o#eL (as he holds) L'ill ma%e a silent man
s"ea%$ a modest man most officious< dull$ 0uic%< slo'$ nimble< and that
'hich is most to be admired$ a hard$ base$ untractable churl$ as fire doth
iron in a smith!s forge$ free$ facile$ gentle$ and easy to be entreated.L
8ay$ !t'ill ma%e him "rodigal in the other e+treme$ and gi#e a
;@@=AGhundred sesterces for a night!s lodging$ as they did of old to *ais
of :orinth$ or ;@@=/G _ducenta drachmarum millia "ro unica nocte_$ as
Mundus to Paulina$ s"end all his fortunes (as too many do in li%e case) to
obtain his suit. 7or 'hich cause many com"are lo#e to 'ine$ 'hich ma%es men
jo#ial and merry$ frolic and sad$ 'hine$ sing$ dance$ and 'hat not.
ut abo#e all the other sym"toms of lo#ers$ this is not lightly to be
o#er"assed$ that li%ely of 'hat condition soe#er$ if once they be in lo#e$
they turn to their ability$ rhymers$ ballad ma%ers$ and "oets. 7or as
Plutarch saith$ ;@@=BGLThey 'ill be 'itnesses and trum"eters of their
"aramours! good "arts$ bedec%ing them 'ith #erses and commendatory songs$
as 'e do statues 'ith gold$ that they may be remembered and admired of
all.L Ancient men 'ill dote in this %ind sometimes as 'ell as the rest< the
heat of lo#e 'ill tha' their frozen affections$ dissol#e the ice of age$
and so far enable them$ though they be si+ty years of age abo#e the girdle$
to be scarce thirty beneath. Do#ianus Pontanus ma%es an old fool rhyme$ and
turn "oetaster to "lease his mistress.
;@@.CG L8e ringas Mariana$ meos me dis"ice canos$
3e sene nam ju#enem dia referre "otes$L Fc.
L9'eet Marian do not mine age disdain$
7or thou canst ma%e an old man young again.L
They 'ill be still singing amorous songs and ditties (if young es"ecially)$
and cannot abstain though it be 'hen they go to$ or should be at church. 4e
ha#e a "retty story to this "ur"ose in ;@@.,G4estmonasteriensis$ an old
'riter of ours (if you 'ill belie#e it) _An. 3om._ ,C,=. at :ole'iz in
9a+ony$ on :hristmas e#e a com"any of young men and maids$ 'hilst the
"riest 'as at mass in the church$ 'ere singing catches and lo#e songs in
the churchyard$ he sent to them to ma%e less noise$ but they sung on still&
and if you 'ill$ you shall ha#e the #ery song itself.
LE0uitabat homo "er syl#am frondosam$
3ucebat0ue secum Mes'inden formosam.
Kuid stamus$ cur non imusNL
LA fello' rid by the green'ood side$
And fair Mes'inde 'as his bride$
4hy stand 'e so$ and do not goNL
This they sung$ he chaft$ till at length$ im"atient as he 'as$ he "rayed to
9t. Magnus$ "atron of the church$ they might all three sing and dance till
that time t'el#emonth$ and so ;@@.=Gthey did 'ithout meat and drin%$
'earisomeness or gi#ing o#er$ till at year!s end they ceased singing$ and
'ere absol#ed by 5erebertus archbisho" of :ologne. They 'ill in all "laces
be doing thus$ young fol%s es"ecially$ reading lo#e stories$ tal%ing of
this or that young man$ such a fair maid$ singing$ telling or hearing
lasci#ious tales$ scurrilous tunes$ such objects are their sole delight$
their continual meditation$ and as Guasta#inius adds$ _:om. in ?. 9ect. =A.
Pro#. Arist._ _ob seminis abundantiam crebrae cogitationes$ #eneris
fre0uens recordatio et "ruriens #olu"tas_$ Fc. an earnest longing comes
hence$ _"ruriens cor"us$ "ruriens anima_$ amorous conceits$ tic%ling
thoughts$ s'eet and "leasant ho"es< hence it is$ they can thin%$ discourse
'illingly$ or s"ea% almost of no other subject. !Tis their only desire$ if
it may be done by art$ to see their husband!s "icture in a glass$ they!ll
gi#e anything to %no' 'hen they shall be married$ ho' many husbands they
shall ha#e$ by cromnyomantia$ a %ind of di#ination 'ith ;@@..Gonions laid
on the altar on :hristmas e#e$ or by fasting on 9t. Anne!s e#e or night$ to
%no' 'ho shall be their first husband$ or by am"hitormantia$ by beans in a
ca%e$ Fc.$ to burn the same. This lo#e is the cause of all good conceits$
;@@.?G neatness$ e+ornations$ "lays$ elegancies$ delights$ "leasant
e+"ressions$ s'eet motions$ and gestures$ joys$ comforts$ e+ultancies$ and
all the s'eetness of our life$ ;@@.@G_0ualis jam #ita foret$ aut 0uid
jucundi sine aurea Ienere_N ;@@.-G_Emoriar cum ista non am"lius mihi cura
fuerit_$ let me li#e no longer than I may lo#e$ saith a mad merry fello' in
Mimnermus. This lo#e is that salt that seasoneth our harsh and dull
labours$ and gi#es a "leasant relish to our other unsa#oury "roceedings$
;@@.AG_Absit amor$ surgunt tenebrae$ tor"edo$ #eternum$ "estis_$ Fc. All
our feasts almost$ mas0ues$ mummings$ ban0uets$ merry meetings$ 'eddings$
"leasing songs$ fine tunes$ "oems$ lo#e stories$ "lays$ comedies$ Atellans$
jigs$ 7escennines$ elegies$ odes$ Fc. "roceed hence. ;@@./G3anaus$ the son
of elus$ at his daughter!s 'edding at Argos$ instituted the first "lays
(some say) that e#er 'ere heard of symbols$ emblems$ im"resses$ de#ices$ if
'e shall belie#e Do#ius$ :outiles$ Paradine$ :amillus de :amillis$ may be
ascribed to it. Most of our arts and sciences$ "ainting amongst the rest$
'as first in#ented$ saith ;@@.BGPatritius _e+ amoris beneficio_$ for lo#e!s
sa%e. 7or 'hen the daughter of ;@@?CG3eburiades the 9ycionian$ 'as to ta%e
lea#e of her s'eetheart no' going to 'ars$ _ut desiderio ejus minus
tabesceret_$ to comfort herself in his absence$ she too% his "icture 'ith
coal u"on a 'all$ as the candle ga#e the shado'$ 'hich her father admiring$
"erfected after'ards$ and it 'as the first "icture by re"ort that e#er 'as
made. And long after$ 9ycion for "ainting$ car#ing$ statuary$ music$ and
"hiloso"hy$ 'as "referred before all the cities in Greece. ;@@?,GA"ollo 'as
the first in#entor of "hysic$ di#ination$ oracles< Miner#a found out
'ea#ing$ Iulcan curious iron'or%$ Mercury letters$ but 'ho "rom"ted all
this into their headsN *o#e$ _8un0uam talia in#enissent$ nisi talia
adamassent_$ they lo#ed such things$ or some "arty$ for 'hose sa%e they
'ere underta%en at first. !Tis true$ Iulcan made a most admirable brooch or
nec%lace$ 'hich long after A+ion and Temenus$ Phegius! sons$ for the
singular 'orth of it$ consecrated to A"ollo at 3el"hos$ but Pharyllus the
tyrant stole it a'ay$ and "resented it to Ariston!s 'ife$ on 'hom he
miserably doted (Parthenius tells the story out of Phylarchus)< but 'hy did
Iulcan ma%e this e+cellent 2uchN to gi#e 5ermione :admus! 'ife$ 'hom he
dearly lo#ed. All our tilts and tournaments$ orders of the garter$ golden
fleece$ Fc.--_8obilitas sub amore jacet_--o'e their beginnings to lo#e$ and
many of our histories. y this means$ saith Do#ius$ they 'ould e+"ress
their lo#ing minds to their mistress$ and to the beholders. !Tis the sole
subject almost of "oetry$ all our in#ention tends to it$ all our songs$
'hate#er those old Anacreons& (and therefore 5esiod ma%es the Muses and
Graces still follo' :u"id$ and as Plutarch holds$ Menander and the rest of
the "oets 'ere lo#e!s "riests$) all our Gree% and *atin e"igrammatists$
lo#e 'riters. Antony 3iogenes the most ancient$ 'hose e"itome 'e find in
Phocius ibliotheca$ *ongus 9o"hista$ Eustathius$ Achilles$ Tatius$
Aristaenetus$ 5eliodorus$ Plato$ Plutarch$ *ucian$ Parthenius$ Theodorus$
Prodromus$ 2#id$ :atullus$ Tibullus$ Fc. 2ur ne' Ariostoes$ oyards$
Authors of Arcadia$ Hrania$ 7aerie Kueen$ Fc. Marullus$ *eotichius$
Angerianus$ 9troza$ 9ecundus$ :a"ellanus$ Fc. 'ith the rest of those facete
modern "oets$ ha#e 'ritten in this %ind$ are but as so many sym"toms of
lo#e. Their 'hole boo%s are a syno"sis or bre#iary of lo#e$ the "ortuous of
lo#e$ legends of lo#ers! li#es and deaths$ and of their memorable
ad#entures$ nay more$ _0uod leguntur$ 0uod laudantur amori debent_$ as
;@@?=G8e#isanus the la'yer holds$ Lthere ne#er 'as any e+cellent "oet that
in#ented good fables$ or made laudable #erses$ 'hich 'as not in lo#e
himself<L had he not ta%en a 0uill from :u"id!s 'ings$ he could ne#er ha#e
'ritten so amorously as he did.
;@@?.G L:ynthia te #atem fecit lasci#e Pro"erti$
Ingenium Galli "ulchra *ycoris habet.
7ama est arguti 8emesis formosa Tibulli$
*esbia dicta#it docte :atulle tibi.
8on me Pelignus$ nec s"ernet Mantua #atem$
9i 0ua :orinna mihi$ si 0uis Ale+is erit.L
L4anton Pro"ertius and 'itty :allus$
9ubtile Tibullus$ and learned :atullus$
It 'as :ynthia$ *esbia$ *ychoris$
That made you "oets all< and if Ale+is$
2r :orinna chance my "aramour to be$
Iirgil and 2#id shall not des"ise me.L
;@@??G L8on me carminibus #incet nec Thraceus 2r"heus$
8ec *inus.L
Petrarch!s *aura made him so famous$ Astro"hel!s 9tella$ and Do#ianus
Pontanus! mistress 'as the cause of his roses$ #iolets$ lilies$ _ne0uitiae$
blanditiae$ joci$ decor$ nardus$ #er$ corolla$ thus$ Mars$ Pallas$ Ienus$
:haris$ crocum$ *aurus$ unguentem$ costum$ lachrymae$ myrrha$ musae_$ Fc.
and the rest of his "oems< 'hy are Italians at this day generally so good
"oets and "aintersN ecause e#ery man of any fashion amongst them hath his
mistress. The #ery rustics and hog-rubbers$ Menalcas and :orydon$ _0ui
faetant de stercore e0uino_$ those fulsome %na#es$ if once they taste of
this lo#e-li0uor$ are ins"ired in an instant. Instead of those accurate
emblems$ curious im"resses$ gaudy mas0ues$ tilts$ tournaments$ Fc.$ they
ha#e their 'a%es$ 4hitsun-ales$ she"herd!s feasts$ meetings on holidays$
country dances$ roundelays$ 'riting their names on ;@@?@Gtrees$ true
lo#er!s %nots$ "retty gifts.
L4ith to%ens$ hearts di#ided$ and half rings$
9he"herds in their lo#es are as coy as %ings.L
:hoosing lords$ ladies$ %ings$ 0ueens$ and #alentines$ Fc.$ they go by
cou"les$
L:orydon!s Phillis$ 8ysa and Mo"sus$
4ith dainty 3ousibel and 9ir To"hus.L
Instead of odes$ e"igrams and elegies$ Fc.$ they ha#e their ballads$
country tunes$ L2 the broom$ the bonny$ bonny broom$L ditties and songs$
Less a belle$ she doth e+cel$L--they must 'rite li%e'ise and indite all in
rhyme.
;@@?-G LThou honeysuc%le of the ha'thorn hedge$
Iouchsafe in :u"id!s cu" my heart to "ledge<
My heart!s dear blood$ s'eet :is is thy carouse
4orth all the ale in Gammer Gubbin!s house.
I say no more$ affairs call me a'ay$
My father!s horse for "ro#ender doth stay.
e thou the *ady :ressetlight to me.
9ir Trolly *olly 'ill I "ro#e to thee.
4ritten in haste$ fare'ell my co'sli" s'eet$
Pray let!s a 9unday at the alehouse meet.L
Eour most grim stoics and se#ere "hiloso"hers 'ill melt a'ay 'ith this
"assion$ and if ;@@?AGAtheneus belie them not$ Aristi""us$ A"ollodorus$
Anti"hanes$ Fc.$ ha#e made lo#e-songs and commentaries of their mistress!
"raises$ ;@@?/Gorators 'rite e"istles$ "rinces gi#e titles$ honours$ 'hat
notN ;@@?BGJer+es ga#e to Themistocles *am"sacus to find him 'ine$ Magnesia
for bread$ and Myunte for the rest of his diet. The ;@@@CGPersian %ings
allotted 'hole cities to li%e use$ _haec ci#itas mulieri redimiculum
"raebeat$ haec in collum$ haec in crines_$ one 'hole city ser#ed to dress
her hair$ another her nec%$ a third her hood. Ahasuerus 'ould ;@@@,Gha#e
gi#en Esther half his em"ire$ and ;@@@=G5erod bid 5erodias Las% 'hat she
'ould$ she should ha#e it.L :aligula ga#e ,CC$CCC sesterces to his
courtesan at first 'ord$ to buy her "ins$ and yet 'hen he 'as solicited by
the senate to besto' something to re"air the decayed 'alls of 1ome for the
common'ealth!s good$ he 'ould gi#e but -CCC sesterces at most.
;@@@.G3ionysius$ that 9icilian tyrant$ rejected all his "ri#y councillors$
and 'as so besotted on Mirrha his fa#ourite and mistress$ that he 'ould
besto' no office$ or in the most 'eightiest business of the %ingdom do
aught 'ithout her es"ecial ad#ice$ "refer$ de"ose$ send$ entertain no man$
though 'orthy and 'ell deser#ing$ but by her consent< and he again 'hom she
commended$ ho'soe#er unfit$ un'orthy$ 'as as highly a""ro#ed. 6ings and
em"erors$ instead of "oems$ build cities< Adrian built Antinoa in Egy"t$
besides constellations$ tem"les$ altars$ statues$ images$ Fc.$ in the
honour of his Antinous. Ale+ander besto'ed infinite sums to set out his
5e"hestion to all eternity. ;@@@?G9ocrates "rofesseth himself lo#e!s
ser#ant$ ignorant in all arts and sciences$ a doctor alone in lo#e matters$
_et 0uum alienarum rerum omnium scientiam diffiteretur_$ saith
;@@@@GMa+imus Tyrius$ _his sectator$ hujus negotii "rofessor_$ Fc.$ and
this he s"a%e o"enly$ at home and abroad$ at "ublic feasts$ in the academy$
_in Pyraeo$ *ycaeo$ sub Platano_$ Fc.$ the #ery bloodhound of beauty$ as he
is styled by others. ut I conclude there is no end of lo#e!s sym"toms$
!tis a bottomless "it. *o#e is subject to no dimensions< not to be sur#eyed
by any art or engine& and besides$ I am of ;@@@-G5aedus! mind$ Lno man can
discourse of lo#e matters$ or judge of them aright$ that hath not made
trial in his o'n "erson$L or as Aeneas 9yl#ius ;@@@AGadds$ Lhath not a
little doted$ been mad or lo#esic% himself.L I confess I am but a no#ice$ a
contem"lator only$ _8escio 0uid sit amor nec amo_;@@@/G--I ha#e a tincture<
for 'hy should I lie$ dissemble or e+cuse it$ yet _homo sum_$ Fc.$ not
altogether ine+"ert in this subject$ _non sum "raece"tor amandi_$ and 'hat
I say$ is merely reading$ _e+ altorum forsan ine"tiis_$ by mine o'n
obser#ation$ and others! relation.
MEM. II.
_Prognostics of *o#e-Melancholy_.
4hat fires$ torments$ cares$ jealousies$ sus"icions$ fears$ griefs$
an+ieties$ accom"any such as are in lo#e$ I ha#e sufficiently said& the
ne+t 0uestion is$ 'hat 'ill be the e#ent of such miseries$ 'hat they
foretell. 9ome are of o"inion that this lo#e cannot be cured$ _8ullis amor
est medicabilis herbis_$ it accom"anies them to the ;@@@BGlast$ _Idem amor
e+itio est "ecori "ecoris0ue magistro_. LThe same "assion consume both the
shee" and the she"herd$L and is so continuate$ that by no "ersuasion almost
it may be relie#ed. ;@@-CGLid me not lo#e$L said Euryalus$ Lbid the
mountains come do'n into the "lains$ bid the ri#ers run bac% to their
fountains< I can as soon lea#e to lo#e$ as the sun lea#e his course<L
;@@-,G LEt "rius ae0uoribus "isces$ et montibus umbrae$
Et #olucres deerunt syl#is$ et murmura #entis$
Kuam mihi discedent formosae Amaryllidis ignes.L
L7irst seas shall 'ant their fish$ the mountains shade
4oods singing birds$ the 'ind!s murmur shall fade$
Than my fair Amaryllis! lo#e allay!d.L
id me not lo#e$ bid a deaf man hear$ a blind man see$ a dumb s"ea%$ lame
run$ counsel can do no good$ a sic% man cannot relish$ no "hysic can ease
me. _8on "rosunt domino 0uae "rosunt omnibus artes_. As A"ollo confessed$
and Du"iter himself could not be cured.
;@@-=G L2mnes humanos curat medicina dolores$
9olus amor morbi non habet artificem.L
LPhysic can soon cure e#ery disease$
;@@-.G E+ce"ting lo#e that can it not a""ease.L
ut 'hether lo#e may be cured or no$ and by 'hat means$ shall be e+"lained
in his "lace< in the meantime$ if it ta%e his course$ and be not other'ise
eased or amended$ it brea%s out into outrageous often and "rodigious
e#ents. _Amor et *iber #iolenti dii sunt_) as ;@@-?GTatius obser#es$ _et
eous0ue animum incendunt$ ut "udoris obli#isci cogant_$ lo#e and acchus
are so #iolent gods$ so furiously rage in our minds$ that they ma%e us
forget all honesty$ shame$ and common ci#ility. 7or such men ordinarily$ as
are thoroughly "ossessed 'ith this humour$ become _insensati et insani_$
for it is ;@@-@G_amor insanus_$ as the "oet calls it$ beside themsel#es$
and as I ha#e "ro#ed$ no better than beasts$ irrational$ stu"id$
headstrong$ #oid of fear of God or men$ they fre0uently fors'ear
themsel#es$ s"end$ steal$ commit incests$ ra"es$ adulteries$ murders$
de"o"ulate to'ns$ cities$ countries$ to satisfy their lust.
;@@--G LA de#il !tis$ and mischief such doth 'or%$
As ne#er yet did Pagan$ De'$ or Tur%.L
The 'ars of Troy may be a sufficient 'itness< and as A""ian$ _lib. @.
hist_$ saith of Antony and :leo"atra$ ;@@-AGLTheir lo#e brought themsel#es
and all Egy"t into e+treme and miserable calamities$L Lthe end of her is as
bitter as 'orm'ood$ and as shar" as a t'o-edged s'ord$L Pro#. #. ?$ @. L5er
feet go do'n to death$ her ste"s lead on to hell. 9he is more bitter than
death$L (Eccles. #ii. =/.) Land the sinner shall be ta%en by her.L
;@@-/G_Kui in amore "raeci"ita#it$ "ejus "erit$ 0uam 0ui sa+o salit_.
;@@-BGL5e that runs headlong from the to" of a roc% is not in so bad a case
as he that falls into this gulf of lo#e.L L7or hence$L saith ;@@ACG
Platina$ Lcomes re"entance$ dotage$ they lose themsel#es$ their 'its$ and
ma%e shi"'rec% of their fortunes altogether&L madness$ to ma%e a'ay
themsel#es and others$ #iolent death. _Prognosticatio est talis_$ saith
Gordonius$ ;@@A,G_si non succurratur iis$ aut in maniam cadunt$ aut
moriuntur_< the "rognostication is$ they 'ill either run mad$ or die. L7or
if this "assion continue$L saith ;@@A=GAelian Montaltus$ Lit ma%es the
blood hot$ thic%$ and blac%< and if the inflammation get into the brain$
'ith continual meditation and 'a%ing$ it so dries it u"$ that madness
follo's$ or else they ma%e a'ay themsel#es$L ;@@A.G_2 :orydon$ :orydon$
0uae te dementia ce"it_N 8o'$ as Arnoldus adds$ it 'ill s"eedily 'or% these
effects$ if it be not "resently hel"ed< ;@@A?GLThey 'ill "ine a'ay$ run
mad$ and die u"on a sudden<L _7acile incidunt in maniam_$ saith Ialescus$
0uic%ly mad$ _nisi succurratur_$ if good order be not ta%en$
;@@A@G LEhou triste jugum 0uis0uis amoris habet$
Is "rius se norit se "eriisse "erit.L
L2h hea#y yo%e of lo#e$ 'hich 'hoso bears$
Is 0uite undone$ and that at una'ares.L
9o she confessed of herself in the "oet$
;@@A-G ------Linsaniam "rius0uam 0uis sentiat$
Ii+ "ili inter#allo a furore absum.L
LI shall be mad before it be "ercei#ed$
A hair-breadth off scarce am I$ no' distracted.L
As mad as 2rlando for his Angelica$ or 5ercules for his 5ylas$
LAt ille ruebat 0uo "edes ducebant$ furibundus$
8am illi sae#us 3eus intus jecur laniabat.L
L5e 'ent he car!d not 'hither$ mad he 'as$
The cruel God so tortured him$ alasOL
At the sight of 5ero I cannot tell ho' many ran mad$
;@@AAG LAlius #ulnus celans insanit "ulchritudine "uellae.L
LAnd 'hilst he doth conceal his grief$
Madness comes on him li%e a thief.L
Go to edlam for e+am"les. It is so 'ell %no'n in e#ery #illage$ ho' many
ha#e either died for lo#e$ or #oluntary made a'ay themsel#es$ that I need
not much labour to "ro#e it& ;@@A/G_8ec modus aut re0uies nisi mors
re"eritur amoris_& death is the common catastro"he to such "ersons.
;@@ABG LMori mihi contingat$ non enim alia
*iberatio ab aeramnis fuerit ullo "aeto istis.L
L4ould I 'ere dead$ for nought$ God %no's$
ut death can rid me of these 'oes.L
As soon as Euryalus de"arted from 9enes$ *ucretia$ his "aramour$ Lne#er
loo%ed u"$ no jests could e+hilarate her sad mind$ no joys comfort her
'ounded and distressed soul$ but a little after she fell sic% and died.L
ut this is a gentle end$ a natural death$ such "ersons commonly ma%e a'ay
themsel#es.
------L"ro"rio0ue in sanguine laetus$
Indignantem animam #acuas elludit in auras<L
so did 3ido< _9ed moriamur ait$ sic sic ju#at ire "er umbras_< ;@@/CG
Pyramus and Thisbe$ Medea$ ;@@/,G:oresus and :allirhoe$ ;@@/=GTheagines the
"hiloso"her$ and many myriads besides$ and so 'ill e#er do$
;@@/.G ------Let mihi fortis
Est manus$ est et amor$ dabit hic in #ulnera #ires.L
L4hoe#er heard a story of more 'oe$
Than that of Duliet and her 1omeoNL
1ead Parthenium in _Eroticis_$ and Plutarch!s _amatorias narrationes_$ or
lo#e stories$ all tending almost to this "ur"ose. Ialleriola$ _lib. =.
obser#. A_$ hath a lamentable narration of a merchant$ his "atient$ ;@@/?G
Lthat ra#ing through im"atience of lo#e$ had he not been 'atched$ 'ould
e#ery 'hile ha#e offered #iolence to himself.L Amatus *usitanus$ _cent. ..
car. @-_$ hath such ;@@/@Ganother story$ and 7eli+ Plater$ _med. obser#.
lib. ,._ a third of a young ;@@/-Ggentleman that studied "hysic$ and for
the lo#e of a doctor!s daughter$ ha#ing no ho"e to com"ass his desire$
"oisoned himself$ ;@@/AGanno ,-,@. A barber in 7ran%fort$ because his 'ench
'as betrothed to another$ cut his o'n throat. ;@@//GAt 8eoburg$ the same
year$ a young man$ because he could not get her "arents! consent$ %illed
his s'eetheart$ and after'ard himself$ desiring this of the magistrate$ as
he ga#e u" the ghost$ that they might be buried in one gra#e$ _Kuod0ue
rogis su"erest una re0uiescat in urna_$ 'hich ;@@/BG Gismunda besought of
Tancredus$ her father$ that she might be in li%e sort buried 'ith
Guiscardus$ her lo#er$ that so their bodies might lie together in the
gra#e$ as their souls 'ander about ;@@BCG_:am"os lugentes_ in the Elysian
fields$--_0uos durus amor crudeli tabe "eredit_$ ;@@B,Gin a myrtle gro#e
;@@B=G ------Let myrtea circum
9yl#a tegit& curae non i"sa in morte relin0uunt.L
Eou ha#e not yet heard the 'orst$ they do not offer #iolence to themsel#es
in this rage of lust$ but unto others$ their nearest and dearest friends.
;@@B.G:atiline %illed his only son$ _misit0ue ad orci "allida$ lethi
obnubila$ obsita tenebris loca_$ for the lo#e of Aurelia 2ristella$ _0uod
ejus nu"tias #i#o filio recusaret_. ;@@B?G*aodice$ the sister of
Mithridates$ "oisoned her husband$ to gi#e content to a base fello' 'hom
she lo#ed. ;@@B@GAle+ander$ to "lease Thais$ a concubine of his$ set
Perse"olis on fire. ;@@B-G8ereus! 'ife$ a 'ido'$ and lady of Athens$ for
the lo#e of a Ienetian gentleman$ betrayed the city< and he for her sa%e
murdered his 'ife$ the daughter of a nobleman in Ienice. ;@@BAG:onstantine
3es"ota made a'ay :atherine$ his 'ife$ turned his son Michael and his other
children out of doors$ for the lo#e of a base scri#ener!s daughter in
Thessalonica$ 'ith 'hose beauty he 'as enamoured. ;@@B/G*euco"hria betrayed
the city 'here she d'elt$ for her s'eetheart!s sa%e$ that 'as in the
enemies! cam". ;@@BBGPithidice$ the go#ernor!s daughter of Methinia$ for
the lo#e of Achilles$ betrayed the 'hole island to him$ her father!s enemy.
;@-CCG3iognetus did as much in the city 'here he d'elt$ for the lo#e of
Policrita$ Medea for the lo#e of Dason$ she taught him ho' to tame the
fire-breathing brass-feeted bulls$ and %ill the mighty dragon that %e"t the
golden fleece$ and tore her little brother Absyrtus in "ieces$ that her
father. Aethes might ha#e something to detain him$ 'hile she ran a'ay 'ith
her belo#ed Dason$ Fc. 9uch acts and scenes hath this tragicomedy of lo#e.
MEM. I.
9H9E:T. ,.--_:ure of *o#e-Melancholy$ by *abour$ 3iet$ Physic$ 7asting$
Fc._
Although it be contro#erted by some$ 'hether lo#e-melancholy may be cured$
because it is so irresistible and #iolent a "assion< for as you %no'$
;@-C,G ------Lfacilis descensus A#erni<
9ed re#ocare gradum$ su"eras0ue e#adere ad auras<
5ic labor$ hoc o"us est.L------
LIt is an easy "assage do'n to hell$
ut to come bac%$ once there$ you cannot 'ell.L
Eet 'ithout 0uestion$ if it be ta%en in time$ it may be hel"ed$ and by many
good remedies amended. A#icenna$ _lib. .. 7en. ca". =.. et =?._ sets do'n
se#en com"endious 'ays ho' this malady may be eased$ altered$ and e+"elled.
9a#anarola B. "rinci"al obser#ations$ Dason Pratensis "rescribes eight
rules besides "hysic$ ho' this "assion may be tamed$ *aurentius =. main
"rece"ts$ Arnoldus$ Ialleriola$ Montaltus$ 5ildesheim$ *angius$ and others
inform us other'ise$ and yet all tending to$ the same "ur"ose. The sum of
'hich I 'ill briefly e"itomise$ (for I light my candle from their torches)
and enlarge again u"on occasion$ as shall seem best to me$ and that after
mine o'n method. The first rule to be obser#ed in this stubborn and
unbridled "assion$ is e+ercise and diet. It is an old and 'ell-%no'n$
sentence$ _9ine :erere et 9accho friget Ienus_ (lo#e gro's cool 'ithout
bread and 'ine). As an ;@-C=Gidle sedentary life$ liberal feeding$ are
great causes of it$ so the o""osite$ labour$ slender and s"aring diet$ 'ith
continual business$ are the best and most ordinary means to "re#ent it.
L2tio si tollas$ "eriere :u"idinis artes$
:ontem"tae0ue jacent$ et sine luce faces.L
LTa%e idleness a'ay$ and "ut to flight
Are :u"id!s arts$ his torches gi#e no light.L
Miner#a$ 3iana$ Iesta$ and the nine Muses 'ere not enamoured at all$
because they ne#er 'ere idle.
;@-C.G L7rustra blanditae a""ulistis ad has$
7rustra ne0uitiae #enistis ad has$
7rustra delitiae obsidebitis has$
7rustra has illecebrae$ et "rocacitates$
Et sus"iria$ et oscula$ et susurri$
Et 0uis0uis male sana corda amantum
landis ebria fascinat #enenis.L
LIn #ain are all your flatteries$
In #ain are all your %na#eries$
3elights$ deceits$ "rocacities$
9ighs$ %isses$ and cons"iracies$
And 'hate!er is done by art$
To be'itch a lo#er!s heart.L
!Tis in #ain to set u"on those that are busy. !Tis 9a#anarola!s third rule$
_2ccu"ari in multis et magnis negotiis_$ and A#icenna!s "rece"t$ _ca". =?._
;@-C?G_:edit amor rebus< res$ age tutus eris_. To be busy still$ and as
;@-C@GGuianerius enjoins$ about matters of great moment$ if it may be.
;@-C-GMagninus adds$ L8e#er to be idle but at the hours of slee".L
;@-CAG ------Let si
Poscas ante diem librum cum lumine$ si non
Intendas animum studiis$ et rebus honestis$
In#idia #el amore miser tor0uebere.L------
L7or if thou dost not "ly thy boo%$
y candlelight to study bent$
Em"loy!d about some honest thing$
En#y or lo#e shall thee torment.L
8o better "hysic than to be al'ays occu"ied$ seriously intent.
;@-C/G L:ur in "enates rarius tenues subit$
5aec delicatas eligens "estis domus$
Medium0ue sanos #ulgus affectuss tenetNL Fc.
L4hy dost thou as%$ "oor fol%s are often free$
And dainty "laces still molested beNL
ecause "oor "eo"le fare coarsely$ 'or% hard$ go 'ool'ard and bare. ;@-CBG
_8on habet unde suum "au"ertas "ascat amorem_. ;@-,CGGuianerius therefore
"rescribes his "atient Lto go 'ith hair-cloth ne+t his s%in$ to go
barefooted$ and barelegged in cold 'eather$ to 'hi" himself no' and then$
as mon%s do$ but abo#e all to fast.L 8ot 'ith s'eet 'ine$ mutton and
"ottage$ as many of those tender-bellies do$ ho'soe#er they "ut on *enten
faces$ and 'hatsoe#er they "retend$ but from all manner of meat. 7asting is
an all-sufficient remedy of itself< for$ as Dason Pratensis holds$ the
bodies of such "ersons that feed liberally$ and li#e at ease$ ;@-,,GLare
full of bad s"irits and de#ils$ de#ilish thoughts< no better "hysic for
such "arties$ than to fast.L 5ildesheim$ _s"icel. =._ to this of hunger$
adds$ ;@-,=GLoften baths$ much e+ercise and s'eat$L but hunger and fasting
he "rescribes before the rest. And !tis indeed our 9a#iour!s oracle$ LThis
%ind of de#il is not cast out but by fasting and "rayer$L 'hich ma%es the
fathers so immoderate in commendation of fasting. As Lhunger$L saith ;@-,.G
Ambrose$ Lis a friend of #irginity$ so is it an enemy to lasci#iousness$
but fullness o#erthro's chastity$ and fostereth all manner of
"ro#ocations.L If thine horse be too lusty$ 5ierome ad#iseth thee to ta%e
a'ay some of his "ro#ender< by this means those Pauls$ 5ilaries$ Anthonies$
and famous anchorites$ subdued the lusts of the flesh< by this means
5ilarion Lmade his ass$ as he called his o'n body$ lea#e %ic%ing$L (so
;@-,?G5ierome relates of him in his life) L'hen the de#il tem"ted him to
any such foul offence.L y this means those ;@-,@GIndian rahmins %e"t
themsel#es continent& they lay u"on the ground co#ered 'ith s%ins$ as the
red-shan%s do on heather$ and dieted themsel#es s"aringly on one dish$
'hich Guianerius 'ould ha#e all young men "ut in "ractice$ and if that 'ill
not ser#e$ ;@-,-GGordonius L'ould ha#e them soundly 'hi""ed$ or$ to cool
their courage$ %e"t in "rison$L and there fed 'ith bread and 'ater till
they ac%no'ledge their error$ and become of another mind. If im"risonment
and hunger 'ill not ta%e them do'n$ according to the directions of that
;@-,AG Theban :rates$ Ltime must 'ear it out< if time 'ill not$ the last
refuge is a halter.L ut this$ you 'ill say$ is comically s"o%en.
5o'soe#er$ fasting$ by all means$ must be still used< and as they must
refrain from such meats formerly mentioned$ 'hich cause #enery$ or "ro#o%e
lust$ so they must use an o""osite diet. ;@-,/G4ine must be altogether
a#oided of the younger sort. 9o ;@-,BGPlato "rescribes$ and 'ould ha#e the
magistrates themsel#es abstain from it$ for e+am"le!s sa%e$ highly
commending the :arthaginians for their tem"erance in this %ind. And !t'as a
good edict$ a commendable thing$ so that it 'ere not done for some sinister
res"ect$ as those old Egy"tians abstained from 'ine$ because some fabulous
"oets had gi#en out$ 'ine s"rang first from the blood of the giants$ or out
of su"erstition$ as our modern Tur%s$ but for tem"erance$ it being _animae
#irus et #itiorum fomes_$ a "lague itself$ if immoderately ta%en. 4omen of
old for that cause$ ;@-=CGin hot countries$ 'ere forbid the use of it< as
se#erely "unished for drin%ing of 'ine as for adultery< and young fol%s$ as
*eonicus hath recorded$ Iar. _hist. l. .. ca". /A$ //._ out of Athenaeus
and others$ and is still "ractised in Italy$ and some other countries of
Euro"e and Asia$ as :laudius Minoes hath 'ell illustrated in his :omment on
the =.. Emblem of Alciat. 9o choice is to be made of other diet.
L8ec minus erucas a"tum est #itare salaces$
Et 0uic0uid #eneri cor"ora nostra "arat.L
LEringos are not good for to be ta%en$
And all lasci#ious meats must be forsa%en.L
Those o""osite meats 'hich ought to be used are cucumbers$ melons$
"urslane$ 'ater-lilies$ rue$ 'oodbine$ ammi$ lettuce$ 'hich *emnius so much
commends$ _lib. =$ ca". ?=._ and Mizaldus _hort. med._ to this "ur"ose<
#ite+$ or agnus castus before the rest$ 'hich$ saith ;@-=,GMagninus$ hath a
'onderful #irtue in it. Those Athenian 'omen$ in their solemn feasts called
Thesmo"heries$ 'ere to abstain nine days from the com"any of men$ during
'hich time$ saith Aelian$ they laid a certain herb$ named hanea$ in their
beds$ 'hich assuaged those ardent flames of lo#e$ and freed them from the
torments of that #iolent "assion. 9ee more in Porta$ Matthiolus$
:rescentius _lib. @._ Fc.$ and 'hat e#ery herbalist almost and "hysician
hath 'ritten$ _ca". de 9atyriasi et Pria"ismo_< 1hasis amongst the rest. In
some cases again$ if they be much dejected$ and brought lo' in body$ and
no' ready to des"air through anguish$ grief$ and too sensible a feeling of
their misery$ a cu" of 'ine and full diet is not amiss$ and as Ialescus
ad#iseth$ _cum alia honesta #enerem sae"e e+ercendo_$ 'hich *angius _e"ist.
med. lib. ,. e"ist. =?._ a""ro#es out of 1hasis (_ad assiduationem coitus
in#itat_G and Guianerius seconds it$ _ca". ,-. tract. ,-._ as a ;@-==G #ery
"rofitable remedy.
;@-=.G ------Ltument tibi 0uum inguina$ cum si
Ancilla$ aut #erna "raesto est$ tentigine rum"i
MalisN non ego nam0ue$L Fc.------
;@-=?GDason Pratensis subscribes to this counsel of the "oet$ _E+cretio
enim aut tollet "rorsus aut lenit aegritudinem._ As it did the raging lust
of Ahasuerus$ ;@-=@G_0ui ad im"atientiam amoris leniendam$ "er singulas
fere noctes no#as "uellas de#irgina#it._ And to be drun% too by fits< but
this is mad "hysic$ if it be at all to be "ermitted. If not$ yet some
"leasure is to be allo'ed$ as that 'hich Ii#es s"ea%s of$ _lib. .. de
anima._$ ;@-=-GLA lo#er that hath as it 'ere lost himself through
im"otency$ im"atience$ must be called home as a tra#eller$ by music$
feasting$ good 'ine$ if need be to drun%enness itself$ 'hich many so much
commend for the easing of the mind$ all %inds of s"orts and merriments$ to
see fair "ictures$ hangings$ buildings$ "leasant fields$ orchards$ gardens$
gro#es$ "onds$ "ools$ ri#ers$ fishing$ fo'ling$ ha'%ing$ hunting$ to hear
merry tales$ and "leasant discourse$ reading$ to use e+ercise till he
s'eat$ that ne' s"irits may succeed$ or by some #ehement affection or
contrary "assion to be di#erted till he be fully 'eaned from anger$
sus"icion$ cares$ fears$ Fc.$ and habituated into another course.L _9em"er
tecum sit_$ (as ;@-=AG9em"ronius ad#iseth :alisto his lo#esic% master) _0ui
sermones joculares mo#eat$ conciones ridiculas$ dicteria falsa$ sua#es
historias$ fabulas #enustas recenseat$ coram ludat_$ Fc.$ still ha#e a
"leasant com"anion to sing and tell merry tales$ songs and facete
histories$ s'eet discourse$ Fc. And as the melody of music$ merriment$
singing$ dancing$ doth augment the "assion of some lo#ers$ as ;@-=/G
A#icenna notes$ so it e+"elleth it in others$ and doth #ery much good.
These things must be 'arily a""lied$ as the "arties! sym"toms #ary$ and as
they shall stand #ariously affected.
If there be any need of "hysic$ that the humours be altered$ or any ne'
matter aggregated$ they must be cured as melancholy men. :arolus a *orme$
amongst other 0uestions discussed for his degree at Mont"elier in 7rance$
hath this$ _An amantes et amantes iisdem remediis curentur_N 4hether lo#ers
and madmen be cured by the same remediesN he affirms it< for lo#e e+tended
is mere madness. 9uch "hysic then as is "rescribed$ is either in'ard or
out'ard$ as hath been formerly handled in the "recedent "artition in the
cure of melancholy. :onsult 'ith Ialleriola _obser#at. lib. =. obser#. A._
*od. Mercatus _lib. =. ca". ?. de mulier. affect._ 3aniel 9ennertus _lib.
,. "art. =. ca". ,C._ ;@-=BGDacobus 7errandus the 7renchman$ in his Tract
_de amore Eroti0ue_$ 7orestus _lib. ,C. obser#. =B and .C_$ Dason Pratensis
and others for "eculiar recei"ts. ;@-.CGAmatus *usitanus cured a young De'$
that 'as almost mad for lo#e$ 'ith the syru" of hellebore$ and such other
e#acuations and "urges 'hich are usually "rescribed to blac% choler&
;@-.,GA#icenna confirms as much if need re0uire$ and ;@-.=GLbloodletting
abo#e the rest$L 'hich ma%es _amantes ne sint amentes_$ lo#ers to come to
themsel#es$ and %ee" in their right minds. !Tis the same 'hich 9chola
9alernitana$ Dason Pratensis$ 5ildesheim$ Fc.$ "rescribe bloodletting to be
used as a "rinci"al remedy. Those old 9cythians had a tric% to cure all
a""etite of burning lust$ by ;@-..G letting themsel#es blood under the
ears$ and to ma%e both men and 'omen barren$ as 9abellicus in his
_Aeneades_ relates of them. 4hich 9almuth. _Tit. ,C. de 5erol. comment. in
Pancirol. de no#. re"ort._ Mercurialis$ _#ar. lec. lib. .. ca". A._ out of
5i""ocrates and enzo say still is in use amongst the Indians$ a reason of
'hich *angius gi#es _lib. ,. e"ist. ,C._
5uc faciunt medicamenta #enerem so"ientia$ Lut cam"hora "udendis alligata$
et in bracha gestataL (0uidam ait) Lmembrum flaccidum reddit. *abora#it hoc
morbo #irgo nobilis$ cui inter caetera "raescri"sit medicus$ ut laminam
"lumbeam multis foraminibus "ertusam ad dies #iginti "ortaret in dorso< ad
e+iccandum #ero s"erma jussit eam 0uam "arcissime cibari$ et manducare
fre0uentur coriandrum "rae"aratum$ et semen lactucae$ et acetosae$ et sic
eam a morbo libera#itL. Porro im"ediunt et remittunt coitum folia salicis
trita et e"ota$ et si fre0uentius usur"entur i"sa in totum auferunt. Idem
"raestat To"atius annulo gestatus$ de+terum lu"i testiculum attritum$ et
oleo #el a0ua rosata e+hibitum #eneris taedium inducere scribit Ale+ander
enedictus& lac butyri commestum et semen canabis$ et cam"hora e+hibita
idem "raestant. Ierbena herba gestata libidinem e+tinguit$ "ul#is0uae ranae
decollatae et e+iccatae. Ad e+tinguendum coitum$ ungantur membra genitalia$
et renes et "ecten a0ua in 0ua o"ium Thebaicum sit dissolutum< libidini
ma+ime contraria cam"hora est$ et coriandrum siccum frangit coitum$ et
erectionem #irgae im"edit< idem efficit syna"ium ebibitum. L3a #erbenam in
"otu et non erigetur #irga se+ diebus< utere mentha sicca cum aceto$
genitalia illinita succo hyoscyami aid cicutae$ coitus a""elitum sedant$
Fc. ;9ymbol& 1+G. seminis lactuc. "ortulac. coriandri an. ;9ymbol& 3ramGj.
menthae siccae ;9ymbol& 3ramGQ. sacchari albiss. ;9ymbol& 2unceGiiij.
"ul#eriscentur omnia subtiliter$ et "ost ea simul misce a0ua neun"haris$ f.
confec. solida in morsulis. E+ his sumat mane unum 0uum surgatL. Innumera
fere his similia "etas ab 5ildishemo loco "raedicto$ Mizaldo$ Porta$
caeteris0ue.
9H9E:T. II.--_4ithstand the beginnings$ a#oid occasions$ change his "lace&
fair and foul means$ contrary "assions$ 'ith 'itty in#entions& to bring in
another$ and discommend the former_.
2ther good rules and "rece"ts are enjoined by our "hysicians$ 'hich$ if not
alone$ yet certainly conjoined$ may do much< the first of 'hich is _obstare
"rinci"iis_$ to 'ithstand the beginning$;@-.?G_Kuis0uis in "rimo obstitit$
Pe"ulit0ue amorem tutus ac #ictor fuit_$ he that 'ill but resist at first$
may easily be a con0ueror at the last. althazar :astilio$ _l. ?._ urgeth
this "rescri"t abo#e the rest$ ;@-.@GL'hen he shall chanceL (saith he) Lto
light u"on a 'oman that hath good beha#iour joined 'ith her e+cellent
"erson$ and shall "ercei#e his eyes 'ith a %ind of greediness to "ull unto
them this image of beauty$ and carry it to the heart& shall obser#e himself
to be some'hat incensed 'ith this influence$ 'hich mo#eth 'ithin& 'hen he
shall discern those subtle s"irits s"ar%ling in her eyes$ to administer
more fuel to the fire$ he must 'isely 'ithstand the beginnings$ rouse u"
reason$ stu"efied almost$ fortify his heart by all means$ and shut u" all
those "assages$ by 'hich it may ha#e entrance.L !Tis a "rece"t 'hich all
concur u"on$
;@-.-G L2""rime dum no#a sunt subiti mala semina morbi$
3um licet$ in "rimo lumine siste "edem.L
LThy 0uic% disease$ 'hilst it is fresh today$
y all means crush$ thy feet at first ste" stay.L
4hich cannot s"eedier be done$ than if he confess his grief and "assion to
some judicious friend ;@-.AG(_0ui tacitus ardet magis uritur_$ the more he
conceals$ the greater is his "ain) that by his good ad#ice may ha""ily ease
him on a sudden< and 'ithal to a#oid occasions$ or any circumstance that
may aggra#ate his disease$ to remo#e the object by all means< for 'ho can
stand by a fire and not burnN
;@-./G L9ussilite obsecro et mittite istanc foras$
0uae misero mihi amanti ebibit sanguinem.L
!Tis good therefore to %ee" 0uite out of her com"any$ 'hich 5ierom so much
labours to Paula$ to 8e"otian< :hrysost. so much inculcates in _ser. in
contubern._ :y"rian$ and many other fathers of the church$ 9iracides in his
ninth cha"ter$ Dason Pratensis$ 9a#anarola$ Arnoldus$ Ialleriola$ Fc.$ and
e#ery "hysician that treats of this subject. 8ot only to a#oid$ as ;@-.BG
Gregory Tholosanus e+horts$ L%issing$ dalliance$ all s"eeches$ to%ens$
lo#e-letters$ and the li%e$L or as :astilio$ _lib. ?._ to con#erse 'ith
them$ hear them s"ea%$ or sing$ (_tolerabilius est audire basiliscum
sibilantem_$ thou hadst better hear$ saith ;@-?CG:y"rian$ a ser"ent hiss)
;@-?,GLthose amiable smiles$ admirable graces$ and s'eet gestures$L 'hich
their "resence affords.
;@-?=G L8eu ca"ita liment solitis morsiunculis$
Et his "a"illarum o""ressiunculis
Abstineant&L------
but all tal%$ name$ mention$ or cogitation of them$ and of any other 'omen$
"ersons$ circumstance$ amorous boo% or tale that may administer any
occasion of remembrance. ;@-?.GPros"er ad#iseth young men not to read the
:anticles$ and some "arts of Genesis at other times< but for such as are
enamoured they forbid$ as before$ the name mentioned$ Fc.$ es"ecially all
sight$ they must not so much as come near$ or loo% u"on them.
;@-??G LEt fugitare decet simulacra et "abula amoris$
Abstinere sibi at0ue alio con#ertere mentem.L
LGaze not on a maid$L saith 9iracides$ Lturn a'ay thine eyes from a
beautiful 'oman$L c. B. #. @. A$ /. _a#erte oculos_$ saith 3a#id$ or if
thou dost see them$ as 7icinus ad#iseth$ let not thine eye be _intentus ad
libidinem_$ do not intend her more than the rest& for as ;@-?@GPro"ertius
holds$ _I"se alimenta sibi ma+ima "raebet amor_$ lo#e as a sno' ball
enlargeth itself by sight& but as 5ierome to 8e"otian$ _aut ae0ualiter ama$
aut ae0ualiter ignora_$ either see all ali%e$ or let all alone< ma%e a
league 'ith thine eyes$ as ;@-?-GDob did$ and that is the safest course$
let all alone$ see none of them. 8othing sooner re#i#es$ ;@-?AGLor 'a+eth
sore again$L as Petrarch holds$ Lthan lo#e doth by sight.L LAs "om" rene's
ambition< the sight of gold$ co#etousness< a beauteous object sets on fire
this burning lust.L _Et multum saliens incitat unda sitim._ The sight of
drin% ma%es one dry$ and the sight of meat increaseth a""etite. !Tis
dangerous therefore to see. A ;@-?/Gyoung gentleman in merriment 'ould
needs "ut on his mistress!s clothes$ and 'al% abroad alone$ 'hich some of
her suitors es"ying$ stole him a'ay for her that he re"resented. 9o much
can sight enforce. Es"ecially if he ha#e been formerly enamoured$ the sight
of his mistress stri%es him into a ne' fit$ and ma%es him ra#e many days
after.
;@-?BG ------LInfirmis causa "usilla nocet$
Ht "ene e+tinctum cinerem si sul"hure tangas$
Ii#et$ et e+ minimo ma+imus ignis erit&
9ic nisi #itabis 0uic0uid reno#abit amorem$
7lamma recrudescet$ 0uae modo nulla fuit.L
LA sic%ly man a little thing offends$
As brimstone doth a fire decayed rene'$
And ma%es it burn afresh$ doth lo#e!s dead flames$
If that the former object it re#ie'.L
2r$ as the "oet com"ares it to embers in ashes$ 'hich the 'ind blo's$
;@-@CG_ut solet a #entis_$ Fc.$ a scald head (as the saying is) is soon
bro%en$ dry 'ood 0uic%ly %indles$ and 'hen they ha#e been formerly 'ounded
'ith sight$ ho' can they by seeing but be inflamedN Ismenias ac%no'ledged
as much of himself$ 'hen he had been long absent$ and almost forgotten his
mistress$ ;@-@,GLat the first sight of her$ as stra' in a fire$ I burned
afresh$ and more than e#er I did before.L ;@-@=GL:hariclia 'as as much
mo#ed at the sight of her dear Theagines$ after he had been a great
stranger.L ;@-@.GMertila$ in Aristaenetus$ s'ore she 'ould ne#er lo#e
Pam"hilus again$ and did moderate her "assion$ so long as he 'as absent<
but the ne+t time he came in "resence$ she could not contain$ _effuse
am"le+a attrectari se sinit_$ Fc.$ she bro%e her #o'$ and did "rofusely
embrace him. 5ermotinus$ a young man (in the said ;@-@?Gauthor) is all out
as unstaid$ he had forgot his mistress 0uite$ and by his friends 'as 'ell
'eaned from her lo#e< but seeing her by chance$ _agno#it #eteris #estigia
flammae_$ he ra#ed amain$ _Illa tamen emergens #eluti lucida stella ce"it
elucere_$ Fc.$ she did a""ear as a blazing star$ or an angel to his sight.
And it is the common "assion of all lo#ers to be o#ercome in this sort. 7or
that cause beli%e Ale+ander discerning this incon#enience and danger that
comes by seeing$ ;@-@@GL'hen he heard 3arius!s 'ife so much commended for
her beauty$ 'ould scarce admit her to come in his sight$L fore%no'ing
beli%e that of Plutarch$ _formosam #idere "ericulosissimum_$ ho' full of
danger it is to see a "ro"er 'oman$ and though he 'as intem"erate in other
things$ yet in this _su"erbe se gessit_$ he carried himself bra#ely. And so
'hen as Aras"us$ in Jeno"hon$ had so much magnified that di#ine face of
Panthea to :yrus$ ;@-@-GLby ho' much she 'as fairer than ordinary$ by so
much he 'as the more un'illing to see her.L 9ci"io$ a young man of
t'enty-three years of age$ and the most beautiful of the 1omans$ e0ual in
"erson to that Grecian :harinus$ or 5omer!s 8ireus$ at the siege of a city
in 9"ain$ 'hen as a noble and most fair young gentle'oman 'as brought unto
him$ ;@-@AGLand he had heard she 'as betrothed to a lord$ re'arded her$ and
sent her bac% to her s'eetheart.L 9t. Austin$ as ;@-@/GGregory re"orts of
him$ _ne cum sorore 0uidem sua "uta#it habitandum_$ 'ould not li#e in the
house 'ith his o'n sister. Jenocrates lay 'ith *ais of :orinth all night$
and 'ould not touch her. 9ocrates$ though all the city of Athens su""osed
him to dote u"on fair Alcibiades$ yet 'hen he had an o""ortunity$
;@-@BG_solus cum solo_ to lie in the chamber 'ith$ and 'as 'ooed by him
besides$ as the said Alcibiades "ublicly ;@--CGconfessed$ _formam s"re#it
et su"erbe contem"sit_$ he scornfully rejected him. Petrarch$ that had so
magnified his *aura in se#eral "oems$ 'hen by the "o"e!s means she 'as
offered unto him$ 'ould not acce"t of her. ;@--,GLIt is a good ha""iness to
be free from this "assion of lo#e$ and great discretion it argues in such a
man that he can so contain himself< but 'hen thou art once in lo#e$ to
moderate thyself (as he saith) is a singular "oint of 'isdom.L
;@--=G L8am #itare "lagas in amoris ne jaciamur
8on ita difficile est$ 0uam ca"tum retibus i"sis
E+ire$ et #alidos Ieneris "errum"ere nodos.L
LTo a#oid such nets is no such mastery$
ut ta!en esca"e is all the #ictory.L
ut$ forasmuch as fe' men are free$ so discreet lo#ers$ or that can contain
themsel#es$ and moderate their "assions$ to curb their senses$ as not to
see them$ not to loo% lasci#iously$ not to confer 'ith them$ such is the
fury of this headstrong "assion of raging lust$ and their 'ea%ness$ _fero+
ille ardor a natura insitus_$ ;@--.Gas he terms it Lsuch a furious desire
nature hath inscribed$ such uns"ea%able delight.L
L9ic 3i#ae Ieneris furor$
Insanis adeo mentibus incubat$L
'hich neither reason$ counsel$ "o#erty$ "ain$ misery$ drudgery$ _"artus
dolor_$ Fc.$ can deter them from< 'e must use some s"eedy means to correct
and "re#ent that$ and all other incon#eniences$ 'hich come by conference
and the li%e. The best$ readiest$ surest 'ay$ and 'hich all a""ro#e$ is
_*oci mutatio_$ to send them se#eral 'ays$ that they may neither hear of$
see$ nor ha#e an o""ortunity to send to one another again$ or li#e
together$ _soli cum sola_$ as so many Gilbertines. _Elongatio a "atria_$
!tis 9a#anarola!s fourth rule$ and Gordonius! "rece"t$ _distrahatur ad
longin0uas regiones_$ send him to tra#el. !Tis that 'hich most run u"on$ as
so many hounds$ 'ith full cry$ "oets$ di#ines$ "hiloso"hers$ "hysicians$
all$ _mutet "atriam_& Ialesius& ;@--?Gas a sic% man he must be cured 'ith
change of air$ Tully _? Tuscul_. The best remedy is to get thee gone$ Dason
Pratensis& change air and soil$ *aurentius. ;@--@G_7uge littus amatum_.
LIirg. Htile finitimis abstinuisse locis.
;@---G 2#id. I "rocul$ et longas car"ere "erge #ias.
------sed fuge tutus eris.L
Tra#elling is an antidote of lo#e$
;@--AG LMagnum iter ad doctas "roficisci cogor Athenas$
Ht me longa gra#i sol#at amore #ia.L
7or this "ur"ose$ saith ;@--/GPro"ertius$ my "arents sent me to Athens<
time and "atience 'ear a'ay "ain and grief$ as fire goes out for 'ant of
fuel. _Kuantum oculis$ animo tam "rocul ibit amor_. ut so as they tarry
out long enough& a 'hole year ;@--BGJeno"hon "rescribes _:ritobulus$ #i+
enim intra hoc tem"us ab amore sanari "oteris_& some 'ill hardly be 'eaned
under. All this ;@-ACG5einsius merrily inculcates in an e"istle to his
friend Primierus< first fast$ then tarry$ thirdly$ change thy "lace$
fourthly$ thin% of a halter. If change of "lace$ continuance of time$
absence$ 'ill not 'ear it out 'ith those "recedent remedies$ it 'ill hardly
be remo#ed& but these commonly are of force. 7eli+ Plater$ _obser#. lib.
,._ had a ba%er to his "atient$ almost mad for the lo#e of his maid$ and
des"erate< by remo#ing her from him$ he 'as in a short s"ace cured. Isaeus$
a "hiloso"her of Assyria$ 'as a most dissolute li#er in his youth$ _"alam
lasci#iens_$ in lo#e 'ith all he met< but after he betoo% himself$ by his
friends! ad#ice$ to his study$ and left 'omen!s com"any$ he 'as so changed
that he cared no more for "lays$ nor feasts$ nor mas%s$ nor songs$ nor
#erses$ fine clothes$ nor no such lo#e toys& he became a ne' man u"on a
sudden$ _tan0uam si "riores oculos amisisset_$ (saith mine ;@-A,Gauthor) as
if he had lost his former eyes. Peter Godefridus$ in the last cha"ter of
his third boo%$ hath a story out of 9t. Ambrose$ of a young man that
meeting his old lo#e after long absence$ on 'hom he had e+tremely doted$
'ould scarce ta%e notice of her< she 'ondered at it$ that he should so
lightly esteem her$ called him again$ _lenibat dictis animum_$ and told him
'ho she 'as$ _Ego sum$ in0uit& At ego non sum ego_< but he re"lied$ Lhe 'as
not the same man&L _"rori"uit sese tandem_$ as ;@-A=GAeneas fled from 3ido$
not #ouchsafing her any farther "arley$ loathing his folly$ and ashamed of
that 'hich formerly he had done. ;@-A.G_8on sum stultus ut ante jam
8eaera_. L2 8eaera$ "ut your tric%s$ and "ractise hereafter u"on somebody
else$ you shall befool me no longer.L Petrarch hath such another tale of a
young gallant$ that lo#ed a 'ench 'ith one eye$ and for that cause by his
"arents 'as sent to tra#el into far countries$ Lafter some years he
returned$ and meeting the maid for 'hose sa%e he 'as sent abroad$ as%ed her
ho'$ and by 'hat chance she lost her eyeN no$ said she$ I ha#e lost none$
but you ha#e found yours&L signifying thereby$ that all lo#ers 'ere blind$
as 7abius saith$ _Amantes de forma judicare non "ossunt_$ lo#ers cannot
judge of beauty$ nor scarce of anything else$ as they 'ill easily confess
after they return unto themsel#es$ by some discontinuance or better ad#ice$
'onder at their o'n folly$ madness$ stu"idity$ blindness$ be much abashed$
Land laugh at lo#e$ and call it an idle thing$ condemn themsel#es that e#er
they should be so besotted or misled& and be heartily glad they ha#e so
ha""ily esca"ed.L
If so be ('hich is seldom) that change of "lace 'ill not effect this
alteration$ then other remedies are to be anne+ed$ fair and foul means$ as
to "ersuade$ "romise$ threaten$ terrify$ or to di#ert by some contrary
"assion$ rumour$ tales$ ne's$ or some 'itty in#ention to alter his
affection$ ;@-A?GLby some greater sorro' to dri#e out the less$L saith
Gordonius$ as that his house is on fire$ his best friends dead$ his money
stolen. ;@-A@GLThat he is made some great go#ernor$ or hath some honour$
office$ some inheritance is befallen him.L 5e shall be a %night$ a baron<
or by some false accusation$ as they do to such as ha#e the hiccu"$ to ma%e
them forget it. 9t. 5ierome$ _lib. =. e"ist. ,-._ to 1usticus the mon%$
hath an instance of a young man of Greece$ that li#ed in a monastery in
Egy"t$ ;@-A-GLthat by no labour$ no continence$ no "ersuasion$ could be
di#erted$ but at last by this tric% he 'as deli#ered. The abbot sets one of
his con#ent to 0uarrel 'ith him$ and 'ith some scandalous re"roach or other
to defame him before com"any$ and then to come and com"lain first$ the
'itnesses 'ere li%e'ise suborned for the "laintiff. The young man 'e"t$ and
'hen all 'ere against him$ the abbot cunningly too% his "art$ lest he
should be o#ercome 'ith immoderate grief& but 'hat need many 'ordsN by this
in#ention he 'as cured$ and alienated from his "ristine
lo#e-thoughtsL--Injuries$ slanders$ contem"ts$ disgraces--_s"retae0ue
injuria formae_$ Lthe insult of her slighted beauty$L are #ery forcible
means to 'ithdra' men!s affections$ _contumelia affecti amatores amare
desinunt_$ as ;@-AAG*ucian saith$ lo#ers re#iled or neglected$ contemned or
misused$ turn lo#e to hate< ;@-A/G_redeamN 8on si me obsecret_$ LI!ll ne#er
lo#e thee more.L _Egone illam$ 0uae illum$ 0uae me$ 0uae non_N 9o >e"hyrus
hated 5yacinthus because he scorned him$ and "referred his co-ri#al A"ollo
(Pale"haetus _fab. 8ar._)$ he 'ill not come again though he be in#ited.
Tell him but ho' he 'as scoffed at behind his bac%$ (!tis the counsel of
A#icenna)$ that his lo#e is false$ and entertains another$ rejects him$
cares not for him$ or that she is a fool< a nasty 0uean$ a slut$ a #i+en$ a
scold$ a de#il$ or$ 'hich Italians commonly do$ that he or she hath some
loathsome filthy disease$ gout$ stone$ strangury$ falling sic%ness$ and
that they are hereditary$ not to be a#oided$ he is subject to a
consum"tion$ hath the "o+$ that he hath three or four incurable tetters$
issues< that she is bald$ her breath stin%s$ she is mad by inheritance$ and
so are all the %indred$ a hair-brain$ 'ith many other secret infirmities$
'hich I 'ill not so much as name$ belonging to 'omen. That he is a
herma"hrodite$ an eunuch$ im"erfect$ im"otent$ a s"endthrift$ a gamester$ a
fool$ a gull$ a beggar$ a 'horemaster$ far in debt$ and not able to
maintain her$ a common drun%ard$ his mother 'as a 'itch$ his father hanged$
that he hath a 'olf in his bosom$ a sore leg$ he is a le"er$ hath some
incurable disease$ that he 'ill surely beat her$ he cannot hold his 'ater$
that he cries out or 'al%s in the night$ 'ill stab his bedfello'$ tell all
his secrets in his slee"$ and that nobody dare lie 'ith him$ his house is
haunted 'ith s"irits$ 'ith such fearful and tragical things$ able to a#ert
and terrify any man or 'oman li#ing$ Gordonius$ _ca". =C. "art. =._ hunc in
modo consulit< _Paretur ali0ua #etula tur"issima as"ectu$ cum tur"i et #ili
habitu& et "ortet subtus gremium "annum menstrualem$ et dicat 0uod amica
sua sit ebriosa$ et 0uod mingat in lecto$ et 0uod est e"ile"tica et
im"udicia< et 0uod in cor"ore suo sunt e+crescentiae enormes$ cum faetore
anhelitus$ et aliae enormitates$ 0uibus #etulae sunt edoctae& si nolit his
"ersuaderi$ subito e+trahat ;@-ABG"annum menstrualem$ coram facie "ortando$
e+clamando$ talis est amica tua< et si e+ his non demiserit$ non est homo$
sed diabolus incarnatus_. Idem fere$ A#icenna$ _ca". =?$ de cura Elishi$
lib. .$ 7en. ,. Tract. ?._ _8arrent res immundas #etulae$ e+ 0uibus
abominationem incurrat$ et res ;@-/CGsordidas et$ hoc assiduent_. Idem
Arculanus _ca". ,-. in B. 1hasis_$ Fc.
4ithal as they do discommend the old$ for the better effecting a more
s"eedy alteration$ they must commend another "aramour$ _alteram inducere_$
set him or her to be 'ooed$ or 'oo some other that shall be fairer$ of
better note$ better fortune$ birth$ "arentage$ much to be "referred$ ;@-/,G
_In#enies alium si te hic fastidit Ale+is_$ by this means$ 'hich Dason
Pratensis 'isheth$ to turn the stream of affection another 'ay$ _9uccessore
no#o truditur omnis amor_< or$ as Ialesius ad#iseth$ by ;@-/=Gsubdi#iding
to diminish it$ as a great ri#er cut into many channels runs lo' at last.
;@-/.G_5ortor et ut "ariter binas habeatis amicas_$ Fc. If you sus"ect to
be ta%en$ be sure$ saith the "oet$ to ha#e t'o mistresses at once$ or go
from one to another& as he that goes from a good fire in cold 'eather is
both to de"art from it$ though in the ne+t room there be a better 'hich
'ill refresh him as much< there!s as much difference of _haec_ as _hac
ignis_< or bring him to some "ublic sho's$ "lays$ meetings$ 'here he may
see #ariety$ and he shall li%ely loathe his first choice& carry him but to
the ne+t to'n$ yea "erad#enture to the ne+t house$ and as Paris lost
2enone!s lo#e by seeing 5elen$ and :ressida forsoo% Troilus by con#ersing
'ith 3iomede$ he 'ill disli%e his former mistress$ and lea#e her 0uite
behind him$ as ;@-/?GTheseus left Ariadne fast aslee" in the island of 3ia$
to see% her fortune$ that 'as erst his lo#ing mistress. ;@-/@G_8unc "rimum
3orida #etus amator contem"si_$ as he said$ 3oris is but a do'dy to this.
As he that loo%s himself in a glass forgets his "hysiognomy forth'ith$ this
flattering glass of lo#e 'ill be diminished by remo#e< after a little
absence it 'ill be remitted$ the ne+t fair object 'ill li%ely alter it. A
young man in ;@-/-G*ucian 'as "itifully in lo#e$ he came to the theatre by
chance$ and by seeing other fair objects there$ _mentis sanitatem rece"it_$
'as fully reco#ered$ ;@-/AG Land 'ent merrily home$ as if he had ta%en a
dram of obli#ion.L ;@-//GA mouse (saith an a"ologer) 'as brought u" in a
chest$ there fed 'ith fragments of bread and cheese$ though there could be
no better meat$ till coming forth at last$ and feeding liberally of other
#ariety of #iands$ loathed his former life& moralise this fable by thyself.
Plato$ in. his se#enth boo% _3e *egibus_$ hath a "retty fiction of a city
under ground$ ;@-/BGto 'hich by little holes some small store of light
came< the inhabitants thought there could not be a better "lace$ and at
their first coming abroad they might not endure the light$ _aegerrime solem
intueri_< but after they 'ere accustomed a little to it$ ;@-BCGLthey
de"lored their fello's! misery that li#ed under ground.L A silly lo#er is
in li%e state$ none so fair as his mistress at first$ he cares for none but
her< yet after a 'hile$ 'hen he hath com"ared her 'ith others$ he abhors
her name$ sight$ and memory. !Tis generally true< for as he obser#es$
;@-B,G_Priorem flammam no#us ignis e+trudit< et ea multorum natura$ ut
"raesentes ma+ime ament_$ one fire dri#es out another< and such is 'omen!s
'ea%ness$ that they lo#e commonly him that is "resent. And so do many men<
as he confessed$ he lo#ed Amye$ till he sa' 7lorial$ and 'hen he sa'
:ynthia$ forgat them both& but fair Phillis 'as incom"arably beyond$ them
all$ :loris sur"assed her$ and yet 'hen he es"ied Amaryllis$ she 'as his
sole mistress< 2 di#ine Amaryllis& _0uam "rocera$ cu"ressi ad instar$ 0uam
elegans$ 0uam decens_$ Fc. 5o' lo#ely$ ho' tall$ ho' comely she 'as (saith
Polemius) till he sa' another$ and then she 'as the sole subject of his
thoughts. In conclusion$ her he lo#es best he sa' last. ;@-B=GTriton$ the
sea-god$ first lo#ed *eucothoe$ till he came in "resence of Milaene$ she
'as the commandress of his heart$ till he sa' Galatea& but (as ;@-B.Gshe
com"lains) he lo#ed another eftsoons$ another$ and another. !Tis a thing
'hich$ by 5ierom!s re"ort$ hath been usually "ractised. ;@-B?GL5eathen
"hiloso"hers dri#e out one lo#e 'ith another$ as they do a "eg$ or "in 'ith
a "in. 4hich those se#en Persian "rinces did to Ahasuerus$ that they might
re0uite the desire of Kueen Iashti 'ith the lo#e of others.L Pausanias in
Eliacis saith$ that therefore one :u"id 'as "ainted to contend 'ith
another$ and to ta%e the garland from him$ because one lo#e dri#es out
another$ ;@-B@G_Alterius #ires subtrahit alter amor_< and Tully$ _.. 8at.
3eor._ dis"uting 'ith :. :otta$ ma%es mention of three se#eral :u"ids$ all
differing in office. 7eli+ Plater$ in the first boo% of his obser#ations$
boasts ho' he cured a 'ido'er in asil$ a "atient of his$ by this stratagem
alone$ that doted u"on a "oor ser#ant his maid$ 'hen friends$ children$ no
"ersuasion could ser#e to alienate his mind& they motioned him to another
honest man!s daughter in the to'n$ 'hom he lo#ed$ and li#ed 'ith long
after$ abhorring the #ery name and sight of the first. After the death of
*ucretia$ ;@-B-GEuryalus 'ould admit of no comfort$ till the Em"eror
9igismund married him to a noble lady of his court$ and so in short s"ace
he 'as freed.
9H9E:T. III.--_y counsel and "ersuasion$ foulness of the fact$ men!s$
'omen!s faults$ miseries of marriage$ e#ents of lust$ Fc._
As there be di#ers causes of this burning lust$ or heroical lo#e$ so there
be many good remedies to ease and hel"< amongst 'hich$ good counsel and
"ersuasion$ 'hich I should ha#e handled in the first "lace$ are of great
moment$ and not to be omitted. Many are of o"inion$ that in this blind
headstrong "assion counsel can do no good.
;@-BAG LKuae enim res in se ne0ue consilium ne0ue modum
5abet$ ullo eam consilio regere non "otes.L
L4hich thing hath neither judgment$ or an end$
5o' should ad#ice or counsel it amendNL
;@-B/G_Kuis enim modus adsit amori_N ut$ 'ithout 0uestion$ good counsel
and ad#ice must needs be of great force$ es"ecially if it shall "roceed
from a 'ise$ fatherly$ re#erent$ discreet "erson$ a man of authority$ 'hom
the "arties do res"ect$ stand in a'e of$ or from a judicious friend$ of
itself alone it is able to di#ert and suffice. Gordonius$ the "hysician$
attributes so much to it$ that he 'ould ha#e it by all means used in the
first "lace. _Amo#eatur ab illa$ consilio #iri 0uem timet$ ostendendo
"ericula saeculi$ judicium inferni$ gaudia Paradisi_. 5e 'ould ha#e some
discreet men to dissuade them$ after the fury of "assion is a little s"ent$
or by absence allayed< for it is as intem"esti#e at first$ to gi#e counsel$
as to comfort "arents 'hen their children are in that instant de"arted< to
no "ur"ose to "rescribe narcotics$ cordials$ nectarines$ "otions$ 5omer!s
ne"enthes$ or 5elen!s bo'l$ Fc. _8on cessabit "ectus tundere_$ she 'ill
lament and ho'l for a season& let "assion ha#e his course a'hile$ and then
he may "roceed$ by foresho'ing the miserable e#ents and dangers 'hich 'ill
surely ha""en$ the "ains of hell$ joys of Paradise$ and the li%e$ 'hich by
their "re"osterous courses they shall forfeit or incur< and !tis a fit
method$ a #ery good means< for 'hat ;@-BBG9eneca said of #ice$ I say of
lo#e$ _9ine magistro discitur$ #i+ sine magistro deseritur_$ !tis learned
of itself$ but ;@ACCGhardly left 'ithout a tutor. !Tis not amiss therefore
to ha#e some such o#erseer$ to e+"ostulate and sho' them such absurdities$
incon#eniences$ im"erfections$ discontents$ as usually follo'< 'hich their
blindness$ fury$ madness$ cannot a""ly unto themsel#es$ or 'ill not
a""rehend through 'ea%ness< and good for them to disclose themsel#es$ to
gi#e ear to friendly admonitions. LTell me$ s'eetheart (saith Try"hena to a
lo#esic% :harmides in ;@AC,G*ucian)$ 'hat is it that troubles theeN
"erad#enture I can ease thy mind$ and further thee in thy suit<L and so$
'ithout 0uestion$ she might$ and so mayst thou$ if the "atient be ca"able
of good counsel$ and 'ill hear at least 'hat may be said.
If he lo#e at all$ she is either an honest 'oman or a 'hore. If dishonest$
let him read or inculcate to him that @. of 9olomon!s Pro#erbs$ Ecclus. =-.
Ambros. _lib. ,. ca". ?._ in his boo% of Abel and :ain$ Philo Dudeus _de
mercede mer_. Platina!s _dial. in Amores_$ Es"encaeus$ and those three
boo%s of Pet. 5aedus _de contem. amoribus_$ Aeneas 9yl#ius! tart E"istle$
'hich he 'rote to his friend 8icholas of 4arthurge$ 'hich he calls _medelam
illiciti amoris_ Fc. ;@AC=GL7or 'hat!s a 'hore$L as he saith$ Lbut a "oller
of youth$ a ;@AC.Gruin of men$ a destruction$ a de#ourer of "atrimonies$ a
do'nfall of honour$ fodder for the de#il$ the gate of death$ and su""lement
of hellNL ;@AC?G_Talis amor est la0ueus animae_$ Fc.$ a bitter honey$ s'eet
"oison$ delicate destruction$ a #oluntary mischief$ _commi+tum coenum$
ster0uilinium_. And as ;@AC@GPet. Aretine!s *ucretia$ a notable 0uean$
confesseth& LGluttony$ anger$ en#y$ "ride$ sacrilege$ theft$ slaughter$
'ere all born that day that a 'hore began her "rofession< for$L as she
follo's it$ Lher "ride is greater than a rich churl!s$ she is more en#ious
than the "o+$ as malicious as melancholy$ as co#etous as hell. If from the
beginning of the 'orld any 'ere _mala$ "ejor$ "essima_$ bad in the
su"erlati#e degree$ !tis a 'hore< ho' many ha#e I undone$ caused to be
'ounded$ slainO 2 Antonia$ thou seest ;@AC-G'hat I am 'ithout$ but 'ithin$
God %no's$ a "uddle of ini0uity$ a sin% of sin$ a "oc%y 0uean.L *et him no'
that so dotes meditate on this< let him see the e#ent and success of
others$ 9amson$ 5ercules$ 5olofernes$ Fc. Those infinite mischiefs attend
it& if she be another man!s 'ife he lo#es$ !tis abominable in the sight of
God and men< adultery is e+"ressly forbidden in God!s commandment$ a mortal
sin$ able to endanger his soul& if he be such a one that fears God$ or ha#e
any religion$ he 'ill esche' it$ and abhor the loathsomeness of his o'n
fact. If he lo#e an honest maid$ !tis to abuse or marry her< if to abuse$
!tis fornication$ a foul fact (though some ma%e light of it)$ and almost
e0ual to adultery itself. If to marry$ let him seriously consider 'hat he
ta%es in hand$ loo% before ye lea"$ as the "ro#erb is$ or settle his
affections$ and e+amine first the "arty$ and condition of his estate and
hers$ 'hether it be a fit match$ for fortunes$ years$ "arentage$ and such
other circumstances$ _an sit sitae Ieneris_. 4hether it be li%ely to
"roceed& if not$ let him 'isely sta#e himself off at the first$ curb in his
inordinate "assion$ and moderate his desire$ by thin%ing of some other
subject$ di#ert his cogitations. 2r if it be not for his good$ as Aeneas$
fore'arned by Mercury in a dream$ left 3ido!s lo#e$ and in all haste got
him to sea$
;@ACAG LMnestea$ 9urgestum0ue #ocat fortem0ue :loanthem$
:lassem a"tent taciti jubetL------
and although she did o""ose 'ith #o's$ tears$ "rayers$ and im"recation.
;@AC/G ------Lnullis ille mo#etur
7letibus$ aut illas #oces tractabilis audit<L
*et thy Mercury-reason rule thee against all allurements$ seeming delights$
"leasing in'ard or out'ard "ro#ocations. Thou mayst do this if thou 'ilt$
_"ater non de"erit filiam$ nec frater sororem_$ a father dotes not on his
o'n daughter$ a brother on a sister< and 'hyN because it is unnatural$
unla'ful$ unfit. If he be sic%ly$ soft$ deformed$ let him thin% of his
deformities$ #ices$ infirmities< if in debt$ let him ruminate ho' to "ay
his debts& if he be in any danger$ let him see% to a#oid it& if he ha#e any
la'suit$ or other business$ he may do 'ell to let his lo#e-matters alone
and follo' it$ labour in his #ocation 'hate#er it is. ut if he cannot so
ease himself$ yet let him 'isely "remeditate of both their estates< if they
be une0ual in years$ she young and he old$ 'hat an unfit match must it
needs be$ an une#en yo%e$ ho' absurd and indecent a thing is itO as *ycinus
in ;@ACBG*ucian told Timolaus$ for an old bald croo%-nosed %na#e to marry a
young 'ench< ho' odious a thing it is to see an old lecherO 4hat should a
bald fello' do 'ith a comb$ a dumb doter 'ith a "i"e$ a blind man 'ith a
loo%ing-glass$ and thou 'ith such a 'ifeN 5o' absurd it is for a young man
to marry an old 'ife for a "iece of good. ut "ut case she be e0ual in
years$ birth$ fortunes$ and other 0ualities corres"ondent$ he doth desire
to be cou"led in marriage$ 'hich is an honourable estate$ but for 'hat
res"ectsN 5er beauty beli%e$ and comeliness of "erson$ that is commonly the
main object$ she is a most absolute form$ in his eye at least$ _:ui formam
Pa"hia$ et :harites tribuere decoram_< but do other men affirm as muchN or
is it an error in his judgment.
;@A,CG L7allunt nos oculi #agi0ue sensus$
2""ressa ratione mentiuntur$L
Lour eyes and other senses 'ill commonly decei#e us<L it may be$ to thee
thyself u"on a more serious e+amination$ or after a little absence$ she is
not so fair as she seems. _Kuaedam #identur et non sunt_< com"are her to
another standing by$ !tis a touchstone to try$ confer hand to hand$ body to
body$ face to face$ eye to eye$ nose to nose$ nec% to nec%$ Fc.$ e+amine
e#ery "art by itself$ then altogether$ in all "ostures$ se#eral sites$ and
tell me ho' thou li%est her. It may be not she$ that is so fair$ but her
coats$ or "ut another in her clothes$ and she 'ill seem all out as fair< as
the ;@A,,G"oet then "rescribes$ se"arate her from her clothes& su""ose thou
sa' her in a base beggar!s 'eed$ or else dressed in some old hirsute
attires out of fashion$ foul linen$ coarse raiment$ besmeared 'ith soot$
colly$ "erfumed 'ith o"o"ona+$ saga"enum$ asafoetida$ or some such filthy
gums$ dirty$ about some indecent action or other< or in such a case as
;@A,=Grassi#ola$ the "hysician$ found Malatasta$ his "atient$ after a
"otion of hellebore$ 'hich he had "rescribed& _Manibus in terram de"ositis$
et ano #ersus caelum ele#ato (ac si #ideretur 9ocraticus ille Aristo"hanes$
0ui Geometricas figuras in terram scribens$ tubera colligere #idebatur)
atram bilem in album "arietem injiciebat$ adeo0ue totam cameram$ et se
detur"abat$ ut_$ Fc.$ all to be'rayed$ or 'orse< if thou sa'!st her (I say)
'ould thou affect her as thou dostN 9u""ose thou beheldest her in a ;@A,.G
frosty morning$ in cold 'eather$ in some "assion or "erturbation of mind$
'ee"ing$ chafing$ Fc.$ ri#elled and ill-fa#oured to behold. 9he many times
that in a com"osed loo% seems so amiable and delicious$ _tam scitula$
forma_$ if she do but laugh or smile$ ma%es an ugly s"arro'-mouthed face$
and sho's a "air of une#en$ loathsome$ rotten$ foul teeth& she hath a blac%
s%in$ gouty legs$ a deformed croo%ed carcass under a fine coat. It may be
for all her costly tires she is bald$ and though she seem so fair by dar%$
by candlelight$ or afar off at such a distance$ as :allicratides obser#ed
in ;@A,?G*ucian$ LIf thou should see her near$ or in a morning$ she 'ould
a""ear more ugly than a beast<L ;@A,@G_si diligenter consideres$ 0uid "er
os et nares et caeteros cor"oris meatus egreditur$ #ilius ster0uilinium
nun0uam #idisti_. 7ollo' my counsel$ see her undressed$ see her$ if it be
"ossible$ out of her attires$ _furti#is nudatam coloribus_$ it may be she
is li%e Aeso"!s jay$ or ;@A,-GPliny!s cantharides$ she 'ill be loathsome$
ridiculous$ thou 'ilt not endure her sight& or su""ose thou sa'!st her$
"ale$ in a consum"tion$ on her death-bed$ s%in and bones$ or no' dead$
_:ujus erat gratissimus am"le+us_ ('hose embrace 'as so agreeable) as
arnard saith$ _erit horribilis as"ectus< 8on redolet$ sed olet$ 0uae$
redolere solet_$ LAs a "osy she smells s'eet$ is most fresh and fair one
day$ but dried u"$ 'ithered$ and stin%s another.L eautiful 8ireus$ by that
5omer so much admired$ once dead$ is more deformed than Thersites$ and
9olomon deceased as ugly as Marcol"hus& thy lo#ely mistress that 'as erst
;@A,AG_:haris charior ocellis_$ Ldearer to thee than thine eyes$L once sic%
or de"arted$ is _Iili #ilior aestimata coeno_$ L'orse than any dirt or
dunghill.L 5er embraces 'ere not so acce"table$ as no' her loo%s be
terrible& thou hadst better behold a Gorgon!s head$ than 5elen!s carcass.
9ome are of o"inion$ that to see a 'oman na%ed is able of itself to alter
his affection< and it is 'orthy of consideration$ saith ;@A,/GMontaigne the
7renchman in his Essays$ that the s%ilfulest masters of amorous dalliance$
a""oint for a remedy of #enerous "assions$ a full sur#ey of the body< 'hich
the "oet insinuates$
;@A,BG LIlle 0uod obscaenas in a"erto cor"ore "artes
Iiderat$ in cursu 0ui fuit$ haesit amor.L
LThe lo#e stood still$ that run in full career$
4hen once it sa' those "arts should not a""ear.L
It is re"orted of 9eleucus$ %ing of 9yria$ that seeing his 'ife
9tratonice!s bald "ate$ as she 'as undressing her by chance$ he could ne#er
affect her after. 1emundus *ullius$ the "hysician$ s"ying an ulcer or
cancer in his mistress! breast$ 'hom he so dearly lo#ed$ from that day
follo'ing abhorred the loo%s of her. Phili" the 7rench %ing$ as
8eubrigensis$ _lib. ?. ca". =?._ relates it$ married the %ing of 3enmar%!s
daughter$ ;@A=CGLand after he had used her as a 'ife one night$ because her
breath stun%$ they say$ or for some other secret fault$ sent her bac% again
to her father.L Peter Mattheus$ in the life of *e'is the Ele#enth$ finds
fault 'ith our English ;@A=,Gchronicles$ for 'riting ho' Margaret the %ing
of 9cots! daughter$ and 'ife to *ouis the Ele#enth$ 7rench %ing$ 'as _ob
gra#eolentiam oris_$ rejected by her husband. Many such matches are made
for by-res"ects$ or some seemly comeliness$ 'hich after honeymoon!s "ast$
turn to bitterness& for burning lust is but a flash$ a gun"o'der "assion<
and hatred oft follo's in the highest degree$ disli%e and contem"t.
;@A==G ------L:um se cutis arida la+at$
7iunt obscuri dentesL------
'hen they 'a+ old$ and ill-fa#oured$ they may commonly no longer abide
them$--_Dam gra#is es nobis_$ e gone$ they gro' stale$ fulsome$ loathsome$
odious$ thou art a beastly filthy 0uean$--;@A=.G_faciem Phoebe cacantis
habes_$ thou art _9aturni "ode+_$ 'ithered and dry$ _insi"ida et
#etula_$--;@A=?G_Te 0uia rugae tur"ant$ et ca"itis ni#es_$ (I say) be gone$
;@A=@G_"ortae "atent$ "roficiscere_.
Eea$ but you 'ill infer$ your mistress is com"lete$ of a most absolute form
in all men!s o"inions$ no e+ce"tions can be ta%en at her$ nothing may be
added to her "erson$ nothing detracted$ she is the mirror of 'omen for her
beauty$ comeliness and "leasant grace$ inimitable$ _merae deliciae$ meri
le"ores_$ she is _Myrothetium Ieneris$ Gratiarum "i+is_$ a mere magazine of
natural "erfections$ she hath all the Ieneres and Graces$--_mille faces et
mille figuras_$ in each "art absolute and com"lete$ ;@A=-G_*aeta genas
laeta os roseum$ #aga lumina laeta_& to be admired for her "erson$ a most
incom"arable$ unmatchable "iece$ _aurea "roles$ ad simulachrum alicujus
numinis com"osita$ a Phoeni+$ #ernantis aetatulae Ienerilla_$ a nym"h$ a
fairy$ ;@A=AGli%e Ienus herself 'hen she 'as a maid$ _nulli secunda_$ a
mere 0uintessence$ _flores s"irans et amaracum$ foeminae "rodigium_& "ut
case she be$ ho' long 'ill she continueN ;@A=/G_7lorem decoris singuli
car"unt dies_& LE#ery day detracts from her "erson$L and this beauty is
_bonum fragile_$ a mere flash$ a Ienice glass$ 0uic%ly bro%en$
;@A=BG LAnce"s forma bonum mortalibus$
------e+igui donum bre#e tem"oris$L
it 'ill not last. As that fair flo'er ;@A.CGAdonis$ 'hich 'e call an
anemone$ flourisheth but one month$ this gracious all-commanding beauty
fades in an instant. It is a je'el soon lost$ the "ainter!s goddess$ _fulsa
#eritas_$ a mere "icture. L7a#our is deceitful$ and beauty is #anity$L
Pro#. +++i. .C.
;@A.,G LIitrea gemmula$ flu+a0ue bullula$ candida forma est$
8i+$ rosa$ fumus$ #entus et aura$ nihil.L
LA brittle gem$ bubble$ is beauty "ale$
A rose$ de'$ sno'$ smo%e$ 'ind$ air$ nought at all.L
If she be fair$ as the saying is$ she is commonly a fool& if "roud$
scornful$ _se0uitur0ue su"erbia formam_$ or dishonest$ _rara est concordia
formae$ at0ue "udicitiae_$ Lcan she be fair and honest tooNL ;@A.=G Aristo$
the son of Agasicles$ married a 9"artan lass$ the fairest lady in all
Greece ne+t to 5elen$ but for her conditions the most abominable and
beastly creature of the 'orld. 9o that I 'ould 'ish thee to res"ect$ 'ith
;@A..G9eneca$ not her "erson but 0ualities. L4ill you say that!s a good
blade 'hich hath a gilded scabbard$ embroidered 'ith gold and je'elsN 8o$
but that 'hich hath a good edge and "oint$ 'ell tem"ered metal$ able to
resist.L This beauty is of the body alone$ and 'hat is that$ but as ;@A.?G
Gregory 8azianzen telleth us$ La moc% of time and sic%nessNL or as
oethius$ ;@A.@GLas mutable as a flo'er$ and !tis not nature so ma%es us$
but most "art the infirmity of the beholder.L 7or as% another$ he sees no
such matter& _3ic mihi "er gratias 0uails tibi #idetur_$ LI "ray thee tell
me ho' thou li%est my s'eetheart$L as she as%ed her sister in Aristenaetus$
;@A.-GL'hom I so much admire$ methin%s he is the s'eetest gentleman$ the
"ro"erest man that e#er I sa'& but I am in lo#e$ I confess (_nec "udet
fateri_) and cannot therefore 'ell judge.L ut be she fair indeed$
golden-haired$ as Anacreon his athillus$ (to e+amine "articulars) she ha#e
;@A.AG_7lammeolos oculos$ colla0ue lacteola_$ a "ure sanguine com"le+ion$
little mouth$ coral li"s$ 'hite teeth$ soft and "lum" nec%$ body$ hands$
feet$ all fair and lo#ely to behold$ com"osed of all graces$ elegances$ an
absolute "iece$
;@A./G L*umina sint Melitae Dunonia$ de+tra Miner#ae$
Mamillae Ieneris$ sura maris dominae$L Fc.
*et ;@A.BGher head be from Prague$ "a"s out of Austria$ belly from 7rance$
bac% from rabant$ hands out of England$ feet from 1hine$ buttoc%s from
9'itzerland$ let her ha#e the 9"anish gait$ the Ienetian tire$ Italian
com"liment and endo'ments&
;@A?CG L:andida sideriis ardescant lumina flammis$
9udent colla rosas$ et cedat crinibus aurum$
Mellea "ur"urem de"romant ora ruborem<
7ulgeat$ ac Ienerem coelesti cor"ore #incat$
7orma dearum omnis$L Fc.
*et her be such a one throughout$ as *ucian deci"hers in his Imagines$ as
Eu"hranor of old "ainted Ienus$ Aristaenetus describes *ais$ another
5elena$ :hariclea$ *euci""e$ *ucretia$ Pandora< let her ha#e a bo+ of
beauty to re"air herself still$ such a one as Ienus ga#e Phaon$ 'hen he
carried her o#er the ford< let her use all hel"s art and nature can yield<
be li%e her$ and her$ and 'hom thou 'ilt$ or all these in one< a little
sic%ness$ a fe#er$ small-"o+$ 'ound$ scar$ loss of an eye$ or limb$ a
#iolent "assion$ a distem"erature of heat or cold$ mars all in an instant$
disfigures all< child-bearing$ old age$ that tyrant time 'ill turn Ienus to
Erinnys< raging time$ care$ ri#els her u"on a sudden< after she hath been
married a small 'hile$ and the blac% o+ hath trodden on her toe$ she 'ill
be so much altered$ and 'a+ out of fa#our$ thou 'ilt not %no' her. 2ne
gro's to fat$ another too lean$ Fc.$ modest Matilda$ "retty "leasing Peg$
s'eet-singing 9usan$ mincing merry Moll$ dainty dancing 3oll$ neat 8ancy$
jolly Doan$ nimble 8ell$ %issing 6ate$ bouncing ess$ 'ith blac% eyes$ fair
Phyllis$ 'ith fine 'hite hands$ fiddling 7ran%$ tall Tib$ slender 9ib$ Fc.$
'ill 0uic%ly lose their grace$ gro' fulsome$ stale$ sad$ hea#y$ dull$ sour$
and all at last out of fashion. _Hbi jam #ultus argutia$ sua#is sua#itatio$
blandus$ risus_$ Fc. Those fair s"ar%ling eyes 'ill loo% dull$ her soft
coral li"s 'ill be "ale$ dry$ cold$ rough$ and blue$ her s%in rugged$ that
soft and tender su"erficies 'ill be hard and harsh$ her 'hole com"le+ion
change in a moment$ and as ;@A?,GMatilda 'rit to 6ing Dohn.
LI am not no' as 'hen thou sa'!st me last$
That fa#our soon is #anished and "ast<
That rosy blush la"t in a lily #ale$
8o' is 'ith mor"he' o#ergro'n and "ale.L
!Tis so in the rest$ their beauty fades as a tree in 'inter$ 'hich 3ejanira
hath elegantly e+"ressed in the "oet$
;@A?=G L3eforme solis as"icis truncis nemusN
9ic nostra longum forma "ercurrens iter$
3e"erdit ali0uid sem"er$ et fulget minus$
Malis0ue minus est 0ui0uid in nobis fuit$
2lim "etitum cecidit$ et "artu labat$
Matur0ue multum ra"uit e+ illa mihi$
Aetas citato senior eri"uit gradu.L
LAnd as a tree that in the green 'ood gro's$
4ith fruit and lea#es$ and in the summer blo's$
In 'inter li%e a stoc% deformed sho's&
2ur beauty ta%es his race and journey goes$
And doth decrease$ and lose$ and come to nought$
Admir!d of old$ to this by child-birth brought&
And mother hath bereft me of my grace$
And croo%ed old age coining on a"ace.L
To conclude 'ith :hrysostom$ ;@A?.GL4hen thou seest a fair and beautiful
"erson$ a bra#e onaroba$ _a bella donna$ 0uae sali#am mo#eat$ le"idam
"uellam et 0uam tu facile ames_$ a comely 'oman$ ha#ing bright eyes$ a
merry countenance$ a shining lustre in her loo%$ a "leasant grace$ 'ringing
thy soul$ and increasing thy concu"iscence< bethin% 'ith thyself that it is
but earth thou lo#est$ a mere e+crement$ 'hich so #e+eth thee$ 'hich thou
so admirest$ and thy raging soul 'ill be at rest. Ta%e her s%in from her
face$ and thou shalt see all loathsomeness under it$ that beauty is a
su"erficial s%in and bones$ ner#es$ sine's& su""ose her sic%$ no' ri#elled$
hoary-headed$ hollo'-chee%ed$ old< 'ithin she is full of filthy "hlegm$
stin%ing$ "utrid$ e+cremental stuff& snot and sni#el in her nostrils$
s"ittle in her mouth$ 'ater in her eyes$ 'hat filth in her brains$L Fc. 2r
ta%e her at best$ and loo% narro'ly u"on her in the light$ stand near her$
nearer yet$ thou shalt "ercei#e almost as much$ and lo#e less$ as ;@A??G
:ardan 'ell 'rites$ _minus amant 0ui acute #ident_$ though 9caliger deride
him for it& if he see her near$ or loo% e+actly at such a "osture$
'hosoe#er he is$ according to the true rules of symmetry and "ro"ortion$
those I mean of Albertus 3urer$ *omatius and Tasnier$ e+amine him of her.
If he be _elegans formarum s"ectator_ he shall find many faults in
"hysiognomy$ and ill colour& if form$ one side of the face li%ely bigger
than the other$ or croo%ed nose$ bad eyes$ "rominent #eins$ conca#ities
about the eyes$ 'rin%les$ "im"les$ red strea%s$ frec%les$ hairs$ 'arts$
ne#es$ ine0ualities$ roughness$ scabredity$ "aleness$ yello'ness$ and as
many colours as are in a tur%eycoc%!s nec%$ many indecorums in their other
"arts< _est 0uod desideres$ est 0uod am"utes_$ one leers$ another fro'ns$ a
third ga"es$ s0uints$ Fc. And !tis true that he saith$ ;@A?@G_3iligenter
consideranti raro facies absoluta$ et 0uae #itio caret_$ seldom shall you
find an absolute face 'ithout fault$ as I ha#e often obser#ed< not in the
face alone is this defect or dis"ro"ortion to be found< but in all the
other "arts$ of body and mind< she is fair$ indeed$ but foolish< "retty$
comely$ and decent$ of a majestical "resence$ but "erad#enture$ im"erious$
dishonest$ _acerba$ ini0ua_$ self-'illed& she is rich$ but deformed< hath a
s'eet face$ but bad carriage$ no bringing u"$ a rude and 'anton flirt< a
neat body she hath$ but it is a nasty 0uean other'ise$ a #ery slut$ of a
bad %ind. As flo'ers in a garden ha#e colour some$ but no smell$ others
ha#e a fragrant smell$ but are unseemly to the eye< one is unsa#oury to the
taste as rue$ as bitter as 'orm'ood$ and yet a most medicinal cordial
flo'er$ most acce"table to the stomach< so are men and 'omen< one is 'ell
0ualified$ but of ill "ro"ortion$ "oor and base& a good eye she hath$ but a
bad hand and foot$ _foeda "edes et foeda manus_$ a fine leg$ bad teeth$ a
#ast body$ Fc. E+amine all "arts of body and mind$ I ad#ise thee to in0uire
of all. 9ee her angry$ merry$ laugh$ 'ee"$ hot$ cold$ sic%$ sullen$
dressed$ undressed$ in all attires$ sites$ gestures$ "assions$ eat her
meals$ Fc.$ and in some of these you 'ill surely disli%e. Eea$ not her only
let him obser#e$ but her "arents ho' they carry themsel#es& for 'hat
deformities$ defects$ encumbrances of body or mind be in them at such an
age$ they 'ill li%ely be subject to$ be molested in li%e manner$ they 'ill
_"atrizare_ or _matrizare._ And 'ithal let him ta%e notice of her
com"anions$ _in con#ictu_ (as Kui#erra "rescribes)$ _et 0uibuscum
con#ersetur_$ 'hom she con#erseth 'ith. _8oscitur e+ comite$ 0ui non
cognoscitur e+ se._ ;@A?-GAccording to Thucydides$ she is commonly the
best$ _de 0uo minimus foras habetur sermo_$ that is least tal%ed of abroad.
7or if she be a noted re#eller$ a gadder$ a singer$ a "ran%er or dancer$
than ta%e heed of her. 7or 'hat saith TheocritusN
;@A?AG LAt #os festi#ae ne ne saltate "uellae$
En malus hireus adest in #os saltare "aratus.L
Eoung men 'ill do it 'hen they come to it. 7auns and satyrs 'ill certainly
"lay rea%s$ 'hen they come in such 'anton accho!s or Elenora!s "resence.
8o' 'hen they shall "ercei#e any such obli0uity$ indecency$ dis"ro"ortion$
deformity$ bad conditions$ Fc.$ let them still ruminate on that$ and as
;@A?/G5aedus ad#iseth out of 2#id$ _earum mendas notent_$ note their
faults$ #ices$ errors$ and thin% of their im"erfections< !tis the ne+t 'ay
to di#ert and mitigate lo#e!s furious headstrong "assions< as a "eacoc%!s
feet$ and filthy comb$ they say$ ma%e him forget his fine feathers$ and
"ride of his tail< she is lo#ely$ fair$ 'ell-fa#oured$ 'ell 0ualified$
courteous and %ind$ Lbut if she be not so to me$ 'hat care I ho' %ind she
beNL I say 'ith ;@A?BGPhilostratus$ _formosa aliis$ mihi su"erba_$ she is a
tyrant to me$ and so let her go. esides these out'ard ne#es or o"en
faults$ errors$ there be many in'ard infirmities$ secret$ some "ri#ate
('hich I 'ill omit)$ and some more common to the se+$ sullen fits$ e#il
0ualities$ filthy diseases$ in this case fit to be considered< consideratio
foeditatis mulierum$ menstruae im"rimis$ 0uam immundae sunt$ 0uam
9a#anarola "ro"onit regula se"tima "enitus obser#andam< et Platina _dial.
amoris_ fuse "erstringit. *odo#icus onacsialus$ _mulieb. lib. =. ca". =._
Pet. 5aedus$ Albertus$ et infiniti fere medici. ;@A@CGA lo#er$ in
:alcagninus!s A"ologies$ 'ished 'ith all his heart he 'ere his mistress!s
ring$ to hear$ embrace$ see$ and do I %no' not 'hat& 2 thou fool$ 0uoth the
ring$ if thou 'er!st in my room$ thou shouldst hear$ obser#e$ and see
_"udenda et "oenitenda_$ that 'hich 'ould ma%e thee loathe and hate her$
yea$ "erad#enture$ all 'omen for her sa%e.
I 'ill say nothing of the #ices of their minds$ their "ride$ en#y$
inconstancy$ 'ea%ness$ malice$ self'ill$ lightness$ insatiable lust$
jealousy$ Ecclus. #. ,?. L8o malice to a 'oman!s$ no bitterness li%e to
hers$L Eccles. #ii. =,. and as the same author urgeth$ Pro#. +++i. ,C. L4ho
shall find a #irtuous 'omanNL 5e ma%es a 0uestion of it. _8e0ue jus ne0ue
bonum$ ne0ue ae0uum sciunt$ melius "ejus$ "rosit$ obsit$ nihil #ident$ nisi
0uod libido suggerit_. LThey %no' neither good nor bad$ be it better or
'orseL (as the comical "oet hath it)$ Lbeneficial or hurtful$ they 'ill do
'hat they list.L
;@A@,G LInsidiae humani generis$ 0uerimonia #itae$
E+u#iae noctis$ durissima cura diei$
Poena #irum$ ne+ et ju#enum$L Fc.------
And to that "ur"ose 'ere they first made$ as Du"iter insinuates in the
;@A@=G"oet<
LThe fire that bold Prometheus stole from me$
4ith "lagues call!d 'omen shall re#enged be$
2n 'hose alluring and enticing face$
Poor mortals doting shall their death embrace.L
In fine$ as 3iogenes concludes in 8e#isanus$ _8ulla est faemina 0uae non
habeat 0uid_& they ha#e all their faults.
;@A@.G _E#ery each of them hath some #ices$
If one be full of #illainy$
Another hath a li0uorish eye$
If one be full of 'antonness$
Another is a chideress_.
4hen *eander 'as dro'ned$ the inhabitants of 9estos consecrated 5ero!s
lantern to Anteros$ _Anteroti sacrum_$ ;@A@?Gand he that had good success
in his lo#e should light the candle& but ne#er any man 'as found to light
it< 'hich I can refer to nought$ but the inconstancy and lightness of
'omen.
;@A@@G L7or in a thousand$ good there is not one<
All be so "roud$ unthan%ful$ and un%ind$
4ith flinty hearts$ careless of other!s moan.
In their o'n lusts carried most headlong blind$
ut more herein to s"ea% I am forbidden<
9ometimes for s"ea%ing truth one may be chidden.L
I am not 'illing$ you see$ to "rosecute the cause against them$ and
therefore ta%e heed you mista%e me not$ ;@A@-G_matronam nullam ego tango_$
I honour the se+$ 'ith all good men$ and as I ought to do$ rather than
dis"lease them$ I 'ill #oluntarily ta%e the oath 'hich Mercurius
ritannicus too%$ _Iiragin. descri"t. tib. =. fol. B@._ _Me nihil un0uam
mali nobilissimo se+ui$ #el #erbo$ #el facto machinaturum_$ Fc.$ let
9imonides$ Mantuan$ Platina$ Pet. Aretine$ and such 'omen-haters bare the
blame$ if aught be said amiss< I ha#e not 'rit a tenth of that 'hich might
be urged out of them and others< ;@A@AG_non "ossunt in#ecti#ae omnes$ et
satirae in foeminas scri"tae$ uno #olumine com"rehendi_. And that 'hich I
ha#e said (to s"ea% truth) no more concerns them than men$ though 'omen be
more fre0uently named in this tract< (to a"ologise once for all) I am
neither "artial against them$ or therefore bitter< 'hat is said of the one$
_mutato nomine_$ may most "art be understood of the other. My 'ords are
li%e Passus! "icture in ;@A@/G*ucian$ of 'hom$ 'hen a good fello' had
bes"o%e a horse to be "ainted 'ith his heels u"'ards$ tumbling on his bac%$
he made him "assant& no' 'hen the fello' came for his "iece$ he 'as #ery
angry$ and said$ it 'as 0uite o""osite to his mind< but Passus instantly
turned the "icture u"side do'n$ sho'ed him the horse at that site 'hich he
re0uested$ and so ga#e him satisfaction. If any man ta%e e+ce"tion at my
'ords$ let him alter the name$ read him for her$ and !tis all one in
effect.
ut to my "ur"ose& If 'omen in general be so bad (and men 'orse than they)
'hat a hazard is it to marryN 'here shall a man find a good 'ife$ or a
'oman a good husbandN A 'oman a man may esche'$ but not a 'ife& 'edding is
undoing (some say) marrying marring$ 'ooing 'oeing& ;@A@BGLa 'ife is a
fe#er hectic$L as 9caliger calls her$ Land not be cured but by death$L as
out of Menander$ Athenaeus adds$
LIn "ela"rus te jacis negotiorum$--
8on *ibyum$ non Aegeum$ ubi e+ triginta non "ereunt
Tria na#igia& duceus u+orem ser#atur "rorsus nemo.L
LThou 'adest into a sea itself of 'oes<
In *ibya and Aegean each man %no's
2f thirty not three shi"s are cast a'ay$
ut on this roc% not one esca"es$ I say.L
The 'orldly cares$ miseries$ discontents$ that accom"any marriage$ I "ray
you learn of them that ha#e e+"erience$ for I ha#e none< ;@A-CG;Gree%&
"aidas ego logous egensamaenG$ _libri mentis liberi_. 7or my "art I!ll
dissemble 'ith him$
;@A-,G LEste "rocul nym"hae$ falla+ genus este "uellae$
Iita jugata meo non facit ingenio& me ju#at$L Fc.
many married men e+claim at the miseries of it$ and rail at 'i#es
do'nright< I ne#er tried$ but as I hear some of them say$ ;@A-=G_Mare haud
mare$ #os mare acerrimum_$ an Irish 9ea is not so turbulent and raging as a
litigious 'ife.
;@A-.G L9cylla et :harybdis 9icula contor0uens freta$
Minus est timenda$ nulla non melior fera est.L
L9cylla and :harybdis are less dangerous$
There is no beast that is so no+ious.L
4hich made the de#il beli%e$ as most inter"reters hold$ 'hen he had ta%en
a'ay Dob!s goods$ _cor"oris et fortunae bona_$ health$ children$ friends$
to "ersecute him the more$ lea#e his 'ic%ed 'ife$ as Pineda "ro#es out of
Tertullian$ :y"rian$ Austin$ :hrysostom$ Pros"er$ Gaudentius$ Fc. _ut no#um
calamitatis inde genus #iro e+isteret_$ to #e+ and gall him 'orse _0uam
totus infernus_ than all the fiends in hell$ as %no'ing the conditions of a
bad 'oman. Du"iter _non tribuit homini "estilentius malum_$ saith
9imonides& Lbetter d'ell 'ith a dragon or a lion$ than %ee" house 'ith a
'ic%ed 'ife$L Ecclus. ++#. ,/. Lbetter d'ell in a 'ilderness$L Pro#. ++i.
,B. Lno 'ic%edness li%e to her$L Ecclus. ++#. ==. L9he ma%es a sorry heart$
an hea#y countenance$ a 'ounded mind$ 'ea% hands$ and feeble %nees$L #ers.
=@. LA 'oman and death are t'o the bitterest things in the 'orld&L _u+or
mihi ducenda est hodie$ id mihi #isus est dicere$ abi domum et sus"ende
te_. _Ter. And. ,. @._ And yet for all this 'e bachelors desire to be
married< 'ith that #estal #irgin$ 'e long for it$ ;@A-?G_7elices nu"taeO
moriar$ nisi nubere dulce est_. !Tis the s'eetest thing in the 'orld$ I
'ould I had a 'ife saith he$
L7or fain 'ould I lea#e a single life$
If I could get me a good 'ife.L
5eigh-ho for a husband$ cries she$ a bad husband$ nay$ the 'orst that e#er
'as is better than none& 2 blissful marriage$ 2 most 'elcome marriage$ and
ha""y are they that are so cou"led& 'e do earnestly see% it$ and are ne#er
'ell till 'e ha#e effected it. ut 'ith 'hat fateN li%e those birds in the
;@A-@GEmblem$ that fed about a cage$ so long as they could fly a'ay at
their "leasure li%ed 'ell of it< but 'hen they 'ere ta%en and might not get
loose$ though they had the same meat$ "ined a'ay for sullenness$ and 'ould
not eat. 9o 'e commend marriage$
------Ldonec miselli liberi
As"ichmis dominam< sed "ost0uam heu janua clausa est$
7el intus est 0uod mel fuit&L
L9o long as 'e are 'ooers$ may %iss and coll at our "leasure$ nothing is so
s'eet$ 'e are in hea#en as 'e thin%< but 'hen 'e are once tied$ and ha#e
lost our liberty$ marriage is an hell$L Lgi#e me my yello' hose again&L a
mouse in a tra" li#es as merrily$ 'e are in a "urgatory some of us$ if not
hell itself. _3ulce bellum ine+"ertis_$ as the "ro#erb is$ !tis fine
tal%ing of 'ar$ and marriage s'eet in contem"lation$ till it be tried& and
then as 'ars are most dangerous$ ir%some$ e#ery minute at death!s door$ so
is$ Fc. 4hen those 'ild Irish "eers$ saith ;@A--G9tanihurst$ 'ere feasted
by %ing 5enry the 9econd$ (at 'hat time he %e"t his :hristmas at 3ublin)
and had tasted of his "rince-li%e cheer$ generous 'ines$ dainty fare$ had
seen his ;@A-AGmassy "late of sil#er$ gold$ enamelled$ beset 'ith je'els$
golden candlestic%s$ goodly rich hangings$ bra#e furniture$ heard his
trum"ets sound$ fifes$ drums$ and his e+0uisite music in all %inds& 'hen
they had obser#ed his majestical "resence as he sat in "ur"le robes$
cro'ned$ 'ith his sce"tre$ Fc.$ in his royal seat$ the "oor men 'ere so
amazed$ enamoured$ and ta%en 'ith the object$ that they 'ere _"ertaesi
domestici et "ristini tyrotarchi_$ as 'eary and ashamed of their o'n
sordidity and manner of life. They 'ould all be English forth'ith< 'ho but
EnglishO but 'hen they had no' submitted themsel#es$ and lost their former
liberty$ they began to rebel some of them$ others re"ent of 'hat they had
done$ 'hen it 'as too late. !Tis so 'ith us bachelors$ 'hen 'e see and
behold those s'eet faces$ those gaudy sho's that 'omen ma%e$ obser#e their
"leasant gestures and graces$ gi#e ear to their siren tunes$ see them
dance$ Fc.$ 'e thin% their conditions are as fine as their faces$ 'e are
ta%en$ 'ith dumb signs$ _in am"le+um ruimus_$ 'e ra#e$ 'e burn$ and 'ould
fain be married. ut 'hen 'e feel the miseries$ cares$ 'oes$ that accom"any
it$ 'e ma%e our moan many of us$ cry out at length and cannot be released.
If this be true no'$ as some out of e+"erience 'ill inform us$ fare'ell
'i#ing for my "art$ and as the comical "oet merrily saith$
;@A-/G LPerdatur ille "essime 0ui foeminam
3u+it secundus$ nam nihil "rimo im"recorO
Ignarus ut "uto mali "rimus fuit.L
;@A-BG L7oul fall him that brought the second match to "ass$
The first I 'ish no harm$ "oor man alasO
5e %ne' not 'hat he did$ nor 'hat it 'as.L
4hat shall I say to him that marries again and again$ ;@AACG_9tulta
maritali 0ui "orrigit ora ca"istro_$ I "ity him not$ for the first time he
must do as he may$ bear it out sometimes by the head and shoulders$ and let
his ne+t neighbour ride$ or else run a'ay$ or as that 9yracusian in a
tem"est$ 'hen all "onderous things 'ere to be e+onerated out of the shi"$
_0uia ma+imum "ondus erat_$ fling his 'ife into the sea. ut this I confess
is comically s"o%en$ ;@AA,Gand so I "ray you ta%e it. In sober sadness$
;@AA=Gmarriage is a bondage$ a thraldom$ a yo%e$ a hindrance to all good
enter"rises$ (Lhe hath married a 'ife and cannot comeL) a sto" to all
"referments$ a roc% on 'hich many are sa#ed$ many im"inge and are cast
a'ay& not that the thing is e#il in itself or troublesome$ but full of all
contentment and ha""iness$ one of the three things 'hich "lease God$ ;@AA.G
L'hen a man and his 'ife agree together$L an honourable and ha""y estate$
'ho %no's it notN If they be sober$ 'ise$ honest$ as the "oet infers$
;@AA?G L9i commodos nanciscantur amores$
8ullum iis abest #olu"tatis genus.L
LIf fitly match!d be man and 'ife$
8o "leasure!s 'anting to their life.L
ut to undiscreet sensual "ersons$ that as brutes are 'holly led by sense$
it is a feral "lague$ many times a hell itself$ and can gi#e little or no
content$ being that they are often so irregular and "rodigious in their
lusts$ so di#erse in their affections. _H+or nomen dignitatis$ non
#olu"tatis_$ as ;@AA@Ghe said$ a 'ife is a name of honour$ not of "leasure&
she is fit to bear the office$ go#ern a family$ to bring u" children$ sit
at a board!s end and car#e$ as some carnal men thin% and say< they had
rather go to the ste's$ or ha#e no' and then a snatch as they can come by
it$ borro' of their neighbours$ than ha#e 'i#es of their o'n< e+ce"t they
may$ as some "rinces and great men do$ %ee" as many courtesans as they 'ill
themsel#es$ fly out _im"une_$ ;@AA-G_Permolere u+ores alienas_$ that
"olygamy of Tur%s$ *e+ Dulia$ 'ith :aesar once enforced in 1ome$ (though
*e#inus Torrentius and others sus"ect it) _uti u+ores 0uot et 0uas #ellent
liceret_$ that e#ery great man might marry$ and %ee" as many 'i#es as he
'ould$ or Irish di#orcement 'ere in use& but as it is$ !tis hard and gi#es
not that satisfaction to these carnal men$ beastly men as too many are&
;@AAAG4hat still the same$ to be tied ;@AA/Gto one$ be she ne#er so fair$
ne#er so #irtuous$ is a thing they may not endure$ to lo#e one long. 9ay
thy "leasure$ and counterfeit as thou 'ilt$ as ;@AABGParmeno told Thais$
_8e0ue tu uno eris contenta_$ Lone man 'ill ne#er "lease thee<L nor one
'oman many men. ut as ;@A/CGPan re"lied to his father Mercury$ 'hen he
as%ed 'hether he 'as married$ _8e0ua0uam "ater$ amator enim sum_ Fc. L8o$
father$ no$ I am a lo#er still$ and cannot be contented 'ith one 'oman.L
Pythias$ Echo$ Menades$ and I %no' not ho' many besides$ 'ere his
mistresses$ he might not abide marriage. _Iarietas delectat_$ !tis
loathsome and tedious$ 'hat one stillN 'hich the satirist said of Iberina$
is #erified in most$
;@A/,G LHnus Iberinae #ir sufficitN ocyus illud
E+tor0uebis ut haec oculo contenta sit uno.L
L!Tis not one man 'ill ser#e her by her 'ill$
As soon she!ll ha#e one eye as one man still.L
As ca"able of any im"ression as _materia "rima_ itself$ that still desires
ne' forms$ li%e the sea their affections ebb and flo'. 5usband is a cloa%
for some to hide their #illainy< once married she may fly out at her
"leasure$ the name of husband is a sanctuary to ma%e all good. _Eo #entum_
(saith 9eneca) _ut nulla #irum habeat$ nisi ut irritet adulterum_. They are
right and straight$ as true Trojans as mine host!s daughter$ that 9"anish
'ench in ;@A/=GAriosto$ as good 'i#es as Messalina. Many men are as
constant in their choice$ and as good husbands as 8ero himself$ they must
ha#e their "leasure of all they see$ and are in a 'ord far more fic%le than
any 'oman.
_7or either they be full of jealousy$
2r masterfull$ or lo#en no#elty_.
Good men ha#e often ill 'i#es$ as bad as Janthi""e 'as to 9ocrates$ Ele#ora
to 9t. *e'is$ Isabella to our Ed'ard the 9econd< and good 'i#es are as
often matched to ill husbands$ as Mariamne to 5erod$ 9erena to 3iocletian$
Theodora to Theo"hilus$ and Thyra to Gurmunde. ut I 'ill say nothing of
dissolute and bad husbands$ of bachelors and their #ices< their good
0ualities are a fitter subject for a just #olume$ too 'ell %no'n already in
e#ery #illage$ to'n and city$ they need no blazon< and lest I should mar
any matches$ or dishearten lo#ing maids$ for this "resent I 'ill let them
"ass.
eing that men and 'omen are so irreligious$ de"ra#ed by nature$ so
'andering in their affections$ so brutish$ so subject to disagreement$ so
unobser#ant of marriage rites$ 'hat shall I sayN If thou beest such a one$
or thou light on such a 'ife$ 'hat concord can there be$ 'hat ho"e of
agreementN !tis not _conjugium_ but _conjurgium_$ as the 1eed and 7ern in
the ;@A/.GEmblem$ a#erse and o""osite in nature& !tis t'enty to one thou
'ilt not marry to thy contentment& but as in a lottery forty blan%s 'ere
dra'n commonly for one "rize$ out of a multitude you shall hardly choose a
good one& a small ease hence then$ little comfort$
;@A/?G L8ec integrum un0uam transiges laetus diem.L
LIf he or she be such a one$
Thou hadst much better be alone.L
If she be barren$ she is not--Fc. If she ha#e ;@A/@Gchildren$ and thy state
be not good$ though thou be 'ary and circums"ect$ thy charge 'ill undo
thee$--_foecunda domum tibi "role gra#abit_$ ;@A/-Gthou 'ilt not be able to
bring them u"$ ;@A/AGLand 'hat greater misery can there be than to beget
children$ to 'hom thou canst lea#e no other inheritance but hunger and
thirstNL ;@A//G_cum fames dominatur$ strident #oces rogantium "anem$
"enetrantes "atris cor_& 'hat so grie#ous as to turn them u" to the 'ide
'orld$ to shift for themsel#esN 8o "lague li%e to 'ant& and 'hen thou hast
good means$ and art #ery careful of their education$ they 'ill not be
ruled. Thin% but of that old "ro#erb$ ;Gree%& haeiroon te%na "aemataG$
_heroum filii no+ae_$ great men!s sons seldom do 'ell< _2 utinam aut
coelebs mansissem$ aut "role careremO_ L'ould that I had either remained
single$ or not had children$L ;@A/BGAugustus e+claims in 9uetonius. Dacob
had his 1euben$ 9imeon and *e#i< 3a#id an Amnon$ an Absalom$ Adoniah< 'ise
men!s sons are commonly fools$ insomuch that 9"artian concludes$ _8eminem
"ro"e magnorum #irorum o"timum et utilem reli0uisse filium_& ;@ABCGthey had
been much better to ha#e been childless. !Tis too common in the middle
sort< thy son!s a drun%ard$ a gamester$ a s"endthrift< thy daughter a fool$
a 'hore< thy ser#ants lazy drones and thie#es< thy neighbours de#ils$ they
'ill ma%e thee 'eary of thy life. ;@AB,GLIf thy 'ife be fro'ard$ 'hen she
may not ha#e her 'ill$ thou hadst better be buried ali#e< she 'ill be so
im"atient$ ra#ing still$ and roaring li%e Duno in the tragedy$ there!s
nothing but tem"ests$ all is in an u"roar.L If she be soft and foolish$
thou 'ert better ha#e a bloc%$ she 'ill shame thee and re#eal thy secrets<
if 'ise and learned$ 'ell 0ualified$ there is as much danger on the other
side$ _mulierem doctam ducere "ericulosissimum_$ saith 8e#isanus$ she 'ill
be too insolent and "ee#ish$ ;@AB=G_Malo Ienusinam 0uam te :ornelia mater_.
Ta%e heed< if she be a slut$ thou 'ilt loathe her< if "roud$ she!ll beggar
thee$ so ;@AB.GLshe!ll s"end thy "atrimony in baubles$ all Arabia 'ill not
ser#e to "erfume her hair$L saith *ucian< if fair and 'anton$ she!ll ma%e
thee a cornuto< if deformed$ she 'ill "aint. ;@AB?GLIf her face be filthy
by nature$ she 'ill mend it by art$L _alienis et adscititiis im"osturis_$
L'hich 'ho can endureNL If she do not "aint$ she 'ill loo% so filthy$ thou
canst not lo#e her$ and that "erad#enture 'ill ma%e thee dishonest.
:romerus _lib. ,=. hist._$ relates of :asimirus$ ;@AB@Gthat he 'as
unchaste$ because his 'ife Aleida$ the daughter of 5enry$ *andgra#e of
5esse$ 'as so deformed. If she be "oor$ she brings beggary 'ith her (saith
8e#isanus)$ misery and discontent. If you marry a maid$ it is uncertain ho'
she "ro#es$ _5aec forsan #eniet non satis a"ta tibi_. ;@AB-GIf young$ she
is li%ely 'anton and untaught< if lusty$ too lasci#ious< and if she be not
satisfied$ you %no' 'here and 'hen$ _nil nisi jurgia_$ all is in an u"roar$
and there is little 0uietness to be had< If an old maid$ !tis a hazard she
dies in childbed< if a ;@ABAGrich 'ido'$ _induces te in la0ueum_$ thou dost
halter thyself$ she 'ill ma%e all a'ay beforehand$ to her other children$
Fc.--;@AB/G_dominam 0uis "ossit ferre tonantem_N she 'ill hit thee still in
the teeth 'ith her first husband< if a young 'ido'$ she is often insatiable
and immodest. If she be rich$ 'ell descended$ bring a great do'ry$ or be
nobly allied$ thy 'ife!s friends 'ill eat thee out of house and home$
_di#es ruinam aedibus inducit_$ she 'ill be so "roud$ so high-minded$ so
im"erious. 7or--_nihil est magis intolerabile dite_$ Lthere!s nothing so
intolerable$L thou shalt be as the tassel of a gosha'%$ ;@ABBGLshe 'ill
ride u"on thee$ domineer as she list$L 'ear the breeches in her
oligarchical go#ernment$ and beggar thee besides. _H+ores di#ites
ser#itutem e+igunt_ (as 9eneca hits them$ _declam. lib. =. declam.
-._)--_3otem acce"i im"erium "erdidi_. They 'ill ha#e so#ereignty$ _"ro
conjuge dominam arcessis_$ they 'ill ha#e attendance$ they 'ill do 'hat
they list. ;@/CCGIn ta%ing a do'ry thou losest thy liberty$ _dos intrat$
libertas e+it_$ hazardest thine estate.
L5ae sunt at0ue aliae multae in magnis dotibus
Incommoditates$ sum"tus0ue intolerabiles$L Fc.
L'ith many such incon#eniences&L say the best$ she is a commanding ser#ant<
thou hadst better ha#e ta%en a good house'ife maid in her smoc%. 9ince then
there is such hazard$ if thou be 'ise %ee" thyself as thou art$ !tis good
to match$ much better to be free.
;@/C,G L--"rocreare liberos le"idissimum.
5ercle #ero liberum esse$ id multo est le"idius.L
;@/C=GArt thou youngN then match not yet< if old$ match not at all.
LIis ju#enis nubereN nondum #enit tem"us.
Ingra#escente aetate jam tem"us "raeteriit.L
And therefore$ 'ith that "hiloso"her$ still ma%e ans'er to thy friends that
im"ortune thee to marry$ _adhuc intem"esti#um_$ !tis yet unseasonable$ and
e#er 'ill be.
:onsider 'ithal ho' free$ ho' ha""y$ ho' secure$ ho' hea#enly$ in res"ect$
a single man is$ ;@/C.Gas he said in the comedy$ _Et isti 0uod fortunatum
esse autumant$ u+orem nun0uam habui_$ and that 'hich all my neighbours
admire and a""laud me for$ account so great a ha""iness$ I ne#er had a
'ife< consider ho' contentedly$ 0uietly$ neatly$ "lentifully$ s'eetly$ and
ho' merrily he li#esO he hath no man to care for but himself$ none to
"lease$ no charge$ none to control him$ is tied to no residence$ no cure to
ser#e$ may go and come$ 'hen$ 'hither$ li#e 'here he 'ill$ his o'n master$
and do 'hat he list himself. :onsider the e+cellency of #irgins$ ;@/C?G
_Iirgo coelum meruit_$ marriage re"lenisheth the earth$ but #irginity
Paradise< Elias$ Eliseus$ Dohn a"tist$ 'ere bachelors& #irginity is a
"recious je'el$ a fair garland$ a ne#er-fading flo'er< ;@/C@Gfor 'hy 'as
3a"hne turned to a green bay-tree$ but to sho' that #irginity is immortalN
;@/C-G LHt flos in se"tis secretus nascitur hortis$
Ignotus "ecori$ nullo contusus aratro$
Kuam mulcent aurae$ firmat sol$ educat imber$ Fc.
9ic #irgo dum intacta manet$ dum chara suis$ sed
:um :astum amisit$L Fc.------
Iirginity is a fine "icture$ as ;@/CAGona#enture calls it$ a blessed thing
in itself$ and if you 'ill belie#e a Pa"ist$ meritorious. And although
there be some incon#eniences$ ir%someness$ solitariness$ Fc.$ incident to
such "ersons$ 'ant of those comforts$ _0uae$ aegro assideat et curet
aegrotum$ fomentum "aret$ roget medieum_$ Fc.$ embracing$ dalliance$
%issing$ colling$ Fc.$ those furious moti#es and 'anton "leasures a
ne'-married 'ife most "art enjoys< yet they are but toys in res"ect$ easily
to be endured$ if conferred to those fre0uent encumbrances of marriage.
9olitariness may be other'ise a#oided 'ith mirth$ music$ good com"any$
business$ em"loyment< in a 'ord$ ;@/C/G_Gaudebit minus$ et minus dolebit_<
for their good nights$ he shall ha#e good days. And methin%s some time or
other$ amongst so many rich bachelors$ a benefactor should be found to
build a monastical college for old$ decayed$ deformed$ or discontented
maids to li#e together in$ that ha#e lost their first lo#es$ or other'ise
miscarried$ or else are 'illing ho'soe#er to lead a single life. The rest I
say are toys in res"ect$ and sufficiently recom"ensed by those innumerable
contents and incom"arable "ri#ileges of #irginity. Thin% of these things$
confer both li#es$ and consider last of all these commodious "rerogati#es a
bachelor hath$ ho' 'ell he is esteemed$ ho' heartily 'elcome to all his
friends$ _0uam mentitis obse0uiis_$ as Tertullian obser#es$ 'ith 'hat
counterfeit courtesies they 'ill adore him$ follo' him$ "resent him 'ith
gifts$ _humatis donis_< Lit cannot be belie#edL (saith ;@/CBGAmmianus)
L'ith 'hat humble ser#ice he shall be 'orshi""ed$L ho' lo#ed and res"ected&
LIf he 'ant children$ (and ha#e means) he shall be often in#ited$ attended
on by "rinces$ and ha#e ad#ocates to "lead his cause for nothing$L as
;@/,CG Plutarch adds. 4ilt thou then be re#erenced$ and had in estimationN
;@/,,G ------Ldominus tamen et domini re+
9i tu #is fieri$ nullus tibi "ar#ulus aula.
*userit Aeneas$ nec filia dulcior illaN
Ducundum et charum sterilis facit u+or amicum.L
*i#e a single man$ marry not$ and thou shalt soon "ercei#e ho' those
5aeredi"etae (for so they 'ere called of old) 'ill see% after thee$ bribe
and flatter thee for thy fa#our$ to be thine heir or e+ecutor& Aruntius and
Aterius$ those famous "arasites in this %ind$ as Tacitus and ;@/,=G9eneca
ha#e recorded$ shall not go beyond them. Peri"lectomines$ that good
"ersonate old man$ _delicium senis_$ 'ell understood this in Plautus& for
'hen Pleusides e+horted him to marry that he might ha#e children of his
o'n$ he readily re"lied in this sort$
LKuando habeo multos cognatos$ 0uid o"us mihi sit liberisN
8unc bene #i#o et fortunate$ at0ue animo ut lubet.
Mea bona mea morte cognatis dicam inter"artiant.
Illi a"ud me edunt$ me curant$ #isunt 0uid agam$ ec0uid #elim$
Kui mihi mittunt munera$ ad "randium$ ad coenam #ocant.L
L4hilst I ha#e %in$ 'hat need I brats to ha#eN
8o' I li#e 'ell$ and as I 'ill$ most bra#e.
And 'hen I die$ my goods I!ll gi#e a'ay
To them that do in#ite me e#ery day.
That #isit me$ and send me "retty toys$
And stri#e 'ho shall do me most courtesies.L
This res"ect thou shalt ha#e in li%e manner$ li#ing as he did$ a single
man. ut if thou marry once$ ;@/,.G_cogitato in omni #ita te ser#um fore_$
bethin% thyself 'hat a sla#ery it is$ 'hat a hea#y burden thou shalt
underta%e$ ho' hard a tas% thou art tied to$ (for as 5ierome hath it$ _0ui
u+orem habet$ debitor est$ et u+oris ser#us alligatus_$) and ho'
continuate$ 'hat s0ualor attends it$ 'hat ir%someness$ 'hat charges$ for
'ife and children are a "er"etual bill of charges< besides a myriad of
cares$ miseries$ and troubles< for as that comical Plautus merrily and
truly said$ he that 'ants trouble$ must get to be master of a shi"$ or
marry a 'ife< and as another seconds him$ 'ife and children ha#e undone me<
so many and such infinite encumbrances accom"any this %ind of life.
7urthermore$ _u+or intumuit_$ Fc.$ or as he said in the comedy$ ;@/,?G_3u+i
u+orem$ 0uam ibi miseriam #idi$ nati filii$ alia cura_. All gifts and
in#itations cease$ no friend 'ill esteem thee$ and thou shalt be com"elled
to lament thy misery$ and ma%e thy moan 'ith ;@/,@Gartholomeus 9cheraeus$
that famous "oet laureate$ and "rofessor of 5ebre' in 4ittenberg& I had
finished this 'or% long since$ but that _inter alia dura et tristia 0uae
misero mihi "ene tergum fregerunt_$ (I use his o'n 'ords) amongst many
miseries 'hich almost bro%e my bac%$ ;Gree%& syzygiaG _ob Janti"ismum_$ a
shre' to my 'ife tormented my mind abo#e measure$ and beyond the rest. 9o
shalt thou be com"elled to com"lain$ and to cry out at last$ 'ith
;@/,-GPhoroneus the la'yer$ L5o' ha""y had I been$ if I had 'anted a 'ifeOL
If this 'hich I ha#e said 'ill not suffice$ see more in *emnius _lib. ?.
ca". ,.. de occult. nat. mir._ Es"ensaeus _de continentia$ lib. -. ca". /._
6ornman _de #irginitate_$ Platina _in Amor. dial. Practica artis amandi_$
arbarus _de re u+oria_$ Arnisaeus _in "olit. ca". .._ and him that is
_instar omnium_$ 8e#isanus the la'yer$ _9yl#a nu"tial_$ almost in e#ery
"age.
9H9E:T. II.--_Philters$ Magical and Poetical :ures_.
4here "ersuasions and other remedies 'ill not ta%e "lace$ many fly to
unla'ful means$ "hilters$ amulets$ magic s"ells$ ligatures$ characters$
charms$ 'hich as a 'ound 'ith the s"ear of Achilles$ if so made and caused$
must so be cured. If forced by s"ells and "hilters$ saith Paracelsus$ it
must be eased by characters$ _Mag. lib. =. ca" =/._ and by incantations.
7ernelius _Path. lib. -. ca". ,.._ ;@/,AG9%en%ius _lib. ?. obser#. med_.
hath some e+am"les of such as ha#e been so magically caused$ and magically
cured$ and by 'itchcraft& so saith a"tista :odronchus$ _lib. .. ca". B. de
mor. #en._ _Malleus malef. ca". -._ !Tis not "ermitted to be done$ I
confess< yet often attem"ted& see more in 4ierus _lib. .. ca". ,/. de
"raestig. de remediis "er "hiltra._ 3elrio _tom. =. lib. =. 0uaest. ..
sect. .. dis0uisit. magic_. :ardan _lib. ,-. ca". BC._ rec%ons u" many
magnetical medicines$ as to "iss through a ring$ Fc. Mizaldus _cent. ..
.C_$ a"tista Porta$ Dason Pratensis$ *obelius _"ag. /A_$ Matthiolus$ Fc.$
"rescribe many absurd remedies. 1adi+ mandragora ebibitae$ Annuli e+
ungulis Asini$ 9tercus amatae sub cer#ical "ositum$ illa nesciente$ Fc.$
0uum odorem foeditatis sentit$ amor sol#itur. 8octuae ocum abstemios facit
comestum$ e+ consilio Darthae Indorum gymnoso"histae a"ud Philostratum
_lib. .._ 9anguis amasiae$ ebibitus omnem amoris sensum tollit& 7austinam
Marci Aurelii u+orem$ gladiatoris amore ca"tam$ ita "enitus consilio
:haldaeorum liberatam$ refert Dulius :a"itolinus. 9ome of our astrologers
'ill effect as much by characteristical images$ _e+ sigillis 5ermetis$
9alomonis$ :haelis$ Fc. mulieris imago habentis crines s"arsos_$ Fc. 2ur
old "oets and fantastical 'riters ha#e many fabulous remedies for such as
are lo#esic%$ as that of Protesilaus! tomb in Philostratus$ in his dialogue
bet'een Phoeni+ and Iinitor& Iinitor$ u"on occasion discoursing of the rare
#irtues of that shrine$ telleth him that Protesilaus! altar and tomb
;@/,/GLcures almost all manner of diseases$ consum"tions$ dro"sies$
0uartan-agues$ sore eyes& and amongst the rest$ such as are lo#esic% shall
there be hel"ed.L ut the most famous is ;@/,BG*eucata Petra$ that reno'ned
roc% in Greece$ of 'hich 9trabo 'rites$ _Geog. lib. ,C._ not far from 9t.
Maures$ saith 9ands$ _lib. ,._ from 'hich roc% if any lo#er flung himself
do'n headlong$ he 'as instantly cured. Ienus after the death of Adonis$
L'hen she could ta%e no rest for lo#e$L ;@/=CG_:um #esana suas torreret
flamma medullas_$ came to the tem"le of A"ollo to %no' 'hat she should do
to be eased of her "ain& A"ollo sent her to *eucata Petra$ 'here she
"reci"itated herself$ and 'as forth'ith freed< and 'hen she 'ould needs
%no' of him a reason of it$ he told her again$ that he had often obser#ed
;@/=,GDu"iter$ 'hen he 'as enamoured on Duno$ thither go to ease and 'ash
himself$ and after him di#ers others. :e"halus for the lo#e of Protela$
3egonetus! daughter$ lea"ed do'n here$ that *esbian 9a""ho for Phaon$ on
'hom she miserably doted. ;@/==G_:u"idinis aestro "ercita e summo "raece"s
ruit_$ ho"ing thus to ease herself$ and to be freed of her lo#e "angs.
;@/=.G L5ic se 3eucalion Pyrrhae suecensus amore
Mersit$ et illaeso cor"ore "ressit a0uas.
8ec mora$ fugit amor$L Fc.------
L5ither 3eucalion came$ 'hen Pyrrha!s lo#e
Tormented him$ and lea"t do'n to the sea$
And had no harm at all$ but by and by
5is lo#e 'as gone and chased 0uite a'ay.L
This medicine Dos. 9caliger s"ea%s of$ _Ausoniarum lectionum lib. ,/._
9almutz _in Pancirol. de A. mundi mirac._ and other 'riters. Pliny re"orts$
that amongst the :yzeni$ there is a 'ell consecrated to :u"id$ of 'hich if
any lo#er taste$ his "assion is mitigated& and Anthony Ierdurius _Imag.
deorum de :u"id._ saith$ that amongst the ancients there 'as ;@/=?G_Amor
*ethes_$ Lhe too% burning torches$ and e+tinguished them in the ri#er< his
statute 'as to be seen in the tem"le of Ienus Eleusina$L of 'hich 2#id
ma%es mention$ and saith Lthat all lo#ers of old 'ent thither on
"ilgrimage$ that 'ould be rid of their lo#e-"angs.L Pausanias$ in ;@/=@G
Phocicis$ 'rites of a tem"le dedicated _Ieneri in s"elunca_$ to Ienus in
the #ault$ at 8au"actus in Achaia (no' *e"anto) in 'hich your 'ido's that
'ould ha#e second husbands$ made their su""lications to the goddess< all
manner of suits concerning lo#ers 'ere commenced$ and their grie#ances
hel"ed. The same author$ in Achaicis$ tells as much of the ri#er ;@/=-G
9enelus in Greece< if any lo#er 'ashed himself in it$ by a secret #irtue of
that 'ater$ (by reason of the e+treme coldness beli%e) he 'as healed$ of
lo#e!s torments$ ;@/=AG_Amoris #ulnus idem 0ui sanat facit_< 'hich if it be
so$ that 'ater$ as he holds$ is _omni auro "retiosior_$ better than any
gold. 4here none of all these remedies 'ill ta%e "lace$ I %no' no other but
that all lo#ers must ma%e a head and rebel$ as they did in ;@/=/GAusonius$
and crucify :u"id till he grant their re0uest$ or satisfy their desires.
9H9E:T. I.--_The last and best :ure of *o#e-Melancholy$ is to let them
ha#e their 3esire_.
The last refuge and surest remedy$ to be "ut in "ractice in the utmost
"lace$ 'hen no other means 'ill ta%e effect$ is to let them go together$
and enjoy one another& _"otissima cura est ut heros amasia sua "otiatur_$
saith Guianerius$ _ca". ,@. tract. ,@._ Aescula"ius himself$ to this
malady$ cannot in#ent a better remedy$ _0uam ut amanti cedat amatum_$
;@/=BG(Dason Pratensis) than that a lo#er ha#e his desire.
LEt "ariter torulo bini jungantur in uno$
Et "ulchro detur Aeneae *a#inia conju+.L
LAnd let them both be joined in a bed$
And let Aeneas fair *a#inia 'ed<L
!Tis the s"ecial cure$ to let them bleed in _#ena 5ymencaea_$ for lo#e is a
"leurisy$ and if it be "ossible$ so let it be$--_o"tata0ue gaudia car"ant_.
;@/.CGArculanus holds it the s"eediest and the best cure$ !tis 9a#anarola!s
;@/.,Glast "rece"t$ a "rinci"al infallible remedy$ the last$ sole$ and
safest refuge.
;@/.=G LDulia sola "oles nostras e+tinguere flammas$
8on ni#e$ nun glacie$ sed "otes igne "ari.L
LDulia alone can 0uench my desire$
4ith neither ice nor sno'$ but 'ith li%e fire.L
4hen you ha#e all done$ saith ;@/..GA#icenna$ Lthere is no s"eedier or
safer course$ than to join the "arties together according to their desires
and 'ishes$ the custom and form of la'< and so 'e ha#e seen him 0uic%ly
restored to his former health$ that 'as languished a'ay to s%in and bones<
after his desire 'as satisfied$ his discontent ceased$ and 'e thought it
strange< our o"inion is therefore that in such cases nature is to be
obeyed.L Areteus$ an old author$ _lib. .. ca". .._ hath an instance of a
young man$ ;@/.?G'hen no other means could "re#ail$ 'as so s"eedily
relie#ed. 4hat remains then but to join them in marriageN
;@/.@G LTunc et basia morsiunculas0ue
9urre"tim dare$ mutuos fo#ere
Am"le+us licet$ et licet jocari<L
Lthey may then %iss and coll$ lie and loo% babies in one another!s eyes$L
as heir sires before them did$ they may then satiate themsel#es 'ith lo#e!s
"leasures$ 'hich they ha#e so long 'ished and e+"ected<
LAt0ue uno simul in toro 0uiescant$
:onjuncto simul ore sua#ientur$
Et somnos agitent 0uiete in una.L
Eea$ but _hic labor$ hoc o"us_$ this cannot con#eniently be done$ by reason
of many and se#eral im"ediments. 9ometimes both "arties themsel#es are not
agreed& "arents$ tutors$ masters$ guardians$ 'ill not gi#e consent< la's$
customs$ statutes hinder& "o#erty$ su"erstition$ fear and sus"icion& many
men dote on one 'oman$ _semel et simul_& she dotes as much on him$ or them$
and in modesty must not$ cannot 'oo$ as un'illing to confess as 'illing to
lo#e& she dare not ma%e it %no'n$ sho' her affection$ or s"ea% her mind.
LAnd hard is the choiceL (as it is in Eu"hues) L'hen one is com"elled
either by silence to die 'ith grief$ or by s"ea%ing to li#e 'ith shame.L In
this case almost 'as the fair lady Elizabeth$ Ed'ard the 7ourth his
daughter$ 'hen she 'as enamoured on 5enry the 9e#enth$ that noble young
"rince$ and ne' saluted %ing$ 'hen she bro%e forth into that "assionate
s"eech$ ;@/.-G L2 that I 'ere 'orthy of that comely "rinceO but my father
being dead$ I 'ant friends to motion such a matterO 4hat shall I sayN I am
all alone$ and dare not o"en my mind to any. 4hat if I ac0uaint my mother
'ith itN bashfulness forbids. 4hat if some of the lordsN audacity 'ants. 2
that I might but confer 'ith him$ "erha"s in discourse I might let sli"
such a 'ord that might disco#er mine intentionOL 5o' many modest maids may
this concern$ I am a "oor ser#ant$ 'hat shall I doN I am a fatherless
child$ and 'ant means$ I am blithe and bu+om$ young and lusty$ but I ha#e
ne#er a suitor$ _E+"ectant stolidi ut ego illos rogatum #eniam_$ as
;@/.AGshe said$ A com"any of silly fello's loo% beli%e that I should 'oo
them and s"ea% first& fain they 'ould and cannot 'oo$--;@/./G_0uae "rimum
e+ordia sumam_N being merely "assi#e they may not ma%e suit$ 'ith many such
lets and incon#eniences$ 'hich I %no' not< 'hat shall 'e do in such a caseN
sing L7ortune my foeN L------
9ome are so curious in this behalf$ as those old 1omans$ our modern
Ienetians$ 3utch and 7rench$ that if t'o "arties clearly lo#e$ the one
noble$ the other ignoble$ they may not by their la's match$ though e0ual
other'ise in years$ fortunes$ education$ and all good affection. In
Germany$ e+ce"t they can "ro#e their gentility by three descents$ they
scorn to match 'ith them. A nobleman must marry a noble'oman& a baron$ a
baron!s daughter< a %night$ a %night!s< a gentleman$ a gentleman!s& as
slaters sort their slates$ do they degrees and families. If she be ne#er so
rich$ fair$ 'ell 0ualified other'ise$ they 'ill ma%e him forsa%e her. The
9"aniards abhor all 'ido's< the Tur%s re"ute them old 'omen$ if "ast
fi#e-and-t'enty. ut these are too se#ere la's$ and strict customs$ _dandum
ali0uid amori_$ 'e are all the sons of Adam$ !tis o""osite to nature$ it
ought not to be so. Again& he lo#es her most im"otently$ she lo#es not him$
and so _e contra_. ;@/.BGPan lo#ed Echo$ Echo 9atyrus$ 9atyrus *yda.
LKuantum i"sorum ali0uis amantem oderat$
Tantum i"sius amans odiosus erat.L
LThey lo#e and loathe of all sorts$ he lo#es her$ she hates him< and is
loathed of him$ on 'hom she dotes.L :u"id hath t'o darts$ one to force
lo#e$ all of gold$ and that shar"$--;@/?CG_Kuod facit auratum est_< another
blunt$ of lead$ and that to hinder<--_fugat hoc$ facit illud amorem_$ Lthis
dis"els$ that creates lo#e.L This 'e see too often #erified in our common
e+"erience. ;@/?,G:horesus dearly lo#ed that #irgin :allyrrhoe< but the
more he lo#ed her$ the more she hated him. 2enone lo#ed Paris$ but he
rejected her& they are stiff of all sides$ as if beauty 'ere therefore
created to undo$ or be undone. I gi#e her all attendance$ all obser#ance$ I
"ray and intreat$ ;@/?=G_Alma "recor miserere mei_$ fair mistress "ity me$
I s"end myself$ my time$ friends and fortunes$ to 'in her fa#our$ (as he
com"lains in the ;@/?.GEclogue$) I lament$ sigh$ 'ee"$ and ma%e my moan to
her$ Lbut she is hard as flint$L--_cautibus Ismariis immotior_--as fair and
hard as a diamond$ she 'ill not res"ect$ _3es"ectus tibi sum_$ or hear me$
;@/??G ------Lfugit illa #ocantem
8il lachrymas miserata meas$ nil fle+a 0uerelis.L
4hat shall I doN
LI 'ooed her as a young man should do$
ut sir$ she said$ I lo#e not you.L
;@/?@G L3urior at sco"ulis mea :oelia$ marmore$ ferro$
1obore$ ru"e$ antro$ cornu$ adamante$ gelu.L
L1oc%$ marble$ heart of oa% 'ith iron barr!d$
7rost$ flint or adamants$ are not so hard.L
I gi#e$ I bribe$ I send "resents$ but they are refused. ;@/?-G_1usticus est
:oridon$ nec munera curat Ale+is_. I "rotest$ I s'ear$ I 'ee"$
;@/?AG ------Lodio0ue re"endit amores$
Irrisu lachrymasL------
L9he neglects me for all this$ she derides me$L contemns me$ she hates me$
LPhillida flouts me&L _:aute$ feris$ 0uercu durior Eurydice_$ stiff$
churlish$ roc%y still.
And !tis most true$ many gentle'omen are so nice$ they scorn all suitors$
crucify their "oor "aramours$ and thin% nobody good enough for them$ as
dainty to "lease as 3a"hne herself.
;@/?/G LMulti illum "etiere$ illa as"ernate "etentes$
8ec 0uid 5ymen$ 0uid amor$ 0uid sint connubia curat.L
LMany did 'oo her$ but she scorn!d them still$
And said she 'ould not marry by her 'ill.L
2ne 'hile they 'ill not marry$ as they say at least$ ('hen as they intend
nothing less) another 'hile not yet$ 'hen !tis their only desire$ they ra#e
u"on it. 9he 'ill marry at last$ but not him& he is a "ro"er man indeed$
and 'ell 0ualified$ but he 'ants means& another of her suitors hath good
means$ but he 'ants 'it< one is too old$ another too young$ too deformed$
she li%es not his carriage& a third too loosely gi#en$ he is rich$ but base
born& she 'ill be a gentle'oman$ a lady$ as her sister is$ as her mother
is& she is all out as fair$ as 'ell brought u"$ hath as good a "ortion$ and
she loo%s for as good a match$ as Matilda or 3orinda& if not$ she is
resol#ed as yet to tarry$ so a"t are young maids to boggle at e#ery object$
so soon 'on or lost 'ith e#ery toy$ so 0uic%ly di#erted$ so hard to be
"leased. In the meantime$ _0uot torsit amantes_N one suitor "ines a'ay$
languisheth in lo#e$ _mori 0uot deni0ue cogitO_ another sighs and grie#es$
she cares not& and 'hich ;@/?BG9iroza objected to Ariadne$
L8ec magis Euryali gemitu$ lacrymis0ue mo#eris$
Kuam "rece turbati flectitur ora sati.
Tu ju#enem$ 0uo non formosior alter in urbe$
9"ernis$ et insano cogis amore mori.L
LIs no more mo#!d 'ith those sad sighs and tears$
2f her s'eetheart$ than raging sea 'ith "rayers&
Thou scorn!st the fairest youth in all our city$
And ma%!st him almost mad for lo#e to die&L
They ta%e a "ride to "ran% u" themsel#es$ to ma%e young men. enamoured$--
;@/@CG_ca"tare #iros et s"ernere ca"ias_$ to dote on them$ and to run mad
for their sa%es$
;@/@,G ------Lsed nullis illa mo#etur
7letibus$ aut #oces ullas tractabilis audit.L
L4hilst niggardly their fa#ours they disco#er$
They lo#e to be belo#!d$ yet scorn the lo#er.L
All suit and ser#ice is too little for them$ "resents too base& _Tormentis
gaudet amantis--et s"oliis_. As Atalanta they must be o#errun$ or not 'on.
Many young men are as obstinate$ and as curious in their choice$ as
tyrannically "roud$ insulting$ deceitful$ false-hearted$ as irrefragable
and "ee#ish on the other side< 8arcissus-li%e$
;@/@=G LMulti illum ju#enes$ multae "etiere "uellae$
9ed fuit in tenera tam dira su"erbia forma$
8ulli illum ju#enes$ nullas "etiere "uellae.L
LEoung men and maids did to him sue$
ut in his youth$ so "roud$ so coy 'as he$
Eoung men and maids bade him adieu.L
Echo 'e"t and 'ooed him by all means abo#e the rest$ *o#e me for "ity$ or
"ity me for lo#e$ but he 'as obstinate$ _Ante ait emoriar 0uam sit tibi
co"ia nostri_$ Lhe 'ould rather die than gi#e consent.L Psyche ran 'hining
after :u"id$
;@/@.G L7ormosum tua te Psyche formosa re0uirit$
Et "oscit te dia deum$ "uerum0ue "uella<L
L7air :u"id$ thy fair Psyche to thee sues$
A lo#ely lass a fine young gallant 'oos<L
but he rejected her ne#ertheless. Thus many lo#ers do hold out so long$
doting on themsel#es$ stand in their o'n light$ till in the end they come
to be scorned and rejected$ as 9troza!s Gargiliana 'as$
LTe ju#enes$ te odere senes$ deserta0ue langues$
Kuae fueras "rocerum "ublica cura "rius.L
Loth young and old do hate thee scorned no'$
That once 'as all their joy and comfort too.L
As 8arcissus 'as himself$
------L4ho des"ising many.
3ied ere he could enjoy the lo#e of any.L
They begin to be contemned themsel#es of others$ as he 'as of his shado'$
and ta%e u" 'ith a "oor curate$ or an old ser#ing-man at last$ that might
ha#e had their choice of right good matches in their youth< li%e that
generous mare$ in ;@/@?GPlutarch$ 'hich 'ould admit of none but great
horses$ but 'hen her tail 'as cut off and mane shorn close$ and she no' sa'
herself so deformed in the 'ater$ 'hen she came to drin%$ _ab asino
conscendi se "assa_$ she 'as contented at last to be co#ered by an ass. Eet
this is a common humour$ 'ill not be left$ and cannot be hel"ed.
;@/@@G L5anc #olo 0uae non #ult$ illam 0uae #ult ego nolo&
Iincere #ult animos$ non satiare Ienus.L
LI lo#e a maid$ she lo#es me not& full fain
9he 'ould ha#e me$ but I not her again<
9o lo#e to crucify men!s souls is bent&
ut seldom doth it "lease or gi#e consent.L
LTheir lo#e danceth in a ring$ and :u"id hunts them round about< he dotes$
is doted on again.L _3um0ue "etit "etitur$ "ariter0ue accedit et ardet_$
their affection cannot be reconciled. 2ftentimes they may and 'ill not$
!tis their o'n foolish "roceedings that mars all$ they are too distrustful
of themsel#es$ too soon dejected& say she be rich$ thou "oor& she young$
thou old< she lo#ely and fair$ thou most ill-fa#oured and deformed< she
noble$ thou base& she s"ruce and fine$ but thou an ugly clo'n& _nil
des"erandum_$ there!s ho"e enough yet& _Mo"so 8isa datur$ 0uid non s"eremus
amantes_N Put thyself for'ard once more$ as unli%ely matches ha#e been and
are daily made$ see 'hat 'ill be the e#ent. Many lea#e roses and gather
thistles$ loathe honey and lo#e #erjuice& our li%ings are as #arious as our
"alates. ut commonly they omit o""ortunities$ _oscula 0ui sum"sit_$ Fc.$
they neglect the usual means and times.
L5e that 'ill not 'hen he may$
4hen he 'ill he shall ha#e nay.L
They loo% to be 'ooed$ sought after$ and sued to. Most "art they 'ill and
cannot$ either for the abo#e-named reasons$ or for that there is a
multitude of suitors e0ually enamoured$ doting all ali%e< and 'here one
alone must s"eed$ 'hat shall become of the restN 5ero 'as belo#ed of many$
but one did enjoy her< Penelo"e had a com"any of suitors$ yet all missed of
their aim. In such cases he or they must 'isely and 'arily un'ind
themsel#es$ unsettle his affections by those rules abo#e "rescribed$--
;@/@-G_0uin stultos e+cutit ignes_$ di#ert his cogitations$ or else bra#ely
bear it out$ as Turnus did$ _Tua sit *a#inia conju+_$ 'hen he could not get
her$ 'ith a %ind of heroical scorn he bid Aeneas ta%e her$ or 'ith a milder
fare'ell$ let her go. _Et Phillida solus habeto_$ LTa%e her to you$ God
gi#e you joy$ sir.L The fo+ in the emblem 'ould eat no gra"es$ but 'hyN
because he could not get them< care not then for that 'hich may not be had.
Many such incon#eniences$ lets$ and hindrances there are$ 'hich cross their
"rojects and crucify "oor lo#ers$ 'hich sometimes may$ sometimes again
cannot be so easily remo#ed. ut "ut case they be reconciled all$ agreed
hitherto$ su""ose this lo#e or good li%ing be bet'een t'o alone$ both
"arties 'ell "leased$ there is _mutuus amor_$ mutual lo#e and great
affection< yet their "arents$ guardians$ tutors$ cannot agree$ thence all
is dashed$ the match is une0ual& one rich$ another "oor& _durus "ater_$ a
hard-hearted$ unnatural$ a co#etous father 'ill not marry his son$ e+ce"t
he ha#e so much money$ _ita in aurum omnes insaniunt_$ as ;@/@AG:hrysostom
notes$ nor join his daughter in marriage$ to sa#e her do'ry$ or for that he
cannot s"are her for the ser#ice she doth him$ and is resol#ed to "art 'ith
nothing 'hilst he li#es$ not a "enny$ though he may "erad#enture 'ell gi#e
it$ he 'ill not till he dies$ and then as a "ot of money bro%e$ it is
di#ided amongst them that ga"ed after it so earnestly. 2r else he 'ants
means to set her out$ he hath no money$ and though it be to the manifest
"rejudice of her body and soul!s health$ he cares not$ he 'ill ta%e no
notice of it$ she must and shall tarry. Many slac% and careless "arents$
_ini0ui "atres_$ measure their children!s affections by their o'n$ they are
no' cold and decre"it themsel#es$ "ast all such youthful conceits$ and they
'ill therefore star#e their children!s genus$ ha#e them _a "ueris ;@/@/G
illico nasci senes_$ they must not marry$ _nec earum affines esse rerum
0uas secum fert adolescentia& e+ sua libidine moderatur 0uae est nunc$ non
0uae olim fuit_& as he said in the comedy& they 'ill stifle nature$ their
young bloods must not "artici"ate of youthful "leasures$ but be as they are
themsel#es old on a sudden. And !tis a general fault amongst most "arents
in besto'ing of their children$ the father 'holly res"ects 'ealth$ 'hen
through his folly$ riot$ indiscretion$ he hath embezzled his estate$ to
reco#er himself$ he confines and "rostitutes his eldest son!s lo#e and
affection to some fool$ or ancient$ or deformed "iece for money.
;@/@BG LPhanaretae ducet filiam$ rufam$ illam #irginem$
:aesiam$ s"arso ore$ adunco nasoL------
and though his son utterly disli%e$ 'ith :liti"ho in the comedy$ _8on
"ossum "ater_& If she be rich$ _Eia_ (he re"lies) _ut elegans est$ credas
animum ibi esse_N he must and shall ha#e her$ she is fair enough$ young
enough$ if he loo% or ho"e to inherit his lands$ he shall marry$ not 'hen
or 'hom he lo#es$ _Arconidis hujus filiam_$ but 'hom his father commands$
'hen and 'here he li%es$ his affection must dance attendance u"on him. 5is
daughter is in the same "redicament forsooth$ as an em"ty boat$ she must
carry 'hat$ 'here$ 'hen$ and 'hom her father 'ill. 9o that in these
businesses the father is still for the best ad#antage< no' the mother
res"ects good %indred$ must "art the son a "ro"er 'oman. All 'hich ;@/-CG
*i#y e+em"lifies$ _dec. ,. lib. ?._ a gentleman and a yeoman 'ooed a 'ench
in 1ome (contrary to that statute that the gentry and commonalty must not
match together)< the matter 'as contro#erted& the gentleman 'as "referred
by the mother!s #oice$ _0uae 0uam s"lendissimis nu"tiis jungi "uellam
#olebat_& the o#erseers stood for him that 'as most 'orth$ Fc. ut "arents
ought not to be so strict in this behalf$ beauty is a do'ry of itself all
sufficient$ ;@/-,G_Iirgo formosa$ etsi o""ido "au"er$ abunde dotata est_$
;@/-=G1achel 'as so married to Dacob$ and ona#enture$ ;@/-.G_in ?. sent_$
Ldenies that he so much as #enially sins$ that marries a maid for
comeliness of "erson.L The De's$ 3eut. ++i. ,,$ if they sa' amongst the
ca"ti#es a beautiful 'oman$ some small circumstances obser#ed$ might ta%e
her to 'ife. They should not be too se#ere in that %ind$ es"ecially if
there be no such urgent occasion$ or grie#ous im"ediment. !Tis good for a
common'ealth. ;@/-?GPlato holds$ that in their contracts Lyoung men should
ne#er a#oid the affinity of "oor fol%s$ or see% after rich.L Po#erty and
base "arentage may be sufficiently recom"ensed by many other good
0ualities$ modesty$ #irtue$ religion$ and choice bringing u"$ ;@/-@GLI am
"oor$ I confess$ but am I therefore contem"tible$ and an abjectN *o#e
itself is na%ed$ the graces< the stars$ and 5ercules clad in a lion!s
s%in.L Gi#e something to #irtue$ lo#e$ 'isdom$ fa#our$ beauty$ "erson< be
not all for money. esides$ you must consider that _Amor cogi non "otest_$
lo#e cannot be com"elled$ they must affect as they may& ;@/--G_7atum est in
"artibus illis 0uas sinus abscondit_$ as the saying is$ marriage and
hanging goes by destiny$ matches are made in hea#en.
LIt lies not in our "o'er to lo#e or hate$
7or 'ill in us is o#errul!d by fate.L
A ser#ant maid in ;@/-AGAristaenetus lo#ed her mistress!s minion$ 'hich
'hen her dame "ercei#ed$ _furiosa aemulatione_ in a jealous humour she
dragged her about the house by the hair of the head$ and #e+ed her sore.
The 'ench cried out$ ;@/-/GL2 mistress$ fortune hath made my body your
ser#ant$ but not my soulOL Affections are free$ not to be commanded.
Moreo#er it may be to restrain their ambition$ "ride$ and co#etousness$ to
correct those hereditary diseases of a family$ God in his just judgment
assigns and "ermits such matches to be made. 7or I am of Plato and ;@/-BG
odine!s mind$ that families ha#e their bounds and "eriods as 'ell as
%ingdoms$ beyond 'hich for e+tent or continuance they shall not e+ceed$ si+
or se#en hundred years$ as they there illustrate by a multitude of
e+am"les$ and 'hich Peucer and ;@/ACGMelancthon a""ro#e$ but in a "er"etual
tenor (as 'e see by many "edigrees of %nights$ gentlemen$ yeomen) continue
as they began$ for many descents 'ith little alteration. 5o'soe#er let
them$ I say$ gi#e something to youth$ to lo#e< they must not thin% they can
fancy 'hom they a""oint< ;@/A,G_Amor enim non im"eratur$ affectus liber si
0uis alius et #ices e+igens_$ this is a free "assion$ as Pliny said in a
"anegyric of his$ and may not be forced& *o#e cra#es li%ing$ as the saying
is$ it re0uires mutual affections$ a corres"ondency& _in#ito non datur nec
aufertur_$ it may not be learned$ 2#id himself cannot teach us ho' to lo#e$
9olomon describe$ A"elles "aint$ or 5elen e+"ress it. They must not
therefore com"el or intrude< ;@/A=G_0uis enim_ (as 7abius urgeth) _amare
alieno animo "otest_N but consider 'ithal the miseries of enforced
marriages< ta%e "ity u"on youth& and such abo#e the rest as ha#e daughters
to besto'$ should be #ery careful and "ro#ident to marry them in due time.
9iracides ca". A. #ers. =@. calls it La 'eighty matter to "erform$ so to
marry a daughter to a man of understanding in due time&L _Iirgines enim
tem"esti#e locandae_$ as ;@/A.G*emnius admonisheth$ _lib. ,. ca". -._
Iirgins must be "ro#ided for in season$ to "re#ent many diseases$ of 'hich
;@/A?G1odericus a :astro _de morbis mulierum$ lib. =. ca". .._ and *od.
Mercatus _lib. =. de mulier. affect$ ca". ?$ de melanch. #irginum et
#iduarum_$ ha#e both largely discoursed. And therefore as 'ell to a#oid
these feral maladies$ !tis good to get them husbands betimes$ as to "re#ent
some other gross incon#eniences$ and for a thing that I %no' besides< _ubi
nu"tiarum tem"us et aetas ad#enerit_$ as :hrysostom ad#iseth$ let them not
defer it< they "erchance 'ill marry themsel#es else$ or do 'orse. If
8e#isanus the la'yer do not im"ose$ they may do it by right& for as he
"ro#es out of :urtius$ and some other ci#ilians$ 9yl#ae$ _nu". lib. =.
numer. .C._ ;@/A@GLA maid "ast t'enty-fi#e years of age$ against her
"arents! consent may marry such a one as is un'orthy of$ and inferior to
her$ and her father by la' must be com"elled to gi#e her a com"etent
do'ry.L Mista%e me not in the mean time$ or thin% that I do a"ologise here
for any headstrong$ unruly$ 'anton flirts. I do a""ro#e that of 9t. Ambrose
(_:omment. in Genesis ++i#. @,_)$ 'hich he hath 'ritten touching 1ebecca!s
s"ousals$ LA 'oman should gi#e unto her "arents the choice of her husband$
;@/A-Glest she be re"uted to be mala"ert and 'anton$ if she ta%e u"on her
to ma%e her o'n choice< ;@/AAGfor she should rather seem to be desired by a
man$ than to desire a man herself.L To those hard "arents alone I retort
that of :urtius$ (in the behalf of modester maids)$ that are too remiss and
careless of their due time and ri"er years. 7or if they tarry longer$ to
say truth$ they are "ast date$ and nobody 'ill res"ect them. A 'oman 'ith
us in Italy (saith ;@/A/GAretine!s *ucretia) t'enty-four years of age$ Lis
old already$ "ast the best$ of no account.L An old fello'$ as *ycistrata
confesseth in ;@/ABGAristo"hanes$ _etsi sit canus$ cito "uellam #irginem
ducat u+orem_$ and !tis no ne's for an old fello' to marry a young 'ench&
but as he follo's it$ _mulieris bre#is occasio est$ etsi hoc non
a""rehenderit$ nemo #ult ducere u+orem$ e+"ectans #ero sedet_< 'ho cares
for an old maidN she may set$ Fc. A #irgin$ as the "oet holds$ _lasci#a et
"etulans "uella #irgo_$ is li%e a flo'er$ a rose 'ithered on a sudden.
;@//CG LKuam modo nascentem rutilus cons"e+it Eous$
5anc rediens sero #es"ere #idit anum.L
L9he that 'as erst a maid as fresh as May$
Is no' an old crone$ time so steals a'ay.L
*et them ta%e time then 'hile they may$ ma%e ad#antage of youth$ and as he
"rescribes$
;@//,G L:ollige #irgo rosas dum flos no#us et no#a "ubes$
Et memor esto ae#um sic "ro"erare tuum.L
L7air maids$ go gather roses in the "rime$
And thin% that as a flo'er so goes on time.L
*et!s all lo#e$ _dum #ires anni0ue sinunt_$ 'hile 'e are in the flo'er of
years$ fit for lo#e matters$ and 'hile time ser#es& for
;@//=G L9oles occidere et redire "ossunt$
8obis cum semel occidit bre#is lu+$
8o+ est "er"etuo una dormienda.L
;@//.G L9uns that set may rise again$
ut if once 'e loss this light$
!Tis 'ith us "er"etual night.L
_Iolat irre#ocabile tem"us_$ time "ast cannot be recalled. ut 'e need no
such e+hortation$ 'e are all commonly too for'ard& yet if there be any
esca"e$ and all be not as it should$ as 3iogenes struc% the father 'hen the
son s'ore$ because he taught him no better$ if a maid or young man
miscarry$ I thin% their "arents oftentimes$ guardians$ o#erseers$
go#ernors$ _ne0ue #os_ (saith ;@//?G:hrysostom) _a su""licio immunes
e#adetis$ si non statim ad nu"tias_$ Fc. are in as much fault$ and as
se#erely to be "unished as their children$ in "ro#iding for them no sooner.
8o' for such as ha#e free liberty to besto' themsel#es$ I could 'ish that
good counsel of the comical old man 'ere "ut in "ractice$
;@//@G L2"ulentiores "au"eriorum ut filias
Indotas dicant u+ores domum&
Et multo fiet ci#itas concordior$
Et in#idia nos minore utemur$ 0uam utimur.L
LThat rich men 'ould marry "oor maidens some$
And that 'ithout do'ry$ and so bring them home$
9o 'ould much concord be in our city$
*ess en#y should 'e ha#e$ much more "ity.L
If they 'ould care less for 'ealth$ 'e should ha#e much more content and
0uietness in a common'ealth. eauty$ good bringing u"$ methin%s$ is a
sufficient "ortion of itself$ ;@//-G_3os est sua forma "uellis_$ Lher
beauty is a maiden!s do'er$L and he doth 'ell that 'ill acce"t of such a
'ife. Eubulides$ in ;@//AGAristaenetus$ married a "oor man!s child$ _facie
non illaetabili_$ of a merry countenance$ and hea#enly #isage$ in "ity of
her estate$ and that 0uic%ly. Acontius coming to 3elos$ to sacrifice to
3iana$ fell in lo#e 'ith :ydi""e$ a noble lass$ and 'anting means to get
her lo#e$ flung a golden a""le into her la"$ 'ith this inscri"tion u"on it$
LDuro tibi sane "er mystica sacra 3ianae$
Me tibi #enturum comitem$ s"onsum0ue futurum.L
LI s'ear by all the rites of 3iana$
I!ll come and be thy husband if I may.L
9he considered of it$ and u"on some small in0uiry of his "erson and estate$
'as married unto him.
Llessed is the 'ooing$
That is not long a doing.L
As the saying is< 'hen the "arties are sufficiently %no'n to each other$
'hat needs such scru"ulosity$ so many circumstancesN dost thou %no' her
conditions$ her bringing-u"$ li%e her "ersonN let her means be 'hat they
'ill$ ta%e her 'ithout any more ado. ;@///G3ido and Aeneas 'ere
accidentally dri#en by a storm both into one ca#e$ they made a match u"on
it< Massinissa 'as married to that fair ca"ti#e 9o"honisba$ 6ing 9y"ha+!
'ife$ the same day that he sa' her first$ to "re#ent 9ci"io *aelius$ lest
they should determine other'ise of her. If thou lo#est the "arty$ do as
much& good education and beauty is a com"etent do'ry$ stand not u"on money.
_Erant olim aurei homines_ (saith Theocritus) _et adamantes redamabant_$ in
the golden 'orld men did so$ (in the reign of ;@//BG2gyges beli%e$ before
staggering 8inus began to domineer) if all be true that is re"orted& and
some fe' no'adays 'ill do as much$ here and there one< !tis 'ell done
methin%s$ and all ha""iness befall them for so doing. ;@/BCG*eontius$ a
"hiloso"her of Athens$ had a fair daughter called Athenais$ _multo cor"oris
le"ore ac Ienere_$ (saith mine author) of a comely carriage$ he ga#e her no
"ortion but her bringing u"$ _occulto formae$ "raesagio_$ out of some
secret fore%no'ledge of her fortune$ besto'ing that little 'hich he had
amongst his other children. ut she$ thus 0ualified$ 'as "referred by some
friends to :onstantino"le$ to ser#e Pulcheria$ the em"eror!s sister$ of
'hom she 'as ba"tised and called Eudocia. Theodosius$ the em"eror$ in short
s"ace too% notice of her e+cellent beauty and good "arts$ and a little
after$ u"on his sister!s sole commendation$ made her his 'ife& !t'as nobly
done of Theodosius. ;@/B,G1udo"he 'as the fairest lady in her days in all
Egy"t< she 'ent to 'ash her$ and by chance$ (her maids mean'hile loo%ing
but carelessly to her clothes) an eagle stole a'ay one of her shoes$ and
laid it in Psammeticus the 6ing of Egy"t!s la" at Mem"his& he 'ondered at
the e+cellency of the shoe and "retty foot$ but more _A0uilae$ factum_$ at
the manner of the bringing of it& and caused forth'ith "roclamation to be
made$ that she that o'ned that shoe should come "resently to his court< the
#irgin came$ and 'as forth'ith married to the %ing. I say this 'as
heroically done$ and li%e a "rince& I commend him for it$ and all such as
ha#e means$ that 'ill either do (as he did) themsel#es$ or so for lo#e$
Fc.$ marry their children. If he be rich$ let him ta%e such a one as 'ants$
if she be #irtuously gi#en< for as 9iracides$ ca". A. #er. ,B. ad#iseth$
L7orego not a 'ife and good 'oman< for her grace is abo#e gold.L If she
ha#e fortunes of her o'n$ let her ma%e a man. 3anaus of *acedaemon had a
many daughters to besto'$ and means enough for them all$ he ne#er stood
in0uiring after great matches$ as others used to do$ but ;@/B=Gsent for a
com"any of bra#e young gallants to his house$ and bid his daughters choose
e#ery one one$ 'hom she li%ed best$ and ta%e him for her husband$ 'ithout
any more ado. This act of his 'as much a""ro#ed in those times. ut in this
iron age of ours$ 'e res"ect riches alone$ (for a maid must buy her husband
no' 'ith a great do'ry$ if she 'ill ha#e him) co#etousness and filthy lucre
mars all good matches$ or some such by-res"ects. :rales$ a 9er#ian "rince
(as 8ice"horus Gregoras _1om. hist. lib. -._ relates it$) 'as an earnest
suitor to Eudocia$ the em"eror!s sister< though her brother much desired
it$ yet she could not ;@/B.Gabide him$ for he had three former 'i#es$ all
basely abused< but the em"eror still$ _:ralis amicitiam magni faciens_$
because he 'as a great "rince$ and a troublesome neighbour$ much desired
his affinity$ and to that end betrothed his o'n daughter 9imonida to him$ a
little girl fi#e years of age (he being forty-fi#e$) and fi#e ;@/B?Gyears
older than the em"eror himself& such dis"ro"ortionable and unli%ely matches
can 'ealth and a fair fortune ma%e. And yet not that alone$ it is not only
money$ but sometimes #ainglory$ "ride$ ambition$ do as much harm as
'retched co#etousness itself in another e+treme. If a yeoman ha#e one sole
daughter$ he must o#ermatch her$ abo#e her birth and calling$ to a
gentleman forsooth$ because of her great "ortion$ too good for one of her
o'n ran%$ as he su""oseth& a gentleman!s daughter and heir must be married
to a %night baronet!s eldest son at least< and a %night!s only daughter to
a baron himself$ or an earl$ and so u"'ards$ her great do'er deser#es it.
And thus stri#ing for more honour to their 'ealth$ they undo their
children$ many discontents follo'$ and oftentimes they ruinate their
families. ;@/B@GPaulus Do#ius gi#es instance in Galeatius the 9econd$ that
heroical 3u%e of Milan$ _e+ternas affinitates$ decoras 0uidem regio fastu$
sed sibi et "osteris damnosas et fere e+itiales 0uaesi#it_< he married his
eldest son Dohn Galeatius to Isabella the 6ing of 7rance his sister$ but
she 'as _socero tam gra#is$ ut ducentis millibus aureorum constiterit_$ her
entertainment at Milan 'as so costly that it almost undid him. 5is daughter
Iiolanta 'as married to *ionel 3u%e of :larence$ the youngest son to Ed'ard
the Third$ 6ing of England$ but$ _ad ejus ad#entum tantae o"es tam
admirabili liberalitate "rofusae sunt$ ut o"ulentissimorum regum s"lendorem
su"erasse #ideretur_$ he 'as 'elcomed 'ith such incredible magnificence$
that a %ing!s "urse 'as scarce able to bear it< for besides many rich
"resents of horses$ arms$ "late$ money$ je'els$ Fc.$ he made one dinner for
him and his com"any$ in 'hich 'ere thirty-t'o messes and as much "ro#ision
left$ _ut relatae a mensa da"es decem millibus hominum sufficerent_$ as
'ould ser#e ten thousand men& but a little after *ionel died$ _no#ae nu"tae
et intem"esti#is con#i#iis o"eram dans_$ Fc.$ and to the du%e!s great loss$
the solemnity 'as ended. 9o can titles$ honours$ ambition$ ma%e many bra#e$
but unfortunate matches of all sides for by-res"ects$ (though both crazed
in body and mind$ most un'illing$ a#erse$ and often unfit$) so lo#e is
banished$ and 'e feel the smart of it in the end. ut I am too la#ish
"erad#enture in this subject.
Another let or hindrance is strict and se#ere disci"line$ la's and rigorous
customs$ that forbid men to marry at set times$ and in some "laces< as
a""rentices$ ser#ants$ collegiates$ states of li#es in co"yholds$ or in
some base inferior offices$ ;@/B-G_Ielle licet_ in such cases$ _"otiri non
licet_$ as he said. They see but as "risoners through a grate$ they co#et
and catch$ but _Tantalus a labris_$ Fc. Their lo#e is lost$ and #ain it is
in such an estate to attem"t. ;@/BAG_Gra#issimum est adamare nec "otiri_$
!tis a grie#ous thing to lo#e and not enjoy. They may$ indeed$ I deny not$
marry if they 'ill$ and ha#e free choice$ some of them< but in the meantime
their case is des"erate$ _*u"um auribus tenent_$ they hold a 'olf by the
ears$ they must either burn or star#e. !Tis _cornutum so"hisma_$ hard to
resol#e$ if they marry they forfeit their estates$ they are undone$ and
star#e themsel#es through beggary and 'ant& if they do not marry$ in this
heroical "assion they furiously rage$ are tormented$ and torn in "ieces by
their "redominate affections. E#ery man hath not the gift of continence$
let him ;@/B/G"ray for it then$ as eza ad#iseth in his Tract _de
3i#ortiis_$ because God hath so called him to a single life$ in ta%ing a'ay
the means of marriage. ;@/BBGPaul 'ould ha#e gone from Mysia to ithynia$
but the s"irit suffered him not$ and thou 'ouldst "erad#enture be a married
man 'ith all thy 'ill$ but that "rotecting angel holds it not fit. The
de#il too sometimes may di#ert by his ill suggestions$ and mar many good
matches$ as the same ;@BCCGPaul 'as 'illing to see the 1omans$ but hindered
of 9atan he could not. There be those that thin% they are necessitated by
fate$ their stars ha#e so decreed$ and therefore they grumble at their hard
fortune$ they are 'ell inclined to marry$ but one rub or other is e#er in
the 'ay< I %no' 'hat astrologers say in this behalf$ 'hat Ptolemy
_0uadri"artit. Tract. ?. ca". ?._ 9%oner _lib. ,. ca". ,=._ 'hat *eo#itius
_genitur. e+em"l. ,._ 'hich 9e+tus ab 5eminga ta%es to be the horosco"e of
5ieronymus 4olfius$ 'hat Pezelius$ 2riganaus and *eo#itius his illustrator
Garceus$ _ca". ,=._ 'hat Dunctine$ Protanus$ :am"anella$ 'hat the rest$ (to
omit those Arabian conjectures _a "arte conjugii$ a "arte lasci#iae$
tri"licitates #eneris_$ Fc.$ and those resolutions u"on a 0uestion$ _an
amica "otiatur_$ Fc.) determine in this behalf$ #iz. _an sit natus conjugem
habiturus$ facile an difficulter sit s"onsam im"etraturus$ 0uot conjuges$
0uo tem"ore$ 0uales decernantur nato u+ores$ de mutuo amore conjugem_$ both
in men!s and 'omen!s genitures$ by the e+amination of the se#enth house the
almutens$ lords and "lanets there$ _a ;9ymbol& 9unGd et ;9ymbol&
Moon-.P?Ga_ Fc.$ by "articular a"horisms$ _9i dominus A!mae in A!ma #el
secunda nobilem decernit u+orem$ ser#am aut ignobilem si duodecima. 9i
Ienus in ,=!ma$ Fc.$ 'ith many such$ too tedious to relate. Eet let no man
be troubled$ or find himself grie#ed 'ith such "redictions$ as 5ier.
4olfius 'ell saith in his astrological ;@BC,Gdialogue$ _non sunt
"raetoriana decreta_$ they be but conjectures$ the stars incline$ but not
enforce$
;@BC=G L9idera cor"oribus "raesunt caelestia nostris$
9unt ea de #ili condita nam0ue luto&
:ogere sed ne0ueunt animum ratione fruentem$
Kui""e sub im"erio solius i"se dei est.L
'isdom$ diligence$ discretion$ may mitigate if not 0uite alter such
decrees$ _7ortuna sua a cujus0ue fingitur moribus_$ ;@BC.G_Kui cauti$
"rudentes$ #oti com"otes_$ Fc.$ let no man then be terrified or molested
'ith such astrological a"horisms$ or be much mo#ed$ either to #ain ho"e or
fear$ from such "redictions$ but let e#ery man follo' his o'n free 'ill in
this case$ and do as he sees cause. etter it is indeed to marry than burn$
for their soul!s health$ but for their "resent fortunes$ by some other
means to "acify themsel#es$ and di#ert the stream of this fiery torrent$ to
continue as they are$ ;@BC?Grest satisfied$ _lugentes #irginitatis florem
sic aruisse_$ de"loring their misery 'ith that eunuch in *ibanius$ since
there is no hel" or remedy$ and 'ith De"htha!s daughter to be'ail their
#irginities.
2f li%e nature is su"erstition$ those rash #o's of mon%s and friars$ and
such as li#e in religious orders$ but far more tyrannical and much 'orse.
8ature$ youth$ and his furious "assion forcibly inclines$ and rageth on the
one side< but their order and #o' chec%s them on the other. ;@BC@G_Ioto0ue
suo sua forma re"ugnat._ 4hat merits and indulgences they hea" unto
themsel#es by it$ 'hat commodities$ I %no' not< but I am sure$ from such
rash #o's$ and inhuman manner of life$ "roceed many incon#eniences$ many
diseases$ many #ices$ mastu"ration$ satyriasis$ ;@BC-G"ria"ismus$
melancholy$ madness$ fornication$ adultery$ buggery$ sodomy$ theft$ murder$
and all manner of mischiefs& read but ale!s :atalogue of 9odomites$ at the
#isitation of abbeys here in England$ 5enry 9te"han. his A"ol. for
5erodotus$ that 'hich Hlricus 'rites in one of his e"istles$ ;@BCAGLthat
Po"e Gregory 'hen he sa' -CC s%ulls and bones of infants ta%en out of a
fish"ond near a nunnery$ thereu"on retracted that decree of "riests!
marriages$ 'hich 'as the cause of such a slaughter$ 'as much grie#ed at it$
and "urged himself by re"entance.L 1ead many such$ and then as% 'hat is to
be done$ is this #o' to be bro%e or notN 8o$ saith ellarmine$ _ca". ./.
lib. de Monach._ _melius est scortari et uri 0uam de #oto coelibatus ad
nu"tias transire_$ better burn or fly out$ than to brea% thy #o'. And
:oster in his _Enchirid. de coelibat. sacerdotum_$ saith it is absolutely
_gra#ius "eccatum_$ ;@BC/GLa greater sin for a "riest to marry$ than to
%ee" a concubine at home.L Gregory de Ialence$ _ca". -. de coelibat._
maintains the same$ as those of Essei and Montanists of old. Insomuch that
many #otaries$ out of a false "ersuasion of merit and holiness in this
%ind$ 'ill sooner die than marry$ though it be to the sa#ing of their
li#es. ;@BCBGAnno ,?,B. Pius =$ Po"e$ Dames 1ossa$ ne"he' to the 6ing of
Portugal$ and then elect Archbisho" of *isbon$ being #ery sic% at 7lorence$
;@B,CGL'hen his "hysicians told him$ that his disease 'as such$ he must
either lie 'ith a 'ench$ marry$ or die$ cheerfully chose to die.L 8o' they
commended him for it< but 9t. Paul teacheth other'ise$ Letter marry than
burn$L and as 9t. 5ierome gra#ely deli#ers it$ _Aliae$ sunt leges :aesarum$
aliae :hristi$ aliud Pa"inianus$ aliud Paulus noster "raeci"it_$ there!s a
difference bet'i+t God!s ordinances and men!s la's& and therefore :y"rian
_E"ist. /._ boldly denounceth$ _im"ium est$ adulterum est$ sacrilegum est$
0uodcun0ue humano furore statuitur$ ut dis"ositio di#ina #ioletur_$ it is
abominable$ im"ious$ adulterous$ and sacrilegious$ 'hat men ma%e and ordain
after their o'n furies to cross God!s la's. ;@B,,GGeorgius 4icelius$ one of
their o'n arch di#ines (_Ins"ect. eccles. "ag. ,/_) e+claims against it$
and all such rash monastical #o's$ and 'ould ha#e such "ersons seriously to
consider 'hat they do$ 'hom they admit$ _ne in "osterum 0uerantur de
inanibus stu"ris_$ lest they re"ent it at last. 7or either$ as he follo's
it$ ;@B,=Gyou must allo' them concubines$ or suffer them to marry$ for
scarce shall you find three "riests of three thousand$ _0ui "er aetatem non
ament_$ that are not troubled 'ith burning lust. 4herefore I conclude it is
an unnatural and im"ious thing to bar men of this :hristian liberty$ too
se#ere and inhuman an edict.
;@B,.G _The silly 'ren$ the titmouse also$
The little redbreast ha#e their election$
They fly I sa' and together gone$
4hereas hem list$ about en#iron
As they of %inde ha#e inclination$
And as nature im"ress and guide$
2f e#erything list to "ro#ide.
ut man alone$ alas the hard stond$
7ull cruelly by %inds ordinance
:onstrained is$ and by statutes bound$
And debarred from all such "leasance&
4hat meaneth this$ 'hat is this "retence
2f la's$ I 'is$ against all right of %inde
4ithout a cause$ so narro' men to bindeN_
Many laymen re"ine still at "riests! marriages abo#e the rest$ and not at
clergymen only$ but of all the meaner sort and condition$ they 'ould ha#e
none marry but such as are rich and able to maintain 'i#es$ because their
"arish beli%e shall be "estered 'ith or"hans$ and the 'orld full of
beggars& but ;@B,?Gthese are hard-hearted$ unnatural$ monsters of men$
shallo' "oliticians$ they do not ;@B,@Gconsider that a great "art of the
'orld is not yet inhabited as it ought$ ho' many colonies into America$
Terra Australis incognita$ Africa$ may be sentN *et them consult 'ith 9ir
4illiam Ale+ander!s oo% of :olonies$ 2r"heus Dunior!s Golden 7leece$
:a"tain 4hitburne$ Mr. 5agthor"e$ Fc. and they shall surely be other'ise
informed. Those "olitic 1omans 'ere of another mind$ they thought their
city and country could ne#er be too "o"ulous. ;@B,-GAdrian the em"eror said
he had rather ha#e men than money$ _malle se hominum adjectione am"liare
im"erium$ 0uam "ecunia_. Augustus :aesar made an oration in 1ome _ad
caelibus_$ to "ersuade them to marry< some countries com"elled them to
marry of old$ as ;@B,AGDe's$ Tur%s$ Indians$ :hinese$ amongst the rest in
these days$ 'ho much 'onder at our disci"line to suffer so many idle
"ersons to li#e in monasteries$ and often mar#el ho' they can li#e honest.
;@B,/GIn the isle of Maragnan$ the go#ernor and "etty %ing there did 'onder
at the 7renchmen$ and admire ho' so many friars$ and the rest of their
com"any could li#e 'ithout 'i#es$ they thought it a thing im"ossible$ and
'ould not belie#e it. If these men should but sur#ey our multitudes of
religious houses$ obser#e our numbers of monasteries all o#er Euro"e$ ,/
nunneries in Padua$ in Ienice .? cloisters of mon%s$ =/ of nuns$ Fc. _e+
ungue leonem_$ !tis to this "ro"ortion$ in all other "ro#inces and cities$
'hat 'ould they thin%$ do they li#e honestN *et them dissemble as they
'ill$ I am of Tertullian!s mind$ that fe' can continue but by com"ulsion.
;@B,BGL2 chastityL (saith he) Lthou art a rare goddess in the 'orld$ not so
easily got$ seldom continuate& thou mayst no' and then be com"elled$ either
for defect of nature$ or if disci"line "ersuade$ decrees enforce&L or for
some such by-res"ects$ sullenness$ discontent$ they ha#e lost their first
lo#es$ may not ha#e 'hom they 'ill themsel#es$ 'ant of means$ rash #o's$
Fc. ut can he 'illingly containN I thin% not. Therefore$ either out of
commiseration of human imbecility$ in "olicy$ or to "re#ent a far 'orse
incon#enience$ for they hold some of them as necessary as meat and drin%$
and because #igour of youth$ the state and tem"er of most men!s bodies do
so furiously desire it$ they ha#e heretofore in some nations liberally
admitted "olygamy and ste's$ a hundred thousand courtesans in Grand :airo
in Egy"t$ as ;@B=CG1adzi#ilus obser#es$ are tolerated$ besides boys& ho'
many at 7ez$ 1ome$ 8a"les$ 7lorence$ Ienice$ Fc.$ and still in many other
"ro#inces and cities of Euro"e they do as much$ because they thin% young
men$ churchmen$ and ser#ants amongst the rest$ can hardly li#e honest. The
consideration of this beli%e made Iibius$ the 9"aniard$ 'hen his friend
;@B=,G:rassus$ that rich 1oman gallant$ lay hid in the ca#e$ _ut #olu"tatis
0uam aetas illa desiderat co"iam faceret_$ to gratify him the more$ send
t'o ;@B==Glusty lasses to accom"any him all that 'hile he 'as there
im"risoned$ And 9urenus$ the Parthian general$ 'hen he 'arred against the
1omans$ to carry about 'ith him =CC concubines$ as the 9'iss soldiers do
no' commonly their 'i#es. ut$ because this course is not generally
a""ro#ed$ but rather contradicted as unla'ful and abhorred$ ;@B=.Gin most
countries they do much encourage them to marriage$ gi#e great re'ards to
such as ha#e many children$ and mulct those that 'ill not marry$ _Dus trium
liberorum_$ and in Agellius$ _lib. =. ca". ,@._ Elian. _lib. -. ca". @._
Ialerius$ _lib. ,. ca". B._ ;@B=?G4e read that three children freed the
father from "ainful offices$ and fi#e from all contribution. LA 'oman shall
be sa#ed by bearing children.L E"ictetus 'ould ha#e all marry$ and as
;@B=@GPlato 'ill$ _- de legibus_$ he that marrieth not before .@ years of
his age$ must be com"elled and "unished$ and the money consecrated to
;@B=-GDuno!s tem"le$ or a""lied to "ublic uses. They account him$ in some
countries$ unfortunate that dies 'ithout a 'ife$ a most unha""y man$ as
;@B=AGoethius infers$ and if at all ha""y$ yet _infortunio feli+_$ unha""y
in his su""osed ha""iness. They commonly de"lore his estate$ and much
lament him for it& 2$ my s'eet son$ Fc. 9ee *ucian$ _de *uctu_$ 9ands _fol.
/._$ Fc.
Eet$ not'ithstanding$ many 'ith us are of the o""osite "art$ they are
married themsel#es$ and for others$ let them burn$ fire and flame$ they
care not$ so they be not troubled 'ith them. 9ome are too curious$ and some
too co#etous$ they may marry 'hen they 'ill both for ability and means$ but
so nice$ that e+ce"t as Theo"hilus the em"eror 'as "resented$ by his mother
Eu"rosune$ 'ith all the rarest beauties of the em"ire in the great chamber
of his "alace at once$ and bid to gi#e a golden a""le to her he li%ed best.
If they might so ta%e and choose 'hom they list out of all the fair maids
their nation affords$ they could ha""ily condescend to marry& other'ise$
Fc.$ 'hy should a man marry$ saith another e"icurean rout$ 'hat!s matrimony
but a matter of moneyN 'hy should free nature be entrenched on$ confined or
obliged$ to this or that man or 'oman$ 'ith these manacles of body and
goodsN Fc. There are those too that dearly lo#e$ admire and follo' 'omen
all their li#es long$ _s"onsi Penelo"es_$ ne#er 'ell but in their com"any$
'istly gazing on their beauties$ obser#ing close$ hanging after them$
dallying still 'ith them$ and yet dare not$ 'ill not marry. Many "oor
"eo"le$ and of the meaner sort$ are too distrustful of God!s "ro#idence$
Lthey 'ill not$ dare not for such 'orldly res"ects$L fear of 'ant$ 'oes$
miseries$ or that they shall light$ as ;@B=/GL*emnius saith$ on a scold$ a
slut$ or a bad 'ife.L And therefore$ ;@B=BG_Tristem Du#entam #enere deserta
colunt_$ they are resol#ed to li#e single$ as ;@B.CGE"aminondas did$
;@B.,G_8il ait esse "rius$ melius nil coelibe #ita_$ and ready 'ith
5i""olitus to abjure all 'omen$ ;@B.=G_3etestor omnes$ horreo$ fugio$
e+ecror_$ Fc. ut$
L5i""olite nescis 0uod fugis #itae bonum$
5i""olite nescisL------
Lalas$ "oor 5i""olitus$ thou %no'est not 'hat thou sayest$ !tis other'ise$
5i""olitus.L ;@B..G9ome ma%e a doubt$ _an u+or literato sit ducenda_$
'hether a scholar should marry$ if she be fair she 'ill bring him bac% from
his grammar to his horn boo%$ or else 'ith %issing and dalliance she 'ill
hinder his study< if foul 'ith scolding$ he cannot 'ell intend to do both$
as Phili""us eroaldus$ that great ononian doctor$ once 'rit$ _im"ediri
enim studia literarum_$ Fc.$ but he recanted at last$ and in a solemn sort
'ith true concei#ed 'ords he did as% the 'orld and all 'omen forgi#eness.
ut you shall ha#e the story as he relates himself$ in his :ommentaries on
the si+th of A"uleius. 7or a long time I li#ed a single life$ _et ab u+ore
ducenda sem"er abhorrui$ nec 0uic0uam libero lecto censui jucundius_. I
could not abide marriage$ but as a rambler$ _erraticus ac #olaticus amator_
(to use his o'n 'ords) _"er multi"lices amores discurrebam_$ I too% a
snatch 'here I could get it< nay more$ I railed at marriage do'nright$ and
in a "ublic auditory$ 'hen I did inter"ret that si+th 9atire of Du#enal$
out of Plutarch and 9eneca$ I did hea" u" all the dicteries I could against
'omen< but no' recant 'ith 9tesichorus$ _"alinodiam cano$ nec "oenitet
censeri in ordine maritorum_$ I a""ro#e of marriage$ I am glad I am a
;@B.?Gmarried man$ I am heartily glad I ha#e a 'ife$ so s'eet a 'ife$ so
noble a 'ife$ so young$ so chaste a 'ife$ so lo#ing a 'ife$ and I do 'ish
and desire all other men to marry< and es"ecially scholars$ that as of old
Martia did by 5ortensius$ Terentia by Tullius$ :al"hurnia to Plinius$
Pudentilla to A"uleius$ ;@B.@Ghold the candle 'hilst their husbands did
meditate and 'rite$ so theirs may do them$ and as my dear :amilla doth to
me. *et other men be a#erse$ rail then and scoff at 'omen$ and say 'hat
they can to the contrary$ _#ir sine u+ore malorum e+"ers est_$ Fc.$ a
single man is a ha""y man$ Fc.$ but this is a toy. ;@B.-G_8ec dulces amores
s"erne "uer$ ne0ue tu choreas_< these men are too distrustful and much to
blame$ to use such s"eeches$ ;@B.AG_Parcite "aucorum diffundere$ crimen in
omnes_. LThey must not condemn all for some.L As there be many bad$ there
be some good 'i#es< as some be #icious$ some be #irtuous. 1ead 'hat 9olomon
hath said in their "raises$ Pro#. +iii. and 9iracides$ ca". =- et .C$
Llessed is the man that hath a #irtuous 'ife$ for the number of his days
shall be double. A #irtuous 'oman rejoiceth her husband$ and she shall
fulfil the years of his life in "eace. A good 'ife is a good "ortionL (and
+++#i. =?)$ Lan hel"$ a "illar of rest$L _columina 0uietis_$ ;@B./G _Kui
ca"it u+orem$ fratrem ca"it at0ue sororem_. And .C$ L5e that hath no 'ife
'andereth to and fro mourning.L _Minuuntur atrae conjuge curae_$ 'omen are
the sole$ only joy$ and comfort of a man!s life$ born _ad usum et lusum
hominum$ firmamenta familiae_$
;@B.BG L3elitiae humani generis$ solatia #itae.
landitiae noctis$ "lacidissima cura diei$
Iota #irum$ ju#enum s"es$L Fc.
;@B?CGLA 'ife is a young man!s mistress$ a middle age!s com"anion$ an old
man!s nurse&L _Partice"s laetorum et tristium_$ a "ro"$ a hel"$ Fc.
;@B?,G L2"tima #iri "ossessio est u+or bene#ola$
Mitigans iram et a#ertens animam ejus a tristitia.L
LMan!s best "ossession is a lo#ing 'ife$
9he tem"ers anger and di#erts all strife.L
There is no joy$ no comfort$ no s'eetness$ no "leasure in the 'orld li%e to
that of a good 'ife$
;@B?=G LKuam cum chara domi conju+$ fidus0ue maritus
Hnanimes deguntL------
saith our *atin 5omer$ she is still the same in sic%ness and in health$ his
eye$ his hand$ his bosom friend$ his "artner at all times$ his other self$
not to be se"arated by any calamity$ but ready to share all sorro'$
discontent$ and as the Indian 'omen do$ li#e and die 'ith him$ nay more$ to
die "resently for him. Admetus$ %ing of Thessaly$ 'hen he lay u"on his
death-bed$ 'as told by A"ollo!s 2racle$ that if he could get anybody to die
for him$ he should li#e longer yet$ but 'hen all refused$ his "arents$
_etsi decre"iti_$ friends and follo'ers forsoo% him$ Alcestus$ his 'ife$
though young$ most 'illingly undertoo% it< 'hat more can be desired or
e+"ectedN And although on the other side there be an infinite number of bad
husbands (I should rail do'nright against some of them)$ able to discourage
any 'omen< yet there be some good ones again$ and those most obser#ant of
marriage rites. An honest country fello' (as 7ulgosus relates it) in the
%ingdom of 8a"les$ ;@B?.Gat "lough by the seaside$ sa' his 'ife carried
a'ay by Mauritanian "irates$ he ran after in all haste$ u" to the chin
first$ and 'hen he could 'ade no longer$ s'am$ calling to the go#ernor of
the shi" to deli#er his 'ife$ or if he must not ha#e her restored$ to let
him follo' as a "risoner$ for he 'as resol#ed to be a galley-sla#e$ his
drudge$ 'illing to endure any misery$ so that he might but enjoy his dear
'ife. The Moors seeing the man!s constancy$ and relating the 'hole matter
to their go#ernors at Tunis$ set them both free$ and ga#e them an honest
"ension to maintain themsel#es during their li#es. I could tell many
stories to this effect< but "ut case it often "ro#e other'ise$ because
marriage is troublesome$ 'holly therefore to a#oid it$ is no argument<
;@B??GL5e that 'ill a#oid trouble must a#oid the 'orld.L (Eusebius
_"rae"ar. E#angel. @. ca". @C._) 9ome trouble there is in marriage I deny
not$ _Etsi gra#e sit matrimonium_$ saith Erasmus$ _edulcatur tamen multis_$
Fc.$ yet there be many things to ;@B?@Gs'eeten it$ a "leasant 'ife$
_"lacens u+or_$ "retty children$ _dulces nati$ deliciae filiorum hominum_$
the chief delight of the sons of men< Eccles. ii. /. Fc. And ho'soe#er
though it 'ere all troubles$ ;@B?-G_utilitatis "ublicae causa de#orandum$
gra#e 0uid libenter subeundum_$ it must 'illingly be undergone for "ublic
good!s sa%e$
;@B?AG LAudite ("o"ulus) haec$ in0uit 9usarion$
Malae sunt mulieres$ #eruntamen 2 "o"ulares$
5oc sine malo domum inhabitare non licet.L
L5ear me$ 2 my countrymen$ saith 9usarion$
4omen are naught$ yet no life 'ithout one.L
;@B?/G_Malum est mulier$ sed necessarium malum._ They are necessary e#ils$
and for our o'n ends 'e must ma%e use of them to ha#e issue$ ;@B?BG
_9u""let Ienus ac restituit humanum genus_$ and to "ro"agate the church.
7or to 'hat end is a man bornN 'hy li#es he$ but to increase the 'orldN and
ho' shall he do that 'ell$ if he do not marryN _Matrimonium humano generi
immortalitatem tribuit_$ saith 8e#isanus$ matrimony ma%es us immortal$ and
according to ;@B@CGTacitus$ !tis _firmissimum im"erii munimentum_$ the sole
and chief "ro" of an em"ire. ;@B@,G_Indigne #i#it "er 0uem non #i#it et
alter_$ ;@B@=G'hich Pelo"idas objected to E"aminondas$ he 'as an un'orthy
member of a common'ealth$ that left not a child after him to defend it$ and
as ;@B@.GTrismegistus to his son Tatius$ Lha#e no commerce 'ith a single
man&L 5olding beli%e that a bachelor could not li#e honestly as he should$
and 'ith Georgius 4icelius$ a great di#ine and holy man$ 'ho of late by
t'enty-si+ arguments commends marriage as a thing most necessary for all
%inds of "ersons$ most laudable and fit to be embraced& and is "ersuaded
'ithal$ that no man can li#e and die religiously$ and as he ought$ 'ithout
a 'ife$ _"ersuasus neminem "osse ne0ue "ie #i#ere$ ne0ue bene mori citra
u+orem_$ he is false$ an enemy to the common'ealth$ injurious to himself$
destructi#e to the 'orld$ an a"ostate to nature$ a rebel against hea#en and
earth. *et our 'ilful$ obstinate$ and stale bachelors ruminate of this$ LIf
'e could li#e 'ithout 'i#es$L as Marcellus 8umidicus said in ;@B@?G
Agellius$ L'e 'ould all 'ant them< but because 'e cannot$ let all marry$
and consult rather to the "ublic good$ than their o'n "ri#ate "leasure or
estate.L It 'ere an ha""y thing$ as 'ise ;@B@@GEuri"ides hath it$ if 'e
could buy children 'ith gold and sil#er$ and be so "ro#ided$ _sine mulierum
congressu_$ 'ithout 'omen!s com"any< but that may not be&
;@B@-G L2rbis jacebit s0uallido tur"is situ$
Ianum sine ullis classibus stabit mare$
Ales0ue coelo deerit et syl#is fera.L
LEarth$ air$ sea$ land eftsoon 'ould come to nought$
The 'orld itself should be to ruin brought.L
8ecessity therefore com"els us to marry.
ut 'hat do I trouble myself$ to find arguments to "ersuade to$ or commend
marriageN behold a brief abstract of all that 'hich I ha#e said$ and much
more$ succinctly$ "ithily$ "athetically$ "ers"icuously$ and elegantly
deli#ered in t'el#e motions to mitigate the miseries of marriage$ by ;@B@AG
Dacobus de Ioragine$
_,. 1es estN habes 0uae tucatur et augeat.--=. 8on estN habes 0uae
0uaerat.--.. 9ecundae res suntN felicitas du"licatur.--?. Ad#ersae suntN
:onsolatur$ adsidet$ onus "artici"at ut tolerabile fiat.--@. 3omi esN
solitudinis taedium "ellit.---. 7orasN 3iscendentem #isu "rose0uitur$
absentem desiderat$ redeuntem laeta e+ci"it.--A. 8ihil jucundum abs0ue
societateN 8ulla societas matrimonio sua#ior.--/. Iinculum conjugalis
charitatis adamentinum.--B. Accrescit dulcis affinium turba$ du"licatur
numerus "arentum$ fratrum$ sororum$ ne"otum.--,C. Pulchra sis "role
"arens.--,,. *e+ Mosis sterilitatem matrimonii e+ecratur$ 0uanto am"lius
coelibatumN--,=. 9i natura "oenam non effugit$ ne #oluntas 0uidem
effugiet_.
,. 5ast thou meansN thou hast none to %ee" and increase it.--=. 5ast noneN
thou hast one to hel" to get it.--.. Art in "ros"erityN thine ha""iness is
doubled.--?. Art in ad#ersityN she!ll comfort$ assist$ bear a "art of thy
burden to ma%e it more tolerable.--@. Art at homeN she!ll dri#e a'ay
melancholy.---. Art abroadN she loo%s after thee going from home$ 'ishes
for thee in thine absence$ and joyfully 'elcomes thy return.--A. There!s
nothing delightsome 'ithout society$ no society so s'eet as matrimony.--/.
The band of conjugal lo#e is adamantine.--B. The s'eet com"any of %insmen
increaseth$ the number of "arents is doubled$ of brothers$ sisters$
ne"he's.--,C. Thou art made a father by a fair and ha""y issue.--,,. Moses
curseth the barrenness of matrimony$ ho' much more a single lifeN--,=. If
nature esca"e not "unishment$ surely thy 'ill shall not a#oid it.
All this is true$ say you$ and 'ho %no's it notN but ho' easy a matter is
it to ans'er these moti#es$ and to ma%e an _Anti"arodia_ 0uite o""osite
unto itN To e+ercise myself I 'ill essay&
,. 5ast thou meansN thou hast one to s"end it.--=. 5ast noneN thy beggary
is increased.--.. Art in "ros"erityN thy ha""iness is ended.--?. Art in
ad#ersityN li%e Dob!s 'ife she!ll aggra#ate thy misery$ #e+ thy soul$ ma%e
thy burden intolerable.--@. Art at homeN she!ll scold thee out of
doors.---. Art abroadN If thou be 'ise %ee" thee so$ she!ll "erha"s graft
horns in thine absence$ sco'l on thee coming home.--A. 8othing gi#es more
content than solitariness$ no solitariness li%e this of a single life$--/.
The band of marriage is adamantine$ no ho"e of losing it$ thou art
undone.--B. Thy number increaseth$ thou shalt be de#oured by thy 'ife!s
friends.--,C. Thou art made a cornuto by an unchaste 'ife$ and shalt bring
u" other fol%s! children instead of thine o'n.--,,. Paul commends marriage$
yet he "refers a single life.--,=. Is marriage honourableN 4hat an immortal
cro'n belongs to #irginityN
9o 9iracides himself s"ea%s as much as may be for and against 'omen$ so
doth almost e#ery "hiloso"her "lead "ro and con$ e#ery "oet thus argues the
case (though 'hat cares _#ulgus nominum_ 'hat they sayN)& so can I concei#e
"erad#enture$ and so canst thou& 'hen all is said$ yet since some be good$
some bad$ let!s "ut it to the #enture. I conclude therefore 'ith 9eneca$
------Lcur Toro #iduo jacesN
Tristem ju#entam sol#e& mine lu+us ra"e$
Effunde habenas$ o"timos #itae dies
Effluere "rohibe.L
L4hy dost thou lie alone$ let thy youth and best days to "ass a'ayNL Marry
'hilst thou mayst$ _donec #i#enti canities abest morosa_$ 'hilst thou art
yet able$ yet lusty$ ;@B@/G_Elige cui dicas$ tu mihi sola "laces_$ ma%e thy
choice$ and that freely forth'ith$ ma%e no delay$ but ta%e thy fortune as
it falls. !Tis true$
;@B@BG L--calamitosus est 0ui inciderit
In malam u+orem$ feli+ 0ui in bonam$L
!Tis a hazard both 'ays I confess$ to li#e single or to marry$ ;@B-CG_8am
et u+orem ducere$ et non ducere malum est_$ it may be bad$ it may be good$
as it is a cross and calamity on the one side$ so !tis a s'eet delight$ an
incom"arable ha""iness$ a blessed estate$ a most uns"ea%able benefit$ a
sole content$ on the other< !tis all in the "roof. e not then so 'ay'ard$
so co#etous$ so distrustful$ so curious and nice$ but let!s all marry$
_mutuos fo#entes am"le+us_< LTa%e me to thee$ and thee to me$L tomorro' is
9t. Ialentine!s day$ let!s %ee" it holiday for :u"id!s sa%e$ for that great
god *o#e!s sa%e$ for 5ymen!s sa%e$ and celebrate ;@B-,GIenus! #igil 'ith
our ancestors for com"any together$ singing as they did$
L:rasam et 0ui nun0uam ama#it$ 0ui0ue ama#it$ eras amet$
Ier no#um$ #er jam canorum$ #er natus orbis est$
Iere concordant amores$ #ere nubunt alites$
Et nemus coma resol#it$ Fc.------
:ras amet$L Fc.------
L*et those lo#e no' 'ho ne#er lo#ed before$
And those 'ho al'ays lo#ed no' lo#e the more<
9'eet lo#es are born 'ith e#ery o"ening s"ring<
irds from the tender boughs their "ledges sing$L Fc.
*et him that is a#erse from marriage read more in arbarus _de re u+or.
lib. ,. ca". ,._ *emnius _de institut. ca". ?._ P. Godefridus _de Amor.
lib. .. ca". ,._ ;@B-=G8e#isanus$ _lib. .._ Ale+. ab Ale+andro$ _lib. ?.
ca". /._ Tunstall$ Erasmus! tracts _in laudem matrimonii_ Fc.$ and I doubt
not but in the end he 'ill rest satisfied$ recant 'ith eroaldus$ do
"enance for his former folly$ singing some "enitential ditties$ desire to
be reconciled to the deity of this great god *o#e$ go a "ilgrimage to his
shrine$ offer to his image$ sacrifice u"on his altar$ and be as 'illing at
last to embrace marriage as the rest& There 'ill not be found$ I ho"e$
;@B-.GL8o$ not in that se#ere family of 9toics$ 'ho shall refuse to submit
his gra#e beard$ and su"ercilious loo%s to the cli""ing of a 'ife$L or
disagree from his fello's in this "oint. L7or 'hat more 'illinglyL (as
;@B-?GIarro holds) Lcan a "ro"er man see than a fair 'ife$ a s'eet 'ife$ a
lo#ing 'ifeNL can the 'orld afford a better sight$ s'eeter content$ a
fairer object$ a more gracious as"ectN
9ince then this of marriage is the last and best refuge$ and cure of
heroical lo#e$ all doubts are cleared$ and im"ediments remo#ed< I say
again$ 'hat remains$ but that according to both their desires$ they be
ha""ily joined$ since it cannot other'ise be hel"edN God send us all good
'i#es$ e#ery man his 'ish in this %ind$ and me mineO
;@B-@G _And God that all this 'orld hath y'rought
9end him his *o#e that hath it so deere bought_.
If all "arties be "leased$ as% their banns$ !tis a match. ;@B--G_7ruitur
1hodanthe s"onsa$ s"onso 3osicle_$ 1hodanthe and 3osicles shall go
together$ :liti"hon and *euci""e$ Theagines and :hariclea$ Poliarchus hath
his Argenis!$ *ysander :alista$ to ma%e u" the mas%) ;@B-AG_Polilur0ue sua
"uer I"his Ianthi_.
_And Troilus in lust and in 0uiet
Is 'ith :reseid$ his o'n heart s'eet_.
And although they ha#e hardly "assed the "i%es$ through many difficulties
and delays brought the match about$ yet let them ta%e this of ;@B-/G
Aristaenetus (that so marry) for their comfort& ;@B-BGLafter many troubles
and cares$ the marriages of lo#ers are more s'eet and "leasant.L As 'e
commonly conclude a comedy 'ith a ;@BACG'edding$ and sha%ing of hands$
let!s shut u" our discourse$ and end all 'ith an ;@BA,GE"ithalamium.
_7eliciter nu"tis_$ God gi#e them joy together. ;@BA=G_5ymen 2 5ymenae$
5ymen ades 2 5ymenaeeO onum factum_$ !tis 'ell done$ _5aud e0uidem sine
mente reor$ sine numine 3i#um_$ !tis a ha""y conjunction$ a fortunate
match$ an e#en cou"le$
LAmbo animis$ ambo "raestantes #iribus$ ambo
7lorentes annis$L------
Lthey both e+cel in gifts of body and mind$ are both e0ual in years$L
youth$ #igour$ alacrity$ she is fair and lo#ely as *ais or 5elen$ he as
another :harinus or Alcibiades$
;@BA.G ------Lludite ut lubet et bre#i
*iberos date.L------
LThen modestly go s"ort and toy$
And let!s ha#e e#ery year a boy.L
;@BA?GLGo gi#e a s'eet smell as incense$ and bring forth flo'ers as the
lily&L that 'e may say hereafter$ _9citus Mecastor natus est Pam"hilo
"uer_. In the meantime I say$
;@BA@G LIte$ agite$ 2 ju#enes$ ;@BA-Gnon murmura #estra columbae$
rachia$ non hederae$ ne0ue #incant oscula conchae.L
LGentle youths$ go s"ort yoursel#es betimes$
*et not the do#es out"ass your murmurings$
2r i#y-clas"ing arms$ or oyster-%issings.L
And in the morn betime$ as those ;@BAAG*acedaemonian lasses saluted 5elena
and Menelaus$ singing at their 'indo's$ and 'ishing good success$ do 'e at
yours&
L9al#e 2 s"onsa$ sal#e feli+$ det #obis *atona
7elicem sobolem$ Ienus dea det ae0ualem amorem
Inter #os mutuo< 9aturnus durabiles di#itias$
3ormite in "ectora mutuo amorem ins"irantes$
Et desideriumOL------
LGood morro'$ master bridegroom$ and mistress bride$
Many fair lo#ely bairns to you betideO
*et Ienus to you mutual lo#e "rocure$
*et 9aturn gi#e you riches to endure.
*ong may you slee" in one another!s arms$
Ins"iring s'eet desire$ and free from harms.L
E#en all your li#es long$
;@BA/G L:ontingat #obis turturum concordia$
:orniculae #i#acitasL------
LThe lo#e of turtles ha" to you$
And ra#ens! years still to rene'.L
*et the Muses sing$ (as he said<) the Graces dance$ not at their 'eddings
only but all their days long< Lso cou"le their hearts$ that no ir%someness
or anger e#er befall them& let him ne#er call her other name than my joy$
my light$ or she call him other'ise than s'eetheart. To this ha""iness of
theirs$ let not old age any 'hit detract$ but as their years$ so let their
mutual lo#e and comfort increase.L And 'hen they de"art this life$
------Lconcordes 0uoniam #i+ere tot annos$
Auferat hora duos eadem$ nec conjugis us0uam
usta suae #ideat$ nec sit tumulandus ab illa.L
Lecause they ha#e so s'eetly li#!d together$
*et not one die a day before the other$
5e bury her$ she him$ 'ith e#en fate$
2ne hour their souls let jointly se"arate.L
;@BABG L7ortunati ambo si 0uid mea carmina "ossunt$
8ulla dies un0uam memori #os e+imet ae#o.L
At0ue haec de amore di+isse sufficiat$ sub correctione$ ;@B/CG0uod ait
ille$ cujus0ue melius sentientis. Plura 0ui #olet de remediis amoris$ legat
Dasonem Pratensem$ Arnoldum$ Montaltum$ 9a#anarolum$ *angium$ Ialescum$
:rimisonum$ Ale+andrum enedictum$ *aurentium$ Ialleriolam$ e Poetis
8asonem$ e nostratibus :haucerum$ Fc.$ 'ith 'hom I conclude$
;@B/,G _7or my 'ords here and e#ery "art$
I s"ea% hem all under correction$
2f you that feeling ha#e in lo#e!s art$
And "ut it all in your discretion$
To intreat or ma%e diminution$
2f my language$ that I you beseech&
ut no' to "ur"ose of my rather s"eech_.
9E:T. III. MEM. I.
9H9E:T. I.--_Dealousy$ its E0ui#ocations$ 8ame$ 3efinition$ E+tent$
se#eral %inds< of Princes$ Parents$ 7riends. In easts$ Men& before
marriage$ as :o-ri#als< or after$ as in this "lace_.
Ialescus de Taranta _ca". de Melanchol._ Aelian Montaltus$ 7eli+ Platerus$
Guianerius$ "ut jealousy for a cause of melancholy$ others for a sym"tom<
because melancholy "ersons amongst these "assions and "erturbations of the
mind$ are most obno+ious to it. ut methin%s for the latitude it hath$ and
that "rerogati#e abo#e other ordinary sym"toms$ it ought to be treated of
as a s"ecies a"art$ being of so great and eminent note$ so furious a
"assion$ and almost of as great e+tent as lo#e itself$ as ;@B/=Genedetto
Iarchi holds$ Lno lo#e 'ithout a mi+ture of jealousy$L _0ui non zelat$ non
amat_. 7or these causes I 'ill dilate$ and treat of it by itself$ as a
bastard-branch or %ind of lo#e-melancholy$ 'hich$ as heroical lo#e goeth
commonly before marriage$ doth usually follo'$ torture$ and crucify in li%e
sort$ deser#es therefore to be rectified ali%e$ re0uires as much care and
industry$ in setting out the se#eral causes of it$ "rognostics and cures.
4hich I ha#e more 'illingly done$ that he that is or hath been jealous$ may
see his error as in a glass< he that is not$ may learn to detest$ a#oid it
himself$ and dis"ossess others that are any'ise affected 'ith it.
Dealousy is described and defined to be ;@B/.GLa certain sus"icion 'hich
the lo#er hath of the "arty he chiefly lo#eth$ lest he or she should be
enamoured of another&L or any eager desire to enjoy some beauty alone$ to
ha#e it "ro"er to himself only& a fear or doubt$ lest any foreigner should
"artici"ate or share 'ith him in his lo#e. 2r (as ;@B/?G9caliger adds) La
fear of losing her fa#our 'hom he so earnestly affects.L :ardan calls it La
;@B/@Gzeal for lo#e$ and a %ind of en#y lest any man should beguile us.L
;@B/-G*udo#icus Ii#es defines it in the #ery same 'ords$ or little
differing in sense.
There be many other jealousies$ but im"ro"erly so called all< as that of
"arents$ tutors$ guardians o#er their children$ friends 'hom they lo#e$ or
such as are left to their 'ardshi" or "rotection.
;@B/AG L9tora+ non rediit hac nocte a coena Aeschinus$
8e0ue ser#ulorum 0uis"iam 0ui ad#ersum ierantNL
As the old man in the comedy cried out in a "assion$ and from a solicitous
fear and care he had of his ado"ted son< ;@B//GLnot of beauty$ but lest
they should miscarry$ do amiss$ or any 'ay discredit$ disgraceL (as Ii#es
notes) Lor endanger themsel#es and us.L ;@B/BGAegeus 'as so solicitous for
his son Theseus$ ('hen he 'ent to fight 'ith the Minotaur) of his success$
lest he should be foiled$ ;@BBCG_Prona est timori sem"er in "ejus fides_.
4e are still a"t to sus"ect the 'orst in such doubtful cases$ as many 'i#es
in their husband!s absence$ fond mothers in their children!s$ lest if
absent they should be misled or sic%$ and are continually e+"ecting ne's
from them$ ho' they do fare$ and 'hat is become of them$ they cannot endure
to ha#e them long out of their sight& oh my s'eet son$ 2 my dear child$ Fc.
Paul 'as jealous o#er the :hurch of :orinth$ as he confesseth$ = :or. +i.
,=. L4ith a godly jealousy$ to "resent them a "ure #irgin to :hrist<L and
he 'as afraid still$ lest as the ser"ent beguiled E#e$ through his
subtlety$ so their minds should be corru"t from the sim"licity that is in
:hrist. God himself$ in some sense$ is said to be jealous$ ;@BB,GLI am a
jealous God$ and 'ill #isit&L so Psalm l++i+. @. L9hall thy jealousy burn
li%e fire for e#erNL ut these are im"ro"erly called jealousies$ and by a
meta"hor$ to sho' the care and solicitude they ha#e of them. Although some
jealousies e+"ress all the sym"toms of this 'hich 'e treat of$ fear$
sorro'$ anguish$ an+iety$ sus"icion$ hatred$ Fc.$ the object only #aried.
That of some fathers is #ery eminent$ to their sons and heirs< for though
they lo#e them dearly being children$ yet no' coming to'ards man!s estate
they may not 'ell abide them$ the son and heir is commonly sic% of the
father$ and the father again may not 'ell broo% his eldest son$ _inde
simultates$ "lerum0ue contentiones et inimicitiae_< but that of "rinces is
most notorious$ as 'hen they fear co-ri#als (if I may so call them)
successors$ emulators$ subjects$ or such as they ha#e offended. ;@BB=G
_2mnis0ue "otestas im"atiens consortis erit_& Lthey are still sus"icious$
lest their authority should be diminished$L ;@BB.Gas one obser#es< and as
:omineus hath it$ ;@BB?GLit cannot be e+"ressed 'hat slender causes they
ha#e of their grief and sus"icion$ a secret disease$ that commonly lur%s
and breeds in "rinces! families.L 9ometimes it is for their honour only$ as
that of Adrian the em"eror$ ;@BB@GLthat %illed all his emulators.L 9aul
en#ied 3a#id< 3omitian Agricola$ because he did e+cel him$ obscure his
honour$ as he thought$ ecli"se his fame. Duno turned Praetus! daughters
into %ine$ for that they contended 'ith her for beauty< ;@BB-G:y"arissae$
%ing Eteocles! children$ 'ere en#ied of the goddesses for their e+cellent
good "arts$ and dancing amongst the rest$ saith ;@BBAG:onstantine$ Land for
that cause flung headlong from hea#en$ and buried in a "it$ but the earth
too% "ity of them$ and brought out cy"ress trees to "reser#e their
memories.L ;@BB/G8iobe$ Arachne$ and Marsyas$ can testify as much. ut it
is most grie#ous 'hen it is for a %ingdom itself$ or matters of commodity$
it "roduceth lamentable effects$ es"ecially amongst tyrants$ _in des"otico
Im"erio_$ and such as are more feared than belo#ed of their subjects$ that
get and %ee" their so#ereignty by force and fear. ;@BBBG_Kuod ci#ibus
tenere te in#itis scias_$ Fc.$ as Phalaris$ 3ionysius$ Periander held
theirs. 7or though fear$ co'ardice$ and jealousy$ in Plutarch!s o"inion$ be
the common causes of tyranny$ as in 8ero$ :aligula$ Tiberius$ yet most ta%e
them to be sym"toms. 7or ;-CCCGL'hat sla#e$ 'hat hangmanL (as odine 'ell
e+"resseth this "assion$ _l. =. c. @. de re"_.) Lcan so cruelly torture a
condemned "erson$ as this fear and sus"icionN 7ear of death$ infamy$
torments$ are those furies and #ultures that #e+ and dis0uiet tyrants$ and
torture them day and night$ 'ith "er"etual terrors and affrights$ en#y$
sus"icion$ fear$ desire of re#enge$ and a thousand such disagreeing
"erturbations$ turn and affright the soul out of the hinges of health$ and
more grie#ously 'ound and "ierce$ than those cruel masters can e+as"erate
and #e+ their a""rentices or ser#ants$ 'ith clubs$ 'hi"s$ chains$ and
tortures.L Many terrible e+am"les 'e ha#e in this %ind$ amongst the Tur%s
es"ecially$ many jealous outrages< ;-CC,G9elimus %illed 6ornutus his
youngest brother$ fi#e of his ne"he's$ Musta"ha assa$ and di#ers others.
;-CC=Gajazet the second Tur%$ jealous of the #alour and greatness of
Achmet assa$ caused him to be slain. ;-CC.G9uleiman the Magnificent
murdered his o'n son Musta"ha< and !tis an ordinary thing amongst them$ to
ma%e a'ay their brothers$ or any com"etitors$ at the first coming to the
cro'n& !tis all the solemnity they use at their fathers! funerals. 4hat mad
"ran%s in his jealous fury did 5erod of old commit in De'ry$ 'hen he
massacred all the children of a year oldN ;-CC?GIalens the em"eror in
:onstantino"le$ 'hen as he left no man ali#e of 0uality in his %ingdom that
had his name begun 'ith Theo< Theodoti$ Theognosti$ Theodosii$ Theoduli$
Fc. They 'ent all to their long home$ because a 'izard told him that name
should succeed in his em"ire. And 'hat furious designs hath ;-CC@GDo.
asilius$ that Musco#ian tyrant$ "ractised of lateN It is a 'onder to read
that strange sus"icion$ 'hich 9uetonius re"orts of :laudius :aesar$ and of
3omitian$ they 'ere afraid of e#ery man they sa'& and 'hich 5erodian of
Antoninus and Geta$ those t'o jealous brothers$ the one could not endure so
much as the other!s ser#ants$ but made a'ay him$ his chiefest follo'ers$
and all that belonged to him$ or 'ere his 'ell-'ishers. ;-CC-GMa+iminus
L"ercei#ing himself to be odious to most men$ because he 'as come to that
height of honour out of base beginnings$ and sus"ecting his mean "arentage
'ould be objected to him$ caused all the senators that 'ere nobly
descended$ to be slain in a jealous humour$ turned all the ser#ants of
Ale+ander his "redecessor out of doors$ and sle' many of them$ because they
lamented their master!s death$ sus"ecting them to be traitors$ for the lo#e
they bare to him.L 4hen Ale+ander in his fury had made :litus his dear
friend to be "ut to death$ and sa' no' (saith ;-CCAG:urtius) an alienation
in his subjects! hearts$ none durst tal% 'ith him$ he began to be jealous
of himself$ lest they should attem"t as much on him$ Land said they li#ed
li%e so many 'ild beasts in a 'ilderness$ one afraid of another.L 2ur
modern stories afford us many notable e+am"les. ;-CC/G5enry the Third of
7rance$ jealous of 5enry of *orraine$ 3u%e of Guise$ _anno_ ,@//$ caused
him to be murdered in his o'n chamber. ;-CCBG*ouis the Ele#enth 'as so
sus"icious$ he durst not trust his children$ e#ery man about him he
sus"ected for a traitor< many strange tric%s :omineus telleth of him. 5o'
jealous 'as our 5enry the ;-C,CG7ourth of 6ing 1ichard the 9econd$ so long
as he li#ed$ after he 'as de"osedN and of his o'n son 5enry in his latter
daysN 'hich the "rince 'ell "ercei#ing$ came to #isit his father in his
sic%ness$ in a 'atchet #el#et go'n$ full of eyelet holes$ and 'ith needles
stic%ing in them (as an emblem of jealousy)$ and so "acified his sus"icious
father$ after some s"eeches and "rotestations$ 'hich he had used to that
"ur"ose. Per"etual im"risonment$ as that of 1obert ;-C,,G3u%e of 8ormandy$
in the days of 5enry the 7irst$ forbidding of marriage to some "ersons$
'ith such li%e edicts and "rohibitions$ are ordinary in all states. In a
'ord (;-C,=Gas he said) three things cause jealousy$ a mighty state$ a rich
treasure$ a fair 'ife< or 'here there is a crac%ed title$ much tyranny$ and
e+actions. In our state$ as being freed from all these fears and miseries$
'e may be most secure and ha""y under the reign of our fortunate "rince&
;-C,.G L5is fortune hath indebted him to none
ut to all his "eo"le uni#ersally<
And not to them but for their lo#e alone$
4hich they account as "laced 'orthily.
5e is so set$ he hath no cause to be
Dealous$ or dreadful of disloyalty<
The "edestal 'hereon his greatness stands.
Is held of all our hearts$ and all our hands.L
ut I ro#e$ I confess. These e0ui#ocations$ jealousies$ and many such$
'hich crucify the souls of men$ are not here "ro"erly meant$ or in this
distinction of ours included$ but that alone 'hich is for beauty$ tending
to lo#e$ and 'herein they can broo% no co-ri#al$ or endure any
"artici"ation& and this jealousy belongs as 'ell to brute beasts$ as men.
9ome creatures$ saith ;-C,?GIi#es$ s'ans$ do#es$ coc%s$ bulls$ Fc.$ are
jealous as 'ell as men$ and as much mo#ed$ for fear of communion.
;-C,@G LGrege "ro toto bella ju#enci$
9i con jugio timuere suo$
Poscunt timidi "raelia cer#i$
Et mugitus dant conce"ti signa furoris.L
LIn Ienus! cause 'hat mighty battles ma%e
Eour ra#ing bulls$ and stirs for their herd!s sa%e&
And harts and buc%s that are so timorous$
4ill fight and roar$ if once they be but jealous.L
In bulls$ horses$ goats$ this is most a""arently discerned. ulls
es"ecially$ _alium in "ascuis non admittit_$ he 'ill not admit another bull
to feed in the same "asture$ saith ;-C,-G2""in& 'hich 9te"hanus athorius$
late %ing of Poland$ used as an im"ress$ 'ith that motto$ _1egnum non ca"it
duos_. 1. T. in his lazon of Dealousy$ telleth a story of a s'an about
4indsor$ that finding a strange coc% 'ith his mate$ did s'im I %no' not ho'
many miles after to %ill him$ and 'hen he had so done$ came bac% and %illed
his hen< a certain truth$ he saith$ done u"on Thames$ as many 'atermen$ and
neighbour gentlemen$ can tell. _7idem suam liberet_< for my "art$ I do
belie#e it may be true< for s'ans ha#e e#er been branded 'ith that e"ithet
of jealousy.
;-C,AG _The jealous s'anne against his death that singeth$
And e%e the o'le that of death bode bringeth_.
;-C,/G9ome say as much of ele"hants$ that they are more jealous than any
other creatures 'hatsoe#er< and those old Egy"tians$ as ;-C,BGPierius
informeth us$ e+"ress in their hierogly"hics$ the "assion of jealousy by a
camel< ;-C=CGbecause that fearing the 'orst still about matters of #enery$
he lo#es solitudes$ that he may enjoy his "leasure alone$ _et in 0uoscun0ue
ob#ios insurgit$ >eloly"iae stimulis agitatus_$ he 'ill 0uarrel and fight
'ith 'hatsoe#er comes ne+t$ man or beast$ in his jealous fits. I ha#e read
as much of ;-C=,Gcrocodiles< and if Peter Martyr!s authority be authentic$
_legat. abylonicae lib. .._ you shall ha#e a strange tale to that "ur"ose
confidently related. Another story of the jealousy of dogs$ see in 5ieron.
7abricius$ _Tract. .. ca". @. de lo0uela animalium_.
ut this furious "assion is most eminent in men$ and is as 'ell amongst
bachelors as married men. If it a""ear amongst bachelors$ 'e commonly call
them ri#als or co-ri#als$ a meta"hor deri#ed from a ri#er$ _ri#ales$ a
;-C==Gri#o_< for as a ri#er$ saith Acron in 5or. _Art. Poet._ and 3onat in
Ter. _Eunuch._ di#ides a common ground bet'een t'o men$ and both
"artici"ate of it$ so is a 'oman indifferent bet'een t'o suitors$ both
li%ely to enjoy her< and thence comes this emulation$ 'hich brea%s out many
times into tem"estuous storms$ and "roduceth lamentable effects$ murder
itself$ 'ith much cruelty$ many single combats. They cannot endure the
least injury done unto them before their mistress$ and in her defence 'ill
bite off one another!s noses< they are most im"atient of any flout$
disgrace$ lest emulation or "artici"ation in that %ind. ;-C=.G_*acerat
lacerium *argi morda+ Memnius_. Memnius the 1oman (as Tully tells the
story$ _de oratore$ lib. =._)$ being co-ri#al 'ith *argus Terracina$ bit
him by the arm$ 'hich fact of his 'as so famous$ that it after'ards gre' to
a "ro#erb in those "arts. ;-C=?GPhaedria could not abide his co-ri#al
Thraso< for 'hen Parmeno demanded$ _num0uid aliud im"eras_N 'hether he
'ould command him any more ser#ice& L8o moreL (saith he) Lbut to s"ea% in
his behalf$ and to dri#e a'ay his co-ri#al if he could.L :onstantine$ in
the ele#enth boo% of his husbandry$ _ca". ,,_$ hath a "leasant tale of the
"ine-tree< ;-C=@Gshe 'as once a fair maid$ 'hom Pineus and oreas$ t'o
co-ri#als$ dearly sought< but jealous oreas bro%e her nec%$ Fc. And in his
eighteenth cha"ter he telleth another tale of ;-C=-GMars$ that in his
jealousy sle' Adonis. Petronius calleth this "assion _amantium furiosum
aemulationem_$ a furious emulation< and their sym"toms are 'ell e+"ressed
by 9ir Geoffrey :haucer in his first :anterbury Tale. It 'ill ma%e the
nearest and dearest friends fall out< they 'ill endure all other things to
be common$ goods$ lands$ moneys$ "artici"ate of each "leasure$ and ta%e in
good "art any disgraces$ injuries in another %ind< but as Pro"ertius 'ell
describes it in an elegy of his$ in this they 'ill suffer nothing$ ha#e no
co-ri#als.
;-C=AG LTu mihi #el ferro "ectus$ #el "erde #eneno$
A domina tantum te modo tolle mea&
Te socium #itae te cor"oris esse licebit$
Te dominum admitto rebus amice meis.
*ecto te solum$ lecto te de"recor uno$
1i#alem "ossum non ego ferre Do#em.L
L9tab me 'ith s'ord$ or "oison strong
Gi#e me to 'or% my bane&
9o thou court not my lass$ so thou
7rom mistress mine refrain.
:ommand myself$ my body$ "urse$
As thine o'n goods ta%e all$
And as my e#er dearest friend$
I e#er use thee shall.
2 s"are my lo#e$ to ha#e alone
5er to myself I cra#e$
8ay$ Do#e himself I!ll not endure
My ri#al for to ha#e.L
This jealousy$ 'hich I am to treat of$ is that 'hich belongs to married
men$ in res"ect of their o'n 'i#es< to 'hose estate$ as no s'eetness$
"leasure$ ha""iness can be com"ared in the 'orld$ if they li#e 0uietly and
lo#ingly together< so if they disagree or be jealous$ those bitter "ills of
sorro' and grief$ disastrous mischiefs$ mischances$ tortures$ gri"ings$
discontents$ are not to be se"arated from them. A most #iolent "assion it
is 'here it ta%eth "lace$ an uns"ea%able torment$ a hellish torture$ an
infernal "lague$ as Ariosto calls it$ La fury$ a continual fe#er$ full of
sus"icion$ fear$ and sorro'$ a martyrdom$ a mirth-marring monster. The
sorro' and grief of heart of one 'oman jealous of another$ is hea#ier than
death$L Ecclus. ++#iii. -. as ;-C=/GPeninnah did 5annah$ L#e+ her and
u"braid her sore.L !Tis a main #e+ation$ a most intolerable burden$ a
corrosi#e to all content$ a frenzy$ a madness itself< as ;-C=BGeneditto
Iarchi "ro#es out of that select sonnet of Gio#anni de la :asa$ that
re#erend lord$ as he styles him.
9H9E:T. II.--_:auses of Dealousy. 4ho are most a"t. Idleness$ melancholy$
im"otency$ long absence$ beauty$ 'antonness$ naught themsel#es.
Allurements$ from time$ "lace$ "ersons$ bad usage$ causes_.
Astrologers ma%e the stars a cause or sign of this bitter "assion$ and out
of e#ery man!s horosco"e 'ill gi#e a "robable conjecture 'hether he 'ill be
jealous or no$ and at 'hat time$ by direction of the significators to their
se#eral "romissors& their a"horisms are to be read in Albubater$ Pontanus$
9choner$ Dunctine$ Fc. odine$ _ca". @. meth. hist._ ascribes a great cause
to the country or clime$ and discourseth largely there of this subject$
saying$ that southern men are more hot$ lasci#ious$ and jealous$ than such
as li#e in the north< they can hardly contain themsel#es in those hotter
climes$ but are most subject to "rodigious lust. *eo Afer telleth
incredible things almost$ of the lust and jealousy of his countrymen of
Africa$ and es"ecially such as li#e about :arthage$ and so doth e#ery
geogra"her of them in ;-C.CGAsia$ Tur%ey$ 9"aniards$ Italians. Germany hath
not so many drun%ards$ England tobacconists$ 7rance dancers$ 5olland
mariners$ as Italy alone hath jealous husbands. And in ;-C.,GItaly some
account them of Piacenza more jealous than the rest. In ;-C.=GGermany$
7rance$ ritain$ 9candia$ Poland$ Musco#y$ they are not so troubled 'ith
this feral malady$ although 3amianus a Goes$ 'hich I do much 'onder at$ in
his to"ogra"hy of *a"land$ and 5erbastein of 1ussia$ against the stream of
all other geogra"hers$ 'ould fasten it u"on those northern inhabitants.
Altomarius Poggius$ and Munster in his descri"tion of aden$ re"orts that
men and 'omen of all sorts go commonly into the baths together$ 'ithout all
sus"icion$ Lthe name of jealousyL (saith Munster) Lis not so much as once
heard of among them.L In 7riesland the 'omen %iss him they drin% to$ and
are %issed again of those they "ledge. The #irgins in 5olland go hand in
hand 'ith young men from home$ glide on the ice$ such is their harmless
liberty$ and lodge together abroad 'ithout sus"icion$ 'hich rash 9anso#inus
an Italian ma%es a great sign of unchastity. In 7rance$ u"on small
ac0uaintance$ it is usual to court other men!s 'i#es$ to come to their
houses$ and accom"any them arm in arm in the streets$ 'ithout im"utation.
In the most northern countries young men and maids familiarly dance
together$ men and their 'i#es$ ;-C..G'hich$ 9iena only e+ce"ted$ Italians
may not abide. The ;-C.?GGree%s$ on the other side$ ha#e their "ri#ate
baths for men and 'omen$ 'here they must not come near$ nor so much as see
one another& and as ;-C.@Godine obser#es _lib. @. de re"ub._ Lthe Italians
could ne#er endure this$L or a 9"aniard$ the #ery conceit of it 'ould ma%e
him mad& and for that cause they loc% u" their 'omen$ and 'ill not suffer
them to be near men$ so much as in the ;-C.-Gchurch$ but 'ith a "artition
bet'een. 5e telleth$ moreo#er$ ho' that L'hen he 'as ambassador in England$
he heard Mendoza the 9"anish legate finding fault 'ith it$ as a filthy
custom for men and 'omen to sit "romiscuously in churches together< but 3r.
3ale the master of the re0uests told him again$ that it 'as indeed a filthy
custom in 9"ain$ 'here they could not contain themsel#es from lasci#ious
thoughts in their holy "laces$ but not 'ith us.L aronius in his Annals$
out of Eusebius$ ta+eth *icinius the em"eror for a decree of his made to
this effect$ _Dubens ne #iri simul cum mulieribus in ecclesia interessent_&
for being "rodigiously naught himself$ _aliorum naturam e+ sua #itiosa
mente s"ecta#it_$ he so esteemed others. ut 'e are far from any such
strange conceits$ and 'ill "ermit our 'i#es and daughters to go to the
ta#ern 'ith a friend$ as Aubanus saith$ _modo absit lasci#ia_$ and sus"ect
nothing$ to %iss coming and going$ 'hich$ as Erasmus 'rites in one of his
e"istles$ they cannot endure. England is a "aradise for 'omen$ and hell for
horses& Italy a "aradise for horses$ hell for 'omen$ as the di#erb goes.
9ome ma%e a 0uestion 'hether this headstrong "assion rage more in 'omen
than men$ as Montaigne l. .. ut sure it is more outrageous in 'omen$ as
all other melancholy is$ by reason of the 'ea%ness of their se+. 9caliger
_Poet. lib. ca". ,.._ concludes against 'omen& ;-C.AGLesides their
inconstancy$ treachery$ sus"icion$ dissimulation$ su"erstition$ "ride$L
(for all 'omen are by nature "roud) Ldesire of so#ereignty$ if they be
great 'omen$L (he gi#es instance in Duno) Lbitterness and jealousy are the
most remar%able affections.L
L9ed ne0ue ful#us a"er media tam ful#us in ira est$
7ulmineo ra"idos dum rotat ore canes.
8ec leo$L Fc.------
LTiger$ boar$ bear$ #i"er$ lioness$
A 'oman!s fury cannot e+"ress.L
;-C./G9ome say redheaded 'omen$ "ale-coloured$ blac%-eyed$ and of a shrill
#oice$ are most subject to jealousy.
;-C.BG L5igh colour in a 'oman choler sho's$
8aught are they$ "ee#ish$ "roud$ malicious<
ut 'orst of all$ red$ shrill$ and jealous.L
:om"arisons are odious$ I neither "arallel them 'ith others$ nor debase
them any more& men and 'omen are both bad$ and too subject to this
"ernicious infirmity. It is most "art a sym"tom and cause of melancholy$ as
Plater and Ialescus teach us& melancholy men are a"t to be jealous$ and
jealous a"t to be melancholy.
LPale jealousy$ child of insatiate lo#e$
2f heart-sic% thoughts 'hich melancholy bred$
A hell-tormenting fear$ no faith can mo#e$
y discontent 'ith deadly "oison fed<
4ith heedless youth and error #ainly led.
A mortal "lague$ a #irtue-dro'ning flood$
A hellish fire not 0uenched but 'ith blood.L
If idleness concur 'ith melancholy$ such "ersons are most a"t to be
jealous< !tis ;-C?CG8e#isanus! note$ Lan idle 'oman is "resumed to be
lasci#ious$ and often jealous.L _Mulier cum sola cogitat$ male cogitat_&
and !tis not unli%ely$ for they ha#e no other business to trouble their
heads 'ith.
More "articular causes be these 'hich follo'. Im"otency first$ 'hen a man
is not able of himself to "erform those dues 'hich he ought unto his 'ife&
for though he be an honest li#er$ hurt no man$ yet Trebius the la'yer may
ma%e a 0uestion$ _an suum cui0ue tribuat_$ 'hether he gi#e e#ery one their
o'n< and therefore 'hen he ta%es notice of his 'ants$ and "ercei#es her to
be more cra#ing$ clamorous$ insatiable and "rone to lust than is fit$ he
begins "resently to sus"ect$ that 'herein he is defecti#e$ she 'ill satisfy
herself$ she 'ill be "leased by some other means. :ornelius Gallus hath
elegantly e+"ressed this humour in an e"igram to his *ychoris.
;-C?,G LDam0ue alios ju#enes alios0ue re0uirit amores$
Me #ocat imbellem decre"itum0ue senem$L Fc.
7or this cause is most e#ident in old men$ that are cold and dry by nature$
and married$ _succi "lenis_$ to young 'anton 'i#es< 'ith old doting
Dani#ere in :haucer$ they begin to mistrust all is not 'ell$
------_9he 'as young and he 'as old$
And therefore he feared to be a cuc%old_.
And ho' should it other'ise beN old age is a disease of itself$ loathsome$
full of sus"icion and fear< 'hen it is at best$ unable$ unfit for such
matters. ;-C?=G_Tam a"ta nu"tiis 0uam bruma messibus_$ as 'elcome to a
young 'oman as sno' in har#est$ saith 8e#isanus& _Et si ca"is ju#enculam$
faciet tibi cornua_& marry a lusty maid and she 'ill surely graft horns on
thy head. ;-C?.GLAll 'omen are sli""ery$ often unfaithful to their
husbandsL (as Aeneas 9yl#ius _e"ist. ./._ seconds him)$ Lbut to old men
most treacherous&L they had rather _mortem am"le+arier_$ lie 'ith a corse
than such a one& ;-C??G_2derunt illum "ueri$ contemnunt mulieres_. 2n the
other side many men$ saith 5ieronymus$ are sus"icious of their 'i#es$
;-C?@Gif they be lightly gi#en$ but old fol%s abo#e the rest. Insomuch that
she did not com"lain 'ithout a cause in ;-C?-GA"uleius$ of an old bald
bedridden %na#e she had to her good man& LPoor 'oman as I am$ 'hat shall I
doN I ha#e an old grim sire to my husband$ as bald as a coot$ as little and
as unable as a child$L a bedful of bones$ Lhe %ee"s all the doors barred
and loc%ed u"on me$ 'oe is me$ 'hat shall I doNL 5e 'as jealous$ and she
made him a cuc%old for %ee"ing her u"& sus"icion 'ithout a cause$ hard
usage is able of itself to ma%e a 'oman fly out$ that 'as other'ise honest$
;-C?AG ------L"leras0ue bonas tractatio "ra#as
Esse facit$L------
Lbad usage aggra#ates the matter.L _8am 0uando mulieres cognoscunt maritum
hoc ad#ertere$ licentius "eccant_$ ;-C?/Gas 8e#isanus holds$ 'hen a 'oman
thin%s her husband 'atcheth her$ she 'ill sooner offend< ;-C?BG_*iberius
"eccant$ et "udor omnis abest_$ rough handling ma%es them 'orse& as the
good'ife of ath in :haucer brags$
_In his o'n grease I made him frie
7or anger and for e#ery jealousie_.
2f t'o e+tremes$ this of hard usage is the 'orst. !Tis a great fault (for
some men are _u+orii_) to be too fond of their 'i#es$ to dote on them as
;-C@CG9enior 3eliro on his 7allace$ to be too effeminate$ or as some do$ to
be sic% for their 'i#es$ breed children for them$ and li%e the ;-C@,G
Tiberini lie in for them$ as some birds hatch eggs by turns$ they do all
'omen!s offices& :aelius 1hodiginus _ant. lect. *ib. -. ca". =?._ ma%es
mention of a fello' out of 9eneca$ ;-C@=Gthat 'as so besotted on his 'ife$
he could not endure a moment out of her com"any$ he 'ore her scarf 'hen he
'ent abroad ne+t his heart$ and 'ould ne#er drin% but in that cu" she began
first. 4e ha#e many such fondlings that are their 'i#es! "ac%horses and
sla#es$ (_nam gra#e malum u+or su"erans #irum suum_$ as the comical "oet
hath it$ there!s no greater misery to a man than to let his 'ife domineer)
to carry her muff$ dog$ and fan$ let her 'ear the breeches$ lay out$ s"end$
and do 'hat she 'ill$ go and come 'hither$ 'hen she 'ill$ they gi#e
consent.
L5ere$ ta%e my muff$ and$ do you hear$ good man<
8o' gi#e me "earl$ and carry you my fan$L Fc.
;-C@.G ------L"oscit "allam$ redimicula$ inaures<
:urre$ 0uid hic cessasN #ulgo #ult illa #ideri$
Tu "ete lecticasL------
many bra#e and 'orthy men ha#e tres"assed in this %ind$ _multos foras
claros domestica haec destru+it infamia_$ and many noble senators and
soldiers (as ;-C@?GPliny notes) ha#e lost their honour$ in being _u+orii_$
so sottishly o#erruled by their 'i#es< and therefore :ato in Plutarch made
a bitter jest on his fello'-citizens$ the 1omans$ L'e go#ern all the 'orld
abroad$ and our 'i#es at home rule us.L These offend in one e+treme< but
too hard and too se#ere$ are far more offensi#e on the other. As just a
cause may be long absence of either "arty$ 'hen they must of necessity be
much from home$ as la'yers$ "hysicians$ mariners$ by their "rofessions< or
other'ise ma%e fri#olous$ im"ertinent journeys$ tarry long abroad to no
"ur"ose$ lie out$ and are gadding still$ u"on small occasions$ it must
needs yield matter of sus"icion$ 'hen they use their 'i#es un%indly in the
meantime$ and ne#er tarry at home$ it cannot use but engender some such
conceit.
;-C@@G LH+or si cessas amare te cogitat
Aut tote amari$ aut "otare$ aut animo obse0ui$
E+ tibi bene esse soli$ 0uum sibi sit male.L
LIf thou be absent long$ thy 'ife then thin%s$
Th! art drun%$ at ease$ or 'ith some "retty min+$
!Tis 'ell 'ith thee$ or else belo#ed of some$
4hilst she "oor soul doth fare full ill at home.L
5i""ocrates$ the "hysician$ had a smac% of this disease< for 'hen he 'as to
go home as far as Abdera$ and some other remote cities of Greece$ he 'rit
to his friend 3ionysius (if at least those ;-C@-GE"istles be his) ;-C@AG
Lto o#ersee his 'ife in his absence$ (as A"ollo set a ra#en to 'atch his
:oronis) although she li#ed in his house 'ith her father and mother$ 'ho be
%ne' 'ould ha#e a care of her< yet that 'ould not satisfy his jealousy$ he
'ould ha#e his s"ecial friend 3ionysius to d'ell in his house 'ith her all
the time of his "eregrination$ and to obser#e her beha#iour$ ho' she
carried herself in her husband!s absence$ and that she did not lust after
other men. ;-C@/G7or a 'oman had need to ha#e an o#erseer to %ee" her
honest< they are bad by nature$ and lightly gi#en all$ and if they be not
curbed in time$ as an un"runed tree$ they 'ill be full of 'ild branches$
and degenerate of a sudden.L Es"ecially in their husband!s absence& though
one *ucretia 'ere trusty$ and one Penelo"e$ yet :lytemnestra made Agamemnon
cuc%old< and no 0uestion there be too many of her conditions. If their
husbands tarry too long abroad u"on unnecessary business$ 'ell they may
sus"ect& or if they run one 'ay$ their 'i#es at home 'ill fly out another$
_0uid "ro 0uo_. 2r if "resent$ and gi#e them not that content 'hich they
ought$ ;-C@BG_Primum ingratae$ mo+ in#isae noctes 0uae "er somnum
transiguntur_$ they cannot endure to lie alone$ or to fast long. ;-C-CG
Peter Godefridus$ in his second boo% of *o#e$ and si+th cha"ter$ hath a
story out of 9t. Anthony!s life$ of a gentleman$ 'ho$ by that good man!s
ad#ice$ 'ould not meddle 'ith his 'ife in the "assion 'ee%$ but for his
"ains she set a "air of horns on his head. 9uch another he hath out of
Abstemius$ one "ersuaded a ne' married man$ ;-C-,GLto forbear the three
first nights$ and he should all his lifetime after be fortunate in cattle$L
but his im"atient 'ife 'ould not tarry so long& 'ell he might s"eed in
cattle$ but not in children. 9uch a tale hath 5einsius of an im"otent and
slac% scholar$ a mere student$ and a friend of his$ that seeing by chance a
fine damsel sing and dance$ 'ould needs marry her$ the match 'as soon made$
for he 'as young and rich$ _genis gratus$ cor"ore glabellus$ arte
multiscius$ et fortuna o"ulentus_$ li%e that A"ollo in ;-C-=GA"uleius. The
first night$ ha#ing liberally ta%en his li0uor (as in that country they do)
my fine scholar 'as so fuzzled$ that he no sooner 'as laid in bed$ but he
fell fast aslee"$ ne#er 'a%ed till morning$ and then much abashed$
_"ur"ureis formosa rosis cum Aurora ruberet_< 'hen the fair morn 'ith
"ur"le hue !gan shine$ he made an e+cuse$ I %no' not 'hat$ out of
5i""ocrates :ous$ Fc.$ and for that time it 'ent current& but 'hen as
after'ard he did not "lay the man as he should do$ she fell in league 'ith
a good fello'$ and 'hilst he sat u" late at his study about those
criticisms$ mending some hard "laces in 7estus or Pollu+$ came cold to bed$
and 'ould tell her still 'hat he had done$ she did not much regard 'hat he
said$ Fc. ;-C-.GL9he 'ould ha#e another matter mended much rather$ 'hich he
did not concei#e 'as corru"t&L thus he continued at his study late$ she at
her s"ort$ _alibi enim festi#as noctes agitabat_$ hating all scholars for
his sa%e$ till at length he began to sus"ect$ and turned a little yello'$
as 'ell he might< for it 'as his o'n fault< and if men be jealous in such
cases (;-C-?Gas oft it falls out) the mends is in their o'n hands$ they
must than% themsel#es. 4ho 'ill "ity them$ saith 8eander$ or be much
offended 'ith such 'i#es$ _si dece"tae "rius #iros deci"iant$ et cornutos
reddant_$ if they decei#e those that cozened them first. A la'yer!s 'ife in
;-C-@GAristaenetus$ because her husband 'as negligent in his business$
_0uando lecto danda o"era_$ threatened to cornute him& and did not stic% to
tell Philinna$ one of her gossi"s$ as much$ and that aloud for him to hear&
LIf he follo' other men!s matters and lea#e his o'n$ I!ll ha#e an orator
shall "lead my cause$L I care not if he %no' it.
A fourth eminent cause of jealousy may be this$ 'hen he that is deformed$
and as Pindarus of Iulcan$ _sine gratiis natus_$ hirsute$ ragged$ yet
#irtuously gi#en$ 'ill marry some fair nice "iece$ or light house'ife$
begins to misdoubt (as 'ell he may) she doth not affect him. ;-C--G_*is est
cum forma magna "udicitiae_$ beauty and honesty ha#e e#er been at odds.
Abraham 'as jealous of his 'ife because she 'as fair& so 'as Iulcan of his
Ienus$ 'hen he made her crea%ing shoes$ saith ;-C-AGPhilostratus$ _ne
maecharetur$ sandalio scilicet deferente_$ that he might hear by them 'hen
she stirred$ 'hich _Mars indigne ferre_$ ;-C-/G'as not 'ell "leased 'ith.
Good cause had Iulcan to do as he did$ for she 'as no honester than she
should be. Eour fine faces ha#e commonly this fault< and it is hard to
find$ saith 7rancis Philel"hus in an e"istle to 9a+ola his friend$ a rich
man honest$ a "ro"er 'oman not "roud or unchaste. L:an she be fair and
honest tooNL
;-C-BG L9ae"e etenim oculuit "icta sese hydra sub herba$
9ub s"ecie formae$ incauto se sae"e marito
8e0uam animus #endit$L------
5e that marries a 'ife that is sno'y fair alone$ let him loo%$ saith ;-CACG
arbarus$ for no better success than Iulcan had 'ith Ienus$ or :laudius
'ith Messalina. And !tis im"ossible almost in such cases the 'ife should
contain$ or the good man not be jealous& for 'hen he is so defecti#e$ 'ea%$
ill-"ro"ortioned$ un"leasing in those "arts 'hich 'omen most affect$ and
she most absolutely fair and able on the other side$ if she be not #ery
#irtuously gi#en$ ho' can she lo#e himN and although she be not fair$ yet
if he admire her and thin% her so$ in his conceit she is absolute$ he holds
it im"ossible for any man li#ing not to dote as he doth$ to loo% on her and
not lust$ not to co#et$ and if he be in com"any 'ith her$ not to lay siege
to her honesty& or else out of a dee" a""rehension of his infirmities$
deformities$ and other men!s good "arts$ out of his o'n little 'orth and
desert$ he distrusts himself$ (for 'hat is jealousy but distrustN) he
sus"ects she cannot affect him$ or be not so %ind and lo#ing as she should$
she certainly lo#es some other man better than himself.
;-CA,G8e#isanus$ _lib. ?. num. A=_$ 'ill ha#e barrenness to be a main cause
of jealousy. If her husband cannot "lay the man$ some other shall$ they
'ill lea#e no remedies unessayed$ and thereu"on the good man gro's jealous<
I could gi#e an instance$ but be it as it is.
I find this reason gi#en by some men$ because they ha#e been formerly
naught themsel#es$ they thin% they may be so ser#ed by others$ they turned
u" trum" before the cards 'ere shuffled< they shall ha#e therefore _legem
talionis_$ li%e for li%e.
;-CA=G LI"se miser docui$ 0uo "osset ludere "acto
:ustodes$ eheu nunc "remor arte mea.L
L4retch as I 'as$ I taught her bad to be$
And no' mine o'n sly tric%s are "ut u"on me.L
_Mala mens$ malus animus_$ as the saying is$ ill dis"ositions cause ill
sus"icions.
;-CA.G LThere is none jealous$ I durst "a'n my life$
ut he that hath defiled another!s 'ife$
And for that he himself hath gone astray$
5e straight'ay thin%s his 'ife 'ill tread that 'ay.L
To these t'o abo#e-named causes$ or incendiaries of this rage$ I may #ery
'ell anne+ those circumstances of time$ "lace$ "ersons$ by 'hich it ebbs
and flo's$ the fuel of this fury$ as ;-CA?GIi#es truly obser#es< and such
li%e accidents or occasions$ "roceeding from the "arties themsel#es$ or
others$ 'hich much aggra#ate and intend this sus"icious humour. 7or many
men are so lasci#iously gi#en$ either out of a de"ra#ed nature$ or too much
liberty$ 'hich they do assume unto themsel#es$ by reason of their
greatness$ in that they are noble men$ (for _licentiae "eccandi$ et
multitudo "eccantium_ are great moti#es) though their o'n 'i#es be ne#er so
fair$ noble$ #irtuous$ honest$ 'ise$ able$ and 'ell gi#en$ they must ha#e
change.
;-CA@G LKui cum legitimi junguntur foedere lecti$
Iirtute egregiis$ facie0ue domo0ue "uellis$
9corta tamen$ foedas0ue lu"as in fornice 0uaerunt$
Et "er adulterium no#a car"ere gaudia tentant.L
L4ho being match!d to 'i#es most #irtuous$
8oble$ and fair$ fly out lasci#ious.L
_Kuod licet ingratum est_$ that 'hich is ordinary$ is un"leasant. 8ero
(saith Tacitus) abhorred 2cta#ia his o'n 'ife$ a noble #irtuous lady$ and
lo#ed Acte$ a base 0uean in res"ect. ;-CA-G:erinthus rejected 9ul"itia$ a
nobleman!s daughter$ and courted a "oor ser#ant maid.--_tanta est aliena in
messe #olu"tas_$ for that ;-CAAGLstolen 'aters be more "leasant&L or as
Iitellius the em"eror 'as 'ont to say$ _Ducundiores amores$ 0ui cum
"ericulo habentur_$ li%e stolen #enison$ still the s'eetest is that lo#e
'hich is most difficultly attained& they li%e better to hunt by stealth in
another man!s 'al%$ than to ha#e the fairest course that may be at game of
their o'n.
;-CA/G LAs"ice ut in coelo modo sol$ modo luna ministret$
9ic etiam nobis una "ella "arum est.L
LAs sun and moon in hea#en change their course$
9o they change lo#es$ though often to the 'orse.L
2r that some fair object so forcibly mo#es them$ they cannot contain
themsel#es$ be it heard or seen they 'ill be at it. ;-CABG8essus$ the
centaur$ 'as by agreement to carry 5ercules and his 'ife o#er the ri#er
E#enus< no sooner had he set 3ejanira on the other side$ but he 'ould ha#e
offered #iolence unto her$ lea#ing 5ercules to s'im o#er as he could& and
though her husband 'as a s"ectator$ yet 'ould he not desist till 5ercules$
'ith a "oisoned arro'$ shot him to death. ;-C/CG8e"tune sa' by chance that
Thessalian Tyro$ Euni""ius! 'ife$ he forth'ith$ in the fury of his lust$
counterfeited her husband!s habit$ and made him cuc%old. Tar0uin heard
:ollatine commend his 'ife$ and 'as so far enraged$ that in the midst of
the night to her he 'ent. ;-C/,GTheseus stole Ariadne$ _#i ra"uit_ that
Trazenian Ana+a$ Antio"e$ and no' being old$ 5elen$ a girl not yet ready
for a husband. Great men are most "art thus affected all$ Las a horse they
neigh$L saith ;-C/=GDeremiah$ after their neighbours! 'i#es$--_ut #isa
"ullus adhinnit e0ua_& and if they be in com"any 'ith other 'omen$ though
in their o'n 'i#es! "resence$ they must be courting and dallying 'ith them.
Duno in *ucian com"lains of Du"iter that he 'as still %issing Ganymede
before her face$ 'hich did not a little offend her& and besides he 'as a
counterfeit Am"hitryo$ a bull$ a s'an$ a golden sho'er$ and "layed many
such bad "ran%s$ too long$ too shameful to relate.
2r that they care little for their o'n ladies$ and fear no la's$ they dare
freely %ee" 'hores at their 'i#es! noses. !Tis too fre0uent 'ith noblemen
to be dishonest< _Pielas$ "robitas$ fides$ "ri#ata bona sunt_$ as ;-C/.Ghe
said long since$ "iety$ chastity$ and such li%e #irtues are for "ri#ate
men& not to be much loo%ed after in great courts& and 'hich 9uetonius of
the good "rinces of his time$ they might be all engra#en in one ring$ 'e
may truly hold of chaste "otentates of our age. 7or great "ersonages 'ill
familiarly run out in this %ind$ and yield occasion of offence. ;-C/?G
Montaigne$ in his Essays$ gi#es instate in :aesar$ Mahomet the Tur%$ that
sac%ed :onstantino"le$ and *adislaus$ %ing of 8a"les$ that besieged
7lorence& great men$ and great soldiers$ are commonly great$ Fc.$ _"robatum
est_$ they are good doers. Mars and Ienus are e0ually balanced in their
actions$
;-C/@G LMilitis in galea nidum fecere columbae$
A""aret Marti 0uam sit amica Ienus.L
LA do#e 'ithin a head"iece made her nest$
!T'i+t Mars and Ienus see an interest.L
Es"ecially if they be bald$ for bald men ha#e e#er been sus"icious (read
more in Aristotle$ _9ect. ?. "rob. ,B._) as Galba$ 2tho$ 3omitian$ and
remar%able :aesar amongst the rest. ;-C/-G_Hrbani ser#ate u+ores$ maechum
cal#um adducimus_< besides$ this bald :aesar$ saith :urio in 9ueton$ 'as
_omnium mulierum #ir_< he made lo#e to Eunoe$ 0ueen of Mauritania< to
:leo"atra< to Posthumia$ 'ife to 9ergius 9ul"itius< to *ollia$ 'ife to
Gabinius< to Tertulla$ of :rassus< to Mutia$ Pom"ey!s 'ife$ and I %no' not
ho' many besides& and 'ell he might$ for$ if all be true that I ha#e read$
he had a license to lie 'ith 'hom he list. _Inter alios honores :aesari
decretos_ (as 9ueton$ _ca". @=. de Dulio_$ and 3ion$ _lib. ??._ relate)
_jus illi datum$ cum 0uibuscun0ue faeminis se jungendi_. E#ery "ri#ate
history 'ill yield such #ariety of instances& other'ise good$ 'ise$
discreet men$ #irtuous and #aliant$ but too faulty in this. Priamus had
fifty sons$ but se#enteen alone la'fully begotten. ;-C/AGPhili""us onus
left fourteen bastards. *orenzo de Medici$ a good "rince and a 'ise$ but$
saith Machia#el$ ;-C//G"rodigiously lasci#ious. 8one so #aliant as
:astruccius :astrucanus$ but$ as the said author hath it$ ;-C/BGnone so
incontinent as he 'as. And !tis not only "redominant in grandees this
fault& but if you 'ill ta%e a great man!s testimony$ !tis familiar 'ith
e#ery base soldier in 7rance$ (and else'here$ I thin%). LThis #iceL (;-CBCG
saith mine author) Lis so common 'ith us in 7rance$ that he is of no
account$ a mere co'ard$ not 'orthy the name of a soldier$ that is not a
notorious 'horemaster.L In Italy he is not a gentleman$ that besides his
'ife hath not a courtesan and a mistress. !Tis no mar#el$ then$ if "oor
'omen in such cases be jealous$ 'hen they shall see themsel#es manifestly
neglected$ contemned$ loathed$ un%indly used& their disloyal husbands to
entertain others in their rooms$ and many times to court ladies to their
faces& other men!s 'i#es to 'ear their je'els& ho' shall a "oor 'oman in
such a case moderate her "assionN ;-CB,G_Kuis tibi nunc 3ido cernenti talia
sensus_N
5o'$ on the other side$ shall a "oor man contain himself from this feral
malady$ 'hen he shall see so manifest signs of his 'ife!s inconstancyN
'hen$ as Milo!s 'ife$ she dotes u"on e#ery young man she sees$ or$ as
;-CB=GMartial!s 9ota$--_deserto se0uitur :litum marito_$ Ldeserts her
husband and follo's :litus.L Though her husband be "ro"er and tall$ fair
and lo#ely to behold$ able to gi#e contentment to any one 'oman$ yet she
'ill taste of the forbidden fruit& Du#enal!s Iberina to a hair$ she is as
'ell "leased 'ith one eye as one man. If a young gallant come by chance
into her "resence$ a fastidious bris%$ that can 'ear his clothes 'ell in
fashion$ 'ith a loc%$ jingling s"ur$ a feather$ that can cringe$ and 'ithal
com"liment$ court a gentle'oman$ she ra#es u"on him$ L2 'hat a lo#ely
"ro"er man he 'as$L another 5ector$ an Ale+ander$ a goodly man$ a demigod$
ho' s'eetly he carried himself$ 'ith ho' comely a grace$ _sic oculos$ sic
ille manus$ sic ora ferebat_$ ho' neatly he did 'ear his clothesO ;-CB.G
_Kuam sese ore ferens$ 0uam forti "ectore et armis_$ ho' bra#ely did he
discourse$ ride$ sing$ and dance$ Fc.$ and then she begins to loathe her
husband$ _re"ugnans osculatur_$ to hate him and his filthy beard$ his
goatish com"le+ion$ as 3oris said of Poly"hemus$ ;-CB?G_totus 0ui saniem$
totus ut hircus olet_$ he is a rammy fulsome fello'$ a goblin-faced fello'$
he smells$ he stin%s$ _Et cae"as simul allium0ue ructat_ ;-CB@G--_si 0uando
ad thalamum_$ Fc.$ ho' li%e a dizzard$ a fool$ an ass$ he loo%s$ ho' li%e a
clo'n he beha#es himselfO ;-CB-Gshe 'ill not come near him by her o'n good
'ill$ but 'holly rejects him$ as Ienus did her fuliginous Iulcan$ at last$
_8ec 3eus hunc mensa$ 3ea nec dignata cubili est_. ;-CBAG9o did *ucretia$ a
lady of 9enae$ after she had but seen Euryalus$ _in Eurialum tota
ferebatur$ domum re#ersa_$ Fc.$ she 'ould not hold her eyes off him in his
"resence$-- ;-CB/G_tantum egregio decus enitet ore_$ and in his absence
could thin% of none but him$ _odit #irum_$ she loathed her husband
forth'ith$ might not abide him&
;-CBBG LEt conjugalis negligens tori$ #iro
Praesente$ acerbo nauseat fastidio<L
LAll against the la's of matrimony$
9he did abhor her husband!s "his!nomy<L
and sought all o""ortunity to see her s'eetheart again. 8o' 'hen the good
man shall obser#e his 'ife so lightly gi#en$ Lto be so free and familiar
'ith e#ery gallant$ her immodesty and 'antonness$L (as ;-,CCG:amerarius
notes) it must needs yield matter of sus"icion to him$ 'hen she still
"ran%s u" herself beyond her means and fortunes$ ma%es im"ertinent
journeys$ unnecessary #isitations$ stays out so long$ 'ith such and such
com"anions$ so fre0uently goes to "lays$ mas%s$ feasts$ and all "ublic
meetings$ shall use such immodest ;-,C,Ggestures$ free s"eeches$ and 'ithal
sho' some distaste of her o'n husband< ho' can he choose$ Lthough he 'ere
another 9ocrates$ but be sus"icious$ and instantly jealousNL ;-,C=G
_9ocraticas tandem faciet transcendere metas_< more es"ecially 'hen he
shall ta%e notice of their more secret and sly tric%s$ 'hich to cornute
their husbands they commonly use (_dum ludis$ ludos haec te facit_) they
"retend lo#e$ honour$ chastity$ and seem to res"ect them before all men
li#ing$ saints in sho'$ so cunningly can they dissemble$ they 'ill not so
much as loo% u"on another man in his "resence$ ;-,C.Gso chaste$ so
religious$ and so de#out$ they cannot endure the name or sight of a 0uean$
a harlot$ out u"on herO and in their out'ard carriage are most lo#ing and
officious$ 'ill %iss their husband$ and hang about his nec% (dear husband$
s'eet husband)$ and 'ith a com"osed countenance salute him$ es"ecially 'hen
he comes home< or if he go from home$ 'ee"$ sigh$ lament$ and ta%e u"on
them to be sic% and s'oon (li%e Docundo!s 'ife in ;-,C?GAriosto$ 'hen her
husband 'as to de"art)$ and yet arrant$ Fc. they care not for him$
LAye me$ the thought (0uoth she) ma%es me so !fraid$
That scarce the breath abideth in my breast<
Peace$ my s'eet lo#e and 'ife$ Docundo said$
And 'ee"s as fast$ and comforts her his best$ Fc.
All this might not assuage the 'oman!s "ain$
8eeds must I die before you come again$
8or ho' to %ee" my life I can de#ise$
The doleful days and nights I shall sustain$
7rom meat my mouth$ from slee" 'ill %ee" mine eyes$ Fc.
That #ery night that 'ent before the morro'$
That he had "ointed surely to de"art$
Docundo!s 'ife 'as sic%$ and s'oon!d for sorro'
Amid his arms$ so hea#y 'as her heart.L
And yet for all these counterfeit tears and "rotestations$ Docundo coming
bac% in all haste for a je'el he had forgot$
L5is chaste and yo%e-fello' he found
Eo%!d 'ith a %na#e$ all honesty neglected$
The adulterer slee"ing #ery sound$
Eet by his face 'as easily detected&
A beggar!s brat bred by him from his cradle.$
And no' 'as riding on his master!s saddle.L
Thus can they cunningly counterfeit$ as ;-,C@GPlatina describes their
customs$ L%iss their husbands$ 'hom they had rather see hanging on a
gallo's$ and s'ear they lo#e him dearer than their o'n li#es$ 'hose soul
they 'ould not ransom for their little dog!s$L
------Lsimilis si "ermutatio detur$
Morte #iri cu"iunt aniniani ser#are catellae.L
Many of them seem to be "recise and holy forsooth$ and 'ill go to such a
;-,C-Gchurch$ to hear such a good man by all means$ an e+cellent man$ 'hen
!tis for no other intent (as he follo's it) than Lto see and to be seen$ to
obser#e 'hat fashions are in use$ to meet some "ander$ ba'd$ mon%$ friar$
or to entice some good fello'.L 7or they "ersuade themsel#es$ as ;-,CAG
8e#isanus sho's$ LThat it is neither sin nor shame to lie 'ith a lord or
"arish "riest$ if he be a "ro"er man<L ;-,C/GLand though she %neel often$
and "ray de#outly$ !tisL (saith Platina) Lnot for her husband!s 'elfare$ or
children!s good$ or any friend$ but for her s'eetheart!s return$ her
"ander!s health.L If her husband 'ould ha#e her go$ she feigns herself
sic%$ ;-,CBG_Et simulat subito condoluisse ca"ut_& her head aches$ and she
cannot stir& but if her "aramour as% as much$ she is for him in all
seasons$ at all hours of the night. ;-,,CGIn the %ingdom of Malabar$ and
about Goa in the East Indies$ the 'omen are so subtile that$ 'ith a certain
drin% they gi#e them to dri#e a'ay cares as they say$ ;-,,,GLthey 'ill ma%e
them slee" for t'enty-four hours$ or so into+icate them that they can
remember nought of that they sa' done$ or heard$ and$ by 'ashing of their
feet$ restore them again$ and so ma%e their husbands cuc%olds to their
faces.L 9ome are ill-dis"osed at all times$ to all "ersons they li%e$
others more 'ary to some fe'$ at such and such seasons$ as Augusta$ *i#ia$
_non nisi "lena na#i #ectorem tollebat_. ut as he said$
;-,,=G L8o "en could 'rite$ no tongue attain to tell$
y force of elo0uence$ or hel" of art$
2f 'omen!s treacheries the hundredth "art.L
oth$ to say truth$ are often faulty< men and 'omen gi#e just occasions in
this humour of discontent$ aggra#ate and yield matter of sus"icion& but
most "art of the chief causes "roceed from other ad#entitious accidents and
circumstances$ though the "arties be free$ and both 'ell gi#en themsel#es.
The indiscreet carriage of some lasci#ious gallant (_et e contra_ of some
light 'oman) by his often fre0uenting of a house$ bold unseemly gestures$
may ma%e a breach$ and by his o#er-familiarity$ if he be inclined to
yello'ness$ colour him 0uite out. If he be "oor$ basely born$ saith
eneditto Iarchi$ and other'ise unhandsome$ he sus"ects him the less< but
if a "ro"er man$ such as 'as Alcibiades in Greece$ and :astruccius
:astrucanus in Italy$ 'ell descended$ commendable for his good "arts$ he
ta%eth on the more$ and 'atcheth his doings. ;-,,.GTheodosius the em"eror
ga#e his 'ife Eudo+ia a golden a""le 'hen he 'as a suitor to her$ 'hich she
long after besto'ed u"on a young gallant in the court$ of her es"ecial
ac0uaintance. The em"eror$ es"ying this a""le in his hand$ sus"ected
forth'ith$ more than 'as$ his 'ife!s dishonesty$ banished him the court$
and from that day follo'ing forbare to accom"any her any more. ;-,,?GA rich
merchant had a fair 'ife< according to his custom he 'ent to tra#el< in his
absence a good fello' tem"ted his 'ife< she denied him< yet he$ dying a
little after$ ga#e her a legacy for the lo#e he bore her. At his return$
her jealous husband$ because she had got more by land than he had done at
sea$ turned her a'ay u"on sus"icion.
8o' 'hen those other circumstances of time and "lace$ o""ortunity and
im"ortunity shall concur$ 'hat 'ill they not effectN
L7air o""ortunity can 'in the coyest she that is$
9o 'isely he ta%es time$ as he!ll be sure he 'ill not miss&
Then lie that lo#es her gamesome #ein$ and tem"ers toys 'ith art$
rings lo#e that s'immeth in her eyes to di#e into her heart.L
As at "lays$ mas%s$ great feasts and ban0uets$ one singles out his 'ife to
dance$ another courts her in his "resence$ a third tem"ts her$ a fourth
insinuates 'ith a "leasing com"liment$ a s'eet smile$ ingratiates himself
'ith an am"hibological s"eech$ as that merry com"anion in the ;-,,@G
9atirist did to his Glycerium$ ;-,,-G_adsidens et interiorem "almam
amabiliter concutiens_$
LKuod meus hortus habet sumat im"une licebit$
9i dederis nobis 0uod tuus hortus habet<L
'ith many such$ Fc.$ and then as he saith$
;-,,AG _9he may no 'hile in chastity abide.
That is assaid on e#ery side_.
7or after al great feast$ ;-,,/G_Iino sae"e suum nescit amica #irum_. 8oah
(saith ;-,,BG5ierome) Lsho'ed his na%edness in his drun%enness$ 'hich for
si+ hundred years he had co#ered in soberness.L *ot lay 'ith his daughters
in his drin%$ as :yneras 'ith Myrrha$--;-,=CG_0uid enim Ienus ebria curat_N
The most continent may be o#ercome$ or if other'ise they %ee" bad com"any$
they that are modest of themsel#es$ and dare not offend$ Lconfirmed by
;-,=,Gothers$ gro' im"udent$ and confident$ and get an ill habit.L
;-,==G LAlia 0uaestus gratia matrimonium corrum"it$
Alia "eccans multas #ult morbi habere socias.L
2r if they d'ell in sus"ected "laces$ as in an infamous inn$ near some
ste's$ near mon%s$ friars$ 8e#isanus adds$ 'here be many tem"ters and
solicitors$ idle "ersons that fre0uent their com"anies$ it may gi#e just
cause of sus"icion. Martial of old in#eighed against them that
counterfeited a disease to go to the bath< for so$ many times$
------Lrelicto
:onjuge Penelo"e #enit$ abit 5elene.L
Aeneas 9yl#ius "uts in a ca#eat against "rinces! courts$ because there be
_tot formosi ju#enes 0ui "romittunt_$ so many bra#e suitors to tem"t$ Fc.
;-,=.GLIf you lea#e her in such a "lace$ you shall li%ely find her in
com"any you li%e not$ either they come to her$ or she is gone to them.L
;-,=?G6ornmannus ma%es a doubting jest in his lasci#ious country$ _Iirginis
illibata censeatur ne castitas ad 0uam fre0uentur accedant scholares_N And
aldus the la'yer scoffs on$ _0uum scholaris$ in0uit$ lo0uitur cum "uella$
non "raesumitur ei dicere$ Pater noster_$ 'hen a scholar tal%s 'ith a maid$
or another man!s 'ife in "ri#ate$ it is "resumed he saith not a _"ater
noster_. 2r if I shall see a mon% or a friar climb u" a ladder at midnight
into a #irgin!s or 'ido'!s chamber 'indo'$ I shall hardly thin% he then
goes to administer the sacraments$ or to ta%e her confession. These are the
ordinary causes of jealousy$ 'hich are intended or remitted as the
circumstances #ary.
MEM. II.
_9ym"toms of Dealousy$ 7ear$ 9orro'$ 9us"icion$ strange Actions$ Gestures$
2utrages$ *oc%ing u"$ 2aths$ Trials$ *a's$ Fc._
2f all "assions$ as I ha#e already "ro#ed$ lo#e is most #iolent$ and of
those bitter "otions 'hich this lo#e-melancholy affords$ this bastard
jealousy is the greatest$ as a""ears by those "rodigious sym"toms 'hich it
hath$ and that it "roduceth. 7or besides fear and sorro'$ 'hich is common
to all melancholy$ an+iety of mind$ sus"icion$ aggra#ation$ restless
thoughts$ "aleness$ meagreness$ neglect of business$ and the li%e$ these
men are farther yet misaffected$ and in a higher strain. !Tis a more
#ehement "assion$ a more furious "erturbation$ a bitter "ain$ a fire$ a
"ernicious curiosity$ a gall corru"ting the honey of our life$ madness$
#ertigo$ "lague$ hell$ they are more than ordinarily dis0uieted$ they lose
_bonum "acis_$ as ;-,=@G:hrysostom obser#es< and though they be rich$ %ee"
sum"tuous tables$ be nobly allied$ yet _miserrimi omnium sunt_$ they are
most miserable$ they are more than ordinarily discontent$ more sad$ _nihil
tristius_$ more than ordinarily sus"icious. Dealousy$ saith ;-,=-GIi#es$
Lbegets un0uietness in the mind$ night and day& he hunts after e#ery 'ord
he hears$ e#ery 'his"er$ and am"lifies it to himselfL (as all melancholy
men do in other matters) L'ith a most unjust calumny of others$ he
misinter"rets e#erything is said or done$ most a"t to mista%e or
misconstrue$L he "ries into e#ery corner$ follo's close$ obser#es to a
hair. !Tis "ro"er to jealousy so to do$
LPale hag$ infernal fury$ "leasure!s smart$
En#y!s obser#er$ "rying in e#ery "art.L
esides those strange gestures of staring$ fro'ning$ grinning$ rolling of
eyes$ menacing$ ghastly loo%s$ bro%en "ace$ interru"t$ "reci"itate$
half-turns. 5e 'ill sometimes sigh$ 'ee"$ sob for anger. _8em"e suos imbres
etiam ista tonitrua fundunt_$;-,=AG--s'ear and belie$ slander any man$
curse$ threaten$ bra'l$ scold$ fight< and sometimes again flatter and s"ea%
fair$ as% forgi#eness$ %iss and coll$ condemn his rashness and folly$ #o'$
"rotest$ and s'ear he 'ill ne#er do so again< and then eftsoons$ im"atient
as he is$ ra#e$ roar$ and lay about him li%e a madman$ thum" her sides$
drag her about "erchance$ dri#e her out of doors$ send her home$ he 'ill be
di#orced forth'ith$ she is a 'hore$ Fc.$ and by-and-by 'ith all submission
com"liment$ entreat her fair$ and bring her in again$ he lo#es her dearly$
she is his s'eet$ most %ind and lo#ing 'ife$ he 'ill not change$ nor lea#e
her for a %ingdom< so he continues off and on$ as the toy ta%es him$ the
object mo#es him$ but most "art bra'ling$ fretting$ un0uiet he is$ accusing
and sus"ecting not strangers only$ but brothers and sisters$ father and
mother$ nearest and dearest friends. 5e thin%s 'ith those Italians$
L:hi non tocca "arentado$
Tocca mai e rado.L
And through fear concei#es unto himself things almost incredible and
im"ossible to be effected. As a heron 'hen she fishes$ still "rying on all
sides< or as a cat doth a mouse$ his eye is ne#er off hers< he gloats on
him$ on her$ accurately obser#ing on 'hom she loo%s$ 'ho loo%s at her$ 'hat
she saith$ doth$ at dinner$ at su""er$ sitting$ 'al%ing$ at home$ abroad$
he is the same$ still in0uiring$ maundering$ gazing$ listening$ affrighted
'ith e#ery small object< 'hy did she smile$ 'hy did she "ity him$ commend
himN 'hy did she drin% t'ice to such a manN 'hy did she offer to %iss$ to
danceN Fc.$ a 'hore$ a 'hore$ an arrant 'hore. All this he confesseth in
the "oet$
;-,=/G L2mnia me terrent$ timidus sum$ ignosce timori.
Et miser in tunica sus"icor esse #irum.
Me laedit si multa tibi dabit oscula mater$
Me soror$ et cum 0ua dormit amica simul.L
LEach thing affrights me$ I do fear$
Ah "ardon me my fear$
I doubt a man is hid 'ithin
The clothes that thou dost 'ear.L
Is it not a man in 'oman!s a""arelN is not somebody in that great chest$ or
behind the door$ or hangings$ or in some of those barrelsN may not a man
steal in at the 'indo' 'ith a ladder of ro"es$ or come do'n the chimney$
ha#e a false %ey$ or get in 'hen he is aslee"N If a mouse do but stir$ or
the 'ind blo'$ a casement clatter$ that!s the #illain$ there he is& by his
good'ill no man shall see her$ salute her$ s"ea% 'ith her$ she shall not go
forth of his sight$ so much as to do her needs. ;-,=BG_8on ita bo#em
argus_$ Fc. Argus did not so %ee" his co'$ that 'atchful dragon the golden
fleece$ or :erberus the coming in of hell$ as he %ee"s his 'ife. If a dear
friend or near %insman come as guest to his house$ to #isit him$ he 'ill
ne#er let him be out of his o'n sight and com"any$ lest$ "erad#enture$ Fc.
If the necessity of his business be such that he must go from home$ he doth
either loc% her u"$ or commit her 'ith a deal of injunctions and
"rotestations to some trusty friends$ him and her he sets and bribes to
o#ersee& one ser#ant is set in his absence to 'atch another$ and all to
obser#e his 'ife$ and yet all this 'ill not ser#e$ though his business be
#ery urgent$ he 'ill 'hen he is half'ay come bac% in all "ost haste$ rise
from su""er$ or at midnight$ and be gone$ and sometimes lea#e his business
undone$ and as a stranger court his o'n 'ife in some disguised habit.
Though there be no danger at all$ no cause of sus"icion$ she li#e in such a
"lace$ 'here Messalina herself could not be dishonest if she 'ould$ yet he
sus"ects her as much as if she 'ere in a ba'dy-house$ some "rince!s court$
or in a common inn$ 'here all comers might ha#e free access. 5e calls her
on a sudden all to nought$ she is a strum"et$ a light house'ife$ a bitch$
an arrant 'hore. 8o "ersuasion$ no "rotestation can di#ert this "assion$
nothing can ease him$ secure or gi#e him satisfaction. It is most strange
to re"ort 'hat outrageous acts by men and 'omen ha#e been committed in this
%ind$ by 'omen es"ecially$ that 'ill run after their husbands into all
"laces and com"anies$ ;-,.CGas Do#ianus Pontanus!s 'ife did by him$ follo'
him 'hithersoe#er he 'ent$ it matters not$ or u"on 'hat business$ ra#ing
li%e Duno in the tragedy$ miscalling$ cursing$ s'earing$ and mistrusting
e#ery one she sees. Gomesius in his third boo% of the *ife and 3eeds of
7rancis Jimenius$ sometime archbisho" of Toledo$ hath a strange story of
that incredible jealousy of Doan 0ueen of 9"ain$ 'ife to 6ing Phili"$
mother of 7erdinand and :harles the 7ifth$ em"erors< 'hen her husband
Phili"$ either for that he 'as tired 'ith his 'ife!s jealousy$ or had some
great business$ 'ent into the *o' :ountries& she 'as so im"atient and
melancholy u"on his de"arture$ that she 'ould scarce eat her meat$ or
con#erse 'ith any man< and though she 'ere 'ith child$ the season of the
year #ery bad$ the 'ind against her$ in all haste she 'ould to sea after
him. 8either Isabella her 0ueen mother$ the archbisho"$ or any other friend
could "ersuade her to the contrary$ but she 'ould after him. 4hen she 'as
no' come into the *o' :ountries$ and %indly entertained by her husband$ she
could not contain herself$ ;-,.,GLbut in a rage ran u"on a yello'-haired
'ench$L 'ith 'hom she sus"ected her husband to be naught$ Lcut off her
hair$ did beat her blac% and blue$ and so dragged her about.L It is an
ordinary thing for 'omen in such cases to scratch the faces$ slit the noses
of such as they sus"ect< as 5enry the 9econd!s im"ortune Duno did by
1osamond at 4oodstoc%< for she com"lains in a ;-,.=Gmodern "oet$ she scarce
s"a%e$
Lut flies 'ith eager fury to my face$
2ffering me most un'omanly disgrace.
*oo% ho' a tigress$ Fc.
9o fell she on me in outrageous 'ise$
As could disdain and jealousy de#ise.L
2r if it be so they dare not or cannot e+ecute any such tyrannical
injustice$ they 'ill miscall$ rail and re#ile$ bear them deadly hate and
malice$ as ;-,..GTacitus obser#es$ LThe hatred of a jealous 'oman is
inse"arable against such as she sus"ects.L
;-,.?G L8ulla #is flammae tumidi0ue #enti
Tanta$ nec teli metuanda torti.
Kuanta cum conju+ #iduata taedis
Ardet et odit.L
L4inds$ 'ea"ons$ flames ma%e not such hurly burly$
As ra#ing 'omen turn all to"sy-tur#y.L
9o did Agri""ina by *ollia$ and :al"hurnia in the days of :laudius. ut
'omen are sufficiently curbed in such cases$ the rage of men is more
eminent$ and fre0uently "ut in "ractice. 9ee but 'ith 'hat rigour those
jealous husbands tyrannise o#er their "oor 'i#es. In Greece$ 9"ain$ Italy$
Tur%ey$ Africa$ Asia$ and generally o#er all those hot countries$ ;-,.@G
_Mulieres #estrae terra #estra$ arate sicut #ultis_. Mahomet in his Alcoran
gi#es this "o'er to men$ your 'i#es are as your land$ till them$ use them$
entreat them fair or foul$ as you 'ill yoursel#es. ;-,.-G_Mecastor lege
dura #i#unt mulieres_$ they loc% them still in their houses$ 'hich are so
many "risons to them. 'ill suffer nobody to come at them$ or their 'i#es to
be seen abroad$--_nec cam"os liceat lustrare "atentes_. They must not so
much as loo% out. And if they be great "ersons$ they ha#e eunuchs to %ee"
them$ as the Grand 9ignior among the Tur%s$ the 9o"hies of Persia$ those
Tartarian Mogors$ and 6ings of :hina. _Infantes masculos castrant innumeros
ut regi ser#iant_$ saith ;-,.AG1iccius$ Lthey geld innumerable infantsL to
this "ur"ose< the 6ing of ;-,./G:hina Lmaintains ,C$CCC eunuchs in his
family to %ee" his 'i#es.L The Jeriffes of arbary %ee" their courtesans in
such a strict manner$ that if any man come but in sight of them he dies for
it< and if they chance to see a man$ and do not instantly cry out$ though
from their 'indo's$ they must be "ut to death. The Tur%s ha#e I %no' not
ho' many blac%$ deformed eunuchs (for the 'hite ser#e for other
ministeries) to this "ur"ose sent commonly from Egy"t$ de"ri#ed in their
childhood of all their "ri#ities$ and brought u" in the seraglio at
:onstantino"le to %ee" their 'i#es< 'hich are so "enned u" they may not
confer 'ith any li#ing man$ or con#erse 'ith younger 'omen$ ha#e a cucumber
or carrot sent into them for their diet$ but sliced$ for fear$ Fc. and so
li#e and are left alone to their unchaste thoughts all the days of their
li#es. The #ulgar sort of 'omen$ if at any time they come abroad$ 'hich is
#ery seldom$ to #isit one another$ or to go to their baths$ are so co#ered$
that no man can see them$ as the matrons 'ere in old 1ome$ _lectica aut
sella tecta$ #ectae_$ so ;-,.BG3ion and 9eneca record$ _Ielatae totae
incedunt_$ 'hich ;-,?CGAle+ander ab Ale+andro relates of the Parthians$
_lib. @. ca". =?._ 'hich$ 'ith Andreas Tira0uellus his commentator$ I
rather thin% should be understood of Persians. I ha#e not yet said all$
they do not only loc% them u"$ _sed et "udendis seras adhibent_& hear 'hat
embus relates _lib. -._ of his Ienetian history$ of those inhabitants that
d'ell about Kuilon in Africa. _*usitani$ in0uit$ 0uorundum ci#itates
adierunt& 0ui natis statim faeminis naturam consuunt$ 0uoad urinae e+itus
ne im"ediatur$ eas0ue 0uum adole#erint sic consutas in matrimonium
collocant$ ut s"onsi "rima cura sit conglutinatas "uellae oras ferro
interscindere_. In some "arts of Greece at this day$ li%e those old De's$
they 'ill not belie#e their 'i#es are honest$ _nisi "annum menstruatum
"rima nocte #ideant_& our countryman ;-,?,G9ands$ in his "eregrination$
saith it is se#erely obser#ed in >anzynthus$ or >ante< and *eo Afer in his
time at 7ez$ in Africa$ _non credunt #irginem esse nisi #ideant sanguineam
ma""am< si non$ ad "arentes "udore rejicitur_. Those sheets are "ublicly
sho'n by their "arents$ and %e"t as a sign of incorru"t #irginity. The De's
of old e+amined their maids _e+ tenui membrana_$ called 5ymen$ 'hich
*aurentius in his anatomy$ :olumbus _lib. ,=. ca". ,C._ :a"i#accius _lib.
?. ca". ,,. de uteri affectibus_$ Iincent$ Alsarus Genuensis _0uaesit. med.
cent. ?._ 5ieronymus Mercurialis _consult._ Ambros. Pareus$ Dulius :aesar
:laudinus _1es"ons. ?._ as that also _de ;-,?=Gru"tura #enarum ut sauguis
fluat_$ co"iously confute< !tis no sufficient trial they contend. And yet
others again defend it$ Gas"ar artholinus _Institut. Anat. lib. ,. ca".
.,._ Pinaeus of Paris$ Albertus Magnus _de secret. mulier. ca". B F ,C._
Fc. and thin% they s"ea% too much in fa#our of 'omen. ;-,?.G *udo#icus
oncialus _lib. ?. ca". =. muliebr._ _naturalem illam uteri labiorum
constrictionem$ in 0ua #irginitatem consistere #olunt$ astringentibus
medicinis fieri "osse #endicat$ et si defloratae sint$ astutae
;-,??Gmulieres (in0uit) nos fallunt in his. Idem Alsarius :rucius Genuensis
iisdem fere #erbis_. Idem A#icenna _lib. .. 7en. =C. Tract. ,$ ca". ?A._
;-,?@G1hasis _:ontinent. lib. =?._ 1odericus a :astro _de nat. mul. lib. ,.
ca". .._ An old ba'dy nurse in ;-,?-GAristaenetus$ (li%e that 9"anish
:aelestina$ ;-,?AG_0uae$ 0uin0ue mille #irgines fecit mulieres$ totidem0ue
mulieres arte sua #irgines_) 'hen a fair maid of her ac0uaintance 'e"t and
made her moan to her$ ho' she had been deflo'ered$ and no' ready to be
married$ 'as afraid it 'ould be "ercei#ed$ comfortably re"lied$ _8oli
#ereri filia_$ Fc. L7ear not$ daughter$ I!ll teach thee a tric% to hel"
it.L _9ed haec e+tra callem._ To 'hat end are all those astrological
0uestions$ _an sit #irgo$ an sit casta$ an sit mulier_N and such strange
absurd trials in Albertus Magnus$ a". Porta$ _Mag. lib. =. ca". =,._ in
4ec%er. _lib. @. de secret_$ by stones$ "erfumes$ to ma%e them "iss$ and
confess I %no' not 'hat in their slee"< some jealous brain 'as the first
founder of them. And to 'hat "assion may 'e ascribe those se#ere la's
against jealousy$ 8um. #. ,?$ Adulterers 3eut. ca". ==. #. ++ii. as amongst
the 5ebre's$ amongst the Egy"tians (read ;-,?/Gohemus _l. ,. c. @. de mor.
gen._ of the :arthaginians$ _ca". -._ of Tur%s$ _lib. =. ca". ,,._) amongst
the Athenians of old$ Italians at this day$ 'herein they are to be se#erely
"unished$ cut in "ieces$ burned$ _#i#i-comburio_$ buried ali#e$ 'ith
se#eral e+"urgations$ Fc. are they not as so many sym"toms of incredible
jealousyN 'e may say the same of those #estal #irgins that fetched 'ater in
a sie#e$ as Tatia did in 1ome$ _anno ab. urb. condita /CC._ before the
senators< and ;-,?BGAemilia$ _#irgo innocens_$ that ran o#er hot irons$ as
Emma$ Ed'ard the :onfessor!s mother did$ the %ing himself being a
s"ectator$ 'ith the li%e. 4e read in 8ice"horus$ that :hunegunda the 'ife
of 5enricus a#arus em"eror$ sus"ected of adultery$ _insimulata adulterii
"er ignitos #omeres illaesa transiit_$ trod u"on red hot coulters$ and had
no harm& such another story 'e find in 1egino _lib. =._ In A#entinus and
9igonius of :harles the Third and his 'ife 1icharda$ _an._ //A$ that 'as so
"urged 'ith hot irons. Pausanias saith$ that he 'as once an eye'itness of
such a miracle at 3iana!s tem"le$ a maid 'ithout any harm at all 'al%ed
u"on burning coals. Pius 9ecund. in his descri"tion of Euro"e$ _c. ?-._
relates as much$ that it 'as commonly "ractised at 3iana!s tem"le$ for
'omen to go barefoot o#er hot coals$ to try their honesties& Plinius$
9olinus$ and many 'riters$ ma%e mention of ;-,@CGGeronia!s tem"le$ and
3ionysius 5alicarnassus$ _lib. .._ of Memnon!s statue$ 'hich 'ere used to
this "ur"ose. Tatius _lib. -._ of Pan his ca#e$ (much li%e old 9t.
4ilfrid!s needle in Eor%shire) 'herein they did use to try$ maids$
;-,@,G'hether they 'ere honest< 'hen *euci""e 'ent in$ _sua#issimus
e+audiri sonus cae"it_ Austin _de ci#. 3ei lib. ,C. c. ,-._ relates many
such e+am"les$ all 'hich *a#ater _de s"ectr. "art. ,. ca". ,B_ contends to
be done by the illusion of de#ils< though Thomas _0uaest. -. de "olentia_$
Fc. ascribes it to good angels. 9ome$ saith ;-,@=GAustin$ com"el their
'i#es to s'ear they be honest$ as if "erjury 'ere a lesser sin than
adultery< ;-,@.Gsome consult oracles$ as Phaerus that blind %ing of Egy"t.
2thers re'ard$ as those old 1omans used to do< if a 'oman 'ere contented
'ith one man$ _:orona "udicitiae donabatur_$ she had a cro'n of chastity
besto'ed on her. 4hen all this 'ill not ser#e$ saith Ale+ander Gaguinus$
_ca". @. descri"t. Musco#iae_$ the Musco#ites$ if they sus"ect their 'i#es$
'ill beat them till they confess$ and if that 'ill not a#ail$ li%e those
'ild Irish$ be di#orced at their "leasures$ or else %noc% them on the
heads$ as the old ;-,@?GGauls ha#e done in former ages. 2f this tyranny of
jealousy read more in Parthenius _Erot. ca". ,C._ :amerarius _ca". @.. hor.
subcis. et cent. =. ca". .?._ :aelia!s e"istles$ Tho. :haloner _de re"ub.
Aug. lib. B._ Ariosto _lib. .,. stasse ,._ 7eli+ Platerus _obser#at. lib.
,._ Fc.
MEM. III.
_Prognostics of Dealousy. 3es"air$ Madness$ to ma%e a'ay themsel#es and
others_.
Those 'hich are jealous$ most "art$ if they be not other'ise relie#ed$
;-,@@GL"roceed from sus"icion to hatred$ from hatred to frenzy$ madness$
injury$ murder and des"air.L
;-,@-G LA "lague by 'hose most damnable effect.
3i#ers in dee" des"air to die ha#e sought$
y 'hich a man to madness near is brought$
As 'ell 'ith causeless as 'ith just sus"ect.L
In their madness many times$ saith ;-,@AGIi#es$ they ma%e a'ay themsel#es
and others. 4hich induceth :y"rian to call it$ _7oecundam et multi"licem
"erniciem$ fontem cladium et seminarium delictorum_$ a fruitful mischief$
the seminary of offences$ and fountain of murders. Tragical e+am"les are
too common in this %ind$ both ne' and old$ in all ages$ as of ;-,@/G
:e"halus and Procris$ ;-,@BGPhaereus of Egy"t$ Tereus$ Atreus$ and
Thyestes. ;-,-CGAle+ander Phaereus 'as murdered of his 'ife$ _ob "ellicatus
sus"itionem_$ Tully saith. Antoninus Ierus 'as so made a'ay by *ucilla<
3emetrius the son of Antigonus$ and 8icanor$ by their 'i#es. 5ercules
"oisoned by 3ejanira$ ;-,-,G:aecinna murdered by Ies"asian$ Dustina$ a
1oman lady$ by her husband. ;-,-=GAmestris$ Jer+es! 'ife$ because she found
her husband!s cloa% in Masista!s house$ cut off Masista$ his 'ife!s "a"s$
and ga#e them to the dogs$ flayed her besides$ and cut off her ears$ li"s$
tongue$ and slit the nose of Artaynta her daughter. 2ur late 'riters are
full of such outrages.
;-,-.GPaulus Aemilius$ in his history of 7rance$ hath a tragical story of
:hil"ericus the 7irst his death$ made a'ay by 7erdegunde his 0ueen. In a
jealous humour he came from hunting$ and stole behind his 'ife$ as she 'as
dressing and combing her head in the sun$ ga#e her a familiar touch 'ith
his 'and$ 'hich she mista%ing for her lo#er$ said$ LAh *andre$ a good
%night should stri%e before$ and not behind&L but 'hen she sa' herself
betrayed by his "resence$ she instantly too% order to ma%e him a'ay.
5ierome 2sorius$ in his ele#enth boo% of the deeds of Emanuel 6ing of
Portugal$ to this effect hath a tragical narration of one 7erdinandus
:halderia$ that 'ounded Gotherinus$ a noble countryman of his$ at Goa in
the East Indies$ ;-,-?GLand cut off one of his legs$ for that he loo%ed as
he thought too familiarly u"on his 'ife$ 'hich 'as after'ards a cause of
many 0uarrels$ and much bloodshed.L Guianerius _ca". .-. de aegritud.
matr._ s"ea%s of a silly jealous fello'$ that seeing his child ne'-born
included in a caul$ thought sure a ;-,-@G7ranciscan that used to come to
his house$ 'as the father of it$ it 'as so li%e the friar!s co'l$ and
thereu"on threatened the friar to %ill him& 7ulgosus of a 'oman in
8arbonne$ that cut off her husband!s "ri#ities in the night$ because she
thought he "layed false 'ith her. The story of Donuses assa$ and fair
Manto his 'ife$ is 'ell %no'n to such as ha#e read the Tur%ish history< and
that of Doan of 9"ain$ of 'hich I treated in my former section. 5er
jealousy$ saith Gomesius$ 'as the cause of both their deaths& 6ing Phili"
died for grief a little after$ as ;-,--GMartian his "hysician ga#e it out$
Land she for her "art after a melancholy discontented life$ miss"ent in
lur%ing-holes and corners$ made an end of her miseries.L 7eli+ Plater$ in
the first boo% of his obser#ations$ hath many such instances$ of a
"hysician of his ac0uaintance$ ;-,-AGLthat 'as first mad through jealousy$
and after'ards des"erate&L of a merchant ;-,-/GLthat %illed his 'ife in the
same humour$ and after "reci"itated himself&L of a doctor of la' that cut
off his man!s nose& of a "ainter!s 'ife in asil$ anno ,-CC$ that 'as
mother of nine children and had been t'enty-se#en years married$ yet
after'ards jealous$ and so im"atient that she became des"erate$ and 'ould
neither eat nor drin% in her o'n house$ for fear her husband should "oison
her. !Tis a common sign this< for 'hen once the humours are stirred$ and
the imagination misaffected$ it 'ill #ary itself in di#ers forms< and many
such absurd sym"toms 'ill accom"any$ e#en madness itself. 9%en%ius
_obser#at. lib. ?. ca". de Hter._ hath an e+am"le of a jealous 'oman that
by this means had many fits of the mother& and in his first boo% of some
that through jealousy ran mad& of a ba%er that gelded himself to try his
'ife!s honesty$ Fc. 9uch e+am"les are too common.
MEM. II.
9H9E:T I.--_:ure of Dealousy< by a#oiding occasions$ not to be idle& of
good counsel< to contemn it$ not to 'atch or loc% them u"& to dissemble it$
Fc._
As of all other melancholy$ some doubt 'hether this malady may be cured or
no$ they thin% !tis li%e the ;-,-BGgout$ or 9'itzers$ 'hom 'e commonly call
4alloons$ those hired soldiers$ if once they ta%e "ossession of a castle$
they can ne#er be got out.
LKui timet ut sua sit$ ne 0uis sibi subtrahat illam$
Ille Machaonia #i+ o"e sal#us est.L
;-,ACG LThis is the cruel 'ound against 'hose smart$
8o li0uor!s force "re#ails$ or any "laister$
8o s%ill of stars$ no de"th of magic art$
3e#ised by that great cler% >oroaster$
A 'ound that so infects the soul and heart$
As all our sense and reason it doth master<
A 'ound 'hose "ang and torment is so durable$
As it may rightly called be incurable.L
Eet 'hat I ha#e formerly said of other melancholy$ I 'ill say again$ it may
be cured or mitigated at least by some contrary "assion$ good counsel and
"ersuasion$ if it be 'ithstood in the beginning$ maturely resisted$ and as
those ancients hold$ ;-,A,GLthe nails of it be "ared before they gro' too
long.L 8o better means to resist or re"el it than by a#oiding idleness$ to
be still seriously busied about some matters of im"ortance$ to dri#e out
those #ain fears$ foolish fantasies and ir%some sus"icions out of his head$
and then to be "ersuaded by his judicious friends$ to gi#e ear to their
good counsel and ad#ice$ and 'isely to consider$ ho' much he discredits
himself$ his friends$ dishonours his children$ disgraceth his family$
"ublisheth his shame$ and as a trum"eter of his o'n misery$ di#ulgeth$
macerates$ grie#es himself and others< 'hat an argument of 'ea%ness it is$
ho' absurd a thing in its o'n nature$ ho' ridiculous$ ho' brutish a
"assion$ ho' sottish$ ho' odious< for as ;-,A=G5ierome 'ell hath it$ _2dium
sui facit$ et i"se no#issime sibi odio est_$ others hate him$ and at last
he hates himself for it< ho' harebrain a disease$ mad and furious. If he
'ill but hear them s"ea%$ no doubt he may be cured. ;-,A.GDoan$ 0ueen of
9"ain$ of 'hom I ha#e formerly s"o%en$ under "retence of changing air 'as
sent to :om"lutum$ or Alcada de las 5eneras$ 'here Jimenius the archbisho"
of Toledo then li#ed$ that by his good counsel (as for the "resent she 'as)
she might be eased. ;-,A?GL7or a disease of the soul$ if concealed$
tortures and o#erturns it$ and by no "hysic can sooner be remo#ed than by a
discreet man!s comfortable s"eeches.L I 'ill not here insert any
consolatory sentences to this "ur"ose$ or forestall any man!s in#ention$
but lea#e it e#ery one to dilate and am"lify as he shall thin% fit in his
o'n judgment& let him ad#ise 'ith 9iracides _ca". B. ,._ Le not jealous
o#er the 'ife of thy bosom<L read that comfortable and "ithy s"eech to this
"ur"ose of Jimenius$ in the author himself$ as it is recorded by Gomesius<
consult 'ith :haloner _lib. B. de re"ub. Anglor._ or :aelia in her
e"istles$ Fc. 2nly this I 'ill add$ that if it be considered aright$ 'hich
causeth this jealous "assion$ be it just or unjust$ 'hether 'ith or 'ithout
cause$ true or false$ it ought not so heinously to be ta%en< !tis no such
real or ca"ital matter$ that it should ma%e so dee" a 'ound. !Tis a blo'
that hurts not$ an insensible smart$ grounded many times u"on false
sus"icion alone$ and so fostered by a sinister conceit. If she be not
dishonest$ he troubles and macerates himself 'ithout a cause< or "ut case
'hich is the 'orst$ he be a cuc%old$ it cannot be hel"ed$ the more he stirs
in it$ the more he aggra#ates his o'n misery. 5o' much better 'ere it in
such a case to dissemble or contemn itN 'hy should that be feared 'hich
cannot be redressedN _multae tandem de"osuerunt_ (saith ;-,A@GIi#es) _0uum
flecti maritos non "osse #ident_$ many 'omen$ 'hen they see there is no
remedy$ ha#e been "acified< and shall men be more jealous than 'omenN !Tis
some comfort in such a case to ha#e com"anions$ _9olamen miseris socios
habuisse doloris_< 4ho can say he is freeN 4ho can assure himself he is not
one _de "raeterito_$ or secure himself _de futuro_N If it 'ere his case
alone$ it 'ere hard< but being as it is almost a common calamity$ !tis not
so grie#ously to be ta%en. If a man ha#e a loc%$ 'hich e#ery man!s %ey 'ill
o"en$ as 'ell as his o'n$ 'hy should he thin% to %ee" it "ri#ate to
himselfN In some countries they ma%e nothing of it$ _ne nobiles 0uidem_$
saith ;-,A-G*eo Afer$ in many "arts of Africa (if she be "ast fourteen)
there!s not a nobleman that marries a maid$ or that hath a chaste 'ife<
!tis so common< as the moon gi#es horns once a month to the 'orld$ do they
to their husbands at least. And !tis most "art true 'hich that :aledonian
lady$ ;-,AAGArgetoco#us$ a ritish "rince!s 'ife$ told Dulia Augusta$ 'hen
she too% her u" for dishonesty$ L4e ritons are naught at least 'ith some
fe' choice men of the better sort$ but you 1omans lie 'ith e#ery base
%na#e$ you are a com"any of common 'hores.L 9e#erus the em"eror in his time
made la's for the restraint of this #ice< and as ;-,A/G3ion 8icaeus relates
in his life$ _tria millia maechorum_$ three thousand cuc%old-ma%ers$ or
_naturae monetam adulterantes_$ as Philo calls them$ false coiners$ and
cli""ers of nature!s money$ 'ere summoned into the court at once. And yet$
_8on omnem molitor 0uae fluit undam #idet_$ Lthe miller sees not all the
'ater that goes by his mill&L no doubt$ but$ as in our days$ these 'ere of
the commonalty$ all the great ones 'ere not so much as called in 0uestion
for it. ;-,ABGMartial!s E"igram I su""ose might ha#e been generally a""lied
in those licentious times$ _2mnia solus habes_$ Fc.$ thy goods$ lands$
money$ 'its are thine o'n$ _H+orem sed habes :andide cum "o"ulo_< but
neighbour :andidus your 'ife is common& husband and cuc%old in that age it
seems 'ere reci"rocal terms< the em"erors themsel#es did 'ear Actaeon!s
badge< ho' many :aesars might I rec%on u" together$ and 'hat a catalogue of
cornuted %ings and "rinces in e#ery storyN Agamemnon$ Menelaus$ Phili""us
of Greece$ Ptolomeus of Egy"t$ *ucullus$ :aesar$ Pom"eius$ :ato$ Augustus$
Antonius$ Antoninus$ Fc.$ that 'ore fair "lumes of bull!s feathers in their
crests. The bra#est soldiers and most heroical s"irits could not a#oid it.
They ha#e been acti#e and "assi#e in this business$ they ha#e either gi#en
or ta%en horns. ;-,/CG6ing Arthur$ 'hom 'e call one of the nine 'orthies$
for all his great #alour$ 'as un'orthily ser#ed by Mordred$ one of his
round table %nights& and Guithera$ or 5elena Alba$ his fair 'ife$ as *eland
inter"rets it$ 'as an arrant honest 'oman. _Parcerem libenter_ (saith mine
;-,/,Gauthor) _5eroinarum laesae majestati$ si non historiae #eritas aurem
#ellicaret_$ I could 'illingly 'in% at a fair lady!s faults$ but that I am
bound by the la's of history to tell the truth& against his 'ill$ God
%no's$ did he 'rite it$ and so do I re"eat it. I s"ea% not of our times all
this 'hile$ 'e ha#e good$ honest$ #irtuous men and 'omen$ 'hom fame$ zeal$
fear of God$ religion and su"erstition contains& and yet for all that$ 'e
ha#e many %nights of this order$ so dubbed by their 'i#es$ many good 'omen
abused by dissolute husbands. In some "laces$ and such "ersons you may as
soon enjoin them to carry 'ater in a sie#e$ as to %ee" themsel#es honest.
4hat shall a man do no' in such a caseN 4hat remedy is to be hadN ho' shall
he be easedN y suing a di#orceN this is hard to be effected& _si non
caste$ tamen caute_ they carry the matter so cunningly$ that though it be
as common as simony$ as clear and as manifest as the nose in a man!s face$
yet it cannot be e#idently "ro#ed$ or they li%ely ta%en in the fact& they
'ill ha#e a %na#e Gallus to 'atch$ or 'ith that 1oman ;-,/=G9ul"itia$ all
made fast and sure$
L8e se :adurcis destitutam fasciis$
8udam :aleno concumbentem #ideat.L
Lshe 'ill hardly be sur"rised by her husband$ be he ne#er so 'ary.L Much
better then to "ut it u"& the more he stri#es in it$ the more he shall
di#ulge his o'n shame& ma%e a #irtue of necessity$ and conceal it. Eea$ but
the 'orld ta%es notice of it$ !tis in e#ery man!s mouth& let them tal%
their "leasure$ of 'hom s"ea% they not in this senseN 7rom the highest to
the lo'est they are thus censured all& there is no remedy then but
"atience. It may be !tis his o'n fault$ and he hath no reason to com"lain$
!tis _0uid "ro 0uo_$ she is bad$ he is 'orse& ;-,/.GLethin% thyself$ hast
thou not done as much for some of thy neighboursN 'hy dost thou re0uire
that of thy 'ife$ 'hich thou 'ilt not "erform thyselfNL Thou rangest li%e a
to'n bull$ ;-,/?GL'hy art thou so incensed if she tread$ a'ryNL
;-,/@G Le it that some 'oman brea% chaste 'edloc%!s la's$
And lea#es her husband and becomes unchaste&
Eet commonly it is not 'ithout cause$
9he sees her man in sin her goods to 'aste$
9he feels that he his lo#e from her 'ithdra's$
And hath on some "erha"s less 'orthy "laced.
4ho stri%e 'ith s'ord$ the scabbard them may stri%e$
And sure lo#e cra#eth lo#e$ li%e as%eth li%e.L
_Ea sem"er studebit_$ saith ;-,/-G8e#isanus$ _"ares reddere #ices_$ she
'ill 0uit it if she can. And therefore$ as 'ell ad#iseth 9iracides$ _ca".
i+. ,._ Lteach her not an e#il lesson against thyself$L 'hich as Dansenius$
*yranus$ on his te+t$ and :arthusianus inter"ret$ is no other'ise to be
understood than that she do thee not a mischief. I do not e+cuse her in
accusing thee< but if both be naught$ mend thyself first< for as the old
saying is$ a good husband ma%es a good 'ife.
Eea but thou re"liest$ !tis not the li%e reason bet'i+t man and 'oman$
through her fault my children are bastards$ I may not endure it< ;-,/AG_9it
amarulenta$ sit im"eriosa "rodiga_$ Fc. *et her scold$ bra'l$ and s"end$ I
care not$ _modo sit casta_$ so she be honest$ I could easily bear it< but
this I cannot$ I may not$ I 'ill not< Lmy faith$ my fame$ mine eye must not
be touched$L as the di#erb is$ _8on "atitur tactum fama$ fides$ oculus._ I
say the same of my 'ife$ touch all$ use all$ ta%e all but this. I
ac%no'ledge that of 9eneca to be true$ _8ullius boni jucunda "ossessio sine
socio_$ there is no s'eet content in the "ossession of any good thing
'ithout a com"anion$ this only e+ce"ted$ I say$ LThis.L And 'hy thisN E#en
this 'hich thou so much abhorrest$ it may be for thy "rogeny!s good$ ;-,//G
better be any man!s son than thine$ to be begot of base Irus$ "oor 9eius$
or mean Me#ius$ the to'n s'ineherd!s$ a she"herd!s son& and 'ell is he$
that li%e 5ercules he hath any t'o fathers< for thou thyself hast
"erad#enture more diseases than a horse$ more infirmities of body and mind$
a can%ered soul$ crabbed conditions$ ma%e the 'orst of it$ as it is _#ulnus
insanabile$ sic #ulnus insensibile_$ as it is incurable$ so it is
insensible. ut art thou sure it is soN ;-,/BG_res agit ille tuas_N Ldoth
he so indeedNL It may be thou art o#er-sus"icious$ and 'ithout a cause as
some are& if it be _octimestris "artus_$ born at eight months$ or li%e him$
and him$ they fondly sus"ect he got it< if she s"ea% or laugh familiarly
'ith such or such men$ then "resently she is naught 'ith them< such is thy
'ea%ness< 'hereas charity$ or a 'ell-dis"osed mind$ 'ould inter"ret all
unto the best. 9t. 7rancis$ by chance seeing a friar familiarly %issing
another man!s 'ife$ 'as so far from misconcei#ing it$ that he "resently
%neeled do'n and than%ed God there 'as so much charity left& but they on
the other side 'ill ascribe nothing to natural causes$ indulge nothing to
familiarity$ mutual society$ friendshi"& but out of a sinister sus"icion$
"resently loc% them close$ 'atch them$ thin%ing by those means to "re#ent
all such incon#eniences$ that!s the 'ay to hel" it< 'hereas by such tric%s
they do aggra#ate the mischief. !Tis but in #ain to 'atch that 'hich 'ill
a'ay.
;-,BCG L8ec custodiri si #elit ulla "otest<
8ec mentem ser#are "otes$ licet omnia ser#es<
2mnibus e+clusis$ intus adulter erit.L
L8one can be %e"t resisting for her "art<
Though body be %e"t close$ 'ithin her heart
Ad#outry lur%s$ t!e+clude it there!s no art.L
Argus 'ith a hundred eyes cannot %ee" her$ _et hunc unus sae"e fefellit
amor_$ as in ;-,B,GAriosto$
LIf all our hearts 'ere eyes$ yet sure they said
4e husbands of our 'i#es should be betrayed.L
5ierome holds$ _H+or im"udica ser#ari non "otest$ "udica non debet$ infida
custos castitatis est necessitas_$ to 'hat end is all your custodyN A
dishonest 'oman cannot be %e"t$ an honest 'oman ought not to be %e"t$
necessity is a %ee"er not to be trusted. _3ifficile custoditur$ 0uod "lures
amant_< that 'hich many co#et$ can hardly be "reser#ed$ as ;-,B=G
9alisburiensis thin%s. I am of Aeneas 9yl#ius! mind$ ;-,B.GLThose jealous
Italians do #ery ill to loc% u" their 'i#es< for 'omen are of such a
dis"osition$ they 'ill most co#et that 'hich is denied most$ and offend
least 'hen they ha#e free liberty to tres"ass.L It is in #ain to loc% her
u" if she be dishonest< _et tyrranicum im"erium_$ as our great Mr.
Aristotle calls it$ too tyrannical a tas%$ most unfit& for 'hen she
"ercei#es her husband obser#es her and sus"ects$ _liberius "eccat_$ saith
;-,B?G8e#isanus. ;-,B@G_To+ica >eloty"o dedit u+or moecha marito_$ she is
e+as"erated$ see%s by all means to #indicate herself$ and 'ill therefore
offend$ because she is unjustly sus"ected. The best course then is to let
them ha#e their o'n 'ills$ gi#e them free liberty$ 'ithout any %ee"ing.
LIn #ain our friends from this do us dehort$
7or beauty 'ill be 'here is most resort.L
If she be honest as *ucretia to :ollatinus$ *aodamia to Protesilaus$
Penelo"e to her Hlysses$ she 'ill so continue her honour$ good name$
credit$ _Penelo"e conju+ sem"er Hlyssis ero_< LI shall al'ays be Penelo"e
the 'ife of Hlysses.L And as Phocias! 'ife in ;-,B-GPlutarch$ called her
husband Lher 'ealth$ treasure$ 'orld$ joy$ delight$ orb and s"here$L she
'ill hers. The #o' she made unto her good man< lo#e$ #irtue$ religion$
zeal$ are better %ee"ers than all those loc%s$ eunuchs$ "risons< she 'ill
not be mo#ed&
;-,BAG LAt mihi #el tellus o"tem "rius ima dehiscat$
Aut "ater omni"otens adigat me fulmine ad umbras$
Pallentes umbras Erebi$ noctem0ue "rofundam$
Ante "udor 0uam te #iolem$ aut tua jura resol#am.L
L7irst I desire the earth to s'allo' me.
efore I #iolate mine honesty$
2r thunder from abo#e dri#e me to hell$
4ith those "ale ghosts$ and ugly nights to d'ell.L
9he is resol#ed 'ith 3ido to be chaste< though her husband be false$ she
'ill be true& and as 2cta#ia 'rit to her Antony$
;-,B/G LThese 'alls that here do %ee" me out of sight$
9hall %ee" me all uns"otted unto thee$
And testify that I 'ill do thee right$
I!ll ne#er stain thine house$ though thou shame me.L
Turn her loose to all those Tar0uins and 9atyrs$ she 'ill not be tem"ted.
In the time of Ialence the Em"eror$ saith ;-,BBG9t. Austin$ one Archidamus$
a :onsul of Antioch$ offered a hundred "ounds of gold to a fair young 'ife$
and besides to set her husband free$ 'ho 'as then _sub gra#issima
custodia_$ a dar% "risoner$ _"ro unius noctis concubitu_& but the chaste
matron 'ould not acce"t of it. ;-=CCG4hen 2de commended Theana!s fine arm
to his fello's$ she too% him u" short$ L9ir$ !tis not common&L she is
'holly reser#ed to her husband. ;-=C,Gilia had an old man to her s"ouse$
and his breath stun%$ so that nobody could abide it abroad< Lcoming home
one day he re"rehended his 'ife$ because she did not tell him of it& she
#o'ed unto him$ she had told him$ but she thought e#ery man!s breath had
been as strong as his.L ;-=C=GTigranes and Armena his lady 'ere in#ited to
su""er by 6ing :yrus& 'hen they came home$ Tigranes as%ed his 'ife$ ho' she
li%ed :yrus$ and 'hat she did es"ecially commend in himN Lshe s'ore she did
not obser#e him< 'hen he re"lied again$ 'hat then she did obser#e$ 'hom she
loo%ed onN 9he made ans'er$ her husband$ that said he 'ould die for her
sa%e.L 9uch are the "ro"erties and conditions of good 'omen& and if she be
'ell gi#en$ she 'ill so carry herself< if other'ise she be naught$ use all
the means thou canst$ she 'ill be naught$ _8on deest animus sed corru"tor_$
she hath so many lies$ e+cuses$ as a hare hath muses$ tric%s$ "anders$
ba'ds$ shifts$ to decei#e$ !tis to no "ur"ose to %ee" her u"$ or to reclaim
her by hard usage. L7air means "erad#enture may do some'hat.L ;-=C.G
_2bse0uio #inces a"tius i"se tuo._ Men and 'omen are both in a "redicament
in this behalf$ no sooner 'on$ and better "acified. _3uci #olunt$ non
cogi_& though she be as arrant a scold as Janthi""e$ as cruel as Medea$ as
clamorous as 5ecuba$ as lustful as Messalina$ by such means (if at all) she
may be reformed. Many "atient ;-=C?GGrizels$ by their obse0uiousness in
this %ind$ ha#e reclaimed their husbands from their 'andering lusts. In
8o#a 7rancia and Tur%ey (as *eah$ 1achel$ and 9arah did to Abraham and
Dacob) they bring their fairest damsels to their husbands! beds< *i#ia
seconded the lustful a""etites of Augustus& 9tratonice$ 'ife to 6ing
3iotarus$ did not only bring Electra$ a fair maid$ to her good man!s bed$
but brought u" the children begot on her$ as carefully as if they had been
her o'n. Tertius Emilius! 'ife$ :ornelia!s mother$ "ercei#ing her husband!s
intem"erance$ _rem dissimula#it_$ made much of the maid$ and 'ould ta%e no
notice of it. A ne'-married man$ 'hen a "ic%than% friend of his$ to curry
fa#our$ had sho'ed him his 'ife familiar in "ri#ate 'ith a young gallant$
courting and dallying$ Fc. Tush$ said he$ let him do his 'orst$ I dare
trust my 'ife$ though I dare not trust him. The best remedy then is by fair
means< if that 'ill not ta%e "lace$ to dissemble it as I say$ or turn it
off 'ith a jest& hear Gue+erra!s ad#ice in this case$ _#el joco e+ci"ies$
#el silentio eludes_< for if you ta%e e+ce"tions at e#erything your 'ife
doth$ 9olomon!s 'isdom$ 5ercules! #alour$ 5omer!s learning$ 9ocrates!
"atience$ Argus! #igilance$ 'ill not ser#e turn. Therefore _Minus malum_$
;-=C@Ga less mischief$ 8e#isanus holds$ _dissimulare_$ to be ;-=C-G_:unarum
em"tor_$ a buyer of cradles$ as the "ro#erb is$ than to be too solicitous.
;-=CAGLA good fello'$ 'hen his 'ife 'as brought to bed before her time$
bought half a dozen of cradles beforehand for so many children$ as if his
'ife should continue to bear children e#ery t'o months.L ;-=C/GPertina+ the
Em"eror$ 'hen one told him a fiddler 'as too familiar 'ith his em"ress$
made no rec%oning of it. And 'hen that Macedonian Phili" 'as u"braided 'ith
his 'ife!s dishonesty$ _cum tot #ictor regnorum ac "o"ulorum esset_$ Fc.$ a
con0ueror of %ingdoms could not tame his 'ife (for she thrust him out of
doors)$ he made a jest of it. _9a"ientes "ortant cornua in "ectore$ stulti
in fronte_$ saith 8e#isanus$ 'ise men bear their horns in their hearts$
fools on their foreheads. Eumenes$ %ing of Pergamus$ 'as at deadly feud
'ith Perseus of Macedonia$ insomuch that Perseus hearing of a journey he
'as to ta%e to 3el"hos$ ;-=CBGset a com"any of soldiers to interce"t him in
his "assage< they did it accordingly$ and as they su""osed left him stoned
to death. The ne's of this fact 'as brought instantly to Pergamus< Attalus$
Eumenes! brother$ "roclaimed himself %ing forth'ith$ too% "ossession of the
cro'n$ and married 9tratonice the 0ueen. ut by-and-by$ 'hen contrary ne's
'as brought$ that 6ing Eumenes 'as ali#e$ and no' coming to the city$ he
laid by his cro'n$ left his 'ife$ as a "ri#ate man 'ent to meet him$ and
congratulate his return. Eumenes$ though he %ne' all "articulars "assed$
yet dissembling the matter$ %indly embraced his brother$ and too% his 'ife
into his fa#our again$ as if on such matter had been heard of or done.
Docundo$ in Ariosto$ found his 'ife in bed 'ith a %na#e$ both aslee"$ 'ent
his 'ays$ and 'ould not so much as 'a%e them$ much less re"ro#e them for
it. ;-=,CGAn honest fello' finding in li%e sort his 'ife had "layed false
at tables$ and borne a man too many$ dre' his dagger$ and s'ore if he had
not been his #ery friend$ he 'ould ha#e %illed him. Another hearing one had
done that for him$ 'hich no man desires to be done by a de"uty$ follo'ed in
a rage 'ith his s'ord dra'n$ and ha#ing o#erta%en him$ laid adultery to his
charge< the offender hotly "ursued$ confessed it 'as true< 'ith 'hich
confession he 'as satisfied$ and so left him$ s'earing that if he had
denied it$ he 'ould not ha#e "ut it u". 5o' much better is it to do thus$
than to macerate himself$ im"atiently to ra#e and rage$ to enter an action
(as Arnoldus Tilius did in the court of Toulouse$ against Martin Guerre his
fello'-soldier$ for that he counterfeited his habit$ and 'as too familiar
'ith his 'ife)$ so to di#ulge his o'n shame$ and to remain for e#er a
cuc%old on recordN ho' much better be :ornelius Tacitus than Publius
:ornutus$ to condemn in such cases$ or ta%e no notice of itN _Melius sic
errare$ 0uam >eloty"iae curis_$ saith Erasmus$ _se conficere_$ better be a
'ittol and "ut it u"$ than to trouble himself to no "ur"ose. And though he
'ill not _omnibus dormire_$ be an ass$ as he is an o+$ yet to 'in% at it as
many do is not amiss at some times$ in some cases$ to some "arties$ if it
be for his commodity$ or some great man!s sa%e$ his landlord$ "atron$
benefactor$ (as :albas the 1oman saith ;-=,,GPlutarch did by Maecenas$ and
Phayllus of Argos did by 6ing Phili"$ 'hen he "romised him an office on
that condition he might lie 'ith his 'ife) and so let it "ass&
;-=,=G L"ol me haud "oenitet$
9cilicet boni dimidium di#idere cum Do#e$L
Lit ne#er troubles meL (saith Am"hitrio) Lto be cornuted by Du"iter$L let
it not molest thee then< be friends 'ith her<
;-=,.G LTu cum Alcmena u+ore anti0uam in gratiam
1ediL------
L1ecei#e Alcmena to your grace again<L let it$ I say$ ma%e no breach of
lo#e bet'een you. 5o'soe#er the best 'ay is to contemn it$ 'hich
;-=,?G5enry II. %ing of 7rance ad#ised a courtier of his$ jealous of his
'ife$ and com"laining of her unchasteness$ to reject it$ and comfort
himself< for he that sus"ects his 'ife!s incontinency$ and fears the Po"e!s
curse$ shall ne#er li#e a merry hour$ or slee" a 0uiet night& no remedy but
"atience. 4hen all is done according to that counsel of ;-=,@G8e#isanus$
_si #itium u+oris corrigi non "otest$ ferendum est_& if it may not be
hel"ed$ it must be endured. _3ate #eniam et sustinete taciti_$ !tis
9o"hocles! ad#ice$ %ee" it to thyself$ and 'hich :hrysostom calls
_"alaestram "hiloso"hiae$ et domesticum gymnasium_ a school of "hiloso"hy$
"ut it u". There is no other cure but time to 'ear it out$ _Injuriarum
remedium est obli#io_$ as if they had drun% a draught of *ethe in
Tro"honius! den& to conclude$ age 'ill berea#e her of it$ dies _dolorem
minuit_$ time and "atience must end it.
;-=,-G LThe mind!s affections "atience 'ill a""ease$
It "assions %ills$ and healeth each disease.L
9H9E:T. II.--_y "re#ention before$ or after Marriage$ Plato!s :ommunity$
marry a :ourtesan$ Philters$ 9te's$ to marry one e0ual in years$ fortunes$
of a good family$ education$ good "lace$ to use them 'ell$ Fc._
2f such medicines as conduce to the cure of this malady$ I ha#e
sufficiently treated< there be some good remedies remaining$ by 'ay of
"re#ention$ "recautions$ or admonitions$ 'hich if rightly "ractised$ may do
much good. Plato$ in his :ommon'ealth$ to "re#ent this mischief beli%e$
'ould ha#e all things$ 'i#es and children$ all as one& and 'hich :aesar in
his :ommentaries obser#ed of those old ritons$ that first inhabited this
land$ they had ten or t'el#e 'i#es allotted to such a family$ or
"romiscuously to be used by so many men< not one to one$ as 'ith us$ or
four$ fi#e$ or si+ to one$ as in Tur%ey. The ;-=,AG8icholaites$ a set that
s"rang$ saith Austin$ from 8icholas the deacon$ 'ould ha#e 'omen
indifferent< and the cause of this filthy sect$ 'as 8icholas the deacon!s
jealousy$ for 'hich 'hen he 'as condemned to "urge himself of his offence$
he broached his heresy$ that it 'as la'ful to lie 'ith one another!s 'i#es$
and for any man to lie 'ith his& li%e to those ;-=,/GAnaba"tists in
Munster$ that 'ould consort 'ith other men!s 'i#es as the s"irit mo#ed
them& or as ;-=,BGMahomet$ the seducing "ro"het$ 'ould needs use 'omen as
he list himself$ to beget "ro"hets< t'o hundred and fi#e$ their Alcoran
saith$ 'ere in lo#e 'ith him$ and ;-==CGhe as able as forty men. Amongst
the old :arthaginians$ as ;-==,Gohemus relates out of 9abellicus.$ the
%ing of the country lay 'ith the bride the first night$ and once in a year
they 'ent "romiscuously all together. Munster _:osmog. lib. .. ca". ?BA._
ascribes the beginning of this brutish custom (unjustly) to one Picardus$ a
7renchman$ that in#ented a ne' sect of Adamites$ to go na%ed as Adam did$
and to use "romiscuous #enery at set times. 4hen the "riest re"eated that
of Genesis$ LIncrease and multi"ly$L out ;-===G'ent the candles in the
"lace 'here they met$ Land 'ithout all res"ect of age$ "ersons$ conditions$
catch that catch may$ e#ery man too% her that came ne+t$L Fc.< some fasten
this on those ancient ohemians and 1ussians& ;-==.Gothers on the
inhabitants of Mambrium$ in the *ucerne #alley in Piedmont< and$ as I read$
it 'as "ractised in 9cotland amongst :hristians themsel#es$ until 6ing
Malcolm!s time$ the %ing or the lord of the to'n had their maidenheads. In
some "arts of ;-==?GIndia in our age$ and those ;-==@Gislanders$ ;-==-Gas
amongst the abylonians of old$ they 'ill "rostitute their 'i#es and
daughters ('hich :halcocondila$ a Gree% modern 'riter$ for 'ant of better
intelligence$ "uts u"on us ritons) to such tra#ellers or seafaring men as
come amongst them by chance$ to sho' ho' far they 'ere from this feral #ice
of jealousy$ and ho' little they esteemed it. The %ings of :alecut$ as
;-==AG*od. Iertomannus relates$ 'ill not touch their 'i#es$ till one of
their iarmi or high "riests ha#e lain first 'ith them$ to sanctify their
'ombs. ut those Esai and Montanists$ t'o strange sects of old$ 'ere in
another e+treme$ they 'ould not marry at all$ or ha#e any society 'ith
'omen$ ;-==/GLbecause of their intem"erance they held them all to be
naught.L 8e#isanus the la'yer$ _lib. ?. num. ... syl#. nu"t._ 'ould ha#e
him that is inclined to this malady$ to "re#ent the 'orst$ marry a 0uean$
_:a"iens meretricem$ hoc habet saltem boni 0uod non deci"itur$ 0uia scit
eam sic esse$ 0uod non contingit aliis_. A fornicator in 9eneca
constu"rated t'o 'enches in a night< for satisfaction$ the one desired to
hang him$ the other to marry him. ;-==BG 5ierome$ %ing of 9yracuse in
9icily$ es"oused himself to Pitho$ %ee"er of the ste's< and Ptolemy too%
Thais a common 'hore to be his 'ife$ had t'o sons$ *eontiscus and *agus by
her$ and one daughter Irene& !tis therefore no such unli%ely thing. ;-=.CGA
citizen of Engubine gelded himself to try his 'ife!s honesty$ and to be
freed from jealousy< so did a ba%er in ;-=.,G asil$ to the same intent.
ut of all other "recedents in this %ind$ that of ;-=.=G:ombalus is most
memorable< 'ho to "re#ent his master!s sus"icion$ for he 'as a beautiful
young man$ and sent by 9eleucus his lord and %ing$ 'ith 9tratonice the
0ueen to conduct her into 9yria$ fearing the 'orst$ gelded himself before
he 'ent$ and left his genitals behind him in a bo+ sealed u". 5is mistress
by the 'ay fell in lo#e 'ith him$ but he not yielding to her$ 'as accused
to 9eleucus of incontinency$ (as that ellero"hon 'as in li%e case$ falsely
traduced by 9thenobia$ to 6ing Praetus her husband$ _cum non "osset ad
coitum inducere)_ and that by her$ and 'as therefore at his corning home
cast into "rison& the day of hearing a""ointed$ he 'as sufficiently cleared
and ac0uitted$ by sho'ing his "ri#ities$ 'hich to the admiration of the
beholders he had formerly cut off. The *ydians used to geld 'omen 'hom they
sus"ected$ saith *eonicus _#ar. hist. Tib. .. ca". ?B._ as 'ell as men. To
this "ur"ose ;-=..G9aint 7rancis$ because he used to confess 'omen in
"ri#ate$ to "re#ent sus"icion$ and "ro#e himself a maid$ stri""ed himself
before the isho" of Assise and others& and 7riar *eonard for the same
cause 'ent through Iiterbium in Italy$ 'ithout any garments.
2ur "seudo-:atholics$ to hel" these incon#eniences 'hich "roceed from
jealousy$ to %ee" themsel#es and their 'i#es honest$ ma%e se#ere la's<
against adultery "resent death< and 'ithal fornication$ a #enal sin$ as a
sin% to con#ey that furious and s'ift stream of concu"iscence$ they a""oint
and "ermit ste's$ those "un%s and "leasant sinners$ the more to secure
their 'i#es in all "o"ulous cities$ for they hold them as necessary as
churches< and ho'soe#er unla'ful$ yet to a#oid a greater mischief$ to be
tolerated in "olicy$ as usury$ for the hardness of men!s hearts< and for
this end they ha#e 'hole colleges of courtesans in their to'ns and cities.
2f ;-=.?G:ato!s mind beli%e$ that 'ould ha#e his ser#ants (_cum ancillis
congredi coitus causa$ definito aere$ ut gra#iora facinora e#itarent$
caeteris interim interdicens_) familiar 'ith some such feminine creatures$
to a#oid 'orse mischiefs in his house$ and made allo'ance for it. They hold
it im"ossible for idle "ersons$ young$ rich$ and lusty$ so many ser#ants$
mon%s$ friars$ to li#e honest$ too tyrannical a burden to com"el them to be
chaste$ and most unfit to suffer "oor men$ younger brothers and soldiers at
all to marry$ as those diseased "ersons$ #otaries$ "riests$ ser#ants.
Therefore$ as 'ell to %ee" and ease the one as the other$ they tolerate and
'in% at these %ind of brothel-houses and ste's. Many "robable arguments
they ha#e to "ro#e the la'fulness$ the necessity$ and a toleration of them$
as of usury< and 'ithout 0uestion in "olicy they are not to be
contradicted& but altogether in religion. 2thers "rescribe filters$ s"ells$
charms to %ee" men and 'omen honest. ;-=.@G_Mulier ut alienum #irum non
admittat "raeter suum& Acci"e fel hirci$ et adi"em$ et e+sicca$ calescat in
oleo$ Fc.$ et non alium "raeter et amabit. In Ale+i. Porta$ Fc.$ "lura
in#enies$ et multo his absurdiora$ uti et in 1hasi$ ne mulier #irum
admittat$ et maritum solum diligat_$ Fc. ut these are most "art Pagan$
im"ious$ irreligious$ absurd$ and ridiculous de#ices.
The best means to a#oid these and li%e incon#eniences are$ to ta%e a'ay the
causes and occasions. To this "ur"ose ;-=.-GIarro 'rit _9atyram Meni""eam_$
but it is lost. ;-=.AGPatritius "rescribes four rules to be obser#ed in
choosing of a 'ife ('hich 'ho so 'ill may read)< 7onseca$ the 9"aniard$ in
his _?@. c. Am"hitheat. Amoris_$ sets do'n si+ s"ecial cautions for men$
four for 'omen< 9am. 8eander out of 9honbernerus$ fi#e for men$ fi#e for
'omen< Anthony Gui#arra many good lessons< ;-=./G:leobulus t'o alone$
others other'ise< as first to ma%e a good choice in marriage$ to in#ite
:hrist to their 'edding$ and 'hich ;-=.BG9t. Ambrose ad#iseth$ _3eum
conjugii "raesidem habere_$ and to "ray to him for her$ _A 3omino enim
datur u+or "rudens_$ Pro#. +i+. ) not to be too rash and "reci"itate in his
election$ to run u"on the first he meets$ or dote on e#ery stout fair "iece
he sees$ but to choose her as much by his ears as eyes$ to be 'ell ad#ised
'hom he ta%es$ of 'hat age$ Fc.$ and cautelous in his "roceedings. An old
man should not marry a young 'oman$ nor a young 'oman an old man$ ;-=?CG
_Kuam male inae0uales #eniunt ad arata ju#enciO_ such matches must needs
minister a "er"etual cause of sus"icion$ and be distasteful to each other.
;-=?,G L8octua ut in tumulis$ su"er at0ue cada#era bubo$
Talis a"ud 9o"hoclem nostra "uella sedet.L
L8ight-cro's on tombs$ o'l sits on carcass dead$
9o lies a 'ench 'ith 9o"hocles in bed.L
7or 9o"hocles$ as ;-=?=GAtheneus describes him$ 'as a #ery old man$ as cold
as Danuary$ a bedfello' of bones$ and doted yet u"on Archi""e$ a young
courtesan$ than 'hich nothing can be more odious. ;-=?.G_9ene+ maritus
u+ori ju#eni ingratus est_$ an old man is a most un'elcome guest to a young
'ench$ unable$ unfit&
;-=??G LAm"le+us suos fugiunt "uellae$
2mnis horret amor Ienus0ue 5ymen0ue.L
And as in li%e case a good fello' that had but a "ec% of corn 'ee%ly to
grind$ yet 'ould needs build a ne' mill for it$ found his error eftsoons$
for either he must let his mill lie 'aste$ "ull it 0uite do'n$ or let
others grind at it. 9o these men$ Fc.
9eneca therefore disallo's all such unseasonable matches$ _habent enim
maledicti locum crebrae nu"tiae._ And as ;-=?@GTully farther in#eighs$
L!tis unfit for any$ but ugly and filthy in old age.L _Tur"e senilis amor_$
one of the three things ;-=?-GGod hateth. Plutarch$ in his boo% _contra
:oleten_$ rails do'nright at such %ind of marriages$ 'hich are attem"ted by
old men$ _0ui jam cor"ore im"otenti$ et a #olu"tatibus deserti$ "eccant
animo_$ and ma%es a 0uestion 'hether in some cases it be tolerable at least
for such a man to marry$--_0ui Ienerem affectat sine #iribus_$ Lthat is no'
"ast those #enerous e+ercises$L Las a gelded man lies 'ith a #irgin and
sighs$L Ecclus. +++. =C$ and no' com"lains 'ith him in Petronius$ _funerata
est haec "ars jam$ 0uad fuit olim Achillea_$ he is 0uite done$
;-=?AG LIi+it "uellae nu"er idoneus$
Et milita#it non sine gloria.L
ut the 0uestion is 'hether he may delight himself as those Pria"eian
"o"es$ 'hich$ in their decre"it age$ lay commonly bet'een t'o 'enches e#ery
night$ _contactu formosarum$ et contrectatione$ num adhuc gaudeat_< and as
many doting sires do to their o'n shame$ their children!s undoing$ and
their families! confusion& he abhors it$ _tan0uam ab agresti et furioso
domino fugiendum_$ it must be a#oided as a bedlam master$ and not obeyed.
;-=?/G LAlecto------
I"sa faces "raefert nubentibus$ et malus 5ymen
Triste ululat$L------
the de#il himself ma%es such matches. ;-=?BG*e#inus *emnius rec%ons u"
three things 'hich generally disturb the "eace of marriage& the first is
'hen they marry intem"esti#e or unseasonably$ Las many mortal men marry
"reci"itately and inconsiderately$ 'hen they are effete and old& the second
'hen they marry une0ually for fortunes and birth& the third$ 'hen a sic%
im"otent "erson 'eds one that is sound$ _no#ae nu"tae s"es frustratur_&
many disli%es instantly follo'.L Many doting dizzards$ it may not be
denied$ as Plutarch confesseth$ ;-=@CGLrecreate themsel#es 'ith such
obsolete$ unseasonable and filthy remediesL (so he calls them)$ L'ith a
remembrance of their former "leasures$ against nature they stir u" their
dead flesh&L but an old lecher is abominable< _mulier tertio nubens_$
;-=@,G8e#isanus holds$ _"raesumitur lubrica$ et inconstans_$ a 'oman that
marries a third time may be "resumed to be no honester than she should. 2f
them both$ thus Ambrose concludes in his comment u"on *u%e$ ;-=@=GLthey
that are cou"led together$ not to get children$ but to satisfy their lust$
are not husbands$ but fornicators$L 'ith 'hom 9t. Austin consents&
matrimony 'ithout ho"e of children$ _non matrimonium$ sed concubium dici
debet_$ is not a 'edding but a jumbling or cou"ling together. In a 'ord
(e+ce"t they 'ed for mutual society$ hel" and comfort one of another$ in
'hich res"ects$ though ;-=@.GTiberius deny it$ 'ithout 0uestion old fol%s
may 'ell marry) for sometimes a man hath most need of a 'ife$ according to
Puccius$ 'hen he hath no need of a 'ife< other'ise it is most odious$ 'hen
an old Acherontic dizzard$ that hath one foot in his gra#e$ _a
silicernium_$ shall flic%er after a young 'ench that is blithe and bonny$
;-=@?G ------Lsalacior0ue
Ierno "assere$ et albulis columbis.L
4hat can be more detestableN
;-=@@G LTu cano ca"ite amas sene+ ne0uissime
Dam "lenus aetatis$ anima0ue foetida$
9ene+ hircosus tu osculare mulieremN
Htine adiens #omitum "otius e+cuties.L
LThou old goat$ hoary lecher$ naughty man$
4ith stin%ing breath$ art thou in lo#eN
Must thou be sla#eringN she s"e's to see
Thy filthy face$ it doth so mo#e.L
Eet$ as some 'ill$ it is much more tolerable for an old man to marry a
young 'oman (our ladies! match they call it) for _cras erit mulier_$ as he
said in Tully. :ato the 1oman$ :ritobulus in ;-=@-GJeno"hon$
;-=@AGTira0uellus of late$ Dulius 9caliger$ Fc.$ and many famous "recedents
'e ha#e in that %ind< but not _e contra_& !tis not held fit for an ancient
'oman to match 'ith a young man. 7or as Iarro 'ill$ _Anus dum ludit morti
delitias facit_$ !tis :haron!s match bet'een ;-=@/G:ascus and :asca$ and
the de#il himself is surely 'ell "leased 'ith it. And$ therefore$ as the
;-=@BG"oet in#eighs$ thou old Ietustina bedridden 0uean$ that art no' s%in
and bones$
L:ui tres ca"illi$ 0uatuor0ue sunt dentes$
Pectus cicadae$ crusculum0ue formicae$
1ugosiorem 0uae geris stola frontem$
Et arenaram cassibus "ares mammas.L
LThat hast three hairs$ four teeth$ a breast
*i%e grassho""er$ an emmet!s crest$
A s%in more rugged than thy coat$
And drugs li%e s"ider!s 'eb to boot.L
Must thou marry a youth againN And yet _ducentas ire nu"tum "ost mortes
amant_& ho'soe#er it is$ as ;-=-CGA"uleius gi#es out of his Meroe$
_congressus annosus$ "estilens$ abhorrendus_$ a "estilent match$
abominable$ and not to be endured. In such case ho' can they other'ise
choose but be jealous$ ho' should they agree one 'ith anotherN This
ine0uality is not in years only$ but in birth$ fortunes$ conditions$ and
all good ;-=-,G0ualities$ _si 0ua #oles a"te nubere$ nube "ari_$ !tis my
counsel$ saith Anthony Gui#erra$ to choose such a one. _:i#is :i#em ducat$
8obilis 8obilem_$ let a citizen match 'ith a citizen$ a gentleman 'ith a
gentle'oman< he that obser#es not this "rece"t (saith he) _non generum sed
malum Genium$ non nurum sed 7uriam$ non #itae :omitem$ sed litis fomitem
domi habebit_$ instead of a fair 'ife shall ha#e a fury$ for a fit
son-in-la' a mere fiend$ Fc. e+am"les are too fre0uent.
Another main caution fit to be obser#ed is this$ that though they be e0ual
in years$ birth$ fortunes$ and other conditions$ yet they do not omit
#irtue and good education$ 'hich Musonius and Anti"ater so much inculcate
in 9tobeus&
;-=-=G L3os est magna "arentum
Iirtus$ et metuens alterius #iri
:erto foedere castitas.L
If$ as Plutarch ad#iseth$ one must eat _modium salis_$ a bushel of salt
'ith him$ before he choose his friend$ 'hat care should be had in choosing
a 'ife$ his second self$ ho' solicitous should he be to %no' her 0ualities
and beha#iour< and 'hen he is assured of them$ not to "refer birth$
fortune$ beauty$ before bringing u"$ and good conditions. ;-=-.G:o0uage god
of cuc%olds$ as one merrily said$ accom"anies the goddess Dealousy$ both
follo' the fairest$ by Du"iter!s a""ointment$ and they sacrifice to them
together& beauty and honesty seldom agree< straight "ersonages ha#e often
croo%ed manners< fair faces$ foul #ices< good com"le+ions$ ill conditions.
_9us"icionis "lena res est$ et insidiarum_$ beauty (saith ;-=-?G:hrysostom)
is full of treachery and sus"icion& he that hath a fair 'ife$ cannot ha#e a
'orse mischief$ and yet most co#et it$ as if nothing else in marriage but
that and 'ealth 'ere to be res"ected. ;-=-@G7rancis 9forza$ 3u%e of Milan$
'as so curious in this behalf$ that he 'ould not marry the 3u%e of Mantua!s
daughter$ e+ce"t he might see her na%ed first& 'hich *ycurgus a""ointed in
his la's$ and Morus in his Hto"ian :ommon'ealth a""ro#es. ;-=--GIn Italy$
as a tra#eller obser#es$ if a man ha#e three or four daughters$ or more$
and they "ro#e fair$ they are married eftsoons& if deformed$ they change
their lo#ely names of *ucia$ :ynthia$ :amaena$ call them 3orothy$ Hrsula$
ridget$ and so "ut them into monasteries$ as if none 'ere fit for
marriage$ but such as are eminently fair& but these are erroneous tenets& a
modest #irgin 'ell conditioned$ to such a fair snout-"iece$ is much to be
"referred. If thou 'ilt a#oid them$ ta%e a'ay all causes of sus"icion and
jealousy$ marry a coarse "iece$ fetch her from :assandra!s ;-=-AGtem"le$
'hich 'as 'ont in Italy to be a sanctuary of all deformed maids$ and so
shalt thou be sure that no man 'ill ma%e thee cuc%old$ but for s"ite. A
citizen of izance in 7rance had a filthy$ do'dy$ deformed slut to his
'ife$ and finding her in bed 'ith another man$ cried out as one amazed< _2
miserO 0uae te necessitas huc adegit_N 2 thou 'retch$ 'hat necessity
brought thee hitherN as 'ell he might< for 'ho can affect such a oneN ut
this is 'arily to be understood$ most offend in another e+treme$ they
"refer 'ealth before beauty$ and so she be rich$ they care not ho' she
loo%< but these are all out as faulty as the rest. _Attendenda u+oris
forma_$ as ;-=-/G9alisburiensis ad#iseth$ _ne si alteram as"e+eris$ mo+ eam
sordere "utes_$ as the 6night in :haucer$ that 'as married to an old 'oman$
_And all day after hid him as an o'l$
9o 'oe 'as his 'ife loo%ed so foul_.
5a#e a care of thy 'ife!s com"le+ion$ lest 'hilst thou seest another$ thou
loathest her$ she "ro#e jealous$ thou naught$
;-=-BG L9i tibi deformis conju+$ si ser#a #enusta$
8e utaris ser#a$L------
I can "erha"s gi#e instance. _Molestum est "ossidere$ 0uod nemo habere
dignetur_$ a misery to "ossess that 'hich no man li%es& on the other side$
_3ifficile custoditur 0uod "lures amant._ And as the bragging soldier
#aunted in the comedy$ _nimia est miseria "ulchrum esse hominem nimis._
9ci"io did ne#er so hardly besiege :arthage$ as these young gallants 'ill
beset thine house$ one 'ith 'it or "erson$ another 'ith 'ealth$ Fc. If she
he fair$ saith Guazzo$ she 'ill be sus"ected ho'soe#er. oth e+tremes are
naught$ _Pulchra cito adamatur$ foeda facile concu"iscit_$ the one is soon
belo#ed$ the other lo#es& one is hardly %e"t$ because "roud and arrogant$
the other not 'orth %ee"ing< 'hat is to be done in this caseN Ennius in
Meneli""e ad#iseth thee as a friend to ta%e _statam formam$ si #is habere
incolumem "udicitiam_$ one of a middle size$ neither too fair nor too foul$
;-=ACG_8ec formosa magis 0uam mihi casta "lacet_$ 'ith old :ato$ though fit
let her beauty be$ _ne0ue lectissima$ ne0ue illiberalis_$ bet'een both.
This I a""ro#e< but of the other t'o I resol#e 'ith 9alisburiensis$
_caeteris "aribus_$ both rich ali%e$ endo'ed ali%e$ _majori miseria
deformis habetur 0uam formosa ser#atur_$ I had rather marry a fair one$ and
"ut it to the hazard$ than be troubled 'ith a blo'ze< but do as thou 'ilt$
I s"ea% only of myself.
5o'soe#er$ _0uod iterum maneo_$ I 'ould ad#ise thee thus much$ be she fair
or foul$ to choose a 'ife out of a good %indred$ "arentage$ 'ell brought
u"$ in an honest "lace.
;-=A,G LPrimum animo tibi "ro"onas 0uo sanguine creta.
Kua forma$ 0ua aetate$ 0uibus0ue ante omnia #irgo
Moribus$ in junctos #eniat no#a nu"ta "enates.L
5e that marries a 'ife out of a sus"ected inn or alehouse$ buys a horse in
9mithfield$ and hires a ser#ant in Paul!s$ as the di#erb is$ shall li%ely
ha#e a jade to his horse$ a %na#e for his man$ an arrant honest 'oman to
his 'ife. _7ilia "raesumitur$ esse matri similis_$ saith ;-=A=G8e#isanusN
L9uch ;-=A.Ga mother$ such a daughter<L _mali cor#i malum o#um._$ cat to
her %ind.
;-=A?G L9cilicet e+"ectas ut tradat mater honestos
At0ue alios mores 0uam 0uos habetNL
LIf the mother be dishonest$ in all li%elihood the daughter 'ill
_matrizare_$ ta%e after her in all good 0ualities$L
L:reden! Pasi"hae non tauri"otente futuram
Tauri"etamNL------
LIf the dam trot$ the foal 'ill not amble.L My last caution is$ that a
'oman do not besto' herself u"on a fool$ or an a""arent melancholy "erson<
jealousy is a sym"tom of that disease$ and fools ha#e no moderation.
Dustina$ a 1oman lady$ 'as much "ersecuted$ and after made a'ay by her
jealous husband$ she caused and enjoined this e"ita"h$ as a ca#eat to
others$ to be engra#en on her tomb&
;-=A@G L3iscite ab e+em"lo Dustinae$ discite "atres$
8e nubat fatuo filia #estra #iro$L Fc.
L*earn "arents all$ and by Dustina!s case$
Eour children to no dizzards for to "lace.L
After marriage$ I can gi#e no better admonitions than to use their 'i#es
'ell$ and 'hich a friend of mine told me that 'as a married man$ I 'ill
tell you as good chea"$ saith 8icostratus in ;-=A-G9tobeus$ to a#oid future
strife$ and for 0uietness! sa%e$ L'hen you are in bed$ ta%e heed of your
'ife!s flattering s"eeches o#er night$ and curtain$ sermons in the
morning.L *et them do their endea#our li%e'ise to maintain them to their
means$ 'hich ;-=AAGPatricius ingeminates$ and let them ha#e liberty 'ith
discretion$ as time and "lace re0uires& many 'omen turn 0ueans by
com"ulsion$ as ;-=A/G8e#isanus obser#es$ because their husbands are so
hard$ and %ee" them so short in diet and a""arel$ _"au"ertas cogit eas
meretricari_$ "o#erty and hunger$ 'ant of means$ ma%es them dishonest$ or
bad usage< their churlish beha#iour forceth them to fly out$ or bad
e+am"les$ they do it to cry 0uittance. In the other e+treme some are too
liberal$ as the "ro#erb is$ _Turdus malum sibi cacat_$ they ma%e a rod for
their o'n tails$ as :andaules did to Gyges in ;-=ABG5erodotus$ commend his
'ife!s beauty himself$ and besides 'ould needs ha#e him see her na%ed.
4hilst they gi#e their 'i#es too much liberty to gad abroad$ and bountiful
allo'ance$ they are accessory to their o'n miseries< _animae u+orum "essime
olent_$ as Plautus jibes$ they ha#e deformed souls$ and by their "ainting
and colours "rocure _odium mariti_$ their husband!s hate$
es"ecially$--;-=/CG _cum misere #iscantur labra mariti_. esides$ their
'i#es (as ;-=/,Gasil notes) _Im"udenter se e+"onunt masculorum as"ectibus$
jactantes tunicas$ et coram tri"udiantes_$ im"udently thrust themsel#es
into other men!s com"anies$ and by their indecent 'anton carriage "ro#o%e
and tem"t the s"ectators. Iirtuous 'omen should %ee" house< and !t'as 'ell
"erformed and ordered by the Gree%s$
;-=/=G ------Lmulier ne 0ua in "ublicum
9"ectandam se sine arbitro "raebeat #iro&L
'hich made Phidias beli%e at Elis "aint Ienus treading on a tortoise$ a
symbol of 'omen!s silence and house%ee"ing. 7or a 'oman abroad and alone$
is li%e a deer bro%e out of a "ar%$ _0uam mille #enatores inse0uuntur_$
'hom e#ery hunter follo's< and besides in such "laces she cannot so 'ell
#indicate herself$ but as that #irgin 3inah (Gen. +++i#.$ =$) Lgoing for to
see the daughters of the land$L lost her #irginity$ she may be defiled and
o#erta%en of a sudden& _Imbelles damae 0uid nisi "raeda sumus_N ;-=/.G
And therefore I %no' not 'hat "hiloso"her he 'as$ that 'ould ha#e 'omen
come but thrice abroad all their time$ ;-=/?GLto be ba"tised$ married$ and
buried<L but he 'as too strait-laced. *et them ha#e their liberty in good
sort$ and go in good sort$ _modo non annos #iginti aetatis suae domi
relin0uant_$ as a good fello' said$ so that they loo% not t'enty years
younger abroad than they do at home$ they be not s"ruce$ neat$ angels
abroad$ beasts$ do'dies$ sluts at home< but see% by all means to "lease and
gi#e content to their husbands& to be 0uiet abo#e all things$ obedient$
silent and "atient< if they be incensed$ angry$ chid a little$ their 'i#es
must not ;-=/@Gcam"le again$ but ta%e it in good "art. An honest 'oman$ I
cannot no' tell 'here she d'elt$ but by re"ort an honest 'oman she 'as$
hearing one of her gossi"s by chance com"lain of her husband!s im"atience$
told her an e+cellent remedy for it$ and ga#e her 'ithal a glass of 'ater$
'hich 'hen he bra'led she should hold still in her mouth$ and that _toties
0uoties_$ as often as he chid< she did so t'o or three times 'ith good
success$ and at length seeing her neighbour$ ga#e her great than%s for it$
and 'ould needs %no' the ingredients$ ;-=/-Gshe told her in brief 'hat it
'as$ Lfair 'ater$L and no more& for it 'as not the 'ater$ but her silence
'hich "erformed the cure. *et e#ery fro'ard 'oman imitate this e+am"le$ and
be 0uiet 'ithin doors$ and (as ;-=/AGM. Aurelius "rescribes) a necessary
caution it is to be obser#ed of all good matrons that lo#e their credits$
to come little abroad$ but follo' their 'or% at home$ loo% to their
household affairs and "ri#ate business$ _oeconomiae incumbentes_$ be sober$
thrifty$ 'ary$ circums"ect$ modest$ and com"ose themsel#es to li#e to their
husbands! means$ as a good house'ife should do$
;-=//G LKuae studiis ga#isa coli$ "artita labores
7allet o"us cantu$ formae assimulata coronae
:ura "uellaris$ circum fusos0ue rotas0ue
:um #ol#et$L Fc.
5o'soe#er !tis good to %ee" them "ri#ate$ not in "rison<
;-=/BG LKuis0uis custodit u+orem #ectibus et seris$
Etsi sibi sa"iens$ stultus est$ et nihil sa"it.L
1ead more of this subject$ _5orol. "rinc. lib. =. "er totum._ Arnisaeus$
_"olit._ :y"rian$ Tertullian$ ossus _de mulier. a""arat._ Godefridus _de
Amor. lib. =. ca". ?._ *e#inus *emnius _ca". @?. de institut._ :hrist.
arbaras _de re u+or. lib. =. ca". =._ 7ranciscus Patritius _de institut.
1ei"ub. lib. ?. Tit. ?. et -. de officio mariti et u+oris_$ :hrist. 7onseca
_Am"hitheat. Amor. ca". ?@._ 9am. 8eander$ Fc.
These cautions concern him< and if by those or his o'n discretion other'ise
he cannot moderate himself$ his friends must not be 'anting by their
'isdom$ if it be "ossible$ to gi#e the "arty grie#ed satisfaction$ to
"re#ent and remo#e the occasions$ objects$ if it may be to secure him. If
it be one alone$ or many$ to consider 'hom he sus"ects or at 'hat times$ in
'hat "laces he is most incensed$ in 'hat com"anies. ;-=BCG8e#isanus ma%es a
0uestion 'hether a young "hysician ought to be admitted in cases of
sic%ness$ into a ne'-married man!s house$ to administer a jule"$ a syru"$
or some such "hysic. The Persians of old 'ould not suffer a young "hysician
to come amongst 'omen. ;-=B,GA"ollonides :ous made Arta+er+es cuc%old$ and
'as after buried ali#e for it. A goaler in Aristaenetus had a fine young
gentleman to his "risoner< ;-=B=Gin commiseration of his youth and "erson
he let him loose$ to enjoy the liberty of the "rison$ but he un%indly made
him a cornuto. Menelaus ga#e good 'elcome to Paris a stranger$ his 'hole
house and family 'ere at his command$ but he ungently stole a'ay his best
belo#ed 'ife. The li%e measure 'as offered to Agis %ing of *acedaemon$ by
;-=B.G Alcibiades an e+ile$ for his good entertainment$ he 'as too familiar
'ith Timea his 'ife$ begetting a child of her$ called *eotichides& and
bragging moreo#er 'hen he came home to Athens$ that he had a son should be
%ing of the *acedaemonians. If such objects 'ere remo#ed$ no doubt but the
"arties might easily be satisfied$ or that they could use them gently and
entreat them 'ell$ not to re#ile them$ scoff at$ hate them$ as in such
cases commonly they do$ !tis a human infirmity$ a miserable #e+ation$ and
they should not add grief to grief$ nor aggra#ate their misery$ but see% to
"lease$ and by all means gi#e them content$ by good counsel$ remo#ing such
offensi#e objects$ or by mediation of some discreet friends. In old 1ome
there 'as a tem"le erected by the matrons to that ;-=B?G_Iiri"laca 3ea_$
another to Ienus _#erticorda$ 0uae maritos u+oribus reddebat bene#olos_$
'hither (if any difference ha""ened bet'een man and 'ife) they did
instantly resort& there they did offer sacrifice$ a 'hite hart$ Plutarch
records$ _sine felle_$ 'ithout the gall$ (some say the li%e of Duno!s
tem"le) and ma%e their "rayers for conjugal "eace< before some ;-=B@G
indifferent arbitrators and friends$ the matter 'as heard bet'een man and
'ife$ and commonly com"osed. In our times 'e 'ant no sacred churches$ or
good men to end such contro#ersies$ if use 'ere made$ of them. 9ome say
that "recious stone called ;-=B-Gberyllus$ others a diamond$ hath e+cellent
#irtue$ _contra hostium injurias$ et conjugatos in#icem conciliare_$ to
reconcile men and 'i#es$ to maintain unity and lo#e< you may try this 'hen
you 'ill$ and as you see cause. If none of all these means and cautions
'ill ta%e "lace$ I %no' not 'hat remedy to "rescribe$ or 'hither such
"ersons may go for ease$ e+ce"t they can get into the same ;-=BAGTur%ey
"aradise$ L4here they shall ha#e as many fair 'i#es as they 'ill
themsel#es$ 'ith clear eyes$ and such as loo% on none but their o'n
husbands$L no fear$ no danger of being cuc%olds< or else I 'ould ha#e them
obser#e that strict rule of ;-=B/GAl"honsus$ to marry a deaf and dumb man
to a blind 'oman. If this 'ill not hel"$ let them$ to "re#ent the 'orst$
consult 'ith an ;-=BBGastrologer$ and see 'hether the significators in her
horosco"e agree 'ith his$ that they be not _in signis et "artibus odiose
intuentibus aut im"erantibus$ sed mutuo et amice antisciis et
obedientibus_$ other'ise (as they hold) there 'ill be intolerable enmities
bet'een them& or else get them _sigillum #eneris_$ a characteristical seal
stam"ed in the day and hour of Ienus$ 'hen she is fortunate$ 'ith such and
such set 'ords and charms$ 'hich Iillano#anus and *eo 9ua#ius "rescribe$
_e+ sigillis magicis 9alomonis$ 5ermetis$ 1aguelis_$ Fc.$ 'ith many such$
'hich Ale+is$ Albertus$ and some of our natural magicians "ut u"on us& _ut
mulier cum ali0uo adulterare non "ossit$ incide de ca"illis ejus_$ Fc.$ and
he shall surely be gracious in all 'omen!s eyes$ and ne#er sus"ect or
disagree 'ith his o'n 'ife so long as he 'ears it. If this course be not
a""ro#ed$ and other remedies may not be had$ they must in the last "lace
sue for a di#orce< but that is some'hat difficult to effect$ and not all
out so fit. 7or as 7elisacus in his tract _de justa u+ore_ urgeth$ if that
la' of :onstantine the Great$ or that of Theodosius and Ialentinian$
concerning di#orce$ 'ere in use in our times$ _innumeras "ro"emodum #iduas
haberemus$ et coelibes #iros_$ 'e should ha#e almost no married cou"les
left. Try therefore those former remedies< or as Tertullian re"orts of
3emocritus$ that "ut out his eyes$ ;-.CCGbecause he could not loo% u"on a
'oman 'ithout lust$ and 'as much troubled to see that 'hich he might not
enjoy< let him ma%e himself blind$ and so he shall a#oid that care and
molestation of 'atching his 'ife. 2ne other so#ereign remedy I could
re"eat$ an es"ecial antidote against jealousy$ an e+cellent cure$ but I am
not no' dis"osed to tell it$ not that li%e a co#etous em"iric I conceal it
for any gain$ but some other reasons$ I am not 'illing to "ublish it& if
you be #ery desirous to %no' it$ 'hen I meet you ne+t I 'ill "erad#enture
tell you 'hat it is in your ear. This is the best counsel I can gi#e< 'hich
he that hath need of$ as occasion ser#es$ may a""ly unto himself. In the
mean time$--_dii talem terris a#ertite "estem_$ ;-.C,Gas the "ro#erb is$
from heresy$ jealousy and frenzy$ good *ord deli#er us.
9E:T. II. MEM. I.
9H9E:T. I.--_1eligious Melancholy. Its object God< 'hat his beauty is< 5o'
it allures. The "arts and "arties affected_.
That there is such a distinct s"ecies of lo#e melancholy$ no man hath e#er
yet doubted& but 'hether this subdi#ision of ;-.C=G1eligious Melancholy be
'arrantable$ it may be contro#erted.
;-.C.G LPergite Pieridies$ medio nec calle #agantem
*in0uite me$ 0ua nulla "edum #estigia ducunt$
8ulla rotae currus testantur signa "riores.L
I ha#e no "attern to follo' as in some of the rest$ no man to imitate. 8o
"hysician hath as yet distinctly 'ritten of it as of the other< all
ac%no'ledge it a most notable sym"tom$ some a cause$ but fe' a s"ecies or
%ind. ;-.C?GAreteus$ Ale+ander$ 1hasis$ A#icenna$ and most of our late
'riters$ as Gordonius$ 7uchsius$ Plater$ ruel$ Montaltus$ Fc. re"eat it as
a sym"tom. ;-.C@G9ome seem to be ins"ired of the 5oly Ghost$ some ta%e u"on
them to be "ro"hets$ some are addicted to ne' o"inions$ some foretell
strange things$ _de statu mundi et Antichristi_$ saith Gordonius. 9ome 'ill
"ro"hesy of the end of the 'orld to a day almost$ and the fall of the
Antichrist$ as they ha#e been addicted or brought u"< for so melancholy
'or%s 'ith them$ as ;-.C-G*aurentius holds. If they ha#e been "recisely
gi#en$ all their meditations tend that 'ay$ and in conclusion "roduce
strange effects$ the humour im"rints sym"toms according to their se#eral
inclinations and conditions$ 'hich ma%es ;-.CAGGuianerius and ;-.C/G7eli+
Plater "ut too much de#otion$ blind zeal$ fear of eternal "unishment$ and
that last judgment for a cause of those enthusiastics and des"erate
"ersons& but some do not obscurely ma%e a distinct s"ecies of it$ di#iding
lo#e melancholy into that 'hose object is 'omen< and into the other 'hose
object is God. Plato$ in _:on#i#io_$ ma%es mention of t'o distinct furies<
and amongst our neoterics$ 5ercules de 9a+onia _lib. ,. "ract. med. ca".
,-. ca". de Melanch._ doth e+"ressly treat of it in a distinct s"ecies.
;-.CBG L*o#e melancholyL (saith he) Lis t'ofold< the first is that (to
'hich "erad#enture some 'ill not #ouchsafe this name or s"ecies of
melancholy) affection of those 'hich "ut God for their object$ and are
altogether about "rayer$ fasting$ Fc.$ the other about 'omen.L Peter
7orestus in his obser#ations deli#ereth as much in the same 'ords& and
7eli+ Platerus _de mentis alienat. ca". .._ _fre0uentissima est ejus
s"ecies$ in 0ua curanda sae"issime multum fui im"editus_< !tis a fre0uent
disease< and they ha#e a ground of 'hat they say$ forth of Areteus and
Plato. ;-.,CGAreteus$ an old author$ in his third boo% _ca". -._ doth so
di#ide lo#e melancholy$ and deri#es this second from the first$ 'hich comes
by ins"iration or other'ise. ;-.,,GPlato in his Phaedrus hath these 'ords$
LA"ollo!s "riests in 3el"hos$ and at 3odona$ in their fury do many "retty
feats$ and benefit the Gree%s$ but ne#er in their right 'its.L 5e ma%es
them all mad$ as 'ell he might< and he that shall but consider that
su"erstition of old$ those "rodigious effects of it (as in its "lace I 'ill
she' the se#eral furies of our fatidici dii$ "ythonissas$ sibyls$
enthusiasts$ "seudo"ro"hets$ heretics$ and schismatics in these our latter
ages) shall instantly confess$ that all the 'orld again cannot afford so
much matter of madness$ so many stu"endous sym"toms$ as su"erstition$
heresy$ schism ha#e brought out& that this s"ecies alone may be "aralleled
to all the former$ has a greater latitude$ and more miraculous effects<
that it more besots and infatuates men$ than any other abo#e named
'hatsoe#er$ does more harm$ 'or%s more dis0uietness to man%ind$ and has
more crucified the souls of mortal men (such hath been the de#il!s craft)
than 'ars$ "lagues$ sic%nesses$ dearth$ famine$ and all the rest.
Gi#e me but a little lea#e$ and I 'ill set before your eyes in brief a
stu"endous$ #ast$ infinite ocean of incredible madness and folly& a sea
full of shel#es and roc%s$ sands$ gulfs$ euri"es and contrary tides$ full
of fearful monsters$ uncouth sha"es$ roaring 'a#es$ tem"ests$ and siren
calms$ halcyonian seas$ uns"ea%able misery$ such comedies and tragedies$
such absurd and ridiculous$ feral and lamentable fits$ that I %no' not
'hether they are more to be "itied or derided$ or may be belie#ed$ but that
'e daily see the same still "ractised in our days$ fresh e+am"les$ _no#a
no#itia_$ fresh objects of misery and madness$ in this %ind that are still
re"resented unto us$ abroad$ at home$ in the midst of us$ in our bosoms.
ut before I can come to treat of these se#eral errors and obli0uities$
their causes$ sym"toms$ affections$ Fc.$ I must say something necessarily
of the object of this lo#e$ God himself$ 'hat this lo#e is$ ho' it
allureth$ 'hence it "roceeds$ and ('hich is the cause of all our miseries)
ho' 'e mista%e$ 'ander and s'er#e from it.
Amongst all those di#ine attributes that God doth #indicate to himself$
eternity$ omni"otency$ immutability$ 'isdom$ majesty$ justice$ mercy$ Fc.$
his ;-.,=Gbeauty is not the least$ one thing$ saith 3a#id$ ha#e I desired
of the *ord$ and that I 'ill still desire$ to behold the beauty of the
*ord$ Psal. ++#ii. ?. And out of 9ion$ 'hich is the "erfection of beauty$
hath God shined$ Psal. ,. =. All other creatures are fair$ I confess$ and
many other objects do much enamour us$ a fair house$ a fair horse$ a comely
"erson. ;-.,.GLI am amazed$L saith Austin$ L'hen , loo% u" to hea#en and
behold the beauty of the stars$ the beauty of angels$ "rinci"alities$
"o'ers$ 'ho can e+"ress itN 'ho can sufficiently commend$ or set out this
beauty 'hich a""ears in usN so fair a body$ so fair a face$ eyes$ nose$
chee%s$ chin$ bro's$ all fair and lo#ely to behold< besides the beauty of
the soul 'hich cannot be discerned. If 'e so labour and be so much affected
'ith the comeliness of creatures$ ho' should 'e be ra#ished 'ith that
admirable lustre of God himselfNL If ordinary beauty ha#e such a
"rerogati#e and "o'er$ and 'hat is amiable and fair$ to dra' the eyes and
ears$ hearts and affections of all s"ectators unto it$ to mo#e$ 'in$
entice$ allure& ho' shall this di#ine form ra#ish our souls$ 'hich is the
fountain and 0uintessence of all beautyN _:oelum "ulchrum$ sed "ulchrior
coeli fabricator_< if hea#en be so fair$ the sun so fair$ ho' much fairer
shall he be$ that made them fairN L7or by the greatness and beauty of the
creatures$ "ro"ortionally$ the ma%er of them is seen$L 4isd. +iii. @. If
there be such "leasure in beholding a beautiful "erson alone$ and as a
"lausible sermon$ he so much affect us$ 'hat shall this beauty of God
himself$ that is infinitely fairer than all creatures$ men$ angels$ Fc.
;-.,?G _2mnis "ulchritudo florem$ hominum$ angelorum$ et rerum omnium
"ulcherrimarum ad 3ei "ulchritudinem collata$ no+ est et tenebrae_$ all
other beauties are night itself$ mere dar%ness to this our ine+"licable$
incom"rehensible$ uns"ea%able$ eternal$ infinite$ admirable and di#ine
beauty. This lustre$ _"ulchritudo omnium "ulcherrima._ This beauty and
;-.,@G Ls"lendour of the di#ine Majesty$L is it that dra's all creatures to
it$ to see% it$ lo#e$ admire$ and adore it< and those heathens$ "agans$
"hiloso"hers$ out of those relics they ha#e yet left of God!s image$ are so
far forth incensed$ as not only to ac%no'ledge a God< but$ though after
their o'n in#entions$ to stand in admiration of his bounty$ goodness$ to
adore and see% him< the magnificence and structure of the 'orld itself$ and
beauty of all his creatures$ his goodness$ "ro#idence$ "rotection$
enforceth them to lo#e him$ see% him$ fear him$ though a 'rong 'ay to adore
him& but for us that are :hristians$ regenerate$ that are his ado"ted sons$
illuminated by his 'ord$ ha#ing the eyes of our hearts and understandings
o"ened< ho' fairly doth he offer and e+"ose himselfN _Ambit nos 3eus_
(Austin saith) _donis et forma sua_$ he 'oos us by his beauty$ gifts$
"romises$ to come unto him< ;-.,-GLthe 'hole 9cri"ture is a message$ an
e+hortation$ a lo#e letter to this "ur"ose<L to incite us$ and in#ite us$
;-.,AGGod!s e"istle$ as Gregory calls it$ to his creatures. 5e sets out his
son and his church in that e"ithalamium or mystical song of 9olomon$ to
enamour us the more$ com"aring his head Lto fine gold$ his loc%s curled and
blac% as a ra#en$L :ant. i#. @. Lhis eyes li%e do#es on ri#ers of 'aters$
'ashed 'ith mil%$ his li"s as lilies$ droo"ing do'n "ure juice$ his hands
as rings of gold set 'ith chrysolite& and his church to a #ineyard$ a
garden enclosed$ a fountain of li#ing 'aters$ an orchard of "omegranates$
'ith s'eet scents of saffron$ s"i%e$ calamus and cinnamon$ and all the
trees of incense$ as the chief s"ices$ the fairest amongst 'omen$ no s"ot
in her$ ;-.,/Ghis sister$ his s"ouse$ undefiled$ the only daughter of her
mother$ dear unto her$ fair as the moon$ "ure as the sun$ loo%ing out as
the morning<L that by these figures$ that glass$ these s"iritual eyes of
contem"lation$ 'e might "ercei#e some resemblance of his beauty$ the lo#e
bet'een his church and him. And so in the +l#. Psalm this beauty of his
church is com"ared to a L0ueen in a #esture of gold of 2"hir$ embroidered
raiment of needle'or%$ that the %ing might ta%e "leasure in her beauty.L To
incense us further yet$ ;-.,BGDohn$ in his a"ocaly"se$ ma%es a descri"tion
of that hea#enly Derusalem$ the beauty$ of it$ and in it the ma%er of it<
L*i%ening it to a city of "ure gold$ li%e unto clear glass$ shining and
garnished 'ith all manner of "recious stones$ ha#ing no need of sun or
moon& for the lamb is the light of it$ the glory of God doth illuminate it&
to gi#e us to understand the infinite glory$ beauty and ha""iness of it.L
8ot that it is no fairer than these creatures to 'hich it is com"ared$ but
that this #ision of his$ this lustre of his di#ine majesty$ cannot
other'ise be e+"ressed to our a""rehensions$ Lno tongue can tell$ no heart
can concei#e it$L as Paul saith. Moses himself$ E+od. +++iii. ,/. 'hen he
desired to see God in his glory$ 'as ans'ered that he might not endure it$
no man could see his face and li#e. _9ensibile forte destruit sensum_$ a
strong object o#ercometh the sight$ according to that a+iom in "hiloso"hy&
_fulgorem solis ferre non "otes$ multo magis creatoris_< if thou canst not
endure the sunbeams$ ho' canst thou endure that fulgor and brightness of
him that made the sunN The sun itself and all that 'e can imagine$ are but
shado's of it$ !tis _#isio "raecellens_$ as ;-.=CGAustin calls it$ the
0uintessence of beauty this$ L'hich far e+ceeds the beauty of hea#ens$ sun
and moon$ stars$ angels$ gold and sil#er$ 'oods$ fair fields$ and
'hatsoe#er is "leasant to behold.L All those other beauties fail$ #ary$ are
subject to corru"tion$ to loathing< ;-.=,GLut this is an immortal #ision$
a di#ine beauty$ an immortal lo#e$ an indefatigable lo#e and beauty$ 'ith
sight of 'hich 'e shall ne#er be tired nor 'earied$ but still the more 'e
see the more 'e shall co#et him.L ;-.==GL7or as one saith$ 'here this
#ision is$ there is absolute beauty< and 'here is that beauty$ from the
same fountain comes all "leasure and ha""iness< neither can beauty$
"leasure$ ha""iness$ be se"arated from his #ision or sight$ or his #ision$
from beauty$ "leasure$ ha""iness.L In this life 'e ha#e but a glim"se of
this beauty and ha""iness& 'e shall hereafter$ as Dohn saith$ see him as he
is& thine eyes$ as Isaiah "romiseth$ +++iii. ,A. Lshall behold the %ing in
his glory$L then shall 'e be "erfectly enamoured$ ha#e a full fruition of
it$ desire$ ;-.=.Gbehold and lo#e him alone as the most amiable and fairest
object$ or _summum bonum_$ or chiefest good.
This li%e'ise should 'e no' ha#e done$ had not our 'ill been corru"ted< and
as 'e are enjoined to lo#e God 'ith all our heart$ and all our soul& for to
that end 'ere 'e born$ to lo#e this object$ as ;-.=?GMelancthon
discourseth$ and to enjoy it. LAnd him our 'ill 'ould ha#e lo#ed and sought
alone as our _summum bonum_$ or "rinci"al good$ and all other good things
for God!s sa%e& and nature$ as she "roceeded from it$ 'ould ha#e sought
this fountain< but in this infirmity of human nature this order is
disturbed$ our lo#e is corru"t&L and a man is li%e that monster in
;-.=@GPlato$ com"osed of a 9cylla$ a lion and a man< 'e are carried a'ay
headlong 'ith the torrent of our affections& the 'orld$ and that infinite
#ariety of "leasing objects in it$ do so allure and enamour us$ that 'e
cannot so much as loo% to'ards God$ see% him$ or thin% on him as 'e should&
'e cannot$ saith Austin$ _1em"ub._ _coelestem cogitare_$ 'e cannot contain
oursel#es from them$ their s'eetness is so "leasing to us. Marriage$ saith
;-.=-G Gualter$ detains many< La thing in itself laudable$ good and
necessary$ but many$ decei#ed and carried a'ay 'ith the blind lo#e of it$
ha#e 0uite laid aside the lo#e of God$ and desire of his glory. Meat and
drin% hath o#ercome as many$ 'hilst they rather stri#e to "lease$ satisfy
their guts and belly$ than to ser#e God and nature.L 9ome are so busied
about merchandise to get money$ they lose their o'n souls$ 'hilst
co#etously carried$ and 'ith an insatiable desire of gain$ they forget God<
as much 'e may say of honour$ leagues$ friendshi"s$ health$ 'ealth$ and all
other "rofits or "leasures in this life 'hatsoe#er. ;-.=AGLIn this 'orld
there be so many beautiful objects$ s"lendours and brightness of gold$
majesty of glory$ assistance of friends$ fair "romises$ smooth 'ords$
#ictories$ trium"hs$ and such an infinite com"any of "leasing beauties to
allure us$ and dra' us from God$ that 'e cannot loo% after him.L And this
is it 'hich :hrist himself$ those "ro"hets and a"ostles so much thundered
against$ , Dohn$ +#ii. ,@$ dehort us from< Llo#e not the 'orld$ nor the
things that are in the 'orld& if any man lo#e the 'orld$ the lo#e of the
7ather is not in him$L ,-. L7or all that is in the 'orld$ as lust of the
flesh$ the lust of the eyes$ and "ride of life$ is not of the 7ather$ but
of the 'orld& and the 'orld "asseth a'ay and the lust thereof< but he that
fulfilleth the 'ill of God abideth for e#er. 8o man$ saith our 9a#iour$ can
ser#e t'o masters$ but he must lo#e the one and hate the other$L Fc.$
_bonos #el malos mores$ boni #el mali faciunt amores_$ Austin 'ell infers&
and this is that 'hich all the fathers inculcate. 5e cannot (;-.=/GAustin
admonisheth) be God!s friend$ that is delighted 'ith the "leasures of the
'orld& Lma%e clean thine heart$ "urify thine heart< if thou 'ilt see this
beauty$ "re"are thyself for it. It is the eye of contem"lation by 'hich 'e
must behold it$ the 'ing of meditation 'hich lifts us u" and rears our
souls 'ith the motion of our hearts$ and s'eetness of contem"lation&L so
saith Gregory cited by ;-.=BGona#enture. And as ;-..CGPhilo Dudeus seconds
him$ Lhe that lo#es God$ 'ill soar aloft and ta%e him 'ings< and lea#ing
the earth fly u" to hea#en$ 'ander 'ith sun and moon$ stars$ and that
hea#enly troo"$ God himself being his guide.L If 'e desire to see him$ 'e
must lay aside all #ain objects$ 'hich detain us and dazzle our eyes$ and
as ;-..,G7icinus ad#iseth us$ Lget us solar eyes$ s"ectacles as they that
loo% on the sun& to see this di#ine beauty$ lay aside all material objects$
all sense$ and then thou shalt see him as he is.L Thou co#etous 'retch$ as
;-..=GAustin e+"ostulates$ L'hy dost thou stand ga"ing on this dross$
muc%-hills$ filthy e+crementsN behold a far fairer object$ God himself 'oos
thee< behold him$ enjoy him$ he is sic% for lo#e.L :ant. #. he in#ites thee
to his sight$ to come into his fair garden$ to eat and drin% 'ith him$ to
be merry 'ith him$ to enjoy his "resence for e#er. ;-...G4isdom cries out
in the streets besides the gates$ in the to" of high "laces$ before the
city$ at the entry of the door$ and bids them gi#e ear to her instruction$
'hich is better than gold or "recious stones< no "leasures can be com"ared
to it& lea#e all then and follo' her$ _#os e+hortor o amici et obsecro._
In. ;-..?G7icinus!s 'ords$ LI e+hort and beseech you$ that you 'ould
embrace and follo' this di#ine lo#e 'ith all your hearts and abilities$ by
all offices and endea#ours ma%e this so lo#ing God "ro"itious unto you.L
7or 'hom alone$ saith ;-..@GPlotinus$ L'e must forsa%e the %ingdoms and
em"ires of the 'hole earth$ sea$ land$ and air$ if 'e desire to be
engrafted into him$ lea#e all and follo' him.L
8o'$ forasmuch as this lo#e of God is a habit infused of God$ as ;-..-G
Thomas holds$ _l. =. 0uaest. =.._ Lby 'hich a man is inclined to lo#e God
abo#e all$ and his neighbour as himself$L 'e must "ray to God that he 'ill
o"en our eyes$ ma%e clear our hearts$ that 'e may be ca"able of his
glorious rays$ and "erform those duties that he re0uires of us$ 3eut. #i.
and Dosh. ++iii. Lto lo#e God abo#e all$ and our neighbour as ourself$ to
%ee" his commandments.L LIn this 'e %no'$L saith Dohn$ c. #. =$ L'e lo#e
the children of God$ 'hen 'e lo#e God and %ee" his commandments.L LThis is
the lo#e of God$ that 'e %ee" his commandments< he that lo#eth not$ %no'eth
not God$ for God is lo#e$L ca". i#. /$ Land he that d'elleth in lo#e$
d'elleth in God$ and God in him<L for lo#e "re-su""oseth %no'ledge$ faith$
ho"e$ and unites us to God himself$ as ;-..AG*eon 5ebreus deli#ereth unto
us$ and is accom"anied 'ith the fear of God$ humility$ mee%ness$ "atience$
all those #irtues$ and charity itself. 7or if 'e lo#e God$ 'e shall lo#e
our neighbour$ and "erform the duties 'hich are re0uired at our hands$ to
'hich 'e are e+horted$ , :or. +#. ?$ @< E"hes. i#.< :olos. iii.< 1om. +ii.
4e shall not be en#ious or "uffed u"$ or boast$ disdain$ thin% e#il$ or be
"ro#o%ed to anger$ Lbut suffer all things< endea#our to %ee" the unity of
the s"irit in the bond of "eace.L 7orbear one another$ forgi#e one another$
clothe the na%ed$ #isit the sic%$ and "erform all those 'or%s of mercy$
'hich ;-../G:lemens Ale+andrinus calls _amoris et amicitiae$ im"letionem et
e+tentionem_$ the e+tent and com"lement of lo#e< and that not for fear or
'orldly res"ects$ but _ordine ad 3eum_$ for the lo#e of God himself. This
'e shall do if 'e be truly enamoured< but 'e come short in both$ 'e neither
lo#e God nor our neighbour as 'e should. 2ur lo#e in s"iritual things is
too ;-..BGdefecti#e$ in 'orldly things too e+cessi#e$ there is a jar in
both. 4e lo#e the 'orld too much< God too little< our neighbour not at all$
or for our o'n ends. _Iulgus amicitias utilitate "robat._ LThe chief thing
'e res"ect is our commodity<L and 'hat 'e do is for fear of 'orldly
"unishment$ for #ainglory$ "raise of men$ fashion$ and such by res"ects$
not for God!s sa%e. 4e neither %no' God aright$ nor see%$ lo#e or 'orshi"
him as 'e should. And for these defects$ 'e in#ol#e oursel#es into a
multitude of errors$ 'e s'er#e from this true lo#e and 'orshi" of God&
'hich is a cause unto us of uns"ea%able miseries< running into both
e+tremes$ 'e become fools$ madmen$ 'ithout sense$ as no' in the ne+t "lace
, 'ill sho' you.
The "arties affected are innumerable almost$ and scattered o#er the face of
the earth$ far and near$ and so ha#e been in all "recedent ages$ from the
beginning of the 'orld to these times$ of all sorts and conditions. 7or
method!s sa%e I 'ill reduce them to a t'ofold di#ision$ according to those
t'o e+tremes of e+cess and defect$ im"iety and su"erstition$ idolatry and
atheism. 8ot that there is any e+cess of di#ine 'orshi" or lo#e of God<
that cannot be$ 'e cannot lo#e God too much$ or do our duty as 'e ought$ as
Pa"ists hold$ or ha#e any "erfection in this life$ much less su"ererogate&
'hen 'e ha#e all done$ 'e are un"rofitable ser#ants. ut because 'e do
_aliud agere_$ zealous 'ithout %no'ledge$ and too solicitous about that
'hich is not necessary$ busying oursel#es about im"ertinent$ needless$
idle$ and #ain ceremonies$ _"o"ulo ut "lacerent_$ as the De's did about
sacrifices$ oblations$ offerings$ incense$ ne' moons$ feasts$ Fc.$ but
Isaiah ta+eth them$ i. ,=$ L'ho re0uired this at your handsNL 4e ha#e too
great o"inion of our o'n 'orth$ that 'e can satisfy the la'& and do more
than is re0uired at our hands$ by "erforming those e#angelical counsels$
and such 'or%s of su"ererogation$ merit for others$ 'hich ellarmine$
Gregory de Ialentia$ all their Desuits and cham"ions defend$ that if God
should deal in rigour 'ith them$ some of their 7ranciscans and 3ominicans
are so "ure$ that nothing could be objected to them. 9ome of us again are
too dear$ as 'e thin%$ more di#ine and sanctified than others$ of a better
mettle$ greater gifts$ and 'ith that "roud Pharisee$ contemn others in
res"ect of oursel#es$ 'e are better :hristians$ better learned$ choice
s"irits$ ins"ired$ %no' more$ ha#e s"ecial re#elation$ "ercei#e God!s
secrets$ and thereu"on "resume$ say and do that many times 'hich is not
befitting to be said or done. 2f this number are all su"erstitious
idolaters$ ethnics$ Mahometans$ De's$ heretics$ ;-.?CGenthusiasts$
di#inators$ "ro"hets$ sectaries$ and schismatics. >anchius reduceth such
infidels to four chief sects< but I 'ill insist and follo' mine o'n
intended method& all 'hich 'ith many other curious "ersons$ mon%s$ hermits$
Fc.$ may be ranged in this e+treme$ and fight under this su"erstitious
banner$ 'ith those rude idiots$ and infinite s'arms of "eo"le that are
seduced by them. In the other e+treme or in defect$ march those im"ious
e"icures$ libertines$ atheists$ hy"ocrites$ infidels$ 'orldly$ secure$
im"enitent$ unthan%ful$ and carnal-minded men$ that attribute all to
natural causes$ that 'ill ac%no'ledge no su"reme "o'er< that ha#e
cauterised consciences$ or li#e in a re"robate sense< or such des"erate
"ersons as are too distrustful of his mercies. 2f these there be many
subdi#isions$ di#erse degrees of madness and folly$ some more than other$
as shall be sho'n in the sym"toms& and yet all miserably out$ "er"le+ed$
doting$ and beside themsel#es for religion!s sa%e. 7or as ;-.?,G>anchy 'ell
distinguished$ and all the 'orld %no's religion is t'ofold$ true or false<
false is that #ain su"erstition of idolaters$ such as 'ere of old$ Gree%s$
1omans$ "resent Mahometans$ Fc. _Timorem deorum inanem_$ ;-.?=GTully could
term it< or as >anchy defines it$ _Hbi falsi dii$ aut falso cullu colitur
3eus_$ 'hen false gods$ or that God is falsely 'orshi""ed. And !tis a
miserable "lague$ a torture of the soul$ a mere madness$ _1eligiosa
insania_$ ;-.?.GMeteran calls it$ or _insanus error_$ as ;-.??G9eneca$ a
frantic error< or as Austin$ _Insanus animi morbus_$ a furious disease of
the soul< _insania omnium insanissima_$ a 0uintessence of madness<
;-.?@Gfor he that is su"erstitious can ne#er be 0uiet. !Tis "ro"er to man
alone$ _uni su"erbia$ a#aritia$ su"erstitio_$ saith Plin. _lib. A. ca". ,._
_at0ue etiam "ost sae#it de futuro_$ 'hich 'rings his soul for the "resent$
and to come& the greatest misery belongs to man%ind$ a "er"etual ser#itude$
a sla#ery$ ;-.?-G_E+ timore timor_$ a hea#y yo%e$ the seal of damnation$ an
intolerable burden. They that are su"erstitious are still fearing$
sus"ecting$ #e+ing themsel#es 'ith auguries$ "rodigies$ false tales$
dreams$ idle$ #ain 'or%s$ un"rofitable labours$ as ;-.?AGoterus obser#es$
_cura mentis anci"ite #ersantur_& enemies to God and to themsel#es. In a
'ord$ as 9eneca concludes$ _1eligio 3eum colit$ su"erstitio destruit_$
su"erstition destroys$ but true religion honours God. True religion$ _ubi
#erus 3eus #ere colitur_$ 'here the true God is truly 'orshi""ed$ is the
'ay to hea#en$ the mother of #irtues$ lo#e$ fear$ de#otion$ obedience$
%no'ledge$ Fc. It rears the dejected soul of man$ and amidst so many cares$
miseries$ "ersecutions$ 'hich this 'orld affords$ it is a sole ease$ an
uns"ea%able comfort$ a s'eet re"osal$ _Dugum sua#e$ et le#e_$ a light yo%e$
an anchor$ and a ha#en. It adds courage$ boldness$ and begets generous
s"irits& although tyrants rage$ "ersecute$ and that bloody *ictor or
sergeant be ready to martyr them$ _aut lita$ aut morere_$ (as in those
"ersecutions of the "rimiti#e :hurch$ it 'as "ut in "ractice$ as you may
read in Eusebius and others) though enemies be no' ready to in#ade$ and all
in an u"roar$ ;-.?/G_9i fractus illabatur orbis$ im"a#idos ferient ruinae_$
though hea#en should fall on his head$ he 'ould not be dismayed. ut as a
good :hristian "rince once made ans'er to a menacing Tur%$ _facile
scelerata hominum arma contemnit$ 0ui del "raesidio tutus est_& or as
;-.?BG Phalaris 'rit to Ale+ander in a 'rong cause$ he nor any other enemy
could terrify him$ for that he trusted in God. _9i 3eus nobiscum$ 0uis
contra nos_N In all calamities$ "ersecutions 'hatsoe#er$ as 3a#id did$ =
9am. ii. ==$ he 'ill sing 'ith him$ Lthe *ord is my roc%$ my fortress$ my
strength$ my refuge$ the to'er and horn of my sal#ation$L Fc. In all
troubles and ad#ersities$ Psal. +l#i. ,. LGod is my ho"e and hel"$ still
ready to be found$ I 'ill not therefore fear$L Fc.$ !tis a fear e+"elling
fear< he hath "eace of conscience$ and is full of ho"e$ 'hich is (saith
;-.@CGAustin) _#ita #itae mortalis_$ the life of this our mortal life$ ho"e
of immortality$ the sole comfort of our misery& other'ise$ as Paul saith$
'e of all others 'ere most 'retched$ but this ma%es us ha""y$
counter"oising our hearts in all miseries< su"erstition torments$ and is
from the de#il$ the author of lies< but this is from God himself$ as
*ucian$ that Antiochian "riest$ made his di#ine confession in
;-.@,GEusebius$ _Auctor nobis de 3eo 3eus est_$ God is the author of our
religion himself$ his 'ord is our rule$ a lantern to us$ dictated by the
5oly Ghost$ he "lays u"on our hearts as many har"strings$ and 'e are his
tem"les$ he d'elleth in us$ and 'e in him.
The "art affected of su"erstition$ is the brain$ heart$ 'ill$
understanding$ soul itself$ and all the faculties of it$ _totum
com"ositum_$ all is mad and dotes& no' for the e+tent$ as I say$ the 'orld
itself is the subject of it$ (to omit that grand sin of atheism$) all times
ha#e been misaffected$ "ast$ "resent$ Lthere is not one that doth good$ no
not one$ from the "ro"het to the "riest$L Fc. A lamentable thing it is to
consider$ ho' many myriads of men this idolatry and su"erstition (for that
com"rehends all) hath infatuated in all ages$ besotted by this blind zeal$
'hich is religion!s a"e$ religion!s bastard$ religion!s shado'$ false
glass. 7or 'here God hath a tem"le$ the de#il 'ill ha#e a cha"el& 'here God
hath sacrifices$ the de#il 'ill ha#e his oblations& 'here God hath
ceremonies$ the de#il 'ill ha#e his traditions& 'here there is any
religion$ the de#il 'ill "lant su"erstition< and !tis a "itiful sight to
behold and read$ 'hat tortures$ miseries$ it hath "rocured$ 'hat slaughter
of souls it hath made$ ho' it rageth amongst those old Persians$ 9yrians$
Egy"tians$ Gree%s$ 1omans$ Tuscans$ Gauls$ Germans$ ritons$ Fc. _ritannia
jam hodie celebrat tam attonite_$ saith ;-.@=GPliny$ _tantis ceremoniis_
(s"ea%ing of su"erstition) _ut dedisse Persis #ideri "ossit._ The ritons
are so stu"endly su"erstitious in their ceremonies$ that they go beyond
those Persians. 5e that shall but read in Pausanias alone$ those gods$
tem"les$ altars$ idols$ statues$ so curiously made 'ith such infinite cost
and charge$ amongst those old Gree%s$ such multitudes of them and fre0uent
#arieties$ as ;-.@.GGerbelius truly obser#es$ may stand amazed$ and ne#er
enough 'onder at it< and than% God 'ithal$ that by the light of the Gos"el$
'e are so ha""ily freed from that sla#ish idolatry in these our days. ut
heretofore$ almost in all countries$ in all "laces$ su"erstition hath
blinded the hearts of men< in all ages 'hat a small "ortion hath the true
church e#er beenO _3i#isum im"erium cum Do#e 3aemon habet._ ;-.@?GThe
"atriarchs and their families$ the Israelites a handful in res"ect$ :hrist
and his a"ostles$ and not all of them$ neither. Into 'hat straits hath it
been com"inged$ a little floc%O ho' hath su"erstition on the other side
dilated herself$ error$ ignorance$ barbarism$ folly$ madness$ decei#ed$
trium"hed$ and insulted o#er the most 'ise discreet$ and understanding man$
"hiloso"hers$ dynasts$ monarchs$ all 'ere in#ol#ed and o#ershado'ed in this
mist$ in more than :immerian dar%ness. ;-.@@G_Adeo ignara su"erstitio
mentes hominum de"ra#at$ et nonnun0uam sa"ientum animos trans#ersos agit._
At this "resent$ _0uota "arsO_ 5o' small a "art is truly religiousO 5o'
little in res"ectO 3i#ide the 'orld into si+ "arts$ and one$ or not so
much$ as :hristians< idolaters and Mahometans "ossess almost Asia$ Africa$
America$ Magellanica. The %ings of :hina$ great :ham$ 9iam$ and orneo$
Pegu$ 3eccan$ 8arsinga$ Da"an$ Fc.$ are gentiles$ idolaters$ and many other
"etty "rinces in Asia$ Monomoto"a$ :ongo$ and I %no' not ho' many 8egro
"rinces in Africa$ all Terra Australis incognita most of America "agans$
differing all in their se#eral su"erstitions< and yet all idolaters. The
Mahometans e+tend themsel#es o#er the great Tur%!s dominions in Euro"e$
Africa$ Asia$ to the Jeriffes in arbary$ and its territories in 7ez$ 9us$
Morocco$ Fc. The Tartar$ the great Mogor$ the 9o"hy of Persia$ 'ith most of
their dominions and subjects$ are at this day Mahometans. 9ee ho' the de#il
rageth& those at odds$ or differing among themsel#es$ some for ;-.@-GAli$
some Enbocar$ for Acmor$ and 2zimen$ those four doctors$ Mahomet!s
successors$ and are subdi#ided into se#enty-t'o inferior sects$ as
;-.@AG*eo Afer re"orts. The De's$ as a com"any of #agabonds$ are scattered
o#er all "arts< 'hose story$ "resent estate$ "rogress from time to time$ is
fully set do'n by ;-.@/GMr. Thomas Dac%son$ 3octor of 3i#inity$ in his
comment on the creed. A fifth "art of the 'orld$ and hardly that$ no'
"rofesseth :51I9T$ but so inlarded and interlaced 'ith se#eral
su"erstitions$ that there is scarce a sound "art to be found$ or any
agreement amongst them. Presbyter Dohn$ in Africa$ lord of those
Abyssinians$ or Ethio"ians$ is by his "rofession a :hristian$ but so
different from us$ 'ith such ne' absurdities and ceremonies$ such liberty$
such a mi+ture of idolatry and "aganism$ ;-.@BGthat they %ee" little more
than a bare title of :hristianity. They suffer "olygamy$ circumcision$
stu"end fastings$ di#orce as they 'ill themsel#es$ Fc.$ and as the "a"ists
call on the Iirgin Mary$ so do they on Thomas 3idymus before :hrist.
;-.-CGThe Gree% or Eastern :hurch is rent from this of the 4est$ and as
they ha#e four chief "atriarchs$ so ha#e they four subdi#isions$ besides
those 8estorians$ Dacobins$ 9yrians$ Armenians$ Georgians$ Fc.$ scattered
o#er Asia Minor$ 9yria$ Egy"t$ Fc.$ Greece$ 4alachia$ :ircassia$ ulgaria$
osnia$ Albania$ Illyricum$ 9cla#onia$ :roatia$ Thrace$ 9er#ia$ 1ascia$ and
a s"rin%ling amongst the Tartars$ the 1ussians$ Musco#ites$ and most of
that great du%e!s (czar!s) subjects$ are "art of the Gree% :hurch$ and
still :hristians& but as ;-.-,Gone saith$ _tem"oris successu multas illi
addiderunt su"erstitiones._ In "rocess of time they ha#e added so many
su"erstitions$ they be rather semi-:hristians than other'ise. That 'hich
remains is the 4estern :hurch 'ith us in Euro"e$ but so ecli"sed 'ith
se#eral schisms$ heresies and su"erstitions$ that one %no's not 'here to
find it. The "a"ists ha#e Italy$ 9"ain$ 9a#oy$ "art of Germany$ 7rance$
Poland$ and a s"rin%ling in the rest of Euro"e. In America$ they hold all
that 'hich 9"aniards inhabit$ 5is"ania 8o#a$ :astella Aurea$ Peru$ Fc. In
the East Indies$ the Phili""ines$ some small holds about Goa$ Malacca$
>elan$ 2rmus$ Fc.$ 'hich the Portuguese got not long since$ and those
land-lea"ing Desuits ha#e essayed in :hina$ Da"an$ as a""ears by their
yearly letters< in Africa they ha#e Melinda$ Kuiloa$ Mombaze$ Fc.$ and some
fe' to'ns$ they dri#e out one su"erstition 'ith another. Poland is a
rece"tacle of all religions$ 'here 9amosetans$ 9ocinians$ Photinians (no'
"rotected in Transyl#ania and Poland)$ Arians$ Anaba"tists are to be found$
as 'ell as in some German cities. 9candia is :hristian$ but ;-.-=G3amianus
A-Goes$ the Portugal %night$ com"lains$ so mi+ed 'ith magic$ "agan rites
and ceremonies$ they may be as 'ell counted idolaters& 'hat Tacitus
formerly said of a li%e nation$ is #erified in them$ ;-.-.GLA "eo"le
subject to su"erstition$ contrary to religion.L And some of them as about
*a"land and the Pila"ians$ the de#il!s "ossession to this day$ _Misera haec
gens_ (saith mine ;-.-?Gauthor) _9atanae hactenus "ossessio$--et 0uod
ma+ime mirandum et dolendum_$ and 'hich is to be admired and "itied< if any
of them be ba"tised$ 'hich the %ings of 9'eden much labour$ they die 'ithin
se#en or nine days after$ and for that cause they 'ill hardly be brought to
:hristianity$ but 'orshi" still the de#il$ 'ho daily a""ears to them. In
their idolatrous courses$ _Gandentibus diis "atriis$ 0uos religiose
colunt_$ Fc. Eet are they #ery su"erstitious$ li%e our 'ild Irish& though
they of the better note$ the %ings of 3enmar% and 9'eden themsel#es$ that
go#ern them$ be *utherans< the remnant are :al#inists$ *utherans$ in
Germany e0ually mi+ed. And yet the em"eror himself$ du%es of *orraine$
a#aria$ and the "rinces$ electors$ are most "art "rofessed "a"ists. And
though some "art of 7rance and Ireland$ Great ritain$ half the cantons in
9'itzerland$ and the *o' :ountries$ be :al#inists$ more defecate than the
rest$ yet at odds amongst themsel#es$ not free from su"erstition. And 'hich
;-.-@Grochard$ the mon%$ in his descri"tion of the 5oly *and$ after he had
censured the Gree% church$ and sho'ed their errors$ concluded at last$
_7a+it 3eus ne *atinis multa irre"serint stultifies_$ I say God grant there
be no fo""eries in our church. As a dam of 'ater sto""ed in one "lace
brea%s out into another$ so doth su"erstition. I say nothing of
Anaba"tists$ 9ocinians$ ro'nists$ 7amilists$ Fc. There is su"erstition in
our "rayers$ often in our hearing of sermons$ bitter contentions$
in#ecti#es$ "ersecutions$ strange conceits$ besides di#ersity of o"inions$
schisms$ factions$ Fc. ut as the *ord (Dob +lii. ca". A. #.) said to
Eli"haz$ the Temanite$ and his t'o friends$ Lhis 'rath 'as %indled against
them$ for they had not s"o%en of him things that 'ere right&L 'e may justly
of these schismatics and heretics$ ho' 'ise soe#er in their o'n conceits$
_non recte lo0uuntur de 3eo_$ they s"ea% not$ they thin% not$ they 'rite
not 'ell of God$ and as they ought. And therefore$ _Kuid 0uaeso mi 3or"i_$
as Erasmus concludes to 3or"ius$ _hisce Theologis faciamus$ aut 0uid
"receris$ nisi forte fidelem medicum$ 0ui cerebro medeatur_N 4hat shall 'e
'ish them$ but _sanam mentem_$ and a good "hysicianN ut more of their
differences$ "arado+es$ o"inions$ mad "ran%s$ in the sym"toms& I no' hasten
to the causes.
9H9E:T. II.--_:auses of 1eligious melancholy. 7rom the 3e#il by miracles$
a""aritions$ oracles. 5is instruments or factors$ "oliticians$ Priests$
Im"ostors$ 5eretics$ blind guides. In them sim"licity$ fear$ blind zeal$
ignorance$ solitariness$ curiosity$ "ride$ #ainglory$ "resum"tion$ Fc. his
engines$ fasting$ solitariness$ ho"e$ fear$ Fc._
4e are taught in 5oly 9cri"ture$ that the L3e#il rangeth abroad li%e a
roaring lion$ still see%ing 'hom he may de#our&L and as in se#eral sha"es$
so by se#eral engines and de#ices he goeth about to seduce us< sometimes he
transforms himself into an angel of light< and is so cunning that he is
able$ if it 'ere "ossible$ to decei#e the #ery elect. 5e 'ill be 'orshi""ed
as ;-.--GGod himself$ and is so adored by the heathen$ and esteemed. And in
imitation of that di#ine "o'er$ as ;-.-AGEusebius obser#es$ ;-.-/Gto abuse
or emulate God!s glory$ as 3andinus adds$ he 'ill ha#e all homage$
sacrifices$ oblations$ and 'hatsoe#er else belongs to the 'orshi" of God$
to be done li%e'ise unto him$ _similis erit altissimo_$ and by this means
infatuates the 'orld$ deludes$ entra"s$ and destroys many a thousand souls.
9ometimes by dreams$ #isions (as God to Moses by familiar conference)$ the
de#il in se#eral sha"es tal%s 'ith them& in the ;-.-BGIndies it is common$
and in :hina nothing so familiar as a""aritions$ ins"irations$ oracles$ by
terrifying them 'ith false "rodigies$ counterfeit miracles$ sending storms$
tem"ests$ diseases$ "lagues (as of old in Athens there 'as A"ollo$
Ale+icacus$ A"ollo ;Gree%& loimiosG$ _"estifer et malorum de"ulsor_)$
raising 'ars$ seditions by s"ectrums$ troubling their consciences$ dri#ing
them to des"air$ terrors of mind$ intolerable "ains< by "romises$ re'ards$
benefits$ and fair means$ he raiseth such an o"inion of his deity and
greatness$ that they dare not do other'ise than adore him$ do as he 'ill
ha#e them$ they dare not offend him. And to com"el them more to stand in
a'e of him$ ;-.ACGLhe sends and cures diseases$ dis0uiets their s"iritsL
(as :y"rian saith)$ Ltorments and terrifies their souls$ to ma%e them adore
him& and all his study$ all his endea#our is to di#ert them from true
religion to su"erstition& and because he is damned himself$ and in an
error$ he 'ould ha#e all the 'orld "artici"ate of his errors$ and be damned
'ith him.L The _"rimum mobile_$ therefore$ and first mo#er of all
su"erstition$ is the de#il$ that great enemy of man%ind$ the "rinci"al
agent$ 'ho in a thousand se#eral$ sha"es$ after di#erse fashions$ 'ith
se#eral engines$ illusions$ and by se#eral names hath decei#ed the
inhabitants of the earth$ in se#eral "laces and countries$ still rejoicing
at their falls. LAll the 'orld o#er before :hrist!s time$ he freely
domineered$ and held the souls of men in most sla#ish subjectionL (saith
;-.A,GEusebius) Lin di#erse forms$ ceremonies$ and sacrifices$ till
:hrist!s coming$L as if those de#ils of the air had shared the earth
amongst them$ 'hich the Platonists held for gods (;-.A=G_*udus deorum
sumus_)$ and 'ere our go#ernors and %ee"ers. In se#eral "laces$ they had
se#eral rites$ orders$ names$ of 'hich read 4ierus _de "raestigiis
daemonum$ lib. ,. ca". @._ ;-.A.G9trozzius :icogna$ and others< Adonided
amongst the 9yrians< Adramalech amongst the :a"ernaites$ Asiniae amongst
the Emathites< Astartes 'ith the 9idonians< Astaroth 'ith the Palestines<
3agon 'ith the Philistines< Tartary 'ith the 5anaei< Melchonis amongst the
Ammonites& eli the abylonians< eelzebub and aal 'ith the 9amaritans and
Moabites< A"is$ Isis$ and 2siris amongst the Egy"tians< A"ollo Pythius at
3el"hos$ :olo"hon$ Ancyra$ :uma$ Erythra< Du"iter in :rete$ Ienus at
:y"rus$ Duno at :arthage$ Aescula"ius at E"idaurus$ 3iana at E"hesus$
Pallas at Athens$ Fc. And e#en in these our days$ both in the East and 4est
Indies$ in Tartary$ :hina$ Da"an$ Fc.$ 'hat strange idols$ in 'hat
"rodigious forms$ 'ith 'hat absurd ceremonies are they adoredN 4hat strange
sacraments$ li%e ours of a"tism and the *ord!s 9u""er$ 'hat goodly
tem"les$ "riests$ sacrifices they had in America$ 'hen the 9"aniards first
landed there$ let Acosta the Desuit relate$ _lib. @. ca". ,$ =$ .$ ?_$ Fc.$
and ho' the de#il imitated the Ar% and the children of Israel!s coming out
of Egy"t< 'ith many such. 7or as *i"sius 'ell discourseth out of the
doctrine of the 9toics$ _ma+ime cu"iunt adorationem hominum_$ no' and of
old$ they still and most es"ecially desire to be adored by men. 9ee but
'hat Iertomannus$ _l. @. c. =._ Marcus Polus$ *erius$ enzo$ P. Martyr in
his _2cean 3ecades_$ Acosta$ and Mat. 1iccius _e+"edit. :hrist. in 9inus$
lib. ,._ relate. ;-.A?GEusebius 'onders ho' that 'ise city of Athens$ and
flourishing %ingdoms of Greece$ should be so besotted< and 'e in our times$
ho'. those 'itty :hinese$ so "ers"icacious in all other things should be so
gulled$ so tortured 'ith su"erstition$ so blind as to 'orshi" stoc%s and
stones. ut it is no mar#el$ 'hen 'e see all out as great effects amongst
:hristians themsel#es< ho' are those Anaba"tists$ Arians$ and Pa"ists abo#e
the rest$ miserably infatuatedO Mars$ Du"iter$ A"ollo$ and Aescula"ius$
ha#e resigned their interest$ names$ and offices to 9aint George.
L(;-.A@G(Ma+ime bellorum rector$ 0uem nostra ju#entus
Pro Ma#orte colit.)L------
9t. :hristo"her$ and a com"any of fictitious saints$ Ienus to the *ady of
*oretto. And as those old 1omans had se#eral distinct gods$ for di#ers
offices$ "ersons$ "laces$ so ha#e they saints$ as ;-.A-G*a#ater 'ell
obser#es out of *actantius$ _mutato nomine tantum_$ !tis the same s"irit or
de#il that deludes them still. The manner ho'$ as I say$ is by re'ards$
"romises$ terrors$ affrights$ "unishments. In a 'ord$ fair and foul means$
ho"e and fear. 5o' often hath Du"iter$ A"ollo$ acchus$ and the rest$ sent
"lagues in ;-.AAGGreece and Italy$ because their sacrifices 'ere neglectedN
;-.A/G L3ii multa neglecti dederunt
5es"eriae mala luctuosae$L
to terrify them$ to arouse them u"$ and the li%e& see but *i#y$ 3ionysius
5alicarnassaeus$ Thucydides$ Pausanius$ Philostratus$ ;-.ABGPolybius$
before the battle of :annae$ _"rodigiis signis$ ostentis$ tem"la cuncta$
"ri#ates etiam aedes scatebant._ 2eneus reigned in Aetolia$ and because he
did not sacrifice to 3iana 'ith his other gods (see more in *abanius his
3iana)$ she sent a 'ild boar$ _insolitae magnitudinis$ 0ui terras et
homines misere de"ascebatur_$ to s"oil both men and country$ 'hich 'as
after'ards %illed by Meleager. 9o Plutarch in the *ife of *ucullus relates$
ho' Mithridates$ %ing of Pontus$ at the siege of :izicum$ 'ith all his
na#y$ 'as o#erthro'n by Proser"ina$ for neglecting of her holy day. 9he
a""eared in a #ision to Aristagoras in the night$ _:ras in0uit tybicinem
*ybicum cum tybicine "ontico committam_ (Ltomorro' I 'ill cause a contest
bet'een a *ibyan and a Pontic minstrelL)$ and the day follo'ing this enigma
'as understood< for 'ith a great south 'ind 'hich came from *ibya$ she
0uite o#er'helmed Mithridates! army. 4hat "rodigies and miracles$ dreams$
#isions$ "redictions$ a""aritions$ oracles$ ha#e been of old at 3el"hos$
3odona$ Tro"honius! den$ at Thebes$ and *ebaudia$ of Du"iter Ammon in
Egy"t$ Am"hiaraus in Attica$ Fc.< 'hat strange cures "erformed by A"ollo
and Aescula"iusN Duno!s image and that of ;-./CG7ortune s"a%e$ ;-./,G:astor
and Pollu+ fought in "erson for the 1omans against 5annibal!s army$ as
Pallas$ Mars$ Duno$ Ienus$ for Gree%s and Trojans$ Fc. Amongst our
"seudo-:atholics nothing so familiar as such miracles< ho' many cures done
by our lady of *oretto$ at 9ichemO of old at our 9t. Thomas!s shrine$ Fc.
;-./=G9t. 9abine 'as seen to fight for Arnul"hus$ du%e of 9"oleto.
;-./.G9t. George fought in "erson for Dohn the astard of Portugal$ against
the :astilians< 9t. Dames for the 9"aniards in America. In the battle of
annoc%burn$ 'here Ed'ard the 9econd$ our English %ing$ 'as foiled by the
9cots$ 9t. Philanus! arm 'as seen to fight (if ;-./?G5ector oethius doth
not im"ose)$ that 'as before shut u" in a sil#er ca"-case< another time$ in
the same author$ 9t. Magnus fought for them. 8o' for #isions$ re#elations$
miracles$ not only out of the legend$ out of "urgatory$ but e#eryday comes
ne's from the Indies$ and at home read the Desuits! *etters$ 1ibadineira$
Thurselinus$ Acosta$ *i""omanus$ Ja#erius$ Ignatius! *i#es$ Fc.$ and tell
me 'hat differenceN
5is ordinary instruments or factors 'hich he useth$ as God himself$ did
good %ings$ la'ful magistrates$ "atriarchs$ "ro"hets$ to the establishing
of his church$ ;-./@Gare "oliticians$ statesmen$ "riests$ heretics$ blind
guides$ im"ostors$ "seudo"ro"hets$ to "ro"agate his su"erstition. And first
to begin of "oliticians$ it hath e#er been a "rinci"al a+iom 'ith them to
maintain religion or su"erstition$ 'hich they determine of$ alter and #ary
u"on all occasions$ as to them seems best$ they ma%e religion mere "olicy$
a cloa%$ a human in#ention$ _nihil ae0ue #alet ad regendos #ulgi animos ac
su"erstitio_$ as ;-./-GTacitus and ;-./AGTully hold. Austin$ _l. ?. de
ci#itat. 3ei. c. B._ censures 9cae#ola saying and ac%no'ledging _e+"edire
ci#itates religione falli_$ that it 'as a fit thing cities should be
decei#ed by religion$ according to the di#erb$ _9i mundus #ult deci"i$
deci"iatur_$ if the 'orld 'ill be gulled$ let it be gulled$ !tis good
ho'soe#er to %ee" it in subjection. !Tis that ;-.//GAristotle and
;-./BGPlato inculcate in their "olitics$ L1eligion neglected$ brings "lague
to the city$ o"ens a ga" to all naughtiness.L !Tis that 'hich all our late
"oliticians ingeminate. :romerus$ _l. =. "ol. hist._ oterus$ _l. .. de
incrementis urbium._ :la"marius$ _l. =. c. B. de Arcanis rerum". ca". ?.
lib. =. "olit._ :a"tain Machia#el 'ill ha#e a "rince by all means to
counterfeit religion$ to be su"erstitious in sho' at least$ to seem to be
de#out$ fre0uent holy e+ercises$ honour di#ines$ lo#e the church$ affect
"riests$ as 8uma$ *ycurgus$ and such la'ma%ers 'ere and did$ _non ut his
fidem habeant$ sed ut subditos religionis metu facilius in officio
contineant_$ to %ee" "eo"le in obedience. ;-.BCG_8am naturaliter_ (as
:ardan 'rites) _le+ :hristiana le+ est "ietatis$ justitiae$ fidei$
sim"licitatis_$ Fc. ut this error of his$ Innocentius Dentilettus$ a
7rench la'yer$ _theorem. B. comment. ,. de 1elig_$ and Thomas ozius in his
boo% _de ruinis gentium et 1egnorum_ ha#e co"iously confuted. Many
"oliticians$ I dare not deny$ maintain religion as a true means$ and
sincerely s"ea% of it 'ithout hy"ocrisy$ are truly zealous and religious
themsel#es. Dustice and religion are the t'o chief "ro"s and su""orters of
a 'ell-go#erned common'ealth& but most of them are but Machia#ellians$
counterfeits only for "olitical ends< for _solus re+_ ('hich :am"anella$
_ca". ,/. atheismi trium"hali_ obser#es)$ as amongst our modern Tur%s$
_rei"ub. 7inis_$ as %no'ing ;-.B,G_magnus ejus in animos im"erium_< and
that$ as ;-.B=G9abellicus deli#ers$ LA man 'ithout religion$ is li%e a
horse 'ithout a bridle.L 8o 'ay better to curb than su"erstition$ to
terrify men!s consciences$ and to %ee" them in a'e& they ma%e ne' la's$
statutes$ in#ent ne' religions$ ceremonies$ as so many stal%ing horses$ to
their ends. ;-.B.G_5aec enim (religio) si falsa sit$ dummodo #era credatur$
animorum ferociam domat$ libidines coercet$ subditos "rinci"i obse0uentes
efficit._ ;-.B?GTherefore (saith ;-.B@GPolybius of *ycurgus)$ Ldid he
maintain ceremonies$ not that he 'as su"erstitious himself$ but that he had
"ercei#ed mortal men more a"t to embrace "arado+es than aught else$ and
durst attem"t no e#il things for fear of the gods.L This 'as >amolcus!s
stratagem amongst the Thracians$ 8uma!s "lot$ 'hen he said he had
conference 'ith the nym"h Aegeria$ and that of 9ertorius 'ith a hart< to
get more credit to their decrees$ by deri#ing them from the gods< or else
they did all by di#ine instinct$ 'hich 8icholas 3amascen 'ell obser#es of
*ycurgus$ 9olon$ and Minos$ they had their la's dictated$ _monte sacro_$ by
Du"iter himself. 9o Mahomet referred his ne' la's to the ;-.B-Gangel
Gabriel$ by 'hose direction he ga#e out they 'ere made. :aligula in 3ion
feigned himself to be familiar 'ith :astor and Pollu+$ and many such$ 'hich
%e"t those 1omans under ('ho$ as Machia#el "ro#es$ _lib. ,. dis"ut. ca".
,,. et ,=._ 'ere _1eligione ma+ime moti_$ most su"erstitious)& and did curb
the "eo"le more by this means$ than by force of arms$ or se#erity of human
la's. _9ola "lebecula eam agnoscebat_ (saith Ianinus$ _dial. ,. lib. ?. de
admirandis naturae arcanis_) s"ea%ing of religion$ _0ue facile deci"itur$
magnates #ero et "hiloso"hi ne0ua0uam_$ your grandees and "hiloso"hers had
no such conceit$ _sed ad im"erii conformationem et am"lificationem 0uam
sine "raete+tu religionis tueri non "oterant_< and many thousands in all
ages ha#e e#er held as much$ Philoso"hers es"ecially$ _animad#ertebant hi
sem"er haec esse fabellas$ attamen ob metum "ublicae "otestatis silere
cogebantur_ they 'ere still silent for fear of la's$ Fc. To this end that
9yrian Phyresides$ Pythagoras his master$ broached in the East amongst the
heathens$ first the immortality of the soul$ as Trismegistus did in Egy"t$
'ith a many of feigned gods. Those 7rench and riton 3ruids in the 4est
first taught$ saith ;-.BAG:aesar$ _non interire animas_ (that souls did not
die)$ Lbut after death to go from one to another$ that so they might
encourage them to #irtue.L !T'as for a "olitic end$ and to this "ur"ose the
old ;-.B/G"oets feigned those elysian fields$ their Aeacus$ Minos$ and
1hadamanthus$ their infernal judges$ and those 9tygian la%es$ fiery
Phlegethons$ Pluto!s %ingdom$ and #ariety of torments after death. Those
that had done 'ell$ 'ent to the elysian fields$ but e#il doers to :ocytus$
and to that burning la%e of ;-.BBGhell 'ith fire$ and brimstone for e#er to
be tormented. !Tis this 'hich ;-?CCGPlato labours for in his Phaedon$ _et
B. de re"._ The Tur%s in their Alcoran$ 'hen they set do'n re'ards$ and
se#eral "unishments for e#ery "articular #irtue and #ice$ ;-?C,G'hen they
"ersuade men$ that they that die in battle shall go directly to hea#en$ but
'ic%ed li#ers to eternal torment$ and all of all sorts (much li%e our
"a"istical "urgatory)$ for a set time shall be tortured in their gra#es$ as
a""ears by that tract 'hich Dohn a"tista Alfa0ui$ that Mauritanian "riest$
no' turned :hristian$ hath 'ritten in his confutation of the Alcoran. After
a man!s death t'o blac% angels$ 8un0uir and 8e0uir (so they call them) come
to him to his gra#e and "unish him for his "recedent sins< if he li#ed
'ell$ they torture him the less< if ill$ _"er indesinentes cruciatus ad
diem fudicii_$ they incessantly "unish him to the day of judgment$ _8emo
#i#entium 0ui ad horum mentionem non totus horret et contremiscit_$ the
thought of this crucifies them all their li#es long$ and ma%es them s"end
their days in fasting and "rayer$ _ne mala haec contingant_$ Fc. A Tartar
"rince$ saith Marcus Polus$ _lib. ,. ca". =.._ called 9ene+ de Montibus$
the better to establish his go#ernment amongst his subjects$ and to %ee"
them in a'e$ found a con#enient "lace in a "leasant #alley$ en#ironed 'ith
hills$ in ;-?C=GL'hich he made a delicious "ar% full of odoriferous flo'ers
and fruits$ and a "alace of all 'orldly contents$L that could "ossibly be
de#ised$ music$ "ictures$ #ariety of meats$ Fc.$ and chose out a certain
young man$ 'hom 'ith a ;-?C.Gso"oriferous "otion he so benumbed$ that he
"ercei#ed nothing& Land so fast aslee" as he 'as$ caused him to be con#eyed
into this fair garden&L 'here after he had li#ed a'hile in all such
"leasures a sensual man could desire$ ;-?C?GL5e cast him into a slee"
again$ and brought him forth$ that 'hen he a'a%ed he might tell others he
had been in Paradise.L The li%e he did for hell$ and by this means brought
his "eo"le to subjection. ecause hea#en and hell are mentioned in the
scri"tures$ and to be belie#ed necessary by :hristians& so cunningly can
the de#il and his ministers$ in imitation of true religion$ counterfeit and
forge the li%e$ to circum#ent and delude his su"erstitious follo'ers. Many
such tric%s and im"ostures are acted by "oliticians$ in :hina es"ecially$
but 'ith 'hat effect I 'ill discourse in the sym"toms.
8e+t to "oliticians$ if I may distinguish them$ are some of our "riests
('ho ma%e religion "olicy)$ if not far beyond them$ for they domineer o#er
"rinces and statesmen themsel#es. _:arnificinam e+ercent_$ one saith they
tyrannise o#er men!s consciences more than any other tormentors 'hatsoe#er$
"artly for their commodity and gain< _1eligionem enim omnium abusus_ (as
;-?C@GPostellus holds)$ _0uaestus scilicet sacrificum in causa est_& for
so#ereignty$ credit$ to maintain their state and re"utation$ out of
ambition and a#arice$ 'hich are their chief su""orters& 'hat ha#e they not
made the common "eo"le belie#eN Im"ossibilities in nature$ incredible
things< 'hat de#ices$ traditions$ ceremonies$ ha#e they not in#ented in all
ages to %ee" men in obedience$ to enrich themsel#esN _Kuibus 0uaestui sunt
ca"ti su"erstitione animi_$ as ;-?C-G*i#y saith. Those Egy"tian "riests of
old got all the so#ereignty into their hands$ and %no'ing$ as ;-?CAG:urtius
insinuates$ _nulla res efficacius multitudinem regit 0uam su"erstitio<
melius #atibus 0uam ducibus "arent$ #ana religione ca"ti$ etiam im"otentes
faeminae_< the common "eo"le 'ill sooner obey "riests than ca"tains$ and
nothing so forcible as su"erstition$ or better than blind zeal to rule a
multitude< ha#e so terrified and gulled them$ that it is incredible to
relate. All nations almost ha#e been besotted in this %ind< amongst our
ritons and old Gauls the 3ruids< magi in Persia< "hiloso"hers in Greece<
:haldeans amongst the 2riental< rachmanni in India< Gymnoso"hists in
Ethio"ia< the Turditanes in 9"ain< Augurs in 1ome$ ha#e insulted< A"ollo!s
"riests in Greece$ Phaebades and Pythonissae$ by their oracles and
"hantasms< Am"hiaraus and his com"anions< no' Mahometan and "agan "riests$
'hat can they not effectN 5o' do they not infatuate the 'orldN _Adeo
ubi0ue_ (as ;-?C/G9caliger 'rites of the Mahometan "riests)$ _tum gentium
tum locorum$ gens ista sacrorum ministra$ #ulgi secat s"es$ ad ea 0uae i"si
fingunt somnia_$ Lso cunningly can they gull the commons in all "laces and
countries.L ut abo#e all others$ that high "riest of 1ome$ the dam of that
monstrous and su"erstitious brood$ the bull-bello'ing "o"e$ 'hich no'
rageth in the 4est$ that three-headed :erberus hath "layed his "art. ;-?CBG
L4hose religion at this day is mere "olicy$ a state 'holly com"osed of
su"erstition and 'it$ and needs nothing but 'it and su"erstition to
maintain it$ that useth colleges and religious houses to as good "ur"ose as
forts and castles$ and doth more at this dayL by a com"any of scribbling
"arasites$ fiery-s"irited friars$ zealous anchorites$ hy"ocritical
confessors$ and those "raetorian soldiers$ his Danissary Desuits$ and that
dissociable society$ as ;-?,CG*anguis terms it$ _"ostremus diaboli conatus
et saeculi e+crementum_$ that no' stand in the fore front of the battle$
'ill ha#e a mono"oly of$ and engross all other learning$ but domineer in
di#inity$ ;-?,,G_E+ci"iunt soli totius #ulnera belli_$ and fight alone
almost (for the rest are but his dromedaries and asses)$ than e#er he could
ha#e done by garrisons and armies. 4hat "o'er of "rince$ or "enal la'$ be
it ne#er so strict$ could enforce men to do that 'hich for conscience! sa%e
they 'ill #oluntarily undergoN And as to fast from all flesh$ abstain from
marriage$ rise to their "rayers at midnight$ 'hi" themsel#es$ 'ith
stu"endous fasting and "enance$ abandon the 'orld$ 'ilful "o#erty$ "erform
canonical and blind obedience$ to "rostrate their goods$ fortunes$ bodies$
li#es$ and offer u" themsel#es at their su"erior!s feet$ at his commandN
4hat so "o'erful an engine as su"erstitionN 'hich they right 'ell
"ercei#ing$ are of no religion at all themsel#es& _Primum enim_ (as :al#in
rightly sus"ects$ the tenor and "ractice of their life "ro#es)$ _arcanae
illius theologiae$ 0uod a"ud eos regnat$ ca"ut est$ nullum esse deum_$ they
hold there is no God$ as *eo J. did$ 5ildebrand the magician$ Ale+ander
II.$ Dulius II.$ mere atheists$ and 'hich the common "ro#erb amongst them
a""ro#es$ ;-?,=GLThe 'orst :hristians of Italy are the 1omans$ of the
1omans the "riests are 'ildest$ the le'dest "riests are "referred to be
cardinals$ and the baddest men amongst the cardinals is chosen to be "o"e$L
that is an e"icure$ as most "art the "o"es are$ infidels and *ucianists$
for so they thin% and belie#e< and 'hat is said of :hrist to be fables and
im"ostures$ of hea#en and hell$ day of judgment$ "aradise$ immortality of
the soul$ are all$
;-?,.G L1umores #acui$ #erba0ue inania$
Et "ar sollicito fabula somnio.L
L3reams$ toys$ and old 'i#es! tales.L Eet as so many ;-?,?G'hetstones to
ma%e other tools cut$ but cut not themsel#es$ though they be of no religion
at all$ they 'ill ma%e others most de#out and su"erstitious$ by "romises
and threats$ com"el$ enforce from$ and lead them by the nose li%e so many
bears in a line< 'hen as their end is not to "ro"agate the church$ ad#ance
God!s %ingdom$ see% 5is glory or common good$ but to enrich themsel#es$ to
enlarge their territories$ to domineer and com"el them to stand in a'e$ to
li#e in subjection to the 9ee of 1ome. 7or 'hat other'ise care theyN _9i
mundus #ult deci"i$ deci"iatur_$ Lsince the 'orld 'ishes to be gulled$ let
it be gulled$L !tis fit it should be so. And for 'hich ;-?,@GAustin cites
Iarro to maintain his 1oman religion$ 'e may better a""ly to them& _multa
#era$ 0uae #ulgus scire non est utile< "lera0ue falsa$ 0uae tamen uliter
e+istimare "o"ulum e+"edit_< some things are true$ some false$ 'hich for
their o'n ends they 'ill not ha#e the gullish commonalty ta%e notice of. As
'ell may 'itness their intolerable co#etousness$ strange forgeries$
fo""eries$ fooleries$ unrighteous subtleties$ im"ostures$ illusions$ ne'
doctrines$ "arado+es$ traditions$ false miracles$ 'hich they ha#e still
forged$ to enthral$ circum#ent and subjugate them$ to maintain their o'n
estates. ;-?,-G2ne 'hile by bulls$ "ardons$ indulgencies$ and their
doctrines of good 'or%s$ that they be meritorious$ ho"e of hea#en$ by that
means they ha#e so fleeced the commonalty$ and s"urred on this free
su"erstitious horse$ that he runs himself blind$ and is an ass to carry
burdens. They ha#e so am"lified Peter!s "atrimony$ that from a "oor bisho"$
he is become _1e+ 1egum$ 3ominus dominantium_$ a demigod$ as his canonists
ma%e him (7elinus and the rest)$ abo#e God himself. And for his 'ealth and
;-?,AG tem"oralities$ is not inferior to many %ings& ;-?,/Ghis cardinals$
"rinces! com"anions< and in e#ery %ingdom almost$ abbots$ "riors$ mon%s$
friars$ Fc.$ and his clergy$ ha#e engrossed a ;-?,BGthird "art$ half$ in
some "laces all$ into their hands. Three "rinces$ electors in Germany$
bisho"s< besides Magdeburg$ 9"ire$ 9altsburg$ reme$ amberg$ Fc. In
7rance$ as odine _lib. de re"ub._ gi#es us to understand$ their re#enues
are ,=$.CC$CCC li#res< and of t'el#e "arts of the re#enues in 7rance$ the
church "ossesseth se#en. The Desuits$ a ne' sect$ begun in this age$ ha#e$
as ;-?=CGMiddendor"ius and ;-?=,GPelargus rec%on u"$ three or four hundred
colleges in Euro"e$ and more re#enues than many "rinces. In 7rance$ as
Arnoldus "ro#es$ in thirty years they ha#e got _bis centum librarum millia
annua_$ =CC$CCC_l_. I say nothing of the rest of their orders. 4e ha#e had
in England$ as Armachanus demonstrates$ abo#e .C$CCC friars at once$ and as
;-?==G9"eed collects out of *eland and others$ almost -CC religious houses$
and near =CC$CCC_l._ in re#enues of the old rent belonging to them$ besides
images of gold$ sil#er$ "late$ furniture$ goods and ornaments$ as
;-?=.G4ee#er calculates$ and esteems them at the dissolution of abbeys$
'orth a million of gold. 5o' many to'ns in e#ery %ingdom hath su"erstition
enrichedN 4hat a deal of money by musty relics$ images$ idolatry$ ha#e
their mass-"riests engrossed$ and 'hat sums ha#e they scra"ed by their
other tric%sO *oretto in Italy$ 4alsingham in England$ in those days. _Hbi
omnia auro nitent_$ L'here e#erything shines 'ith gold$L saith Erasmus$ 9t.
Thomas!s shrine$ Fc.$ may 'itness. ;-?=?G3el"hos so reno'ned of old in
Greece for A"ollo!s oracle$ _3elos commune conciliabulum et em"orium sola
religions manitum_< 3odona$ 'hose fame and 'ealth 'ere sustained by
religion$ 'ere not so rich$ so famous. If they can get but a relic of some
saint$ the Iirgin Mary!s "icture$ idols or the li%e$ that city is for e#er
made$ it needs no other maintenance. 8o' if any of these their im"ostures
or juggling tric%s be contro#erted$ or called in 0uestion& if a magnanimous
or zealous *uther$ an heroical *uther$ as ;-?=@G3ithmarus :alls him$ dare
touch the mon%s! bellies$ all is in a combustion$ all is in an u"roar&
3emetrius and his associates are ready to "ull him in "ieces$ to %ee" u"
their trades$ ;-?=-G LGreat is 3iana of the E"hesians&L 'ith a mighty shout
of t'o hours long they 'ill roar and not be "acified.
8o' for their authority$ 'hat by auricular confession$ satisfaction$
"enance$ Peter!s %eys$ thunderings$ e+communications$ Fc.$ roaring bulls$
this high "riest of 1ome$ sha%ing his Gorgon!s head$ hath so terrified the
soul of many a silly man$ insulted o#er majesty itself$ and s'aggered
generally o#er all Euro"e for many ages$ and still doth to some$ holding
them as yet in sla#ish subjection$ as ne#er tyrannising 9"aniards did by
their "oor 8egroes$ or Tur%s by their galley-sla#es. ;-?=AGLThe bisho" of
1omeL (saith 9ta"leton$ a "arasite of his$ _de mag. Eccles. lib. =. ca".
,._) Lhath done that 'ithout arms$ 'hich those 1oman em"erors could ne#er
achie#e 'ith forty legions of soldiers$L de"osed %ings$ and cro'ned them
again 'ith his foot$ made friends$ and corrected at his "leasure$ Fc.
;-?=/G L!Tis a 'onder$L saith Machia#el$ _7lorentinae$ his. lib. ,._ L'hat
sla#ery 6ing 5enry II. endured for the death of Thomas a ec%ett$ 'hat
things he 'as enjoined by the Po"e$ and ho' he submitted himself to do that
'hich in our times a "ri#ate man 'ould not endure$L and all through
su"erstition. ;-?=BG5enry II. dis"osed of his em"ire$ stood barefooted 'ith
his 'ife at the gates of :anossus. ;-?.CG7rederic the Em"eror 'as trodden
on by Ale+ander III.$ another held Adrian!s stirru"$ 6ing Dohn %issed the
%nees of Pandul"hos the Po"e!s legate$ 9ee. 4hat made so many thousand
:hristians tra#el from 7rance$ ritain$ Fc.$ into the 5oly *and$ s"end such
huge sums of money$ go a "ilgrimage so familiarly to Derusalem$ to cree"
and crouch$ but sla#ish su"erstitionN 4hat ma%es them so freely #enture
their li#es$ to lea#e their nati#e countries$ to go see% martyrdom in the
Indies$ but su"erstitionN to be assassins$ to meet death$ murder %ings$ but
a false "ersuasion of merit$ of canonical or blind obedience 'hich they
instil into them$ and animate them by strange illusions$ ho"e of being
martyrs and saints& such "retty feats can the de#il 'or% by "riests$ and so
'ell for their o'n ad#antage can they "lay their "arts. And if it 'ere not
yet enough$ by "riests and "oliticians to delude man%ind$ and crucify the
souls of men$ he hath more actors in his tragedy$ more irons in the fire$
another scene of heretics$ factious$ ambitious 'its$ insolent s"irits$
schismatics$ im"ostors$ false "ro"hets$ blind guides$ that out of "ride$
singularity$ #ainglory$ blind zeal$ cause much more madness yet$ set all in
an u"roar by their ne' doctrines$ "arado+es$ figments$ crotchets$ ma%e ne'
di#isions$ subdi#isions$ ne' sects$ o""ose one su"erstition to another$ one
%ingdom to another$ commit "rince and subjects$ brother against brother$
father against son$ to the ruin and destruction of a common'ealth$ to the
disturbance of "eace$ and to ma%e a general confusion of all estates. 5o'
did those Arians rage of oldN ho' many did they circum#entN Those
Pelagians$ Manichees$ Fc.$ their names alone 'ould ma%e a just #olume. 5o'
many silly souls ha#e im"ostors still deluded$ dra'n a'ay$ and 0uite
alienated from :hristO *ucian!s Ale+ander 9imon Magus$ 'hose statue 'as to
be seen and adored in 1ome$ saith Dustin Martyr$ _9imoni deo sancto_$ Fc.$
after his decease. ;-?.,GA"ollonius Tianeus$ :yno"s$ Eumo$ 'ho by
counterfeiting some ne' ceremonies and juggling tric%s of that 3ea 9yria$
by s"itting fire$ and the li%e$ got an army together of ?C$CCC men$ and did
much harm& 'ith _Eudo de stellis_$ of 'hom 8ubrigensis s"ea%s$ _lib. ,.
ca". ,B._ that in 6ing 9te"hen!s days imitated most of :hrist!s miracles$
fed I %no' not ho' many "eo"le in the 'ilderness$ and built castles in the
air$ Fc.$ to the seducing of multitudes of "oor souls. In 7ranconia$ ,?A-$
a base illiterate fello' too% u"on him to be a "ro"het$ and "reach$ Dohn
eheim by name$ a neatherd at 8icholhausen$ he seduced .C$CCC "ersons$ and
'as ta%en by the commonalty to be a most holy man$ come from hea#en. ;-?.=G
LTradesmen left their sho"s$ 'omen their distaffs$ ser#ants ran from their
masters$ children from their "arents$ scholars left their tutors$ all to
hear him$ some for no#elty$ some for zeal. 5e 'as burnt at last by the
isho" of 4artzburg$ and so he and his heresy #anished together.L 5o' many
such im"ostors$ false "ro"hets$ ha#e li#ed in e#ery %ing!s reignN 'hat
chronicles 'ill not afford such e+am"lesN that as so many _ignes fatui_$
ha#e led men out of the 'ay$ terrified some$ deluded others$ that are a"t
to be carried about by the blast of e#ery 'ind$ a rude inconstant
multitude$ a silly com"any of "oor souls$ that follo' all$ and are
cluttered together li%e so many "ebbles in a tide. 4hat "rodigious follies$
madness$ #e+ations$ "ersecutions$ absurdities$ im"ossibilities$ these
im"ostors$ heretics$ Fc.$ ha#e thrust u"on the 'orld$ 'hat strange effects
shall be sho'n in the sym"toms.
8o' the means by 'hich$ or ad#antages the de#il and his infernal ministers
ta%e$ so to delude and dis0uiet the 'orld 'ith such idle ceremonies$ false
doctrines$ su"erstitious fo""eries$ are from themsel#es$ innate fear$
ignorance$ sim"licity$ ho"e and fear$ those t'o battering cannons and
"rinci"al engines$ 'ith their objects$ re'ard and "unishment$ "urgatory$
_*imbus Patrum_$ Fc. 'hich no' more than e#er tyrannise< ;-?..GLfor 'hat
"ro#ince is free from atheism$ su"erstition$ idolatry$ schism$ heresy$
im"iety$ their factors and follo'ersNL thence they "roceed$ and from that
same decayed image of God$ 'hich is yet remaining in us.
;-?.?G L2s homini sublime dedit$ coelum0ue tueri
Dussit.L------
2ur o'n conscience doth dictate so much unto us$ 'e %no' there is a God and
nature doth inform us< _8ulla gens tam barbara_ (saith Tully) _cui non
insideat haec "ersuasio 3eum esse< sed nec 9cytha$ nec Groecus$ nec Persa$
nec 5y"erboreus dissentiet_ (as Ma+imus Tyrius the Platonist _ser. ,._
farther adds) _nec continentis nec insularum habitator_$ let him d'ell
'here he 'ill$ in 'hat coast soe#er$ there is no nation so barbarous that
is not "ersuaded there is a God. It is a 'onder to read of that infinite
su"erstition amongst the Indians in this %ind$ of their tenets in America$
_"ro suo 0uis0ue libitu #arias res #enerabantur su"erstitiose$ "lantas$
animalia$ montes$ Fc. omne 0uod amabant aut horrebant_ (some fe' "laces
e+ce"ted as he grants$ that had no God at all). 9o Lthe hea#ens declare the
glory of God$ and the firmament declares his handy 'or%$L Psalm +i+. LE#ery
creature 'ill e#ince it<L _Praesentem0ue refert 0uaelibet herba deum.
8olentes sciunt$ fatentur in#iti_$ as the said Tyrius "roceeds$ 'ill or
nill$ they must ac%no'ledge it. The "hiloso"hers$ 9ocrates$ Plato$
Plotinus$ Pythagoras$ Trismegistus$ 9eneca$ E"ictetus$ those Magi$ 3ruids$
Fc. 'ent as far as they could by the light of nature< ;-?.@G_multa
"raeclara$ de natura 3ei seri"ta reli0uerunt_$ L'rit many things 'ell of
the nature of God$ but they had but a confused light$ a glim"se$L
;-?.-G LKuale "er incertam lunam sub luce maligna
Est iter in syl#is$L------
Las he that 'al%s by moonshine in a 'ood$L they gro"ed in the dar%< they
had a gross %no'ledge$ as he in Euri"ides$ _2 3eus 0uic0uid es$ si#e
coelum$ si#e terra$ si#e aliud 0uid_$ and that of Aristotle$ _Ens entium
miserere mei._ And so of the immortality of the soul$ and future ha""iness.
_Immortalitatem animae_ (saith 5ierom) _Pythagoras somnia#it$ 3emocritus
non credidit in consolalionem damnationis suae 9ocrates in carcere
dis"uta#it< Indus$ Persa$ :othus$ Fc. Philoso"hantur._ 9o some said this$
some that$ as they concei#ed themsel#es$ 'hich the de#il "ercei#ing$ led
them farther out (as ;-?.AG*emnius obser#es) and made them 'orshi" him as
their God 'ith stoc%s and stones$ and torture themsel#es to their o'n
destruction$ as he thought fit himself$ ins"ired his "riests and ministers
'ith lies and fictions to "rosecute the same$ 'hich they for their o'n ends
'ere as 'illing to undergo$ ta%ing ad#antage of their sim"licity$ fear and
ignorance. 7or the common "eo"le are as a floc% of shee"$ a rude$
illiterate rout$ #oid many times of common sense$ a mere beast$ _bellua
multorum ca"itum_$ 'ill go 'hithersoe#er they are led& as you lead a ram
o#er a ga" by the horns$ all the rest 'ill follo'$ ;-?./G_8on 0ua eundum$
sed 0ua itur_$ they 'ill do as they see others do$ and as their "rince 'ill
ha#e them$ let him be of 'hat religion he 'ill$ they are for him. 8o' for
those idolaters$ Ma+entius and *icinius$ then for :onstantine a :hristian.
;-?.BG_Kui :hristum negant male "ereant$ acclamatum est 3ecies_$ for t'o
hours! s"ace< _0ui :hristum non colunt$ Augusti inimici sunt$ acclamatum
est ter decies_< and by and by idolaters again under that A"ostate
Dulianus< all Arians under :onstantius$ good :atholics again under
Do#inianus$ LAnd little difference there is bet'een the discretion of men
and children in this case$ es"ecially of old fol%s and 'omen$L as ;-??CG
:ardan discourseth$ L'hen$ as they are tossed 'ith fear and su"erstition$
and 'ith other men!s folly and dishonesty.L 9o that I may say their
ignorance is a cause of their su"erstition$ a sym"tom$ and madness itself&
_9u""licii causa est$ sa""licium0ue sui._ Their o'n fear$ folly$ stu"idity$
to be de"lored lethargy$ is that 'hich gi#es occasion to the other$ and
"ulls these miseries on their o'n heads. 7or in all these religions and
su"erstitions$ amongst our idolaters$ you shall find that the "arties first
affected$ are silly$ rude$ ignorant "eo"le$ old fol%s$ that are naturally
"rone to su"erstition$ 'ea% 'omen$ or some "oor$ rude$ illiterate "ersons$
that are a"t to be 'rought u"on$ and gulled in this %ind$ "rone 'ithout
either e+amination or due consideration (for they ta%e u" religion a trust$
as at mercers! they do their 'ares) to belie#e anything. And the best means
they ha#e to broach first$ or to maintain it 'hen they ha#e done$ is to
%ee" them still in ignorance& for Lignorance is the mother of de#otion$L as
all the 'orld %no's$ and these times can am"ly 'itness. This hath been the
de#il!s "ractice$ and his infernal ministers in all ages< not as our
9a#iour by a fe' silly fishermen$ to confound the 'isdom of the 'orld$ to
sa#e "ublicans and sinners$ but to ma%e ad#antage of their ignorance$ to
con#ert them and their associates< and that they may better effect 'hat
they intend$ they begin$ as I say$ 'ith "oor$ ;-??,Gstu"id$ illiterate
"ersons. 9o Mahomet did 'hen he "ublished his Alcoran$ 'hich is a "iece of
'or% (saith ;-??=Gredenbachius) Lfull of nonsense$ barbarism$ confusion$
'ithout rhyme$ reason$ or any good com"osition$ first "ublished to a
com"any of rude rustics$ hog-rubbers$ that had no discretion$ judgment$
art$ or understanding$ and is so still maintained.L 7or it is a "art of
their "olicy to let no man comment$ dare to dis"ute or call in 0uestion to
this day any "art of it$ be it ne#er so absurd$ incredible$ ridiculous$
fabulous as it is$ must be belie#ed _im"licite_$ u"on "ain of death no man
must dare to contradict it$ LGod and the em"eror$L Fc. 4hat else do our
"a"ists$ but by %ee"ing the "eo"le in ignorance #ent and broach all their
ne' ceremonies and traditions$ 'hen they conceal the scri"ture$ read it in
*atin$ and to some fe' alone$ feeding the sla#ish "eo"le in the meantime
'ith tales out of legends$ and such li%e fabulous narrationsN 4hom do they
begin 'ith but colla"sed ladies$ some fe' tradesmen$ su"erstitious old
fol%s$ illiterate "ersons$ 'ea% 'omen$ discontent$ rude$ silly com"anions$
or sooner circum#entN 9o do all our schismatics and heretics. Marcus and
Ialentinian heretics$ in ;-??.GIrenaeus$ seduced first I %no' not ho' many
'omen$ and made them belie#e they 'ere "ro"hets. ;-???G7riar :ornelius of
3ort seduced a com"any of silly 'omen. 4hat are all our Anaba"tists$
ro'nists$ arro'ists$ familists$ but a com"any of rude$ illiterate$
ca"ricious$ base fello'sN 4hat are most of our "a"ists$ but stu"id$
ignorant and blind bayardsN ho' should they other'ise be$ 'hen as they are
brought u" and %e"t still in dar%nessN ;-??@GLIf their "astorsL (saith
*a#ater) Lha#e done their duties$ and instructed their floc%s as they
ought$ in the "rinci"les of :hristian religion$ or had not forbidden them
the reading of scri"tures$ they had not been as they are.L ut being so
misled all their li#es in su"erstition$ and carried hood'in%ed li%e ha'%s$
ho' can they "ro#e other'ise than blind idiots$ and su"erstitious assesN
'hat else shall 'e e+"ect at their handsN 8either is it sufficient to %ee"
them blind$ and in :immerian dar%ness$ but 'ithal$ as a schoolmaster doth
by his boys$ to ma%e them follo' their boo%s$ sometimes by good ho"e$
"romises and encouragements$ but most of all by fear$ strict disci"line$
se#erity$ threats and "unishment$ do they collogue and soothe u" their
silly auditors$ and so bring them into a fools! "aradise. _1e+ eris aiunt$
si recte facies_$ do 'ell$ thou shalt be cro'ned< but for the most "art by
threats$ terrors$ and affrights$ they tyrannise and terrify their
distressed souls& %no'ing that fear alone is the sole and only means to
%ee" men in obedience$ according to that hemistichium of Petronius$ _"rimus
in orbe deos fecit timor_$ the fear of some di#ine and su"reme "o'ers$
%ee"s men in obedience$ ma%es the "eo"le do their duties& they "lay u"on
their consciences< ;-??-G'hich 'as "ractised of old in Egy"t by their
"riests< 'hen there 'as an ecli"se$ they made the "eo"le belie#e God 'as
angry$ great miseries 'ere to come< they ta%e all o""ortunities of natural
causes$ to delude the "eo"le!s senses$ and 'ith fearful tales out of
"urgatory$ feigned a""aritions$ earth0ua%es in Da"onia or :hina$ tragical
e+am"les of de#ils$ "ossessions$ obsessions$ false miracles$ counterfeit
#isions$ Fc. They do so insult o#er and restrain them$ ne#er hoby so dared
a lar%$ that they 'ill not ;-??AGoffend the least tradition$ tread$ or
scarce loo% a'ry& _3eus bone_ (;-??/G*a#ater e+claims) _0uot hoc commentum
de "urgatorio misere affli+itO_ good God$ ho' many men ha#e been miserably
afflicted by this fiction of "urgatoryO
To these ad#antages of ho"e and fear$ ignorance and sim"licity$ he hath
se#eral engines$ tra"s$ de#ices$ to batter and enthral$ omitting no
o""ortunities$ according to men!s se#eral inclinations$ abilities$ to
circum#ent and humour them$ to maintain his su"erstitions$ sometimes to
stu"efy$ besot them& sometimes again by o""ositions$ factions$ to set all
at odds and in an u"roar< sometimes he infects one man$ and ma%es him a
"rinci"al agent< sometimes 'hole cities$ countries. If of meaner sort$ by
stu"idity$ canonical obedience$ blind zeal$ Fc. If of better note$ by
"ride$ ambition$ "o"ularity$ #ainglory. If of the clergy and more eminent$
of better "arts than the rest$ more learned$ elo0uent$ he "uffs them u"
'ith a #ain conceit of their o'n 'orth$ _scientia inflati_$ they begin to
s'ell$ and scorn all the 'orld in res"ect of themsel#es$ and thereu"on turn
heretics$ schismatics$ broach ne' doctrines$ frame ne' crotchets and the
li%e< or else out of too much learning become mad$ or out of curiosity they
'ill search into God!s secrets$ and eat of the forbidden fruit< or out of
"resum"tion of their holiness and good gifts$ ins"irations$ become
"ro"hets$ enthusiasts$ and 'hat notN 2r else if they be dis"leased$
discontent$ and ha#e not (as they su""ose) "referment to their 'orth$ ha#e
some disgrace$ re"ulse$ neglected$ or not esteemed as they fondly #alue
themsel#es$ or out of emulation$ they begin "resently to rage and ra#e$
_coelum terrae$ miscent_$ they become so im"atient in an instant$ that a
'hole %ingdom cannot contain them$ they 'ill set all in a combustion$ all
at #ariance$ to be re#enged of their ad#ersaries. ;-??BG3onatus$ 'hen he
sa' :ecilianus "referred before him in the bisho"ric of :arthage$ turned
heretic$ and so did Arian$ because Ale+ander 'as ad#anced& 'e ha#e e+am"les
at home$ and too many e+"eriments of such "ersons. If they be laymen of
better note$ the same engines of "ride$ ambition$ emulation and jealousy$
ta%e "lace$ they 'ill be gods themsel#es& ;-?@CGAle+ander in India$ after
his #ictories$ became so insolent$ he 'ould be adored for a god& and those
1oman em"erors came to that height of madness$ they must ha#e tem"les built
to them$ sacrifices to their deities$ 3i#us Augustus$ 3. :laudius$ 3.
Adrianus& ;-?@,G5eliogabalus$ L"ut out that #estal fire at 1ome$ e+"elled
the #irgins$ and banished all other religions all o#er the 'orld$ and 'ould
be the sole God himself.L 2ur Tur%s$ :hina %ings$ great :hams$ and Mogors
do little less$ assuming di#ine and bombast titles to themsel#es< the
meaner sort are too credulous$ and led 'ith blind zeal$ blind obedience$ to
"rosecute and maintain 'hatsoe#er their sottish leaders shall "ro"ose$ 'hat
they in "ride and singularity$ re#enge$ #ainglory$ ambition$ s"leen$ for
gain$ shall rashly maintain and broach$ their disci"les ma%e a matter of
conscience$ of hell and damnation$ if they do it not$ and 'ill rather
forsa%e 'i#es$ children$ house and home$ lands$ goods$ fortunes$ life
itself$ than omit or abjure the least tittle of it$ and to ad#ance the
common cause$ undergo any miseries$ turn traitors$ assassins$
"seudomartyrs$ 'ith full assurance and ho"e of re'ard in that other 'orld$
that they shall certainly merit by it$ 'in hea#en$ be canonised for saints.
8o' 'hen they are truly "ossessed 'ith blind zeal$ and misled 'ith
su"erstition$ he hath many other baits to in#eigle and infatuate them
farther yet$ to ma%e them 0uite mortified and mad$ and that under colour of
"erfection$ to merit by "enance$ going 'ool'ard$ 'hi""ing$ alms$ fastings$
Fc. An. ,.=C. there 'as a sect of ;-?@=G'hi""ers in Germany$ that$ to the
astonishment of the beholders$ lashed$ and cruelly tortured themsel#es. I
could gi#e many other instances of each "articular. ut these 'or%s so done
are meritorious$ _e+ o"ere o"erato$ e+ condigno_$ for themsel#es and
others$ to ma%e them macerate and consume their bodies$ _s"ecie #irtutis et
umbra_$ those e#angelical counsels are "ro"ounded$ as our "seudo-:atholics
call them$ canonical obedience$ 'ilful "o#erty$ ;-?@.G#o's of chastity$
mon%ery$ and a solitary life$ 'hich e+tend almost to all religions and
su"erstitions$ to Tur%s$ :hinese$ Gentiles$ Abyssinians$ Gree%s$ *atins$
and all countries. Amongst the rest$ fasting$ contem"lation$ solitariness$
are as it 'ere certain rams by 'hich the de#il doth batter and 'or% u"on
the strongest constitutions. _8onnulli_ (saith Peter 7orestus) _ob longas
inedias$ studia et meditationes coelestes$ de rebus sacris et religione
sem"er agitant_$ by fasting o#ermuch$ and di#ine meditations$ are o#ercome.
8ot that fasting is a thing of itself to be discommended$ for it is an
e+cellent means to %ee" the body in subjection$ a "re"arati#e to de#otion$
the "hysic of the soul$ by 'hich chaste thoughts are engendered$ true zeal$
a di#ine s"irit$ 'hence 'holesome counsels do "roceed$ concu"iscence is
restrained$ #icious and "redominant lusts and humours are e+"elled. The
fathers are #ery much in commendation of it$ and$ as :al#in notes$
Lsometimes immoderate. ;-?@?GThe mother of health$ %ey of hea#en$ a
s"iritual 'ing to arear us$ the chariot of the 5oly Ghost$ banner of
faith$L Fc. And !tis true they say of it$ if it be moderately and
seasonably used$ by such "arties as Moses$ Elias$ 3aniel$ :hrist$ and his
;-?@@Ga"ostles made use of it< but 'hen by this means they 'ill
su"ererogate$ and as ;-?@-GErasmus 'ell ta+eth$ _:oelum non sufficere
"utant suis meritis._ 5ea#en is too small a re'ard for it< they ma%e choice
of times and meats$ buy and sell their merits$ attribute more to them than
to the ten :ommandments$ and count it a greater sin to eat meat in *ent$
than to %ill a man$ and as one sayeth$ _Plus res"iciunt assum "iscem$ 0uam
:hristum crucifi+um$ "lus salmonem 0uam 9olomonem$ 0uibus in ore :hristus$
E"icurus in corde_$ L"ay more res"ect to a broiled fish than to :hrist
crucified$ more regard to salmon than to 9olomon$ ha#e :hrist on their
li"s$ but E"icurus in their hearts$L 'hen some counterfeit$ and some
attribute more to such 'or%s of theirs than to :hrist!s death and "assion<
the de#il sets in a foot$ strangely deludes them$ and by that means ma%es
them to o#erthro' the tem"erature of their bodies$ and hazard their souls.
8e#er any strange illusions of de#ils amongst hermits$ anchorites$ ne#er
any #isions$ "hantasms$ a""aritions$ enthusiasms$ "ro"hets$ any
re#elations$ but immoderate fasting$ bad diet$ sic%ness$ melancholy$
solitariness$ or some such things$ 'ere the "recedent causes$ the
forerunners or concomitants of them. The best o""ortunity and sole occasion
the de#il ta%es to delude them. Marcilius :ognatus$ _lib. ,. cont. ca". A._
hath many stories to this "ur"ose$ of such as after long fasting ha#e been
seduced by de#ils< and ;-?@AGL!tis a miraculous thing to relateL (as :ardan
'rites) L'hat strange accidents "roceed from fasting< dreams$ su"erstition$
contem"t of torments$ desire of death$ "ro"hecies$ "arado+es$ madness<
fasting naturally "re"ares men to these things.L Mon%s$ anchorites$ and the
li%e$ after much em"tiness$ become melancholy$ #ertiginous$ they thin% they
hear strange noises$ confer 'ith hobgoblins$ de#ils$ ri#el u" their bodies$
_et dum hostem inse0uimur_$ saith Gregory$ _ci#em 0uem diligimus$
trucidamus_$ they become bare s%eletons$ s%in and bones< _:arnibus
abstinentes "ro"rias carnes de#orant$ ut nil "raeter cutem et ossa sit
reli0uum._ 5ilarion$ as ;-?@/G5ierome re"orts in his life$ and Athanasius
of Antonius$ 'as so bare 'ith fasting$ Lthat the s%in did scarce stic% to
the bones< for 'ant of #a"ours he could not slee"$ and for 'ant of slee"
became idleheaded$ heard e#ery night infants cry$ o+en lo'$ 'ol#es ho'l$
lions roarL (as he thought)$ Lclattering of chains$ strange #oices$ and the
li%e illusions of de#ils.L 9uch sym"toms are common to those that fast
long$ are solitary$ gi#en to contem"lation$ o#ermuch solitariness and
meditation. 8ot that these things (as I said of fasting) are to be
discommended of themsel#es$ but #ery beho#eful in some cases and good&
sobriety and contem"lation join our souls to God$ as that heathen
;-?@BGPor"hyry can tell us. ;-?-CGLEcstasy is a taste of future ha""iness$
by 'hich 'e are united unto God$ a di#ine melancholy$ a s"iritual 'ing$L
ona#enture terms it$ to lift us u" to hea#en< but as it is abused$ a mere
dotage$ madness$ a cause and sym"tom of religious melancholy. ;-?-,GLIf you
shall at any time seeL (saith Guianerius) La religious "erson
o#er-su"erstitious$ too solitary$ or much gi#en to fasting$ that man 'ill
certainly be melancholy$ thou mayst boldly say it$ he 'ill be so.L P.
7orestus hath almost the same 'ords$ and ;-?-=G:ardan _subtil$ lib. ,/. et
ca". ?C. lib. /. de rerum #arietate_$ Lsolitariness$ fasting$ and that
melancholy humour$ are the causes of all hermits! illusions.L *a#ater$ _de
s"ect. ca". ,B. "art. ,._ and _"art. ,. ca". ,C._ "uts solitariness a main
cause of such s"ectrums and a""aritions< none$ saith he$ so melancholy as
mon%s and hermits$ the de#il!s hath melancholy< ;-?-.GLnone so subject to
#isions and dotage in this %ind$ as such as li#e solitary li#es$ they hear
and act strange things in their dotage.L ;-?-?GPolydore Iirgil$ _lib. =.
"rodigiis_$ Lholds that those "ro"hecies and mon%s! re#elationsN nuns$
dreams$ 'hich they su""ose come from God$ to "roceed 'holly _ab instinctu
daemonum_$ by the de#il!s means<L and so those enthusiasts$ Anaba"tists$
"seudo"ro"hets from the same cause. ;-?-@G7racastorius$ _lib. =. de
intellect_$ 'ill ha#e all your "ythonesses$ sibyls$ and "seudo"ro"hets to
be mere melancholy$ so doth 4ierus "ro#e$ _lib. ,. ca". /. et l. .. ca".
A._ and Arculanus in B 1hasis$ that melancholy is a sole cause$ and the
de#il together$ 'ith fasting and solitariness$ of such sibylline
"ro"hecies$ if there 'ere e#er such$ 'hich 'ith ;-?--G:asaubon and others I
justly e+ce"t at< for it is not li%ely that the 9"irit of God should e#er
re#eal such manifest re#elations and "redictions of :hrist$ to those
Pythonissae 'itches$ A"ollo!s "riests$ the de#il!s ministers$ (they 'ere no
better) and conceal them from his o'n "ro"hets< for these sibyls set do'n
all "articular circumstances of :hrist!s coming$ and many other future
accidents far more "ers"icuous and "lain than e#er any "ro"het did. ut$
ho'soe#er$ there be no Phaebades or sibyls$ I am assured there be other
enthusiasts$ "ro"hets$ _dii 7atidici_$ Magi$ (of 'hich read Do. oissardus$
'ho hath laboriously collected them into a great ;-?-AG#olume of late$ 'ith
elegant "ictures$ and e"itomised their li#es) Fc.$ e#er ha#e been in all
ages$ and still "roceeding from those causes$ ;-?-/G_0ui #isiones suas
enarrant$ somniant futura$ "ro"hetisant$ et ejusmodi deliriis agitati$
9"iritum 9anctum sibi communicari "utant_. That 'hich is 'ritten of 9aint
7rancis! fi#e 'ounds$ and other such monastical effects$ of him and others$
may justly be referred to this our melancholy< and that 'hich Matthe' Paris
relates of the ;-?-BGmon% of E#esham$ 'ho sa' hea#en and hell in a #ision<
of ;-?ACG9ir 2'en$ that 'ent do'n into 9aint Patric%!s "urgatory in 6ing
9te"hen!s days$ and sa' as much< 4alsingham of him that sho'ed as much by
9aint Dulian. eda$ _lib. @. ca". ,.. ,?. ,@. et =C._ re"orts of 6ing
9ebba$ _lib. ?. ca". ,,. eccles. hist._ that sa' strange ;-?A,G#isions< and
9tum"hius 5el#et :ornic$ a cobbler of asle$ that beheld rare a""aritions
at Augsburg$ ;-?A=Gin Germany. Ale+ander ab Ale+andro$ _gen. dier. lib. -.
ca". =,._ of an enthusiastical "risoner$ (all out as "robable as that of
Eris Armenius$ in Plato!s tenth dialogue _de 1e"ub._ that re#i#ed again ten
days after he 'as %illed in a battle$ and told strange 'onders$ li%e those
tales Hlysses related to Alcinous in 5omer$ or *ucian!s _#era historia_
itself) 'as still after much solitariness$ fasting$ or long sic%ness$ 'hen
their brains 'ere addled$ and their bellies as em"ty of meat as their heads
of 'it. 7lorilegus hath many such e+am"les$ _fol. ,B,._ one of 9aint
Gultla%e of :ro'ald that fought 'ith de#ils$ but still after long fasting$
o#ermuch solitariness$ ;-?A.Gthe de#il "ersuaded him therefore to fast$ as
Moses and Elias did$ the better to delude him. ;-?A?GIn the same author is
recorded :arolus Magnus #ision _an._ ,/@. or ecstasies$ 'herein he sa'
hea#en and hell after much fasting and meditation. 9o did the de#il of old
'ith A"ollo!s "riests. Am"hiaraus and his fello's$ those Egy"tians$ still
enjoin long fasting before he 'ould gi#e any oracles$ _triduum a cibo et
#ino abstinerent_$ ;-?A@Gbefore they ga#e any ans'ers$ as Iolateran _lib.
,.. ca". ?._ records$ and 9trabo _Geog. lib. ,?._ describes :haron!s den$
in the 'ay bet'een Tralles and 8issum$ 'hither the "riests led sic% and
fanatic men& but nothing "erformed 'ithout long fasting$ no good to be
done. That scoffing ;-?A-G*ucian conducts his Meni""us to hell by the
directions of that :haldean Mithrobarzanes$ but after long fasting$ and
such li%e idle "re"aration. 4hich the Desuits right 'ell "ercei#ing of 'hat
force this fasting and solitary meditation is$ to alter men!s minds$ 'hen
they 'ould ma%e a man mad$ ra#ish him$ im"ro#e him beyond himself$ to
underta%e some great business of moment$ to %ill a %ing$ or the li%e$
;-?AAGthey bring him into a melancholy dar% chamber$ 'here he shall see no
light for many days together$ no com"any$ little meat$ ghastly "ictures of
de#ils all about him$ and lea#e him to lie as he 'ill himself$ on the bare
floor in this chamber of meditation$ as they call it$ on his bac%$ side$
belly$ till by this strange usage they ma%e him 0uite mad and beside
himself. And then after some ten days$ as they find him animated and
resol#ed$ they ma%e use of him. The de#il hath many such factors$ many such
engines$ 'hich 'hat effect they "roduce$ you shall hear in the follo'ing
sym"toms.
9H9E:T. III.--_9ym"toms general$ lo#e to their o'n sect$ hate of all other
religions$ obstinacy$ "ee#ishness$ ready to undergo any danger or cross for
it< Martyrs$ blind zeal$ blind obedience$ fastings$ #o's$ belief of
incredibilities$ im"ossibilities& Particular of Gentiles$ Mahometans$ De's$
:hristians< and in them$ heretics old$ and ne'$ schismatics$ schoolmen$
"ro"hets$ enthusiasts$ Fc._
_7leat 5eraclitus$ an rideat 3emocritus_N in attem"ting to s"ea% of these
sym"toms$ shall I laugh 'ith 3emocritus$ or 'ee" 'ith 5eraclitusN they are
so ridiculous and absurd on the one side$ so lamentable and tragical on the
other& a mi+ed scene offers itself$ so full of errors and a "romiscuous
#ariety of objects$ that I %no' not in 'hat strain to re"resent it. 4hen I
thin% of the Tur%ish "aradise$ those De'ish fables$ and "ontifical rites$
those "agan su"erstitions$ their sacrifices$ and ceremonies$ as to ma%e
images of all matter$ and adore them 'hen they ha#e done$ to see them$ %iss
the "y+$ cree" to the cross$ Fc. I cannot choose but laugh 'ith 3emocritus&
but 'hen I see them 'hi" and torture themsel#es$ grind their souls for toys
and trifles$ des"erate$ and no' ready to die$ I cannot but 'ee" 'ith
5eraclitus. 4hen I see a "riest say mass$ 'ith all those a"ish gestures$
murmurings$ Fc. read the customs of the De's! synagogue$ or Mahometa
Meschites$ I must needs ;-?A/Glaugh at their folly$ _risum teneatis amici_N
but 'hen I see them ma%e matters of conscience of such toys and trifles$ to
adore the de#il$ to endanger their souls$ to offer their children to their
idols$ Fc. I must needs condole their misery. 4hen I see t'o su"erstitious
orders contend _"ro aris et focis_$ 'ith such ha#e and hold$ _de lana$
ca"rina_$ some 'rite such great #olumes to no "ur"ose$ ta%e so much "ains
to so small effect$ their satires$ in#ecti#es$ a"ologies$ dull and gross
fictions< 'hen I see gra#e learned men rail and scold li%e butter-'omen$
methin%s !tis "retty s"ort$ and fit ;-?ABGfor :al"hurnius and 3emocritus to
laugh at. ut 'hen I see so much blood s"ilt$ so many murders and
massacres$ so many cruel battles fought$ Fc. !tis a fitter subject for
5eraclitus to lament. ;-?/CGAs Merlin 'hen he sat by the la%e side 'ith
Iortigern$ and had seen the 'hite and red dragon fight$ before he began to
inter"ret or to s"ea%$ _in fletum "roru"it_$ fell a 'ee"ing$ and then
"roceeded to declare to the %ing 'hat it meant. I should first "ity and
be'ail this misery of human %ind 'ith some "assionate "reface$ 'ishing mine
eyes a fountain of tears$ as Deremiah did$ and then to my tas%. 7or it is
that great torture$ that infernal "lague of mortal men$ _omnium "estium
"estilentissima su"erstitio_$ and able of itself alone to stand in
o""osition to all other "lagues$ miseries and calamities 'hatsoe#er< far
more cruel$ more "estiferous$ more grie#ous$ more general$ more #iolent$ of
a greater e+tent. 2ther fears and sorro's$ grie#ances of body and mind$ are
troublesome for the time< but this is for e#er$ eternal damnation$ hell
itself$ a "lague$ a fire& an inundation hurts one "ro#ince alone$ and the
loss may be reco#ered< but this su"erstition in#ol#es all the 'orld almost$
and can ne#er be remedied. 9ic%ness and sorro's come and go$ but a
su"erstitious soul hath no rest< ;-?/,G_su"erstitione imbutus animus
nun0uam 0uietus esse "otest_$ no "eace$ no 0uietness. True religion and
su"erstition are 0uite o""osite$ _longe di#ersa carnificina et "ietas_$ as
*actantius describes$ the one erects$ the other dejects< _illorum "ietas$
mera im"ietus_< the one is an easy yo%e$ the other an intolerable burden$
an absolute tyranny< the one a sure anchor$ a ha#en< the other a
tem"estuous ocean< the one ma%es$ the other mars< the one is 'isdom$ the
other is folly$ madness$ indiscretion< the one unfeigned$ the other a
counterfeit< the one a diligent obser#er$ the other an a"e< one leads to
hea#en$ the other to hell. ut these differences 'ill more e#idently a""ear
by their "articular sym"toms. 4hat religion is$ and of 'hat "arts it doth
consist$ e#ery catechism 'ill tell you$ 'hat sym"toms it hath$ and 'hat
effects it "roduceth& but for their su"erstitions$ no tongue can tell them$
no "en e+"ress$ they are so many$ so di#erse$ so uncertain$ so inconstant$
and so different from themsel#es. _Tot mundi su"erstitiones 0uot coelo
stellae_$ one saith$ there be as many su"erstitions in the 'orld$ as there
be stars in hea#en$ or de#ils themsel#es that are the first founders of
them& 'ith such ridiculous$ absurd sym"toms and signs$ so many se#eral
rites$ ceremonies$ torments and #e+ations accom"anying$ as may 'ell e+"ress
and beseem the de#il to be the author and maintainer of them. I 'ill only
"oint at some of them$ _e+ ungue leonem_ guess at the rest$ and those of
the chief %inds of su"erstition$ 'hich beside us :hristians no' domineer
and crucify the 'orld$ Gentiles$ Mahometans$ De's$ Fc.
2f these sym"toms some be general$ some "articular to each "ri#ate sect&
general to all$ are$ an e+traordinary lo#e and affection they bear and sho'
to such as are of their o'n sect$ and more than Iatinian hate to such as
are o""osite in religion$ as they call it$ or disagree from them in their
su"erstitious rites$ blind zeal$ ('hich is as much a sym"tom as a cause$)
#ain fears$ blind obedience$ needless 'or%s$ incredibilities$
im"ossibilities$ monstrous rites and ceremonies$ 'ilfulness$ blindness$
obstinacy$ Fc. 7or the first$ 'hich is lo#e and hate$ as ;-?/=GMontanus
saith$ _nulla firmior amicitia 0uam 0uae contrahitur hinc< nulla discordia
major$ 0uam 0uae a religione fit_< no greater concord$ no greater discord
than that 'hich "roceeds from religion$ it is incredible to relate$ did not
our daily e+"erience e#ince it$ 'hat factions$ _0uam teterrimae factiones_$
(as ;-?/.G1ich. 3inoth 'rites) ha#e been of late for matters of religion in
7rance$ and 'hat hurlyburlies all o#er Euro"e for these many years. _8ihil
est 0uod tam im"otentur ra"iat homines$ 0uam susce"ta de salute o"inio<
si0uidem "ro ea omnes gentes cor"ora et animas de#o#ere solent$ et
arctissimo necessitudinis #inculo se in#icem colligare._ 4e are all
brethren in :hrist$ ser#ants of one *ord$ members of one body$ and
therefore are or should be at least dearly belo#ed$ inse"arably allied in
the greatest bond of lo#e and familiarity$ united "arta%ers not only of the
same cross$ but coadjutors$ comforters$ hel"ers$ at all times$ u"on all
occasions& as they did in the "rimiti#e church$ Acts the @. they sold their
"atrimonies$ and laid them at the a"ostles! feet$ and many such memorable
e+am"les of mutual lo#e 'e ha#e had under the ten general "ersecutions$
many since. E+am"les on the other side of discord none li%e$ as our 9a#iour
saith$ he came therefore into the 'orld to set father against son$ Fc. In
imitation of 'hom the de#il beli%e (;-?/?G_nam su"erstitio irre"sit #erae
religionis imitatri+_$ su"erstition is still religion!s a"e$ as in all
other things$ so in this) doth so combine and glue together his
su"erstitious follo'ers in lo#e and affection$ that they 'ill li#e and die
together& and 'hat an innate hatred hath he still ins"ired to any other
su"erstition o""ositeN 5o' those old 1omans 'ere affected$ those ten
"ersecutions may be a 'itness$ and that cruel e+ecutioner in Eusebius$ _aut
lita aut morere_$ sacrifice or die. 8o greater hate$ more continuate$
bitter faction$ 'ars$ "ersecution in all ages$ than for matters of
religion$ no such feral o""osition$ father against son$ mother against
daughter$ husband against 'ife$ city against city$ %ingdom against %ingdom&
as of old at Tentira and :ombos&
;-?/@G LImmortale odium$ et nun0uam sanabile #ulnus$
Inde furor #ulgo$ 0uod numina #icinorum
2dit uter0ue locus$ 0uum solos credit habendos
Esse deos 0uos i"se colat.L------
LImmortal hate it breeds$ a 'ound "ast cure$
And fury to the commons still to endure&
ecause one city t! other!s gods as #ain
3eride$ and his alone as good maintain.L
The Tur%s at this day count no better of us than of dogs$ so they commonly
call us giaours$ infidels$ miscreants$ ma%e that their main 0uarrel and
cause of :hristian "ersecution. If he 'ill turn Tur%$ he shall be
entertained as a brother$ and had in good esteem$ a Mussulman or a
belie#er$ 'hich is a greater tie to them than any affinity or
consanguinity. The De's stic% together li%e so many burrs< but as for the
rest$ 'hom they call Gentiles$ they do hate and abhor$ they cannot endure
their Messiah should be a common sa#iour to us all$ and rather$ as
;-?/-G*uther 'rites$ Lthan they that no' scoff at them$ curse them$
"ersecute and re#ile them$ shall be coheirs and brethren 'ith them$ or ha#e
any "art or fello'shi" 'ith their Messiah$ they 'ould crucify their Messiah
ten times o#er$ and God himself$ his angels$ and all his creatures$ if it
'ere "ossible$ though they endure a thousand hells for it.L 9uch is their
malice to'ards us. 8o' for Pa"ists$ 'hat in a common cause$ for the
ad#ancement of their religion they 'ill endure$ our traitors and
"seudo-:atholics 'ill declare unto us< and ho' bitter on the other side to
their ad#ersaries$ ho' #iolently bent$ let those Marian times record$ as
those miserable slaughters at Merindol and :abriers$ the 9"anish
in0uisition$ the 3u%e of Al#a!s tyranny in the *o' :ountries$ the 7rench
massacres and ci#il 'ars. ;-?/AG_Tantum religio "otuit suadere malorum_.
L9uch 'ic%edness did religion "ersuade.L 8ot there only$ but all o#er
Euro"e$ 'e read of bloody battles$ rac%s and 'heels$ seditions$ factions$
o""ositions.
;-?//G ------Lob#ia signis
9igna$ "ares a0uilas$ et "ila minantia "ilis$L
In#ecti#es and contentions. They had rather sha%e hands 'ith a De'$ Tur%$
or$ as the 9"aniards do$ suffer Moors to li#e amongst them$ and De's$ than
Protestants< Lmy nameL (saith ;-?/BG*uther) Lis more odious to them than
any thief or murderer.L 9o it is 'ith all heretics and schismatics
'hatsoe#er& and none so "assionate$ #iolent in their tenets$ o"inions$
obstinate$ 'ilful$ refractory$ "ee#ish$ factious$ singular and stiff in
defence of them< they do not only "ersecute and hate$ but "ity all other
religions$ account them damned$ blind$ as if they alone 'ere the true
church$ they are the true heirs$ ha#e the fee-sim"le of hea#en by a
"eculiar donation$ !tis entailed on them and their "osterities$ their
doctrine sound$ _"er funem aureum de coelo dela"sa doctrinci_$ Llet do'n
from$ hea#en by a golden ro"e$L they alone are to be sa#ed$ The De's at
this day are so incom"rehensibly "roud and churlish$ saith ;-?BCG*uther$
that _soli sal#ari$ soli domini terrarum salutari #olunt._ And as
;-?B,Gu+torfius adds$ Lso ignorant and self-'illed 'ithal$ that amongst
their most understanding 1abbins you shall find nought but gross dotage$
horrible hardness of heart$ and stu"endous obstinacy$ in all their actions$
o"inions$ con#ersations& and yet so zealous 'ith all$ that no man li#ing
can be more$ and #indicate themsel#es for the elect "eo"le of G23.L !Tis so
'ith all other su"erstitious sects$ Mahometans$ Gentiles in :hina$ and
Tartary& our ignorant Pa"ists$ Anaba"tists$ 9e"aratists$ and "eculiar
churches of Amsterdam$ they alone$ and none but they can be sa#ed.
;-?B=GL>ealousL (as Paul saith$ 1om. +. =.) L'ithout %no'ledge$L they 'ill
endure any misery$ any trouble$ suffer and do that 'hich the sunbeams 'ill
not endure to see$ _1eligionis acti 7uriis_$ all e+tremities$ losses and
dangers$ ta%e any "ains$ fast$ "ray$ #o' chastity$ 'ilful "o#erty$ forsa%e
all and follo' their idols$ die a thousand deaths as some De's did to
Pilate!s soldiers$ in li%e case$ _e+ertos "raebentes jugulos$ et manifeste
"rae se ferentes_$ (as Dose"hus hath it) _cariorem esse rita sibi legis
"atriae obser#ationem_$ rather than abjure$ or deny the least "article of
that religion 'hich their fathers "rofess$ and they themsel#es ha#e been
brought u" in$ be it ne#er so absurd$ ridiculous$ they 'ill embrace it$ and
'ithout farther in0uiry or e+amination of the truth$ though it be
"rodigiously false$ they 'ill belie#e it< they 'ill ta%e much more "ains to
go to hell$ than 'e shall do to hea#en. 9ingle out the most ignorant of
them$ con#ince his understanding$ sho' him his errors$ grossness$ and
absurdities of his sect. _8on "ersuadebis etiamsi "ersuaseris_$ he 'ill not
be "ersuaded. As those "agans told the Desuits in Da"ona$ ;-?B.Gthey 'ould
do as their forefathers ha#e done& and 'ith 1atholde the 7risian Prince$ go
to hell for com"any$ if most of their friends 'ent thither& they 'ill not
be mo#ed$ no "ersuasion$ no torture can stir them. 9o that "a"ists cannot
brag of their #o's$ "o#erty$ obedience$ orders$ merits$ martyrdoms$
fastings$ alms$ good 'or%s$ "ilgrimages& much and more than all this$ I
shall sho' you$ is$ and hath been done by these su"erstitious Gentiles$
Pagans$ Idolaters and De's& their blind zeal and idolatrous su"erstition in
all %inds is much at one< little or no difference$ and it is hard to say
'hich is the greatest$ 'hich is the grossest. 7or if a man shall duly
consider those su"erstitious rites amongst the Ethnics in Da"an$ the
annians in Gusart$ the :hinese idolaters$ ;-?B?GAmericans of old$ in
Me+ico es"ecially$ Mahometan "riests$ he shall find the same go#ernment
almost$ the same orders and ceremonies$ or so li%e$ that they may seem all
a""arently to be deri#ed from some heathen s"irit$ and the 1oman hierarchy
no better than the rest. In a 'ord$ this is common to all su"erstition$
there is nothing so mad and absurd$ so ridiculous$ im"ossible$ incredible$
'hich they 'ill not belie#e$ obser#e$ and diligently "erform$ as much as in
them lies< nothing so monstrous to concei#e$ or intolerable to "ut in
"ractice$ so cruel to suffer$ 'hich they 'ill not 'illingly underta%e. 9o
"o'erful a thing is su"erstition. ;-?B@GL2 Egy"tL (as Trismegistus
e+claims) Lthy religion is fables$ and such as "osterity 'ill not belie#e.L
I %no' that in true religion itself$ many mysteries are so a""rehended
alone by faith$ as that of the Trinity$ 'hich Tur%s es"ecially deride$
:hrist!s incarnation$ resurrection of the body at the last day$ _0uod ideo
credendum_ (saith Tertullian) _0uod incredible_$ Fc. many miracles not to
be contro#erted or dis"uted of. _Mirari non rimari sa"ientia #era est_$
saith ;-?B-GGerhardus< _et in di#inis_ (as a good father informs us)
_0uaedam credenda$ 0uaedam admiranda_$ Fc. some things are to be belie#ed$
embraced$ follo'ed 'ith all submission and obedience$ some again admired.
Though Dulian the a"ostate scoff at :hristians in this "oint$ _0uod
ca"ti#emus intellectum in obse0uium fidei_$ saying$ that the :hristian
creed is li%e the Pythagorean _I"se di+it_$ 'e ma%e our 'ill and
understanding too sla#ishly subject to our faith$ 'ithout farther
e+amination of the truth< yet as 9aint Gregory truly ans'ers$ our creed is
_altioris "raestantiae_$ and much more di#ine< and as Thomas 'ill$ _"ie
consideranti sem"er su""etunt rationes$ ostendentes credibilitatem in
mysteriis su"ernaturalibus_$ 'e do absolutely belie#e it$ and u"on good
reasons$ for as Gregory 'ell informeth us< _7ides non habet meritum$ ubi
humana ratio 0uaerit e+"erimentum_< that faith hath no merit$ is not 'orth
the name of faith$ that 'ill not a""rehend 'ithout a certain demonstration&
'e must and 'ill belie#e God!s 'ord< and if 'e be mista%en or err in our
general belief$ as ;-?BAG1ichardus de _9ancto Iictore_$ #o's he 'ill say to
:hrist himself at the day of judgment< L*ord$ if 'e be decei#ed$ thou alone
hast decei#ed us&L thus 'e "lead. ut for the rest I 'ill not justify that
"ontificial consubstantiation$ that 'hich ;-?B/GMahometans and De's justly
e+ce"t at$ as :am"anella confesseth$ _Atheismi trium"hat. ca". ,=. fol.
,=@_$ _difficillimum dogma esse$ nec aliud subjectum magis haereticorum
blas"hemiis$ et stultis irrisionibus "oliticorum re"eriri_. They hold it
im"ossible$ _3eum in "ane manducari_< and besides they scoff at it$ _#ide
gentem comedentem 3eum suum$ in0uit 0uidam Maurus_. ;-?BBG_5unc 3eum muscae
et #ermes irrident$ 0uum i"sum "olluunt et de#orant$ subditus est igni$
a0uae$ et latrones furantur$ "i+idem auream humi "rosternunt$ et se tamen
non defendit hic 3eus. Kui fieri "otest$ ut sit integer in singulis hostiae
"articulis$ idem cor"us numero$ tam multis locis$ caelo$ terra_$ Fc. ut he
that shall read the ;-@CCGTur%s! Alcoran$ the De's! Talmud$ and "a"ists!
golden legend$ in the mean time 'ill s'ear that such gross fictions$
fables$ #ain traditions$ "rodigious "arado+es and ceremonies$ could ne#er
"roceed from any other s"irit$ than that of the de#il himself$ 'hich is the
author of confusion and lies< and 'onder 'ithal ho' such 'ise men as ha#e
been of the De's$ such learned understanding men as A#erroes$ A#icenna$ or
those heathen "hiloso"hers$ could e#er be "ersuaded to belie#e$ or to
subscribe to the least "art of them& _aut fraudem non detegere_& but that
as ;-@C,GIanninus ans'ers$ _ob "ublicae$ "otestatis formidinem allatrare
"hiloso"hi non audebant_$ they durst not s"ea% for fear of the la'. ut I
'ill descend to "articulars& read their se#eral sym"toms and then guess.
2f such sym"toms as "ro"erly belong to su"erstition$ or that irreligious
religion$ I may say as of the rest$ some are ridiculous$ some again feral
to relate. 2f those ridiculous$ there can be no better testimony than the
multitude of their gods$ those absurd names$ actions$ offices they "ut u"on
them$ their feasts$ holy days$ sacrifices$ adorations$ and the li%e. The
Egy"tians that "retended so great anti0uity$ .CC %ings before Amasis& and
as Mela 'rites$ ,.$CCC years from the beginning of their chronicles$ that
bragged so much of their %no'ledge of old$ for they in#ented arithmetic$
astronomy$ geometry& of their 'ealth and "o'er$ that #aunted of =C$CCC
cities& yet at the same time their idolatry and su"erstition 'as most
gross& they 'orshi""ed$ as 3iodorus 9iculus records$ sun and moon under the
name of Isis and 2siris$ and after$ such men as 'ere beneficial to them$ or
any creature that did them good. In the city of ubasti they adored a cat$
saith 5erodotus. Ibis and stor%s$ an o+& (saith Pliny) ;-@C=Glee%s and
onions$ Macrobius$
;-@C.G LPorrum et cae"e deos im"onere nubibus ausi$
5os tu 8ile deos colis.L------
9coffing ;-@C?G*ucian in his _#era 5istoria_& 'hich$ as he confesseth
himself$ 'as not "ersuasi#ely 'ritten as a truth$ but in comical fashion to
glance at the monstrous fictions and gross absurdities of 'riters and
nations$ to deride 'ithout doubt this "rodigious Egy"tian idolatry$ feigns
this story of himself& that 'hen he had seen the Elysian fields$ and 'as
no' coming a'ay$ 1hadamanthus ga#e him a mallo' root$ and bade him "ray to
that 'hen he 'as in any "eril or e+tremity< 'hich he did accordingly< for
'hen he came to 5ydamordia in the island of treacherous 'omen$ he made his
"rayers to his root$ and 'as instantly deli#ered. The 9yrians$ :haldeans$
had as many "ro"er gods of their o'n in#ention< see the said *ucian _de dea
9yria._ Morney _ca". ==. de #eritat. relig._ Guliel. 9tuc%ius
;-@C@G_9acrorum 9acrificiorum0ue Gentil. descri"t._ Peter 7aber 9emester$
_l. .. c. ,$ =$ .._ 9elden _de diis 9yris_$ Purchas! "ilgrimage$ ;-@C-G
1osinus of the 1omans$ and *ilius Giraldus of the Gree%s. The 1omans
borro'ed from all$ besides their o'n gods$ 'hich 'ere _majorum_ and
_minorum gentium_$ as Iarro holds$ certain and uncertain< some celestial$
select$ and great ones$ others indigenous and 9emi-dei$ *ares$ *emures$
3ioscuri$ 9oteres$ and Parastatae$ _dii tutelares_ amongst the Gree%s& gods
of all sorts$ for all functions< some for the land$ some for sea< some for
hea#en$ some for hell< some for "assions$ diseases$ some for birth$ some
for 'eddings$ husbandry$ 'oods$ 'aters$ gardens$ orchards$ Fc. All actions
and offices$ Pa+-Kuies$ 9alus$ *ibertas$ 7elicitas$ 9trenua$ 9timula$
5orta$ Pan$ 9yl#anus$ Pria"us$ 7lora$ :loacina$ 9tercutius$ 7ebris$ Pallor$
In#idia$ Proter#ia$ 1isus$ Angerona$ Iolu"ia$ Iacuna$ Iiri"laca$ Ieneranda$
Pales$ 8e"tunia$ 3oris$ %ings$ em"erors$ #aliant men that had done any good
offices for them$ they did li%e'ise canonise and adore for gods$ and it 'as
usually done$ _usitatum a"ud anti0uos_$ as ;-@CAGDac. oissardus 'ell
obser#es$ _deificare homines 0ui beneficiis mortales ju#arent_$ and the
de#il 'as still ready to second their intents$ _statim se ingessit illorum
se"ulchris$ statuis$ tem"lis$ aris_$ Fc. he cre"t into their tem"les$
statues$ tombs$ altars$ and 'as ready to gi#e oracles$ cure diseases$ do
miracles$ Fc. as by Du"iter$ Aescula"ius$ Tiresias$ A"ollo$ Mo"sus$
Am"hiaraus$ Fc. _dii et 9emi-dii._ 7or so they 'ere _9emi-dii_$ demigods$
some _medii inter 3eos et homines_$ as Ma+. ;-@C/GTyrius$ the Platonist$
_ser. =-. et =A_$ maintains and justifies in many 'ords. L4hen a good man
dies$ his body is buried$ but his soul$ _e+ homine daemon e#adit_$ becomes
forth'ith a demigod$ nothing dis"araged 'ith malignity of air$ or #ariety
of forms$ rejoiceth$ e+ults and sees that "erfect beauty 'ith his eyes. 8o'
being deified$ in commiseration he hel"s his "oor friends here on earth$
his %indred and allies$ informs$ succours$ Fc. "unisheth those that are bad
and do amiss$ as a good genius to "rotect and go#ern mortal men a""ointed
by the gods$ so they 'ill ha#e it$ ordaining some for "ro#inces$ some for
"ri#ate men$ some for one office$ some for another. 5ector and Achilles
assist soldiers to this day< Aescula"ius all sic% men$ the 3ioscuri
seafaring men$ Fc. and sometimes u"on occasion they sho' themsel#es. The
3ioscuri$ 5ercules and Aescula"ius$ he sa' himself (or the de#il in his
li%eness) _non somnians sed #igilans i"se #idi_&L 9o far Tyrius. And not
good men only do they thus adore$ but tyrants$ monsters$ de#ils$ (as ;-@CBG
9tuc%ius in#eighs) 8eros$ 3omitians$ 5eliogables$ beastly 'omen$ and arrant
'hores amongst the rest. L7or all intents$ "laces$ creatures$ they assign
gods<L
LEt domibus$ tectis$ thermis$ et e0uis soleatis
Assignare solent geniosL------
saith Prudentius. :una for cradles$ 3i#erra for s'ee"ing houses$ 8odina
%nots$ Prema$ Pramunda$ 5ymen$ 5ymeneus$ for 'eddings< :omus the god of
good fello's$ gods of silence$ of comfort$ 5ebe goddess of youth$ _Mena
menstruarum_$ Fc. male and female gods$ of all ages$ se+es and dimensions$
'ith beards$ 'ithout beards$ married$ unmarried$ begot$ not born at all$
but$ as Miner#a$ start out of Du"iter!s head. 5esiod rec%ons u" at least
.C$CCC gods$ Iarro .CC Du"iters. As Deremy told them$ their gods 'ere to
the multitude of cities<
LKuic0uid humus$ "elagus$ coelum miserabile gignit
Id di+ere deos$ colles$ freta$ flumina$ flammas.L
L4hate#er hea#ens$ sea$ and land begat$
5ills$ seas$ and ri#ers$ God 'as this and that.L
And 'hich 'as most absurd$ they made gods u"on such ridiculous occasions<
LAs children ma%e babiesL (so saith ;-@,CGMorneus)$ Ltheir "oets ma%e
gods$L _et 0uos adorant in tem"lis$ ludunt in Theatris_$ as *actantius
scoffs. 9aturn$ a man$ gelded himself$ did eat his o'n children$ a cruel
tyrant dri#en out of his %ingdom by his son Du"iter$ as good a god as
himself$ a 'ic%ed lasci#ious "altry %ing of :rete$ of 'hose ra"es$ lusts$
murders$ #illainies$ a 'hole #olume is too little to relate. Ienus$ a
notorious strum"et$ as common as a barber!s chair$ Mars$ Adonis$ Anchises!
'hore$ is a great she-goddess$ as 'ell as the rest$ as much reno'ned by
their "oets$ 'ith many such< and these gods so fabulously and foolishly
made$ _ceremoniis$ hymnis$ et canticis celebrunt_< their errors$ _luctus et
gaudia$ amores$ iras$ nu"tias et liberorum "rocreationes_ (;-@,,Gas
Eusebius 'ell ta+eth)$ 'eddings$ mirth and mournings$ lo#es$ angers$ and
0uarrelling they did celebrate in hymns$ and sing of in their ordinary
songs$ as it 'ere "ublishing their #illainies. ut see more of their
originals. 4hen 1omulus 'as made a'ay by the sedition of the senators$ to
"acify the "eo"le$ ;-@,=GDulius Proculus ga#e out that 1omulus 'as ta%en u"
by Du"iter into hea#en$ and therefore to be e#er after adored for a god
amongst the 1omans. 9yro"hanes of Egy"t had one only son$ 'hom he dearly
lo#ed< he erected his statue in his house$ 'hich his ser#ants did adorn
'ith garlands$ to "acify their master!s 'rath 'hen he 'as angry$ so by
little and little he 'as adored for a god. This did 9emiramis for her
husband elus$ and Adrian the em"eror by his minion Antinous. 7lora 'as a
rich harlot in 1ome$ and for that she made the common'ealth her heir$ her
birthday 'as solemnised long after< and to ma%e it a more "lausible
holiday$ they made her goddess of flo'ers$ and sacrificed to her amongst
the rest. The matrons of 1ome$ as 3ionysius 5alicarnassaeus relates$
because at their entreaty :oriolanus desisted from his 'ars$ consecrated a
church _7ortunes muliebri_< and ;-@,.GIenus arbata had a tem"le erected$
for that some'hat 'as amiss about hair$ and so the rest. The citizens
;-@,?Gof Alabanda$ a small to'n in Asia Minor$ to curry fa#our 'ith the
1omans ('ho then 'arred in Greece 'ith Perseus of Macedon$ and 'ere
formidable to these "arts)$ consecrated a tem"le to the :ity of 1ome$ and
made her a goddess$ 'ith annual games and sacrifices< so a to'n of houses
'as deified$ 'ith shameful flattery of the one side to gi#e$ and
intolerable arrogance on the other to acce"t$ u"on so #ile and absurd an
occasion. Tully 'rites to Atticus$ that his daughter Tulliola might be made
a goddess$ and adored as Duno and Miner#a$ and as 'ell she deser#ed it.
Their holy days and adorations 'ere all out as ridiculous< those *u"ercals
of Pan$ 7lorales of 7lora$ ona dea$ Anna Perenna$ 9aturnals$ Fc.$ as ho'
they 'ere celebrated$ 'ith 'hat lasci#ious and 'anton gestures$ bald
ceremonies$ ;-@,@Gby 'hat ba'dy "riests$ ho' they hang their noses o#er the
smo%e of sacrifices$ saith ;-@,-G*ucian$ and lic% blood li%e flies that 'as
s"illed about the altars. Their car#ed idols$ gilt images of 'ood$ iron$
i#ory$ sil#er$ brass$ stone$ _olim truncus eram_$ Fc.$ 'ere most absurd$ as
being their o'n 'or%manshi"< for as 9eneca notes$ _adorant ligneos deos$ et
fabros interim 0ui fecerunt$ contemnunt_$ they adore 'or%$ contemn the
'or%man< and as Tertullian follo's it$ _9i homines non essent diis
"ro"itii$ non essent dii_$ had it not been for men$ they had ne#er been
gods$ but bloc%s$ and stu"id statues in 'hich mice$ s'allo's$ birds ma%e
their nests$ s"iders their 'ebs$ and in their #ery mouths laid their
e+crements. Those images$ I say$ 'ere all out as gross as the sha"es in
'hich they did re"resent them& Du"iter 'ith a ram!s head$ Mercury a dog!s$
Pan li%e a goat$ 5eccate 'ith three heads$ one 'ith a beard$ another
'ithout< see more in :arterius and ;-@,AGIerdurius of their monstrous forms
and ugly "ictures& and$ 'hich 'as absurder yet$ they told them these images
came from hea#en$ as that of Miner#a in her tem"le at Athens$ _0uod e coelo
cecidisse credebant accolae_$ saith Pausanias. They formed some li%e
stor%s$ a"es$ bulls$ and yet seriously belie#ed& and that 'hich 'as im"ious
and abominable$ they made their gods notorious 'horemasters$ incestuous
9odomites (as commonly they 'ere all$ as 'ell as Du"iter$ Mars$ A"ollo$
Mercury$ 8e"tune$ Fc.)$ thie#es$ sla#es$ drudges (for A"ollo and 8e"tune
made tiles in Phrygia)$ %e"t shee"$ 5ercules em"tied stables$ Iulcan a
blac%smith$ unfit to d'ell u"on the earth for their #illainies$ much less
in hea#en$ as ;-@,/GMornay 'ell saith$ and yet they ga#e them out to be
such< so 'ea% and brutish$ some to 'hine$ lament$ and roar$ as Isis for her
son and :enoce"halus$ as also all her 'ee"ing "riests< Mars in 5omer to be
'ounded$ #e+ed< Ienus ran a'ay crying$ and the li%e< than 'hich 'hat can be
more ridiculousN _8onne ridiculum lugere 0uod colas$ #el colere 0uod
lugeas_N ('hich ;-@,BGMinutius objects) _9i dii$ cur "langitisN si mortui$
cur adoratis_N that it is no mar#el if ;-@=CG*ucian$ that adamantine
"ersecutor of su"erstition$ and Pliny could so scoff at them and their
horrible idolatry as they did< if 3iagoras too% 5ercules! image$ and "ut it
under his "ot to seethe his "ottage$ 'hich 'as$ as he said$ his ,.th
labour. ut see more of their fo""eries in :y"r. _?. tract$ de Idol.
#arietat._ :hrysostom _ad#ers. Gentil._ Arnobius _ad#. Gentes._ Austin$ _de
ci#. dei._ Theodoret. _de curat. Graec. affect._ :lemens Ale+andrinus$
Minutius 7eli+$ Eusebius$ *actantius$ 9tuc%ius$ Fc. *amentable$ tragical$
and fearful those sym"toms are$ that they should be so far forth affrighted
'ith their fictitious gods$ as to s"end the goods$ li#es$ fortunes$
"recious time$ best days in their honour$ to ;-@=,Gsacrifice unto them$ to
their inestimable loss$ such hecatombs$ so many thousand shee"$ o+en 'ith
gilded horns$ goats$ as ;-@==G:roesus$ %ing of *ydia$ ;-@=.G Marcus
Dulianus$ surnamed _ob crebras hostias Iictimarius$ et Tauricremus_$ and
the rest of the 1oman em"erors usually did 'ith such labour and cost< and
not em"erors only and great ones$ _"ro communi bono_$ 'ere at this charge$
but "ri#ate men for their ordinary occasions. Pythagoras offered a hundred
o+en for the in#ention of a geometrical "roblem$ and it 'as an ordinary
thing to sacrifice in ;-@=?G*ucian!s time$ La heifer for their good health$
four o+en for 'ealth$ a hundred for a %ingdom$ nine bulls for their safe
return from Troja to Pylus$L Fc. E#ery god almost had a "eculiar
sacrifice--the 9un horses$ Iulcan fire$ 3iana a 'hite hart$ Ienus a turtle$
:eres a hog$ Proser"ine a blac% lamb$ 8e"tune a bull (read more in ;-@=@G
9tuc%ius at large)$ besides shee"$ coc%s$ corals$ fran%incense$ to their
undoings$ as if their gods 'ere affected 'ith blood or smo%e. LAnd surelyL
(;-@=-Gsaith he) Lif one should but re"eat the fo""eries of mortal men$ in
their sacrifices$ feasts$ 'orshi""ing their gods$ their rites and
ceremonies$ 'hat they thin% of them$ of their diet$ houses$ orders$ Fc.$
'hat "rayers and #o's they ma%e< if one should but obser#e their absurdity
and madness$ he 'ould burst out a laughing$ and "ity their folly.L 7or 'hat
can be more absurd than their ordinary "rayers$ "etitions$ ;-@=AGre0uests$
sacrifices$ oracles$ de#otionsN of 'hich 'e ha#e a taste in Ma+imus Tyrius$
_serm. ,._ Plato!s Alcibiades 9ecundus$ Persius _9at. =._ Du#enal. _9at.
,C._ there li%e'ise e+"loded$ _Mactant o"imas et "ingues hostias deo 0uasi
esurienti$ "rofundunt #ina tan0uam sitienti$ lumina accendunt #elut in
tenebris agenti_ (*actantius$ _lib. =. ca". -_). As if their gods 'ere
hungry$ athirst$ in the dar%$ they light candles$ offer meat and drin%. And
'hat so base as to re#eal their counsels and gi#e oracles$ _e #iscerum
ster0uiliniis_$ out of the bo'els and e+cremental "arts of beastsN
_sordidos deos_ Iarro truly calls them therefore$ and 'ell he might. I say
nothing of their magnificent and sum"tuous tem"les$ those majestical
structures& to the roof of A"ollo 3idymeus! tem"le$ _ad branchidas_$ as
;-@=/G9trabo 'rites$ a thousand oa%s did not suffice. 4ho can relate the
glorious s"lendour$ and stu"end magnificence$ the sum"tuous building of
3iana at E"hesus$ Du"iter Ammon!s tem"le in Africa$ the Pantheon at 1ome$
the :a"itol$ the 9ara"ium at Ale+andria$ A"ollo!s tem"le at 3a"hne in the
suburbs of Antioch. The great tem"le at Me+ico so richly adorned$ and so
ca"acious (for ,C$CCC men might stand in it at once)$ that fair Pantheon of
:usco$ described by Acosta in his Indian 5istory$ 'hich ecli"ses both De's
and :hristians. There 'ere in old Derusalem$ as some 'rite$ ?C/ synagogues<
but ne' :airo rec%ons u" (if ;-@=BG1adzi#ilus may be belie#ed) -/CC
mos0ues< 7ez ?CC$ 'hereof @C are most magnificent$ li%e 9t. Paul!s in
*ondon. 5elena built .CC fair churches in the 5oly *and$ but one assa hath
built ?CC mos0ues. The Mahometans ha#e ,CCC mon%s in a monastery< the li%e
saith Acosta of Americans< 1iccius of the :hinese$ for men and 'omen$
fairly built< and more richly endo'ed some of them$ than Arras in Artois$
7ulda in Germany$ or 9t. Edmund!s-ury in England 'ith us& 'ho can describe
those curious and costly statues$ idols$ images$ so fre0uently mentioned in
PausaniasN I conceal their donaries$ "endants$ other offerings$ "resents$
to these their fictitious gods daily consecrated. ;-@.CGAle+ander$ the son
of Amyntas$ %ing of Macedonia$ sent t'o statues of "ure gold to A"ollo at
3el"hos. ;-@.,G:roesus$ %ing of *ydia dedicated a hundred golden tiles in
the same "lace 'ith a golden altar& no man came em"ty-handed to their
shrines. ut these are base offerings in res"ect< they offered men
themsel#es ali#e. The *eucadians$ as 9trabo 'rites$ sacrificed e#ery year a
man$ _a#erruncandae$ deorum irae$ causa_$ to "acify their gods$ _de montis
"raeci"itio dejecerent_$ Fc. and they did #oluntarily undergo it. The 3ecii
did so sacrifice$ _3iis manibus_< :urtius did lea" into the gulf. 4ere they
not all strangely deluded to go so far to their oracles$ to be so gulled by
them$ both in 'ar and "eace$ as Polybius relates ('hich their argurs$
"riests$ #estal #irgins can 'itness)$ to be so su"erstitious$ that they
'ould rather lose goods and li#es than omit any ceremonies$ or offend their
heathen godsN 8icias$ that generous and #aliant ca"tain of the Gree%s$
o#erthre' the Athenian na#y$ by reason of his too much su"erstition$ ;-@.=G
because the augurs told him it 'as ominous to set sail from the ha#en of
9yracuse 'hilst the moon 'as ecli"sed< he tarried so long till his enemies
besieged him$ he and all his army 'ere o#erthro'n. The ;-@..GParthians of
old 'ere so sottish in this %ind$ they 'ould rather lose a #ictory$ nay
lose their o'n li#es$ than fight in the night$ !t'as against their
religion. The De's 'ould ma%e no resistance on the 9abbath$ 'hen Pom"eius
besieged Derusalem< and some De'ish :hristians in Africa$ set u"on by the
Goths$ suffered themsel#es u"on the same occasion to be utterly #an0uished.
The su"erstition of the 3ibrenses$ a bordering to'n in E"irus$ besieged by
the Tur%s$ is miraculous almost to re"ort. ecause a dead dog 'as flung
into the only fountain 'hich the city had$ they 'ould die of thirst all$
rather than drin% of that ;-@.?Gunclean 'ater$ and yield u" the city u"on
any conditions. Though the "raetor and chief citizens began to drin% first$
using all good "ersuasions$ their su"erstition 'as such$ no saying 'ould
ser#e$ they must all forth'ith die or yield u" the city. _Ii+ ausum i"se
credere_ (saith ;-@.@Garletius) _tantam su"erstitionem$ #el affirmare
le#issimam hanc causam tantae rei #el magis ridiculam$ 0uum non dubitem
risum "otius 0uum admirationem "osteris e+citaturam._ The story 'as too
ridiculous$ he 'as ashamed to re"ort it$ because he thought nobody 'ould
belie#e it. It is stu"end to relate 'hat strange effects this idolatry and
su"erstition hath brought forth of the latter years in the Indies and those
bordering "arts& ;-@.-Gin 'hat feral sha"es the ;-@.AGde#il is adored$ _ne
0uid mali intentent_$ as they say< for in the mountains bet'i+t 9canderoon
and Ale""o$ at this day$ there are d'elling a certain %ind of "eo"le called
:oords$ coming of the race of the ancient Parthians$ 'ho 'orshi" the de#il$
and allege this reason in so doing& God is a good man and 'ill do no harm$
but the de#il is bad and must be "leased$ lest he hurt them. It is
'onderful to tell ho' the de#il deludes them$ ho' he terrifies them$ ho'
they offer men and 'omen sacrifices unto him$ a hundred at once$ as they
did infants in :rete to 9aturn of old$ the finest children$ li%e
Agamemnon!s I"higenia$ Fc. At ;-@./GMe+ico$ 'hen the 9"aniards first
o#ercame them$ they daily sacrificed _#i#a hominum corda e #i#entium
cor"oribus e+tracta_$ the hearts of men yet li#ing$ =C$CCC in a year
(Acosta _lib. @. ca". =C_) to their idols made of flour and men!s blood$
and e#ery year -CCC infants of both se+es& and as "rodigious to relate$
;-@.BGho' they bury their 'i#es 'ith husbands deceased$ !tis fearful to
re"ort$ and harder to belie#e$
;-@?CG L8am certamen habent laethi 0uae #i#a se0uatur
:onjugium$ "udor$ est non licuisse mori$L
and burn them ali#e$ best goods$ ser#ants$ horses$ 'hen a grandee dies$
;-@?,Gt'el#e thousand at once amongst the Tartar!s$ 'hen a great :ham
de"arts$ or an em"eror in America& ho' they "lague themsel#es$ 'hich
abstain from all that hath life$ li%e those old Pythagoreans$ 'ith
immoderate fastings$ ;-@?=Gas the annians about 9urat$ they of :hina$ that
for su"erstition!s sa%e ne#er eat flesh nor fish all their li#es$ ne#er
marry$ but li#e in deserts and by-"laces$ and some "ray to their idols
t'enty-four hours together 'ithout any intermission$ biting of their
tongues 'hen they ha#e done$ for de#otion!s sa%e. 9ome again are brought to
that madness by their su"erstitious "riests (that tell them such #ain
stories of immortality$ and the joys of hea#en in that other life)$ ;-@?.G
that many thousands #oluntarily brea% their o'n nec%s$ as :leombrotus
Amborciatus$ auditors of old$ "reci"itate themsel#es$ that they may
"artici"ate of that uns"ea%able ha""iness in the other 'orld. 2ne "oisons$
another strangles himself$ and the 6ing of :hina had done as much$ deluded
'ith the #ain ho"e$ had he not been detained by his ser#ant. ut 'ho can
sufficiently tell of their se#eral su"erstitions$ #e+ations$ follies$
tormentsN I may conclude 'ith ;-@??GPosse#inus$ _1eligifacit as"eros mites$
homines e feris< su"erstitio e+ hominibus feras_$ religion ma%es 'ild
beasts ci#il$ su"erstition ma%es 'ise men beasts and fools< and the
discreetest that are$ if they gi#e 'ay to it$ are no better than dizzards<
nay more$ if that of Plotinus be true$ _is unus religionis sco"us$ ut ei
0uem colimus similes fiamus_$ that is the drift of religion to ma%e us li%e
him 'hom 'e 'orshi"& 'hat shall be the end of idolaters$ but to degenerate
into stoc%s and stonesN of such as 'orshi" these heathen gods$ for _dii
gentium daemonia_$ ;-@?@Gbut to become de#ils themsel#esN !Tis therefore
_e+itiosus error$ et ma+ime "ericulosus_$ a most "erilous and dangerous
error of all others$ as ;-@?-GPlutarch holds$ _turbulenta "assio hominem
consternans_$ a "estilent$ a troublesome "assion$ that utterly undoeth men.
Hnha""y su"erstition$ ;-@?AGPliny calls it$ _morte non finitur_$ death
ta%es a'ay life$ but not su"erstition. Im"ious and ignorant are far more
ha""y than they 'hich are su"erstitious$ no torture li%e to it$ none so
continuate$ so general$ so destructi#e$ so #iolent.
In this su"erstitious ro'$ De's for anti0uity may go ne+t to Gentiles& 'hat
of old they ha#e done$ 'hat idolatries they ha#e committed in their gro#es
and high "laces$ 'hat their Pharisees$ 9adducees$ 9cribes$ Essei$ and such
sectaries ha#e maintained$ I 'ill not so much as mention& for the "resent$
I "resume no nation under hea#en can be more sottish$ ignorant$ blind$
su"erstitious$ 'ilful$ obstinate$ and "ee#ish$ tiring themsel#es 'ith #ain
ceremonies to no "ur"ose< he that shall but read their 1abbins! ridiculous
comments$ their strange inter"retation of scri"tures$ their absurd
ceremonies$ fables$ childish tales$ 'hich they steadfastly belie#e$ 'ill
thin% they be scarce rational creatures< their foolish ;-@?/Gcustoms$ 'hen
they rise in the morning$ and ho' they "re"are themsel#es to "rayer$ to
meat$ 'ith 'hat su"erstitious 'ashings$ ho' to their 9abbath$ to their
other feasts$ 'eddings$ burials$ Fc. *ast of all$ the e+"ectation of their
Messiah$ and those figments$ miracles$ #ain "om" that shall attend him$ as
ho' he shall terrify the Gentiles$ and o#ercome them by ne' diseases< ho'
Michael the archangel shall sound his trum"et$ ho' he shall gather all the
scattered De's in the 5oly *and$ and there ma%e them a great ban0uet$
;-@?BG L4herein shall be all the birds$ beasts$ fishes$ that e#er God made$
a cu" of 'ine that gre' in Paradise$ and that hath been %e"t in Adam!s
cellar e#er since.L At the first course shall be ser#ed in that great o+ in
Dob i#. ,C.$ Lthat e#ery day feeds on a thousand hills$L Psal. ,. ,C.$ that
great *e#iathan$ and a great bird$ that laid an egg so big$ ;-@@CGLthat by
chance tumbling out of the nest$ it %noc%ed do'n three hundred tall cedars$
and brea%ing as it fell$ dro'ned one hundred and si+ty #illages&L this bird
stood u" to the %nees in the sea$ and the sea 'as so dee"$ that a hatchet
'ould not fall to the bottom in se#en years& of their Messiah!s ;-@@,G'i#es
and children< Adam and E#e$ Fc.$ and that one stu"end fiction amongst the
rest& 'hen a 1oman "rince as%ed of rabbi Dehosua ben 5anania$ 'hy the De's!
God 'as com"ared to a lion< he made ans'er$ he com"ared himself to no
ordinary lion$ but to one in the 'ood Ela$ 'hich$ 'hen he desired to see$
the rabbin "rayed to God he might$ and forth'ith the lion set for'ard.
;-@@=G Lut 'hen he 'as four hundred miles from 1ome he so roared that all
the great-bellied 'omen in 1ome made abortions$ the city 'alls fell do'n$
and 'hen he came a hundred miles nearer$ and roared the second time$ their
teeth fell out of their heads$ the em"eror himself fell do'n dead$ and so
the lion 'ent bac%.L 4ith an infinite number of such lies and forgeries$
'hich they #erily belie#e$ feed themsel#es 'ith #ain ho"e$ and in the mean
time 'ill by no "ersuasions be di#erted$ but still crucify their souls 'ith
a com"any of idle ceremonies$ li#e li%e sla#es and #agabonds$ 'ill not be
relie#ed or reconciled.
Mahometans are a com"ound of Gentiles$ De's$ and :hristians$ and so absurd
in their ceremonies$ as if they had ta%en that 'hich is most sottish out of
e#ery one of them$ full of idle fables in their su"erstitious la'$ their
Alcoran itself a gallimaufry of lies$ tales$ ceremonies$ traditions$
"rece"ts$ stolen from other sects$ and confusedly hea"ed u" to delude a
com"any of rude and barbarous clo'ns. As ho' birds$ beasts$ stones$ saluted
Mahomet 'hen he came from Mecca$ the moon came do'n from hea#en to #isit
him$ ;-@@.Gho' God sent for him$ s"a%e to him$ Fc.$ 'ith a com"any of
stu"end figments of the angels$ sun$ moon$ and stars$ Fc. 2f the day of
judgment$ and three sounds to "re"are to it$ 'hich must last fifty thousand
years of Paradise$ 'hich 'holly consists in _coeundi et comedendi
#olu"tate_$ and _"ecorinis hominibus scri"tum$ bestialis beatitudo_$ is so
ridiculous$ that Iirgil$ 3ante$ *ucian$ nor any "oet can be more fabulous.
Their rites and ceremonies are most #ain and su"erstitious$ 'ine and
s'ine!s flesh are utterly forbidden by their la'$ ;-@@?Gthey must "ray fi#e
times a day< and still to'ards the south$ 'ash before and after all their
bodies o#er$ 'ith many such. 7or fasting$ #o's$ religious orders$
"eregrinations$ they go far beyond any "a"ists$ ;-@@@Gthey fast a month
together many times$ and must not eat a bit till sun be set. Their
%alendars$ der#ises$ and torlachers$ Fc. are more ;-@@-Gabstemious some of
them$ than :arthusians$ 7ranciscans$ Anchorites$ forsa%e all$ li#e
solitary$ fare hard$ go na%ed$ Fc. ;-@@AGTheir "ilgrimages are as far as to
the ri#er ;-@@/GGanges ('hich the Gentiles of those tracts li%e'ise do)$ to
'ash themsel#es$ for that ri#er as they hold hath a so#ereign #irtue to
"urge them of all sins$ and no man can be sa#ed that hath not been 'ashed
in it. 7or 'hich reason they come far and near from the Indies< _Ma+imus
gentium omnium conflu+us est_< and infinite numbers yearly resort to it.
2thers go as far as Mecca to Mahomet!s tomb$ 'hich journey is both
miraculous and meritorious. The ceremonies of flinging stones to stone the
de#il$ of eating a camel at :airo by the 'ay< their fastings$ their running
till they s'eat$ their long "rayers$ Mahomet!s tem"le$ tomb$ and building
of it$ 'ould as% a 'hole #olume to dilate& and for their "ains ta%en in
this holy "ilgrimage$ all their sins are forgi#en$ and they re"uted for so
many saints. And di#erse of them 'ith hot bric%s$ 'hen they return$ 'ill
"ut out their eyes$ ;-@@BGLthat they ne#er after see any "rofane thing$
bite out their tongues$L Fc. They loo% for their "ro"het Mahomet as De's do
for their Messiah. 1ead more of their customs$ rites$ ceremonies$ in
*onicerus _Turcic. hist. tom. ,._ from the tenth to the t'enty-fourth
cha"ter. redenbachius$ _ca". ?$ @$ -._ *eo Afer$ _lib. ,._ usbe0uius
9abellicus$ Purchas$ _lib. .. ca". .$ et ?$ @._ Theodorus ibliander$ Fc.
Many foolish ceremonies you shall find in them< and 'hich is most to be
lamented$ the "eo"le are generally so curious in obser#ing of them$ that if
the least circumstance be omitted$ they thin% they shall be damned$ !tis an
irremissible offence$ and can hardly be forgi#en. I %e"t in my house
amongst my follo'ers (saith usbe0uius$ sometime the Tur%!s orator in
:onstantino"le) a Tur%ey boy$ that by chance did eat shellfish$ a meat
forbidden by their la'$ but the ne+t day 'hen he %ne' 'hat he had done$ he
'as not only sic% to cast and #omit$ but #ery much troubled in mind$ 'ould
'ee" and ;-@-CGgrie#e many days after$ torment himself for his foul
offence. Another Tur% being to drin% a cu" of 'ine in his cellar$ first
made a huge noise and filthy faces$ ;-@-,GLto 'arn his soul$ as he said$
that it should not be guilty of that foul fact 'hich he 'as to commit.L
4ith such toys as these are men %e"t in a'e$ and so co'ed$ that they dare
not resist$ or offend the least circumstance of their la'$ for conscience!
sa%e misled by su"erstition$ 'hich no human edict other'ise$ no force of
arms$ could ha#e enforced.
In the last "lace are "seudo-:hristians$ in describing of 'hose
su"erstitious sym"toms$ as a mi+ture of the rest$ I may say that 'hich 9t.
enedict once sa' in a #ision$ one de#il in the mar%et"lace$ but ten in a
monastery$ because there 'as more 'or%< in "o"ulous cities they 'ould s'ear
and fors'ear$ lie$ falsify$ decei#e fast enough of themsel#es$ one de#il
could circum#ent a thousand< but in their religious houses a thousand
de#ils could scarce tem"t one silly mon%. All the "rinci"al de#ils$ I
thin%$ busy themsel#es in sub#erting :hristians< De's$ Gentiles$ and
Mahometans$ are _e+tra caulem_$ out of the fold$ and need no such
attendance$ they ma%e no resistance$ ;-@-=G_eos enim "ulsare negligit$ 0uos
0uieto jure "ossidere se sentit_$ they are his o'n already& but :hristians
ha#e that shield of faith$ s'ord of the 9"irit to resist$ and must ha#e a
great deal of battery before they can be o#ercome. That the de#il is most
busy amongst us that are of the true church$ a""ears by those se#eral
o""ositions$ heresies$ schisms$ 'hich in all ages he hath raised to sub#ert
it$ and in that of 1ome es"ecially$ 'herein Antichrist himself no' sits and
"lays his "rize. This mystery of ini0uity began to 'or% e#en in the
A"ostles! time$ many Antichrists and heretics! 'ere abroad$ many s"rung u"
since$ many no' "resent$ and 'ill be to the 'orld!s end$ to dementate men!s
minds$ to seduce and ca"ti#ate their souls. Their sym"toms I %no' not ho'
better to e+"ress$ than in that t'ofold di#ision$ of such as lead$ and are
led. 9uch as lead are heretics$ schismatics$ false "ro"hets$ im"ostors$ and
their ministers& they ha#e some common sym"toms$ some "eculiar. :ommon$ as
madness$ folly$ "ride$ insolency$ arrogancy$ singularity$ "ee#ishness$
obstinacy$ im"udence$ scorn and contem"t of all other sects& _8ullius
addicti jurare in #erba magistri_< ;-@-.Gthey 'ill a""ro#e of nought but
'hat they first in#ent themsel#es$ no inter"retation good but 'hat their
infallible s"irit dictates& none shall be _in secundis_$ no not _in
tertiis_$ they are only 'ise$ only learned in the truth$ all damned but
they and their follo'ers$ _caedem scri"turarum faciunt ad materiam suam_$
saith Tertullian$ they ma%e a slaughter of 9cri"tures$ and turn it as a
nose of 'a+ to their o'n ends. 9o irrefragable$ in the mean time$ that 'hat
they ha#e once said$ they must and 'ill maintain$ in 'hole tomes$
du"lications$ tri"lications$ ne#er yield to death$ so self-conceited$ say
'hat you can. As ;-@-?Gernard (erroneously some say) s"ea%s of P.
Aliardus$ _omnes "atres sic$ at0ue ego sic._ Though all the 7athers$
:ouncils$ the 'hole 'orld contradict it$ they care not$ they are all one&
and as ;-@-@G Gregory 'ell notes Lof such as are #ertiginous$ they thin%
all turns round and mo#es$ all err& 'hen as the error is 'holly in their
o'n brains.L Magallianus$ the Desuit$ in his :omment on , Tim. +#i. =C$ and
Al"honsus _de castro lib. ,. ad#ersus haereses_$ gi#es t'o more eminent
notes or "robable conjectures to %no' such men by$ (they might ha#e ta%en
themsel#es by the noses 'hen they said it) ;-@--GL7irst they affect
no#elties and toys$ and "refer falsehood before truth< ;-@-AGsecondly$ they
care not 'hat they say$ that 'hich rashness and folly hath brought out$
"ride after'ard$ "ee#ishness and contumacy shall maintain to the last
gas".L Peculiar sym"toms are "rodigious "arado+es$ ne' doctrines$ #ain
"hantasms$ 'hich are many and di#erse as they themsel#es. ;-@-/G8icholaites
of old$ 'ould ha#e 'i#es in common& Montanists 'ill not marry at all$ nor
Tatians$ forbidding all flesh$ 9e#erians 'ine< Adamians go na%ed$
;-@-BGbecause Adam did so in Paradise< and some ;-@ACGbarefoot all their
li#es$ because God$ E+od. iii. and Doshua #. bid Moses so to do< and Isaiah
++. 'as bid "ut off his shoes< Manichees hold that Pythagorean
transmigration of souls from men to beasts< ;-@A,GLthe :ircumcellions in
Africa$ 'ith a mad cruelty made a'ay themsel#es$ some by fire$ 'ater$
brea%ing their nec%s$ and seduced others to do the li%e$ threatening some
if they did not$L 'ith a thousand such< as you may read in ;-@A=GAustin
(for there 'ere fourscore and ele#en heresies in his times$ besides schisms
and smaller factions) E"i"hanius$ Al"honsus _de :astro$ 3anaeus$ Gab$
Prateolus_$ Fc. 2f "ro"hets$ enthusiasts and im"ostors$ our Ecclesiastical
stories afford many e+am"les< of Elias and :hrists$ as our ;-@A.GEudo _de
stellis_$ a riton in 6ing 9te"hen!s time$ that 'ent in#isible$ translated
himself from one to another in a moment$ fed thousands 'ith good cheer in
the 'ilderness$ and many such< nothing so common as miracles$ #isions$
re#elations$ "ro"hecies. 8o' 'hat these brain-sic% heretics once broach$
and im"ostors set on foot$ be it ne#er so absurd$ false$ and "rodigious$
the common "eo"le 'ill follo' and belie#e. It 'ill run along li%e murrain
in cattle$ scab in shee". _8ulla scabies_$ as ;-@A?Ghe said$ _su"erstitione
scabiosior_< as he that is bitten 'ith a mad dog bites others$ and all in
the end become mad< either out of affection of no#elty$ sim"licity$ blind
zeal$ ho"e and fear$ the giddy-headed multitude 'ill embrace it$ and
'ithout further e+amination a""ro#e it.
_9ed #etera 0uerimur_$ these are old$ _haec "rius fuere._ In our days 'e
ha#e a ne' scene of su"erstitious im"ostors and heretics. A ne' com"any of
actors$ of Antichrists$ that great Antichrist himself& a ro"e of ho"es$
that by their greatness and authority bear do'n all before them& 'ho from
that time they "roclaimed themsel#es uni#ersal bisho"s$ to establish their
o'n %ingdom$ so#ereignty$ greatness$ and to enrich themsel#es$ brought in
such a com"any of human traditions$ "urgatory$ _*imbus Patrum$ Infantum_$
and all that subterranean geogra"hy$ mass$ adoration of saints$ alms$
fastings$ bulls$ indulgences$ orders$ friars$ images$ shrines$ musty
relics$ e+communications$ confessions$ satisfactions$ blind obediences$
#o's$ "ilgrimages$ "eregrinations$ 'ith many such curious toys$ intricate
subtleties$ gross errors$ obscure 0uestions$ to #indicate the better and
set a gloss u"on them$ that the light of the Gos"el 'as 0uite ecli"sed$
dar%ness o#er all$ the 9cri"tures concealed$ legends brought in$ religion
banished$ hy"ocritical su"erstition e+alted$ and the :hurch itself ;-@A@G
obscured and "ersecuted& :hrist and his members crucified more$ saith
enzo$ by a fe' necromantical$ atheistical "o"es$ than e#er it 'as by
;-@A-G Dulian the A"ostate$ Por"hyrius the Platonist$ :elsus the "hysician$
*ibanius the 9o"hister< by those heathen em"erors$ 5uns$ Goths$ and
Iandals. 4hat each of them did$ by 'hat means$ at 'hat times$ _0uibus
au+iliis_$ su"erstition climbed to this height$ tradition increased$ and
Antichrist himself came to his estate$ let Magdeburgenses$ 6emnisius$
2siander$ ale$ Mornay$ 7o+$ Hsher$ and many others relate. In the mean
time$ he that shall but see their "rofane rites and foolish customs$ ho'
su"erstitiously %e"t$ ho' strictly obser#ed$ their multitude of saints$
images$ that rabble of 1omish deities$ for trades$ "rofessions$ diseases$
"ersons$ offices$ countries$ "laces< 9t. George for England< 9t. 3enis for
7rance$ Patric%$ Ireland< Andre'$ 9cotland< Dago$ 9"ain< Fc. Gregory for
students< *u%e for "ainters< :osmus and 3amian for "hiloso"hers< :ris"in$
shoema%ers< 6atherine$ s"inners< Fc. Anthony for "igs< Gallus$ geese<
4enceslaus$ shee"< Pelagius$ o+en< 9ebastian$ the "lague< Ialentine$
falling sic%ness< A"ollonia$ toothache< Petronella for agues< and the
Iirgin Mary for sea and land$ for all "arties$ offices& he that shall
obser#e these things$ their shrines$ images$ oblations$ "endants$
adorations$ "ilgrimages they ma%e to them$ 'hat cree"ing to crosses$ our
*ady of *oretto!s rich ;-@AAGgo'ns$ her donaries$ the cost besto'ed on
images$ and number of suitors< 9t. 8icholas urge in 7rance< our 9t.
Thomas!s shrine of old at :anterbury< those relics at 1ome$ Derusalem$
Genoa$ *yons$ Pratum$ 9t. 3enis< and ho' many thousands come yearly to
offer to them$ 'ith 'hat cost$ trouble$ an+iety$ su"erstition (for forty
se#eral masses are daily said in some of their ;-@A/Gchurches$ and they
rise at all hours of the night to mass$ come barefoot$ Fc.)$ ho' they s"end
themsel#es$ times$ goods$ li#es$ fortunes$ in such ridiculous obser#ations<
their tales and figments$ false miracles$ buying and selling of "ardons$
indulgences for ?C$CCC years to come$ their "rocessions on set days$ their
strict fastings$ mon%s$ anchorites$ friar mendicants$ 7ranciscans$
:arthusians$ Fc. Their #igils and fasts$ their ceremonies at :hristmas$
9hro#etide$ :andlemas$ Palm 9unday$ laise$ 9t. Martin$ 9t. 8icholas! day<
their adorations$ e+orcisms$ Fc.$ 'ill thin% all those Grecian$ Pagan$
Mahometan su"erstitions$ gods$ idols$ and ceremonies$ the name$ time and
"lace$ habit only altered$ to ha#e degenerated into :hristians. 4hilst they
"refer traditions before 9cri"tures< those E#angelical :ouncils$ "o#erty$
obedience$ #o's$ alms$ fasting$ su"ererogations$ before God!s :ommandments<
their o'n ordinances instead of his "rece"ts$ and %ee" them in ignorance$
blindness$ they ha#e brought the common "eo"le into such a case by their
cunning con#eyances$ strict disci"line$ and ser#ile education$ that u"on
"ain of damnation they dare not brea% the least ceremony$ tradition$ edict<
hold it a greater sin to eat a bit of meat in *ent$ than %ill a man& their
consciences are so terrified$ that they are ready to des"air if a small
ceremony be omitted< and 'ill accuse their o'n father$ mother$ brother$
sister$ nearest and dearest friends of heresy$ if they do not as they do$
'ill be their chief e+ecutioners$ and hel" first to bring a faggot to burn
them. 4hat mulct$ 'hat "enance soe#er is enjoined$ they dare not but do it$
tumble 'ith 9t. 7rancis in the mire amongst hogs$ if they be a""ointed$ go
'ool'ard$ 'hi" themsel#es$ build hos"itals$ abbeys$ Fc.$ go to the East or
4est Indies$ %ill a %ing$ or run u"on a s'ord "oint& they "erform all$
'ithout any muttering or hesitation$ belie#e all.
;-@ABG LHt "ueri infantes credunt signa omnia ahena
Ii#ere$ et esse homines$ et sic isti omnia ficta
Iera "utant$ credunt signis cor inesse ahenis.L
LAs children thin% their babies li#e to be$
3o they these brazen images they see.L
And 'hilst the ruder sort are so carried headlong 'ith blind zeal$ are so
gulled and tortured by their su"erstitions$ their o'n too credulous
sim"licity and ignorance$ their e"icurean "o"es and hy"ocritical cardinals
laugh in their slee#es$ and are merry in their chambers 'ith their "un%s$
they do _indulgere genio_$ and ma%e much of themsel#es. The middle sort$
some for "ri#ate gain$ ho"e of ecclesiastical "referment$ (_0uis e+"edi#it
"sittaco suum ;Gree%& chaireG_) "o"ularity$ base flattery$ must and 'ill
belie#e all their "arado+es and absurd tenets$ 'ithout e+ce"tion$ and as
obstinately maintain and "ut in "ractice all their traditions and
idolatrous ceremonies (for their religion is half a trade) to the death<
they 'ill defend all$ the golden legend itself$ 'ith all the lies and tales
in it& as that of 9t. George$ 9t. :hristo"her$ 9t. 4inifred$ 9t. 3enis$ Fc.
It is a 'onder to see ho' 8ic. 5ar"sfield$ that Pharisaical im"ostor$
amongst the rest$ Ecclesiast. 5ist. _ca". ==. saec "rim$ se+._$ "uzzles
himself to #indicate that ridiculous fable of 9t. Hrsula and the ele#en
thousand #irgins$ as 'hen they li#e$ ;-@/CGho' they came to :ologne$ by
'hom martyred$ Fc.$ though he can say nothing for it$ yet he must and 'ill
a""ro#e it& _nobilita#it (in0uit) hoc saeculum Hrsula cum comitibus$ cujus
historia utinam tam mihi esset e+"edita et certa$ 0uam in animo meo certum
ac e+"editum est$ eam esse cum sodalibus beatam in coelis #irginem._ They
must and 'ill (I say) either out of blind zeal belie#e$ #ary their com"ass
'ith the rest$ as the latitude of religion #aries$ a""ly themsel#es to the
times$ and seasons$ and for fear and flattery are content to subscribe and
to do all that in them lies to maintain and defend their "resent go#ernment
and sla#ish religious schoolmen$ canonists$ Desuits$ friars$ "riests$
orators$ so"histers$ 'ho either for that they had nothing else to do$
lu+uriant 'its %ne' not other'ise ho' to busy themsel#es in those idle
times$ for the :hurch then had fe' or no o"en ad#ersaries$ or better to
defend their lies$ fictions$ miracles$ transubstantiations$ traditions$
"o"e!s "ardons$ "urgatories$ masses$ im"ossibilities$ Fc. 'ith glorious
sho's$ fair "retences$ big 'ords$ and "lausible 'its$ ha#e coined a
thousand idle 0uestions$ nice distinctions$ subtleties$ 2bs and 9ols$ such
tro"ological$ allegorical e+"ositions$ to sal#e all a""earances$
objections$ such 0uir%s and 0uiddities$ _0uodlibetaries_$ as ale saith of
7erribrigge and 9trode$ instances$ am"liations$ decrees$ glosses$ canons$
that instead of sound commentaries$ good "reachers$ are come in a com"any
of mad so"histers$ _"rimo secundo secundarii_$ sectaries$ :anonists$
9orbonists$ Minorites$ 'ith a rabble of idle contro#ersies and 0uestions$
;-@/,G_an Pa"a sit 3eus$ an 0uasi 3eusN An "artici"et utram0ue :hristi
naturam_N 4hether it be as "ossible for God to be a humble bee or a gourd$
as a manN 4hether he can "roduce res"ect 'ithout a foundation or term$ ma%e
a 'hore a #irginN fetch Trajan!s soul from hell$ and ho'N 'ith a rabble of
0uestions about hell-fire& 'hether it be a greater sin to %ill a man$ or to
clout shoes u"on a 9undayN 'hether God can ma%e another God li%e unto
himselfN 9uch$ saith 6emnisius$ are most of your schoolmen$ (mere
alchemists) =CC commentators on Peter *ambard< (_Pitsius catal. scri"torum
Anglic._ rec%ons u" ,/C English commentators alone$ on the matter of the
sentences)$ 9cotists$ Thomists$ 1eals$ 8ominals$ Fc.$ and so "erha"s that
of 9t. ;-@/=GAustin may be #erified. _Indocti ra"iunt coelum$ docti interim
descendunt ad infernum._ Thus they continued in such error$ blindness$
decrees$ so"hisms$ su"erstitions< idle ceremonies and traditions 'ere the
sum of their ne'-coined holiness and religion$ and by these %na#eries and
stratagems they 'ere able to in#ol#e multitudes$ to decei#e the most
sanctified souls$ and$ if it 'ere "ossible$ the #ery elect. In the mean
time the true :hurch$ as 'ine and 'ater mi+ed$ lay hid and obscure to s"ea%
of$ till *uther!s time$ 'ho began u"on a sudden to defecate$ and as another
sun to dri#e a'ay those foggy mists of su"erstition$ to restore it to that
"urity of the "rimiti#e :hurch. And after him many good and godly men$
di#ine s"irits$ ha#e done their endea#ours$ and still do.
;-@/.G LAnd 'hat their ignorance esteem!d so holy$
2ur 'iser ages do account as folly.L
ut see the de#il$ that 'ill ne#er suffer the :hurch to be 0uiet or at
rest& no garden so 'ell tilled but some no+ious 'eeds gro' u" in it$ no
'heat but it hath some tares& 'e ha#e a mad giddy com"any of "recisians$
schismatics$ and some heretics$ e#en$ in our o'n bosoms in another e+treme.
;-@/?G_3um #itant stulti #itia in contraria currunt_< that out of too much
zeal in o""osition to Antichrist$ human traditions$ those 1omish rites and
su"erstitions$ 'ill 0uite demolish all$ they 'ill admit of no ceremonies at
all$ no fasting days$ no cross in ba"tism$ %neeling at communion$ no church
music$ Fc.$ no bisho"s! courts$ no church go#ernment$ rail at all our
church disci"line$ 'ill not hold their tongues$ and all for the "eace of
thee$ 2 9ionO 8o$ not so much as degrees some of them 'ill tolerate$ or
uni#ersities$ all human learning$ (!tis _cloaca diaboli_) hoods$ habits$
ca" and sur"lice$ such as are things indifferent in themsel#es$ and 'holly
for ornament$ decency$ or distinction!s sa%e$ they abhor$ hate$ and snuff
at$ as a stone-horse 'hen he meets a bear& they ma%e matters of conscience
of them$ and 'ill rather forsa%e their li#ings than subscribe to them. They
'ill admit of no holidays$ or honest recreations$ as of ha'%ing$ hunting$
Fc.$ no churches$ no bells some of them$ because "a"ists use them< no
disci"line$ no ceremonies but 'hat they in#ent themsel#es< no
inter"retations of !scri"tures$ no comments of fathers$ no councils$ but
such as their o'n fantastical s"irits dictate$ or _recta ratio_$ as
9ocinians$ by 'hich s"irit misled$ many times they broach as "rodigious
"arado+es as "a"ists themsel#es. 9ome of them turn "ro"hets$ ha#e secret
re#elations$ 'ill be of "ri#y council 'ith God himself$ and %no' all his
secrets$ ;-@/@G_ Per ca"illos s"iritum sanctum tenent$ et omnia sciunt cum
sint asini omnium obstinatissimi_$ a com"any of giddy heads 'ill ta%e u"on
them to define ho' many shall be sa#ed and 'ho damned in a "arish$ 'here
they shall sit in hea#en$ inter"ret A"ocaly"ses$ (_:ommentatores
"raeci"ites et #ertiginosos_$ one calls them$ as 'ell he might) and those
hidden mysteries to "ri#ate "ersons$ times$ "laces$ as their o'n s"irit
informs them$ "ri#ate re#elations shall suggest$ and "recisely set do'n
'hen the 'orld shall come to an end$ 'hat year$ 'hat month$ 'hat day. 9ome
of them again ha#e such strong faith$ so "resum"tuous$ they 'ill go into
infected houses$ e+"el de#ils$ and fast forty days$ as :hrist himself did<
some call God and his attributes into 0uestion$ as Iorstius and 9ocinus<
some "rinces$ ci#il magistrates$ and their authorities$ as Anaba"tists$
'ill do all their o'n "ri#ate s"irit dictates$ and nothing else. ro'nists$
arro'ists$ 7amilists$ and those Amsterdamian sects and sectaries$ are led
all by so many "ri#ate s"irits. It is a 'onder to re#eal 'hat "assages
9leidan relates in his :ommentaries$ of :retinc%$ 6ni""erdoling$ and their
associates$ those madmen of Munster in Germany< 'hat strange enthusiasms$
sottish re#elations they had$ ho' absurdly they carried themsel#es$ deluded
others< and as "rofane Machia#el in his "olitical dis"utations holds of
:hristian religion$ in general it doth ener#ate$ debilitate$ ta%e a'ay
men!s s"irits and courage from them$ _sim"liciores reddit homines_$ breeds
nothing so courageous soldiers as that 1oman& 'e may say of these "eculiar
sects$ their religion ta%es a'ay not s"irits only$ but 'it and judgment$
and de"ri#es them of their understanding< for some of them are so far gone
'ith their "ri#ate enthusiasms and re#elations$ that they are 0uite mad$
out of their 'its. 4hat greater madness can there be$ than for a man to
ta%e u"on him to be a God$ as some doN to be the 5oly Ghost$ Elias$ and
'hat notN In ;-@/-GPoland$ ,@,/$ in the reign of 6ing 9igismund$ one said
he 'as :hrist$ and got him t'el#e a"ostles$ came to judge the 'orld$ and
strangely deluded the commons. ;-@/AG2ne 3a#id George$ an illiterate
"ainter$ not many years since$ did as much in 5olland$ too% u"on him to be
the Messiah$ and had many follo'ers. enedictus Iictorinus 7a#entinus$
_consil. ,@_$ 'rites as much of one 5onorius$ that thought he 'as not only
ins"ired as a "ro"het$ but that he 'as a God himself$ and had
;-@//Gfamiliar conference 'ith God and his angels. *a#at. _de s"ect. c. =.
"art. /._ hath a story of one Dohn 9artorious$ that thought he 'as the
"ro"het Elias$ and _ca". A._ of di#erse others that had conference 'ith
angels$ 'ere saints$ "ro"hets. 4ierus$ _lib. .. de *amiis c. A._ ma%es
mention of a "ro"het of Groning that said he 'as God the 7ather< of an
Italian and 9"anish "ro"het that held as much. 4e need not ro#e so far
abroad$ 'e ha#e familiar e+am"les at home& 5ac%ett that said he 'as :hrist<
:o""inger and Arthington his disci"les< ;-@/BGurchet and 5o#atus$ burned
at 8or'ich. 4e are ne#er li%ely se#en years together 'ithout some such ne'
"ro"hets that ha#e se#eral ins"irations$ some to con#ert the De's$ some
fast forty days$ go 'ith 3aniel to the lion!s den< some foretell strange
things$ some for one thing$ some for another. Great "recisians of mean
conditions and #ery illiterate$ most "art by a "re"osterous zeal$ fasting$
meditation$ melancholy$ are brought into those gross errors and
incon#eniences. 2f those men I may conclude generally$ that ho'soe#er they
may seem to be discreet$ and men of understanding in other matters$
discourse 'ell$ _laesam habent imaginationem_$ they are li%e comets$ round
in all "laces but 'here they blaze$ _caetera sani_$ they ha#e im"regnable
'its many of them$ and discreet other'ise$ but in this their madness and
folly brea%s out beyond measure$ _in infinitum erum"it stultitia._ They are
certainly far gone 'ith melancholy$ if not 0uite mad$ and ha#e more need of
"hysic than many a man that %ee"s his bed$ more need of hellebore than
those that are in edlam.
9H9E:T. II.--_Prognostics of 1eligious Melancholy_.
Eou may guess at the "rognostics by the sym"toms. 4hat can these signs fore
tell other'ise than folly$ dotage$ madness$ gross ignorance$ des"air$
obstinacy$ a re"robate sense$ ;-@BCGa bad endN 4hat else can su"erstition$
heresy "roduce$ but 'ars$ tumults$ u"roars$ torture of souls$ and des"air$
a desolate land$ as Deremy teacheth$ ca". #ii. .?. 'hen they commit
idolatry$ and 'al% after their o'n 'aysN ho' should it be other'ise 'ith
themN 'hat can they e+"ect but Lblasting$ famine$ dearth$L and all the
"lagues of Egy"t$ as Amos denounceth$ ca". i#. #ers. B. ,C. to be led into
ca"ti#ityN If our ho"es be frustrate$ L'e so' much and bring in little$ eat
and ha#e not enough$ drin% and are not filled$ clothe and be not 'arm$L Fc.
5aggai i. -. L'e loo% for much and it comes to little$ 'hence is itN 5is
house 'as 'aste$ they came to their o'n houses$L #ers. B. Ltherefore the
hea#en stayed his de'$ the earth his fruit.L ecause 'e are su"erstitious$
irreligious$ 'e do not ser#e God as 'e ought$ all these "lagues and
miseries come u"on us< 'hat can 'e loo% for else but mutual 'ars$
slaughters$ fearful ends in this life$ and in the life to come eternal
damnationN 4hat is it that hath caused so many feral battles to be fought$
so much :hristian blood shed$ but su"erstitionO That 9"anish in0uisition$
rac%s$ 'heels$ tortures$ torments$ 'hence do they "roceedN from
su"erstition. odine the 7renchman$ in his ;-@B,G_method. hist._ accounts
Englishmen barbarians$ for their ci#il 'ars& but let him read those
Pharsalian fields ;-@B=Gfought of late in 7rance for their religion$ their
massacres$ 'herein by their o'n relations in t'enty-four years$ I %no' not
ho' many millions ha#e been consumed$ 'hole families and cities$ and he
shall find ours to be but #elitations to theirs. ut it hath e#er been the
custom of heretics and idolaters$ 'hen they are "lagued for their sins$ and
God!s just judgments come u"on them$ not to ac%no'ledge any fault in
themsel#es$ but still im"ute it unto others. In :y"rian!s time it 'as much
contro#erted bet'een him and 3emetrius an idolater$ 'ho should be the cause
of those "resent calamities. 3emetrius laid all the fault on :hristians$
(and so they did e#er in the "rimiti#e church$ as a""ears by the first boo%
of ;-@B.GArnobius)$ ;-@B?GLthat there 'ere not such ordinary sho'ers in
'inter$ the ri"ening heat in summer$ so seasonable s"rings$ fruitful
autumns$ no marble mines in the mountains$ less gold and sil#er than of
old< that husbandmen$ seamen$ soldiers$ all 'ere scanted$ justice$
friendshi"$ s%ill in arts$ all 'as decayed$L and that through :hristians!
default$ and all their other miseries from them$ _0uod dii nostri a #obis
non colantur_$ because they did not 'orshi" their gods. ut :y"rian retorts
all u"on him again$ as a""ears by his tract against him. !Tis true the
'orld is miserably tormented and sha%en 'ith 'ars$ dearth$ famine$ fire$
inundations$ "lagues$ and many feral diseases rage amongst us$ _sed non ut
tu 0uereris ista accidunt 0uod dii #estri a nobis non colantur$ sed 0uod a
#obis non colatur 3eus$ a 0uibus nec 0uaeritur$ nec timetur_$ not as thou
com"lainest$ that 'e do not 'orshi" your Gods$ but because you are
idolaters$ and do not ser#e the true God$ neither see% him$ nor fear him as
you ought. 2ur "a"ists object as much to us$ and account us heretics$ 'e
them< the Tur%s esteem of both as infidels$ and 'e them as a com"any of
"agans$ De's against all< 'hen indeed there is a general fault in us all$
and something in the #ery best$ 'hich may justly deser#e God!s 'rath$ and
"ull these miseries u"on our heads. I 'ill say nothing here of those #ain
cares$ torments$ needless 'or%s$ "enance$ "ilgrimages$ "seudomartyrdom$ Fc.
4e hea" u"on oursel#es unnecessary troubles$ obser#ations< 'e "unish our
bodies$ as in Tur%ey (saith ;-@B@Gusbe0uius _leg. Turcic. e". .._) Lone
did$ that 'as much affected 'ith music$ and to hear boys sing$ but #ery
su"erstitious< an old sibyl coming to his house$ or a holy 'oman$L (as that
"lace yields many) Ltoo% him do'n for it$ and told him$ that in that other
'orld he should suffer for it< thereu"on he flung his rich and costly
instruments 'hich he had bedec%ed 'ith je'els$ all at once into the fire.
5e 'as ser#ed in sil#er "late$ and had goodly household stuff& a little
after$ another religious man re"rehended him in li%e sort$ and from
thenceforth he 'as ser#ed in earthen #essels$ last of all a decree came
forth$ because Tur%s might not drin% 'ine themsel#es$ that neither De' nor
:hristian then li#ing in :onstantino"le$ might drin% any 'ine at all.L In
li%e sort amongst "a"ists$ fasting at first 'as generally "ro"osed as a
good thing< after$ from such meats at set times$ and then last of all so
rigorously "ro"osed$ to bind the consciences u"on "ain of damnation. L7irst
7riday$L saith Erasmus$ Lthen 9aturday$L _et nunc "ericlitatur dies
Mercurii_) and 4ednesday no' is in danger of a fast. ;-@B-GLAnd for such
li%e toys$ some so miserably afflict themsel#es$ to des"air$ and death
itself$ rather than offend$ and thin% themsel#es good :hristians in it$
'hen as indeed they are su"erstitious De's.L 9o saith *eonardus 7uchsius$ a
great "hysician in his time. ;-@BAGL4e are tortured in Germany 'ith these
"o"ish edicts$ our bodies so ta%en do'n$ our goods so diminished$ that if
God had not sent *uther$ a 'orthy man$ in time$ to redress these mischiefs$
'e should ha#e eaten hay 'ith our horses before this.L ;-@B/GAs in fasting$
so in all other su"erstitious edicts$ 'e crucify one another 'ithout a
cause$ barring oursel#es of many good and la'ful things$ honest dis"orts$
"leasures and recreations< for 'herefore did God create them but for our
useN 7easts$ mirth$ music$ ha'%ing$ hunting$ singing$ dancing$ Fc. _non tam
necessitatibus nostris 3eus inser#it$ sed in delicias amamur_$ as 9eneca
notes$ God 'ould ha#e it so. And as Plato _=. de legibus_ gi#es out$ _3eos
laboriosam hominum #itam miseratos_$ the gods in commiseration of human
estate sent A"ollo$ acchus$ and the Muses$ _0ui cum #olu"tate tri"udia et
soltationes nobis ducant_$ to be merry 'ith mortals$ to sing and dance 'ith
us. 9o that he that 'ill not rejoice and enjoy himself$ ma%ing good use of
such things as are la'fully "ermitted$ _non est tem"eratus_$ as he 'ill$
_sed su"erstitiosus._ LThere is nothing better for a man$ than that he
should eat and drin%$ and that he should ma%e his soul enjoy good in his
labour$L Eccles. ii. =?. And as ;-@BBGone said of ha'%ing and hunting$ _tot
solatia in hac aegri orbis calamitate$ mortalibus taediis deus objecit_$ I
say of all honest recreations$ God hath therefore indulged them to refresh$
ease$ solace and comfort us. ut 'e are some of us too stern$ too rigid$
too "recise$ too grossly su"erstitious$ and 'hilst 'e ma%e a conscience of
e#ery toy$ 'ith touch not$ taste not$ Fc.$ as those Pythagoreans of old$
and some Indians no'$ that 'ill eat no flesh$ or suffer any li#ing creature
to be %illed$ the annians about Guzzerat< 'e tyrannise o#er our brother!s
soul$ lose the right use of many good gifts< honest ;--CCGs"orts$ games and
"leasant recreations$ ;--C,G"unish oursel#es 'ithout a cause$ lose our
liberties$ and sometimes our li#es. Anno ,=AC$ at ;--C=GMagdeburg in
Germany$ a De' fell into a "ri#y u"on a 9aturday$ and 'ithout hel" could
not "ossibly get out< he called to his fello's for succour$ but they denied
it$ because it 'as their 9abbath$ _non licebat o"us manuum e+ercere_< the
bisho" hearing of it$ the ne+t day forbade him to be "ulled out$ because it
'as our 9unday. In the mean time the 'retch died before Monday. 4e ha#e
myriads of e+am"les in this %ind amongst those rigid 9abbatarians$ and
therefore not 'ithout good cause$ ;--C.G_Intolerabilem "ertubationem_
9eneca calls it$ as 'ell he might$ an intolerable "erturbation$ that
causeth such dire e#ents$ folly$ madness$ sic%ness$ des"air$ death of body
and soul$ and hell itself.
9H9E:T. I.--_:ure of 1eligious Melancholy_.
To "urge the 'orld of idolatry and su"erstition$ 'ill re0uire some
monster-taming 5ercules$ a di#ine Aescula"ius$ or :hrist himself to come in
his o'n "erson$ to reign a thousand years on earth before the end$ as the
Millenaries 'ill ha#e him. They are generally so refractory$
self-conceited$ obstinate$ so firmly addicted to that religion in 'hich
they ha#e been bred and brought u"$ that no "ersuasion$ no terror$ no
"ersecution$ can di#ert them. The consideration of 'hich$ hath induced many
common'ealths to suffer them to enjoy their consciences as they 'ill
themsel#es& a toleration of De's is in most "ro#inces of Euro"e. In Asia
they ha#e their synagogues& 9"aniards "ermit Moors to li#e amongst them&
the Mogullians$ Gentiles& the Tur%s all religions. In Euro"e$ Poland and
Amsterdam are the common sanctuaries. 9ome are of o"inion$ that no man
ought to be com"elled for conscience! sa%e$ but let him be of 'hat religion
he 'ill$ he may be sa#ed$ as :ornelius 'as formerly acce"ted$ De'$ Tur%s$
Anaba"tists$ Fc. If he be an honest man$ li#e soberly$ and ci#illy in his
"rofession$ (Iol%elius$ :rellius$ and the rest of the 9ocinians$ that no'
nestle themsel#es about 6ra%o' and 1a%o' in Poland$ ha#e rene'ed this
o"inion) ser#e his o'n God$ 'ith that fear and re#erence as he ought. _9ua
cui0ue ci#itati_ (*aeli) _religio sit$ nostra nobis_$ Tully thought fit
e#ery city should be free in this behalf$ adore their o'n _:ustodes et
To"icos 3eos_$ tutelar and local gods$ as 9ymmachus calls them. Isocrates
ad#iseth 3emonicus$ L'hen he came to a strange city$ to ;--C?G'orshi" by
all means the gods of the "lace$L _et unum0uem0ue$ To"icum deum sic coli
o"ortere$ 0uomodo i"se "raece"erit_& 'hich :ecilius in ;--C@GMinutius
labours$ and 'ould ha#e e#ery nation _sacrorum ritus gentiles habere et
deos colere munici"es_$ %ee" their o'n ceremonies$ 'orshi" their "eculiar
gods$ 'hich Pom"onius Mela re"orts of the Africans$ _3eos suos "atrio more
#enerantur_$ they 'orshi" their o'n gods according to their o'n ordination.
7or 'hy should any one nation$ as he there "leads$ challenge that
uni#ersality of God$ _3eum suum 0uem nec ostendunt$ nec #ident$
discurrantem silicet et ubi0ue "raesentem$ in omnium mores$ actus$ et
occultas$ cogitationes in0uirentem_$ Fc.$ as :hristians do& let e#ery
"ro#ince enjoy their liberty in this behalf$ 'orshi" one God$ or all as
they 'ill$ and are informed. The 1omans built altars 3iis Asiae$ Euro"ae$
*ybiae$ _diis ignotis et "eregrinis_& others other'ise$ Fc. Plinius
9ecundus$ as a""ears by his E"istle to Trajan$ 'ould not ha#e the
:hristians so "ersecuted$ and in some time of the reign of Ma+iminus$ as 'e
find it registered in Eusebius _lib. B. ca". B._ there 'as a decree made to
this "ur"ose$ _8ullus cogatur in#itus ad hunc #el illum deorum cultum_$
Llet no one be com"elled against his 'ill to 'orshi" any "articular deity$L
and by :onstantine in the ,Bth year of his reign as ;--C-Garonius
informeth us$ _8emo alteri e+hibeat molestiam$ 0uod cujus0ue animus #ult$
hoc 0uis0ue transigat_$ ne' gods$ ne' la'gi#ers$ ne' "riests$ 'ill ha#e ne'
ceremonies$ customs and religions$ to 'hich e#ery 'ise man as a good
formalist should accommodate himself.
;--CAG L9aturnus "eriit$ "erierunt et sua jura$
9ub Do#e nunc mundus$ jussa se0uare Do#is.L
The said :onstantine the em"eror$ as Eusebius 'rites$ flung do'n and
demolished all the heathen gods$ sil#er$ gold statues$ altars$ images and
tem"les$ and turned them all to :hristian churches$ _infestus gentilium
monumentis ludibrio e+"osuit_< the Tur% no' con#erts them again to
Mahometan mos0ues. The li%e edict came forth in the reign of Arcadius and
5onorius. ;--C/G9ymmachus the orator in his days$ to "rocure a general
toleration$ used this argument$ ;--CBGLecause God is immense and infinite$
and his nature cannot "erfectly be %no'n$ it is con#enient he should be as
di#ersely 'orshi""ed$ as e#ery man shall "ercei#e or understand.L It 'as
im"ossible$ he thought$ for one religion to be uni#ersal& you see that one
small "ro#ince can hardly be ruled by one la'$ ci#il or s"iritual< and Lho'
shall so many distinct and #ast em"ires of the 'orld be united into oneN It
ne#er 'as$ ne#er 'ill beL esides$ if there be infinite "lanetary and
firmamental 'orlds$ as ;--,CGsome 'ill$ there be infinite genii or
commanding s"irits belonging to each of them< and so$ _"er conse0uens_ (for
they 'ill be all adored)$ infinite religions. And therefore let e#ery
territory %ee" their "ro"er rites and ceremonies$ as their _dii tutelares_
'ill$ so Tyrius calls them$ Land according to the 0uarter they hold$L their
o'n institutions$ re#elations$ orders$ oracles$ 'hich they dictate from
time to time$ or teach their o'n "riests or ministers. This tenet 'as
stiffly maintained in Tur%ey not long since$ as you may read in the third
e"istle of usbe0uius$ ;--,,GLthat all those should "artici"ate of eternal
ha""iness$ that li#ed a holy and innocent life$ 'hat religion soe#er they
"rofessed.L 1ustan assa 'as a great "atron of it< though Mahomet himself
'as sent _#irtute gladdi_$ to enforce all$ as he 'rites in his Alcoran$ to
follo' him. 9ome again 'ill a""ro#e of this for De's$ Gentiles$ infidels$
that are out of the fold$ they can be content to gi#e them all res"ect and
fa#our$ but by no means to such as are 'ithin the "recincts of our o'n
church$ and called :hristians$ to no heretics$ schismatics$ or the li%e<
let the 9"anish in0uisition$ that fourth fury$ s"ea% of some of them$ the
ci#il 'ars and massacres in 7rance$ our Marian times. ;--,=GMagillianus the
Desuit 'ill not admit of conference 'ith a heretic$ but se#erity and rigour
to be used$ _non illis #erba reddere$ sed furcas$ figere o"ortet_< and
Theodosius is commended in 8ice"horus$ _lib. ,=. ca". ,@._ ;--,.GLThat he
"ut all heretics to silence.L ernard. _E"ist. ,/C_$ 'ill ha#e club la'$
fire and s'ord for heretics$ ;--,?GLcom"el them$ sto" their mouths not 'ith
dis"utations$ or refute them 'ith reasons$ but 'ith fists<L and this is
their ordinary "ractice. Another com"any are as mild on the other side< to
a#oid all heart-burning$ and contentious 'ars and u"roars$ they 'ould ha#e
a general toleration in e#ery %ingdom$ no mulct at all$ no man for religion
or conscience be "ut to death$ 'hich ;--,@GThuanus the 7rench historian
much fa#ours< our late 9ocinians defend< Iaticanus against :al#in in a
large Treatise in behalf of 9er#etus$ #indicates< :astilio$ Fc.$ Martin
allius and his com"anions$ maintained this o"inion not long since in
7rance$ 'hose error is confuted by eza in a just #olume. The medium is
best$ and that 'hich Paul "rescribes$ Gal. i. LIf any man shall fall by
occasion$ to restore such a one 'ith the s"irit of mee%ness$ by all fair
means$ gentle admonitions<L but if that 'ill not ta%e "lace$ _Post unam et
alteram admonitionem haereticum de#ita_$ he must be e+communicate$ as Paul
did by 5ymenaeus$ deli#ered o#er to 9atan. _Immedicabile #ulnus ense
recidendum est._ As 5i""ocrates said in "hysic$ I may 'ell say in di#inity$
_Kuae ferro non curantur$ ignis curat._ 7or the #ulgar$ restrain them by
la's$ mulcts$ burn their boo%s$ forbid their con#enticles< for 'hen the
cause is ta%en a'ay$ the effect 'ill soon cease. 8o' for "ro"hets$
dreamers$ and such rude silly fello's$ that through fasting$ too much
meditation$ "reciseness$ or by melancholy$ are distem"ered& the best means
to reduce them _ad sanam mentem_$ is to alter their course of life$ and
'ith conference$ threats$ "romises$ "ersuasions$ to intermi+ "hysic.
5ercules de 9a+onia$ had such a "ro"het committed to his charge in Ienice$
that thought he 'as Elias$ and 'ould fast as he did< he dressed a fello' in
angel!s attire$ that said he came from hea#en to bring him di#ine food$ and
by that means stayed his fast$ administered his "hysic< so by the
meditation of this forged angel he 'as cured. ;--,-G1hasis an Arabian$
_cont. lib. ,. ca". B_$ s"ea%s of a fello' that in li%e case com"lained to
him$ and desired his hel"& LI as%ed himL (saith he) L'hat the matter 'as<
he re"lied$ I am continually meditating of hea#en and hell$ and methin%s I
see and tal% 'ith fiery s"irits$ and smell brimstone$ Fc.$ and am so
carried a'ay 'ith these conceits$ that I can neither eat$ nor slee"$ nor go
about my business& I cured himL (saith 1hasis) L"artly by "ersuasion$
"artly by "hysic$ and so ha#e I done by many others.L 4e ha#e fre0uently
such "ro"hets and dreamers amongst us$ 'hom 'e "ersecute 'ith fire and
faggot& I thin% the most com"endious cure$ for some of them at least$ had
been in edlam. _9ed de his satis._
MEM. II.
9H9E:T. I.--_1eligious Melancholy in defect< "arties affected$ E"icures$
Atheists$ 5y"ocrites$ 'orldly secure$ :arnalists< all im"ious "ersons$
im"enitent sinners$ Fc._
In that other e+treme or defect of this lo#e of God$ %no'ledge$ faith$
fear$ ho"e$ Fc. are such as err both in doctrine and manners$ 9adducees$
5erodians$ libertines$ "oliticians& all manner of atheists$ e"icures$
infidels$ that are secure$ in a re"robate sense$ fear not God at all$ and
such are too distrustful and timorous$ as des"erate "ersons be. That grand
sin of atheism or im"iety$ ;--,AGMelancthon calls it _monstrosam
melancholiam_$ monstrous melancholy< or _#enenatam melancholiam_$ "oisoned
melancholy. A com"any of :yclo"s or giants$ that 'ar 'ith the gods$ as the
"oets feigned$ anti"odes to :hristians$ that scoff at all religion$ at God
himself$ deny him and all his attributes$ his 'isdom$ "o'er$ "ro#idence$
his mercy and judgment.
;--,/G LEsse ali0uos manes$ et subterranea regna$
Et contum$ et 9tygio ranas in gurgite nigras$
At0ue una transire #adum tot millia cymba$
8ec "ueri credunt$ nisi 0ui nondum aere la#antur.L
That there is either hea#en or hell$ resurrection of the dead$ "ain$
ha""iness$ or 'orld to come$ _credat Dudaeus A"ella_< for their "arts they
esteem them as so many "oet!s tales$ bugbears$ *ucian!s Ale+ander< Moses$
Mahomet$ and :hrist are all as one in their creed. 4hen those bloody 'ars
in 7rance for matters of religion (saith ;--,BG1ichard 3inoth) 'ere so
#iolently "ursued bet'een 5uguenots and Pa"ists$ there 'as a com"any of
good fello's laughed them all to scorn$ for being such su"erstitious fools$
to lose their 'i#es and fortunes$ accounting faith$ religion$ immortality
of the soul$ mere fo""eries and illusions. 9uch loose ;--=CGatheistical
s"irits are too "redominant in all %ingdoms. *et them contend$ "ray$
tremble$ trouble themsel#es that 'ill$ for their "arts$ they fear neither
God nor de#il< but 'ith that :yclo"s in Euri"ides$
L5aud ulla numina e+"a#escunt caelitum$
9ed #ictimas uni deorum ma+imo$
Ientri offerunt$ deos ignorant caeteros.L
LThey fear no God but one$
They sacrifice to none.
ut belly$ and him adore$
7or gods they %no' no more.L
LTheir God is their belly$L as Paul saith$ _9ancta mater saturitas<--0uibus
in solo #i#endi causa "alato est._ The idol$ 'hich they 'orshi" and adore$
is their mistress< 'ith him in Plautus$ _mallem haec mulier me amet 0uam
dii_$ they had rather ha#e her fa#our than the gods!. 9atan is their guide$
the flesh is their instructor$ hy"ocrisy their counsellor$ #anity their
fello'-soldier$ their 'ill their la'$ ambition their ca"tain$ custom their
rule< temerity$ boldness$ im"udence their art$ toys their trading$
damnation their end. All their endea#ours are to satisfy their lust and
a""etite$ ho' to "lease their genius$ and to be merry for the "resent$
_Ede$ lude$ bibe$ "ost mortem nulla #olu"tas_. ;--=,GLThe same condition is
of men and of beasts< as the one dieth$ so dieth the other$L Eccles. iii.
,B. The 'orld goes round$
;--==G ------Ltruditur dies die$
8o#ae0ue "ergunt interire *unae&L
;--=.GThey did eat and drin% of old$ marry$ bury$ bought$ sold$ "lanted$
built$ and 'ill do still. ;--=?GL2ur life is short and tedious$ and in the
death of a man there is no reco#ery$ neither 'as any man %no'n that hath
returned from the gra#e< for 'e are born at all ad#enture$ and 'e shall be
hereafter as though 'e had ne#er been< for the breath is as smo%e in our
nostrils$ Fc.$ and the s"irit #anisheth as the soft air.L ;--=@GL:ome let
us enjoy the "leasures that are "resent$ let us cheerfully use the
creatures as in youth$ let us fill oursel#es 'ith costly 'ine and
ointments$ let not the flo'er of our life "ass by us$ let us cro'n
oursel#es 'ith rose-buds before they are 'ithered$L Fc. ;--=-G_Ii#amus mea
*esbia et amemus_$ Fc. ;--=AG L:ome let us ta%e our fill of lo#e$ and
"leasure in dalliance$ for this is our "ortion$ this is our lot.L
_Tem"ora labuntur$ tacitis0ue senescimus annis_.;--=/G 7or the rest of
hea#en and hell$ let children and su"erstitious fools belie#e it& for their
"arts$ they are so far from trembling at the dreadful day of judgment that
they 'ish 'ith 8ero$ _Me #i#o fiat_$ let it come in their times& so secure$
so des"erate$ so immoderate in lust and "leasure$ so "rone to re#enge that$
as Paterculus said of some caitiffs in his time in 1ome$ _Kuod ne0uiter
ausi$ fortiter e+ecuti_& it shall not be so 'ic%edly attem"ted$ but as
des"erately "erformed$ 'hate#er they ta%e in hand. 4ere it not for God!s
restraining grace$ fear and shame$ tem"oral "unishment$ and their o'n
infamy$ they 'ould. *ycaon-li%e e+enterate$ as so many cannibals eat u"$ or
:admus! soldiers consume one another. These are most im"ious$ and commonly
"rofessed atheists$ that ne#er use the name of God but to s'ear by it< that
e+"ress nought else but e"icurism in their carriage$ or hy"ocrisy< 'ith
Pentheus they neglect and contemn these rites and religious ceremonies of
the gods< they 'ill be gods themsel#es$ or at least _socii deorum. 3i#isum
im"erium cum Do#e :aesar habet._ L:aesar di#ides the em"ire 'ith Do#e.L
A"royis$ an Egy"tian tyrant$ gre'$ saith ;--=BG5erodotus$ to that height of
"ride$ insolency of im"iety$ to that contem"t of Gods and men$ that he held
his %ingdom so sure$ _ut a nemine deorum aut hominum sibi eri"i "osset_$
neither God nor men could ta%e it from him. ;--.CGA certain blas"hemous
%ing of 9"ain (as ;--.,G*ansius re"orts) made an edict$ that no subject of
his$ for ten years! s"ace$ should belie#e in$ call on$ or 'orshi" any god.
And as ;--.=GDo#ius relates of LMahomet the 9econd$ that sac%ed
:onstantino"le$ he so beha#ed himself$ that he belie#ed neither :hrist nor
Mahomet< and thence it came to "ass$ that he %e"t his 'ord and "romise no
farther than for his ad#antage$ neither did he care to commit any offence
to satisfy his lust.L I could say the li%e of many "rinces$ many "ri#ate
men (our stories are full of them) in times "ast$ this "resent age$ that
lo#e$ fear$ obey$ and "erform all ci#il duties as they shall find them
e+"edient or beho#eful to their o'n ends. _9ecuri ad#ersus 3eos$ securi
ad#ersus homines$ #otis non est o"us_$ 'hich ;--..G Tacitus re"orts of some
Germans$ they need not "ray$ fear$ ho"e$ for they are secure$ to their
thin%ing$ both from Gods and men. ulco 2"iliensis$ sometime 3u%e of
;--.?G9ilesia$ 'as such a one to a hair< he li#ed (saith ;--.@GAeneas
9yl#ius) at ;--.-GIratisla#ia$ Land 'as so mad to satisfy his lust$ that he
belie#ed neither hea#en nor hell$ or that the soul 'as immortal$ but
married 'i#es$ and turned them u" as he thought fit$ did murder and
mischief$ and 'hat he list himself.L This du%e hath too many follo'ers in
our days& say 'hat you can$ dehort$ e+hort$ "ersuade to the contrary$ they
are no more mo#ed$--_0uam si dura$ sile+ aut stet Mar"esia cautes_$ than so
many stoc%s$ and stones< tell them of hea#en and hell$ !tis to no "ur"ose$
_laterem la#as_$ they ans'er as Ataliba that Indian "rince did friar
Iincent$ ;--.AGL'hen he brought him a boo%$ and told him all the mysteries
of sal#ation$ hea#en and hell$ 'ere contained in it& he loo%ed u"on it$ and
said he sa' no such matter$ as%ing 'ithal$ ho' he %ne' it&L they 'ill but
scoff at it$ or 'holly reject it. Petronius in Tacitus$ 'hen he 'as no' by
8ero!s command bleeding to death$ _audiebat amicos nihil referentes de
immortalitate animae$ aut sa"ientum "lacitis$ sed le#ia carmina et faciles
#ersus_< instead of good counsel and di#ine meditations$ he made his
friends sing him ba'dy #erses and scurrilous songs. *et them ta%e hea#en$
"aradise$ and that future ha""iness that 'ill$ _bonum est esse hic_$ it is
good being here& there is no tal%ing to such$ no ho"e of their con#ersion$
they are in a re"robate sense$ mere carnalists$ fleshly minded men$ 'hich
ho'soe#er they may be a""lauded in this life by some fe' "arasites$ and
held for 'orldly 'ise men. ;--./GLThey seem to meL (saith Melancthon) Lto
be as mad as 5ercules 'as 'hen he ra#ed and %illed his 'ife and children.L
A milder sort of these atheistical s"irits there are that "rofess religion$
but _timide et haesitanter_$ tem"ted thereunto out of that horrible
consideration of di#ersity of religions$ 'hich are and ha#e been in the
'orld ('hich argument :am"anella$ _Atheismi Trium"hati$ ca". B._ both
urgeth and ans'ers)$ besides the co#etousness$ im"osture$ and %na#ery of
"riests$ _0uae faciunt_ (as ;--.BGPostellus obser#es) _ut rebus sacris
minus faciant fidem_< and those religions some of them so fantastical$
e+orbitant$ so #iolently maintained 'ith e0ual constancy and assurance<
'hence they infer$ that if there be so many religious sects$ and denied by
the rest$ 'hy may they not be all falseN or 'hy should this or that be
"referred before the restN The sce"tics urge this$ and amongst others it is
the conclusion of 9e+tus Em"ericus$ _lib. .. ad#ers. Mathematicos_& after
many "hiloso"hical arguments and reasons "ro and con that there are gods$
and again that there are no gods$ he so concludes$ _cum tot inter se
"ugnent$ Fc. Hna tantum "otest esse #era_$ as Tully li%e'ise dis"utes&
:hristians say$ they alone 'orshi" the true God$ "ity all other sects$
lament their case< and yet those old Gree%s and 1omans that 'orshi""ed the
de#il$ as the :hinese no' do$ _aut deos to"icos_$ their o'n gods< as Dulian
the a"ostate$ ;--?CG:ecilius in Minutius$ :elsus and Por"hyrius the
"hiloso"her object& and as Machia#el contends$ 'ere much more noble$
generous$ #ictorious$ had a more flourishing common'ealth$ better cities$
better soldiers$ better scholars$ better 'its. Their gods o#ercame our
gods$ did as many miracles$ Fc. 9aint :yril$ Arnobius$ Minutius$ 'ith many
other ancients of late$ *essius$ Morneus$ Grotius _de Ierit. 1elig.
:hristianae_$ 9a#anarola _de Ierit. 7idei :hristianae_$ 'ell defend< but
>anchius$ ;--?,G:am"anella$ Marinus Marcennus$ ozius$ and Gentillettus
ans'er all these atheistical arguments at large. ut this again troubles
many as of old$ 'ic%ed men generally thri#e$ "rofessed atheists thri#e$
;--?=G L8ullos esse 3eos$ inane coelum$
Affirmat 9elius& "robat0ue$ 0uod se
7actum$ dum negat haec$ #idet beatum.L
LThere are no gods$ hea#ens are toys$
9elius in "ublic justifies<
ecause that 'hilst he thus denies
Their deities$ he better thri#es.L
This is a "rime argument& and most "art your most sincere$ u"right$ honest$
and ;--?.Ggood men are de"ressed$ LThe race is not to the s'ift$ nor the
battle to the strongL (Eccles. i+. ,,.)$ Lnor yet bread to the 'ise$ fa#our
nor riches to men of understanding$ but time and chance comes to all.L
There 'as a great "lague in Athens (as Thucydides$ _lib. =._ relates)$ in
'hich at last e#ery man$ 'ith great licentiousness$ did 'hat he list$ not
caring at all for God!s or men!s la's. L8either the fear of God nor la's of
menL (saith he) La'ed any man$ because the "lague s'e"t all a'ay ali%e$
good and bad< they thence concluded it 'as ali%e to 'orshi" or not 'orshi"
the gods$ since they "erished all ali%e.L 9ome ca#il and ma%e doubts of
scri"ture itself& it cannot stand 'ith God!s mercy$ that so many should be
damned$ so many bad$ so fe' good$ such ha#e and hold about religions$ all
stiff on their side$ factious ali%e$ thri#e ali%e$ and yet bitterly
"ersecuting and damning each other< LIt cannot stand 'ith God!s goodness$
"rotection$ and "ro#idenceL (as ;--??G9aint :hrysostom in the 3ialect of
such discontented "ersons) Lto see and suffer one man to be lame$ another
mad$ a third "oor and miserable all the days of his life$ a fourth
grie#ously tormented 'ith sic%ness and aches$ to his last hour. Are these
signs and 'or%s of God!s "ro#idence$ to let one man be deaf$ another dumbN
A "oor honest fello' li#es in disgrace$ 'oe and 'ant$ 'retched he is< 'hen
as a 'ic%ed caitiff abounds in su"erfluity of 'ealth$ %ee"s 'hores$
"arasites$ and 'hat he 'ill himself&L _Audis Du"iter haecN Talia multa
connectentes$ longum re"rehensionis sermonem erga 3ei "ro#identiam
conte+unt._ ;--?@GThus they mutter and object (see the rest of their
arguments in Marcennus in Genesin$ and in :am"anella$ am"ly confuted)$ 'ith
many such #ain ca#ils$ 'ell %no'n$ not 'orthy the reca"itulation or
ans'ering& 'hatsoe#er they "retend$ they are _interim_ of little or no
religion.
:ousin-germans to these men are many of our great "hiloso"hers and deists$
'ho$ though they be more tem"erate in this life$ gi#e many good moral
"rece"ts$ honest$ u"right$ and sober in their con#ersation$ yet in effect
they are the same (accounting no man a good scholar that is not an
atheist)$ _nimis altum sa"iunt_$ too much learning ma%es them mad. 4hilst
they attribute all to natural causes$ ;--?-Gcontingence of all things$ as
Melancthon calls them$ _Pertina+ hominum genus_$ a "ee#ish generation of
men$ that misled by "hiloso"hy$ and the de#il!s suggestion$ their o'n
innate blindness$ deny God as much as the rest$ hold all religion a
fiction$ o""osite to reason and "hiloso"hy$ though for fear of magistrates$
saith ;--?AGIaninus$ they durst not "ublicly "rofess it. As% one of them of
'hat religion he is$ he scoffingly re"lies$ a "hiloso"her$ a Galenist$ an
;--?/GA#erroist$ and 'ith 1abelais a "hysician$ a "eri"atetic$ an e"icure.
In s"iritual things God must demonstrate all to sense$ lea#e a "a'n 'ith
them$ or else see% some other creditor. They 'ill ac%no'ledge 8ature and
7ortune$ yet not God& though in effect they grant both& for as 9caliger
defines$ 8ature signifies God!s ordinary "o'er< or$ as :al#in 'rites$
8ature is God!s order$ and so things e+traordinary may be called unnatural&
7ortune his unre#ealed 'ill< and so 'e call things changeable that are
beside reason and e+"ectation. To this "ur"ose ;--?BGMinutius in _2cta#io_$
and ;--@CG 9eneca 'ell discourseth 'ith them$ _lib. ?. de beneficiis$ ca".
@$ -$ A._ LThey do not understand 'hat they say< 'hat is 8ature but GodN
call him 'hat thou 'ilt$ 8ature$ Du"iter$ he hath as many names as offices&
it comes all to one "ass$ God is the fountain of all$ the first Gi#er and
Preser#er$ from 'hom all things de"end$L ;--@,G_a 0uo$ et "er 0uem omnia$
8am 0uocun0ue #ides 3eus est$ 0uocun0ue mo#eris_$ LGod is all in all$ God
is e#ery'here$ in e#ery "lace.L And yet this 9eneca$ that could confute and
blame them$ is all out as much to be blamed and confuted himself$ as mad
himself< for he holds _fatum 9toicum_$ that ine#itable 8ecessity in the
other e+treme$ as those :haldean astrologers of old did$ against 'hom the
"ro"het Deremiah so often thunders$ and those heathen mathematicians$
8igidius 7igulus$ magicians$ and Priscilianists$ 'hom 9t. Austin so eagerly
confutes$ those Arabian 0uestionaries$ 8o#em Dudices$ Albumazer$ 3orotheus$
Fc.$ and our countryman ;--@=GEstuidus$ that ta%e u"on them to define out
of those great conjunction of stars$ 'ith Ptolomeus$ the "eriods of
%ingdoms$ or religions$ of all future accidents$ 'ars$ "lagues$ schisms$
heresies$ and 'hat notN all from stars$ and such things$ saith Maginus$
_Kuae sibi et intelligentiis suis reser#a#it 3eus_$ 'hich God hath reser#ed
to himself and his angels$ they 'ill ta%e u"on them to foretell$ as if
stars 'ere immediate$ ine#itable causes of all future accidents. :aesar
Ianinus$ in his boo% _de admirandis naturae Arcanis$ dial. @=. de
oraculis_$ is more free$ co"ious$ and o"en$ in this e+"lication of this
astrological tenet of Ptolemy$ than any of our modern 'riters$ :ardan
e+ce"ted$ a true disci"le of his master Pom"onatius< according to the
doctrine of Peri"atetics$ he refers all a""aritions$ "rodigies$ miracles$
oracles$ accidents$ alterations of religions$ %ingdoms$ Fc. (for 'hich he
is soundly lashed by Marinus Mercennus$ as 'ell he deser#es)$ to natural
causes (for s"irits he 'ill not ac%no'ledge)$ to that light$ motion$
influences of hea#ens and stars$ and to the intelligences that mo#e the
orbs. _Intelligentia 0uae$ mo#et orbem mediante coelo_$ Fc. Intelligences
do all& and after a long discourse of miracles done of old$ _si haec
daemones "ossint$ cur non et intelligentiae$ coelorum motrices_N And as
these great conjunctions$ as"ects of "lanets$ begin or end$ #ary$ are
#ertical and "redominant$ so ha#e religions$ rites$ ceremonies$ and
%ingdoms their beginning$ "rogress$ "eriods$ _in urbibus$ regibus$
religionibus$ ac in "articularibus hominibus$ haec #era ac manifesta$ sunt$
ut Aristoteles innuere #idetur$ et 0uotidiana docet e+"erientia$ ut
historias "erlegens #idebit< 0uid olim in Gentili lege Do#e sanctius et
illustriusN 0uid nunc #ile magis et e+ecrandumN Ita coelestia cor"ora "ro
mortalium beneficio religiones aedificant$ et cum cessat influ+us$ cessat
le+_$ ;--@.GFc. And because$ according to their tenets$ the 'orld is
eternal$ intelligences eternal$ influences of stars eternal$ %ingdoms$
religions$ alterations shall be li%e'ise eternal$ and run round after many
ages< _At0ue iterum ad Troiam magnus mittetur Achilles< renascentur
religiones$ et ceremoniae$ res humanae in idem recident$ nihil nunc 0uod
non olim fuit$ et "ost saeculorum re#olutiones alias est$ erit$;--@?G Fc.
idem s"ecie_$ saith Ianinus$ _non indi#iduo 0uod Plato significa#it._ These
(saith mine ;--@@Gauthor)$ these are the decrees of Peri"atetics$ 'hich
though I recite$ _in obse0uium :hristianae fidei detestor_$ as I am a
:hristian I detest and hate. Thus Peri"atetics and astrologians held in
former times$ and to this effect of old in 1ome$ saith 3ionysius
5alicarnassus$ _lib. A_$ 'hen those meteors and "rodigies a""eared in the
air$ after the banishment of :oriolanus$ ;--@-G LMen 'ere di#ersely
affected& some said they 'ere God!s just judgments for the e+ecution of
that good man$ some referred all to natural causes$ some to stars$ some
thought they came by chance$ some by necessityL decreed _ab initio_$ and
could not be altered. The t'o last o"inions of necessity and chance 'ere$
it seems$ of greater note than the rest.
;--@AG L9unt 0ui in 7ortunae jam casibus omnia "onunt$
Et mundum credunt nullo rectore mo#eri$
8atura$ #ol#ente #ices$L Fc.
7or the first of chance$ as ;--@/G9allust li%e'ise informeth us$ those old
1omans generally recei#ed< LThey su""osed fortune alone ga#e %ingdoms and
em"ires$ 'ealth$ honours$ offices& and that for t'o causes< first$ because
e#ery 'ic%ed base un'orthy 'retch 'as "referred$ rich$ "otent$ Fc.<
secondly$ because of their uncertainty$ though ne#er so good$ scarce any
one enjoyed them long& but after$ they began u"on better ad#ice to thin%
other'ise$ that e#ery man made his o'n fortune.L The last of 8ecessity 'as
9eneca!s tenet$ that God 'as _alligatus causis secundis_$ so tied to second
causes$ to that ine+orable 8ecessity$ that he could alter nothing of that
'hich 'as once decreed< _sic erat in fatis_$ it cannot be altered$ _semel
jussit$ sem"er "aret 3eus$ nulla #is rum"it$ nullae "reces$ nec i"sum
fulmen_$ God hath once said it$ and it must for e#er stand good$ no
"rayers$ no threats$ nor "o'er$ nor thunder itself can alter it. >eno$
:hrysi""us$ and those other 9toics$ as you may read in Tully _=. de
di#inatione_$ Gellius$ _lib. -. ca". =._ Fc.$ maintained as much. In all
ages$ there ha#e been such$ that either deny God in all$ or in "art< some
deride him$ they could ha#e made a better 'orld$ and ruled it more orderly
themsel#es$ blas"heme him$ derogate at their "leasure from him. !T'as so in
;--@BGPlato!s time$ L9ome say there be no gods$ others that they care not
for men$ a middle sort grant both.L _9i non sit 3eus$ unde malaN si sit
3eus$ unde mala_N 9o :otta argues in Tully$ 'hy made he not all good$ or at
least tenders not the 'elfare of such as are goodN As the 'oman told
Ale+ander$ if he be not at leisure to hear causes$ and redress them$ 'hy
doth he reignN ;---CG9e+tus Em"ericus hath many such arguments. Thus
"er#erse men ca#il. 9o it 'ill e#er be$ some of all sorts$ good$ bad$
indifferent$ true$ false$ zealous$ ambide+ters$ neutralists$ lu%e'arm$
libertines$ atheists$ Fc. They 'ill see these religious sectaries agree
amongst themsel#es$ be reconciled all$ before they 'ill "artici"ate 'ith$
or belie#e any& they thin% in the meantime ('hich ;---,G:elsus objects$ and
'hom 2rigen confutes)$ L4e :hristians adore a "erson "ut to ;---=Gdeath
'ith no more reason than the barbarous Getes 'orshi""ed >amol+is$ the
:ilicians Mo"sus$ the Thebans Am"hiaraus$ and the *ebadians Tro"honius< one
religion is as true as another$ ne' fangled de#ices$ all for human
res"ects<L great-'itted Aristotle!s 'or%s are as much authentical to them
as 9cri"tures$ subtle 9eneca!s E"istles as canonical as 9t. Paul!s$
Pindarus! 2des as good as the Pro"het 3a#id!s Psalms$ E"ictetus!
Enchiridion e0ui#alent to 'ise 9olomon!s Pro#erbs. They do o"enly and
boldly s"ea% this and more$ some of them$ in all "laces and com"anies.
;---.GL:laudius the em"eror 'as angry 'ith 5ea#en$ because it thundered$
and challenged Du"iter into the field< 'ith 'hat madnessO saith 9eneca< he
thought Du"iter could not hurt him$ but he could hurt Du"iter.L 3iagoras$
3emona+$ E"icurus$ Pliny$ *ucian$ *ucretius$--_:ontem"tor0ue 3eum
Mezentius_$ L"rofessed atheists allL in their times& though not sim"le
atheists neither$ as :icogna "ro#es$ _lib. ,. ca". ,._ they scoffed only at
those Pagan gods$ their "lurality$ base and fictitious offices. Gilbertus
:ognatus labours much$ and so doth Erasmus$ to #indicate *ucian from
scandal$ and there be those that a"ologise for E"icurus$ but all in #ain<
*ucian scoffs at all$ E"icurus he denies all$ and *ucretius his scholar
defends him in it&
;---?G L5umana ante oculua foede cum #ita jaceret
In terris o""ressa gra#i cum religione$
Kuae ca"ut a coeli regionibus ostendebat$
5orribili su"er as"ectu mortalibus instans$L Fc.
L4hen human %ind 'as drench!d in su"erstition$
4ith ghastly loo%s aloft$ 'hich frighted mortal men$L Fc.
5e alone$ li%e another 5ercules$ did #indicate the 'orld from that monster.
Hncle ;---@GPliny$ _lib. =. ca". A. nat. hist._ and _lib. A. ca". @@_$ in
e+"ress 'ords denies the immortality of the soul. ;----G9eneca doth little
less$ _lib. A. e"ist. @@. ad *ucilium$ et lib. de consol. ad Martiam_$ or
rather more. 9ome Gree% :ommentators 'ould "ut as much u"on Dob$ that he
should deny resurrection$ Fc.$ 'hom Pineda co"iously confutes in _ca". A.
Dob$ #ers. B._ Aristotle is hardly censured of some$ both di#ines and
"hiloso"hers. 9t. Dustin _in Peraenetica ad Gentes_$ Greg. 8azianzen. _in
dis"ut. ad#ersus Eun._$ Theodoret$ _lib. @. de curat. graec. affec._$
2rigen. _lib. de "rinci"iis_. Pom"onatius justifies in his Tract (so styled
at least) _3e immortalitate Animae_$ 9caliger ('ho 'ould fors'ear himself
at any time$ saith Patritius$ in defence of his great master Aristotle)$
and 3andinus$ _lib. .. de anima_$ ac%no'ledge as much. A#erroes o""ugns all
s"irits and su"reme "o'ers< of late runus (_infeli+ runus_$ ;---AG6e"ler
calls him)$ Machia#el$ :aesar Ianinus lately burned at Toulouse in 7rance$
and Pet. Aretine$ ha#e "ublicly maintained such atheistical "arado+es$
;---/G'ith that Italian occaccio 'ith his fable of three rings$ Fc.$ _e+
0uo infert haud "osse internosci$ 0uae sit #erior religio$ Dudaica$
Mahometana$ an :hristiana$ 0uoniam eadem signa_$ Fc.$ Lfrom 'hich he
infers$ that it cannot be distinguished 'hich is the true religion$
Dudaism$ Mahommedanism$ or :hristianity$L Fc. ;---BGMarinus Mercennus
sus"ects :ardan for his subtleties$ :am"anella$ and :harron!s oo% of
4isdom$ 'ith some other Tracts$ to sa#our of ;--ACGatheism& but amongst the
rest that "estilent boo% _de tribus mundi im"ostoribus_$ _0uem sine horrore
(in0uit) non legas$ et mundi :ymbalum dialogis 0uatuor contentum$ anno
,@./$ auctore Peresio$ Parisiis e+cusum_$ ;--A,GFc. And as there ha#e been
in all ages such blas"hemous s"irits$ so there ha#e not been 'anting their
"atrons$ "rotectors$ disci"les and adherents. 8e#er so many atheists in
Italy and Germany$ saith ;--A=G:olerus$ as in this age& the li%e com"laint
Mercennus ma%es in 7rance$ @C$CCC in that one city of Paris. 7rederic the
Em"eror$ as ;--A.GMatthe' Paris records _licet non sit recitabile_ (I use
his o'n 'ords) is re"orted to ha#e said$ _Tres "raestigiatores$ Moses$
:hristus$ et Mahomet$ uti mundo dominarentur$ totum "o"ulum sibi
contem"oraneum se du+isse._ (5enry$ the *andgra#e of 5esse$ heard him s"ea%
it$) _9i "rinci"es im"erii institutioni meae adhaererent$ ego multo
meliorem modum credendi et #i#endi ordinarem._
To these "rofessed atheists$ 'e may 'ell add that im"ious and carnal cre'
of 'orldly-minded men$ im"enitent sinners$ that go to hell in a lethargy$
or in a dream< 'ho though they be "rofessed :hristians$ yet they 'ill
_nulla "allescere cul"a_$ ma%e a conscience of nothing they do$ they ha#e
cauterised consciences$ and are indeed in a re"robate sense$ L"ast all
feeling$ ha#e gi#en themsel#es o#er to 'antonness$ to 'or% all manner of
uncleanness e#en 'ith greediness$L E"hes. i#. ,B. They do %no' there is a
God$ a day of judgment to come$ and yet for all that$ as 5ugo saith$ _ita
comedunt ac dormiunt$ ac si diem judicii e#asissent< ita ludunt ac rident$
ac si in coelis cum 3eo regnarent_& they are as merry for all the sorro'$
as if they had esca"ed all dangers$ and 'ere in hea#en already&
;--A?G ------LMetus omnes$ et ine+orabile fatum
9ubjecit "edibus$ stre"itum0ue Acherontis a#ari.L
Those rude idiots and ignorant "ersons$ that neglect and contemn the means
of their sal#ation$ may march on 'ith these< but abo#e all others$ those
5erodian tem"orizing statesmen$ "olitical Machia#ellians and hy"ocrites$
that ma%e a sho' of religion$ but in their hearts laugh at it. _9imulata
sanctitas du"le+ ini0uitas_< they are in a double fault$ Lthat fashion
themsel#es to this 'orld$L 'hich ;--A@GPaul forbids$ and li%e Mercury$ the
"lanet$ are good 'ith good$ bad 'ith bad. 4hen they are at 1ome$ they do
there as they see done$ "uritans 'ith "uritans$ "a"ists 'ith "a"ists<
_omnium horarum homines_$ formalists$ ambide+ters$ lu%e'arm *aodiceans.
;--A-GAll their study is to "lease$ and their god is their commodity$ their
labour to satisfy their lusts$ and their endea#ours to their o'n ends.
4hatsoe#er they "retend$ or in "ublic seem to do$ ;--AAGL4ith the fool in
their hearts$ they say there is no God.L _5eus tu--de Do#e 0uid sentis_N
L5ulloaO 'hat is your o"inion about a Du"iterNL Their 'ords are as soft as
oil$ but bitterness is in their hearts< li%e ;--A/GAle+ander II. so cunning
dissemblers$ that 'hat they thin% they ne#er s"ea%. Many of them are so
close$ you can hardly discern it$ or ta%e any just e+ce"tions at them< they
are not factious$ o""ressors as most are$ no bribers$ no simoniacal
contractors$ no such ambitious$ lasci#ious "ersons as some others are$ no
drun%ards$ _sobrii solem #ident orientem$ sobrii #ident occidentem_$ they
rise sober$ and go sober to bed$ "lain dealing$ u"right$ honest men$ they
do 'rong to no man$ and are so re"uted in the 'orld!s esteem at least$ #ery
zealous in religion$ #ery charitable$ mee%$ humble$ "eace-ma%ers$ %ee" all
duties$ #ery de#out$ honest$ 'ell s"o%en of$ belo#ed of all men& but he
that %no's better ho' to judge$ he that e+amines the heart$ saith they are
hy"ocrites$ _:or dolo "lenum< sonant #itium "ercussa maligne_$ they are not
sound 'ithin. As it is 'ith 'riters ;--ABGoftentimes$ _Plus sanctimoniae$
in libello$ 0uam libelli auctore_$ more holiness is in the boo% than in the
author of it& so !tis 'ith them& many come to church 'ith great ibles$
'hom :ardan said he could not choose but laugh at$ and 'ill no' and then
_dare o"eram Augustino_$ read Austin$ fre0uent sermons$ and yet "rofessed
usurers$ mere gri"es$ _tota #itae ratio e"icurea est_< all their life is
e"icurism and atheism$ come to church all day$ and lie 'ith a courtesan at
night. _Kui curios simulant et acchanalia #i#unt_$ they ha#e Esau!s hands$
and Dacob!s #oice& yea$ and many of those holy friars$ sanctified men$
:a""am$ saith 5ierom$ _et cilicium induunt$ sed intus latronem tegunt._
They are 'ol#es in shee"!s clothing$ _Introrsum tur"es$ s"eciosi "elle
decora_$ L7air 'ithout$ and most foul 'ithin.L ;--/CG_*atet "lerum0ue sub
tristi amictu lasci#ia$ et deformis horror #ili #este tegitur_< ofttimes
under a mourning 'eed lies lust itself$ and horrible #ices under a "oor
coat. ut 'ho can e+amine all those %inds of hy"ocrites$ or di#e into their
heartsN Gf 'e may guess at the tree by the fruit$ ne#er so many as in these
days< sho' me a "lain-dealing true honest man& _Et "udor$ et "robitas$ et
timor omnis abest._ 5e that shall but loo% into their li#es$ and see such
enormous #ices$ men so immoderate in lust$ uns"ea%able in malice$ furious
in their rage$ flattering and dissembling (all for their o'n ends) 'ill
surely thin% they are not truly religious$ but of an obdurate heart$ most
"art in a re"robate sense$ as in this age. ut let them carry it as they
'ill for the "resent$ dissemble as they can$ a time 'ill come 'hen they
shall be called to an account$ their melancholy is at hand$ they "ull a
"lague and curse u"on their o'n heads$ _thesaurisant iram 3ei._ esides all
such as are _in deos contumeliosi_$ blas"heme$ contemn$ neglect God$ or
scoff at him$ as the "oets feign of 9almoneus$ that 'ould in derision
imitate Du"iter!s thunder$ he 'as "reci"itated for his "ains$ Du"iter
_intonuit contra_$ Fc. so shall they certainly rue it in the end$
(;--/,G_in se s"uit$ 0ui in coelum s"uit_)$ their doom!s at hand$ and hell
is ready to recei#e them.
9ome are of o"inion$ that it is in #ain to dis"ute 'ith such atheistical
s"irits in the meantime$ !tis not the best 'ay to reclaim them. Atheism$
idolatry$ heresy$ hy"ocrisy$ though they ha#e one common root$ that is
indulgence to corru"t affection$ yet their gro'th is different$ they ha#e
di#ers sym"toms$ occasions$ and must ha#e se#eral cures and remedies. !Tis
true some deny there is any God$ some confess$ yet belie#e it not< a third
sort confess and belie#e$ but 'ill not li#e after his la's$ 'orshi" and
obey him& others allo' God and gods subordinate$ but not one God$ no such
general God$ _non talem deum_$ but se#eral to"ic gods for se#eral "laces$
and those not to "ersecute one another for any difference$ as 9ocinus 'ill$
but rather lo#e and cherish.
To describe them in "articular$ to "roduce their arguments and reasons$
'ould re0uire a just #olume$ I refer them therefore that e+"ect a more
am"le satisfaction$ to those subtle and elaborate treatises$ de#out and
famous tracts of our learned di#ines (schoolmen amongst the rest$ and
casuists) that ha#e abundance of reasons to "ro#e there is a God$ the
immortality of the soul$ Fc.$ out of the strength of 'it and "hiloso"hy
bring irrefragable arguments to such as are ingenuous and 'ell dis"osed< at
the least$ ans'er all ca#ils and objections to confute their folly and
madness$ and to reduce them$ _si fieri "osset$ ad sanam mentem_$ to a
better mind$ though to small "ur"ose many times. Amongst others consult
'ith Dulius :aesar *agalla$ "rofessor of "hiloso"hy in 1ome$ 'ho hath
'ritten a large #olume of late to confute atheists& of the immortality of
the soul$ 5ierom. Montanus _de immortalitate Animae_& *elius Iincentius of
the same subject& Thomas Giaminus$ and 7ranciscus :ollius _de Paganorum
animabus "ost mortem_$ a famous doctor of the Ambrosian :ollege in Milan.
isho" 7otherby in his Atheomasti+$ 3octor 3o#e$ 3octor Dac%son$ Abernethy$
:orderoy$ ha#e 'ritten 'ell of this subject in our mother tongue& in *atin$
:olerus$ >anchius$ Palearius$ Illyricus$ ;--/=GPhili""us$ 7aber 7a#entinus$
Fc. ut _instar omnium_$ the most co"ious confuter of atheists is Marinus
Mercennus in his :ommentaries on Genesis& ;--/.G'ith :am"anella!s Atheismus
Trium"hatus. 5e sets do'n at large the causes of this brutish "assion$
(se#enteen in number I ta%e it) ans'ers all their arguments and so"hisms$
'hich he reduceth to t'enty-si+ heads$ "ro#ing 'ithal his o'n assertion<
LThere is a God$ such a God$ the true and sole God$L by thirty-fi#e
reasons. 5is :olo"hon is ho' to resist and re"ress atheism$ and to that
"ur"ose he adds four es"ecial means or 'ays$ 'hich 'ho so 'ill may
"rofitably "eruse.
9H9E:T. II.--_3es"air. 3es"airs$ E0ui#ocations$ 3efinitions$ Parties and
Parts affected_.
There be many %inds of des"eration$ 'hereof some be holy$ some unholy$ as
;--/?Gone distinguisheth< that unholy he defines out of Tully to be
_Aegritudinem animi sine ulla rerum e+"ectatione meliore_$ a sic%ness of
the soul 'ithout any ho"e or e+"ectation of amendment< 'hich commonly
succeeds fear< for 'hilst e#il is e+"ected$ 'e fear& but 'hen it is
certain$ 'e des"air. According to Thomas _=. =ae. distinct. ?C. art. ?._ it
is _1ecessus a re desiderata$ "ro"ter im"ossibilitatem e+istimatam_$ a
restraint from the thing desired$ for some im"ossibility su""osed. ecause
they cannot obtain 'hat they 'ould$ they become des"erate$ and many times
either yield to the "assion by death itself$ or else attem"t
im"ossibilities$ not to be "erformed by men. In some cases$ this des"erate
humour is not much to be discommended$ as in 'ars it is a cause many times
of e+traordinary #alour< as Dose"h$ _lib. ,. de bello Dud. ca". ,?._ *.
3anaeus _in A"horis. "olit. "ag. ==-._ and many "oliticians hold. It ma%es
them im"ro#e their 'orth beyond itself$ and of a forlorn im"otent com"any
become con0uerors in a moment. _Hna salus #ictis nullam s"erare salutem_$
Lthe only ho"e for the con0uered is des"air.L In such courses 'hen they see
no remedy$ but that they must either %ill or be %illed$ they ta%e courage$
and oftentimes$ _"raeter s"em_$ beyond all ho"e #indicate themsel#es.
7ifteen thousand *ocrenses fought against a hundred thousand :rotonienses$
and seeing no' no 'ay but one$ they must all die$ ;--/@Gthought they 'ould
not de"art unre#enged$ and thereu"on des"erately gi#ing an assault$
con0uered their enemies. _8ec alia causa #ictoriae_$ (saith Dustin mine
author) _0uam 0uod des"era#erant._ 4illiam the :on0ueror$ 'hen he first
landed in England$ sent bac% his shi"s$ that his soldiers might ha#e no
ho"e of retiring bac%. ;--/-Godine e+cuseth his countrymen!s o#erthro' at
that famous battle at Agincourt$ in 5enry the 7ifth his time$ (_cui
simile_$ saith 7roissard$ _tota historia "roducere non "ossit_$ 'hich no
history can "arallel almost$ 'herein one handful of Englishmen o#erthre' a
royal army of 7renchmen) 'ith this refuge of des"air$ _"auci des"erati_$ a
fe' des"erate fello's being com"assed in by their enemies$ "ast all ho"e of
life$ fought li%e so many de#ils< and gi#es a caution$ that no soldiers
hereafter set u"on des"erate "ersons$ 'hich ;--/AGafter 7rontinus and
Iigetius$ Guicciardini li%e'ise admonisheth$ _5y"omnes. "art. =. "ag. =@._
not to sto" an enemy that is going his 'ay. Many such %inds there are of
des"eration$ 'hen men are "ast ho"e of obtaining any suit$ or in des"air of
better fortune< _3es"eratio facit monachum_$ as the saying is$ and
des"eration causeth death itself< ho' many thousands in such distress ha#e
made a'ay themsel#es$ and many othersN 7or he that cares not for his o'n$
is master of another man!s life. A Tuscan soothsayer$ as ;--//GPaterculus
tells the story$ "ercei#ing himself and 7ul#ius 7laccus his dear friend$
no' both carried to "rison by 2"imius$ and in des"air of "ardon$ seeing the
young man 'ee"$ _0uin tu "otius hoc in0uit facis_$ do as I do< and 'ith
that %noc%ed out his brains against the door-chee%$ as he 'as entering into
"rison$ _"rotinus0ue illiso ca"ite in ca"ite in carceris januam effuso
cerebro e+"ira#it_$ and so des"erate died. ut these are e0ui#ocal$
im"ro"er. L4hen I s"ea% of des"air$L saith ;--/BG>anchie$ LI s"ea% not of
e#ery %ind$ but of that alone 'hich concerns God. It is o""osite to ho"e$
and a most "ernicious sin$ 'here'ith the de#il see%s to entra" men.L
Musculus ma%es four %inds of des"eration$ of God$ oursel#es$ our neighbour$
or anything to be done< but this di#ision of his may be reduced easily to
the former& all %inds are o""osite to ho"e$ that s'eet moderator of
"assions$ as 9imonides calls it< I do not mean that #ain ho"e 'hich
fantastical fello's feign to themsel#es$ 'hich according to Aristotle is
_insomnium #igilantium_$ a 'a%ing dream< but this di#ine ho"e 'hich
"roceeds from confidence$ and is an anchor to a floating soul< _s"es alit
agricolas_$ e#en in our tem"oral affairs$ ho"e re#i#es us$ but in s"iritual
it farther animateth< and 'ere it not for ho"e$ L'e of all others 'ere the
most miserable$L as Paul saith$ in this life< 'ere it not for ho"e$ the
heart 'ould brea%< Lfor though they be "unished in the sight of men$L
(4isdom iii. ?.) yet is Ltheir ho"e full of immortality&L yet doth it not
so rear$ as des"air doth deject< this #iolent and sour "assion of des"air$
is of all "erturbations most grie#ous$ as ;--BCGPatritius holds. 9ome
di#ide it into final and tem"oral< ;--B,Gfinal is incurable$ 'hich
befalleth re"robates< tem"oral is a rejection of ho"e and comfort for a
time$ 'hich may befall the best of God!s children$ and it commonly "roceeds
;--B=GLfrom 'ea%ness of faith$L as in 3a#id 'hen he 'as o""ressed he cried
out$ L2 *ord$ thou hast forsa%en me$L but this for a time. This ebbs and
flo's 'ith ho"e and fear< it is a grie#ous sin ho'soe#er& although some
%ind of des"air be not amiss$ 'hen$ saith >anchius$ 'e des"air of our o'n
means$ and rely 'holly u"on God& but that s"ecies is not here meant. This
"ernicious %ind of des"eration is the subject of our discourse$ _homicida
animae_$ the murderer of the soul$ as Austin terms it$ a fearful "assion$
'herein the "arty o""ressed thin%s he can get no ease but by death$ and is
fully resol#ed to offer #iolence unto himself< so sensible of his burthen$
and im"atient of his cross$ that he ho"es by death alone to be freed of his
calamity (though it "ro#e other'ise)$ and chooseth 'ith Dob #i. /. B. +#ii.
@. L1ather to be strangled and die$ than to be in his bonds.L ;--B.GThe
"art affected is the 'hole soul$ and all the faculties of it< there is a
"ri#ation of joy$ ho"e$ trust$ confidence$ of "resent and future good$ and
in their "lace succeed fear$ sorro'$ Fc. as in the sym"toms shall be sho'n.
The heart is grie#ed$ the conscience 'ounded$ the mind ecli"sed 'ith blac%
fumes arising from those "er"etual terrors.
9H9E:T. III.--_:auses of 3es"air$ the 3e#il$ Melancholy$ Meditation$
3istrust$ 4ea%ness of 7aith$ 1igid Ministers$ Misunderstanding 9cri"tures$
Guilty :onsciences$ Fc._
The "rinci"al agent and "rocurer of this mischief is the de#il< those 'hom
God forsa%es$ the de#il by his "ermission lays hold on. 9ometimes he
"ersecutes them 'ith that 'orm of conscience$ as he did Dudas$ ;--B?G9aul$
and others. The "oets call it 8emesis$ but it is indeed God!s just
judgment$ _sero sed serio_$ he stri%es home at last$ and setteth u"on them
Las a thief in the night$L , Thes. ii. ;--B@GThis tem"orary "assion made
3a#id cry out$ L*ord$ rebu%e me not in thine anger$ neither chasten me in
thine hea#y dis"leasure< for thine arro's ha#e light u"on me$ Fc. there is
nothing sound in my flesh$ because of thine anger.L Again$ I roar for the
#ery grief of my heart& and Psalm ++ii. LMy God$ my God$ 'hy hast thou
forsa%en me$ and art so far from my health$ and the 'ords of my cryingN I
am li%e to 'ater "oured out$ my bones are out of joint$ mine heart is li%e
'a+$ that is molten in the midst of my bo'els.L 9o Psalm l+++#iii. ,@ and
,- #ers. and Psalm cii. LI am in misery at the "oint of death$ from my
youth I suffer thy terrors$ doubting for my life< thine indignations ha#e
gone o#er me$ and thy fear hath cut me off.L Dob doth often com"lain in
this %ind< and those God doth not assist$ the de#il is ready to try and
torment$ Lstill see%ing 'hom he may de#our.L If he find them merry$ saith
Gregory$ Lhe tem"ts them forth'ith to some dissolute act< if "ensi#e and
sad$ to a des"erate end.L _Aut suadendo blanditur$ aut minando terret_$
sometimes by fair means$ sometimes again by foul$ as he "ercei#es men
se#erally inclined. 5is ordinary engine by 'hich he "roduceth this effect$
is the melancholy humour itself$ 'hich is _balneum diaboli_$ the de#il!s
bath< and as in 9aul$ those e#il s"irits get in ;--B-Gas it 'ere$ and ta%e
"ossession of us. lac% choler is a shoeing-horn$ a bait to allure them$
insomuch that many 'riters ma%e melancholy an ordinary cause$ and a sym"tom
of des"air$ for that such men are most a"t$ by reason of their ill-dis"osed
tem"er$ to distrust$ fear$ grief$ mista%e$ and am"lify 'hatsoe#er they
"re"osterously concei#e$ or falsely a""rehend. _:onscientia scru"ulosa
nascitur e+ #itio naturali$ com"le+ione melancholica_ (saith 8a#arrus _ca".
=A. num. =/=. tom. =. cas. conscien._) The body 'or%s u"on the mind$ by
obfuscating the s"irits and corru"ted instruments$ 'hich ;--BAGPer%ins
illustrates by simile of an artificer$ that hath a bad tool$ his s%ill is
good$ ability corres"ondent$ by reason of ill tools his 'or% must needs be
lame and im"erfect. ut melancholy and des"air$ though often$ do not al'ays
concur< there is much difference& melancholy fears 'ithout a cause$ this
u"on great occasion< melancholy is caused by fear and grief$ but this
torment "rocures them and all e+tremity of bitterness< much melancholy is
'ithout affliction of conscience$ as ;--B/Gright and Per%ins illustrate by
four reasons< and yet melancholy alone may be sometimes a sufficient cause
of this terror of conscience. ;--BBG7eli+ Plater so found it in his
obser#ations$ _e melancholicis alii damnatos se "utant$ 3eo curae$ non
sunt$ nec "raedestinati_$ Fc. LThey thin% they are not "redestinate$ God
hath forsa%en them<L and yet other'ise #ery zealous and religious< and !tis
common to be seen$ Lmelancholy for fear of God!s judgment and hell-fire$
dri#es men to des"eration< fear and sorro'$ if they be immoderate$ end
often 'ith it.L Intolerable "ain and anguish$ long sic%ness$ ca"ti#ity$
misery$ loss of goods$ loss of friends$ and those lesser griefs$ do
sometimes effect it$ or such dismal accidents. _9i non statim rele#antur_$
;-ACCGMercennus$ _dubitant an sit 3eus_$ if they be not eased forth'ith$
they doubt 'hether there be any God$ they ra#e$ curse$ Land are des"erately
mad because good men are o""ressed$ 'ic%ed men flourish$ they ha#e not as
they thin% to their desert$L and through im"atience of calamities are so
misaffected. 3emocritus "ut out his eyes$ _ne malorum ci#ium "ros"eros
#ideret successus_$ because he could not abide to see 'ic%ed men "ros"er$
and 'as therefore ready to ma%e a'ay himself$ as ;-AC,GAgellius 'rites of
him. 7eli+ Plater hath a memorable e+am"le in this %ind$ of a "ainter!s
'ife in asil$ that 'as melancholy for her son!s death$ and for melancholy
became des"erate< she thought God 'ould not "ardon her sins$ ;-AC=GLand for
four months still ra#ed$ that she 'as in hell-fire$ already damned.L 4hen
the humour is stirred u"$ e#ery small object aggra#ates and incenseth it$
as the "arties are addicted. ;-AC.GThe same author hath an e+am"le of a
merchant man$ that for the loss of a little 'heat$ 'hich he had o#er long
%e"t$ 'as troubled in conscience$ for that he had not sold it sooner$ or
gi#en it to the "oor$ yet a good scholar and a great di#ine< no "ersuasion
'ould ser#e to the contrary$ but that for this fact he 'as damned& in other
matters Iery judicious and discreet. 9olitariness$ much fasting$ di#ine
meditation$ and contem"lations of God!s judgments$ most "art accom"any this
melancholy$ and are main causes$ as ;-AC?G8a#arrus holds< to con#erse 'ith
such %inds of "ersons so troubled$ is sufficient occasion of trouble to
some men. _8onnulli ob longas inedias$ studia et meditationes coelestes$ de
rebus sacris et religione sem"er agitant_$ Fc. Many$ (saith P. 7orestus)
through long fasting$ serious meditations of hea#enly things$ fall into
such fits< and as *emnius adds$ _lib. ?. ca". =,_$ ;-AC@GLIf they be
solitary gi#en$ su"erstitious$ "recise$ or #ery de#out& seldom shall you
find a merchant$ a soldier$ an inn%ee"er$ a ba'd$ a host$ a usurer$ so
troubled in mind$ they ha#e che#erel consciences that 'ill stretch$ they
are seldom mo#ed in this %ind or molested& young men and middle age are
more 'ild and less a""rehensi#e< but old fol%s$ most "art$ such as are
timorous and religiously gi#en.L Pet. 7orestus _obser#at. lib. ,C. ca". ,=.
de morbis cerebri_$ hath a fearful e+am"le of a minister$ that through
"recise fasting in *ent$ and o#ermuch meditation$ contracted this mischief$
and in the end became des"erate$ thought he sa' de#ils in his chamber$ and
that he could not be sa#ed< he smelled nothing$ as he said$ but fire and
brimstone$ 'as already in hell$ and 'ould as% them$ still$ if they did not
;-AC-Gsmell as much. I told him he 'as melancholy$ but he laughed me to
scorn$ and re"lied that he sa' de#ils$ tal%ed 'ith them in good earnest$
4ould s"it in my face$ and as% me if , did not smell brimstone$ but at last
he 'as by him cured. 9uch another story I find in Plater _obser#at. lib.
,._ A "oor fello' had done some foul offence$ and for fourteen days 'ould
eat no meat$ in the end became des"erate$ the di#ines about him could not
ease him$ ;-ACAGbut so he died. :ontinual meditation of God!s judgments
troubles many$ _Multi ob timorem futuri judicii_$ saith Guatinerius _ca".
@. tract. ,@._ _et sus"icionem des"erabundi sunt._ 3a#id himself com"lains
that God!s judgments terrified his soul$ Psalm c+i+. "art. ,-. #ers. /. LMy
flesh trembleth for fear of thee$ and I am afraid of thy judgments.L
_Kuoties diem illum cogito_ (saith ;-AC/G5ierome) _toto cor"ore
contremisco_$ I tremble as often as I thin% of it. The terrible meditation
of hell-fire and eternal "unishment much torments a sinful silly soul.
4hat!s a thousand years to eternityN _Hbi moeror$ ubi fletus$ ubi dolor
sem"iternus. Mors sine morte$ finis sine fine_< a finger burnt by chance 'e
may not endure$ the "ain is so grie#ous$ 'e may not abide an hour$ a night
is intolerable< and 'hat shall this uns"ea%able fire then be that burns for
e#er$ innumerable infinite millions of years$ _in omne ae#um in aeternum._
2 eternityO
;-ACBG LAeternitas est illa #o+$
Io+ illa fulminatri+$
Tonitruis minacior$
7ragoribus0ue coeli$
Aeternitas est illa #o+$
--meta carens et orta$ Fc.
Tormenta nulla territant$
Kuae finiuntur annis<
Aeternitas$ aeternitas
Iersat co0uil0ue "ectus.
Auget haec "oenas indies$
:entu"licat0ue flammas$L Fc.
This meditation terrifies these "oor distressed souls$ es"ecially if their
bodies be "redis"osed by melancholy$ they religiously gi#en$ and ha#e
tender consciences$ e#ery small object affrights them$ the #ery
inconsiderate reading of 9cri"ture itself$ and misinter"retation of some
"laces of it< as$ LMany are called$ fe' are chosen. 8ot e#ery one that
saith *ord. 7ear not little floc%. 5e that stands$ let him ta%e heed lest
he fall. 4or% out your sal#ation 'ith fear and trembling$ That night t'o
shall be in a bed$ one recei#ed$ the other left. 9trait is the 'ay that
leads to hea#en$ and fe' there are that enter therein.L The "arable of the
seed and of the so'er$ Lsome fell on barren ground$ some 'as cho%ed. 4hom
he hath "redestinated he hath chosen. 5e 'ill ha#e mercy on 'hom he 'ill
ha#e mercy.L _8on est #olentis nec currentis$ sed miserentis 3ei._ These
and the li%e "laces terrify the souls of many< election$ "redestination$
re"robation$ "re"osterously concei#ed$ offend di#ers$ 'ith a deal of
foolish "resum"tion$ curiosity$ needless s"eculation$ contem"lation$
solicitude$ 'herein they trouble and "uzzle themsel#es about those
0uestions of grace$ free 'ill$ "erse#erance$ God!s secrets< they 'ill %no'
more than is re#ealed of God in his 'ord$ human ca"acity$ or ignorance can
a""rehend$ and too im"ortunate in0uiry after that 'hich is re#ealed<
mysteries$ ceremonies$ obser#ation of 9abbaths$ la's$ duties$ Fc.$ 'ith
many such 'hich the casuists discuss$ and schoolmen broach$ 'hich di#ers
mista%e$ misconstrue$ misa""ly to themsel#es$ to their o'n undoing$ and so
fall into this gulf. LThey doubt of their election$ ho' they shall %no'$
it$ by 'hat signs. And so far forth$L saith *uther$ L'ith such nice "oints$
torture and crucify themsel#es$ that they are almost mad$ and all they get
by it is this$ they lay o"en a ga" to the de#il by des"eration to carry
them to hell<L but the greatest harm of all "roceeds from those thundering
ministers$ a most fre0uent cause they are of this malady& ;-A,CGLand do
more harm in the churchL (saith Erasmus) Lthan they that flatter< great
danger on both sides$ the one lulls them aslee" in carnal security$ the
other dri#es them to des"air.L 4hereas$ ;-A,,G9t. ernard 'ell ad#iseth$
L4e should not meddle 'ith the one 'ithout the other$ nor s"ea% of judgment
'ithout mercy< the one alone brings des"eration$ the other security.L ut
these men are 'holly for judgment< of a rigid dis"osition themsel#es$ there
is no mercy 'ith them$ no sal#ation$ no balsam for their diseased souls$
they can s"ea% of nothing but re"robation$ hell-fire$ and damnation< as
they did *u%e +i. ?-. lade men 'ith burdens grie#ous to be borne$ 'hich
they themsel#es touch not 'ith a finger. !Tis familiar 'ith our "a"ists to
terrify men!s souls 'ith "urgatory$ tales$ #isions$ a""aritions$ to daunt
e#en the most generous s"irits$ Lto ;-A,=Gre0uire charity$L as rentius
obser#es$ Lof others$ bounty$ mee%ness$ lo#e$ "atience$ 'hen they
themsel#es breathe nought but lust$ en#y$ co#etousness.L They teach others
to fast$ gi#e alms$ do "enance$ and crucify their mind 'ith su"erstitious
obser#ations$ bread and 'ater$ hair clothes$ 'hi"s$ and the li%e$ 'hen they
themsel#es ha#e all the dainties the 'orld can afford$ lie on a do'n-bed
'ith a courtesan in their arms& _5eu 0uantum "atimur "ro :hristo_$ as
;-A,.Ghe said$ 'hat a cruel tyranny is this$ so to insult o#er and terrify
men!s soulsO 2ur indiscreet "astors many of them come not far behind$
'hilst in their ordinary sermons they s"ea% so much of election$
"redestination$ re"robation$ _ab aeterno_$ subtraction of grace$
"reterition$ #oluntary "ermission$ Fc.$ by 'hat signs and to%ens they shall
discern and try themsel#es$ 'hether they be God!s true children elect$ _an
sint re"robi$ "raedestinati_$ Fc.$ 'ith such scru"ulous "oints$ they still
aggra#ate sin$ thunder out God!s judgments 'ithout res"ect$ intem"esti#ely
rail at and "ronounce them damned in all auditories$ for gi#ing so much to
s"orts and honest recreations$ ma%ing e#ery small fault and thing
indifferent an irremissible offence$ they so rent$ tear and 'ound men!s
consciences$ that they are almost mad$ and at their 'its! end.
LThese bitter "otionsL (saith ;-A,?GErasmus) Lare still in their mouths$
nothing but gall and horror$ and a mad noise$ they ma%e all their auditors
des"erate&L many are 'ounded by this means$ and they commonly that are most
de#out and "recise$ ha#e been formerly "resum"tuous$ and certain of their
sal#ation< they that ha#e tender consciences$ that follo' sermons$ fre0uent
lectures$ that ha#e indeed least cause$ they are most a"t to mista%e$ and
fall into these miseries. I ha#e heard some com"lain of Parson!s
1esolution$ and other boo%s of li%e nature (good other'ise)$ they are too
tragical$ too much dejecting men$ aggra#ating offences& great care and
choice$ much discretion is re0uired in this %ind.
The last and greatest cause of this malady$ is our o'n conscience$ sense of
our sins$ and God!s anger justly deser#ed$ a guilty conscience for some
foul offence formerly committed$--;-A,@G2 _miser 2reste$ 0uid morbi te
"erdit_N 2r& _:onscientia$ 9um enim mihi conscius de malis
"er"etratis_.;-A,-G LA good conscience is a continual feast$L but a galled
conscience is as great a torment as can "ossibly ha""en$ a still ba%ing
o#en$ (so Pierius in his 5ierogly"h$ com"ares it) another hell. 2ur
conscience$ 'hich is a great ledger boo%$ 'herein are 'ritten all our
offences$ a register to lay them u"$ ('hich those ;-A,AGEgy"tians in their
hierogly"hics e+"ressed by a mill$ as 'ell for the continuance$ as for the
torture of it) grinds our souls 'ith the remembrance of some "recedent
sins$ ma%es us reflect u"on$ accuse and condemn our o'n sel#es. ;-A,/GL9in
lies at door$L Fc. I %no' there be many other causes assigned by >anchius$
;-A,BGMusculus$ and the rest< as incredulity$ infidelity$ "resum"tion$
ignorance$ blindness$ ingratitude$ discontent$ those fi#e grand miseries in
Aristotle$ ignominy$ need$ sic%ness$ enmity$ death$ Fc.< but this of
conscience is the greatest$ ;-A=CG_Instar ulceris cor"us jugiter
"ercellens_& The scru"ulous conscience (as ;-A=,GPeter 7orestus calls it)
'hich tortures so many$ that either out of a dee" a""rehension of their
un'orthiness$ and consideration of their o'n dissolute life$ Laccuse
themsel#es and aggra#ate e#ery small offence$ 'hen there is no such cause$
misdoubting in the meantime God!s mercies$ they fall into these
incon#eniences.L The "oet calls them ;-A==Gfuries dire$ but it is the
conscience alone 'hich is a thousand 'itnesses to accuse us$ ;-A=.G _8octe
die0ue suum gestant in "ectore testem_. A continual tester to gi#e in
e#idence$ to em"anel a jury to e+amine us$ to cry guilty$ a "ersecutor 'ith
hue and cry to follo'$ an a""aritor to summon us$ a bailiff to carry us$ a
serjeant to arrest$ an attorney to "lead against us$ a gaoler to torment$ a
judge to condemn$ still accusing$ denouncing$ torturing and molesting. And
as the statue of Duno in that holy city near Eu"hrates in ;-A=?GAssyria
'ill loo% still to'ards you$ sit 'here you 'ill in her tem"le$ she stares
full u"on you$ if you go by$ she follo's 'ith her eye$ in all sites$
"laces$ con#enticles$ actions$ our conscience 'ill be still ready to accuse
us. After many "leasant days$ and fortunate ad#entures$ merry tides$ this
conscience at last doth arrest us. 4ell he may esca"e tem"oral "unishment$
;-A=@Gbribe a corru"t judge$ and a#oid the censure of la'$ and flourish for
a time< Lfor ;-A=-G'ho e#er sa'L (saith :hrysostom) La co#etous man
troubled in mind 'hen he is telling of his money$ an adulterer mourn 'ith
his mistress in his armsN 'e are then drun% 'ith "leasure$ and "ercei#e
nothing&L yet as the "rodigal son had dainty fare$ s'eet music at first$
merry com"any$ jo#ial entertainment$ but a cruel rec%oning in the end$ as
bitter as 'orm'ood$ a fearful #isitation commonly follo's. And the de#il
that then told thee that it 'as a light sin$ or no sin at all$ no'
aggra#ates on the other side$ and telleth thee$ that it is a most
irremissible offence$ as he did by :ain and Dudas$ to bring them to
des"air< e#ery small circumstance before neglected and contemned$ 'ill no'
am"lify itself$ rise u" in judgment$ and accuse the dust of their shoes$
dumb creatures$ as to *ucian!s tyrant$ _lectus et candela_$ the bed and
candle did bear 'itness$ to torment their souls for their sins "ast.
Tragical e+am"les in this %ind are too familiar and common& Adrian$ Galba$
8ero$ 2tho$ Iitellius$ :aracalla$ 'ere in such horror of conscience for
their offences committed$ murders$ ra"es$ e+tortions$ injuries$ that they
'ere 'eary of their li#es$ and could get nobody to %ill them.
;-A=AG6ennetus$ 6ing of 9cotland$ 'hen he had murdered his ne"he' Malcom$
6ing 3uffe!s son$ Prince of :umberland$ and 'ith counterfeit tears and
"rotestations dissembled the matter a long time$ ;-A=/GLat last his
conscience accused him$ his un0uiet soul could not rest day or night$ he
'as terrified 'ith fearful dreams$ #isions$ and so miserably tormented all
his life.L It is strange to read 'hat ;-A=BG:ominaeus hath 'ritten of *ouis
JI. that 7rench 6ing< of :harles IIII.< of Al"honsus$ 6ing of 8a"les< in
the fury of his "assion ho' he came into 9icily$ and 'hat "ran%s he "layed.
Guicciardini$ a man most una"t to belie#e lies$ relates ho' that 7erdinand
his father!s ghost 'ho before had died for grief$ came and told him$ that
he could not resist the 7rench 6ing$ he thought e#ery man cried 7rance$
7rance< the reason of it (saith :ominseus) 'as because he 'as a #ile
tyrant$ a murderer$ an o""ressor of his subjects$ he bought u" all
commodities$ and sold them at his o'n "rice$ sold abbeys to De's and
7al%oners< both 7erdinand his father$ and he himself ne#er made conscience
of any committed sin< and to conclude$ saith he$ it 'as im"ossible to do
'orse than they did. 4hy 'as Pausanias the 9"artan tyrant$ 8ero$ 2tho$
Galba$ so "ersecuted 'ith s"irits in e#ery house they came$ but for their
murders 'hich they had committedN ;-A.CG4hy doth the de#il haunt many men!s
houses after their deaths$ a""ear to them li#ing$ and ta%e "ossession of
their habitations$ as it 'ere$ of their "alaces$ but because of their
se#eral #illainiesN 4hy had 1ichard the Third such fearful dreams$ saith
Polydore$ but for his fre0uent murdersN 4hy 'as 5erod so tortured in his
mindN because he had made a'ay Mariamne his 'ife. 4hy 'as Theodoric$ the
6ing of the Goths$ so sus"icious$ and so affrighted 'ith a fish head alone$
but that he had murdered 9ymmachus$ and oethius his son-in-la'$ those
'orthy 1omansN :aelius$ _lib. =A. ca". ==._ 9ee more in Plutarch$ in his
tract _3e his 0ui sero a 8umine "uniuntur_$ and in his boo% _3e
tran0uillitate animi_$ Fc. Eea$ and sometimes G23 himself hath a hand in
it$ to sho' his "o'er$ humiliate$ e+ercise$ and to try their faith$ (di#ine
tem"tation$ Per%ins calls it$ _:as. cons. lib. ,. ca". /. sect. ,._) to
"unish them for their sins. God the a#enger$ as ;-A.,G3a#id terms him$
_ultor a tergo 3eus_$ his 'rath is a""rehended of a guilty$ soul$ as by
9aul and Dudas$ 'hich the "oets e+"ressed by Adrastia$ or 8emesis&
;-A.=G LAsse0uitur 8emesi0ue #irum #estigia ser#at$
8e male 0uid facias.L------
And she is$ as ;-A..GAmmianus$ _lib. ,?._ describes her$ Lthe 0ueen of
causes$ and moderator of things$L no' she "ulls do'n the "roud$ no' she
rears and encourageth those that are good< he gi#es instance in his
Eusebius< 8ice"horus$ _lib. ,C. ca". .@. eccles. hist._ in Ma+iminus and
Dulian. 7earful e+am"les of God!s just judgment$ 'rath and #engeance$ are
to be found in all histories$ of some that ha#e been eaten to death 'ith
rats and mice$ as ;-A.?GPo"elius$ the second 6ing of Poland$ ann. /.C$ his
'ife and children< the li%e story is of 5atto$ Archbisho" of Mentz$ ann.
B-B$ so de#oured by these #ermin$ 'hich ho'soe#er 9errarius the Desuit
Mogunt. _rerum lib. ?. ca". @._ im"ugn by t'enty-t'o arguments$ Tritemius$
;-A.@GMunster$ Magdeburgenses$ and many others relate for a truth. 9uch
another e+am"le I find in Geraldus :ambrensis _Itin. :am. lib. =. ca". =._
and 'here notN
And yet for all these terrors of conscience$ affrighting "unishments 'hich
are so fre0uent$ or 'hatsoe#er else may cause or aggra#ate this fearful
malady in other religions$ I see no reason at all 'hy a "a"ist at any time
should des"air$ or be troubled for his sins< for let him be ne#er so
dissolute a caitiff so notorious a #illain$ so monstrous a sinner$ out of
that treasure of indulgences and merits of 'hich the "o"e is dis"ensator$
he may ha#e free "ardon and "lenary remission of all his sins. There be so
many general "ardons for ages to come$ forty thousand years to come$ so
many jubilees$ so fre0uent gaol-deli#eries out of "urgatory for all souls$
no' li#ing$ or after dissolution of the body$ so many "articular masses
daily said in se#eral churches$ so many altars consecrated to this "ur"ose$
that if a man ha#e either money or friends$ or 'ill ta%e any "ains to come
to such an altar$ hear a mass$ say so many "aternosters$ undergo such and
such "enance$ he cannot do amiss$ it is im"ossible his mind should be
troubled$ or he ha#e any scru"le to molest him. esides that _Ta+a :amerae
A"ostolicae_$ 'hich 'as first "ublished to get money in the days of *eo
3ecimus$ that shar%ing "o"e$ and since di#ulged to the same ends$ sets do'n
such easy rates and dis"ensations for all offences$ for "erjury$ murder$
incest$ adultery$ Fc.$ for so many grosses or dollars (able to in#ite any
man to sin$ and "ro#o%e him to offend$ methin%s$ that other'ise 'ould not)
such comfortable remission$ so gentle and "arable a "ardon$ so ready at
hand$ 'ith so small cost and suit obtained$ that I cannot see ho' he that
hath any friends amongst them (as I say) or money in his "urse$ or 'ill at
least to ease himself$ can any 'ay miscarry or be misaffected$ ho' he
should be des"erate$ in danger of damnation$ or troubled in mind. Their
ghostly fathers can so readily a""ly remedies$ so cunningly string and
unstring$ 'ind and un'ind their de#otions$ "lay u"on their consciences 'ith
"lausible s"eeches and terrible threats$ for their best ad#antage settle
and remo#e$ erect 'ith such facility and deject$ let in and out$ that I
cannot "ercei#e ho' any man amongst them should much or often labour of
this disease$ or finally miscarry. The causes abo#e named must more
fre0uently therefore ta%e hold in others.
9H9E:T. II.--_9ym"toms of 3es"air$ 7ear$ 9orro'$ 9us"icion$ An+iety$
5orror of :onscience$ 7earful 3reams and Iisions_.
As shoema%ers do 'hen they bring home shoes$ still cry leather is dearer
and dearer$ may I justly say of those melancholy sym"toms& these of des"air
are most #iolent$ tragical$ and grie#ous$ far beyond the rest$ not to be
e+"ressed but negati#ely$ as it is "ri#ation of all ha""iness$ not to be
endured< Lfor a 'ounded s"irit 'ho can bear itNL Pro#. +#iii. ,B. 4hat$
therefore$ ;-A.-GTimanthes did in his "icture of I"higenia$ no' ready to be
sacrificed$ 'hen he had "ainted :halcas mourning$ Hlysses sad$ but most
sorro'ful Menelaus< and sho'ed all his art in e+"ressing a #ariety of
affections$ he co#ered the maid!s father Agamemnon!s head 'ith a #eil$ and
left it to e#ery s"ectator to concei#e 'hat he 'ould himself< for that true
"assion and sorro' in _summo gradu_$ such as his 'as$ could not by any art
be deci"hered. 4hat he did in his "icture$ I 'ill do in describing the
sym"toms of des"air< imagine 'hat thou canst$ fear$ sorro'$ furies$ grief$
"ain$ terror$ anger$ dismal$ ghastly$ tedious$ ir%some$ Fc. it is not
sufficient$ it comes far short$ no tongue can tell$ no heart concei#e it.
!Tis an e"itome of hell$ an e+tract$ a 0uintessence$ a com"ound$ a mi+ture
of all feral maladies$ tyrannical tortures$ "lagues$ and "er"le+ities.
There is no sic%ness almost but "hysic "ro#ideth a remedy for it< to e#ery
sore chirurgery 'ill "ro#ide a sla#e< friendshi" hel"s "o#erty< ho"e of
liberty easeth im"risonment< suit and fa#our re#o%e banishment< authority
and time 'ear a'ay re"roach& but 'hat "hysic$ 'hat chirurgery$ 'hat 'ealth$
fa#our$ authority can relie#e$ bear out$ assuage$ or e+"el a troubled
conscienceN A 0uiet mind cureth all them$ but all they cannot comfort a
distressed soul& 'ho can "ut to silence the #oice of des"erationN All that
is single in other melancholy$ _5orribile$ dirum$ "estilens$ atro+$ ferum_$
concur in this$ it is more than melancholy in the highest degree< a burning
fe#er of the soul< so mad$ saith ;-A.AGDacchinus$ by this misery< fear$
sorro'$ and des"air$ he "uts for ordinary sym"toms of melancholy. They are
in great "ain and horror of mind$ distraction of soul$ restless$ full of
continual fears$ cares$ torments$ an+ieties$ they can neither eat$ drin%$
nor slee" for them$ ta%e no rest$
;-A./G LPer"etua im"ietas$ nec mensae tem"ore cessat$
E+agitat #esana 0uies$ somni0ue furentes.L
L8either at bed$ nor yet at board$
4ill any rest des"air afford.L
7ear ta%es a'ay their content$ and dries the blood$ 'asteth the marro'$
alters their countenance$ Le#en in their greatest delights$ singing$
dancing$ dalliance$ they are stillL (saith ;-A.BG*emnius) Ltortured in
their souls.L It consumes them to nought$ LI am li%e a "elican in the
'ilderness (saith 3a#id of himself$ tem"orally afflicted)$ an o'l$ because
of thine indignation$L Psalm cii. /$ ,C$ and Psalm l#. ?. LMy heart
trembleth 'ithin me$ and the terrors of death ha#e come u"on me< fear and
trembling are come u"on me$ Fc. at death!s door$L Psalm c#ii. ,/. LTheir
soul abhors all manner of meats.L Their ;-A?CGslee" is (if it be any)
un0uiet$ subject to fearful dreams and terrors. Peter in his bonds sle"t
secure$ for he %ne' God "rotected him< and Tully ma%es it an argument of
1oscius Amerinus! innocency$ that he %illed not his father$ because he so
securely sle"t. Those martyrs in the "rimiti#e church 'ere most
;-A?,Gcheerful and merry in the midst of their "ersecutions< but it is far
other'ise 'ith these men$ tossed in a sea$ and that continually 'ithout
rest or intermission$ they can thin% of nought that is "leasant$
;-A?=GLtheir conscience 'ill not let them be 0uiet$L in "er"etual fear$
an+iety$ if they be not yet a""rehended$ they are in doubt still they shall
be ready to betray themsel#es$ as :ain did$ he thin%s e#ery man 'ill %ill
him< Land roar for the grief of heart$L Psalm +++#iii. /$ as 3a#id did< as
Dob did$ ++. .$ =,$ ==$ Fc.$ L4herefore is light gi#en to him that is in
misery$ and life to them that ha#e hea#y heartsN 'hich long for death$ and
if it come not$ search it more than treasures$ and rejoice 'hen they can
find the gra#e.L They are generally 'eary of their li#es$ a trembling heart
they ha#e$ a sorro'ful mind$ and little or no rest. _Terror ubi0ue tremor$
timor undi0ue et undi0ue terror._ L7ears$ terrors$ and affrights in all
"laces$ at all times and seasons.L _:ibum et "otum "ertinaciter a#ersantur
multi$ nodum in scir"o 0uaeritantes$ et cul"am imaginantes ubi nulla est_$
as 4ierus 'rites _de *amiis lib. .. c. A._ Lthey refuse many of them meat
and drin%$ cannot rest$ aggra#ating still and su""osing grie#ous offences
'here there are none.L God!s hea#y 'rath is %indled in their souls$ and
not'ithstanding their continual "rayers and su""lications to :hrist Desus$
they ha#e no release or ease at all$ but a most intolerable torment$ and
insufferable anguish of conscience$ and that ma%es them$ through
im"atience$ to murmur against God many times$ to ra#e$ to blas"heme$ turn
atheists$ and see% to offer #iolence to themsel#es. 3eut. ++#iii. -@$ -/.
LIn the morning they 'ish for e#ening$ and for morning in the e#ening$ for
the sight of their eyes 'hich they see$ and fear of hearts.L ;-A?.GMarinus
Mercennus$ in his comment on Genesis$ ma%es mention of a des"erate friend
of his$ 'hom$ amongst others$ he came to #isit$ and e+hort to "atience$
that bro%e out into most blas"hemous atheistical s"eeches$ too fearful to
relate$ 'hen they 'ished him to trust in God$ _Kuis est ille 3eus (in0uit)
ut ser#iam illi$ 0uid "roderit si ora#erim< si "raesens est$ cur non
succurritN cur non me carcere$ inertia$ s0ualore confectum liberatN 0uid
ego feciN Fc. absit a me hujusmodi 3eus_. Another of his ac0uaintance bro%e
out into li%e atheistical blas"hemies$ u"on his 'ife!s death ra#ed$ cursed$
said and did he cared not 'hat. And so for the most "art it is 'ith them
all$ many of them$ in their e+tremity$ thin% they hear and see #isions$
outcries$ confer 'ith de#ils$ that they are tormented$ "ossessed$ and in
hell-fire$ already damned$ 0uite forsa%en of God$ they ha#e no sense or
feeling of mercy$ or grace$ ho"e of sal#ation$ their sentence of
condemnation is already "ast$ and not to be re#o%ed$ the de#il 'ill
certainly ha#e them. 8e#er 'as any li#ing creature in such torment before$
in such a miserable estate$ in such distress of mind$ no ho"e$ no faith$
"ast cure$ re"robate$ continually tem"ted to ma%e a'ay themsel#es.
9omething tal%s 'ith them$ they s"it fire and brimstone$ they cannot but
blas"heme$ they cannot re"ent$ belie#e or thin% a good thought$ so far
carried< _ut cogantur ad im"ia cogitandum etiam contra #oluntatem_$ said
;-A??G7eli+ Plater$ _ad blas"hemiam erga deum$ ad multa horrenda
"er"etranda$ ad manus #iolentas sibi inferendas_$ Fc.$ and in their
distracted fits and des"erate humours$ to offer #iolence to others$ their
familiar and dear friends sometimes$ or to mere strangers$ u"on #ery small
or no occasion< for he that cares not for his o'n$ is master of another
man!s life. They thin% e#il against their 'ills< that 'hich they abhor
themsel#es$ they must needs thin%$ do$ and s"ea%. 5e gi#es instance in a
"atient of his$ that 'hen he 'ould "ray$ had such e#il thoughts still
suggested to him$ and 'ic%ed ;-A?@Gmeditations. Another instance he hath of
a 'oman that 'as often tem"ted to curse God$ to blas"heme and %ill herself.
9ometimes the de#il (as they say) stands 'ithout and tal%s 'ith them$
sometimes he is 'ithin them$ as they thin%$ and there s"ea%s and tal%s as
to such as are "ossessed& so A"ollodorus$ in Plutarch$ thought his heart
s"a%e 'ithin him. There is a most memorable e+am"le of ;-A?-G7rancis 9"ira$
an ad#ocate of Padua$ Ann. ,@?@$ that being des"erate$ by no counsel of
learned men could be comforted& he felt (as he said) the "ains of hell in
his soul< in all other things he discoursed aright$ but in this most mad.
7rismelica$ ullo#at$ and some other e+cellent "hysicians$ could neither
ma%e him eat$ drin%$ or slee"$ no "ersuasion could ease him. 8e#er "leaded
any man so 'ell for himself$ as this man did against himself$ and so he
des"erately died. 9"ringer$ a la'yer$ hath 'ritten his life. :ardinal
:rescence died so li%e'ise des"erate at Ierona$ still he thought a blac%
dog follo'ed him to his death-bed$ no man could dri#e the dog a'ay$
9leiden. _com. =.. ca". lib. .._ 4hilst I 'as 'riting this Treatise$ saith
Montaltus$ _ca". =. de mel._ ;-A?AGLA nun came to me for hel"$ 'ell for all
other matters$ but troubled in conscience for fi#e years last "ast< she is
almost mad$ and not able to resist$ thin%s she hath offended God$ and is
certainly damned.L 7eli+ Plater hath store of instances of such as thought
themsel#es damned$ ;-A?/G forsa%en of God$ Fc. 2ne amongst the rest$ that
durst not go to church$ or come near the 1hine$ for fear to ma%e a'ay
himself$ because then he 'as most es"ecially tem"ted. These and such li%e
sym"toms are intended and remitted$ as the malady itself is more or less<
some 'ill hear good counsel$ some 'ill not< some desire hel"$ some reject
all$ and 'ill not be eased.
9H9E:T. I.--_Prognostics of 3es"air$ Atheism$ las"hemy$ #iolent death$
Fc._
Most "art these %ind of "ersons ma%e ;-A?BGa'ay themsel#es$ some are mad$
blas"heme$ curse$ deny God$ but most offer #iolence to their o'n "ersons$
and sometimes to others. LA 'ounded s"irit 'ho can bearNL Pro#. +#iii. ,?.
As :ain$ 9aul$ Achito"hel$ Dudas$ blas"hemed and died. ede saith$ Pilate
died des"erate eight years after :hrist. ;-A@CG7eli+ Plater hath collected
many e+am"les. ;-A@,GA merchant!s 'ife that 'as long troubled 'ith such
tem"tations$ in the night rose from her bed$ and out of the 'indo' bro%e
her nec% into the street& another dro'ned himself des"erate as he 'as in
the 1hine& some cut their throats$ many hang themsel#es. ut this needs no
illustration. It is contro#erted by some$ 'hether a man so offering
#iolence to himself$ dying des"erate$ may be sa#ed$ ay or noN If they die
so obstinately and suddenly$ that they cannot so much as 'ish for mercy$
the 'orst is to be sus"ected$ because they die im"enitent. ;-A@=GIf their
death had been a little more lingering$ 'herein they might ha#e some
leisure in their hearts to cry for mercy$ charity may judge the best<
di#ers ha#e been reco#ered out of the #ery act of hanging and dro'ning
themsel#es$ and so brought _ad sanam mentem_$ they ha#e been #ery "enitent$
much abhorred their former act$ confessed that they ha#e re"ented in an
instant$ and cried for mercy in their hearts. If a man "ut des"erate hands
u"on himself$ by occasion of madness or melancholy$ if he ha#e gi#en
testimony before of his regeneration$ in regard he doth this not so much
out of his 'ill$ as _e+ #i morbi_$ 'e must ma%e the best construction of
it$ as ;-A@.GTur%s do$ that thin% all fools and madmen go directly to
hea#en.
9H9E:T. II.--_:ure of 3es"air by Physic$ Good :ounsel$ :omforts$ Fc._
E+"erience teacheth us$ that though many die obstinate and 'ilful in this
malady$ yet multitudes again are able to resist and o#ercome$ see% for hel"
and find comfort$ are ta%en _e faucibus Erebi_$ from the cho"s of hell$ and
out of the de#il!s "a's$ though they ha#e by ;-A@?Gobligation$ gi#en
themsel#es to him. 9ome out of their o'n strength$ and God!s assistance$
LThough 5e %ill me$L (saith Dob$) Lyet 'ill I trust in 5im$L out of good
counsel$ ad#ice and "hysic. ;-A@@Gello#acus cured a mon% by altering his
habit$ and course of life& Plater many by "hysic alone. ut for the most
"art they must concur< and they ta%e a 'rong course that thin% to o#ercome
this feral "assion by sole "hysic< and they are as much out$ that thin% to
'or% this effect by good ser#ice alone$ though both be forcible in
themsel#es$ yet _#is unita fortior_$ Lthey must go hand in hand to this
disease&L--_alterius sic altera "oscit o"em._ 7or "hysic the li%e course is
to be ta%en 'ith this as in other melancholy& diet$ air$ e+ercise$ all
those "assions and "erturbations of the mind$ Fc. are to be rectified by
the same means. They must not be left solitary$ or to themsel#es$ ne#er
idle$ ne#er out of com"any. :ounsel$ good comfort is to be a""lied$ as they
shall see the "arties inclined$ or to the causes$ 'hether it be loss$ fear$
be grief$ discontent$ or some such feral accident$ a guilty conscience$ or
other'ise by fre0uent meditation$ too grie#ous an a""rehension$ and
consideration of his former life< by hearing$ reading of 9cri"tures$ good
di#ines$ good ad#ice and conference$ a""lying God!s 'ord to their
distressed souls$ it must be corrected and counter"oised. Many e+cellent
e+hortations$ "hraenetical discourses$ are e+tant to this "ur"ose$ for such
as are any 'ay troubled in mind& Per%ins$ Greenham$ 5ay'ard$ right$
Abernethy$ olton$ :ulmannus$ 5elmingius$ :aelius 9ecundus$ 8icholas
*aurentius$ are co"ious on this subject& Azorius$ 8a#arrus$ 9ayrus$ Fc.$
and such as ha#e 'ritten cases of conscience amongst our "ontifical
'riters. ut because these men!s 'or%s are not to all "arties at hand$ so
"arable at all times$ I 'ill for the benefit and ease of such as are
afflicted$ at the re0uest of some ;-A@-Gfriends$ recollect out of their
#oluminous treatises$ some fe' such comfortable s"eeches$ e+hortations$
arguments$ ad#ice$ tending to this subject$ and out of God!s 'ord$ %no'ing$
as :ulmannus saith u"on the li%e occasion$ ;-A@AGLho' una#ailable and #ain
men!s councils are to comfort an afflicted conscience$ e+ce"t God!s 'ord
concur and be anne+ed$ from 'hich comes life$ ease$ re"entance$L Fc.
Presu""osing first that 'hich eza$ Greenham$ Per%ins$ olton$ gi#e in
charge$ the "arties to 'hom counsel is gi#en be sufficiently "re"ared$
humbled for their sins$ fit for comfort$ confessed$ tried ho' they are more
or less afflicted$ ho' they stand affected$ or ca"able of good ad#ice$
before any remedies be a""lied& to such therefore as are so thoroughly
searched and e+amined$ I address this follo'ing discourse.
T'o main antidotes$ ;-A@/G5emmingius obser#es$ o""osite to des"air$ good
ho"e out of God!s 'ord$ to be embraced< "er#erse security and "resum"tion
from the de#il!s treachery$ to be rejected< _Illa solus animae$ haec
"estis_< one sa#es$ the other %ills$ _occidit animam_$ saith Austin$ and
doth as much harm as des"air itself$ ;-A@BG8a#arrus the casuist rec%ons u"
ten s"ecial cures out of Anton. _,. "art. Tit. .. ca". ,C._ ,. God. =.
Physic. .. ;-A-CGA#oiding such objects as ha#e caused it. ?. 9ubmission of
himself to other men!s judgments. @. Ans'er of all objections$ Fc. All
'hich :ajetan$ Gerson$ _lib. de #it. s"irit._ 9ayrus$ _lib. ,. cons. ca".
,?._ re"eat and a""ro#e out of Emanuel 1oderi0ues$ _ca". @, et @=._
Greenham "rescribes si+ s"ecial rules$ :ulmannus se#en. 7irst$ to
ac%no'ledge all hel" come from God. =. That the cause of their "resent
misery is sin. .. To re"ent and be heartily sorry for their sins. ?. To
"ray earnestly to God they may be eased. @. To e+"ect and im"lore the
"rayers of the church$ and good men!s ad#ice. -. Physic. A. To commend
themsel#es to God$ and rely u"on 5is mercy& others$ other'ise$ but all to
this effect. ut forasmuch as most men in this malady are s"iritually sic%$
#oid of reason almost$ o#erborne by their miseries$ and too dee" an
a""rehension of their sins$ they cannot a""ly themsel#es to good counsel$
"ray$ belie#e$ re"ent$ 'e must$ as much as in us lies$ occur and hel" their
"eculiar infirmities$ according to their se#eral causes and sym"toms$ as 'e
shall find them distressed and com"lain.
The main matter 'hich terrifies and torments most that are troubled in
mind$ is the enormity of their offences$ the intolerable burthen of their
sins$ God!s hea#y 'rath and dis"leasure so dee"ly a""rehended$ that they
account themsel#es re"robates$ 0uite forsa%en of God$ already damned$ "ast
all ho"e of grace$ inca"able of mercy$ _diaboli manci"ia_$ sla#es of sin$
and their offences so great they cannot be forgi#en. ut these men must
%no' there is no sin so heinous 'hich is not "ardonable in itself$ no crime
so great but by God!s mercy it may be forgi#en. L4here sin aboundeth$ grace
aboundeth much more$L 1om. #. =C. And 'hat the *ord said unto Paul in his
e+tremity$ = :or. +i. B. LMy grace is sufficient for thee$ for my "o'er is
made "erfect through 'ea%ness&L concerns e#ery man in li%e case. 5is
"romises are made indefinite to all belie#ers$ generally s"o%en to all
touching remission of sins that are truly "enitent$ grie#ed for their
offences$ and desire to be reconciled$ Matt. i+. ,=$ ,.$ LI came not to
call the righteous but sinners to re"entance$L that is$ such as are truly
touched in conscience for their sins. Again$ Matt. +i. =/$ L:ome unto me
all ye that are hea#y laden$ and I 'ill ease you.L Eze%. +#iii. =A$ LAt
'hat time soe#er a sinner shall re"ent him of his sins from the bottom of
his heart$ I 'ill blot out all his 'ic%edness out of my remembrance saith
the *ord.L Isaiah +liii. =@$ LI$ e#en I$ am 5e that "ut a'ay thine ini0uity
for mine o'n sa%e$ and 'ill not remember thy sins.L LAs a fatherL (saith
3a#id Psal. ciii. ,.) Lhath com"assion on his children$ so hath the *ord
com"assion on them that fear him.L And 'ill recei#e them again as the
"rodigal son 'as entertained$ *u%e +#.$ if they shall so come 'ith tears in
their eyes$ and a "enitent heart. _Peccator agnoscat$ 3eus ignoscit._ LThe
*ord is full of com"assion and mercy$ slo' to anger$ of great %indness$L
Psal. ciii. /. L5e 'ill not al'ays chide$ neither %ee" 5is anger for e#er$L
B. LAs high as the hea#en is abo#e the earth$ so great is 5is mercy to'ards
them that fear 5im$L ,,. LAs far as the East is from the 4est$ so far hath
5e remo#ed our sins from us$L ,=. Though :ain cry out in the anguish of his
soul$ my "unishment is greater than I can bear$ !tis not so< thou liest$
:ain (saith Austin)$ LGod!s mercy is greater than thy sins. 5is mercy is
abo#e all 5is 'or%s$L Psal. c+l#. B$ able to satisfy for all men!s sins$
_antilutron_$ , Tim. ii. -. 5is mercy is a "anacea$ a balsam for an
afflicted soul$ a so#ereign medicine$ an ale+i"harmacum for all sins$ a
charm for the de#il< his mercy 'as great to 9olomon$ to Manasseh$ to Peter$
great to all offenders$ and 'hosoe#er thou art$ it may be so to thee. 7or
'hy should God bid us "ray (as Austin infers) L3eli#er us from all e#il$L
_nisi i"se misericors "erse#eraret_$ if 5e did not intend to hel" usN 5e
therefore that ;-A-,Gdoubts of the remission of his sins$ denies God!s
mercy$ and doth 5im injury$ saith Austin. Eea$ but thou re"liest$ I am a
notorious sinner$ mine offences are not so great as infinite. 5ear
7ulgentius$ ;-A-=GLGod!s in#incible goodness cannot be o#ercome by sin$ 5is
infinite mercy cannot be terminated by any& the multitude of 5is mercy is
e0ui#alent to 5is magnitude.L 5ear ;-A-.G:hrysostom$ LThy malice may be
measured$ but God!s mercy cannot be defined< thy malice is circumscribed$
5is mercies infinite.L As a dro" of 'ater is to the sea$ so are thy
misdeeds to 5is mercy& nay$ there is no such "ro"ortion to be gi#en< for
the sea$ though great$ yet may be measured$ but God!s mercy cannot be
circumscribed. 4hatsoe#er thy sins be then in 0uantity or 0uality$
multitude or magnitude$ fear them not$ distrust not. I s"ea% not this$
saith ;-A-?G:hrysostom$ Lto ma%e thee secure and negligent$ but to cheer
thee u".L Eea but$ thou urgest again$ I ha#e little comfort of this 'hich
is said$ it concerns me not& _Inanis "oenitentia 0uam se0uens cul"a
coin0uinat_$ !tis to no "ur"ose for me to re"ent$ and to do 'orse than e#er
I did before$ to "erse#ere in sin$ and to return to my lusts as a dog to
his #omit$ or a s'ine to the mire& ;-A-@Gto 'hat end is it to as%
forgi#eness of my sins$ and yet daily to sin again and again$ to do e#il
out of a habitN I daily and hourly offend in thought$ 'ord$ and deed$ in a
rela"se by mine o'n 'ea%ness and 'ilfulness& my _bonus genius_$ my good
"rotecting angel is gone$ I am fallen from that I 'as or 'ould be$ 'orse
and 'orse$ Lmy latter end is 'orse than my beginning&L _9i 0uotidiae
"eccas$ 0uotidie_$ saith :hrysostom$ _"oenitentiam age_$ if thou daily
offend$ daily re"ent& ;-A--GLif t'ice$ thrice$ a hundred$ a hundred
thousand times$ t'ice$ thrice$ a hundred thousand times re"ent.L As they do
by an old house that is out of re"air$ still mend some "art or other< so do
by thy soul$ still reform some #ice$ re"air it by re"entance$ call to 5im
for grace$ and thou shalt ha#e it< L7or 'e are freely justified by 5is
grace$L 1om. iii. =?. If thine enemy re"ent$ as our 9a#iour enjoined Peter$
forgi#e him se#enty-se#en times< and 'hy shouldst thou thin% God 'ill not
forgi#e theeN 4hy should the enormity of thy sins trouble theeN God can do
it$ he 'ill do it. LMy conscienceL (saith ;-A-AGAnselm) Ldictates to me
that I deser#e damnation$ my re"entance 'ill not suffice for satisfaction&
but thy mercy$ 2 *ord$ 0uite o#ercometh all my transgressions.L The gods
once (as the "oets feign) 'ith a gold chain 'ould "ull Du"iter out of
hea#en$ but all they together could not stir him$ and yet he could dra' and
turn them as he 'ould himself< maugre all the force and fury of these
infernal fiends$ and crying sins$ L5is grace is sufficient.L :onfer the
debt and the "ayment< :hrist and Adam< sin$ and the cure of it< the disease
and the medicine< confer the sic% man to his "hysician$ and thou shalt soon
"ercei#e that his "o'er is infinitely beyond it. God is better able$ as
;-A-/Gernard informeth us$ Lto hel"$ than sin to do us hurt< :hrist is
better able to sa#e$ than the de#il to destroy.L ;-A-BGIf he be a s%ilful
Physician$ as 7ulgentius adds$ Lhe can cure all diseases< if merciful$ he
'ill.L _8on est "erfecta bonitas a 0ua non omnis malitia #incitur_$ 5is
goodness is not absolute and "erfect$ if it be not able to o#ercome all
malice. 9ubmit thyself unto 5im$ as 9t. Austin ad#iseth$ ;-AACGL5e %no'eth
best 'hat he doth< and be not so much "leased 'hen he sustains thee$ as
"atient 'hen he corrects thee< he is omni"otent$ and can cure all diseases
'hen he sees his o'n time.L 5e loo%s do'n from hea#en u"on earth$ that he
may hear the Lmourning of "risoners$ and deli#er the children of death$L
Psal. cii. ,B. =C. LAnd though our sins be as red as scarlet$ 5e can ma%e
them as 'hite as sno'$L Isai. i. ,/. 3oubt not of this$ or as% ho' it shall
be done& 5e is all-sufficient that "romiseth< _0ui fecit mundum de
immundo_$ saith :hrysostom$ he that made a fair 'orld of nought$ can do
this and much more for his "art& do thou only belie#e$ trust in him$ rely
on him$ be "enitent and heartily sorry for thy sins. 1e"entance is a
so#ereign remedy for all sins$ a s"iritual 'ing to rear us$ a charm for our
miseries$ a "rotecting amulet to e+"el sin!s #enom$ an attracti#e loadstone
to dra' God!s mercy and graces unto us. ;-AA,G_Peccatum #ulnus$ "oenitentia
medicinam_& sin made the breach$ re"entance must hel" it< ho'soe#er thine
offence came$ by error$ sloth$ obstinacy$ ignorance$ _e+itur "er
"oenitentiam_$ this is the sole means to be relie#ed. ;-AA=G5ence comes our
ho"e of safety$ by this alone sinners are sa#ed$ God is "ro#o%ed to mercy.
LThis unlooseth all that is bound$ enlighteneth dar%ness$ mends that is
bro%en$ "uts life to that 'hich 'as des"erately dying&L ma%es no res"ect of
offences$ or of "ersons. ;-AA.GLThis doth not re"el a fornicator$ reject a
drun%ard$ resist a "roud fello'$ turn a'ay an idolater$ but entertains all$
communicates itself to all.L 4ho "ersecuted the church more than Paul$
offended more than PeterN and yet by re"entance (saith :urysologus) they
got both _Magisterium et ministerium sanctitatis_$ the Magistery of
holiness. The "rodigal son 'ent far$ but by re"entance he came home at
last. ;-AA?GLThis alone 'ill turn a 'olf into a shee"$ ma%e a "ublican a
"reacher$ turn a thorn into an oli#e$ ma%e a debauched fello' religious$L a
blas"hemer sing halleluja$ ma%e Ale+ander the co""ersmith truly de#out$
ma%e a de#il a saint. ;-AA@GLAnd him that "olluted his mouth 'ith
calumnies$ lying$ s'earing$ and filthy tunes and tones$ to "urge his throat
'ith di#ine Psalms.L 1e"entance 'ill effect "rodigious cures$ ma%e a
stu"end metamor"hosis. LA ha'% came into the ar%$ and 'ent out again a
ha'%< a lion came in$ 'ent out a lion< a bear$ a bear< a 'olf$ a 'olf< but
if a ha'% came into this sacred tem"le of re"entance$ he 'ill go forth a
do#eL (saith ;-AA-G:hrysostom)$ La 'olf go out a shee"$ a lion a lamb.
;-AAAGThis gi#es sight to the blind$ legs to the lame$ cures all diseases$
confers grace$ e+"els #ice$ inserts #irtue$ comforts and fortifies the
soul.L 9hall I say$ let thy sin be 'hat it 'ill$ do but re"ent$ it is
sufficient. ;-AA/G_Kuem "oenitet "eccasse "ene est innocens._ !Tis true
indeed and all-sufficient this$ they do confess$ if they could re"ent< but
they are obdurate$ they ha#e cauterised consciences$ they are in a
re"robate sense$ they cannot thin% a good thought$ they cannot ho"e for
grace$ "ray$ belie#e$ re"ent$ or be sorry for their sins$ they find no
grief for sin in themsel#es$ but rather a delight$ no groaning of s"irit$
but are carried headlong to their o'n destruction$ Lhea"ing 'rath to
themsel#es against the day of 'rath$L 1om. ii. @. !Tis a grie#ous case this
I do yield$ and yet not to be des"aired< God of his bounty and mercy calls
all to re"entance$ 1om. ii. ?$ thou mayst be called at length$ restored$
ta%en to 5is grace$ as the thief u"on the cross$ at the last hour$ as Mary
Magdalene and many other sinners ha#e been$ that 'ere buried in sin. LGodL
(saith ;-AABG7ulgentius) Lis delighted in the con#ersion of a sinner$ he
sets no time<L _"roli+itas tem"oris 3eo non "raejudicat$ aut gra#itas
"eccati_$ deferring of time or grie#ousness of sin$ do not "rejudicate his
grace$ things "ast and to come are all one to 5im$ as "resent& !tis ne#er
too late to re"ent. ;-A/CGLThis hea#en of re"entance is still o"en for all
distressed souls<L and ho'soe#er as yet no signs a""ear$ thou mayst re"ent
in good time. 5ear a comfortable s"eech of 9t. Austin$ ;-A/,GL4hatsoe#er
thou shall do$ ho' great a sinner soe#er$ thou art yet li#ing< if God 'ould
not hel" thee$ he 'ould surely ta%e thee a'ay< but in s"aring thy life$ he
gi#es thee leisure$ and in#ites thee to re"entance.L 5o'soe#er as yet$ I
say$ thou "ercei#est no fruit$ no feeling$ findest no li%elihood of it in
thyself$ "atiently abide the *ord!s good leisure$ des"air not$ or thin%
thou art a re"robate< 5e came to call sinners to re"entance$ *u%e #. .=$ of
'hich number thou art one< 5e came to call thee$ and in his time 'ill
surely call thee. And although as yet thou hast no inclination to "ray$ to
re"ent$ thy faith be cold and dead$ and thou 'holly a#erse from all 3i#ine
functions$ yet it may re#i#e$ as trees are dead in 'inter$ but flourish in
the s"ringO these #irtues may lie hid in thee for the "resent$ yet
hereafter sho' themsel#es$ and "erad#enture already bud$ ho'soe#er thou
dost not "ercei#e. !Tis 9atan!s "olicy to "lead against$ su""ress and
aggra#ate$ to conceal those s"ar%s of faith in thee. Thou dost not belie#e$
thou sayest$ yet thou 'ouldst belie#e if thou couldst$ !tis thy desire to
belie#e< then "ray$ ;-A/=GL*ord hel" mine unbelief&L and hereafter thou
shall certainly belie#e& ;-A/.G_3abitur sitienti_$ it shall be gi#en to him
that thirsteth. Thou canst not yet re"ent$ hereafter thou shall< a blac%
cloud of sin as yet obnubilates thy soul$ terrifies thy conscience$ but
this cloud may concei#e a rainbo' at the last$ and be 0uite dissi"ated by
re"entance. e of good cheer< a child is rational in "o'er$ not in act< and
so art thou "enitent in affection$ though not yet in action. !Tis thy
desire to "lease God$ to be heartily sorry< comfort thyself$ no time is
o#er"ast$ !tis ne#er too late. A desire to re"ent is re"entance itself$
though not in nature$ yet in God!s acce"tance< a 'illing mind is
sufficient. Llessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness$L
Matt. #. -. 5e that is destitute of God!s grace$ and 'isheth for it$ shall
ha#e it. LThe *ordL (saith 3a#id$ Psal. +. ,A) L'ill hear the desire of the
"oor$L that is$ such as are in distress of body and mind. !Tis true thou
canst not as yet grie#e for thy sin$ thou hast no feeling of faith$ I
yield< yet canst thou grie#e thou dost not grie#eN It troubles thee$ I am
sure$ thine heart should be so im"enitent and hard$ thou 'ouldst ha#e it
other'ise< !tis thy desire to grie#e$ to re"ent$ and to belie#e. Thou
lo#est God!s children and saints in the meantime$ hatest them not$
"ersecutest them not$ but rather 'ishest thyself a true "rofessor$ to be as
they are$ as thou thyself hast been heretofore< 'hich is an e#ident to%en
thou art in no such des"erate case. !Tis a good sign of thy con#ersion$ thy
sins are "ardonable$ thou art$ or shalt surely be reconciled. LThe *ord is
near them that are of a contrite heart$L *u%e i#. ,/. ;-A/?GA true desire
of mercy in the 'ant of mercy$ is mercy itself< a desire of grace in the
'ant of grace$ is grace itself< a constant and earnest desire to belie#e$
re"ent$ and to be reconciled to God$ if it be in a touched heart$ is an
acce"tation of God$ a reconciliation$ faith and re"entance itself. 7or it
is not thy faith and re"entance$ as ;-A/@G:hrysostom truly teacheth$ that
is a#ailable$ but God!s mercy that is anne+ed to it$ 5e acce"ts the 'ill
for the deed& so that I conclude$ to feel in oursel#es the 'ant of grace$
and to be grie#ed for it$ is grace itself. I am troubled 'ith fear my sins
are not forgi#en$ :areless objects& but radford ans'ers they are< L7or God
hath gi#en thee a "enitent and belie#ing heart$ that is$ a heart 'hich
desireth to re"ent and belie#e< for such an one is ta%en of him (he
acce"ting the 'ill for the deed) for a truly "enitent and belie#ing heart.L
All this is true thou re"liest$ but yet it concerns not thee$ !tis #erified
in ordinary offenders$ in common sins$ but thine are of a higher strain$
e#en against the 5oly Ghost himself$ irremissible sins$ sins of the first
magnitude$ 'ritten 'ith a "en of iron$ engra#en 'ith a "oint of a diamond.
Thou art 'orse than a "agan$ infidel$ De'$ or Tur%$ for thou art an
a"ostate and more$ thou hast #oluntarily blas"hemed$ renounced God and all
religion$ thou art 'orse than Dudas himself$ or they that crucified :hrist&
for they did offend out of ignorance$ but thou hast thought in thine heart
there is no God. Thou hast gi#en thy soul to the de#il$ as 'itches and
conjurors do$ _e+"licite_ and _im"licite_$ by com"act$ band and obligation
(a des"erate$ a fearful case) to satisfy thy lust$ or to be re#enged of
thine enemies$ thou didst ne#er "ray$ come to church$ hear$ read$ or do any
di#ine duties 'ith any de#otion$ but for formality and fashion!s sa%e$ 'ith
a %ind of reluctance$ !t'as troublesome and "ainful to thee to "erform any
such thing$ _"raeter #oluntatem_$ against thy 'ill. Thou ne#er mad!st any
conscience of lying$ s'earing$ bearing false 'itness$ murder$ adultery$
bribery$ o""ression$ theft$ drun%enness$ idolatry$ but hast e#er done all
duties for fear of "unishment$ as they 'ere most ad#antageous$ and to thine
o'n ends$ and committed all such notorious sins$ 'ith an e+traordinary
delight$ hating that thou shouldst lo#e$ and lo#ing that thou shouldst
hate. Instead of faith$ fear and lo#e of God$ re"entance$ Fc.$ blas"hemous
thoughts ha#e been e#er harboured in his mind$ e#en against God himself$
the blessed Trinity< the ;-A/-G9cri"ture false$ rude$ harsh$ immethodical&
hea#en$ hell$ resurrection$ mere toys and fables$ ;-A/AGincredible$
im"ossible$ absurd$ #ain$ ill contri#ed< religion$ "olicy$ and human
in#ention$ to %ee" men in obedience$ or for "rofit$ in#ented by "riests and
la'gi#ers to that "ur"ose. If there be any such su"reme "o'er$ he ta%es no
notice of our doings$ hears not our "rayers$ regardeth them not$ 'ill not$
cannot hel"$ or else he is "artial$ an e+ce"ter of "ersons$ author of sin$
a cruel$ a destructi#e God$ to create our souls$ and destinate them to
eternal damnation$ to ma%e us 'orse than our dogs and horses$ 'hy doth he
not go#ern things better$ "rotect good men$ root out 'ic%ed li#ersN 'hy do
they "ros"er and flourishN as she ra#ed in the ;-A//Gtragedy--_"ellices
caelum tenent_$ there they shine$ _9uas0ue Perseus aureas stellas habet_$
'here is his "ro#idenceN ho' a""ears itN
;-A/BG LMarmoreo *icinus tumulo jacet$ at :ato "ar#o$
Pom"onius nullo$ 0uis "utet esse 3eos.L
4hy doth he suffer Tur%s to o#ercome :hristians$ the enemy to trium"h o#er
his church$ "aganism to domineer in all "laces as it doth$ heresies to
multi"ly$ such enormities to be committed$ and so many such bloody 'ars$
murders$ massacres$ "lagues$ feral diseasesO 'hy doth he not ma%e us all
good$ able$ soundN 'hy ma%es he ;-ABCG#enomous creatures$ roc%s$ sands$
deserts$ this earth itself the muc%-hill of the 'orld$ a "rison$ a house of
correctionN ;-AB,G_Mentimur regnare Do#em_$ Fc.$ 'ith many such horrible
and e+ecrable conceits$ not fit to be uttered< _Terribilia de fide$
horribilia de 3i#initate._ They cannot some of them but thin% e#il$ they
are com"elled _#olentes nolentes_$ to blas"heme$ es"ecially 'hen they come
to church and "ray$ read$ Fc.$ such foul and "rodigious suggestions come
into their hearts.
These are abominable$ uns"ea%able offences$ and most o""osite to God$
_tentationes foedae$ et im"iae_$ yet in this case$ he or they that shall be
tem"ted and so affected$ must %no'$ that no man li#ing is free from such
thoughts in "art$ or at some times$ the most di#ine s"irits ha#e been so
tem"ted in some sort$ e#il custom$ omission of holy e+ercises$ ill com"any$
idleness$ solitariness$ melancholy$ or de"ra#ed nature$ and the de#il is
still ready to corru"t$ trouble$ and di#ert our souls$ to suggest such
blas"hemous thoughts into our fantasies$ ungodly$ "rofane$ monstrous and
'ic%ed conceits& If they come from 9atan$ they are more s"eedy$ fearful and
#iolent$ the "arties cannot a#oid them& they are more fre0uent$ I say$ and
monstrous 'hen they come< for the de#il he is a s"irit$ and hath means and
o""ortunities to mingle himself 'ith our s"irits$ and sometimes more slyly$
sometimes more abru"tly and o"enly$ to suggest such de#ilish thoughts into
our hearts< he insults and domineers in melancholy distem"ered fantasies
and "ersons es"ecially< melancholy is _balneum$ diaboli_$ as 9era"io holds$
the de#il!s bath$ and in#ites him to come to it. As a sic% man frets$ ra#es
in his fits$ s"ea%s and doth he %no's not 'hat$ the de#il #iolently com"els
such crazed souls to thin% such damned thoughts against their 'ills$ they
cannot but do it< sometimes more continuate$ or by fits$ he ta%es his
ad#antage$ as the subject is less able to resist$ he aggra#ates$
e+tenuates$ affirms$ denies$ damns$ confounds the s"irits$ troubles heart$
brain$ humours$ organs$ senses$ and 'holly domineers in their imaginations.
If they "roceed from themsel#es$ such thoughts$ they are remiss and
moderate$ not so #iolent and monstrous$ not so fre0uent. The de#il commonly
suggests things o""osite to nature$ o""osite to God and his 'ord$ im"ious$
absurd$ such as a man 'ould ne#er of himself$ or could not concei#e$ they
stri%e terror and horror into the "arties! o'n hearts. 7or if he or they be
as%ed 'hether they do a""ro#e of such li%e thoughts or no$ they ans'er (and
their o'n souls truly dictate as much) they abhor them as much as hell and
the de#il himself$ they 'ould fain thin% other'ise if they could< he hath
thought other'ise$ and 'ith all his soul desires so to thin% again< he doth
resist$ and hath some good motions intermi+ed no' and then& so that such
blas"hemous$ im"ious$ unclean thoughts$ are not his o'n$ but the de#il!s<
they "roceed not from him$ but from a crazed "hantasy$ distem"ered humours$
blac% fumes 'hich offend his brain& ;-AB=Gthey are thy crosses$ the de#il!s
sins$ and he shall ans'er for them$ he doth enforce thee to do that 'hich
thou dost abhor$ and didst ne#er gi#e consent to& and although he hath
sometimes so slyly set u"on thee$ and so far "re#ailed$ as to ma%e thee in
some sort to assent to such 'ic%ed thoughts$ to delight in$ yet they ha#e
not "roceeded from a confirmed 'ill in thee$ but are of that nature 'hich
thou dost after'ards reject and abhor. Therefore be not o#ermuch troubled
and dismayed 'ith such %ind of suggestions$ at least if they "lease thee
not$ because they are not thy "ersonal sins$ for 'hich thou shalt incur the
'rath of God$ or his dis"leasure& contemn$ neglect them$ let them go as
they come$ stri#e not too #iolently$ or trouble thyself too much$ but as
our 9a#iour said to 9atan in li%e case$ say thou$ a#oid 9atan$ I detest
thee and them. _9atanae est mala ingerere_ (saith Austin) _nostrum non
consentire_& as 9atan labours to suggest$ so must 'e stri#e not to gi#e
consent$ and it 'ill be sufficient& the more an+ious and solicitous thou
art$ the more "er"le+ed$ the more thou shalt other'ise be troubled and
entangled. esides$ they must %no' this$ all so molested and distem"ered$
that although these be most e+ecrable and grie#ous sins$ they are
"ardonable yet$ through God!s mercy and goodness$ they may be forgi#en$ if
they be "enitent and sorry for them. Paul himself confesseth$ 1om. +#ii.
,B. L5e did not the good he 'ould do$ but the e#il 'hich he 'ould not do<
!tis not I$ but sin that d'elleth in me.L !Tis not thou$ but 9atan!s
suggestions$ his craft and subtlety$ his malice& comfort thyself then if
thou be "enitent and grie#ed$ or desirous to be so$ these heinous sins
shall not be laid to thy charge< God!s mercy is abo#e all sins$ 'hich if
thou do not finally contemn$ 'ithout doubt thou shalt be sa#ed. ;-AB.GL8o
man sins against the 5oly Ghost$ but he that 'ilfully and finally
renounceth :hrist$ and contemneth him and his 'ord to the last$ 'ithout
'hich there is no sal#ation$ from 'hich grie#ous sin$ God of his infinite
mercy deli#er us.L Ta%e hold of this to be thy comfort$ and meditate 'ithal
on God!s 'ord$ labour to "ray$ to re"ent$ to be rene'ed in mind$ L%ee"
thine heart 'ith all diligence.L Pro#. i#. ,.$ resist the de#il$ and he
'ill fly from thee$ "our out thy soul unto the *ord 'ith sorro'ful 5annah$
L"ray continually$L as Paul enjoins$ and as 3a#id did$ Psalm i. Lmeditate
on his la' day and night.L
Eea$ but this meditation is that mars all$ and mista%en ma%es many men far
'orse$ misconcei#ing all they read or hear$ to their o'n o#erthro'< the
more they search and read 9cri"tures$ or di#ine treatises$ the more they
"uzzle themsel#es$ as a bird in a net$ the more they are entangled and
"reci"itated into this "re"osterous gulf& LMany are called$ but fe' are
chosen$L Matt. ++. ,-. and ++ii. ,?. 'ith such li%e "laces of 9cri"ture
misinter"reted stri%e them 'ith horror$ they doubt "resently 'hether they
be of this number or no& God!s eternal decree of "redestination$ absolute
re"robation$ and such fatal tables$ they form to their o'n ruin$ and
im"inge u"on this roc% of des"air. 5o' shall they be assured of their
sal#ation$ by 'hat signsN LIf the righteous scarcely be sa#ed$ 'here shall
the ungodly and sinners a""earNL , Pet. i#. ,/. 4ho %no's$ saith 9olomon$
'hether he be electN This grinds their souls$ ho' shall they discern they
are not re"robatesN ut I say again$ ho' shall they discern they areN 7rom
the de#il can be no certainty$ for he is a liar from the beginning< if he
suggests any such thing$ as too fre0uently he doth$ reject him as a
decei#er$ an enemy of human %ind$ dis"ute not 'ith him$ gi#e no credit to
him$ obstinately refuse him$ as 9t. Anthony did in the 'ilderness$ 'hom the
de#il set u"on in se#eral sha"es$ or as the collier did$ so do thou by him.
7or 'hen the de#il tem"ted him 'ith the 'ea%ness of his faith$ and told him
he could not be sa#ed$ as being ignorant in the "rinci"les of religion$ and
urged him moreo#er to %no' 'hat he belie#ed$ 'hat he thought of such and
such "oints and mysteries& the collier told him$ he belie#ed as the church
did< but 'hat (said the de#il again) doth the church belie#eN as I do (said
the collier)< and 'hat!s that thou belie#estN as the church doth$ Fc.$ 'hen
the de#il could get no other ans'er$ he left him. If 9atan summon thee to
ans'er$ send him to :hrist& he is thy liberty$ thy "rotector against cruel
death$ raging sin$ that roaring lion$ he is thy righteousness$ thy 9a#iour$
and thy life. Though he say$ thou art not of the number of the elect$ a
re"robate$ forsa%en of God$ hold thine o'n still$ _hic murus aheneus esto_$
let this be as a bul'ar%$ a brazen 'all to defend thee$ stay thyself in
that certainty of faith< let that be thy comfort$ :hrist 'ill "rotect thee$
#indicate thee$ thou art one of his floc%$ he 'ill trium"h o#er the la'$
#an0uish death$ o#ercome the de#il$ and destroy hell. If he say thou art
none of the elect$ no belie#er$ reject him$ defy him$ thou hast thought
other'ise$ and mayst so be resol#ed again< comfort thyself< this "ersuasion
cannot come from the de#il$ and much less can it be grounded from thyselfN
men are liars$ and 'hy shouldst thou distrustN A denying Peter$ a
"ersecuting Paul$ an adulterous cruel 3a#id$ ha#e been recei#ed< an
a"ostate 9olomon may be con#erted< no sin at all but im"enitency$ can gi#e
testimony of final re"robation. 4hy shouldst thou then distrust$ misdoubt
thyself$ u"on 'hat ground$ 'hat sus"icionN This o"inion alone of
"articularityN Against that$ and for the certainty of election and
sal#ation on the other side$ see God!s good 'ill to'ard men$ hear ho'
generally his grace is "ro"osed to him$ and him$ and them$ each man in
"articular$ and to all. , Tim. ii. ?. LGod 'ill that all men be sa#ed$ and
come to the %no'ledge of the truth.L !Tis a uni#ersal "romise$ LGod sent
not his son into the 'orld to condemn the 'orld$ but that through him the
'orld might be sa#ed.L Dohn iii. ,A. L5e that ac%no'ledged himself a man in
the 'orld$ must li%e'ise ac%no'ledge he is of that number that is to be
sa#ed.L Eze%. +++iii. ,,$ LI 'ill not the death of a sinner$ but that he
re"ent and li#e&L ut thou art a sinner< therefore he 'ill not thy death.
LThis is the 'ill of him that sent me$ that e#ery man that belie#eth in the
9on$ should ha#e e#erlasting life.L Dohn #i. ?C. L5e 'ould ha#e no man
"erish$ but all come to re"entance$L = Pet. iii. B. esides$ remission of
sins is to be "reached$ not to a fe'$ but uni#ersally to all men$ LGo
therefore and tell all nations$ ba"tising them$L Fc. Matt. ++#iii. ,B. LGo
into all the 'orld$ and "reach the Gos"el to e#ery creature$L Mar% +#i. ,@.
8o' there cannot be contradictory 'ills in God$ he 'ill ha#e all sa#ed$ and
not all$ ho' can this stand togetherN be secure then$ belie#e$ trust in
him$ ho"e 'ell and be sa#ed. Eea$ that!s the main matter$ ho' shall I
belie#e or discern my security from carnal "resum"tionN my faith is 'ea%
and faint$ I 'ant those signs and fruits of sanctification$ ;-AB?Gsorro'
for sin$ thirsting for grace$ groanings of the s"irit$ lo#e of :hristians
as :hristians$ a#oiding occasion of sin$ endea#our of ne' obedience$
charity$ lo#e of God$ "erse#erance. Though these signs be languishing in
thee$ and not seated in thine heart$ thou must not therefore be dejected or
terrified< the effects of the faith and s"irit are not yet so fully felt in
thee< conclude not therefore thou art a re"robate$ or doubt of thine
election$ because the elect themsel#es are 'ithout them$ before their
con#ersion. Thou mayst in the *ord!s good time be con#erted< some are
called at the ele#enth hour. Hse$ I say$ the means of thy con#ersion$
e+"ect the *ord!s leisure$ if not yet called$ "ray thou mayst be$ or at
least 'ish and desire thou. mayst be.
8ot'ithstanding all this 'hich might be said to this effect$ to ease their
afflicted minds$ 'hat comfort our best di#ines can afford in this case$
>anchius$ eza$ Fc. This furious curiosity$ needless s"eculation$ fruitless
meditation about election$ re"robation$ free 'ill$ grace$ such "laces of
9cri"ture "re"osterously concei#ed$ torment still$ and crucify the souls of
too many$ and set all the 'orld together by the ears. To a#oid 'hich
incon#eniences$ and to settle their distressed minds$ to mitigate those
di#ine a"horisms$ (though in another e+treme some) our late Arminians ha#e
re#i#ed that "lausible doctrine of uni#ersal grace$ 'hich many fathers$ our
late *utheran and modern "a"ists do still maintain$ that 'e ha#e free 'ill
of oursel#es$ and that grace is common to all that 'ill belie#e. 9ome
again$ though less orthodo+al$ 'ill ha#e a far greater "art sa#ed than
shall be damned$ (as ;-AB@G:aelius 9ecundus stiffly maintains in his boo%$
_3e am"litudine regni coelestis_$ or some im"ostor under his name)
_beatorum numerus multo major 0uam damnatorum._ ;-AB-G5e calls that other
tenet of s"ecial ;-ABAGLelection and re"robation$ a "rejudicate$ en#ious
and malicious o"inion$ a"t to dra' all men to des"eration. Many are called$
fe' chosen$L Fc. 5e o""oseth some o""osite "arts of 9cri"ture to it$
L:hrist came into the 'orld to sa#e sinners$L Fc. And four es"ecial
arguments he "roduceth$ one from God!s "o'er. If more be damned than sa#ed$
he erroneously concludes$ ;-AB/Gthe de#il hath the greater so#ereigntyO for
'hat is "o'er but to "rotectN and majesty consists in multitude. LIf the
de#il ha#e the greater "art$ 'here is his mercy$ 'here is his "o'erN ho' is
he _3eus 2"timus Ma+imus$ misericors_N Fc.$ 'here is his greatness$ 'here
his goodnessNL 5e "roceeds$ ;-ABBGL4e account him a murderer that is
accessory only$ or doth not hel" 'hen he can< 'hich may not be su""osed of
God 'ithout great offence$ because he may do 'hat he 'ill$ and is other'ise
accessory$ and the author of sin. The nature of good is to be communicated$
God is good$ and 'ill not then be contracted in his goodness& for ho' is he
the father of mercy and comfort$ if his good concern but a fe'N 2 en#ious
and unthan%ful men to thin% other'iseO ;-/CCG4hy should 'e "ray to God that
are Gentiles$ and than% him for his mercies and benefits$ that hath damned
us all innocuous for Adam!s offence$ one man!s offence$ one small offence$
eating of an a""leN 'hy should 'e ac%no'ledge him for our go#ernor that
hath 'holly neglected the sal#ation of our souls$ contemned us$ and sent no
"ro"hets or instructors to teach us$ as he hath done to the 5ebre'sNL 9o
Dulian the a"ostate objects. 4hy should these :hristians (:aelius urgeth)
reject us and a""ro"riate God unto themsel#es$ _3eum illum suum unicum_$
Fc. ut to return to our forged :aelius. At last he comes to that$ he 'ill
ha#e those sa#ed that ne#er heard of$ or belie#ed in :hrist$ _e+ "uris
naturalibus_$ 'ith the Pelagians$ and "ro#es it out of 2rigen and others.
LTheyL (saith ;-/C,G2rigen) Lthat ne#er heard God!s 'ord$ are to be e+cused
for their ignorance< 'e may not thin% God 'ill be so hard$ angry$ cruel or
unjust as to condemn any man _indicta causa_.L They alone (he holds) are in
the state of damnation that refuse :hrist!s mercy and grace$ 'hen it is
offered. Many 'orthy Gree%s and 1omans$ good moral honest men$ that %e"t
the la' of nature$ did to others as they 'ould be done to themsel#es$ as
certainly sa#ed$ he concludes$ as they 'ere that li#ed u"rightly before the
la' of Moses. They 'ere acce"table in. God!s sight$ as Dob 'as$ the Magi$
the 0ueen of 9heba$ 3arius of Persia$ 9ocrates$ Aristides$ :ato$ :urius$
Tully$ 9eneca$ and many other "hiloso"hers$ u"right li#ers$ no matter of
'hat religion$ as :ornelius$ out of any nation$ so that he li#e honestly$
call on God$ trust in him$ fear him$ he shall be sa#ed. This o"inion 'as
formerly maintained by the Ialentinian and asiledian heretics$ re#i#ed of
late in ;-/C=GTur%ey$ of 'hat sect 1ustan assa 'as "atron$ defended by
;-/C.GGaleatius ;-/C?GErasmus$ by >uinglius _in e+"osit. fidei ad 1egem
Galliae_$ 'hose tenet ullinger #indicates$ and Gualter a""ro#es in a just
a"ology 'ith many arguments. There be many Desuits that follo' these
:al#inists in this behalf$ 7ranciscus uchsius Moguntinus$ Andradius
:onsil. Trident$ many schoolmen that out of the , 1om. #. ,/. ,B. are
#erily "ersuaded that those good 'or%s of the Gentiles did so far "lease
God$ that they might _#itam aeternam "romereri_$ and be sa#ed in the end.
9esellius$ and enedictus Dustinianus in his comment on the first of the
1omans$ Mathias 3itmarsh the "olitician$ 'ith many others$ hold a
mediocrity$ they may be _salute non indigni_ but they 'ill not absolutely
decree it. 5ofmannus$ a *utheran "rofessor of 5elmstad$ and many of his
follo'ers$ 'ith most of our church$ and "a"ists$ are stiff against it.
7ranciscus :ollius hath fully censured all o"inions in his 7i#e oo%s$ _de
Paganorum animabus "ost mortem_$ and am"ly dilated this 0uestion$ 'hich
'hoso 'ill may "eruse. ut to return to my author$ his conclusion is$ that
not only 'ic%ed li#ers$ blas"hemers$ re"robates$ and such as reject God!s
grace$ Lbut that the de#ils themsel#es shall be sa#ed at last$L as
;-/C@G2rigen himself long since deli#ered in his 'or%s$ and our late
;-/C-G9ocinians defend$ 2storodius$ _ca". ?,. institut._ 9maltius$ Fc.
Those terms of all and for e#er in 9cri"ture$ are not eternal$ but only
denote a longer time$ 'hich by many e+am"les they "ro#e. The 'orld shall
end li%e a comedy$ and 'e shall meet at last in hea#en$ and li#e in bliss
altogether$ or else in conclusion$ _in nihil e#anescere._ 7or ho' can he be
merciful that shall condemn any creature to eternal uns"ea%able "unishment$
for one small tem"orary fault$ all "osterity$ so many myriads for one and
another man!s offence$ _0uid meruistis o#es_N ut these absurd "arado+es
are e+"loded by our church$ 'e teach other'ise. That this #ocation$
"redestination$ election$ re"robation$ _non e+ corru"ta massa$ "rae#iso$
fide_$ as our Arminians$ or _e+ "rae#isis o"eribus_$ as our "a"ists$ _non
e+ "raeteritione_$ but God!s absolute decree _ante mundum creatum_$ (as
many of our church hold) 'as from the beginning$ before the foundation of
the 'orld 'as laid$ or _homo conditus_$ (or from Adam!s fall$ as others
'ill$ _homo la"sus objectum est re"robationis_) 'ith _"erse#erantia
sanctorum_$ 'e must be certain of our sal#ation$ 'e may fall but not
finally$ 'hich our Arminians 'ill not admit. According to his immutable$
eternal$ just decree and counsel of sa#ing men and angels$ God calls all$
and 'ould ha#e all to be sa#ed according to the efficacy of #ocation& all
are in#ited$ but only the elect a""rehended& the rest that are unbelie#ing$
im"enitent$ 'hom God in his just judgment lea#es to be "unished for their
sins$ are in a re"robate sense< yet 'e must not determine 'ho are such$
condemn oursel#es or others$ because 'e ha#e a uni#ersal in#itation< all
are commanded to belie#e$ and 'e %no' not ho' soon or ho' late our end may
be recei#ed. I might ha#e said more of this subject< but forasmuch as it is
a forbidden 0uestion$ and in the "reface or declaration to the articles of
the church$ "rinted ,-..$ to a#oid factions and altercations$ 'e that are
uni#ersity di#ines es"ecially$ are "rohibited Lall curious search$ to "rint
or "reach$ or dra' the article aside by our o'n sense and comments u"on
"ain of ecclesiastical censure.L I 'ill surcease$ and conclude 'ith
;-/CAGErasmus of such contro#ersies& _Pugnet 0ui #olet$ ego censeo leges
majorum re#erenter susci"iendas$ et religiose obser#andas$ #elut a 3eo
"rofectas< nec esse tutum$ nec esse "ium$ de "otestate "ublica sinistram
conci"ere aut serere sus"icionem. Et si0uid est tyrannidis$ 0uod tamen non
cogat ad im"ietatem$ satius est ferre$ 0uam seditiose reluctari._
ut to my former tas%. The last main torture and trouble of a distressed
mind$ is not so much this doubt of election$ and that the "romises of grace
are smothered and e+tinct in them$ nay 0uite blotted out$ as they su""ose$
but 'ithal God!s hea#y 'rath$ a most intolerable "ain and grief of heart
seizeth on them& to their thin%ing they are already damned$ they suffer the
"ains of hell$ and more than "ossibly can be e+"ressed$ they smell
brimstone$ tal% familiarly 'ith de#ils$ hear and see chimeras$ "rodigious$
uncouth sha"es$ bears$ o'ls$ anti0ues$ blac% dogs$ fiends$ hideous
outcries$ fearful noises$ shrie%s$ lamentable com"laints$ they are
"ossessed$ ;-/C/Gand through im"atience they roar and ho'l$ curse$
blas"heme$ deny God$ call his "o'er in 0uestion$ abjure religion$ and are
still ready to offer #iolence unto themsel#es$ by hanging$ dro'ning$ Fc.
8e#er any miserable 'retch from the beginning of the 'orld 'as in such a
'oeful case. To such "ersons I o""ose God!s mercy and his justice< _Dudicia
3ei occulta$ non injusta_& his secret counsel and just judgment$ by 'hich
he s"ares some$ and sore afflicts others again in this life< his judgment
is to be adored$ trembled at$ not to be searched or in0uired after by
mortal men& he hath reasons reser#ed to himself$ 'hich our frailty cannot
a""rehend. 5e may "unish all if he 'ill$ and that justly for sin< in that
he doth it in some$ is to ma%e a 'ay for his mercy that they re"ent and be
sa#ed$ to heal them$ to try them$ e+ercise their "atience$ and ma%e them
call u"on him$ to confess their sins and "ray unto him$ as 3a#id did$ Psalm
c+i+. ,.A. L1ighteous art thou$ 2 *ord$ and just are thy judgments.L As the
"oor "ublican$ *u%e +#iii. ,.. L*ord ha#e mercy u"on me a miserable
sinner.L To "ut confidence and ha#e an assured ho"e in him$ as Dob had$
+iii. ,@. LThough he %ill me I 'ill trust In him&L _Hre$ seca$ occide 2
3omine_$ (saith Austin) _modo ser#es animam_$ %ill$ cut in "ieces$ burn my
body (2 *ord) to sa#e my soul. A small sic%ness< one lash of affliction$ a
little misery$ many times 'ill more humiliate a man$ sooner con#ert$ bring
him home to %no' himself$ than all those "araenetical discourses$ the 'hole
theory of "hiloso"hy$ la'$ "hysic$ and di#inity$ or a 'orld of instances
and e+am"les. 9o that this$ 'hich they ta%e to be such an insu""ortable
"lague$ is an e#ident sign of God!s mercy and justice$ of 5is lo#e and
goodness& _"eriissent nisi "eriissent_$ had they not thus been undone$ they
had finally been undone. Many a carnal man is lulled aslee" in "er#erse
security$ foolish "resum"tion$ is stu"efied in his sins$ and hath no
feeling at all of them& LI ha#e sinnedL (he saith) Land 'hat e#il shall
come unto me$L Eccles. #. ?$ and LTush$ ho' shall God %no' itNL and so in a
re"robate sense goes do'n to hell. ut here$ _:ynthius aurem #ellit_$ God
"ulls them by the ear$ by affliction$ he 'ill bring them to hea#en and
ha""iness< Llessed are they that mourn$ for they shall be comforted$L
Matt. #. ?$ a blessed and a ha""y state$ if considered aright$ it is$ to be
so troubled. LIt is good for me that I ha#e been afflicted$L Psal. c+i+.
Lbefore I 'as afflicted I 'ent astray$ but no' I %ee" Thy 'ord.L
LTribulation 'or%s "atience$ "atience ho"e$L 1om. #. ?$ and by such li%e
crosses and calamities 'e are dri#en from the sta%e of security. 9o that
affliction is a school or academy$ 'herein the best scholars are "re"ared
to the commencements of the 3eity. And though it be most troublesome and
grie#ous for the time$ yet %no' this$ it comes by God!s "ermission and
"ro#idence< 5e is a s"ectator of thy groans and tears$ still "resent 'ith
thee$ the #ery hairs of thy head are numbered$ not one of them can fall to
the ground 'ithout the e+"ress 'ill of God& he 'ill not suffer thee to be
tem"ted abo#e measure$ he corrects us all$ ;-/CBG_numero$ "ondere$ et
mensura_$ the *ord 'ill not 0uench the smo%ing fla+$ or brea% the bruised
reed$ _Tentat_ (saith Austin) _non ut obruat$ sed ut coronet_ he suffers
thee to be tem"ted for thy good. And as a mother doth handle her child sic%
and 'ea%$ not reject it$ but 'ith all tenderness obser#e and %ee" it$ so
doth God by us$ not forsa%e us in our miseries$ or relin0uish us for our
im"erfections$ but 'ith all "ity and com"assion su""ort and recei#e us<
'hom he lo#es$ he lo#es to the end. 1om. #iii. L4hom 5e hath elected$ those
5e hath called$ justified$ sanctified$ and glorified.L Thin% not then thou
hast lost the 9"irit$ that thou art forsa%en of God$ be not o#ercome 'ith
hea#iness of heart$ but as 3a#id said$ LI 'ill not fear though I 'al% in
the shado's of death.L 4e must all go$ _non a deliciis ad delicias_$
;-/,CGbut from the cross to the cro'n$ by hell to hea#en$ as the old 1omans
"ut Iirtue!s tem"le in the 'ay to that of 5onour< 'e must endure sorro' and
misery in this life. !Tis no ne' thing this$ God!s best ser#ants and
dearest children ha#e been so #isited and tried. :hrist in the garden cried
out$ LMy God$ my God$ 'hy hast thou forsa%en meNL 5is son by nature$ as
thou art by ado"tion and grace. Dob$ in his anguish$ said$ LThe arro's of
the Almighty God 'ere in him$L Dob #i. ?. L5is terrors fought against him$
the #enom dran% u" his s"irit$L ca". +iii. =-. 5e saith$ LGod 'as his
enemy$ 'rit bitter things against himL (+#i. B.) Lhated him.L 5is hea#y
'rath had so seized on his soul. 3a#id com"lains$ Lhis eyes 'ere eaten u"$
sun% into his head$L Ps. #i. A$ Lhis moisture became as the drought in
summer$ his flesh 'as consumed$ his bones #e+ed&L yet neither Dob nor 3a#id
did finally des"air. Dob 'ould not lea#e his hold$ but still trust in 5im$
ac%no'ledging 5im to be his good God. LThe *ord gi#es$ the *ord ta%es$
blessed be the name of the *ord$L Dob. i. =,. Lehold I am #ile$ I abhor
myself$ re"ent in dust and ashes$L Dob +++i+. .A. 3a#id humbled himself$
Psal. +++i. and u"on his confession recei#ed mercy. 7aith$ ho"e$
re"entance$ are the so#ereign cures and remedies$ the sole comforts in this
case< confess$ humble thyself$ re"ent$ it is sufficient. _Kuod "ur"ura non
"otest$ saccus "otest_$ saith :hrysostom< the %ing of 8ine#eh!s sac%cloth
and ashes Ldid that 'hich his "ur"le robes and cro'n could not effect<L
_Kuod diadema non "otuit$ cinis "erfecit._ Turn to 5im$ he 'ill turn to
thee< the *ord is near those that are of a contrite heart$ and 'ill sa#e
such as be afflicted in s"irit$ Ps. +++i#. ,/. L5e came to the lost shee"
of Israel$L Matt. +#. ,?. _9i cadentem intuetur$ clementiae manum
"rotendit_$ 5e is at all times ready to assist. _8un0uam s"ernit 3eus
Poenitentiam si sincere et sim"liciter offeratur_$ 5e ne#er rejects a
"enitent sinner$ though he ha#e come to the full height of ini0uity$
'allo'ed and delighted in sin< yet if he 'ill forsa%e his former 'ays$
_libenter am"le+atur_$ 5e 'ill recei#e him. _Parcam huic homini_$ saith
;-/,,GAustin$ (_e+ "ersona 3ei_) _0uia sibi i"si non "e"ercit< ignoscam
0uia "eccatum agno#it_. I 'ill s"are him because he hath not s"ared
himself< I 'ill "ardon him because he doth ac%no'ledge his offence& let it
be ne#er so enormous a sin$ L5is grace is sufficient$L = :or. +ii. B.
3es"air not then$ faint not at all$ be not dejected$ but rely on God$ call
on him an thy trouble$ and he 'ill hear thee$ he 'ill assist$ hel"$ and
deli#er thee& L3ra' near to 5im$ he 'ill dra' near to thee$L Dames i#. /.
*azarus 'as "oor and full of boils$ and yet still he relied u"on God$
Abraham did ho"e beyond ho"e.
Thou e+ce"test$ these 'ere chief men$ di#ine s"irits$ _3eo cari_$ belo#ed
of God$ es"ecially res"ected< but I am a contem"tible and forlorn 'retch$
forsa%en of God$ and left to the merciless fury of e#il s"irits. I cannot
ho"e$ "ray$ re"ent$ Fc. 5o' often shall I say itN thou mayst "erform all
those duties$ :hristian offices$ and be restored in good time. A sic% man
loseth his a""etite$ strength and ability$ his disease "re#aileth so far$
that all his faculties are s"ent$ hand and foot "erform not their duties$
his eyes are dim$ hearing dull$ tongue distastes things of "leasant relish$
yet nature lies hid$ reco#ereth again$ and e+"elleth all those feculent
matters by #omit$ s'eat$ or some such li%e e#acuations. Thou art
s"iritually sic%$ thine heart is hea#y$ thy mind distressed$ thou mayst
ha""ily reco#er again$ e+"el those dismal "assions of fear and grief< God
did not suffer thee to be tem"ted abo#e measure< 'hom he lo#es (I say) he
lo#es to the end< ho"e the best. 3a#id in his misery "rayed to the *ord$
remembering ho' he had formerly dealt 'ith him< and 'ith that meditation of
God!s mercy confirmed his faith$ and "acified his o'n tumultuous heart in
his greatest agony. L2 my soul$ 'hy art thou so dis0uieted 'ithin me$L Fc.
Thy soul is ecli"sed for a time$ I yield$ as the sun is shado'ed by a
cloud< no doubt but those gracious beams of God!s mercy 'ill shine u"on
thee again$ as they ha#e formerly done& those embers of faith$ ho"e and
re"entance$ no' buried in ashes$ 'ill flame out afresh$ and be fully
re#i#ed. 4ant of faith$ no feeling of grace for the "resent$ are not fit
directions< 'e must li#e by faith$ not by feeling< !tis the beginning of
grace to 'ish for grace& 'e must e+"ect and tarry. 3a#id$ a man after God!s
o'n heart$ 'as so troubled himself< LA'a%e$ 'hy slee"est thouN 2 *ord$
arise$ cast me not off< 'herefore hidest thou thy face$ and forgettest mine
affliction and o""ressionN My soul is bo'ed do'n to the dust. Arise$ redeem
us$L Fc.$ Ps. +li#. ==. 5e "rayed long before he 'as heard$ _e+"ectans
e+"ecta#it_< endured much before he 'as relie#ed. Psal. l+i+. .$ he
com"lains$ LI am 'eary of crying$ and my throat is dry$ mine eyes fail$
'hilst I 'ait on the *ord<L and yet he "erse#eres. e not dismayed$ thou
shalt be res"ected at last. God often 'or%s by contrarieties$ he first
%ills and then ma%es ali#e$ he 'oundeth first and then healeth$ he ma%es
man so' in tears that he may rea" in joy< !tis God!s method& he that is so
#isited$ must 'ith "atience endure and rest satisfied for the "resent. The
"aschal lamb 'as eaten 'ith sour herbs< 'e shall feel no s'eetness of 5is
blood$ till 'e first feel the smart of our sins. Thy "ains are great$
intolerable for the time< thou art destitute of grace and comfort$ stay the
*ord!s leisure$ he 'ill not (I say) suffer thee to be tem"ted abo#e that
thou art able to bear$ , :or. +. ,.. but 'ill gi#e an issue to tem"tation.
5e 'or%s all for the best to them that lo#e God$ 1om. #iii. =/. 3oubt not
of thine election$ it is an immutable decree< a mar% ne#er to be defaced&
you ha#e been other'ise$ you may and shall be. And for your "resent
affliction$ ho"e the best$ it 'ill shortly end. L5e is "resent 'ith his
ser#ants in their affliction$L Ps. +ci. ,@. LGreat are the troubles of the
righteous$ but the *ord deli#ereth them out of all$L Ps. +++i#. ,B. L2ur
light affliction$ 'hich is but for a moment$ 'or%eth in us an eternal
'eight of glory$L =. :or. i#. ,/. L8ot ans'erable to that glory 'hich is to
come< though no' in hea#iness$L saith , Pet. i. -$ Lyou shall rejoice.L
8o' last of all to those e+ternal im"ediments$ terrible objects$ 'hich they
hear and see many times$ de#ils$ bugbears$ and mormeluches$ noisome smells$
Fc. These may come$ as I ha#e formerly declared in my "recedent discourse
of the 9ym"toms of Melancholy$ from in'ard causes< as a conca#e glass
reflects solid bodies$ a troubled brain for 'ant of slee"$ nutriment$ and
by reason of that agitation of s"irits to 'hich 5ercules de 9a+onia
attributes all sym"toms almost$ may reflect and sho' "rodigious sha"es$ as
our #ain fear and crazed "hantasy shall suggest and feign$ as many silly
'ea% 'omen and children in the dar%$ sic% fol%s$ and frantic for 'ant of
re"ast and slee"$ su""ose they see that they see not& many times such
terriculaments may "roceed from natural causes$ and all other senses may be
deluded. esides$ as I ha#e said$ this humour is _balneum diaboli_$ the
de#il!s bath$ by reason of the distem"er of humours$ and infirm organs in
us& he may so "ossess us in'ardly to molest us$ as he did 9aul and others$
by God!s "ermission& he is "rince of the air$ and can transform himself
into se#eral sha"es$ delude all our senses for a time$ but his "o'er is
determined$ he may terrify us$ but not hurt< God hath gi#en L5is angels
charge o#er us$ 5e is a 'all round about his "eo"le$L Psal. +ci. ,,$ ,=.
There be those that "rescribe "hysic in such cases$ !tis God!s instrument
and not unfit. The de#il 'or%s by mediation of humours$ and mi+ed diseases
must ha#e mi+ed remedies. *e#inus *emnius _ca". @A F @/$ e+hort. ad #it.
e". instit._ is #ery co"ious on this subject$ besides that chief remedy of
confidence in God$ "rayer$ hearty re"entance$ Fc.$ of 'hich for your
comfort and instruction$ read *a#ater _de s"ectris "art. .. ca". @. and -._
4ierus _de "raestigiis daemonum lib. @._ to Phili" Melancthon$ and others$
and that :hristian armour 'hich Paul "rescribes< he sets do'n certain
amulets$ herbs$ and "recious stones$ 'hich ha#e mar#ellous #irtues all$
_"rofligandis daemonibus_$ to dri#e a'ay de#ils and their illusions.
9a""hires$ chrysolites$ carbuncles$ Fc. _Kuae mira #irtute "ollent ad
lemures$ stryges$ incubos$ genios aereos arcendos$ si #eterum monumentis
habenda fides._ 2f herbs$ he rec%ons us "ennyroyal$ rue$ mint$ angelica$
"eony& 1ich. Argentine _de "raestigiis daemonum$ ca". =C_$ adds$ hy"ericon
or 9t. Dohn!s 'ort$ _"erforata herba_$ 'hich by a di#ine #irtue dri#es a'ay
de#ils$ and is therefore _fuga daemonum_& all 'hich rightly used by their
suffitus$ _3aemonum #e+ationibus obsistunt$ afflictas mentes a daemonibus
rele#ant$ et #enenatis Diimis_$ e+"el de#ils themsel#es$ and all de#ilish
illusions. Anthony Musa$ the Em"eror Augustus$ his "hysician$ _ca". -$ de
etonia_$ a""ro#es of betony to this "ur"ose< ;-/,=Gthe ancients used
therefore to "lant it in churchyards$ because it 'as held to be an holy
herb and good against fearful #isions$ did secure such "laces as it gre'
in$ and sanctified those "ersons that carried it about them. _Idem fere
Mathiolus in dioscoridem._ 2thers commend accurate music$ so 9aul 'as
hel"ed by 3a#id!s har". 7ires to be made in such rooms 'here s"irits haunt$
good store of lights to be set u"$ odours$ "erfumes$ and suffumigations$ as
the angel taught Tobias$ of brimstone and bitumen$ thus$ myrrh$ briony
root$ 'ith many such sim"les 'hich 4ec%er hath collected$ _lib. ,@$ de
secretis$ ca". ,@._ _;9ymbol& Du"iterG sul"huris drachmam unam$ reco0uatur
in #itis albae$ a0ua$ ut dilutius sit sul"hur< detur aegro& nam daemones
sunt morbi_ (saith 1ich. Argentine$ _lib. de "raestigiis daemonum$ ca".
ult._) Iigetus hath a far larger recei"t to this "ur"ose$ 'hich the said
4ec%er cites out of 4ierus$ _;9ymbol& Du"iterG sul"huris$ #ini$ bituminis$
o"o"onacis$ galbani$ castorei_$ Fc. 4hy s'eet "erfumes$ fires and so many
lights should be used in such "laces$ Ernestus urgra#ius *ucerna _#itae$
et mortis_$ and 7ortunius *ycetus assigns this cause$ _0uod his boni genii
"ro#ocentur$ mali arceaniur_< Lbecause good s"irits are 'ell "leased 'ith$
but e#il abhor themOL And therefore those old Gentiles$ "resent Mahometans$
and Pa"ists ha#e continual lam"s burning in their churches all day and all
night$ lights at funerals and in their gra#es< _lucernae ardentes e+ auro
li0uefacto_ for many ages to endure (saith *azius)$ _ne daemones cor"us
laedant_< lights e#er burning as those #estal #irgins. Pythonissae
maintained heretofore$ 'ith many such$ of 'hich read Tostatus in _= 1eg.
ca". -. 0uaest. ?._$ Thyreus$ _ca". @A$ @/$ -=$ Fc. de locis infestis_$
Pictorius Isagog. _de daemonibus_$ Fc.$ see more in them. :ardan 'ould ha#e
the "arty affected 'in% altogether in such a case$ if he see aught that
offends him$ or cut the air 'ith a s'ord in such "laces they 'al% and
abide< _gladiis enim et lanceis terrentur_$ shoot a "istol at them$ for
being aerial bodies (as :aelius 1hodiginus$ _lib. ,. ca". =B._ Tertullian$
2rigen$ Psellas$ and many hold)$ if stro%en$ they feel "ain. Pa"ists
commonly enjoin and a""ly crosses$ holy 'ater$ sanctified beads$ amulets$
music$ ringing of bells$ for to that end are they consecrated$ and by them
ba"tised$ characters$ counterfeit relics$ so many masses$ "eregrinations$
oblations$ adjurations$ and 'hat notN Ale+ander Albertinus a$ 1ocha$ Petrus
Thyreus$ and 5ieronymus Mengus$ 'ith many other "ontificial 'riters$
"rescribe and set do'n se#eral forms of e+orcisms$ as 'ell to houses
"ossessed 'ith de#ils$ as to demoniacal "ersons< but I am of
;-/,.G*emnius!s mind$ !tis but _damnosa adjuratio$ aut "otius ludificatio_$
a mere moc%ery$ a counterfeit charm$ to no "ur"ose$ they are fo""eries and
fictions$ as that absurd ;-/,?Gstory is amongst the rest$ of a "enitent
'oman seduced by a magician in 7rance$ at 9t. a'ne$ e+orcised by 3om"hius$
Michaelis$ and a com"any of circum#enting friars. If any man (saith
*emnius) 'ill attem"t such a thing$ 'ithout all those juggling
circumstances$ astrological elections of time$ "lace$ "rodigious habits$
fustian$ big$ ses0ui"edal 'ords$ s"ells$ crosses$ characters$ 'hich
e+orcists ordinarily use$ let him follo' the e+am"le of Peter and Dohn$
that 'ithout any ambitious s'elling terms$ cured a lame man. Acts iii. LIn
the name of :hrist Desus rise and 'al%.L 5is name alone is the best and
only charm against all such diabolical illusions$ so doth 2rigen ad#ise&
and so :hrysostom$ _5aec erit tibi baculus$ haec turris ine+"ugnabilis$
haec armatura. 8os 0uid ad haec dicemus$ "lures fortasse e+"ectabunt_$
saith 9t. Austin. Many men 'ill desire my counsel and o"inion 'hat is to be
done in this behalf< I can say no more$ _0uam ut #era fide$ 0uae "er
dilectionem o"eratur$ ad 3eum unum fugiamus_$ let them fly to God alone for
hel". Athanasius in his boo%$ _3e #ariis 0uaest._ "rescribes as a "resent
charm against de#ils$ the beginning of the l+#ii. Psalm. _E+urgat 3eus$
dissi"entur inimici_$ Fc. ut the best remedy is to fly to God$ to call on
him$ ho"e$ "ray$ trust$ rely on him$ to commit oursel#es 'holly to him.
4hat the "ractice of the "rimiti#e church 'as in this behalf$ _Et 0uis
daemonia ejiciendi modus_$ read 4ierus at large$ _lib. @. de :ura. *am.
meles. ca". ./. et deince"s._
*ast of all& if the "arty affected shall certainly %no' this malady to ha#e
"roceeded from too much fasting$ meditation$ "recise life$ contem"lation of
God!s judgments (for the de#il decei#es many by such means)$ in that other
e+treme he circum#ents melancholy itself$ reading some boo%s$ treatises$
hearing rigid "reachers$ Fc. If he shall "ercei#e that it hath begun first
from some great loss$ grie#ous accident$ disaster$ seeing others in li%e
case$ or any such terrible object$ let him s"eedily remo#e the cause$ 'hich
to the cure of this disease 8a#arras so much commends$ ;-/,@G_a#ertat
cogitationem a re scru"ulosa_$ by all o""osite means$ art$ and industry$
let him _la+are animum_$ by all honest recreations$ Lrefresh and recreate
his distressed soul<L let him direct his thoughts$ by himself and other of
his friends. *et him read no more such tracts or subjects$ hear no more
such fearful tones$ a#oid such com"anies$ and by all means o"en himself$
submit himself to the ad#ice of good "hysicians and di#ines$ 'hich is
_contra#entio scru"ulorum_$ as ;-/,-Ghe calls it$ hear them s"ea% to 'hom
the *ord hath gi#en the tongue of the learned$ to be able to minister a
'ord to him that is 'eary$ ;-/,AG'hose 'ords are as flagons of 'ine. *et
him not be obstinate$ headstrong$ "ee#ish$ 'ilful$ self-conceited (as in
this malady they are)$ but gi#e ear to good ad#ice$ be ruled and "ersuaded<
and no doubt but such good counsel may "ro#e as "re"osterous to his soul$
as the angel 'as to Peter$ that o"ened the iron gates$ loosed his bands$
brought him out of "rison$ and deli#ered him from bodily thraldom< they may
ease his afflicted mind$ relie#e his 'ounded soul$ and ta%e him out of the
ja's of hell itself. I can say no more$ or gi#e better ad#ice to such as
are any 'ay distressed in this %ind$ than 'hat I ha#e gi#en and said. 2nly
ta%e this for a corollary and conclusion$ as thou tenderest thine o'n
'elfare in this$ and all other melancholy$ thy good health of body and
mind$ obser#e this short "rece"t$ gi#e not 'ay to solitariness and
idleness. Le not solitary$ be not idle.L
9PE1ATE MI9E1I--H85APPE 52PE.
:AIETE 7E*I:E9--5APPE E :AHTI2H9.
_Iis a dubio liberariN #is 0uod incertum est e#adereN Age "oenitentiam dum
sanus es< sic agens$ dico tibi 0uod securus es$ 0uod "oenitentiam egisti eo
tem"ore 0uo "eccare "otuisti_. Austin. L3o you 'ish to be freed from
doubtsN do you desire to esca"e uncertaintyN e "enitent 'hilst rational&
by so doing I assert that you are safe$ because you ha#e de#oted that time
to "enitence in 'hich you might ha#e been guilty of sin.L
I83EJ.
Absence a cure of lo#e-melancholy
Absence o#er long$ cause of jealousy
Abstinence commended
_Academicorum Errata_
Ad#ersity$ 'hy better than "ros"erity
Aerial de#ils
Affections 'hence they arise< ho' they transform us< of slee"ing and 'a%ing
Affection in melancholy$ 'hat
Against abuses$ re"ulse$ injuries$ contumely$ disgraces$ scoffs
Against en#y$ li#or$ hatred$ malice
Against sorro'$ #ain fears$ death of friends
Air$ ho' it causeth melancholy< ho' rectified it cureth melancholy< air in
lo#e
Al%ermes good against melancholy
All are melancholy
All beautiful "arts attracti#e in lo#e
Aloes$ his #irtues
Alterati#es in "hysic$ to 'hat use< against melancholy
Ambition defined$ described$ cause of melancholy< of heresy< hinders and
s"oils many matches
Amiableness lo#es object
Amorous objects causes of lo#e-melancholy
Amulets contro#erted$ a""ro#ed
Amusements
Anger!s descri"tion$ effects$ ho' it causeth melancholy
Antimony a "urger of melancholy
Anthony in#eigled by :leo"atra
A"ology of lo#e-melancholy
A""etite
A""les$ good or bad$ ho'
A""arel and clothes$ a cause of lo#e-melancholy
A0ueducts of old
Arminian!s tenets
Arteries$ 'hat
Artificial air against melancholy
Artificial allurements of lo#e
Art of memory
Astrological a"horisms$ ho' a#ailable$ signs or causes of melancholy
Astrological signs of lo#e
Atheists described
A#erters of melancholy
_Aurum "otabile_ censured$ a""ro#ed
.
aits of lo#ers
ald lasci#ious
alm good against melancholy
anishment!s effects< its cure and antidote
arrenness$ 'hat grie#ances it causeth< a cause of jealousy
arren grounds ha#e best air
ashfulness a sym"tom of melancholy< of lo#e-melancholy< cured
aseness of birth no dis"aragement
aths rectified
a'ds a cause of lo#e-melancholy
easts and birds in lo#e
eauty!s definition< described< in "arts< commendation< attracti#e "o'er$
"rerogati#es$ e+cellency$ ho' it causeth melancholy< ma%es grie#ous 'ounds$
irresistible< more beholding to art than nature< brittle and uncertain<
censured< a cause of jealousy< beauty of God
eef a melancholy meat
eer censured
est site of a house
ezoar!s stone good against melancholy
lac% eyes best
lac% s"ots in the nails signs of melancholy
lac% man a "earl in a 'oman!s eye
las"hemy$ ho' "ardonable
lindness of lo#ers
loodletting$ 'hen and ho' cure of melancholy< time and 0uantity
loodletting and "urging$ ho' causes of melancholy
lo' on the head cause of melancholy
ody$ ho' it 'or%s on the mind
ody melancholy$ its causes
odily sym"toms of melancholy< of lo#e-melancholy
odily e+ercises
oo%s of all sorts
orage and bugloss$ so#ereign herbs against melancholy< their 'ines and
juice most e+cellent
oring of the head$ a cure for melancholy
rain distem"ered$ ho' cause of melancholy< his "arts anatomised
read and beer$ ho' causes of melancholy
ro' and forehead$ 'hich are most "leasing
rute beasts jealous
usiness the best cure of lo#e-melancholy
:.
:ardan!s father conjured u" se#en de#ils at once< had a s"irit bound to him
:ards and dice censured$ a""ro#ed
:are!s effects
:ar" fish!s nature
:ata"lasms and cerates for melancholy
:ause of diseases
:auses immediate of melancholy sym"toms
:auses of honest lo#e< of heroical lo#e< of jealousy
:autions against jealousy
:entaury good against melancholy
:harles the Great enforced to lo#e basely by a "hilter
:hange of countenance$ sign of lo#e-melancholy
:harity described< defects of it
:haracter of a co#etous man
:harles the 9i+th$ %ing of 7rance$ mad for anger
:hemical "hysic censured
:hess-"lay censured
:hiromantical signs of melancholy
:hirurgical remedies of melancholy
:holeric melancholy signs
:horus sancti Iiti$ a disease
:ircumstances increasing jealousy
:ities! recreations
:i#il la'yers! miseries
:limes and "articular "laces$ ho' causes of lo#e-melancholy
:lothes a mere cause of good res"ect
:lothes causes of lo#e-melancholy
:lysters good for melancholy
:offee$ a Tur%ey cordial drin%
:old air cause of melancholy
:omets abo#e the moon
:om"ound alterati#es censured$ a""ro#ed< com"ound "urgers of melancholy<
com"ound 'ines for melancholy
:ommunity of 'i#es a cure of jealousy
:om"liment and good carriage causes of lo#e-melancholy
:onfections and conser#es against melancholy
:onfession of his grief to a friend$ a "rinci"al cure of melancholy
:onfidence in his "hysician half a cure
:onjugal lo#e best
:onscience 'hat it is
:onscience troubled$ a cause of des"air
:ontinual cogitation of his mistress a sym"tom of lo#e-melancholy
:ontention$ bra'ling$ la'suits$ effects
:ontinent or in'ard causes of melancholy
:ontent abo#e all$ 'hence to be had
:ontention!s cure
:oo%ery ta+ed
:o"ernicus$ his hy"othesis of the earth!s motion
:orrectors of accidents in melancholy
:orrectors to e+"el 'indiness$ and costi#eness hel"ed
:ordials against melancholy
:osti#eness to some a cause of melancholy
:osti#eness hel"ed
:o#etousness defined$ described$ ho' it causeth melancholy
:ounsel against melancholy< cure of jealousy< of des"air
:ountry recreations
:rocodiles jealous
:uc%olds common in all ages
:u""ing-glasses$ cauteries ho' and 'hen used to melancholy
:ure of melancholy$ unla'ful$ rejected< from God< of head-melancholy< o#er
all the body< of hy"ochondriacal melancholy< of lo#e-melancholy< of
jealousy< of des"air
:ure of melancholy in himself< or friends
:uriosity described$ his effects
:ustom of diet$ delight of a""etite$ ho' to be %e"t and yielded to
3.
3ancing$ mas%ing$ mumming$ censured$ a""ro#ed< their effects$ ho' they
cause lo#e-melancholy< ho' sym"toms of lo#ers
3eath foretold by s"irits
3eath of friends cause of melancholy< other effects< ho' cured< death
ad#antageous
3eformity of body no misery
3elirium
3es"air$ e0ui#ocations< causes< sym"toms< "rognostics< cure
3e#ils$ ho' they cause melancholy< their$ beginning$ nature$ conditions<
feel "ain$ s'ift in motion$ mortal< their orders< "o'er< ho' they cause
religious melancholy< ho' des"air< de#ils are often in lo#e< shall be
sa#ed$ as some hold
3iet 'hat$ and ho' causeth melancholy< 0uantity< diet of di#ers nations
3iet rectified in substance< in 0uantity
3iet a cause of lo#e-melancholy< a cure
3iet$ inordinate$ of "arents$ a cause of melancholy to their offs"ring
3igression against all manner of discontents< digression of air< of anatomy
of de#ils and s"irits
3iscommodities of une0ual matches
3isgrace a cause of melancholy< 0ualified by counsel
3issimilar "arts of the body
3istem"er of "articular "arts$ causes of melancholy$ and ho'
3iscontents$ cares$ miseries$ causes of melancholy< ho' re"elled and cured
by good counsel
3iseases 'hy inflicted u"on us< their number$ definition$ di#ision<
diseases of the head< diseases of the mind< more grie#ous than those of the
body
3i#ers accidents causing melancholy
3i#ine sentences
3i#ines! miseries< 'ith the causes of their miseries
3otage 'hat
3otage of lo#ers
3o'ry and money main causes of lo#e-melancholy
3reams and their %inds
3reams troublesome$ ho' to be amended
3run%ards! children often melancholy
3run%enness ta+ed
E.
Earth!s motion e+amined< com"ass$ centre< _an sit anamata_.
Eccentrics and e"icycles e+"loded
Education a cause of melancholy
Effects of lo#e
Election misconcei#ed$ cause of des"air
Element of fire e+"loded
Emulation$ hatred$ faction$ desire of re#enge$ causes of melancholy< their
cure
En#y and malice causes of melancholy< their antidote
E"icurus #indicated
E"icurus!s remedy for melancholy
E"icures$ atheists$ hy"ocrites ho' mad$ and melancholy E"ithalamium
E0ui#ocations of melancholy< of jealousy
Eunuchs 'hy %e"t$ and 'here
E#acuations$ ho' they cause melancholy
E+ercise if immoderate$ cause of melancholy< before meals 'holesome<
e+ercise rectified< se#eral %inds$ 'hen fit< e+ercises of the mind
E+otic and strange sim"les censured
E+tasies
Eyes main instruments of lo#e< lo#e!s darts$ seats$ orators$ arro's$
torches< ho' they "ierce
7.
7ace!s "rerogati#e$ a most attracti#e "art
7airies
7asting cause of melancholy< a cure of lo#e-melancholy< abused$ the de#il!s
instrument< effects of it
7ear cause of melancholy$ its effects< fear of death$ destinies foretold< a
sym"tom of melancholy< sign of lo#e-melancholy< antidote to fear
7enny fo'l$ melancholy
7iery de#ils
7ire!s rage
7ish$ 'hat melancholy
7ish good
7ishes in lo#e
7ishing and fo'ling$ ho' and 'hen good e+ercise
7la+en hair a great moti#e of lo#e
7ools often beget 'ise men< by lo#e become 'ise
7orce of imagination
7riends a cure of melancholy
7ruits causing melancholy< allo'ed
7umitory "urgeth melancholy
G.
Gaming a cause of melancholy$ his effects
Gardens of sim"les 'here$ to 'hat end
Gardens for "leasure
General toleration of religion$ by 'hom "ermitted$ and 'hy
Gentry$ 'hence it came first< base 'ithout means< #ices accom"anying it<
true gentry$ 'hence< gentry commended
Geogra"hy commended
Geometry$ arithmetic$ algebra$ commended
Gesture cause of lo#e-melancholy
Gifts and "romises of great force amongst lo#ers
God!s just judgment cause of melancholy< sole cause sometimes
Gold good against melancholy< a most beautiful object
Good counsel a charm to melancholy< good counsel for lo#esic% "ersons<
against melancholy itself< for such as are jealous
Great men most "art dishonest
Gristle 'hat
Guts described
5.
5and and "a"s ho' forcible in lo#e-melancholy
5ard usage a cause of jealousy
5atred cause of melancholy
5a'%ing and hunting 'hy good
5ead melancholy!s causes< sym"toms< its cure
5earing$ 'hat
5eat immoderate$ cause of melancholy
5ealth a treasure
5ea#ens "enetrable< infinitely s'ift
5ell 'here
5ellebore$ 'hite and blac%$ "urgers of melancholy< blac%$ its #irtues and
history
5el" from friends against melancholy
5emorrhage cause of melancholy
5emorrhoids sto""ed cause of melancholy
5erbs causing melancholy< curing melancholy
5ereditary diseases
5eretics their conditions< their sym"toms
5eroical lo#e!s "edigree$ "o'er$ e+tent< definition$ "art affected< tyranny
5i""ocrates! jealousy
5onest objects of lo#e
5o"e a cure of misery< its benefits
5o"e and fear$ the 3e#il!s main engines to entra" the 'orld
5o"s good against melancholy
5orseleeches ho' and 'hen used in melancholy
5ot countries a"t and "rone to jealousy
5o' oft !tis fit to eat in a day
5o' to resist "assions
5o' men fall in lo#e
5umours$ 'hat they are
5ydro"hobia described
5y"ochondriacal melancholy< its causes in'ard$ out'ard< sym"tom< cure of it
5y"ochondries misaffected$ causes
5y"ocrites described
I.
Idleness a main cause of melancholy< of lo#e-melancholy< of jealousy
Ignorance the mother of de#otion
Ignorance commended
Ignorant "ersons still circum#ented
Imagination 'hat< its force and effects
Imagination of the mother affects her infant
Immaterial melancholy
Immortality of the soul "ro#ed< im"ugned by 'hom
Im"ediments of lo#ers
Im"ortunity and o""ortunity cause of lo#e-melancholy< of jealousy
Im"risonment cause of melancholy
Im"ostures of de#ils< of "oliticians< of "riests
Im"otency a cause of jealousy
Im"ulsi#e cause of man!s misery
_Incubi_ and _succubi_
Inconstancy of lo#ers
Inconstancy a sign of melancholy
Infirmities of body and mind$ 'hat grie#ances they cause
Injuries and abuses rectified
Instrumental causes of diseases
Instrumental cause of man!s misery
Inter"reters of dreams
Inundation!s fury
In#entions resulting from lo#e
In'ard causes of melancholy
In'ard senses described
Issues 'hen used in melancholy
D.
Dealousy a sym"tom of melancholy< defined$ described< of "rinces< of brute
beasts< causes of it< sym"toms of it< "rognostics< cure of it
Dests ho' and 'hen to be used
De's! religious sym"toms
Doy in e+cess cause of melancholy
6.
6ings and "rinces! discontents
6issing a main cause of lo#e-melancholy< a sym"tom of lo#e-melancholy
*.
*abour$ business$ cure of lo#e-melancholy< _*a"is Armenus_$ its #irtues
against melancholy
*asci#ious meats to be a#oided
*aughter$ its effects
*aurel a "urge for melancholy
*a's against adultery
*eo 3ecimus the "o"e!s scoffing tric%s
*e'ellyn "rince of 4ales$ his submission
_*eucata "etra_ the cure of lo#esic% "ersons
*iberty of "rinces and great men$ ho' abused
*ibraries commended
*i#er its site< cause of melancholy distem"ers$ if hot or cold
*oss of liberty$ ser#itude$ im"risonment$ cause of melancholy
*osses in general ho' they offend< cause of des"air< ho' eased
*o#e of gaming and "leasures immoderate$ cause of melancholy
*o#e of learning$ o#ermuch study$ cause of melancholy
*o#e!s beginning$ object$ definition$ di#ision< lo#e made the 'orld< lo#e!s
"o'er< in #egetables< in sensible creatures< lo#e!s "o'er in de#ils and
s"irits< in men< lo#e a disease< a fire< lo#e!s "assions< "hrases of
lo#ers< their #ain 'ishes and attem"ts< lo#ers im"udent< courageous< 'ise$
#aliant$ free< neat in a""arel< "oets$ musicians$ dancers< lo#e!s effects<
lo#e lost re#i#ed by sight< lo#e cannot be com"elled
*o#e and hate sym"toms of religious melancholy
*ycanthro"ia described
M.
Madness described< the e+tent of melancholy< a sym"tom and effect of
lo#e-melancholy
Made dishes cause melancholy
Magicians ho' they cause melancholy< ho' they cure it
Mahometans their sym"toms
Maids!$ nuns!$ and 'ido's! melancholy
Man!s e+cellency$ misery
Man the greatest enemy to man
Many means to di#ert lo#ers< to cure them
Marriage if unfortunate cause of melancholy< best cure of lo#e-melancholy<
marriage hel"s< miseries< benefits and commendation
Mathematical studies commended
Medicines select for melancholy< against 'ind and costi#eness< for
lo#e-melancholy
Melancholy in dis"osition$ melancholy e0ui#ocations< definition$ name$
difference< "art and "arties affected in melancholy$ it!s affection<
matter< s"ecies or %inds of melancholy< melancholy an hereditary disease<
meats causing it$ Fc.< antecedent causes< "articular "arts< sym"toms of it<
they are "assionate abo#e measure< humorous< melancholy$ adust sym"toms<
mi+ed sym"toms of melancholy 'ith other diseases< melancholy$ a cause of
jealousy< of des"air< melancholy men 'hy 'itty< 'hy so a"t to laugh$ 'ee"$
s'eat$ blush< 'hy they see #isions$ hear strange noises< 'hy they s"ea%
untaught languages$ "ro"hesy$ Fc. Memory his seat
_Menstruus concubitus causa melanc._
Men seduced by s"irits in the night
Metem"sychosis
Metals$ minerals for melancholy
Meteors strange$ ho' caused
Meto"osco"y foresho'ing melancholy
Mil% a melancholy meat
Mind ho' it 'or%s on the body
Minerals good against melancholy
Ministers ho' they cause des"air
Mirach$ mesentery$ matri+$ mesaraic #eins$ causes of melancholy
Mirabolanes "urgers of melancholy
Mirth and mercy com"any e+cellent against melancholy< their abuses
Miseries of man< ho' they cause melancholy< common miseries< miseries of
both sorts< no man free$ miseries! effects in us< sent for our good<
miseries of students and scholars
Mitigations of melancholy
Money!s "rerogati#es< allurement
Moon inhabited< moon in lo#e
Mother ho' cause of melancholy
Mo#ing faculty described
Music a "resent remedy for melancholy< its effects< a sym"tom of lo#ers<
causes of lo#e-melancholy
8.
8a%edness of "arts a cause of lo#e-melancholy< cure of lo#e-melancholy
8arro' streets 'here in use
8atural melancholy signs
8atural signs of lo#e-melancholy
8ecessity to 'hat it enforceth
8eglect and contem"t$ best cures of jealousy
8emesis or "unishment comes after
8er#es 'hat
8e's most 'elcome
8obility censured
8on-necessary causes of melancholy
8uns! melancholy
8urse$ ho' cause of melancholy
2.
2bjects causing melancholy to be remo#ed
2bstacles and hindrances of lo#ers
2ccasions to be a#oided in lo#e-melancholy
2doraments to smell to for melancholy
2intments$ for melancholy
2intments riotously used
2ld fol%s a"t to be jealous
2ld fol%s! incontinency ta+ed
2ld age a cause of melancholy< old men!s sons often melancholy
2ne lo#e dri#es out another
2"inions of or concerning the soul
2""ression!s effects
2""ortunity and im"ortunity causes of lo#e-melancholy
2rganical "arts
2#ermuch joy$ "ride$ "raise$ ho' causes of melancholy
P.
Palaces
Paleness and leanness$ sym"toms of lo#e-melancholy
Pa"ists! religious sym"toms
Paracelsus! defence of minerals
Parents$ ho' they 'rong their children< ho' they cause melancholy by
"ro"agation< ho' by remissness and indulgence
Paraenetical discourse to such as are troubled in mind
Particular "arts distem"ered$ ho' they cause melancholy
Parties affected in religious melancholy
Passions and "erturbations causes of melancholy< ho' they 'or% on the body<
their di#isions< ho' rectified and eased
Passions of lo#ers
Patience a cure of misery
Patient$ his conditions that 'ould be cured< "atience$ confidence$
liberality$ not to "ractise on himself< 'hat he must do himself< re#eal his
grief to a friend
Pennyroyal good against melancholy
Perjury of lo#ers
Persuasion a means to cure lo#e-melancholy< other melancholy
Phantasy$ 'hat
Phili""us onus$ ho' he used a country fello'
K.
Kuantity of diet cause< cure of melancholy
1.
1ational soul
1eading 9cri"tures good against melancholy
1ecreations good against melancholy
1edness of the face hel"ed
1egions of the belly
1elation or hearing a cause of lo#e-melancholy
1eligious melancholy a distinct s"ecies its object< causes of it< sym"toms<
"rognostics< cure< religious "olicy$ by 'hom
1e"entance$ its effects
1etention and e#acuation causes of melancholy< rectified to the cure
1ich men!s discontents and miseries< their "rerogati#es
1iot in a""arel$ e+cess of it$ a great cause of lo#e-melancholy
1i#ers in lo#e
1i#als and co-ri#als
1oots censured
1ose cross-men!s or 1osicrucian!s "romises
Philoso"hers censured< their errors
Philters cause of lo#e-melancholy< ho' they cure melancholy
Phlebotomy cause of melancholy< ho' to be used$ 'hen$ in melancholy< in
head melancholy
Phlegmatic melancholy signs
Phrenzy!s descri"tion
Physician!s miseries< his 0ualities if he be good
Physic censured< commended< 'hen to be used
Physiognomical signs of melancholy
Pictures good against melancholy< cause of lo#e-melancholy
Plague!s effects
Planets inhabited
Plays more famous
Pleasant "alaces and gardens
Pleasant objects of lo#e
Pleasing tone and #oice a cause of lo#e-melancholy
Poetical cures of lo#e-melancholy
Poets 'hy "oor
Poetry a sym"tom of lo#ers
Politician!s "ran%s
Poor men!s miseries< their ha""iness< they are dear to God
Po"e *eo 3ecimus$ his scoffing
Por% a melancholy meat
Possession of de#ils
Po#erty and 'ant causes of melancholy$ their effects< no such misery to be
"oor
Po'er of s"irits
Predestination misconstrued$ a cause of des"air
Pre"arati#es and "urgers for melancholy
Precedency$ 'hat stirs it causeth
Precious stones$ metals$ altering melancholy
Pre#entions to the cure of jealousy
Pride and "raise causes of melancholy
Priests$ ho' they cause religious melancholy
Princes! discontents
Prodigals$ their miseries< ban%ru"ts and s"endthrifts$ ho' "unished
Profitable objects of lo#e
Progress of lo#e-melancholy e+em"lified
Prognostics or e#ents of lo#e-melancholy< of des"air< of jealousy< of
melancholy
Pros"ect good against melancholy
Pros"erity a cause of misery
Protestations and deceitful "romises of lo#ers
Pseudo"ro"hets$ their "ran%s< their sym"toms
Pulse$ "eas$ beans$ cause of melancholy
Pulse of melancholy men$ ho' it is affected
Pulse a sign of lo#e-melancholy
Purgers and "re"arati#es to head melancholy
Purging sim"les u"'ard< do'n'ard
Purging$ ho' cause of melancholy
9.
9aints! aid rejected in melancholy
9alads censured
9anguine melancholy signs
9cholars! miseries
9cilla or sea-onion$ a "urger of melancholy
9ci"io!s continency
9coffs$ calumnies$ bitter jests$ ho' they cause melancholy< their antidote
9corzonera$ good against melancholy
9cri"ture misconstrued$ cause of religious melancholy< cure of melancholy
9easic%$ good "hysic for melancholy
9elf-lo#e cause of melancholy$ his effects
9ensible soul and its "arts
9enses$ 'hy and ho' deluded in melancholy
9entences selected out of humane authors
9er#itude cause of melancholy< and im"risonment eased
9e#eral men!s delights and recreations
9e#ere tutors and guardians causes of melancholy
9hame and disgrace ho' causes of melancholy$ their effects
9ic%ness for our good
9ighs and tears sym"toms of lo#e-melancholy
9ight a "rinci"al cause of lo#e-melancholy
9igns of honest lo#e
9imilar "arts of the body
9im"les censured "ro"er to melancholy& fit to be %no'n< "urging melancholy
u"'ard< do'n'ard$ "urging sim"les
9inging a sym"tom of lo#ers< cause of lo#e-melancholy
9in the im"ulsi#e cause of man!s misery
9ingle life and #irginity commended< their "rerogati#es
9la#ery of lo#ers
9lee" and 'a%ing causes of melancholy< by 'hat means "rocured$ hel"ed
9mall bodies ha#e greatest 'its
9melling 'hat
9miling a cause of lo#e-melancholy
9odomy
9oldiers most "art lasci#ious
9olitariness cause of melancholy< coact$ #oluntary$ ho' good< sign of
melancholy
9orro' its effect< a cause of melancholy< a sym"tom of melancholy< eased by
counsel
9oul defined$ its faculties< _e+ traduceations_$ as some hold
9"ices ho' causes of melancholy
9"irits and de#ils$ their nature< orders< %inds< "o'er$ Fc.
9"leen its site< ho' misaffected cause of melancholy
9"orts
9"ots in the sun
9"ruceness a sym"tom of lo#ers
9tars$ ho' causes or signs of melancholy< of lo#e-melancholy< of jealousy
9te"mother$ her mischiefs
9te's$ 'hy allo'ed
9tomach distem"ered a cause of melancholy
9tones li%e birds$ beasts$ fishes$ Fc.
9trange nurses$ 'hen best
9treets narro'
9tudy o#ermuch cause of melancholy< 'hy and ho'< study good against
melancholy
9ubterranean de#ils
9u"ernatural causes of melancholy
9u"erstitious effects$ sym"toms< ho' it domineers
9urfeiting and drun%enness ta+ed
9us"icion and jealousy sym"toms of melancholy< ho' caused
9'allo's$ cuc%oos$ Fc.$ 'here are they in 'inter
9'eet tunes and singing causes of lo#e-melancholy
9ym"toms or signs of melancholy in the body< mind< from stars$ members<
from education$ custom$ continuance of time$ mi+ed 'ith other diseases<
sym"toms of head melancholy< of hy"ochondriacal melancholy< of the 'hole
body< sym"toms of nuns!$ maids!$ 'ido's! melancholy< immediate causes of
melancholy sym"toms< sym"toms of lo#e-melancholy< sym"toms of a lo#er
"leased< dejected< 9ym"toms of jealousy< of religious melancholy< of
des"air
9ynteresis
9yru"s
T.
Tale of a "rebend
Tarantula!s stinging effects
Taste 'hat
Tem"erament a cause of lo#e-melancholy
Tem"estuous air$ dar% and fuliginous$ ho' cause of melancholy
Terrestrial de#ils
Terrors and affrights cause melancholy
Theologasters censured
The best cure of lo#e-melancholy is to let them$ ha#e their desire
Tobacco a""ro#ed$ censured
Toleration$ religious
Torments of lo#e
Transmigration of souls
Tra#elling commended$ good against melancholy< for lo#e-melancholy
es"ecially
Tutors cause melancholy
H.
Hncharitable men described
Hnderstanding defined$ di#ided
Hnfortunate marriages! effects
Hn%ind friends cause melancholy
Hnla'ful cures of melancholy rejected
H"starts censured$ their sym"toms
Hrine of melancholy "ersons
_H+orii_
I.
Iainglory described a cause of melancholy
Ialour and courage caused by lo#e
Iariation of the com"ass$ 'here
Iariety of meats and dishes cause melancholy
Iariety of mistresses and objects a cure of melancholy
Iariety of 'eather$ air$ manners$ countries$ 'hence$ Fc.
Iariety of "laces$ change of air$ good against melancholy
Iegetal soul and its faculties
Iegetal creatures in lo#e
Ieins described
Ienus rectified
Ienery a cause of melancholy
Ienison a melancholy meat
Iices of 'omen
Iiolent misery continues not
Iiolent death$ e#ent of lo#e-melancholy< "rognostic of des"air< by some
defended< ho' to be censured
Iirginity$ by 'hat signs to be %no'n< commended
Iirtue and #ice$ "rinci"al habits of the 'ill
_Iite+_ or _agnus castus_ good against lo#e-melancholy
4.
4a%ing cause of melancholy< a sym"tom< cured
4al%ing$ shooting$ s'imming$ Fc. good against melancholy
82TE9
,. 5is elder brother 'as 4illiam urton$ the *eicestershire anti0uary$ born
=?th August$ ,@A@$ educated at 9utton :oldfield$ admitted commoner$ or
gentleman commoner$ of razen 8ose :ollege$ ,@B,< at the Inner Tem"le$
=Cth May$ ,@B.< . A. ==d Dune$ ,@B?< and after'ards a barrister and
re"orter in the :ourt of :ommon Pleas. Lut his natural genius$L says
4ood$ Lleading him to the studies of heraldry$ genealogies$ and
anti0uities$ he became e+cellent in those obscure and intricate matters<
and loo% u"on him as a gentleman$ 'as accounted$ by all that %ne' him$
to be the best of his time for those studies$ as may a""ear by his
!3escri"tion of *eicestershire.!L 5is 'ea% constitution not "ermitting
him to follo' business$ he retired into the country$ and his greatest
'or%$ LThe 3escri"tion of *eicestershire$L 'as "ublished in folio$ ,-=..
5e died at 7alde$ after suffering much in the ci#il 'ar$ -th A"ril$
,-?@$ and 'as buried in the "arish church belonging thereto$ called
5anbury.
=. This is 4ood!s account. 5is 'ill says$ 8uneaton< but a "assage in this
'or% ;see fol. .C?$G mentions 9utton :oldfield< "robably he may ha#e
been at both schools.
.. 9o in the 1egister.
?. 9o in the 1egister.
@. 2riginating$ "erha"s$ in a note$ ". ??/$ -th edit. (". ?@@ of the
"resent)$ in 'hich a boo% is 0uoted as ha#ing been L"rinted at Paris
,-=?$ _se#en_ years after urton!s first edition.L As$ ho'e#er$ the
editions after that of ,-=,$ are regularly mar%ed in succession to the
eighth$ "rinted in ,-A-$ there seems #ery little reason to doubt that$
in the note abo#e alluded to$ either ,-=? has been a mis"rint for ,-=/$
or _se#en_ years for _three_ years. The numerous ty"ogra"hical errata in
other "arts of the 'or% strongly aid this latter su""osition.
-. 5aec comice dicta ca#e ne male ca"ias.
A. 9eneca in ludo in mortem :laudii :aesaris.
/. *ib. de :uriositate.
B. Modo haec tibi usui sint$ 0uem#is auctorem fingito. 4ec%er.
,C. *ib. ,C$ c. ,=. Multa a male feriatis in 3emocriti nomine commenta
data$ nobilitatis$ auctoritatis0ue ejus "erfugio utentibus.
,,. Martialis. lib. ,C$ e"igr. ,?.
,=. Du#. sat. ,.
,.. Auth. Pet. esseo edit. :oloniae$ ,-,-.
,?. 5i". E"ist. 3ameget.
,@. *aert. lib B.
,-. 5ortulo sibi cellulam seligens$ ibi0ue sei"sum includens$ #i+it
solitarius.
,A. 7loruit 2lym"iade /C< ACC annis "ost Troiam.
,/. 3iacos. 0uod cunctis o"eribus facile e+cellit. *aert.
,B. :ol. lib. ,. c. ,.
=C. :onst. lib. de agric. "assim.
=,. Iolucrum #oces et linguas intelligere se dicit Abderitans E". 5i".
==. 9abellicus e+em"l.$ lib. ,C. 2culis se "ri#a#it$ ut melius
contem"lationi o"eram daret$ sublimi #ir ingenio$ "rofundae
cogitationis$ Fc.
=.. 8aturalia$ moralia$ mathematica$ liberales disci"linas$ artium0ue
omnium "eritiam callebat.
=?. 8othing in nature!s "o'er to contri#e of 'hich he has not 'ritten.
=@. Ieni Athenas$ et nemo me no#it.
=-. Idem contem"tui et admirationi habitus.
=A. 9olebat ad "ortam ambulare$ et inde$ Fc. 5i". E". 3ameg.
=/. Per"etuorisu "ulmonem agitare solebat 3emocritus. Du#. 9at. A.
=B. 8on sum dignus "raestare matella. Mart.
.C. :hrist :hurch in 2+ford.
.,. Praefat. 5ist.
.=. 6ee"er of our college library$ lately re#i#ed by 2tho 8icolson$
Es0uire.
... 9caliger.
.?. 9omebody in e#erything$ nobody in each thing.
.@. In Theat.
.-. Phil. 9toic. li. diff. /. 3ogma cu"idis et curiosis ingeniis
im"rimendum$ ut sit talis 0ui nulli rei ser#iat$ aut e+acte unum
ali0uid elaboret$ alia negligens$ ut artifices$ Fc.
.A. 3elibare gratum de 0uocun0ue cibo$ et "ittisare de 0uocun0ue dolio
jucundum.
./. Essays$ lib. ..
.B. 5e that is e#ery'here is no'here.
?C. Praefat. bibliothec.
?,. Ambo fortes et fortunati$ Mars idem magisterii dominus ju+ta "rimam
*eo#itii regulam.
?=. 5ensius.
?.. :alide ambientes$ solicite litigantes$ aut misere e+cidentes$ #oces$
stre"itum contentiones$ Fc.
??. :y". ad 3onat. Hnice securus$ ne e+cidam in foro$ aut in mari Indico
bonis eluam$ de dote filiae$ "atrimonio filii non sum solicitus.
?@. 8ot so sagacious an obser#er as sim"le a narrator.
?-. 5or. E". lib. ,. +i+.$ =C.
?A. Per. A laughter 'ith a "etulant s"leen.
?/. 5or. lib. ,$ sat. B.
?B. 9ecundum moenia locus erat frondosis "o"ulis o"acus$ #itibus0ue s"onte
natis$ tenuis "ro"e a0ua defluebat$ "lacide murmurans$ ubi sedile et
domus 3emocriti cons"iciebatur.
@C. I"se com"osite considebat$ su"er genua #olumen habens$ et utrin0ue alia
"atentia "arata$ dissecta0ue animalia cumulatim strata$ 0uorum #iscera
rimabatur.
@,. :um mundus e+tra se sit$ et mente ca"tus sit$ et nesciat se languere$
ut medelam adhibeat.
@=. 9caliger$ E". ad Patisonem. 8ihil magis lectorem in#itat 0uam in
o"inatum argilinentum$ ne0ue #endibilior mer+ est 0uam "etulans liber.
@.. *ib. ++. c. ,,. Miras se0uuntur inscri"tionum festi#itates.
@?. Praefat. 8at. 5ist. Patri obstetricem "arturienti filiae accersenti
moram injicere "ossunt.
@@. Anatomy of Po"ery$ Anatomy of immortality$ Angelus salas$ Anatomy of
Antimony$ Fc.
@-. :ont. l. ?$ c. B. 8on est cura melior 0uam labor.
@A. 5or. 3e Arte Poet.
@/. 8on 0uod de no#o 0uid addere$ aut a #eteribus "raetermissum$ sed
"ro"riae e+ercitationis causa.
@B. Kui no#it$ ne0ue id 0uod sentit e+"rimit$ "erinde est ac si nesciret.
-C. Do#ius Praef. 5ist.
-,. Erasmus.
-=. 2tium otio dolorem dolore sum solatus.
-.. 2bser#at. l. ,.
-?. M. Doh. 1ous$ our Protobib. 2+on. M. 5o""er$ M. Guthridge$ Fc.
-@. Kuae illi audire et legere solent$ eorum "artim #idi egomet$ alia
gessi$ 0uae illi literis$ ego militando didici$ nunc #os e+istimate
facta an dicta "luris sint.
--. 3ido Iirg. LTaught by that Po'er that "ities me$ I learn to "ity them.L
-A. :amden$ I"sa ele"hantiasi corre"ta ele"hantiasis hos"icium constru+it.
-/. Iliada "ost 5omerum.
-B. 8ihil "raetermissum 0uod a 0uo#is dici "ossit.
AC. Martialis.
A,. Magis im"ium mortuorum lucubrationes$ 0uam #estes furari.
A=. Eccl. ult.
A.. *ibros Eunuchi gignunt$ steriles "ariunt.
A?. 3. 6ing "raefat. lect. Donas$ the late right re#erend *ord . of
*ondon.
A@. 5omines famelici gloriae ad ostentationem eruditionis undi0ue
congerunt. uchananus.
A-. Effacinati etiam laudis amore$ Fc. Dustus aronius.
AA. E+ ruinis alienae e+istimationis sibi gradum ad famam struunt.
A/. E+ercit. =//.
AB. 2mnes sibi famam 0uaerunt et 0uo#is modo in orbem s"argi contendunt$ ut
no#ae alicujus rei habeantur auctores. Praef. biblioth.
/C. Praefat. hist.
/,. Plautus.
/=. E 3emocriti "uteo.
/.. 8on tam refertae bibliothecae 0uam cloacae.
/?. Et 0uic0uid cartis amicitur ine"tis.
/@. E"ist. ad Petas. in regno 7ranciae omnibus scribendi datur libertas$
"aucis facultas.
/-. 2lim literae ob homines in "recio$ nunc sordent ob homines.
/A. Ans. "ac.
//. Inter tot mille #olumina #i+ unus a cujus lectione 0uis melior e#adat$
immo "otius non "ejor.
/B. Palingenius. 4hat does any one$ 'ho reads such 'or%s$ learn or %no' but
dreams and trifling things.
BC. *ib. @. de 9a".
B,. 9terile o"ortet esse ingenium 0uod in hoc scri"turientum "ruritus$ Fc.
B=. :ardan$ "raef. ad :onsol.
B.. 5or. lib. ,$ sat. ?.
B?. E"ist. lib. ,. Magnum "oetarum "ro#entum annus hic attulit$ mense
A"rili nullus fere dies 0uo non ali0uis recita#it.
B@. Idem.
B-. Princi"ibus et doctoribus deliberandum relin0uo$ ut arguantur auctorum
furta et milies re"etita tollantur$ et temere scribendi libido
coerceatur$ aliter in infinitum "rogressura.
BA. 2nerabuntur ingenia$ nemo legendis sufficit.
B/. *ibris obraimur$ oculi legendo$ manus #olitando dolent. 7am. 9trada
Momo. *ucretius.
BB. Kuic0uid ubi0ue bene dictum facio meum$ et illud nunc meis ad
com"endium$ nunc ad fidem et auctoritatem alienis e+"rimo #erbis$ omnes
auctores meos clientes esse arbitror$ Fc. 9arisburiensis ad Polycrat.
"rol.
,CC. In E"ita"h. 8e". illud :y". hoc *act. illud 5ilar. est$ ita
Iictorinus$ in hunc modum lo0uutus est Arnobius$ Fc.
,C,. Praef. ad 9ynta+. med.
,C=. Hntil a later age and a ha""ier lot "roduce something more truly
grand.
,C.. In *uc. ,C. tom. =. Pigmei Gigantum humeris im"ositi "lus0uam i"si
Gigantes #ident.
,C?. 8ec aranearum te+tus ideo melior 0uia e+ se fila gignuntur$ nec noster
ideo #ilior$ 0uia e+ alienis libamus ut a"es. *i"sius ad#ersus
dialogist.
,C@. Hno absurdo dato mille se0uuntur.
,C-. 8on dubito multos lectores hic fore stultos.
,CA. Martial$ ,.$ =.
,C/. Ht #enatores feram e #estigio im"resso$ #irum scri"tiuncula. *i"s.
,CB. 5or.
,,C. 5or.
,,,. Ant'er". fol. ,-CA.
,,=. Muretus.
,,.. *i"sius.
,,?. 5or.
,,@. 7ieri non "otest$ ut 0uod 0uis0ue cogitat$ dicat unus. Muretus.
,,-. *ib. ,. de ord.$ ca". ,,.
,,A. Erasmus.
,,/. Annal. Tom. .. ad annum .-C. Est "orcus ille 0ui sacerdotem e+
am"litudine redituum sordide demeritur.
,,B. Erasm. dial.
,=C. E"ist. lib. -. :ujus0ue ingenium non statim emergit$ nisi materiae
fautor$ occasio$ commendator0ue contingat.
,=,. Praef. hist.
,==. *audari a laudato laus est.
,=.. Iit. Persii.
,=?. Minuit "raesentia famam.
,=@. *i"sius Dudic. de 9eneca.
,=-. *ib. ,C. Plurirmum studii$ multam rerum cognitionem$ omnem studiorum
materiam$ Fc. multa in eo "robanda$ multa admiranda.
,=A. 9uet. Arena sine calce.
,=/. Introduct. ad 9en.
,=B. Dudic. de 9en. Ii+ ali0uis tam absolutus$ ut alteri "er omnia
satisfaciat$ nisi longa tem"oris "raescri"to$ semota judicandi
libertate$ religione 0uidam animos occu"aris.
,.C. 5or. E". ,$ lib. ,B.
,.,. Ae0ue tur"e frigide laudari ac insectanter #itu"erari. Pha#orinus A.
Gel. lib. ,B$ ca". =.
,.=. 2#id$ trist. ,,. eleg -.
,... Du#en. sat. @.
,.?. Aut artis inscii aut 0uaestui magis 0uam literis student. hab. :antab.
et *ond. E+cus. ,BA-.
,.@. 2#id. de "ont. Eleg. l. -.
,.-. 5or.
,.A. Tom. .. Philo"seud. acce"to "essulo$ 0uum carmen 0uoddam di+isset$
effecit ut ambularet$ a0uam hauriret$ urnam "araret$ Fc.
,./. Eusebius$ eccles. hist. lib. -.
,.B. 9tans "ede in uno$ as he made #erses.
,?C. Iirg.
,?,. 8on eadem a summo e+"ectes$ minimo0ue "oeta.
,?=. 9tylus hic nullus$ "raeter "arrhesiam.
,?.. Kui rebus se e+ercet$ #erba negligit$ et 0ui callet artem dicendi$
nullam disci"linam habet recognitam.
,??. Palingenius. 4ords may be res"lendent 'ith ornament$ but they contain
no marro' 'ithin.
,?@. :ujuscun0ue orationem #ides "olitam et sollicitam$ scito animum in
"usilis occu"atum$ in scri"tis nil solidum. E"ist. lib. ,. =,.
,?-. Philostratus$ lib. /. #it. A"ol. 8egligebat oratoriam facultatem$ et
"enitus as"ernabatur ejus "rofessores$ 0uod linguam dunta+at$ non
autem mentem redderent eruditiorem.
,?A. 5ic enim$ 0uod 9eneca de Ponto$ bos herbam$ ciconia larisam$ canis
le"orem$ #irgo florem legat.
,?/. Pet. 8annius not. in 5or.
,?B. 8on hic colonus domicilium habeo$ sed to"iarii in morem$ hinc inde
florem #ellico$ ut canis 8ilum lambens.
,@C. 9u"ra bis mille notabiles errores *aurentii demonstra#i$ Fc.
,@,. Philo de :on.
,@=. Iirg.
,@.. 7rambesarius$ 9ennertus$ 7erandus$ Fc.
,@?. Ter. Adel"h.
,@@. 5eaut. Act ,. scen. ,.
,@-. Gellius. lib. ,/$ ca". ..
,@A. Et inde catena 0uaedam fit$ 0uae haeredes etiam ligat. :ardan.
5ensius.
,@/. Malle se bellum cum magno "rinci"e gerere$ 0uam cum uno e+ fratrum
mendicantium ordine.
,@B. 5or. e"od. lib. od. A.
,-C. E"ist. /-$ ad :asulam "resb.
,-,. *ib. ,=$ ca". ,. Mutos nasci$ et omni scientia egere satius fuisset$
0uam sic in "ro"riam "erniciem insanire.
,-=. ut it 'ould be better not to 'rite$ for silence is the safer course.
,-.. Infeli+ mortalitas inutilibus 0uaestionibus ac disce"tationibus #itam
traducimus$ naturae "rinci"es thesauros$ in 0uibus gra#issimae
morborum medicinae collocatae sunt$ interim intactos relin0uimus. 8ec
i"si solum relin0uimus$ sed et allos "rohibemus$ im"edimus$
condemnamus$ ludibriis0ue afficimus.
,-?. Kuod in "ra+i minime fortunatus esset$ medicinam reli0uit$ et
ordinibus initiatus in Theologia "ostmodum scri"sit. Gesner
ibliotheca.
,-@. P. Do#ius.
,--. M. 4. urton$ "reface to his descri"tion of *eicestershire$ "rinted at
*ondon by 4. Daggard$ for D. 4hite$ ,-==.
,-A. In 5ygiasticon$ ne0ue enim haec tractatio aliena #ideri debet a
theologo$ Fc. agitur de morbo animae.
,-/. 3. :layton in comitiis$ anno ,-=,.
,-B. 5or.
,AC. *ib. de "estil.
,A,. In 8e'ar% in 8ottinghamshire. :um duo edificasset castella$ ad
tollendam structionis in#idiam$ et e+"iandam maculam$ duo instituit
caenobia$ et collegis relgiosis im"le#it.
,A=. 7erdinando de Kuir. anno ,-,=. Amsterdami im"ress.
,A.. Praefat. ad :haracteres& 9"ero enim (2 Policles) libros nostros
meliores inde futuros$ 0uod istiusmodi memoriae mandata reli0uerimus$
e+ "rece"tis et e+em"lis nostris ad #itam accommodatis$ ut se inde
corrigant.
,A?. Part ,. sect. ..
,A@. "raef. lectori.
,A-. E". =. ,. =. ad 3onatum. Paulis"er te crede subduci in ardui montis
#erticem celsiorem$ s"eculare inde rerum jacentium facies$ et oculis
in di#ersa "orrectis$ fluctuantis mundi turbines intuere$ jam simul
aut ridebis aut misereberis$ Fc.
,AA. :ontro#. l. =. cont. A. et l. -. cont.
,A/. 5oratius.
,AB. Idem$ 5or. l. =. 9atyra .. 3amasi"us 9toicus "robat omnes stultos
insanire.
,/C. Tom. =. sym"os. lib. @. c. -. Animi affectiones$ si diutius
inhaereant$ "ra#os generant habitus.
,/,. *ib. =/$ ca". ,. 9ynt. art. mir. Morbus nihil est aliud 0uam
dissolutio 0uaedam ac "erturbatio foederis in cor"ore e+istentis$
sicut et sanitas est consentientis bene cor"oris consummatio 0uaedam.
,/=. *ib. B. Geogr. Plures olim gentes na#igabant illuc sanitatis causa.
,/.. Eccles. i. =?.
,/?. Dure haereditario sa"ere jubentur. Eu"hormio 9atyr.
,/@. A"ud 0uos #irtus$ insania et furor esse dicitur.
,/-. :alcagninus A"ol. omnes mirabantur$ "utantes illisam iri stultitiam.
9ed "raeter e+"ectationem res e#enit$ Auda+ stultitia in eam irruit$
Fc. illa cedit irrisa$ et "lures hinc habet sectatores stultitia.
,/A. 8on est res"ondendum stulto secundum stultitiam.
,//. = 1eg. A.
,/B. *ib. ,C. e". BA.
,BC. Aug. e". ,A/.
,B,. Kuis nisi mentis ino"s$ Fc.
,B=. Kuid insanius 0uam "ro momentanea felicitate aeternis te manci"are
su""liciisN
,B.. In fine Phaedonis. 5ic finis fuit amici nostri o Eucrates$ nostro
0uidem judicio omnium 0uos e+"erti sumus o"timi et a""rime
sa"ientissimi$ et justissimi.
,B?. Jeno". l. ?. de dictis 9ocratis ad finem$ talis fuit 9ocrates 0uem
omnium o"timum et felicissimum statuam.
,B@. *ib. =@. Platonis :on#i#io.
,B-. *ucretius.
,BA. Ana+agoras olim mens dictus ab anti0uis.
,B/. 1egula naturae$ naturae miraculum$ i"sa eruditio daemonium hominis$
sol scientiarum$ mare$ so"hia$ antistes literarum et sa"ientiae$ ut
9cio""ius olim de 9cal$ et 5einsius. A0uila In nubibus Im"erator
literatorum$ columen literarum$ abyssus eruditionis$ ocellus Euro"ae$
9caliger.
,BB. *ib. .. de sa" c. ,A. et =C. omnes Philoso"hi$ aut stulti$ aut insani<
nulla anus nullus aeger ine"tius delira#it.
=CC. 3emocritus a *euci""o doctus$ haeridatem stultitiae reli0uit E"ic.
=C,. 5or. car. lib. ,. od. .?. ,. e"icur.
=C=. 8ihil interest inter hos et bestias nisi 0uod lo0uantur. de sa. l. =-.
c. /.
=C.. :a". de #irt.
=C?. 8eb. et 1anis.
=C@. 2mnium disci"linarum ignarus.
=C-. 2mnium disci"linarum ignarus.
=CA. Pulchrorum adolescentum causa fre0uentur gymnasium$ obibat$ Fc.
=C/. 9eneca. 9eis rotunda metiri$ sed non tuum animum.
=CB. Ab uberibus sa"ientia lactati caecutire non "ossunt.
=,C. :or Jenodoti et jecur :ratetis.
=,,. *ib. de nat. boni.
=,=. 5ic "rofundissimae 9o"hiae fodinae.
=,.. Panegyr. Trajano omnes actiones e+"robrare stultitiam #identur.
=,?. 9er. ?. in domi Pal. Mundus 0ui ob anti0uitatem deberet esse sa"iens$
sem"er stultizat$ et nullis flagellis alteratur$ sed ut "uer #ult
rosis et floribus coronari.
=,@. Insanum te omnes "ueri$ clamant0ue "uellae. 5or.
=,-. Plautus Aubular.
=,A. Adel"h. act. @. scen. /.
=,/. Tully Tusc. @. fortune$ not 'isdom$ go#erns our li#es.
=,B. Plato A"ologia 9ocratis.
==C. Ant. 3ial.
==,. *ib. .. de sa". "auci ut #ideo sanae mentis sunt.
===. 9tulte et incaute omnia agi #ideo.
==.. Insania non omnibus eadem$ Erasm. chil. .. cent. ,C. nemo mortalium
0ui non ali0ua in re desi"it$ licet alius alio morbo laboret$ hic
libidinis$ ille a#aritiae$ ambitionis$ in#idiae.
==?. 5or. l. =. sat. ..
==@. *ib. ,. de aulico. Est in uno0uo0ue nostrum seminarium ali0uod
stultitiae$ 0uod si 0uando e+citetur$ in infinitum facile e+crescit.
==-. Prima0ue lu+ #itae "rima juroris erat.
==A. Tibullus$ stulti "raetereunt dies$ their 'its are a 'ool-gathering. 9o
fools commonly dote.
==/. 3ial. contem"lantes$ Tom& =.
==B. :atullus.
=.C. 9ub ramosa "latano sedentem$ solum$ discalceatum$ su"er la"idem$ #alde
"allidum ac macilentum$ "romissa barba$ librum su"er genibus habentem.
=.,. 3e furore$ mania melancholia scribo$ ut sciam 0uo "acto in hominibus
gignatur$ fiat$ crescat$ cumuletur$ minuatur< haec in0uit animalia
0uae #ides "ro"terea seco$ non 3ei o"era "erosus$ sed fellis bilis0ue
naturam dis0uirens.
=.=. Aust. l. ,. in Gen. Dumenti F ser#i tui obse0uium rigide "ostulas$ et
tu nullum "raestas aliis$ nec i"si 3eo.
=... H+ores ducunt$ mo+ foras ejiciunt.
=.?. Pueros amant$ mo+ fastidiunt.
=.@. Kuid hoc ab insania deestN
=.-. 1eges eligunt$ de"onunt.
=.A. :ontra "arentes$ fratres$ ci#es$ "er"etuo ri+antur$ et inimicitias
agunt.
=./. Idola inanimata amant$ animata odio habent$ sic "ontificii.
=.B. :redo e0uidem #i#os ducent e marmore #ultus.
=?C. 9uam stultitiam "ers"icit nemo$ sed alter alterum deridet.
=?,. 3eni0ue sit finis 0uerendi$ cum0ue habeas "lus$ "au"eriem metuas
minis$ et finire laborem inci"ias$ "artis 0uod a#ebas$ utere 5or.
=?=. Astutam #a"ido ser#at sub "ectore #ul"em. Et cum #ul"o "ositus "ariter
#ul"inarier. :retizan dum cum :rete.
=?.. Kui fit Mecaenas ut nemo 0uam sibi sortem. 9eu ratio dederit$ seu sors
objecerit$ illa contentus #i#at$ Fc. 5or.
=??. 3iruit$ aedificat$ mutat 0uadrata rotundis. Trajanus "ontem stru+it
su"er 3anubium$ 0uem successor ejus Adrianus statim demolitus.
=?@. Kua 0uid in re ab infantibus differunt$ 0uibus mens et sensus sine
ratione inest$ 0uic0uid sese his offert #olu"e est.
=?-. Idem Plut.
=?A. Ht insaniae causam dis0uiram bruta macto et seco$ cum hoc "otius in
hominibus in#estigandum esset.
=?/. Totus a nati#itate morbus est.
=?B. In #igore furibundus$ 0uum decrescit insanabilis.
=@C. :y"rian. ad 3onatum. Kui sedet crimina judicaturus$ Fc.
=@,. Tu "essimus omnium latro es$ as a thief told Ale+ander in :urtius.
3amnat foras jude+$ 0uod intus o"eratur$ :y"rian.
=@=. Iultus magna cura$ magna animi incuria. Am. Marcel.
=@.. 5orrenda res est$ #i+ duo #erba sine mendacio "roferuntur& et 0uam#is
solenniter homines ad #eritatem dicendum in#itentur$ "ejerare tamen
non dubitant$ ut e+ decem testibus #i+ unus #erum dicat. :al#. in /
Dohn$ 9erm ,.
=@?. 9a"ientiam insaniam esse dicunt.
=@@. 9i0uidem sa"ientiae suae admiratione me com"le#it$ offendi
sa"ientissimum #irum$ 0ui sal#os "otest omnes homines reddere.
=@-. E. Graec. e"ig.
=@A. Plures 3emocriti nunc non sufficiunt$ o"us 3emocrito 0ui 3emocritum
rideat. Eras Moria.
=@/. Polycrat. lib. .. ca". /. e Petron.
=@B. Hbi omnes delirabant$ omnes insani$ Fc. hodie nauta$ cras "hiloso"hus<
hodie faber$ cras "harmaco"ola< hic modo regem agebat multo
sattellitio$ tiara$ et sce"tro ornatus$ nunc #ili amictus centiculo$
asinum elitellarium im"ellit.
=-C. :alcagninus A"ol. :rysalus e caeteris auro di#es$ manicato "e"io et
tiara cons"icuus$ le#is alio0uin et nullius consilii$ Fc. magno fastu
ingredienti assurgunt dii$ Fc.
=-,. 9ed hominis le#itatem Du"iter "ers"iciens$ at tu (ini0uit) esto
bombilio$ Fc. "rotinus0ue #estis illa manicata in alas #ersa est$ et
mortales inde :hrysalides #ocant hujusmodi homines.
=-=. Eou 'ill meet co#etous fools and "rodigal syco"hants e#ery'here.
=-.. Du#en.
=-?. Du#en.
=-@. 3e bello Dud. l. /. c. ,,. Ini0uitates #estrae neminem latent$ in0ue
dies singulos certamen habetis 0uis "ejor sit.
=--. 5or.
=-A. *ib. @. E"ist. /.
=-/. 5or.
=-B. 9u"erstitio est insanus error.
=AC. *ib. /. hist. elg.
=A,. *ucan.
=A=. 7ather Angelo$ the 3u%e of Doyeu+$ going barefoot o#er the Al"s to
1ome$ Fc.
=A.. 9i cui intueri #acet 0uae "atiuntur su"erstitiosi$ in#enies tam
indecora honestis$ tam indigna liberis$ tam dissimilia sanis$ ut nemo
fuerit dubitaturus furere eos$ si cum "aucioribus fuerent. 9enec.
=A?. Kuid dicam de eorum indulgentiis$ oblationibus$ #otis$ solutionibus$
jejuniis$ coenobiis$ somniis$ horis$ organis$ cantilenis$ cam"anis$
simulachris$ missis$ "urgatoriis$ mitris$ bre#iariis$ bullis$
lustralibus$ a0uis$ rasuris$ unctionibus$ candelis$ calicibus$
crucibus$ ma""is$ cereis$ thuribulis$ incantationibus$ e+orcismis$
s"utis$ legendis$ Fc. aleus de actis 1om. Pont.
=A@. Pleasing s"ectacles to the ignorant "oor.
=A-. Th. 8eageor.
=AA. 3um simulant s"ernere$ ac0uisi#erunt sibi .C annorum s"atio bis
centena millia librarum annua. Arnold.
=A/. Et 0uum interdiu de #irtute lo0uuti sunt$ sero in latibulis clunes
agitant labore nocturno$ Agry""a.
=AB. , Tim. iii. ,.. ut they shall "re#ail no longer$ their madness shall
be %no'n to all men.
=/C. enignitatis sinus solebat esse$ nunc litium officina curia 1omana
udaeus.
=/,. Kuid tibi #idetur facturus 3emocritus$ si horum s"ectator contigissetN
=/=. 2b inanes ditionum titulos$ ob "rere"tum locum$ ob interce"tam
mulierculam$ #el 0uod e stultitia natum$ #el e malitia$ 0uod cu"ido
dominandi$ libido nocendi$ Fc.
=/.. ellum rem "lane bellui nam #ocat Morus. Hto". lib. =.
=/?. Munster. :osmog. l. @$ c. .. E. 3ict. :retens.
=/@. Do#ius #it. ejus.
=/-. :omineus.
=/A. *ib. ..
=//. 5ist. of the siege of 2stend$ fol. =..
=/B. Erasmus de bello. Ht "lacidum illud animal bene#oletiae natum tam
ferina #ecordia in mutuam rueret "erniciem.
=BC. 1ich. 3inoth. "raefat. elli ci#ilis Gal.
=B,. Do#ius.
=B=. 3olus$ as"eritas$ in justitia "ro"ria bellorum negotia. Tertul.
=B.. Trully.
=B?. *ucan.
=B@. Pater in filium$ affinis in affinem$ amicus in amicum$ Fc. 1egio cum
regione$ regnum regno colliditur. Po"ulus "o"ulo in mutuam "erniciem$
belluarum instar sanguinolente ruentium.
=B-. *ibanii declam.
=BA. Ira enim et furor ellonae consultores$ Fc. dementes sacerdotes sunt.
=B/. ellum 0uasi bellua et ad omnia scelera furor immissus.
=BB. Gallorum decies centum millia ceciderunt. Ecclesiaris =C millia
fundamentis e+cisa.
.CC. elli ci#ilis Gal. l. ,. hoc ferali bello et caedibus omnia
re"le#erunt$ et regnum am"lissimum a fundamentis "ene e#erterunt$
"lebis tot myriades gladio$ bello$ fame miserabiliter "erierunt.
.C,. Pont. 5uterus.
.C=. :omineus. Ht nullus non e+ecretur et admiretur crudelitatem$ et
barbaram insaniam$ 0uae inter homines eodem sub caelo natos$ ejusdem
linguae$ sanguinis$ religionis$ e+ercebator.
.C.. *ucan.
.C?. Iirg.
.C@. isho" of :useo$ an eye'itness.
.C-. 1ead Meteran of his stu"end cruelties.
.CA. 5ensius Austriaco.
.C/. Iirg. Georg. Lim"ious 'ar rages throughout the 'hole 'orld.L
.CB. Dansenius Gallobelgicus ,@B-. Mundus furiosus$ inscri"tio libri.
.,C. E+ercitat. =@C. serm. ?.
.,,. 7leat 5eraclitus an rideat 3emocritus.
.,=. :urae le#es lo0uuntur$ ingentes stu"ent.
.,.. Arma amens ca"io$ nec sat rationis in armis.
.,?. Erasmus.
.,@. Pro Murena. 2mnes urbanae res$ omnia studia$ omnis forensis laus et
industria latet in tutela et "raecidio bellicae #irtutis$ et simul
at0ue incre"uit sus"icio tumultus$ artes illico nostrae conticescunt.
.,-. 9er. ,..
.,A. :rudelissimos sae#issimos0ue latrones$ fortissimos haberi
"ro"ugnatores$ fidissimos duces habent$ bruta "ersuasione donati.
.,/. Eobanus 5essus. Kuibus omnis in armis #ita "lacet$ non ulla ju#at nisi
morte$ nec ullam esse "utant #itam$ 0uae non assue#erit armis.
.,B. *ib. ,C. #it. 9can"erbeg.
.=C. 8ulli beatiores habiti$ 0uam 0ui in "raelus cecidissent. risonius de
re". Persarum. l. .. fol. .. ??. Idem *actantius de 1omanis et
Graecis. Idem Ammianus$ lib. =.. de Parthis. Dudicatur is solus beatus
a"ud eos$ 0ui in "raelio fuderit animam. 3e enef. lib. =. c. ,.
.=,. 8at. 0uaest. lib. ..
.==. oterus Am"hitridion. usbe0uius Turc. hist. Per caedes et sanguinem
"arare hominibus ascensum in coelum "utant$ *actan. de falsa relig. l.
,. ca". /.
.=.. Kuoniam bella acerbissima dei flagella sunt 0uibus hominum "ertinaciam
"unit$ ea "er"etua obli#ione se"elienda "otius 0uam memoriae mandanda
"leri0ue judicant. 1ich. 3inoth. "raef. hist. Gall.
.=?. :ruentam humani generis "estem$ et "erniciem di#initatis nota
insigniunt.
.=@. Et 0uod dolendum$ a""lausum habent et occursum #iri tales.
.=-. 5erculi eadem "orta ad coelum "atuit$ 0ui magnam generis humani "artem
"erdidit.
.=A. Iirg. Aeneid. A.
.=/. 5ominicidium 0uum committunt singuli$ crimen est$ 0uum "ublice
geritur$ #irtus #ocatur. :y"rianus.
.=B. 9eneca. 9uccessful #ice is called #irtue.
..C. Du#en.
..,. 3e #anit. scient. de "rinci". nobilitatis.
..=. Du#en. 9at. ?.
.... Pausa ra"it$ 0uod 8atta reli0uit. Tu "essimus omnium latro es$ as
3emetrius the Pirate told Ale+ander in :urtius.
..?. 8on ausi mutire$ Fc. Aeso".
..@. Im"robum et stultum$ si di#item multos bonos #iros in ser#itutem
habentem$ ob id dunta+at 0uod ei contingat aureorum numismatum
cumulus$ ut a""endices$ et additamenta numismatum. Morus Hto"ia.
..-. Eorum0ue detestantur Hto"ienses insaniam$ 0ui di#inos honores iis
im"endunt$ 0uos sordidos et a#aros agnoscunt< non alio res"ectu
honorantes$ 0uam 0uod dites sint. Idem. lib. =.
..A. :y". = ad 3onat. e". Ht reus innocens "ereat$ sit nocens. Dude+ damnat
foras$ 0uod intus o"eratur.
../. 9idonius A"o.
..B. 9al#ianus l. .. de "ro#iden.
.?C. Ergo judicium nihil est nisi "ublica merces. Petronius. Kuid faciant
leges ubi sola "ecunia regnatN Idem.
.?,. 5ic arcentur haerediatatibus liberi$ hic donatur bonis alienis$ falsum
consulit$ alter testamentum corrum"it$ Fc. Idem.
.?=. Ie+at censura columbas.
.?.. Plaut. mostel.
.??. Idem.
.?@. Du#en. 9at. ?.
.?-. Kuod tot sint fures et mendici$ magistratuum cul"a fit$ 0ui malos
imitantur "raece"tores$ 0ui disci"ulos libentius #erberant 0uam
docunt. Morus$ Hto". lib. ,.
.?A. 3ecernuntur furi gra#ia et horrenda su""licia$ 0uum "otius "ro#idendum
multo foret ne fures sint$ ne cui0uam tam dira furandi aut "ereundi
sit necessitas. Idem.
.?/. oterus de augment. urb. lib. .. ca". ..
.?B. E fraterno corde sanguinem eliciunt.
.@C. Mil#us ra"it ac deglubit.
.@,. Petronius de :rotone ci#it.
.@=. Kuid forumN locus 0uo alius alium circum#enit.
.@.. Iastum chaos$ lar#arum em"orium$ theatrum hy"ocrisios$ Fc.
.@?. 8emo coelum$ nemo jusjurandum$ nemo Do#em "luris facit$ sed omnes
a"ertis oculis bona sua com"utant. Petron.
.@@. Plutarch$ #it. ejus. Indecorum animatis ut calceis uti aut #itris$
0uae ubi fracta abjicimus$ nam ut de mei"so dicam$ nec bo#em senem
#endideram$ nedum hominem natu grandem laboris socium.
.@-. Do#ius. :um innumera illius beneficia re"endere non "osset aliter$
interfici jussit.
.@A. eneficia eo us0ue lata sunt dum #identur sol#i "osse$ ubi multum$
ante#enere "ro gratia odium redditur. Tac.
.@/. Paucis charior est fides 0uam "ecunia. 9alust.
.@B. Prima fere #ota et cunctis$ Fc.
.-C. Et genus et formam regina "ecunia donat. Kuantum 0uis0ue sua nummorum
ser#at in arca$ tantum habet et fidei.
.-,. 8on a "eritia sed ab ornatu et #ulgi #ocibus habemur e+cellentes.
:ardan. l. =. de cons.
.-=. Perjurata suo "ost"onit numina lucro$ Mercator. Ht necessarium sit #el
3eo dis"licere$ #el ab hominibus contemni$ #e+ari$ negligi.
.-.. Kui :urios simulant et acchanalia #i#unt.
.-?. Tragela"ho similes #el centauris$ sursum homines$ deorsum e0ui.
.-@. Praece"tis suis coelum "romittunt$ i"si interim "ul#eris terreni #ilia
manci"ia.
.--. Aeneas 9il#.
.-A. Arridere homines ut sae#iant$ blandiri ut fallant. :y". ad 3onatum.
.-/. *o#e and hate are li%e the t'o ends of a "ers"ecti#e glass$ the one
multi"lies$ the other ma%es less.
.-B. Ministri locu"letiores iis 0uibus ministratur$ ser#us majores o"es
habens 0uam "atronus.
.AC. Kui terram colunt e0ui "aleis "ascuntur$ 0ui otiantur caballi a#ena
saginantur$ discalceatus discurrit 0ui calces aliis facit.
.A,. Du#en. 3o you laughN he is sha%en by still greater laughter< he 'ee"s
also 'hen he has beheld the tears of his friend.
.A=. odin$ lib. ?. de re"ub. ca". -.
.A.. Plinius l. .A. ca". .. ca"illos habuit succineos$ e+inde factum ut
omnes "uellae 1omanae colorem illum affectarent.
.A?. 2dit damnatos. Du#.
.A@. Agri""a e". ./. l. A. Kuorum cerebrum est in #entre$ ingenium in
"atinis.
.A-. Psal. They eat u" my "eo"le as bread.
.AA. Absumit haeres caecuba lignior ser#ata centum cla#ibus$ et mero
distinguet "a#imentis su"erbo$ "ontificum "otiore coenis. 5or.
.A/. Kui Thaidem "ingere$ inflare tibiam$ cris"are crines.
.AB. 3octus s"ectare lacunar.
./C. Tullius. Est enim "ro"rium stultitiae aliorum cernere #itia$ obli#isci
suorum. Idem Aristi""us :haridemo a"ud *ucianum 2mnino stultitiae
cujusdam esse "uto$ Fc.
./,. E+ecrari "ublice 0uod occulte agat. 9al#ianus lib. de "ro. acres
ulciscendis #itiis 0uibus i"si #ehementer indulgent.
./=. Adamus eccl. hist. ca". =,=. 9i0uis damnatus fuerit$ laetus esse
gloria est< nam lachrymas et "lanctum caetera0ue com"unctionum genera
0uae nos salubria censemus$ ita abominantur 3ani$ ut nec "ro "eccatis
nec "ro defunctis amicis ulli fiere liceat.
./.. 2rbi dat leges foras$ #i+ famulum regit sine stre"itu domi.
./?. Kuic0uid ego #olo hoc #ult mater mea$ et 0uod mater #ult$ facit "ater.
./@. 2#es$ olim mite "ecus$ nunc tam indomitum et eda+ ut homines de#orent$
Fc. Morus. Hto". lib. ,.
./-. 3i#ersos #ariis tribuit natura furores.
./A. 3emocrit. e". "raed. 5os. dejerantes et "otantes de"rehendet$ hos
#omentes$ illos litigantes$ insidias molientes$ suffragantes$ #enena
miscentes$ in amicorum accusationem subscribentes$ hos gloria$ illos
ambitione$ cu"iditate$ mente ca"tos$ Fc.
.//. Ad 3onat. e". =. l. ,. 2 si "osses in s"ecula sublimi constitutus$ Fc.
./B. *ib. ,. de nu". Philol. in 0ua 0uid singuli nationum "o"uli
0uotidianis motibus agitarent$ relucebat.
.BC. 2 Du"iter contingat mihi aurum haereditas$ Fc. Multos da Du"iter
annos$ 3ementia 0uanta est hominum$ tur"issima #ota diis insusurrant$
si 0uis admo#erit aurem$ conticescunt< et 0uod scire homines nolunt$
3eo narrant. 9enec. e". ,C. l. ,.
.B,. Plautus Menech. non "otest haec res 5ellebori jugere obtinerier.
.B=. Eo0ue gra#ior morbus 0uo ignotior "ericlitanti.
.B.. Kuae laedunt oculos$ festinas demere< si 0uid est animum$ differs
curandi tem"us in annum. 5or.
.B?. 9i ca"ut$ crus dolet$ brachium$ Fc. Medicum accersimus$ recte et
honeste$ si "ar etiam industria in animi morbis "oneretur. Doh.
Pelenus Desuita. lib. =. de hum. affec. morborum0ue cura.
.B@. Et 0uotus0uis0ue tamen est 0ui contra tot "estes medicum re0uirat #el
aegrotare se agnoscatN ebullit ira$ Fc. Et nos tamen aegros esse
negamus. Incolumes medicum recusant. Praesens aetas stultitiam "riscis
e+"robrat. ud. de affec. lib. @.
.B-. 9enes "ro stultis habent ju#enes. alth. :ast.
.BA. :lodius accusat maechos.
.B/. 2mnium stultissimi 0ui auriculas studiose tegunt. 9at. Meni".
.BB. 5or. E"ist. =.
?CC. Pros"er.
?C,. 9tatim sa"iunt$ statim sciunt$ neminem re#erentur$ neminem imitantur$
i"si sibi e+em"lo. Plin. E"ist. lib. /.
?C=. 8ulli alteri sa"ere concedit ne desi"ere #ideatur. Agri".
?C.. 2mnis orbis "ersechio a "ersis ad *usitaniam.
?C?. = 7lorid.
?C@. August. Kualis in oculis hominum 0ui in#ersis "edibus ambulat$ talis
in oculis sa"ientum et angelorum 0ui sibi "lacet$ aut cui "assiones
dominantur.
?C-. Plautus Menechmi.
?CA. Go#ernor of Asnich by :aesar!s a""ointment.
?C/. 8unc sanitatis "atrocinium est insanientium turba. 9en.
?CB. Pro 1oseio Amerino$ et 0uod inter omnes constat insanissimus$ nisi
inter eos$ 0ui i"si 0uo0ue insaniunt.
?,C. 8ecesse est cum insanientibus furere$ nisi solus relin0ueris.
Petronius.
?,,. Kuoniam non est genus unum stultitiae 0ua me insanire "utas.
?,=. 9tultum me fateor$ liceat concedere #erum$ At0ue etiam insanum. 5or.
?,.. 2di nec "ossum cu"iens nec esse 0uod odi. 2#id. Errore grato libenter
omnes insanimus.
?,?. Amator scortum #itae "rae"onit$ iracundus #indictam< fur "raedam$
"arasitus gulam$ ambitiosus honores$ a#arus o"es$ Fc. odimus haec et
accercimus. :ardan. l. =. de conso.
?,@. Pro#. ++#i. ,,.
?,-. Although you call out$ and confound the sea and s%y$ you still address
a deaf man.
?,A. Plutarch. Gryllo. suilli homines sic :lem. Ale+. #o.
?,/. 8on "ersuadebis$ etiamsi "ersuaseris.
?,B. Tully.
?=C. Malo cum illis insanire$ 0uam cum aliis bene sentire.
?=,. Kui inter hos enutriuntur$ non magis sa"ere "ossunt$ 0uam 0ui in
culina bene olere. Patron.
?==. Persius.
?=.. 5or. =. ser. 'hich of these is the more mad.
?=?. Iesanum e+agitant "ueri$ innu"tae0ue "uellae.
?=@. Plautus.
?=-. 5or. l. =. sat. =. 9u"erbam stultitiam Plinus #ocat. A. e"ist. =,.
0uod semel di+i$ fi+um ratum0ue sit.
?=A. ,B Multi sa"ientes "roculdubio fuissent$ si se non "utassent ad
sa"ientiae summum "er#enisse.
?=/. Idem.
?=B. Plutarchus 9olone. 3etur sa"ientiori.
?.C. Tam "raesentibus "lena est numinibus$ ut facilius "ossis 3eum 0uam
hominem in#enire.
?.,. Pulchrum bis dicere non nocet.
?.=. Malefactors.
?... 4ho can find a faithful manN Pro#. ++. -.
?.?. In Psal. +li+. Kui momentanea sem"iternis$ 0ui dela"idat heri absentis
bona$ mo+ in jus #ocandus et damnandus.
?.@. Per0uam ridiculum est homines e+ animi sententia #i#ere$ et 0uae 3iis
ingrata sunt e+e0ui$ et tamen a solis 3iis #ella sol#os fieri$ 0uum
"ro"riae salutis curam abjecerint. Theod. c. -. de "ro#id. lib. de
curat. graec. affect.
?.-. 9a"iens sibi 0ui im"eriosus$ Fc. 5or. =. ser. A.
?.A. :onclus. lib. de #ie. offer$ certum est animi morbis laborantes "ro
mortuis consendos.
?./. *ib. de sa". Hbi timor adest$ sa"ientia adesse ne0uit.
?.B. 5e 'ho is desirous is also fearful$ and he 'ho li#es in fear ne#er can
be free.
??C. Kuid insanius Jer+e 5elles"ontum #erberante$ Fc.
??,. Eccl. ++i. ,=. 4here is bitterness$ there is no understanding. Pro#.
+ii. ,-. An angry man is a fool.
??=. Tusc. Injuria in sa"ientem non cadit.
??.. 5om. -. in = E"ist. ad :or. 5ominem te agnoscere ne0ueo$ cum tan0uam
asinus recalcitres$ lasci#ias ut taurus$ hinnias ut e0uus "ost
mulieres$ ut ursus #entri indulgeas$ 0uum ra"ias ut lu"us$ Fc. at
in0uis formam hominis habeo$ Id magis terret$ 0uum feram humana s"ecie
#idere me "utem.
???. E"ist. lib. =. ,.. 9tultus sem"er inci"it #i#ere$ foeda hominum
le#itas$ no#a 0uotidie fundamenta #itae "onere$ no#as s"es$ Fc.
??@. 3e curial. miser. 9tultus$ 0ui 0uaerit 0uod ne0uit in#enire$ stultus
0ui 0uaerit 0uod nocet in#entum$ stultus 0ui cum "lures habet calles$
deteriorem deligit. Mihi #identur omnes deliri$ amentes$ Fc.
??-. E". 3emagete.
??A. Amicis nostris 1hodi dicito$ ne nimium rideant$ aut nimium tristes
sint.
??/. Per multum risum "oteris cognoscere stultum. 2ffic. .. c. B.
??B. 9a"ientes liberi$ stulti ser#i$ libertas est "otestas$ Fc.
?@C. 5or. =. ser. A.
?@,. Du#en. LGood "eo"le are scarce.L
?@=. 5y"ocrit.
?@.. Ht mulier aulica nullius "udens.
?@?. E"ist. ... Kuando fatuo delectari #olo$ non est longe 0uaerendus$ me
#ideo.
?@@. Primo contradicentium.
?@-. *ib. de causis corru"t. artium.
?@A. Actione ad subtil. in 9cal. fol. ,==-.
?@/. *ib. ,. de sa".
?@B. Iide miser homo$ 0uia totum est #anitas$ totum stultitia$ totum
dementia$ 0uic0uid facis in hoc mundo$ "raeter hoc solum 0uod "ro"ter
3eum facis. 9er. de miser$ hom.
?-C. In = Platonis dial. ,. de justo.
?-,. 3um iram et odium in 3eo re#era "onit.
?-=. Iirg. ,. Eccl. ..
?-.. Ps. inebriabuntur ab ubertate domus.
?-?. In Psal. ci#. Austin.
?-@. In Platonis Tim. sacerdos Aegy"tius.
?--. 5or. #ulgis insanum.
?-A. Patet ea di#iso "robabilis$ Fc. e+. Arist. To". ib. l. c. /. 1og. ac.
E"ist. de secret. art. et nat. c. /. non est judicium in #ulgo.
?-/. 3e occult. Philoso". l. ,. c. =@ et ,B. ejusd. l. *ib. ,C. ca". ?.
?-B. 9ee *i"sius e"ist.
?AC. 3e "olitai illustrium lib. ,. ca". ?. ut in humanis cor"oribus #ariae
accidunt mutationes cor"oris$ animi0ue$ sic in re"ublica$ Fc.
?A,. Hbi reges "hiloso"hantur$ Plato.
?A=. *ib. de re rust.
?A.. Iel "ublicam utilitatem& salus "ublica su"rema le+ esto. eata ci#itas
non ubi "auci beati$ sed tota ci#itas beata. Plato 0uarto de
re"ublica.
?A?. Mantua #ae miserae nimium #icina :remonae.
?A@. Interdum a feris$ ut olim Mauritania$ Fc.
?A-. 3eliciis 5is"aniae anno ,-C?. 8emo malus$ nemo "au"er$ o"timus 0uis0ue
aet0ue ditissimus. Pie$ sancte0ue #i#ebant summa0ue cum #eneratione$
et timore di#ino cultui$ sacris0ue rebus incumbebant.
?AA. Polit. l. @. c. ..
?A/. oterus Polit. lib. ,. c. ,. :um nem"e "rince"s rerum gerendarum
im"eritus$ segnis$ oscitans$ sui0ue muneris immemor$ aut fatuus est.
?AB. 8on #iget res"ublica cujus ca"ut infirmatur. 9alisburiensis$ c. ==.
?/C. 9ee 3r. 7letcher!s relation$ and Ale+ander Gaeninus! history.
?/,. Abundans omni di#itiarum affluentia incolarum multitudine s"lendore ac
"otentia.
?/=. 8ot abo#e =CC miles in length$ -C in breadth$ according to Adricomius.
?/.. 1omulus Amascus.
?/?. 9abellicus. 9i 0uis incola #etus$ non agnosceret$ si 0uis "eregrinus
ingemisceret.
?/@. Polit. l. @. c. -. :rudelitas "rinci"um$ im"unitas scelerum$ #iolatio
legum$ "eculatus "ecuniae "ublicae$ etc.
?/-. E"ist.
?/A. 3e increm. urb. ca". =C. subditi miseri$ rebelles$ des"erati$ Fc.
?//. 1. 3arlington. ,@B-. conclusio libri.
?/B. oterus l. B. c. ?. Polit. Kuo fit ut aut rebus des"eratis e+ulent$
aut conjuratione subditorum crudelissime tandem trucidentur.
?BC. Mutuis odiis et caedibus e+hausti$ Fc.
?B,. *ucra e+ malis$ scelerastis0ue causis.
?B=. 9alust.
?B.. 7or most "art 'e mista%e the name of Politicians$ accounting such as
read Machia#el and Tacitus$ great statesmen$ that can dis"ute of
"olitical "rece"ts$ su""lant and o#erthro' their ad#ersaries$ enrich
themsel#es$ get honours$ dissemble< but 'hat is this to the bene esse$
or "reser#ation of a :ommon'ealthN
?B?. Im"erium sua"te s"onte corruit.
?B@. A"ul. Prim. 7lor. E+ innumerabilibus$ "auci 9enatores genere nobiles$
e consularibus "auci boni$ e bonis adhuc "auci eruditi.
?B-. 8on solum #itia conci"iunt i"si "rinci"es$ sed etiam infundunt in
ci#itatem$ "lus0ue e+em"lo 0uam "eccato nocent. :ic. l. de legibus.
?BA. E"ist. ad >en. Du#en. 9at. ?. Pau"ertas seditionem gignit et
maleficium$ Arist. Pol. =. c. A.
?B/. Iicious domestic e+am"les o"erate more 0uic%ly u"on us 'hen suggested
to our minds by high authorities.
?BB. 9alust. 9em"er in ci#itate 0uibus o"es nullae sunt bonis in#ident$
#etera odere$ no#a e+o"tant$ odio suarum rerum mutari omnia "etunt.
@CC. 3e legibus. "rofligatae in re"ub. disci"linae est indicium
juris"eritorum numerus$ et medicorum co"ia.
@C,. In "raef. stud. juris. Multi"licantur nunc in terris ut locustae non
"atriae "arentes$ sed "estes$ "essimi homines$ majore e+ "arta
su"erciliosi$ contentiosi$ Fc. licitum latrocinium e+ercent.
@C=. 3ousa e"id. lo0uieleia turba$ #ultures togati.
@C.. arc. Argen.
@C?. Duris consulti domus oraculum ci#itatis. Tully.
@C@. *ib. ..
@C-. *ib. ..
@CA. *ib. ,. de re". Gallorum$ incredibilem rei"ub. "erniciem afferunt.
@C/. Polycrat. lib.
@CB. Is sti"e contentus$ et hi asses integros sibi multi"licari jubent.
@,C. Plus acci"iunt tacere$ 0uam nos lo0ui.
@,,. Totius injustitiae nulla ca"italior$ 0uam eorum 0ui cum ma+ime
deci"iunt$ id agunt$ ut boni #iri esse #ideantur.
@,=. 8am 0uocun0ue modo causa "rocedat$ hoc sem"er agitur$ ut loculi
im"leantur$ etsi a#aritia ne0uit satiari.
@,.. :amden in 8orfol%& 0ui si nihil sit litium e juris a"icibus lites
tamen serere callent.
@,?. Plutarch$ #it. :at. causas a"ud inferos 0uas in suam fidem rece"erunt$
"atrocinio suo tuebuntur.
@,@. *ib. =. de 5el#et. re"ub. non e+"licandis$ sed moliendis contro#ersiis
o"eram dant$ ita ut lites in multos annos e+trabantur summa cum
molestia utris0ue< "artis et dum interea "atrimonia e+hauriantur.
@,-. *u"um auribus tenent.
@,A. 5or.
@,/. *ib. de 5el#et. re"ub. Dudices 0uocun0ue "ago constituunt 0ui amica
ali0ua transactione si fieri "ossit$ lites tollant. Ego majorum
nostrorum sim"licitatem admiror$ 0ui sic causas gra#issimas
com"osuerint$ Fc.
@,B. :lenard. l. ,. e". 9i 0uae contro#ersiae utra0ue "ara judicem adit$ is
semel et simul rem transigit$ audit& nec 0uid sit a""ellatio$
lachrymosae0ue morae noscunt.
@=C. :amden.
@=,. *ib. ,C. e"ist. ad Atticum$ e"ist. II.
@==. iblioth. l. ..
@=.. *ib. de Anim.
@=?. *ib. major morb. cor". an animi. 5i non con#eniunt ut diis more
majorum sacra faciant$ non ut Do#i "rimitias offerant$ aut accho
commessationes$ sed anni#ersarius morbus e+as"erans Asiam huc eos
coegit$ ut contentiones hic "eragant.
@=@. I :or. #i. @$ -.
@=-. 9tulti 0uando demum sa"ietisN Ps. +li+. /.
@=A. 9o intituled$ and "reached by our 1egius Professor$ 3. Prideau+<
"rinted at *ondon by 7eli+ 6ingston$ ,-=,.
@=/. 2f 'hich Te+t read t'o learned 9ermons.
@=B. 9ae"ius bona materia cessat sine artifice. 9abellicus de Germania. 9i
0uis #ideret Germaniam urbibus hodie e+cultam$ non diceret ut olim
tristem cultu$ as"eram coelo$ terram informem.
@.C. y his Majesty!s Attorney General there.
@.,. As >ei"land$ emster in 5olland$ Fc.
@.=. 7rom Gaunt to 9luce$ from ruges to the 9ea$ Fc.
@... 2rtelius$ oterus$ Mercator$ Meteranus$ Fc.
@.?. LThe citadel "ar e+cellance.L
@.@. Dam inde non belli gloria 0uam humanitatis cultu inter florentissimas
orbis :hristiani gentes im"rimis floruit. :amden rit. de 8ormannis.
@.-. Georg. 6ec%er.
@.A. Tam hieme 0uam aestate intre"ide sulcant 2ceanum$ et duo illorum duces
non minore audacia 0uam fortuna totius orbem terrae circumna#igarunt.
Am"hitheatro oterus.
@./. A fertile soil$ good air$ Fc. Tin$ *ead$ 4ool$ 9affron$ Fc.
@.B. Tota ritannia unica #elut ar+ oter.
@?C. *ib. ,. hist.
@?,. Increment$ urb. l. ,. c. B.
@?=. Angliae$ e+ce"to *ondino$ nulla est ci#itas memorabilia$ licet ea
natio rerum omnium co"ia abundet.
@?.. :osmog. *ib. .. co". ,,B. Iillarum non est numerus$ nullus locus
otiosus aut incultus.
@??. :hytreus orat. edit. 7rancof. ,@/..
@?@. Maginus Geog.
@?-. 2rtelius e Iaseo et Pet. de Medina.
@?A. An hundred families in each.
@?/. Po"uli multitudo diligente cultura foecundat solum. oter. l. /. c. ..
@?B. 2rat. .@. Terra ubi o#es stabulantur o"tima agricolis ob stercus.
@@C. 3e re rust. l. =. ca". ,. The soil is not tired or e+hausted$ but has
become barren through our sloth.
@@,. 5odie urbibus desolatur$ et magna e+ "arte incolis destituitur.
Gerbelius desc. Graeciae$ lib. -.
@@=. Iidebit eas fere omnes aut e#ersas$ aut solo ae0uatas$ aut in rudera
foedissime dejectas Gerbelius.
@@.. 8ot e#en the hardest of our foes could hear$
8or stern Hlysses tell 'ithout a tear.
@@?. *ib. A. 9e"tuaginta olim legiones scri"tae dicuntur< 0uas #ires hodie$
Fc.
@@@. Polit. l. .. c. /.
@@-. 7or dyeing of cloths$ and dressing$ Fc.
@@A. Ialer. l. =. c. ,.
@@/. 5ist. 9cot. *ib. ,C. Magnis "ro"ositis "raemiis$ ut 9coti ab iis
edocerentur.
@@B. Munst. cosm. l. @. c. A?. Agro omnium rerum infoecundissimo a0ua
indigente inter sa+eta$ urbs tamen elegantissima$ ob 2rientis
negotiationes et 2ccidentis.
@-C. *ib. /. Georgr& ob as"erum situm.
@-,. *ib. Edit. a 8ic. Tregant. elg. A. ,-,-. e+"edit. in 9inas.
@-=. Hbi nobiles "robi loco habent artem ali0uam "rofiteri. :leonard. e".
l. ,.
@-.. *ib. ,.. elg. 5ist. non tam laboriosi ut elgae$ sed ut 5is"ani
otiatores #itam ut "lurimum otiosam agentes& artes manuariae 0uae
"lurimum habent in se laboris et difficultatis$ majorem0ue re0uirunt
industriam$ a "eregrinis et e+teris e+ercentur< habitant in
"iscosissimo mari$ interea tantum non "iscantur 0uantum insulae
suffecerit sed a #icinis emere coguntur.
@-?. Grotii *iber.
@-@. Hrbs animis numero0ue "otens$ et robore gentis. 9caliger.
@--. :amden.
@-A. Eor%$ risto'$ 8or'ich$ 4orcester$ Fc.
@-/. M. Gainsford!s Argument& ecause gentlemen d'ell 'ith us in the
country #illages$ our cities are less$ is nothing to the "ur"ose& "ut
three hundred or four hundred #illages in a shire$ and e#ery #illage
yield a gentleman$ 'hat is four hundred families to increase one of
our cities$ or to contend 'ith theirs$ 'hich stand thic%erN And
'hereas ours usually consist of se#en thousand$ theirs consist of
forty thousand inhabitants.
@-B. Ma+ima "ars #ictus in carne consistit. Polyd. *ib. ,. 5ist.
@AC. 1efraenate mono"olii licentiam$ "auciores alantur otio$ redintegretur
agricolatio$ lanificium instauretur$ ut sit honestum negotium 0uo se
e+erceat otiosa illa turba. 8isi his malis medentur$ frustra e+ercent
justitiam. Mor. Hto". *ib. ,.
@A,. Manci"iis locu"les eget aeris :a""adocum re+. 5or.
@A=. 1egis dignitatis non est e+ercere im"erium in mendicos sed in
o"ulentos. 8on est regni decus$ sed carceris esse custos. Idem.
@A.. :ollu#ies hominum mirabiles e+cocti solo$ immundi #estes foedi #isu$
furti im"rimis acres$ Fc.
@A?. :osmog. lib. .. ca". @.
@A@. L*et no one in our city be a beggar.L
@A-. 9eneca. 5aud minus tur"ia "rinci"i multa su""licia$ 0uam medico multa
funera.
@AA. Ac "ituitam et bilem a cor"ore (,,. de leg.) omnes #ult e+terminari.
@A/. 9ee *i"sius Admiranda.
@AB. 3e 0uo 9uet. in :laudio$ et Plinius$ c. .-.
@/C. Ht egestati simul et igna#iae occurratur$ o"ificia condiscantur$
tenues suble#entur. odin. l. -. c. =. num. -$A.
@/,. Amasis Aegy"ti re+ legem "romulga#it$ ut omnes subditi 0uotannis
rationem redderent unde #i#erent.
@/=. uscoldus discursu "olit. ca". =. L'hereby they are su""orted$ and do
not become #agrants by being less accustomed to labour.L
@/.. *ib. ,. de increm. Hrb. ca". -.
@/?. :a". @. de increm. urb. Kuas flumen$ lacus$ aut mare alluit.
@/@. Incredibilem commoditatem$ #ectura mercium tres flu#ii na#igabiles$
Fc. oterus de Gallia.
@/-. 5erodotus.
@/A. Ind. 2rient. ca". =. 1otam in medio flumine constituunt$ cui e+
"ellibus animalium consutos uteres a""endunt$ hi dum rota mo#etur$
a0uam "er canales$ Fc.
@//. :entum "edes lata fossa .C. alta.
@/B. :ontrary to that of Archimedes$ 'ho holds the su"erficies of all
'aters e#en.
@BC. *ib. ,. ca". ..
@B,. 3ion. Pausanias$ et 8ic. Gerbelius. Munster. :osm. *ib. ?. ca". .-. Ht
bre#ior foret na#igatio et minus "ericulosa.
@B=. :harles the great 'ent about to ma%e a channel from the 1hine to the
3anube. il. Pir%imerus descri"t. Ger. the ruins are yet seen about
4essenburg from 1ednich to Altimul. Ht na#igabilia inter se 2ccidentis
et 9e"tentrionis littora fierent.
@B.. Maginus Georgr. 9imlerus de re". 5el#et. lib. ,. describit.
@B?. :amden in *incolnshire$ 7ossedi%e.
@B@. 8ear 9t. Albans$ L'hich must not no' be 'his"ered in the ear.L
@B-. *ilius Girald. 8at. comes.
@BA. A"uleius$ lib. ?. 7lor. *ar. familiaris inter homines aetatis suae
cultus est$ litium omnium et jurgiorum inter "ro"in0uos arbitrer et
disce"tator. Ad#ersus iracundiam$ in#idiam$ a#aritiam$ libidinem$
cetera0ue animi humani #itia et monstra "hiloso"hus iste 5ercules
fuit. Pestes eas mentibus e+egit omnes$ Fc.
@B/. Iotia na#ig.
@BB. 1aggnalios$ "art =$ ca". =$ et "art .$ c. ,A.
-CC. Ielent. Andreae A"olog. mani". -C?.
-C,. Kui sordidus est$ sordescat adhuc.
-C=. 5or.
-C.. 7erdinando Kuir. ,-,=.
-C?. Iide Acosta et *aiet.
-C@. Iide "atritium$ lib. /. tit. ,C. de Instit. 1ei"ub.
-C-. 9ic 2lim 5i""odamus Milesius Aris. "olit. ca". ,,. et Iitru#ius l. ,.
c. ult.
-CA. 4ith 'alls of earth$ Fc.
-C/. 3e his Plin. e"ist. ?=. lib. =. et Tacit. Annal. ,.. lib.
-CB. Iide risonium de regno Perse lib. .. de his et Iegetium$ lib. =. ca".
.. de Annona.
-,C. 8ot to ma%e gold$ but for matters of "hysic.
-,,. resonius Dose"hus$ lib. =,. anti0uit. Dud. ca". -. 5erod. lib. ..
-,=. 9o *od. Ii#es thin%s best$ :omineus$ and others.
-,.. Plato .. de leg. Aediles creari #ult$ 0ui fora$ fontes$ #ias$ "ortus$
"lateas$ et id genus alia "rocurent. Iide Isaacum Pontanum de ci#.
Amstel. haec omnia$ Fc. Gotardum et alios.
-,?. 3e Increm. urb. ca". ,.. Ingenue fateor me non intelligere cur
ignobilius sit urbes bene munitas colere nunc 0uam olim$ aut casae
rusticae "raesse 0uam urbi. Idem Hrbertus 7oliot$ de 8ea"oli.
-,@. 8e tantillum 0uidem soli incultum relin0uitur$ ut #erum sit ne
"ollicem 0uidem agri in his regionibus sterilem aut infoecundum
re"eriri. Marcus 5emingias Augustanus de regno :hinae$ l. ,. c. ..
-,-. M. :are'$ in his sur#ey of :orn'all$ saith that before that country
'as enclosed$ the husbandmen dran% 'ater$ did eat little or no bread$
fol. --$ lib. ,. their a""arel 'as coarse$ they 'ent bare legged$
their d'elling 'as corres"ondent< but since enclosure$ they li#e
decently$ and ha#e money to s"end (fol. =.)< 'hen their fields 'ere
common$ their 'ool 'as coarse$ :ornish hair< but since enclosure$ it
is almost as good as :ots'ol$ and their soil much mended. Tusser. ca".
@= of his husbandry$ is of his o"inion$ one acre enclosed$ is 'orth
three common. The country enclosed I "raise< the other delighteth not
me$ for nothing of 'ealth it doth raise$ Fc.
-,A. Incredibilis na#igiorum co"ia$ nihilo "auciores in a0uis$ 0uam in
continenti commorantur. M. 1icceus e+"edit. in 9inas$ l. ,. c. ..
-,/. To this "ur"ose$ Arist. "olit. =. c. -. allo's a third "art of their
re#enues$ 5i""odamus half.
-,B. Ita le+ Agraria olim 1omae.
-=C. 5ic segetes$ illic #eniunt felicius u#ae$ Arborei faetus alibi$ at0ue
injussa #irescunt Graminia. Iirg. ,. Georg.
-=,. *ucanus$ l. -.
-==. Iirg.
-=.. Doh. Ialent. Andreas$ *ord Ierulam.
-=?. 9o is it in the %ingdom of 8a"les and 7rance.
-=@. 9ee :ontarenus and 2sorius de rebus gestis Emanuelis.
-=-. :laudian l. A. L*iberty ne#er is more gratifying than under a "ious
%ing.L
-=A. 5erodotus Erato lib. -. :um Aegy"tiis *acedemonii in hoc congruunt$
0uod eorum "raecones$ tibicines$ co0ui$ et reli0ui artifices$ in
"aterno artificio succedunt$ et co0uus a co0uo gignitur$ et "aterno
o"ere "erse#erat. Idem Marcus "olus de Kuinzay. Idem 2sorius de
Emanuele rege *usitano. 1iccius de 9inia.
-=/. 5i""ol. a collibus de increm. urb. c. =C. Plato idem A. de legibus$
0uae ad #itam necessaria$ et 0uibus carere non "ossumus$ nullum
de"endi #ectigal$ Fc.
-=B. Plato ,=. de legibus$ ?C. annos natos #ult$ ut si 0uid memorabile
#iderent a"ud e+teros$ hoc i"sum in rem"ub. reci"iatur.
-.C. 9imlerus in 5el#etia.
-.,. Hto"ienses causidicos e+cludant$ 0ui causas callide et #afre tractent
et dis"utent. Ini0uissimum censens hominem ullis obligari legibus$
0uae aut numerosioret sunt$ 0uam ut "erlegi 0ueant$ aut obscuriores
0uam ut a 0uo#is "ossint intelligi. Iolunt ut suam 0uis0ue causam
agat$ eam0ue referat Dudici 0uam narraturus fuerat "atrono$ sic minus
erit ambagum$ et #eritas facilius elicietur. Mor. Hto". l. =.
-.=. Medici e+ "ublico #ictum sumunt. oter. l. ,. c. @. de Aegy"tiis.
-... 3e his lege Patrit. l. .. tit. /. de rei". Instit.
-.?. 8ihil a clientibus "atroni acci"iant$ "rius0uam lis finita est. arel.
Argen. lib. ..
-.@. It is so in most free cities in Germany.
-.-. Mat. 1iccius e+"ed. in 9inas$ l. ,. c. @. de e+aminatione electionum
co"iose agit$ Fc.
-.A. :ontar. de re"ub. Ienet. l. ,.
-./. 2sor. l. ,,. de reb. gest. Eman. Kui in literis ma+imos "rogressus
fecerint ma+imis honoribus afficiuntur$ secundus honoris gradus
militibus assignatur$ "ostremi ordinis mechanicis$ doctorum hominum
judiciis in altiorem locum 0uis0ue "raesertur$ et 0ui a "lurimis
a""robatur$ am"liores in re". dignitates conse0uitur. Kui in hoc
e+amine "rimas habet$ insigni "er totam #itam dignitate insignitur$
marchioni similis$ aut duci a"ud nos.
-.B. :edant arma togae.
-?C. As in erne$ *ucerne$ 7riburge in 9'itzerland$ a #icious li#er is
unca"able of any office< if a 9enator$ instantly de"osed. 9imlerus.
-?,. 8ot abo#e three years$ Arist. "olit. @. c. /.
-?=. 8am 0uis custodiet i"sos custodesN
-?.. :ytreus in Greisgeia. Kui non e+ sublimi des"iciant inferiores$ nec ut
bestias conculcent sibi subditos auctoritatis nomini$ confisi$ Fc.
-??. 9esellius de re". Gallorum$ lib. , F =.
-?@. L7or 'ho 'ould culti#ate #irtue itself$ if you 'ere to ta%e a'ay the
re'ardNL
-?-. 9i 0uis egregium aut bello aut "ace "erfecerit. 9esel. l. ,.
-?A. Ad regendam rem"ub. soli literati admittuntur$ nec ad eam rem gratia
magistratuum aut regis indigent$ omnia e+"lorata cujus0ue scientia et
#irtute "endent. 1iccius lib. ,. ca". @.
-?/. In defuncti locum eum jussit subrogari$ 0ui inter majores #irtute
reli0uis "raeiret< non fuit a"ud mortales ullum e+cellentius certamen$
aut cujus #ictoria magis esset e+"etenda$ non enim inter celeres$
celerrimo$ non inter robustos robustissimo$ Fc.
-?B. 8ullum #ideres #el in hac #el in #icinis regionibus "au"erem$ nullum
obaeratum$ Fc.
-@C. 8ullus mendicus a"ud 9inas$ nemini sano 0uam#is oculis turbatus sit
mendicare "ermittitur$ omnes "ro #iribus laborare$ coguntur$ caeci
molis trusatilibus #ersandis addicuntur$ soli hos"itiis gaudent$ 0ui
ad labores sunt ine"ti. 2sor. l. ,,. de reb. gest. Eman. 5eming. de
reg. :hin. l. ,. c. .. Gotard. Arth. 2rient. Ind. descr.
-@,. Ale+. ab Ale+. .. c. ,=.
-@=. 9ic olim 1omae Isaac. Pontan. de his o"time. Aristot. l. =. c. B.
-@.. Idem Aristot. "ol. @. c. /. Iitiosum 0uum soli "au"erum liberi
educantur ad labores$ nobilium et di#itum in #olu"tatibus et deliciis.
-@?. Kuae haec injustitia ut nobilis 0uis"iam$ aut faenerator 0ui nihil
agat$ lautam et s"lendidam #itam agat$ otio et deliciis$ 0uum interim
auriga$ faber$ agricola$ 0uo res"ub. carere non "otest$ #itam adeo
miseram ducat$ ut "ejor 0uam jumentorum sit ejus conditioN Ini0ua
res". 0uae dat "arasitis$ adulatoribus$ inanium #olu"tatum artificibus
generosis et otiosis tanta munera "rodigit$ at contra agricolis$
carbonariis$ aurigis$ fabris$ Fc. nihil "ros"icit$ sed eorum abusa
labore florentia aetatis fame "enset et aerumnis$ Mor. Hto". l. =.
-@@. In 9ego#ia nemo otiosus$ nemo mendicus nisi "er aetatem aut morbum
o"us facere non "otest& nulli deest unde #ictum 0uaerat$ aut 0uo se
e+erceat. :y"r. Echo#ius 3elit. 5is"an. 8ullus Gene#ae otiosus$ ne
se"tennis "uer. Paulus 5euzner Itiner.
-@-. Athenaeus$ l. ,=.
-@A. 9imlerus de re"ub. 5el#et.
-@/. 9"artian. olim 1omae sic.
-@B. 5e that "ro#ides not for his family$ is 'orse than a thief. Paul.
--C. Alfredi le+. utra0ue manus et lingua "raecidatur$ nisi eam ca"ite
redemerit.
--,. 9i 0uis nu"tam stu"rarit$ #irga #irilis ei "raeciditur< si mulier$
nasus et auricula "raecidatur. Alfredi le+. En leges i"si Ieneri
Marti0ue timendas.
--=. @? Pau"eres non "eccant$ 0uum e+trema necessitate coacti rem alienam
ca"iunt. Maldonat. summula 0uaest. /. art. .. Ego cum illis sentio 0ui
licere "utant a di#ite clam acci"ere$ 0ui tenetur "au"eri sub#enire.
Emmanuel 9a. A"hor. confess.
--.. @@ *ib. =. de 1eg. Persarum.
--?. *ib. =?.
--@. Aliter Aristoteles$ a man at =@$ a 'oman at =C. "olit.
---. *e+ olim *icurgi$ hodie :hinensium< #ide Plutarchum$ 1iccium$
5emmingium$ Arniseum$ 8e#isanum$ et alios de hac 0uaestione.
--A. Alfredus.
--/. A"ud *acones olim #irgines fine dote nubebant. oter. l. .. c. ..
--B. -, *ege cautum non ita "ridem a"ud Ienetos$ ne 0uis Patritius dotem
e+cederet ,@CC coron.
-AC. -= u+. 9ynag. Dud. 9ic. Dudaei. *eo Afer Africae descri"t. ne sint
aliter incontinentes ob rei"ub. bonum. Ht August. :aesar. orat. ad
caelibes 1omanos olim edocuit.
-A,. Morbo laborans$ 0ui in "rolem facile diffunditur$ ne genus humanum
foeda contagione laedatur$ ju#entute castratur$ mulieres tales "rocul
a consortio #irorum ablegantur$ Fc. 5ector oethius hist. lib. ,. de
#et. 9cotorum moribus.
-A=. 9"eciosissimi ju#enes liberis dabunt o"eram. Plato @. de legibus.
-A.. The 9a+ons e+clude dumb$ blind$ le"rous$ and such li%e "ersons from
all inheritance$ as 'e do fools.
-A?. Ht olim 1omani$ 5is"ani hodie$ Fc.
-A@. 1iccius lib. ,,. ca". @. de 9inarum. e+"edit. sic 5is"ani cogunt
Mauros arma de"onere. 9o it is in most Italian cities.
-A-. Idem Plato ,=. de legibus$ it hath e#er been immoderate$ #ide Guil.
9tuc%ium anti0. con#i#al. lib. ,. ca". =-.
-AA. Plato B. de legibus.
-A/. As those *ombards beyond 9eas$ though 'ith some reformation$ mons
"ietatis$ or ban% of charity$ as Malines terms it$ ca". ... *e+
mercat. "art =. that lend money u"on easy "a'ns$ or ta%e money u"on
ad#enture for men!s li#es.
-AB. That "ro"ortion 'ill ma%e merchandise increase$ land dearer$ and
better im"ro#ed$ as he hath judicially "ro#ed in his tract of usury$
e+hibited to the Parliament anno ,-=,.
-/C. 5oc fere >anchius com. in ? ca". ad E"hes. ae0uissimam #ocat usuram$
et charitati :hristianae consentaneam$ modo non e+igant$ Fc. nec omnes
dent ad foenus$ sed ii 0ui in "ecuniis bona habent$ et ob aetatem$
se+um$ artis alicujus ignorantiam$ non "ossunt uti. 8ec omnibus$ sed
mercatoribus et iis 0ui honeste im"endent$ Fc.
-/,. Idem a"ud Persas olim$ lege risonium.
-/=. L4e hate the ha'%$ because he al'ays li#es in battle.L
-/.. Idem Plato de legibus.
-/?. .C. 2"timum 0uidem fuerat eam "atribus nostris mentem a diis datam
esse$ ut #os Italiae$ nos Africae im"erio contenti essemus. 8e0ue enim
9icilia aut 9ardinia satis digna "recio sunt "ro tot classibus$ Fc.
-/@. :laudian.
-/-. Thucydides.
-/A. A de"o"ulatione$ agrorum incendiis$ et ejusmodi factis immanibus.
Plato.
-//. 5ungar. dec. ,. lib. B.
-/B. 9esellius$ lib. =. de re"ub. Gal. #alde enim est indecorum$ ubi 0uod
"raeter o"inionem accidit dicere$ 8on "utaram$ "resertim si res
"raeca#eri "otuerit. *i#ius$ lib. ,. 3ion. lib. =. 3iodorus 9iculus$
lib. =.
-BC. Peragit tran0uilla "otestas. Kuod #iolenta ne0uit.--:laudian.
-B,. ellum nec timendum nec "ro#ocandum. Plin. Panegyr. Trajano.
-B=. *ib. .. "oet. ca". ,B.
-B.. *ib. ?. de re"ub. ca". =.
-B?. Peucer. lib. ,. de di#inat.
-B@. :amden in :heshire.
-B-. Iliad. -. lib.
-BA. Iide Puteani :omun$ Goclenium de "ortentosis coenis nostrorum
tem"orum.
-B/. Mirabile dictu est$ 0uantum o"soniorum una domus singulis diebus
absumat$ sternuntur mensae in omnes "ene horas calentibus sem"er
eduliis. 3escri". ritan.
-BB. *ib. ,. de re". Gallorum< 0uod tot lites et causae forenses$ aliae
ferantur e+ aliis$ in immensum "roducantur$ et magnos sum"tus
re0uirant unde fit ut juris administri "lerum0ue nobilium "ossessiones
ad0uirant$ tum 0uod sum"tuose #i#ant$ et a mercatoribus absorbentur et
s"lendissime #estiantur$ Fc.
ACC. Ter.
AC,. Am"hit. Plant.
AC=. Paling. 7ilius ut fur.
AC.. :atus cum mure$ duo galli simul in aede$ Et glotes binae nun0uam
#i#unt sine lite.
AC?. 1es angusta domi.
AC@. 4hen "ride and beggary meet in a family$ they roar and ho'l$ and cause
as many flashes of discontents$ as fire and 'ater$ 'hen they concur$
ma%e thunder-cla"s in the s%ies.
AC-. Plautus Aulular.
ACA. *ib. A. ca". -.
AC/. Pellitur in bellis sa"ientia$ #igeritur res. Ietus "ro#erbium$ aut
regem aut fatuum nasci o"ortere.
ACB. *ib. ,. hist. 1om. similes a. bacculorum calculis$ secundum
com"utantis arbitrium$ modo aerei sunt$ modo aurei< ad nutum regis
nunc beati sunt nunc miseri.
A,C. Aerumnosi0ue 9olones in 9a. .. 3e miser. curialium.
A,,. 7. 3ousae E"id. lib. ,. c. ,..
A,=. 5oc cognomento cohonestati 1omae$ 0ui caeteros mortales sa"ientia
"raestarent$ testis Plin. lib. A. ca". .?.
A,.. Insanire "arant certa ratione modo0ue$ mad by the boo% they$ F c.
A,?. Du#enal. L2 PhysiciansO o"en the middle #ein.L
A,@. 9olomon.
A,-. :ommunis irrisor stultitiae.
A,A. 4it 'hither 'iltN
A,/. 9caliger e+ercitat. .=?.
A,B. Iit. ejus.
A=C. Ennius.
A=,. *ucian. Ter mille drachmis olim em"ta< studens inde sa"ientiam
adi"iscetur.
A==. E"ist. =,. ,. lib. 8on o"ortet orationem sa"ientis esse "olitam aut
solicitam.
A=.. *ib. .. ca". ,.. multo anhelitu jactatione furentes "ectus$ frontem
caedentes$ Fc.
A=?. *i"sius$ #oces sunt$ "raeterea nihil.
A=@. *ib. .C. "lus mail facere #idetur 0ui oratione 0uam 0ui "raetio
0uem#is corrum"it& nam$ Fc.
A=-. In Gorg. Platonis.
A=A. In naugerio.
A=/. 9i furor sit *yaeus$ Fc. 0uoties furit$ furit$ furit$ amans$ bibens$
et Poeta$ Fc.
A=B. LThey are borne in the bar% of folly$ and d'ell in the gro#e of
madness.L
A.C. Morus Hto". lib. ,,.
A.,. Macrob. 9atur. A. ,-.
A.=. E"ist. ,-.
A... *ib. de causis corru". artium.
A.?. *ib. =. in Ausonium$ ca". ,B et .=.
A.@. Edit. A. #olum. Dano Gutero.
A.-. Aristo"hanis 1anis.
A.A. *ib. de beneficiis.
A./. 3elirus et amens dicatur merit. 5or. 9eneca.
A.B. 2#id. Met. LMajesty and *o#e do not agree 'ell$ nor d'ell together.L
A?C. Plutarch. Amatorio est amor insanus.
A?,. E"ist. .B.
A?=. 9yl#ae nu"tialis$ l. ,. num. ,,. 2mnes mulieres ut "lurimum stultae.
A?.. Aristotle.
A??. 3olere se di+it 0uod tum #ita egrederetur.
A?@. *ib. ,. num. ,,. sa"ientia et di#itiae #i+ simul "ossideri "ossunt.
A?-. They get their 'isdom by eating "iecrust some.
A?A. ;Gree%& chraemata tois thnaetois gineto a"hrosunae.G 2"es 0uidem
mortalibus sunt amentia. Theognis.
A?/. 7ortuna nimium 0uem fo#et$ stultum facit.
A?B. Doh. =/.
A@C. Mag. moral. lib. = et lib. ,. sat. ?.
A@,. 5or. lib. ,. sat. ?.
A@=. Insana gula$ insanae obstructiones$ insanum #enandi studium discordia
demens. Iirg. Aen.
A@.. 5eliodorus :arthaginensis ad e+tremum orbis sarco"hago testamento me
hic jussi condier$ et ut #iderem an 0uis insanior ad me #isendum us0ue
ad haec loca "enetraret. 2rtelius in Gad.
A@?. If it be his 'or%$ 'hich Gas"er Ieretus sus"ects.
A@@. *i#y$ Ingentes #irtutes ingentia #itia.
A@-. 5or. Kuis0uis ambitione mala aut argenti "allet amore$ Kuis0uis
lu+uria$ tristi0ue su"erstitione. Per.
A@A. :ronica 9la#onica ad annum ,=@A. de cujus "ecunia jam incredibilia
di+erunt.
A@/. A fool and his money are soon "arted.
A@B. 2rat. de imag. ambitiosus et auda+ na#iget Anticyras.
A-C. 8a#is stulta$ 0uae continuo mo#etur nautae stulti 0ui se "ericulis
e+"onunt$ a0ua insana 0uae sic fremit$ Fc. aer jactatur$ Fc. 0ui mari
se committit stolidum unum terra fugiens$ ?C. mari in#enit. Gas"ar
Ens. Moros.
A-,. :a". de alien. mentis.
A-=. 3i"noso"hist. lib. /.
A-.. Tibicines mente :a"ti. Erasm. :hi. ,?. cer. A.
A-?. Pro#. .C. Insana libido$ 5ic rogo non furor est$ non est haec mentula
demens. Mart. e". A?. l. ..
A-@. Mille "uellarum et "uerorum mille jurores.
A--. Hter est insanior horum. 5or. 2#id. Iirg. Plin.
A-A. Plin. lib. .-.
A-/. Tacitus .. Annal.
A-B. 2#id. A. met. E. fungis nati homines ut olim :orinthi "rimae#i illius
loci accolae$ 0uia stolidi et fatui fungis nati dicebantur$ idem et
alibi dicas.
AAC. 7amian. 9trade de bajulis$ de marmore semiscul"ti.
AA,. Arianus "eri"lo maris Eu+ini "ortus ejus meminit$ et Gillius$ l. .. de
os"her. Thracio et laurus insana 0uae allata in con#i#ium con#i#as
omnes insania affecit. Guliel. 9tucchius comment$ Fc.
AA=. *e"idum "oema sic inscri"tum.
AA.. L8o one is 'ise at all hours$--no one born 'ithout faults$--no one
free from crime$--no one content 'ith his lot$--no one in lo#e
'ise$--no good$ or 'ise man "erfectly ha""y.L
AA?. 9tultitiam simulare non "otes nisi taciturnitate.
AA@. E+tortus non cruciatur$ ambustus non laeditur$ "rostratus in lucta$
non #incitur< non fit ca"ti#us ab hoste #enundatus. Et si rugosus$
sene+ edentulus$ luscus$ deformis$ formosus tamen$ et deo similis$
feli+$ di#es$ re+ nullius egens$ et si denario non sit dignus.
AA-. Illum contendunt non injuria affici$ non insania$ non inebriari$ 0uia
#irtus non eri"itur ob constantes com"rehensiones. *i"s. "hys. 9toic$
lib. .. diffi. ,/.
AAA. Tarreus 5ebus e"ig. ,C=. l. /.
AA/. 5or.
AAB. 7ratres sanct. 1oseae crucis.
A/C. An sint$ 0uales sint$ unde nomen illud asci#erint.
A/,. Turri abel.
A/=. 2mnium artium et scientiarum instaurator.
A/.. 3i#inus ille #ir auctor notarum. in e"ist. 1og. acon. ed. 5ambur.
,-C/.
A/?. 9a"ientiae des"onsati.
A/@. L7rom the 1ising 9un to the Maeotid *a%e$ there 'as not one that could
fairly be "ut in com"arison 'ith them.L
A/-. 9olus hic est sa"iens alii #olitant #elut umbrae.
A/A. In e". ad althas. Moretum.
A//. 1ejectiunculae ad Pata#um. 7elinus cum reli0uis.
A/B. Magnum #irum se0ui est sa"ere$ some thin%< others desi"ere. :atul.
ABC. Plant. Menec.
AB,. In 9at. ,?.
AB=. 2r to send for a coo% to the Anticyrae to ma%e 5ellebore "ottage$
settle-brain "ottage.
AB.. Ali0uantulum tamen inde me solabor$ 0uod una cum multis et sa"ientibus
et celeberrimis #iris i"se insi"iens sim$ 0uod se Meni""us *uciani in
8ecyomantia.
AB?. Petronius in :atalect.
AB@. That I mean of Andr. Iale. A"olog. Mani". l. , et =-. A"ol.
AB-. 5aec affectio nostris tem"oribus fre0uentissima.
ABA. :a". ,@. de Mel.
AB/. 3e anima. 8ostro hoc saeculo morbus fre0uentissimus.
ABB. :onsult. B/. adeo nostris tem"oribus fre0uenter ingruit ut nullus fere
ab ejus labe immunis re"eriatur et omnium fere morborum occasio
e+istat.
/CC. Mor. Encom si 0uis calumnietur le#ius esse 0uam decet Theologum$ aut
mordacius 0uam deceat :hristianum.
/C,. 5or. 9at. ?. l. ,.
/C=. E"i. ad 3or"ium de Moria. si 0uis"iam offendatur et sibi #indicet$ non
habet 0uod e+"ostulet cum eo scri"sit$ i"se si #olet$ secum agat
injuriam$ ut"ote sui "roditor$ 0ui declara#it hoc ad se "ro"rie
"ertinere.
/C.. 9i 0uis se laesum clamabit$ aut conscientiam "rodit suam$ aut certe
metum$ Phaedr. lib. .. Aeso". 7ab.
/C?. If any one shall err through his o'n sus"icion$ and shall a""ly to
himself 'hat is common to all$ he 'ill foolishly betray a
consciousness of guilt.
/C@. 5or.
/C-. Mart. l. A. ==.
/CA. Ht lubet feriat$ abstergant hos ictus 3emocriti "harmacos.
/C/. 1usticorum dea "reesse #acantibus et otiosis "utabatur$ cui "ost
labores agricola sacrificabat. Plin. l. .. c. ,=. 2#id. l. -. 7ast.
Dam 0uo0ue cum fiunt anti0uae sacra Iacunae$ ante Iacunales stant0ue
sedent0ue focos. 1osinus.
/CB. Ter. "rol. Eunuch.
/,C. Ariost. l. .B. 9taf. @/.
/,,. Ht enim e+ studiis gaudium sic studia e+ hilaritate "ro#eniunt.
Plinius Ma+imo suo$ e". lib. /.
/,=. Annal. ,@.
/,.. 9ir 7rancis acon in his Essays$ no' Iiscount 9t. Albans.
/,?. Kuod Probus Persii ;Gree%& biogra"hosG #irginali #erecundia Persium
fuisse dicit$ ego$ Fc.
/,@. Kuas aut incuria fudit$ aut humana "arum ca#it natura. 5or.
/,-. Prol. 0uer. Plaut. L*et not any one ta%e these things to himself$ they
are all but fictions.L
/,A. 9i me commorit$ melius non tangere clamo. 5or.
/,/. 5i""oc. e"ist. 3amageto$ accercitus sum ut 3emocritum tan0uam insanum
curarem$ sed "ost0uam con#eni$ non "er Do#em desi"ientiae negotium$
sed rerum omnium rece"taculum de"rehendi$ ejus0ue ingenium demiratus
sum. Abderitanos #ero tan0uam non sanos accusa#i$ #eratri "otione
i"sos "otius eguisse dicens.
/,B. Mart.
/=C. Magnum miraculum.
/=,. Mundi e"itome$ naturae deliciae.
/==. 7inis rerum omnium$ cui sublunaria ser#iunt. 9calig. e+ercit. .-@.
sec. .. Iales. de sacr. Phil. c. @.
/=.. Ht in numismate :aesaris imago$ sic in homine 3ei.
/=?. Gen. ,.
/=@. Imago mundi in cor"ore$ 3ei in anima. E+em"lum0ue dei 0uis0ue est in
imagine "ar#a.
/=-. E"h. i#. =?.
/=A. Palan terius.
/=/. Psal. +li+. =C.
/=B. *asci#ia su"erat e0uum$ im"udentia canem$ astu #ul"em$ furore leonem.
:hrys. =.. Gen.
/.C. Gen. iii. ,..
/.,. Ecclus. i#. ,$ =$ .$ ?$ @$ /.
/.=. Gen. iii. ,A.
/... Illa cadens tegmen manibus decussit$ et una "erniciem immisit miseris
mortalibus atram. 5esiod. ,. o"er.
/.?. 5om. @. ad "o". Antioch.
/.@. Psal. c#ii. ,A.
/.-. Pro. i. =A.
/.A. Kuod autem crebrius bella concutiant$ 0uod sterilitas et fames
solicitudinem cumulent$ 0uod sae#ientibus morbis #alitudo frangitur$
0uod humanum genus luis "o"ulatione #astatur< ob "eccatum omnia. :y"r.
/./. 9i raro desu"er "lu#ia descendat$ si terra situ "ul#eris s0ualleat$ si
#i+ jejunas et "allidas heibas sterilis gleba "roducat$ si turbo
#ineam debilitet$ Fc. :y"r.
/.B. Mat. +i#. ..
/?C. Philostratus$ lib. /. #it. A"ollonii. Injustitiam ejus$ et sceleratas
nu"tias$ et caeteta 0uae "raeter rationem fecerat$ morborum causas
di+it.
/?,. ,-.
/?=. ,/.
/?.. =C.
/??. Ierse ,A.
/?@. =/. 3eos 0uos diligit$ castigat.
/?-. Isa. #. ,.. Ierse ,@.
/?A. 8ostrae salutis a#idus continenter aures #ellicat$ ac calamitate
subinde nos e+ercet. *e#inus *emn. l. =. c. =B. de occult$ nat. mir.
/?/. Ie+atio dat Intellectum. Isa. +i#iii. ,B.
/?B. In sic%ness the mind recollects itself.
/@C. *ib. A. :um judicio$ mores et facta recognoscit et se intuetur. 3um
fero languorem$ fero religionis amorem. E+"ers languoris non sum memor
hujus amoris.
/@,. 9ummum esse totius "hiloso"hiae$ ut tales esse "erse#eremus$ 0uales
nos futures esse infirmi "rofitemur.
/@=. Petrarch.
/@.. Pro#. iii. ,=.
/@?. 5or. E"is. lib. ,. ?.
/@@. 3eut. #iii. ,,. Kui stat #ideat ne cadat.
/@-. Kuanto majoribus beneficiis a 3eo cumulatur$ tanto obligatiorem se
debitorem fateri.
/@A. oterus de Inst. urbium.
/@/. *ege hist$ relationem *od. 7rois de rebus Da"onicis ad annum ,@B-.
/@B. Guicciard. descri"t. elg. anno ,?=,.
/-C. Giraldus :ambrens.
/-,. Danus 3ousa$ e". lib. ,. car. ,C. And 'e "ercei#e nothing$ e+ce"t the
dead bodies of cities in the o"en sea.
/-=. Munster l. .. :os. ca". ?-=.
/-.. uchanan. a"tist.
/-?. 5omo homini lu"us$ homo homini daemon.
/-@. 2#id. de Trist. l. @. Eleg.
/--. Miscent aconita no#ercae.
/-A. *ib. = E"ist. =. ad 3onatum.
/-/. Eze. +#iii. =.
/-B. 5or. l. .. 2d. -.
/AC. = Tim. iii. =.
/A,. Eze. +#iii. .,. Thy destruction is from thyself.
/A=. =, Macc. iii. ,=.
/A.. Part. ,. 9ec. =. Memb. =.
/A?. 8e0uitia est 0uae te non sinet esse senem.
/A@. 5omer. Iliad.
/A-. Intem"erantia$ lu+us$ inglu#ies$ et infinita hujusmodi flagitia$ 0uae
di#inas "oenas merentur. :rato.
/AA. 7ern. Path. l. ,. c. ,. Morbus est affectus contra$ naturam cor"ori
insides.
/A/. 7usch. Instit. l. .. sect. ,. c. .. a 0uo "rimum #itiatur actio.
/AB. 3issolutio foederis in cor"ore$ ut sanitas est consummatio.
//C. *ib. ?. ca". =. Morbus est habitus contra naturam$ 0ui usum ejus$ Fc.
//,. :a". ,,. lib. A.
//=. 5orat. lib. ,. ode .. LEmaciation$ and a ne' cohort of fe#ers broods
o#er the earth.L
//.. :a". @C. lib. A. :entum et 0uin0ue #i+it annos sine ullo incommodo.
//?. Intus mulso$ foras oleo.
//@. E+em"lis genitur. "raefi+is E"hemer. ca". de infirmitat.
//-. Kui$ 0uoad "ueritae ultimam memoriam recordari "otest non meminit se
aegrotum decubuisse.
//A. *ib. de #ita longa.
///. 2"er. et. dies.
//B. 9ee 7ernelius Path. lib. ,. ca". B$ ,C$ ,,$ ,=. 7uschius Instit. l. ..
sect. ,. c. A. 4ec%er. 9ynt.
/BC. Praefat. de morbis ca"itis. In ca"ite ut #ariae habitant "artes$ ita
#ariae 0uerelae ibi e#eniunt.
/B,. 2f 'hich read 5eurnius$ Montaltus$ 5ildesheim$ Kuercetan$ Dason
Pratensis$ Fc.
/B=. :a". =. de melanchol.
/B.. :a". =. de Phisiologia sagarum& Kuod alii minus recte fortasse
di+erint$ nos e+aminare$ melius dijudicare$ corrigere studeamus.
/B?. :a". ?. de mol.
/B@. Art. Med. A.
/B-. Pleri0ue medici uno com"le+u "erstringunt hos duos morbos$ 0uod e+
eadem causa oriantur$ 0uod0ue magnitudine et modo solum distent$ et
alter gradus ad alterum e+istat. Dason Pratens.
/BA. *ib. Med.
/B/. Pars maniae mihi #idetur.
/BB. Insanus est$ 0ui aetate debita$ et tem"ore debito "er se$ non
momentaneam et fugacem$ ut #ini$ solani$ 5yoscyami$ sed confirmatam
habet im"otentiam bene o"erandi circa intellectum. lib. =. de
intellectione.
BCC. 2f 'hich read 7eli+ Plater$ ca". .. de mentis alienatione.
BC,. *ib. -. ca". ,,.
BC=. *ib. .. ca". ,-.
BC.. :a". B. Art. med.
BC?. 3e "raestig. 3aemonum$ l. .. ca". =,.
BC@. 2bser#at. lib. ,C. de morbis cerebri$ ca". ,@.
BC-. 5i""ocrates lib. de insania.
BCA. *ib. /. ca". ==. 5omines interdum lu"os feri< et contra.
BC/. Met. lib. ,.
BCB. :a". de Man.
B,C. Hlcerata crura$ sitis i"sis adest immodica$ "allidi$ lingua sicca.
B,,. :a". B. art. 5ydro"hobia.
B,=. *ib. .. ca". B
B,.. *ib. A. de Ienenis.
B,?. *ib. .. ca". ,.. de morbis acutis.
B,@. 9"icel. =.
B,-. 9c%en%ius$ A lib. de Ienenis.
B,A. *ib. de 5ydro"hobia.
B,/. 2bser#at. lib. ,C. =@.
B,B. *asci#am :hoream. To. ?. de morbis amentium. Tract. ,.
B=C. E#entu ut "lurimum rem i"sam com"robante.
B=,. *ib. ,. ca". de Mania.
B==. :a". .. de mentis alienat.
B=.. :a". ?. de mel.
B=?. PA1T. ..
B=@. 3e 0uo homine securitas$ de 0uo certum gaudiumN 0uocun0ue se
con#ertit$ in terrenis rebus amaritudinem animi in#eniet. Aug. in
Psal. #iii. @.
B=-. Dob. i. ,?.
B=A. 2mni tem"ore 9ocratem eodem #ultu #ideri$ si#e domum rediret$ si#e
domo egrederetur.
B=/. *ib. A. ca". ,. 8atus in florentissima totius orbis ci#itate$
nobilissimis "arentibus$ cor"ores #ires habuit et rarissimas animi
dotes$ u+orem cona"icuam$ "udicam$ felices liberos$ consulare decus$
se0uentes trium"hos$ Fc.
B=B. Aelian.
B.C. 5omer. Iliad.
B.,. *i"sius$ cent. .. e". ?@$ ut coelum$ sic nos homines sumus& illud e+
inter#allo nubibus obducitur et obscuratur. In rosario flores s"inis
intermi+ti. Iita similis aeri$ udum modo$ sudum$ tem"estas$ serenitas&
ita #ices rerum sunt$ "raemia gaudiis$ et se0uaces curae.
B.=. *ucretius$ l. ?. ,,=?.
B... Pro#. +i#. ,.. E+tremum gaudii luctas occu"at.
B.?. 8atalitia in0uit celebrantur$ nu"tiae hic sunt< at ibi 0uid celebratur
0uod non dolet$ 0uod non transitN
B.@. A"uleius ?. florid. 8ihil 0uic0uid homini tam "ros"erum di#initus
datum$ 0uin ei admi+tum sit ali0uid difficultatis ut etiam am"lissima
0ua0ua laetitia$ subsit 0uae"iam #el "ar#a 0uerimonia conjugatione
0uadam mellis$ et fellis.
B.-. :aduca nimirum et fragilia$ et "uerilibus consentanea cre"undiis sunt
ista 0uae #ires et o"es humanae #ocantur$ affluunt subito$ re"ente
delabuntur$ nullo in loco$ nulla in "ersona$ stabilibus ni+a radicibus
consistunt$ sed incertissimo flatu fortunae 0uos in sublime e+tulerunt
im"ro#iso recursu destitutos in "rofundo miseriarum #alle
miserabiliter immergunt. Ialerius$ lib. -. ca". ,,.
B.A. 5uic seculo "arum a"tus es$ aut "otius omnium nostrorum conditionem
ignoras$ 0uibus reci"roco 0uodam ne+u$ Fc. *orchanus Gollobelgicus$
lib. .. ad annum ,@B/.
B./. 5orsum omnia studia dirigi debent$ ut hurnana fortiter feramus.
B.B. = Tim. ii. ..
B?C. E"ist. B-. lib. ,C. Affectus fre0uentes contem"ti0ue morbum faciunt.
3istillatio una nec adhuc in morem adaucta$ tussim facit$ assidua et
#iolenta "thisim.
B?,. :alidum ad octo& frigidum ad octo. Hna hirundo non facit aestatem.
B?=. *ib. ,. c. -.
B?.. 7uschius$ l. .. sec. ,. ca". A. 5ildesheim$ fol. ,.C.
B??. Psal. +++i+. ,..
B?@. 3e Anima. Tur"e enim est homini ignorare sui cor"oris (ut ita dicam)
aedificium$ "raesertim cum ad #aletudinem et mores haec cognitio
"lurimum conducat.
B?-. 3e usu "art.
B?A. 5istory of man.
B?/. 3. :roo%e.
B?B. In 9ynta+i.
B@C. 3e Anima.
B@,. Istit. lib. ,.
B@=. Physiol. l. ,$ =.
B@.. Anat. l. ,. c. ,/.
B@?. In Micro. succos$ sine 0uibus animal sustentari non "otest.
B@@. Morbosos humores.
B@-. 9"iritalis anima.
B@A. *aurentius$ ca". =C$ lib. ,. Anat.
B@/. In these they obser#e the beating of the "ulse.
B@B. :ujus est "ars simularis a #i cutifica ut interiora muniat. :a"i#ac.
Anat. "ag. =@=.
B-C. Anat. lib. ,. c. ,B. :elebris est "er#ulgata "artium di#isio "rinci"es
et ignobiles "artes.
B-,. 3. :roo%e out of Galen and others.
B-=. Ios #ero #eluti in tem"lum ac sacrarium 0uoddam #os duci "utetis$ Fc.
9ua#is et utilis cognitio.
B-.. *ib. ,. ca". ,=. sect. @.
B-?. 5aec res est "raeci"ue digna admiratione$ 0uod tanta affectuum
#arietate cietur cor$ 0uod omnes retristes et laetae statim corda
feriunt et mo#ent.
B-@. Physio. l. ,. c. /.
B--. Ht orator regi& sic "ulmo #ocis instrumentum annectitur cordi$ Fc.
Melancth.
B-A. 3e anim. c. ,.
B-/. 9calig. e+erc. .CA. Tolet. in lib. de anima. ca". ,. Fc.
B-B. l. 3e anima. ca". ,.
BAC. Tuscul. 0uaest.
BA,. *ib. -. 3oct. Ia. Gentil. c. ,.. "ag. ,=,-.
BA=. Aristot.
BA.. Anima 0uae0ue intelligimus$ et tamen 0uae sit i"sa intelligere non
#alemus.
BA?. 9"iritualem animam a reli0uis distinctam tuetur$ etiam in cada#ere
inhaerentem "ost mortem "er ali0uot menses.
BA@. *ib. .. ca". .,.
BA-. :oelius$ lib. =. c. .,. Plutarch$ in Grillo *i"s. :en. ,. e". @C.
Dossius de 1isu et 7letu$ A#erroes$ :am"anella$ Fc.
BAA. Philli". de Anima. ca. ,. :oelius$ =C. anti0. ca". .. Plutarch. de
"lacit. "hilos.
BA/. 3e #it. et mort. "art. =. c. .$ "ro". l. de #it. et mort. =. c. ==.
BAB. 8utritio est alimenti transmutatio$ #iro naturalis. 9cal. e+erc. ,C,$
sec. ,A.
B/C. 9ee more of Attraction in 9cal. e+er. .?..
B/,. Iita consistit in calido et humido.
B/=. LToo bright an object destroys the organ.L
B/.. *umen est actus "ers"icui. *umen a luce "ro#enit$ lu+ est in cor"ore
lucido.
B/?. In Phaedon. (8otes B/?-BBA a""ear in the order B/-$ B/?$ B/A$ B/@ in
the original--6T5.)
B/@. 3e "ract. Philos. ?.
B/-. 9atur. A. c. ,?.
B/A. *ac. ca". /. de o"if. 3ei$ I.
B//. *ib. ,B. ca". =.
B/B. Phis. l. @. c. /.
BBC. E+ercit. =/C.
BB,. T. 4. Desuite$ in his Passions of the Minde.
BB=. Ielcurio.
BB.. 8er#i a s"iritu mo#entur$ s"ritus ab anima. Melanct.
BB?. Ielcurio. Ducundum et ance"s subjectum.
BB@. Goclenius in ;Gree%& Psycol.G "ag. .C=. right in Phys. 9crib. l. ,.
3a#id :rusius$ Melancthon$ 5i""ius 5ernius$ *e#inus *emnius$ Fc.
BB-. *ib. an mores se0uantur$ Fc.
BBA. :aesar. -. com.
BB/. 1ead Aeneas Gazeus dial. of the immortality of the 9oul.
BBB. 2#id. Met. ,@. L4e$ 'ho may ta%e u" our abode in 'ild beasts$ or be
lodged in the breasts of cattle.L
,CCC. In Gallo. Idem.
,CC,. 8ice"horus$ hist. lib. ,C. c. .@.
,CC=. Phaedo.
,CC.. :laudian$ lib. ,. de ra". Proser".
,CC?. Lesides$ 'e obser#e that the mind is born 'ith the body$ gro's 'ith
it$ and decays 'ith it.L
,CC@. 5aec 0uaestio multos "er annos #arie$ ac mirabiliter im"ugnata$ Fc.
,CC-. :olerus$ ibid.
,CCA. 3e eccles. dog. ca". ,-.
,CC/. 2#id. ?. Met. LThe bloodless shades 'ithout either body or bones
'anter.L
,CCB. onorum lares$ malorum #ero lar#as et lemures.
,C,C. 9ome say at three days$ some si+ 'ee%s$ others other'ise.
,C,,. Melancthon.
,C,=. 8ihil in intellectu$ 0uod non "rius fuerat in sensu. Ielcurio.
,C,.. The "ure "art of the conscience.
,C,?. Kuod tibi fieri non #is$ alteri ne feceris.
,C,@. 1es ab intellectu monstratas reci"it$ #el rejicit< a""robat$ #el
im"robat$ Phili". Ignoti nulla cu"ido.
,C,-. Melancthon. 2"erationes "lerum0ue ferae$ etsi libera sit illa in
essentia sua.
,C,A. In ci#ilibus libera$ sed non in s"iritualibus 2siander.
,C,/. Tota #oluntas a#ersa a 3eo. 2mnis homo menda+.
,C,B. Iirg. L4e are neither able to contend against them$ nor only to ma%e
'ay.L
,C=C. Iel "ro"ter ignorantium$ 0uod bonis studiis non sit instructa mens ut
debuit$ aut di#inis "raece"tis e+culta.
,C=,. Med. 2#id.
,C==. 2#id.
,C=.. 9eneca$ 5i"".
,C=?. Melancholicos #ocamus$ 0uos e+u"erantia #el "ra#itas Melancholiae ita
male habet$ ut inde insaniant #el in omnibus$ #el in "luribus iis0ue
manifestis si#e ad rectam rationem$ #oluntate "ertinent$ #el
electionem$ #el intellectus o"erationes.
,C=@. Pessimum et "ertinacissimum morbum 0ui homines in bruta degenerare
cogit.
,C=-. Panth. Med.
,C=A. Angor animi in una contentione defi+us$ abs0ue febre.
,C=/. :a". ,-. l. ,.
,C=B. Eorum definitio morbus 0uid non sit "otius 0uam 0uid sit$ e+"licat.
,C.C. Animae functiones imminuuntur in fatuitate$ tolluntur in mania$
de"ra#antur solum in melancholia. 5erc. de 9a+. ca". ,. tract. de
Melanch.
,C.,. :a". ?. de mel.
,C.=. Per consensum si#e "er essentiam.
,C... :a". ?. de mel.
,C.?. 9ec. A. de mor. #ulgar. lib. -.
,C.@. 9"icel. de melancholia.
,C.-. :a". .. de mel. Pars affecta cerebrum si#e "er consensum$ si#e "er
cerebrum contingat$ et "rocerum auctoritate et ratione stabilitur.
,C.A. *ib. de mel. :or #ero #icinitatis ratione una afficitur$ acce"tum
trans#ersum ac stomachus cum dorsali s"ina$ Fc.
,C./. *ib. ,. ca". ,C. 9ubjectum est cerebrum interius.
,C.B. 1aro 0uis0uam tumorem effugit lienis$ 0ui hoc morbo afficitur$ Piso.
Kuis affectus.
,C?C. 9ee 3onat. ab Altomar.
,C?,. 7acultas imaginandi$ non cogitandi$ nec memorandi laesa hic.
,C?=. *ib. .. 7en. ,. Tract. ?. ca". /.
,C?.. *ib. .. ca". @.
,C??. *ib. Med. ca". ,B. "art. =. Tract. ,@. ca". =.
,C?@. 5ildesheim$ s"icel. = de Melanc. fol. =CA$ et fol. ,=A. Kuando0ue
etiam rationalis si affectus in#eteratus sit.
,C?-. *ib. "osthumo de Melanc. edit. ,-=C. 3e"ri#atur fides$ discursus$
o"inio$ Fc. "er #itium Imaginationes$ e+ Accidenti.
,C?A. Kui "ar#um ca"ut habent$ insensati "leri0ue sunt. Arist. in
"hysiognomia.
,C?/. Areteus$ lib. .. ca". @.
,C?B. Kui "ro"e statum sunt. Aret. Mediis con#enit aetatibus$ Piso.
,C@C. 3e 0uartano.
,C@,. *ib. ,. "art. =. ca". ,,.
,C@=. Primus ad Melancholiam non tam moestus sed et hilares$ jocosi$
cachinnantes$ irrisores$ et$ 0ui "lerum0ue "raerubri sunt.
,C@.. Kui sunt subtilis ingenii$ et multae "ers"icacitatis de facili
incidunt in Melancholiam$ lib. ,. cont. tract. B.
,C@?. 8un0uam sanitate mentis e+cidit aut dolore ca"itur. Erasm.
,C@@. In laud. cal#it.
,C@-. Iacant conscientiae carnificina$ nec "udefiunt$ nec #erentur$ nec
dilacerantur millibus curarum$ 0uibus tota #ita obno+ia est.
,C@A. *ib. ,. tract. .. contradic. ,/.
,C@/. *ib. ,. cont. =,.
,C@B. right$ ca. ,-.
,C-C. *ib. ,. ca". -. de sanit. tuenda.
,C-,. Kuis#e aut 0ualis sit humor aut 0uae istius differentiae$ et 0uomodo
gignantur in cor"ore$ scrutandum$ hac enim re multi #eterum
labora#erunt$ nec facile acci"ere e+ Galeno sententiam ob lo0uendi
#arietatem. *eon. Dacch. com. in B. 1hasis$ ca". ,@. ca". ,-. in B.
1hasis.
,C-=. *ib. "ostum. de Melan. edit. Ienetiis$ ,-=C. ca". A et /. Ab
intem"erie calida$ humida$ Fc.
,C-.. 9ecundum magis aut minus si in cor"ore fuerit$ ad intem"eriem
"lus0uam cor"us salubriter ferre "oterit& inde cor"us morbosum
effitur.
,C-?. *ib. ,. contro#ers. ca". =,.
,C-@. *ib. ,. sect. ?$ ca". ?.
,C--. :oncil. =-.
,C-A. *ib. =. contradic. ca". ,,.
,C-/. 3e feb. tract. diff. =. ca". ,. 8on est negandum e+ hac fieri
Melancholicos.
,C-B. In 9ynta+.
,CAC. Iarie aduritur$ et miscetur$ unde #ariae amentium s"ecies$ Melanct.
,CA,. 5umor frigidus delirii causa$ furoris calidus$ Fc.
,CA=. *ib. ,. ca". ,C. de affect. ca".
,CA.. 8igrescit hic humor$ ali0uando su"ercalefactus$ ali0uando su"er
frigefactus$ ca. A.
,CA?. 5umor hic niger ali0uando "raeter modum calefactus$ et alias
refrigeratus e#adit& nam recentibus carbonibus ei 0uid simile
accidit$ 0ui durante flamma "ellucidissime candent$ ea e+tincta
"rorsus nigrescunt. 5i""ocrates.
,CA@. Guianerius$ diff. =. ca". A.
,CA-. 8on est mania$ nisi e+tensa melancholia.
,CAA. :a". -. lib. ,.
,CA/. = 9er. =. ca". B. Morbus hic est omnifarius.
,CAB. 9"ecies indefinitae sunt.
,C/C. 9i aduratur naturalis melancholia$ alia fit s"ecies$ si sanguis$
alia$ si fla#ibilis alia$ di#ersa a "rimis& ma+ima est inter has
differentia$ et tot 3octorum sententiae$ 0uot i"si numero sunt.
,C/,. Tract. de mel. ca". A.
,C/=. Kuaedam inci"iens 0uaedam consummata.
,C/.. :a". de humor. lib. de anima. Iarie aduritur et miscetur i"sa
melancholia$ unde #ariae amentium s"ecies.
,C/?. :a". ,-. in. B. 1asis.
,C/@. *aurentius$ ca". ?. de mel.
,C/-. :a". ,..
,C/A. ?/C. et ,,-. consult. consil. ,=.
,C//. 5ildesheim. s"icil. =. fol. ,--.
,C/B. Trinca#ellius$ tom. =. consil. ,@ et ,-.
,CBC. :a". ,.$ tract. "osth. de melan.
,CB,. Guarion. cons. med. =.
,CB=. *abora#it "er essentiam et a toto cor"ore.
,CB.. Machia#el$ Fc. 9mithus de re". Angl. ca". /. lib. ,. uscoldus$
discur. "olit. discurs. @. ca". A. Arist. l. .. "olit. ca". ult.
6ec%erm. alii$ Fc.
,CB?. *ib. -.
,CB@. Primo artis curiti#ae.
,CB-. 8ostri "rimum sit "ro"ositi affectionum causas indagare< res i"sa
hortari #idetur$ nam alio0ui earum curatio$ manca et inutilis esset.
,CBA. Path. lib. ,. ca". ,,. 1erum cognoscere causas$ medicis im"rimis
necessarium$ sine 0ua nec morbum curare$ nec "raeca#ere licet.
,CB/. Tanta enim morbi #arietas ac differentia ut non facile dignoscatur$
unde initium morbus sum"serit. Melanelius e Galeno.
,CBB. 7eli+ 0ui "otuit rerum cognoscere causas.
,,CC. , 9am. +#i. ,?.
,,C,. 3an. #. =,.
,,C=. *actant. instit. lib. =. ca". /.
,,C.. Mente ca"tus$ et summo animi moerore consum"tus.
,,C?. Munster cosmog. lib. ?. ca". ?.. 3e coelo substernebantur$ tan0uam
insani de sa+is "raeci"itati$ Fc.
,,C@. *i#ius lib. ./.
,,C-. Gaguin. l. .. c. ?. Kuod 3ionysii cor"us discoo"eruerat$ in insanam
incidit.
,,CA. Idem lib. B. sub. :arol. -. 9acrorum contem"tor$ tem"li foribus
effractis$ dum 3. Dohannis argenteum simulacrum ra"ere contendit$
simulacrum a#ersa facie dorsum ei #ersat$ nec mora sacrilegus mentis
ino"s$ at0ue in semet insaniens in "ro"rios artus desae#it.
,,C/. Giraldus :ambrensis$ lib ,. c. ,. Itinerar. :ambriae.
,,CB. 3elrio$ tom. .. lib. -. sect. .. 0uaest. ..
,,,C. Psal. +l#i. ,.
,,,,. *ib. /. ca". de 5ierar.
,,,=. :laudian.
,,,.. 3e abila Martyre.
,,,?. *ib. ca". @. "rog.
,,,@. *ib. ,. de Abditis rerum causis.
,,,-. 1es"ons. med. ,=. res".
,,,A. , Pet. #. -.
,,,/. *ib. ,. c. A. de orbis concordia. In nulla re major fuit altercatio$
major obscuritas$ minor o"inionum concordia$ 0uam de daemonibus et
substantiis se"aratis.
,,,B. *ib. .. de Trinit. ca". ,.
,,=C. Pererius in Genesin. lib. ?. in ca". .. #. =..
,,=,. 9ee 9trozzius :icogna omnifariae. Mag. lib. =. c. ,@. Do. Aubanus$
redenbachius.
,,==. Angelus "er su"erbiam se"aratus a 3eo$ 0ui in #eritate non stetit.
Austin.
,,=.. 8ihil aliud sunt 3aemones 0uam nudae animae 0uae cor"ore de"osito
"riorem miserati #itam$ cognatis succurrunt commoti misericordia$ Fc.
,,=?. 3e 3eo 9ocratis. All those mortals are called Gods$ 'ho$ the course
of life being "rudently guided and go#erned$ are honoured by men 'ith
tem"les and sacrifices$ as 2siris in Aegy"t$ Fc.
,,=@. 5e li#ed @CC years since.
,,=-. A"uleius& s"iritus animalia sunt animo "assibilia$ mente rationalia$
cor"ore aeria$ tem"ore sem"iterna.
,,=A. 8utriuntur$ et e+crementa habent$ 0uod "ulsata doleant solido
"ercussa cor"ore.
,,=/. 4hate#er occu"ies s"ace is cor"oreal&--s"irit occu"ies s"ace$
_therefore_$ Fc. Fc.
,,=B. ? lib. ?. Theol. nat. fol. @.@.
,,.C. 4hich has no roughness$ angles$ fractures$ "rominences$ but is the
most "erfect amongst "erfect bodies.
,,.,. :y"rianus in E"ist. montes etiam et animalia transferri "ossunt& as
the de#il did :hrist to the to" of the "innacle< and 'itches are
often translated. 9ee more in 9trozzius :icogna$ lib. .. ca". ?.
omnif. mag. Per aera subducere et in sublime cor"ora ferre "ossunt$
iarmanus. Percussi dolent et uruntur in cons"icuos cineres. Agri""a$
lib. .. ca". de occul. Philos.
,,.=. Agri""a$ de occult. Philos. lib. .. ca". ,/.
,,... Part. .. 9ect. =. Mem. ,. 9ubs. ,. *o#e Melancholy.
,,.?. Ly gazing steadfastly on the sun illuminated 'ith his brightest
rays.L
,,.@. Genial. dierum. Ita sibi #isum et com"ertum 0uum "rius an essent
ambigeret 7idem suam liberet.
,,.-. *ib. ,. de #erit. 7idei. enzo$ Fc.
,,.A. *ib. de 3i#inatione et magia.
,,./. :a". /. Trans"orta#it in *i#oniam cu"iditate #idendi$ Fc.
,,.B. 9ic 5esiodus de 8ym"his #i#ere dicit. ,C. aetates "haenicum #el. B.
A. =C.
,,?C. :ustodes hominum et "ro#inciarum$ Fc. tanto meliores hominibus$
0uanto hi brutis animantibus.
,,?,. Praesides Pastores$ Gubernatores hominum$ et illi animalium.
,,?=. L:o#eting nothing more than the admiration of man%ind.L
,,?.. 8atura familiares ut canes hominibus multi a#ersantur et abhorrent.
,,??. Ab nomine "lus distant 0uam homo ab ignobilissimo #erne$ et tamen
0uidam e+ his ab hominibus su"erantur ut homines a feris$ Fc.
,,?@. :ibo et "otu uti et #enere cum hominibus ac tandem mori$ :icogna. l.
"art. lib. =. c. ..
,,?-. Plutarch. de defect. oraculorum.
,,?A. *ib. de >il"his et Pigmeis.
,,?/. 3ii gentium a :onstantio "rostigati sunt$ Fc.
,,?B. 2cto#ian. dial. Dudaeorum deum fuisse 1omanorum numinibus una cum
gente ca"ti#um.
,,@C. 2mnia s"iritibus "lena$ et e+ eorum concordia et discordia omnes boni
et mali effectus "romanant$ omnia humana reguntur& "arado+a #eterum
de 0uo :icogna. omnif. mag. l. =. c. ..
,,@,. 2#es 0uas abacturus erat in 0uascun0ue formas #ertebat Pausanias$
5yginus.
,,@=. Austin in l. =. de Gen. ad literam ca". ,A. Partim 0uia subtilioris
sensus acumine$ "artim scientia calidiore #igent et e+"erientia
"ro"ter magnam longitudinem #itae$ "artim ab Angelis discunt$ Fc.
,,@.. *ib. .. omnif. mag. ca". ..
,,@?. *. ,/. 0uest.
,,@@. Kuum tanti sit et tam "rofunda s"iritum scientia$ mirum non est tot
tantas0ue res #isu admirabiles ab i"sis "atrari$ et 0uidem rerum
naturalium o"e 0uas multo melius intelligunt$ multo0ue "eritius suis
locis et tem"oribus a""licare norunt$ 0uam homo$ :icogna.
,,@-. A#entinus$ 0uic0uid interdiu e+hauriebatur$ noctu e+"lebatur. Inde
"a#efacti cura tores$ Fc.
,,@A. In lib. =. de Anima te+t =B. 5omerus discriminatim omnes s"iritus
daemones #ocat.
,,@/. A Do#e ad inferos "ulsi$ Fc.
,,@B. 3e 3eo 9ocratis adest mihi di#ina sorte 3aemonium 0uoddam a "rima
"ueritia me secutum$ sae"e dissuadet$ im"ellit nonnun0uam instar
o#is$ Plato.
,,-C. Agri""a lib. .. de occul. "h. c. ,/. >ancb. Pictorus$ Pererius
:icogna. l. .. ca". ,.
,,-,. Iasa irae. c. ,..
,,-=. Kuibus datum est nocere terrae et mari$ Fc.
,,-.. Physiol. 9toicorum e 9enec. lib. ,. ca". =/.
,,-?. Hs0ue ad lunam animas esse aethereas #ocari0ue heroas$ lares$ genios.
,,-@. Mart. :a"ella.
,,--. 8ihil #acuum ab his ubi #el ca"illum in aere #el a0ua jaceas.
,,-A. *ib. de >il".
,,-/. Palingenius.
,,-B. *ib. A. ca". .? et @. 9ynta+. art. mirab.
,,AC. :omment in dial. Plat. de amore$ ca". @. Ht s"haera 0uaelibet su"er
nos$ ita "raestantiores habent habitatores suae s"haerae consortes$
ut habet nostra.
,,A,. *ib. de Amica. et daemone med. inter deos et homines$ dica ad nos et
nostra ae0ualiter ad deos ferunt.
,,A=. 9aturninas et Do#iales accolas.
,,A.. In loca detrusi sunt infra caelestes orbes in aerem scilicet et infra
ubi Dudicio generali reser#antur.
,,A?. 0. .-. art. B.
,,A@. Iirg. /. Eg.
,,A-. Aen. ?.
,,AA. Austin& hoc di+i$ ne 0uis e+istimet habitare ibimala daemonia ubi
9olem et *unam et 9tellas 3eus ordina#it$ et alibi nemo arbitraretur
3aemonom coelis habitare cum Angelis suis unde la"sum credimus. Idem.
>anch. l. ?. c. .. de Angel. mails. Pererius in Gen. ca". -. lib. /.
in #er. =.
,,A/. Perigram. 5ierosol.
,,AB. 7ire 'orshi"$ or di#ination by fire.
,,/C. 3omus 3iruunt$ muros dejiciunt$ immiscent se turbinibus et "rocellis
et "ul#erem instar columnae e#ehunt. :icogna l. @. c. @.
,,/,. Kuest. in *i#.
,,/=. 3e "raestigiis daemonum. c. ,-. :on#elli culmina #idemus$ "rosterni
sata$ Fc.
,,/.. 3e bello 8ea"olitano$ lib. @.
,,/?. 9uffitibus gaudent. Idem Dust. Mart. A"ol. "ro :hristianis.
,,/@. In 3ei imitationem$ saith Eusebius.
,,/-. 3ii gentium 3aemonia$ Fc. ego in eorum statuas "elle+i.
,,/A. Et nunc sub di#orum nomine coluntur a Pontificiis.
,,//. *ib. ,,. de rerum #er.
,,/B. *ib. .. ca". .. 3e magis et #eneficis$ Fc. 8ereides.
,,BC. *ib. de >il"his.
,,B,. *ib. ..
,,B=. Pro salute hominum e+cubare se simulant$ sed in eorum "erniciem omnia
moliuntur. Aust.
,,B.. 3ryades$ 2riades$ 5amadryades.
,,B?. El#as 2laus #oc. at lib. ..
,,B@. Part ,. ca". ,B.
,,B-. *ib. .. ca". ,,. El#arum choreas 2laus lib. .. #ocat saltum adeo
"rofunde in terras im"rimunt$ ut locus insigni deince"s #irore
orbicularis sit$ et gramen non "ereat.
,,BA. 9ometimes they seduce too sim"le men into their mountain retreats$
'here they e+hibit 'onderful sights to their mar#elling eyes$ and
astonish their ears by the sound of bells$ Fc.
,,B/. *ib. de >il"h. et Pigmaeus 2laus lib. ..
,,BB. *ib. A. ca". ,?. Kui et in famulitio #iris et feminis inser#iunt$
concla#ia sco"is "urgant$ "atinas mundant$ ligna "ortant$ e0uos
curant$ Fc.
,=CC. Ad ministeria utuntur.
,=C,. 4here treasure is hid (as some thin%) or some murder$ or such li%e
#illainy committed.
,=C=. *ib. ,-. de rerum #arietat.
,=C.. Iel s"iritus sunt hujusmodi damnatorum$ #el e "urgatorio$ #el i"si
daemones$ c. ?.
,=C?. Kuidam lemures domesticis instrumentis noctu ludunt& "atinas$ ollas$
cantharas$ et alia #asa dejiciunt$ et 0uidam #oces emittunt$ ejulant$
risum emittunt$ Fc. ut canes nigri$ feles$ #ariis formis$ Fc.
,=C@. E"ist. lib. A.
,=C-. Meridionales 3aemones :icogna calls them$ or Alastores$ l. .. ca". B.
,=CA. 9ueton. c. -B. in :aligula.
,=C/. 9trozzius :icogna. lib. .. mag. ca". @.
,=CB. Idem. c. ,/.
,=,C. M. :are'. 9ur#ey of :orn'all$ lib. =. folio ,?C.
,=,,. 5orto Geniali$ folio ,.A.
,=,=. Part ,. c. ,B. Abducunt eos a recta #ia$ et #iam iter facientibus
intercludunt.
,=,.. *ib. ,. ca". ??. 3aemonum cernuntur et audiuntur ibi fre0uentes
illusiones$ unde #iatoribus ca#endum ne ce dissocient$ aut a tergo
maneant$ #oces enim fingunt sociorum$ ut a recto itinere abducant$
Fc.
,=,?. Mons sterilis et ni#osus$ ubi intem"esta nocte umbrae a""arent.
,=,@. *ib. =. ca". =,. 2ffendicula faciunt transeuntibus in #ia et
"etulanter ridet cum #el hominem #el jumentum ejus "edes atterere
faciant$ et ma+ime si homo maledictus et calcaribus sae#int.
,=,-. In :osmogr.
,=,A. Iestiti more metallicorum$ gestus et o"era eorum imitantur.
,=,/. Immisso in terrae carceres #ento horribiles terrae motus efficiunt$
0uibus sae"e non domus modo et turres$ sed ci#itates integrae et
insulae haustae sunt.
,=,B. 5ierom. in .. E"hes. Idem Michaelis. c. ?. de s"iritibus. Idem
Thyreus de locis infestis.
,==C. *actantius =. de origins erroris ca". ,@. hi maligni s"iritus "er
omnem terram #agantur$ et solatium "erditionis suae "erdendis
hominibus o"erantur.
,==,. Mortalium calamitates e"ulae sunt malorum daemonum$ 9ynesius.
,===. 3aminus mendacii a sei"so dece"tus$ alios deci"ere cu"it$ ad#ersarius
humani generis$ In#entor mortis$ su"erbiae institutor$ radi+
malitiae$ scelerum ca"ut$ "rince"s omnium #itiorum$ fuit inde in 3ei
contumeliam$ hominum "erniciem& de horum conatibus et o"erationibus
lege E"i"hanium. =. Tom. lib. =. 3ionysium. c. ?. Ambros. E"istol.
lib. ,C. e". et /?. August. de ci#. 3ei lib. @. c. B.$ lib. /. ca".
==. lib. B. ,/. lib. ,C. =,. Theo"hil. in ,=. Mat. Pasil. e". ,?,.
*eonem 9er. Theodoret. in ,,. :or. e". ==. :hrys. hom. @.. in ,=.
Gen. Greg. in ,. c. Dohn. arthol. de "ro". l. =. c. =C. >anch. l. ?.
de malis angelis. Perer. in Gen. l. /. in c. -. =. 2rigen. sae"e
"raeliis intersunt$ itinera et negotia nostra 0uaecum0ue dirigunt$
clandestinis subsidiis o"tatos sae"e "raebent successus$ Pet. Mar. in
9am. Fc. 1uscam de Inferno.
,==.. Et #elut manci"ia circumfert Psellus.
,==?. *ib. de trans. mut. Malac. e".
,==@. :ustodes sunt hominum$ et eorum$ ut nos animalium& tum et "ro#inciis
"rae"ositi regunt auguriis$ somniis$ oraculis$ "ramiis$ Fc.
,==-. *i"sius$ Physiol. 9toic$ lib. ,. ca". ,B.
,==A. *eo 9ua#is. idem et Tritemius.
,==/. LThey see% nothing more earnestly than the fear and admiration of
men.L
,==B. LIt is scarcely "ossible to describe the im"otent ardour 'ith 'hich
these malignant s"irits as"ire to the honour of being di#inely
'orshi""ed.L
,=.C. 2mnif. mag. lib. =. ca". =..
,=.,. *udus deorum sumus.
,=.=. *ib. de anima et daemone.
,=... Kuoties sit$ ut Princi"es no#itium aulicum di#itiis et dignitatibus
"ene obruant$ et multorum annorum ministrum$ 0ui non semel "ro hero
"ericulum subiit$ ne teruntio donent$ Fc. Idem. Kuod Philoso"hi non
remunerentur$ cum scurra et ine"tus ob insulsum jocum sae"e "raemium
re"ortet$ inde fit$ Fc.
,=.?. *ib de cruelt. :ada#er.
,=.@. oissardus$ c. - magia.
,=.-. Godelmanus$ ca". .. lib. , de Magis. idem >anchius$ lib. ?. ca". ,C
et ,,. de malis angelis.
,=.A. 8oci#a Melancholia furiosos efficit$ et 0uando0ue "enitus interficit.
G. Picolominens Idem0ue >anch. ca". ,C. lib. ?. si 3eus "ermittat$
cor"ora nostra mo#ere "ossunt$ alterare$ 0uo#is morborum et malorum
genere afficere$ imo et in i"sa "enetrare et sae#ire.
,=./. Inducere "otest morbos et sanitates.
,=.B. Iiscerum actiones "otest inhibere latenter$ et #enenis nobis ignotis
cor"us inficere.
,=?C. Irre"entes cor"oribus occulto morbos fingunt$ mentes terrent$ membra
distor0uent. *i"s. Phil. 9toic. l. ,. c. ,B.
,=?,. 3e rerum #er. l. ,-. c. B..
,=?=. Kuum mens immediate deci"i ne0uit$ "remum mo#it "hantasiam$ et ita
obfirmat #anis conce"tibus aut ut ne 0uem facultati aestimati#ae
rationi locum relin0uat. 9"iritus malus in#adit animam$ turbat
sensus$ in furorem conjicit. Austin. de #it. eat.
,=?.. *ib. .. 7en. ,. Tract. ?. c. ,/.
,=??. A 3aemone ma+ime "roficisci$ et sae"e solo.
,=?@. *ib. de incant.
,=?-. :ae". de mania lib. de morbis cerebri< 3aemones$ 0uum sint tenues et
incom"rehensibiles s"iritus$ se insinuare cor"oribus humanis "ossunt$
et occulte in #iscerribus o"erti$ #aletudinem #itiare$ somniis animas
terrere et mentes furoribus 0uatere. Insinuant se melancholicorum
"enetralibus$ intus ibi0ue considunt et deliciantur tan0uam in
regione clarissimorum siderum$ cogunt0ue animum furere.
,=?A. *ib. ,. ca". -. occult. Philos. "art ,. ca". ,. de s"ectris.
,=?/. 9ine cruce et sanctificatione sic F daemone obsessa. dial.
,=?B. Greg. "ag. c. B.
,=@C. Penult. de o"ific. 3ei.
,=@,. *ib. =/. ca". =-. tom. B.
,=@=. 3e *amiis.
,=@.. Et 0uomodo #enefici fiant enarrat.
,=@?. 3e 0uo "lura legas in oissardo$ lib. ,. de "raestig.
,=@@. 1e+ Dacobus$ 3aemonol. l. ,. c. ..
,=@-. An uni#ersity in 9"ain in old :astile.
,=@A. The chief to'n in Poland.
,=@/. 2+ford and Paris$ see finem P. *ombardi.
,=@B. Praefat. de magis et #eneficis.
,=-C. 1otatum Pileum habebat$ 0uo #entos #iolentos cieret$ aerem turbaret$
et in 0uam "artem$ Fc.
,=-,. Erastus.
,=-=. Ministerio hirci nocturni.
,=-.. 9teriles nu"tos et inhabiles$ #ide Petrum de Pallude$ lib. ?.
distinct. .?. Paulum Guiclandum.
,=-?. Infantes matribus suffurantur$ aliis su""ositi#is in locum #erorum
conjectis.
,=-@. Milles.
,=--. 3. *uther$ in "rimum "raece"tum$ et *eon. Iarius$ lib. ,. de 7ascino.
,=-A. *a#at. :icog.
,=-/. oissardus de Magis.
,=-B. 3aemon. lib. .. ca". ..
,=AC. Iide Philostratum$ #ita ejus< oissardum de Magis.
,=A,. 8ubrigenses lege lib. ,. c. ,B. Iide 9uidam de Paset. 3e :ruent.
:ada#er.
,=A=. Erastus. Adol"hus 9cribanius.
,=A.. Iirg. Aeneid. ?. Incantatricem describens& 5aec se carminibus
"romittit sol#ere mentes. Kuas #elit$ ast aliis duras immittere
curas.
,=A?. Godelmanus$ ca". A. lib. ,. 8utricum mammas "raesiccant$ solo tactu
"odagram$ A"o"le+iam$ Paralysin$ et alios morbos$ 0uos medicina
curare non "oterat.
,=A@. 7actus inde Maniacus$ s"ic. =. fol. ,?A.
,=A-. 2mnia "hiltra etsi inter se differant$ hoc habent commune$ 0uod
hominem efficiant melancholicum. e"ist. =.,. 9choltzii.
,=AA. 3e cruent. :ada#er.
,=A/. Astra regunt homines$ et regit astra 3eus.
,=AB. :hirom. lib. Kuaeris a me 0uantum o"erantur astraN dico$ in nos nihil
astra urgere$ sed animos "raecli#es trahere& 0ui sic tamen liberi
sunt$ ut si ducem se0uantur rationem$ nihil efficiant$ sin #ero
naturam$ id agere 0uod in brutis fere.
,=/C. :oelum #ehiculum di#inae #irtutis$ cujus mediante motu$ lumine et
influentia$ 3eusO elementaria cor"ora ordinat et dis"onit Th. de Iio.
:ajetanus in Psa. ,C?.
,=/,. Mundus iste 0uasi lyra ab e+cellentissimo 0uodam artifice concinnata$
0uem 0ui norit mirabiles eliciet harmonias. D. 3ee. A"horismo ,,.
,=/=. Medicus sine coeli "eritia nihil est$ Fc. nisi genesim sci#erit$ ne
tantillum "oterit. lib. de "odag.
,=/.. :onstellatio in causa est< et influentia coeli morbum hunc mo#et$
interdum omnibus aliis amotis. Et alibi. 2rigo ejus a :oelo "etenda
est. Tr. de morbis amentium.
,=/?. *ib. de anima$ ca". de humorib. Ea #arietas in Melancholia$ habet
caelestes causas ;9ymbol& :onjunctionG ;9ymbol& 9aturnG et ;9ymbol&
Du"iterG in ;9ymbol& KuadratureG ;9ymbol& :onjunctionG ;9ymbol& MarsG
et ;9ymbol& Moon-.P?G in ;9ymbol& 9cor"ioG.
,=/@. E+ atra bile #arii generantur morbi "erinde ut i"se multum calidi aut
frigidi in se habuerit$ 0uum utri0ue susci"iendo 0uam a"tissima sit$
tametsi sua"te natura frigida sit. Annon a0ua sic afficitur a calore
ut ardeat< et a frigore$ ut in glaciem concrescatN et haec #arietas
distinctionum$ alii flent$ rident$ Fc.
,=/-. 5anc ad intem"erantiam gignendam "lurimum confert ;9ymbol& MarsG et
;9ymbol& 9aturnG "ositus$ Fc.
,=/A. ;9ymbol& MercuryG Kuoties alicujus genitura in ;9ymbol& 9cor"ioG et
;9ymbol& PiscesG ad#erso signo "ositus$ horosco"um "artiliter
tenueret at0ue etiam a ;9ymbol& MarsG #el ;9ymbol& 9aturnG ;9ymbol&
KuadratureG radio "ercussus fuerit$ natus ab insania #e+abitur.
,=//. Kui ;9ymbol& 9aturnG et ;9ymbol& MarsG habet$ alterum in culmine$
alterum imo coelo$ cum in lucem #enerit$ melancholicus erit$ a 0ua
sanebitur$ si ;9ymbol& MercuryG illos irradiarit.
,=/B. 5ac configuratione natus$ Aut *unaticus$ aut mente ca"tus.
,=BC. Ptolomaeus centilo0uio$ et 0uadri"artito tribuit omnium
melancholicorum sym"toma siderum influentis.
,=B,. Arte Medica. accedunt ad has causas affectiones siderum. Plurimum
incitant et "ro#ocant influentiae caelestes. Ielcurio$ lib. ?. ca".
,@.
,=B=. 5ildesheim$ s"icel. =. de mel.
,=B.. Doh. de Indag. ca". B. Montaltus$ ca". ==.
,=B?. :a"ut "ar#um 0ui habent cerebrum et s"iritus "lerum0ue angustos$
facile incident in Melancholiam rubicundi. Aetius. Idem Montaltus$ c.
=,. e Galeno.
,=B@. 9aturnina a 1ascetta "er mediam manum decurrens$ us0ue ad radicem
montis 9aturni$ a "ar#is lineis intersecta$ arguit melancholicos.
A"horis. A/.
,=B-. Agitantur miseriis$ continuis in0uietudinibus$ ne0ue un0uam a
solitudine liberi sunt$ an+ie affiguntur amarissimis intra
cogitationibus$ sem"er tristes$ sus"itiosi$ meticulosi& cogitationes
sunt$ #elle agrum colere$ stagna amant et "aludes$ Fc. Do. de
Indagine$ lib. ,.
,=BA. :aelestis Physiognom. lib. ,C.
,=B/. :a". ,?. lib. @. Idem maculae in ungulis nigrae$ lites$ ri+as$
melancholiam significant$ ab humore in corde tali.
,=BB. *ib. ,. Path. ca". ,,.
,.CC. Ienit enim "ro"erata malis ino"ina senectus& et dolor aetatem jussit
inesse meam. oethius$ met. ,. de consol. Philos.
,.C,. :a". de humoribus$ lib. de Anima.
,.C=. 8ecessarium accidens decre"itis$ et inse"arabile.
,.C.. Psal. +c. ,C.
,.C?. Meteran. elg. hist. lib. ,.
,.C@. 9unt morosi an+ii$ et iracundi et difficiles senes$ si 0uaerimus$
etiam a#ari$ Tull. de senectute.
,.C-. *ib. =. de Aulico. 9enes a#ari$ morosi$ jactabundi$ "hilauti$ deliri$
su"erstitiosi$ aus"iciosi$ Fc. *ib. .. de *amiis$ ca". ,A. et ,/.
,.CA. 9olarium$ o"ium lu"iade"s$ lacr. asini$ Fc. sanguis infantum$ Fc.
,.C/. :orru"ta est iis ab humore Melancholico "hantasia. 8ymanus.
,.CB. Putant se laedere 0uando non laedunt.
,.,C. Kui haec in imaginationis #im referre conati sunt$ atrae bilis$
inanem "rorsus laborem susce"erunt.
,.,,. *ib. .. ca". ?. omnif. mag.
,.,=. *ib. ,. ca". ,,. "ath.
,.,.. Ht arthritici E"ile". Fc.
,.,?. Ht filii non tam "ossessionum 0uam morborum baeredes sint.
,.,@. E"ist. de secretis artis et naturae$ c. A. 8am in hoc 0uod "atres
corru"ti sunt$ generant filios corru"tae com"le+ionis$ et
com"ositionis$ et filii eorum eadem de causa se corrum"unt$ et sic
deri#atur corru"tio a "atribus ad filios.
,.,-. 8on tam (in0uit 5i""ocrates) gibbos et cicatrices oris et cor"oris
habitum agnoscis e+ iis$ sed #erum incessum gestus$ mores$ morbos$
Fc.
,.,A. 9ynagog. Dud.
,.,/. Affectus "arentum in foetus transeunt$ et "uerorum malicia "arentibus
im"utanda$ lib. ?. ca". .. de occult$ nat. mirae.
,.,B. E+ "ituitosis "ituitosi$ e+ biliosis biliosi$ e+ lienosis et
melancholicis melancholici.
,.=C. E"ist. ,A?. in 9coltz. 8ascitur nobiscum illa alitur0ue et una cum
"arentibus habemus malum hunc assem. Do. Pelesius$ lib. =. de cura
humanorum affectuum.
,.=,. *ib. ,C. obser#at.
,.==. Maginus Geog.
,.=.. 9ae"e non eundem$ sed similem "roducit effectum$ et illaeso "arente
transit. in ne"otem.
,.=?. 3ial. "raefi+. genituris *eo#itii.
,.=@. odin. de re". ca". de "eriodis rei".
,.=-. :laudius Aba#ille$ :a"uchion$ in his #oyage to Maragnan. ,-,?. ca".
?@. 8emo fere aegrotus$ sano omnes et robusto cor"ore$ #i#unt annos. ,=C$
,?C. sine Medicina. Idem 5ector oethius de insulis 2rchad. et 3amianus a
Goes de 9candia.
,.=A. *ib. ?. c. .. de occult. nat. mir. Tetricos "lerum0ue filios senes
"rogenerant et tristes$ rarios e+hilaratos.
,.=/. :oitus su"er re"letionem "essimus$ et filii 0ui tum gignuntur$ aut
morbosi sunt$ aut stolidi.
,.=B. dial$ "raefi+. *eo#ito.
,..C. *. de ed. liberis.
,..,. 3e occult. nat. mir. temulentae et stolidae mulieres liberos
"lerum0ue "roducunt sibi similes.
,..=. *ib. =$ c. /. de occult$ nat. mir. Good Master 9choolmaster do not
English this.
,.... 3e nat. mul. lib. .. ca". ?.
,..?. u+dor"hius$ c. .,. 9ynag. Dud. Eze%. ,/.
,..@. 3rusius obs. lib. .. ca". =C.
,..-. eda. Eccl. hist. lib. ,. c. =A. res"ons. ,C.
,..A. 8am s"iritus cerebri si tum male afficiantur$ tales "rocreant$ et
0uales fuerint affectus$ tales filiorum& e+ tristibus tristes$ e+
jucundis jucundi nascuntur$ Fc.
,../. 7ol. ,=B. mer. 9ocrates! children 'ere fools. 9abel.
,..B. 3e occul. nat. mir. Pica morbus mulierum.
,.?C. a"tista Porta$ loco "raed. E+ le"orum intuitu "leri0ue infantes
edunt bifido su"eriore labello.
,.?,. Kuasi mo+ in terram colla"surus$ "er omne #itam incedebat cum mater
gra#ia ebrium hominem sic incedentem #iderat.
,.?=. :i#em facie cada#erosa$ 0ui di+it$ Fc.
,.?.. 2"timum bene nasci$ ma+ima "ara felicitatis nostrae bene nasci<
0uamobrem "raeclere humano generi consultam #ideretur$ si solis
"arentis bene habiti et sani$ liberis o"eram darent.
,.??. Infantes infirmi "raeci"itio necati. ohemus$ lib. .. c. .. A"ud
*acones olim. *i"sius$ e"ist. /@. cent. ad elgas$ 3ionysio Iillerio$
si 0uos ali0ua membrorum "arte inutiles nota#erint$ necari jubent.
,.?@. *ib. ,. 3e #eterum 9cotorum moribus. Morbo comitiali$ dementia$
mania$ le"ra$ Fc. aut simila labe$ 0uae facile in "rolem
transmittitur$ laborantes inter eos$ ingenti facta indagine$
in#entos$ ne gens foeda contagione laederetur$ e+ iis nata$
castra#erunt$ mulieres hujusmodi "rocul a #irorum consortio
abregarunt$ 0uod si harum ali0ua conce"isse in#eniebatur$ simul cum
foetu nondum edito$ defodiebatur #i#a.
,.?-. Eu"hormio 9atyr.
,.?A. 7ecit omnia delicta 0uae fieri "ossunt circa res se+ non naturales$
et eae fuerunt causae e+trinsecae$ e+ 0uibus "ostea ortae sunt
obstructiones.
,.?/. Path. I. l. c. =. Ma+imam in gignendis morbis #im obtinet$ "abulum$
materiam0ue morbi suggerens& nam nec ab aere$ nec a "erturbationibus$
#el aliis e#identibus causis morbi sunt$ nisi consentiat cor"oris
"rae"aratio$ et humorum constitutio. Ht semel dicam$ una gula est
omnium morborum mater$ etiamsi alius est genitor. Ab hac morbi s"onte
sae"e emanant$ nulla alia cogente causa.
,.?B. :ogan$ Eliot$ Iauhan$ Iener.
,.@C. 7rietagius.
,.@,. Isaac.
,.@=. 8on laudatur 0uia melancholicum "raebet alimentum.
,.@.. Male alit cer#ina (in0uit 7rietagius) crassissimum et atribilarium
su""editat alimentum.
,.@?. *ib. de subtiliss. dieta. E0uina caro et asinina e0uinis danda est
hominibus et asininis.
,.@@. Parum obsunt a natura *e"orum. ruerinus$ l. ,.. ca". =@. "ullorum
tenera et o"tima.
,.@-. Illaudabilis succi nauseam "ro#ocant.
,.@A. Piso. Altomar.
,.@/. :urio. 7rietagius$ Magninus$ "art. .. ca". ,A. Mercurialis$ de
affect$ lib. I. c. ,C. e+ce"ts all mil% meats in 5y"ochondriacal
Melancholy.
,.@B. 4ec%er$ 9ynta+. theor. ". =. Isaac$ ruer. lib. ,@. ca". .C. et .,.
,.-C. :a". ,/. "art. ..
,.-,. 2mni loco et omni tem"ore medici detestantur anguillas "raesertim
circa solstitium. 3amnanturtum sanis tum aegris.
,.-=. :a". -. in his Tract of Melancholy.
,.-.. 2"time nutrit omnium judicio inter "rimae notae "isces gustu
"raestanti.
,.-?. 8on est dubium$ 0uin "ro #ariorum situ$ ac natura$ magnas alimentorum
sortiantur differentias$ alibi sua#iores$ alibi lutulentiores.
,.-@. 2bser#at. ,-. lib. ,C.
,.--. Pseudolus act. .. scen. =.
,.-A. Plautus$ ibid.
,.-/. Kuare rectius #aledutini suae 0uis0ue consulet$ 0ui la"sus "riorum
"arentum memor$ eas "lane #el omiserit #el "arce degustarit.
6ersleius$ ca". ?$ de #ero usu med.
,.-B. In Mizaldo de 5orto$ P. :rescent. 5erbastein$ Fc.
,.AC. :a". ,.. "art. .. right$ in his Tract of Mel.
,.A,. Intellectum turbant$ "roducunt insaniam.
,.A=. Audi#i (in0uit Magnin.) 0uod si 0uis e+ iis "er annum continue
comedat$ in insaniam caderet. ca". ,.. Im"robi succi sunt. ca". ,=.
,.A.. 3e rerum #arietat. In 7essa "lerum0ue morbosi$ 0uod fructus comedant
ter in die.
,.A?. :a". de Mel.
,.A@. *ib. ,,. c. ..
,.A-. right$ c. -. e+ce"ts honey.
,.AA. 5or. a"ud 9coltzium$ consil. ,/-.
,.A/. 8e comedas crustam$ choleram 0uia gignit adustam. 9chol. 9al.
,.AB. Iinum turbidum.
,./C. E+ #ini "atentis bibitione$ duo Alemani in uno mense melancholici
facti sunt.
,./,. 5ildesheim$ s"icel. fol. =A..
,./=. :rassum generat sanguinem.
,./.. About 3anzig in 9"ruce$ 5amburgh$ *ei"sig.
,./?. 5enricus Abrmcensis.
,./@. Potus tum salubris tum jucundus$ l. ,.
,./-. Galen l. ,. de san. tuend. :a#endae sunt a0uae 0uae e+ stagnis
hauriuntur$ et 0uae turbidae and male olentes$ Fc.
,./A. Inno+ium reddit et bene olentum.
,.//. :ontendit haec #itia coctione non emendari.
,./B. *ib. de bonitate a0uae$ hydro"em auget$ febres "utridas$ s"lenem$
tusses$ nocet oculis$ malum habitum cor"oris et colorem.
,.BC. Mag. 8igritatem inducit si "ecora biberint.
,.B,. A0uae ni#ibus coactae strumosos faciunt.
,.B=. :osmog. l. .. ca". .-.
,.B.. Method$ hist. ca". @. albutiunt *abdoni in A0uitania ob a0uas$ at0ue
hi morbi ab ac0uis in cor"ora deri#antur.
,.B?. Edulia e+ sanguine et suffocato "arta. 5ildesheim.
,.B@. :u"edia #ero$ "lacentae$ bellaria$ commenta0ue alia curiosa "istorum
et co0uorum$ gustui ser#ientium conciliant morbos tum cor"ori tum
animo insanibiles. Philo Dudaeus$ lib. de #ictimis. P. Do#. #ita
ejus.
,.B-. As lettuce stee"ed in 'ine$ birds fed 'ith fennel and sugar$ as a
Po"e!s concubine used in A#ignon. 9te"han.
,.BA. Animae negotium illa facessit$ et de tem"lo 3ii immundum stabulum
facit. Peletius$ ,C. c.
,.B/. *ib. ,,. c. @=. 5omini cibus utilissimus sim"le+$ acer#atio cirborum
"estifera$ et condimenta "erniciosa$ multos morbos multa fercula
ferunt.
,.BB. .,. 3ec. =. c. 8ihil deterius 0uam si tem"us justo longius comedendo
"rotrahatur$ et #aria ciborum genera conjungantur& inde morborum
scaturigo$ 0uae e+ re"ugnantia humorum oritur.
,?CC. Path. l. ,. c. ,?.
,?C,. Du#. 9at. @.
,?C=. 8imia re"letio ciborum facit melancholicum.
,?C.. :omestio su"erflua cibi$ et "otus 0uantitas nimia.
,?C?. Im"ura cor"ora 0uanto magis nutris$ tanto magis laedis& "utrefacit
enim alimentum #itiosus humor.
,?C@. Iid. Goclen. de "ortentosis coenis$ Fc. "uteani :om.
,?C-. Amb. lib. de Deju. ca". ,?. LThey 'ho in#ite us to a su""er$ only
conduct us to our tomb.L
,?CA. Du#enal. LThe highest-"riced dishes afford the greatest
gratification.L
,?C/. Guiccardin.
,?CB. 8a. 0uaest. ?. ca. ult. fastidio est lumen gratuitum$ dolet 0uod
sole$ 0uod s"iritum emere non "ossimus$ 0uod hic aer non em"tus e+
facili$ Fc. adeo nihil "lacet$ nisi 0uod carum est.
,?,C. Ingeniosi ad Gulam.
,?,,. 2lim #ile manci"ium$ nunc in omni aestimatione$ nunc ars haberi
cae"ta$ Fc.
,?,=. E"ist. =/. l. A. Kuorum in #entre ingenium$ in "atinis$ Fc.
,?,.. In lucem coenat. 9ertorius.
,?,?. 9eneca.
,?,@. Manci"ia gulae$ da"es non sa"ore sed sum"tu aestimantes. 9eneca$
consol. ad 5el#idium.
,?,-. 9ae#ientia guttura satiare non "ossunt flu#ii et maria$ Aeneas
9yl#ius$ de miser. curial.
,?,A. Plautus.
,?,/. 5or. lib. ,. 9at. ..
,?,B. 3iei bre#itas con#i#iis$ noctis longitudo stu"ris conterebratur.
,?=C. Et 0uo "lus ca"iant$ irritamenta e+cogitantur.
,?=,. 7ores "ortantur ut ad con#i#ium re"ortentur$ re"leri ut e+hauriant$
et e+hauriri ut bibant. Ambros.
,?==. Ingentia #asa #elut ad ostentationem$ Fc.
,?=.. Plautus.
,?=?. *ib. .. Anthol. c. =C.
,?=@. Gratiam conciliant "otando.
,?=-. 8otis ad :aesares.
,?=A. *ib. de educandis "rinci"um liberis.
,?=/. Iirg. Ae. ,.
,?=B. Idem strenui "otatoris E"isco"i 9acellanus$ cum ingentem "ateram
e+haurit "rince"s.
,?.C. ohemus in 9a+onia. Adeo immoderate et immodeste ab i"sis bibitur$ ut
in com"otationibus suis non cyathis solum et cantharis sat infundere
"ossint$ sed im"letum mulctrale a""onant$ et scutella injecta
hortantur 0uemlibet ad libitum "otare.
,?.,. 3ictu incredible$ 0uantum hujusce li0uorice immodesta gens ca"iat$
"lus "otantem amicissimum habent$ et cert coronant$ inimicissimum e
contra 0ui non #ult$ et caede et fustibus e+"iant.
,?.=. Kui "otare recusat$ hostis habetur$ et caede nonnun0uam res e+"iatur.
,?... Kui melius bibit "ro salute domini$ melior habetur minister.
,?.?. Graec. Poeta a"ud 9tobaeum$ ser. ,/.
,?.@. Kui de die jejunant$ et nocte #igilant$ facile cadunt in
melancholiam< et 0ui naturae modum e+cedunt$ c. @. tract. ,@. c. =.
*onga famis tolerantia$ ut iis sae"e accidit 0ui tanto cum fer#ore
3eo ser#ire cu"iunt "er jejunium$ 0uod maniaci efficiantur$ i"se #idi
sae"e.
,?.-. In tenui #ictu aegri delin0uunt$ e+ 0uo fit ut majori afficiantur
detrimento$ major0ue fit error tenui 0uam "leniore #ictu.
,?.A. Kuae longo tem"ore consueta sunt$ etiamsi deteriora$ minus in
assuetis molestare solent.
,?./. Kui medice #i#it$ misere #i#it.
,?.B. :onsuetudo altera natura.
,??C. 5erefordshire$ Gloucestershire$ 4orcestershire.
,??,. *eo Afer. l. ,. solo camelorum lacte contenti$ nil "raeterea
deliciarum ambiunt.
,??=. 7landri #inum butyro dilutum bibunt (nauseo referens) ubi0ue butyrum
inter omnia fercula et bellaria locum obtinet. 9te"h. "raefat. 5erod.
,??.. 3electantur Graeci "iscibus magis 0uam carnibus.
,???. *ib. ,. hist. Ang.
,??@. P. Do#ius descri"t. ritonum. They sit$ eat and drin% all day at
dinner in Iceland$ Musco#y$ and those northern "arts.
,??-. 9uidas$ #ict. 5erod$ nihilo cum eo melius 0uam si 0uis :icutam$
Aconitum$ Fc.
,??A. E+"edit. in 9inas$ lib. ,. c. .. hortensium herbarum et olerum$ a"ud
9inas 0uam a"ud nos longe fre0uentior usus$ com"lures 0ui""e de #ulgo
re"erias nulla alia re #el tenuitatis$ #el religionis causa
#escentes. E0uus$ Mulus$ Asellus$ Fc. ae0ue fere #escuntur ac "abula
omnia$ Mat. 1iccius$ lib. @. ca". ,=.
,??/. Tartari mulis$ e0uis #escuntur et crudis carnibus$ et fruges
contemnunt$ dicentes$ hoc jumentorum "abulum et bonum$ non hominum.
,??B. Islandiae descri"tione #ictus corum butyro$ lacte$ caseo consistit&
"isces loco "anis habent$ "otus a0ua$ aut serum$ sic #i#unt sine
medicina multa ad annos =CC.
,?@C. *aet. occident. Ind. descri". lib. ,,. ca". ,C. A0uam marinam bibere
sueti abs0ue no+a.
,?@,. 3a#ies =. #oyage.
,?@=. Patagones.
,?@.. enzo et 7er. :ortesius$ lib. no#us orbis inscri".
,?@?. *inschoten$ c. @-. Palmae instar totius orbis arboribus longe
"raestantior.
,?@@. *i"s. e"ist.
,?@-. Teneris assuescere multum.
,?@A. 1e"entinae mutationes no+am "ariunt. 5i""ocrat. A"horism. =,. E"ist.
-. sect. ..
,?@/. ruerinus$ lib. ,. ca". =..
,?@B. 9im"l. med. c. ?. l. ,.
,?-C. 5eurnius$ l. .. c. ,B. "ra+. med.
,?-,. A"horis. ,A.
,?-=. In dubiis consuetudinem se0uatur adolescens$ et ince"tis "erse#eret.
,?-.. Kui cum #olu"tate assumuntur cibi$ #entriculus a#idius com"lectitur$
e+"editius0ue conco0uit$ et 0uae dis"licent a#ersatur.
,?-?. 8othing against a good stomach$ as the saying is.
,?-@. *ib. A. 5ist. 9cot.
,?--. .C. artis.
,?-A. Kuae e+cernuntur aut subsistunt.
,?-/. E+ #entre su""resso$ inflammationes$ ca"itis dolores$ caligines
crescunt.
,?-B. E+crementa retenta mentis agitationem "arere solent.
,?AC. :a". de Mel.
,?A,. Tam delirus$ ut #i+ se hominem agnosceret.
,?A=. Al#us astrictus causa.
,?A.. Per octo dies al#um siccum habet$ et nihil reddit.
,?A?. 9i#e "er nares$ si#e haemorrhoides.
,?A@. Multi intem"esti#e ab haemorrhoidibus curati$ melancholia corru"ti
sunt. Incidit in 9cyllam$ Fc.
,?A-. *ib. ,. de Mania.
,?AA. re#iar. l. A. c. ,/.
,?A/. 8on sine magno incommodo ejus$ cui sanguis a naribus "romanat$ no+ii
sanguinis #acuatio im"ediri "otest.
,?AB. 8o#i 0uosdam "rae "udore a coitu abstinentes$ tur"idos$ "igros0ue
factos< nonnullos etiam melancholicos$ "raeter modum moestos$
timidos0ue.
,?/C. 8onnulli nisi coeant assidue ca"itis gra#itate infestantur. 3icit se
no#isse 0uosdam tristes et ita factos e+ intermissione Ieneris.
,?/,. Ia"ores #enenatos mittit s"erma ad cor et cerebrum. 9"erma "lus diu
retentum$ transit in #enenum.
,?/=. Gra#es "roducit cor"oris et animi aegritudines.
,?/.. E+ s"ermate su"ra modum retento monachos et #iduas melancholicos
sae"e fieri #idi.
,?/?. Melancholia orta a #asis seminariis in utero.
,?/@. 8obilis sene+ Alsatus ju#enem u+orem du+it$ at ille colico dolore$ et
multis morbis corre"tus$ non "otuit "raestare officium mariti$ #i+
inito matrimonio aegrotus. Illa in horrendum furorum incidit$ ob
Ienerem cohibitam ut omnium eam in#isentium congressum$ #oce$ #ultu$
gestu e+"eteret$ et 0uum non consentirent$ molossos Anglicanos magno
e+"etiit clamore.
,?/-. Iidi sacerdotem o"timum et "ium$ 0ui 0uod nollet uti Ienere$ in
melancholica sym"tomata incidit.
,?/A. 2b abstinentiam a concubitu incidit in melancholiam.
,?//. Kuae a coitu e+acerbantur.
,?/B. 9u"erstuum coitum causam "onunt.
,?BC. E+siccat cor"us$ s"iritus consumit$ Fc. ca#eant ab hoc sicci$ #elut
inimico mortali.
,?B,. Ita e+siccatus ut e melancholico statim fuerit insanus$ ab
humectantibus curatus.
,?B=. E+ cauterio et ulcere e+siccato.
,?B.. Gord. c. ,C. lib. ,. 3iscommends cold baths as no+ious.
,?B?. 9iccum reddunt cor"us.
,?B@. 9i 0uis longius moretur in iis$ aut nimis fre0uenter$ aut im"ortune
utatur$ humores "utrefacit.
,?B-. Ego anno su"eriore$ 0uendam guttosum #idi adustum$ 0ui ut liberaretur
de gutta$ ad balnea accessit$ et de gutta liberatus$ maniacus factus
est.
,?BA. 2n 9chola 9alernitana.
,?B/. :alefactio et ebullitio "er #enae incisionem$ magis sae"e incitatur
et augetur$ majore im"etu humores "er cor"us discurrunt.
,?BB. *ib. de flatulenta Melancholia. 7re0uens sanguinis missio cor"us
e+tenuat.
,@CC. In B 1hasis$ atram bilem "arit$ et #isum debilitat.
,@C,. Multo nigrior s"ectatur sanguis "ost dies 0uosdam$ 0uam fuit ab
initio.
,@C=. 8on laudo eos 0ui in desi"ientia docent secandam esse #enam frontis$
0uia s"iritus debilitatur inde$ et ego longa e+"erientia obser#a#i in
"ro"rio Jenodochio$ 0uod desi"ientes e+ "hlebotomia magis laeduntur$
et magis disi"iunt$ et melancholici sae"e fiunt inde "ejores.
,@C.. 3e mentis alienat. ca". .. etsi multos hoc im"robasse sciam$
innumeros hac ratione sanatos longa obser#atione cogno#i$ 0ui
#igesies$ se+agies #enas tundendo$ Fc.
,@C?. Iires debilitat.
,@C@. Im"urus aer s"iritus dejicit$ infecto corde gignit morbos.
,@C-. 9anguinem densat$ et humores$ P. ,. c. ,..
,@CA. *ib. .. ca". ..
,@C/. *ib. de 0uartana. E+ aere ambiente contrahitur humor melancholicus.
,@CB. Kualis aer$ talis s"iritus& et cujusmodi s"iritus$ humores.
,@,C. Aelianus Montaltus$ c. ,,. calidus et siccus$ frigidus et siccus$
"aludinosus$ crassus.
,@,,. Multa hic in Jenodochiis fanaticorum millia 0uae strictissime
catenata ser#antur.
,@,=. *ib. med. "art. =. c. ,B. Intellige$ 0uod in calidis regionibus$
fre0uenter accidit mania$ in frigidis autem tarde.
,@,.. *ib. =.
,@,?. 5odo"ericon$ ca". A.
,@,@. A"ulia aesti#o calore ma+ime fer#et$ ita ut ante finem Maii "ene
e+usta sit.
,@,-. LThey "erish in clouds of sand.L Maginus Pers.
,@,A. Pantheo seu Pract. Med. l. ,. ca". ,-. Ienetae mulieres 0uae diu sub
sole #i#unt$ ali0uando melancholicae e#adunt.
,@,/. 8a#ig. lib. = ca". ?. commercia nocte$ hora secunda ob nimios$ 0ui
sae#iunt interdiu aestus e+ercent.
,@,B. Morbo Gallico laborantes$ e+"onunt ad solem ut morbus e+siccent.
,@=C. 9ir 1ichard 5a'%ins in his 2bser#ations$ sect. ,..
,@=,. 5i""ocrates$ .. A"horismorum idem ait.
,@==. Idem Maginus in Persia.
,@=.. 3escri". Ter. sanctae.
,@=?. Kuum ad solis radios in leone longam moram traheret$ ut ca"illos
sla#os redderet$ in maniam incidit.
,@=@. Mundus alter et idem$ seu Terra Australis incognita.
,@=-. :rassus et tur"idus aer$ tristem efficit animam.
,@=A. :ommonly called 9candaroon in Asia Minor.
,@=/. Atlas geogra"hicus memoria$ #alent Pisani$ 0uod crassiore fruantur
aere.
,@=B. *ib. ,. hist. lib. =. ca". ?,. Aura densa ac caliginosa tetrici
homines e+istunt$ et substristes$ et ca". .. stante subsolano et
>e"hyro$ ma+ima in mentibus hominum alacritas e+istit$ mentis0ue
erectio ubi telum solis s"lendore nitescit. Ma+ima dejectio maeror0ue
si 0uando aura caliginosa est.
,@.C. Geor.
,@.,. 5or.
,@.=. Mens 0uibus #acillat$ ab aere cito offenduntur$ et multi insani a"ud
elgas ante tem"estates sae#iunt$ aliter 0uieti. 9"iritus 0uo0ue
aeris et mali genii ali0uando se tem"estatibus ingerunt$ et menti
humanae se latenter insinuant$ eam0ue #e+ant$ e+agitant$ et ut
fluctus marini$ humanum cor"us #entis agitatur.
,@... Aer noctu densatur$ et cogit moestitiam.
,@.?. *ib de Iside et 2syride.
,@.@. Multa defatigatio$ s"iritus$ #irium0ue substantiam e+haurit$ et
cor"us refrigerat. 5umores corru"tos 0ui aliter a natura conco0ui et
domari "ossint$ et demum blande e+cludi$ irritat$ et 0uasi in furorem
agit$ 0ui "ostea mota camerina$ tetro #a"ore cor"us #arie lacessunt$
animum0ue.
,@.-. In Ieni mecum& *ibro sic inscri"to.
,@.A. Instit. ad #it. :hrist$ ca". ??. cibos crudos in #enas ra"it$ 0ui
"utrescentes illic s"iritus animalis inficiunt.
,@./. :rudi haec humoris co"ia "er #enas aggreditur$ unde morbi
multi"lices.
,@.B. Immodicum e+ercitium.
,@?C. 5om. .,. in , :or. #i. 8am 0ua mens hominis 0uiscere non "ossit$ sed
continuo circa #arias cogitationes discurrat$ nisi honesto ali0uo
negotio occu"etur$ ad melancholiam s"onte delabitur.
,@?,. :rato$ consil. =,. Ht immodica cor"oris e+ercitatio nocet cor"oribus$
ita #ita deses$ et otiosa& otium$ animal "ituitosum reddit$ #iscerum
obstructiones et crebras flu+iones$ et morbos concitat.
,@?=. Et #ide 0uod una de rebus 0uae magis generat melancholiam$ est
otiositas.
,@?.. 1e"onitur otium ab aliis causa$ et hoc a nobis obser#atum eos huic
malo magis obno+ios 0ui "lane otiosi sunt$ 0uam eos 0ui ali0uo munere
#ersantur e+e0uendo.
,@??. 3e Tran0uil. animae. 9unt 0ua i"sum otium in animi conjicit
aegritudinem.
,@?@. 8ihil est 0uod ae0ue melancholiam alat ac augeat$ ac otium et
abstinentia a cor"oris et animi e+ercitationibus.
,@?-. 8ihil magis e+caecat intellectum$ 0uam otium. Gordonius de obser#at.
#it. hum. lib. ,.
,@?A. Path. lib. ,. ca". ,A. e+ercitationis intermissio$ inertem calorem$
languidos s"iritus$ et igna#os$ et ad omnes actiones segniores
reddit$ cruditates$ obstructiones$ et e+crementorum "ro#entus facit.
,@?/. 5or. 9er. ,. 9at. ..
,@?B. 9eneca.
,@@C. Moerorem animi$ et maciem$ Plutarch calls it.
,@@,. 9icut in stagno generantur #ermes$ sic et otioso malae cogitationes.
9en.
,@@=. 8o' this leg$ no' that arm$ no' their head$ heart$ Fc.
,@@.. E+od. #.
,@@?. (7or they cannot 'ell tell 'hat aileth them$ or 'hat they 'ould ha#e
themsel#es) my heart$ my head$ my husband$ my son$ Fc.
,@@@. Pro#. +#iii. Pigrum dejiciet timor. 5eautontimorumenon.
,@@-. *ib. ,B. c. ,C.
,@@A. Plautus$ Prol. Mostel.
,@@/. Piso$ Montaltus$ Mercurialis$ Fc.
,@@B. A0uibus malum$ #elut a "rimaria causa$ nactum est.
,@-C. Ducunda rerum "raesentium$ "raeteritarum$ et futurarum meditatio.
,@-,. 7acilis descensus A#erni& 9ed re#ocare gradum$ su"eras0ue e#adere ad
auras$ 5ic labor$ hoc o"us est. Iirg.
,@-=. 5ieronimus$ e". A=. di+it o""ida et urbes #ideri sibi tetros
carceres$ solitudinem Paradisum& solum scor"ionibus infectum$ sacco
amictus$ humi cubans$ a0ua et herbis #ictitans$ 1omanis "raetulit
deliciis.
,@-.. 2ffic. ..
,@-?. Eccl ?.
,@-@. 8atura de te #idetur con0ueri "osse$ 0uod cum ab ea tem"eratissimum
cor"us ade"tus sis$ tam "raeclarum a 3eo ac utile donum$ non
contem"sisti modo$ #erum corru"isti$ sedasti$ "rodidisti$ o"timam
tem"eraturam otio$ cra"ula$ et aliis #itae erroribus$ Fc.
,@--. Path. lib. ca". ,A. 7ernel. cor"us infrigidat$ omnes sensus$
mentis0ue #ires tor"ore debilitat.
,@-A. *ib. =. sect. =. ca". ?. Magnam e+crementorum #im cerebro et aliis
"artibus conser#at.
,@-/. Do. 1etzius$ lib. de rebus - non naturalibus. Prae"arat cor"us talis
somnus ad multas "ericulosas aegritudines.
,@-B. Instit. ad #itam o"timam$ ca". =-. cerebro siccitatem adfert$
"hrenesin et delirium$ cor"us aridum facit$ s0ualidum$ strigosum$
humores adurit$ tem"eramentum cerebri corrum"it$ maciem inducit&
e+siccat cor"us$ bilem accendit$ "rofundos reddit oculos$ calorem
augit.
,@AC. 8aturalem calorem dissi"at$ laesa concoctione cruditates facit.
Attenuant ju#enum #igilatae cor"ora noctes.
,@A,. Iita Ale+an.
,@A=. Grad. ,. c. ,?.
,@A.. 5or. LThe body o""ressed by yesterday!s #ices 'eighs do'n the s"irit
also.L
,@A?. Perturbationes cla#i sunt$ 0uibus cor"ori animus seu "atibulo
affigitur. Damb. de mist.
,@A@. *ib. de sanitat. tuend.
,@A-. Prolog. de #irtute :hristi< Kuae utitur cor"ore$ ut faber malleo.
,@AA. Iita A"ollonij$ lib. ,.
,@A/. *ib. de anim. ab inconsiderantia$ et ignorantia omnes animi motus.
,@AB. 3e Physiol. 9toic.
,@/C. Grad. ,. c. .=.
,@/,. E"ist. ,C?.
,@/=. Aelianus.
,@/.. *ib. ,. ca". -. si 0uis ense "ercusserit eos$ tantum res"iciunt.
,@/?. Terror in sa"iente esse non debet.
,@/@. 3e occult nat. mir. l. ,. c. ,-. 8emo mortalium 0ui affectibus non
ducatur& 0ui non mo#etur$ aut sa+um$ aut 3eus est.
,@/-. Instit. l. =. de humanorum affect. morborum0ue curat.
,@/A. E"ist. ,C@.
,@//. Granatensis.
,@/B. Iirg.
,@BC. 3e ci#it. 3ei. l. ,?. c. B. 0ualis in oculis hominum 0ui in#ersis
"edibus ambulat$ talis in oculis sa"ientum$ cui "assiones dominantur.
,@B,. *ib. de 3ecal. "assiones ma+ime cor"us offendunt et animam$ et
fre0uentissimae causae melancholiae$ dimo#entes ab ingenio et
sanitate "ristina$ l. .. de anima.
,@B=. 7raenaet stimuli animi$ #elut in mari 0uaedam aurae le#es$ 0uaedam
"lacidae$ 0uaedam turbulentae& sic in cor"ore 0uaedam affectiones
e+citant tantum$ 0uaedam ita mo#ent$ ut de statu judicii de"ellant.
,@B.. Ht gutta la"idem$ sic "aulatim hae "enetrant animum.
,@B?. Hsu #alentes recte morbi animi #ocantur.
,@B@. Imaginatio mo#et cor"us$ ad cujus motum e+citantur humores$ et
s"iritus #itales$ 0uibus alteratur.
,@B-. Eccles.$ +iii. =-. LThe heart alters the countenance to good or e#il$
and distraction of the mind causeth distem"erature of the body.L
,@BA. 9"iritus et sanguis a laesa Imaginatione contaminantur$ humores enim
mutati actiones animi immutant$ Piso.
,@B/. Montani$ consil. ==. 5ae #ero 0uomodo causent melancholiam$ clarum<
et 0uod concoctionem im"ediant$ et membra "rinci"alia debilitent.
,@BB. re#iar. l. ,. ca". ,/.
,-CC. 9olent hujusmodi egressiones fa#orabiliter oblectare$ et lectorem
lassum jucunde refo#ere$ stomachum0ue nauseantem$ 0uodam 0uasi
condimento reficere$ et ego libenter e+curro.
,-C,. Ab imaginatione oriuntur affectiones$ 0uibus anima com"onitur$ aut
turbata deturbatur$ Do. 9arisbur. Metolog. lib. ?. c. ,C.
,-C=. 9calig. e+ercit.
,-C.. Kui 0uotis #olebat$ mortuo similis jacebat auferens se a sensibus$ et
0uum "ungeretur dolorem non sensit.
,-C?. Idem 8ymannus orat. de Imaginat.
,-C@. Ierbis et unctionibus se consecrant daemoni "essimae mulieres 0ui iis
ad o"us suum utitur$ et earum "hantasiam regit$ ducit0ue ad loca ab
i"sis desiderata$ cor"ora #ero earum sine sensu "ermanent$ 0uae umbra
coo"erit diabolus$ ut nulli sine cons"icua$ et "ost$ umbra sublata$
"ro"riis cor"oribus eas restitut$ l. .. c. ,,. 4ier.
,-C-. 3enario medico.
,-CA. 9olet timor$ "rae omnibus affectibus$ fortes imaginationes gignere$
"ost amor$ Fc. l. .. c. /.
,-C/. E+ #iso urso$ talem "e"erit.
,-CB. *ib. ,. ca". ?. de occult. nat. mir. si inter am"le+us et sua#ia
cogitet de uno$ aut alio absente$ ejus effigies solet in faetu
elucere.
,-,C. Kuid non faetui adhuc matri unito$ subita s"irituum #ibratione "er
ner#os$ 0uibus matri+ cerebro conjuncta est$ im"rimit im"regnatae
imaginatioN ut si imaginetur matum granatum$ illius notas secum
"roferet faetus& 9i le"orem$ infans editur su"remo labello bifido$ et
dissecto& Iehemens cogitatio mo#et rerum s"ecies. 4ier. lib. .. ca".
/.
,-,,. 8e dum uterum gestent$ admittant absurdas cogitationes$ sed et #isu$
auditu0ue foeda et horrenda de#itent.
,-,=. 2ccult. Philos. lib. ,. ca". -?.
,-,.. *ib. .. de *amiis$ ca". ,C.
,-,?. Agri""a$ lib. ,. ca". -?.
,-,@. 9ect. .. memb. ,. subsect. ..
,-,-. Malleus malefic. fol. AA. cor"us mutari "otest in di#ersas
aegritudines$ e+ forti a""rehensione.
,-,A. 7r. Iales. l. @. cont. -. nonnun0uam etiam morbi diuturni
conse0uuntur$ 0uando0ue curantur.
,-,/. E+"edit. in 9inas$ l. ,. c. B. tantum "orro multi "raedictoribus
hisce tribuunt ut i"se metus fidem faciat& nam si "raedictum iis
fuerit tali die eos morbo corri"iendos$ ii ubi dies ad#enerit$ in
morbum incidunt$ et #i metus afflicti$ cum aegritudine$ ali0uando
etiam cum morte colluctantur.
,-,B. 9ubtil. ,/.
,-=C. *ib. .. de anima$ ca". de mel.
,-=,. *ib. de Peste.
,-==. *ib. ,. ca". -.. E+ alto des"icientes ali0ui "rae timore
contremiscunt$ caligant$ infirmantur< sic singultus$ febres$ morbi
comitiales 0uando0ue se0uuntur$ 0uando0ue recedunt.
,-=.. *ib. de Incantatione$ Imaginatio subitum humorum$ et s"irituum motum
infert$ undo #ario affectu ra"itur sanguis$ ac una morbificas causas
"artibus affectis eri"it.
,-=?. *ib. .. c. ,/. de "raestig. Ht im"ia credulitate 0uis laeditur$ sic
et le#ari eundem credibile est$ usu0ue obser#atum.
,-=@. Aegri "ersuasio et fiducia$ omni arti et consilio et medicinae
"raeferenda. A#icen.
,-=-. Plures sanat in 0uem "lures confidunt. lib. de sa"ientia.
,-=A. Marcelius 7icinus$ l. ,.. c. ,/. de theolog. Platonica. Imaginatio
est tan0uam Proteus #el :hamaeleon$ cor"us "ro"rium et alienum
nonnun0uam afficiens.
,-=/. :ur oscitantes oscitent$ 4ierus.
,-=B. T. 4. Desuit.
,-.C. .. de Anima.
,-.,. 9er. .@. 5ae 0uatuor "assiones sunt tan0uam rotae in curru$ 0uibus
#ehimur hoc mundo.
,-.=. 5arum 0ui""e immoderatione$ s"iritus marcescunt. 7ernel. l. ,. Path.
c. ,/.
,-... Mala consuetudine de"ra#atur ingenium ne bene faciat. Pros"er
:alenus$ l. de atra bile. Plura faciunt homines e consuetudine 0uam e
ratione. A teneris assuescere multum est. Iideo meliora "robo0ue
deteriora se0uor. 2#id.
,-.?. 8emo laeditur nisi a sei"so.
,-.@. Multi se in in0uietudinem "raeci"itant ambitione et cu"iditatibus
e+caecati$ non intelligunt se illud a diis "etere$ 0uod sibi i"sis si
#elint "raestare "ossint$ si curis et "erturbationibus$ 0uibus
assidue se macerant$ im"erare #ellent.
,-.-. Tanto studio miseriarum causas$ et alimenta dolorum 0uaerimus$
#itam0ue secus felicissimam$ tristem et miserabilem efficimus.
Petrarch. "raefat. de 1emediis$ Fc.
,-.A. Timor et moestitia$ si diu "erse#erent$ causa et soboles atri humoris
sunt$ et in circulum se "rocreant. 5i". A"horis. =.. l. -. Idem
Montaltus$ ca". ,B. Iictorius 7a#entinus$ "ract. imag.
,-./. Multi e+ maerore et metu huc dela"si sunt. *emn.$ lib. ,. ca". ,-.
,-.B. Multa cura et tristitia faciunt accedere melancholiam (ca". .. de
mentis alien.) si altas radices agat$ in #eram fi+am0ue degenerat
melancholiam et in des"erationem desinit.
,-?C. Ille luctus$ ejus #ero soror des"eratio simul "onitur.
,-?,. Animarum crudele tormentum$ dolor ine+"licabilis$ tinea non solum
ossa$ sed corda "ertingens$ "er"etuus carnife+$ #ires animae
consumens$ jugis no+$ et tenebrae "rofundae$ tem"estas et turbo et
febris non a""arens$ omni igne #alidius incendens< longior$ et "ugnae
finem non habens--:rucem circumfert dolor$ faciem0ue omni tyranno
crudeliorem "rae se fert.
,-?=. 8at. :omes Mythol. l. ?. c. -.
,-?.. Tully .. Tusc. omnis "erturbatio miseria et carnificina est dolor.
,-??. M. 3rayton in his 5er. e".
,-?@. :rato consil. =,. lib. =. moestitia uni#ersum infrigidat cor"us$
calorem innatum e+tinguit$ a""etitum destruit.
,-?-. :or refrigerat tristitia$ s"iritus e+siccat$ innatum0ue calorem
obruit$ #igilias inducit$ concoctionem labefactat$ sanguinem
incrassat$ e+agerat0ue melancholicum succum.
,-?A. 9"iritus et sanguis hoc contaminatur. Piso.
,-?/. Marc. #i. ,-. ,,.
,-?B. Maerore maceror$ marcesco et consenesco miser$ ossa at0ue "ellis sum
misera macritudice. Plaut.
,-@C. Malum ince"tum et actum a tristitia sola.
,-@,. 5ildesheim$ s"icel. =. de melancholia$ maerore animi "ostea
accedente$ in "riora sym"tomata incidit.
,-@=. Ii#es$ .. de anima$ c. de maerore. 9abin. in 2#id.
,-@.. 5erodian. l. .. maerore magis 0uem morbo consum"tus est.
,-@?. oth'allius atribilarius obiit rizarrus Genuensis hist. Fc.
,-@@. 9o great is the fierceness and madness of melancholy.
,-@-. Moestitia cor 0uasi "ercussum constringitur$ tremit et languescit cum
acri sensu doloris. In tristitia cor fugiens attrahit e+ 9"lene
lentum humorem melancholicum$ 0ui effusus sub costis in sinistro
latere hy"ocondriacos flatus facit$ 0uod sae"e accidit iis 0ui
diuturna cura et moestitia conflictantur. Melancthon.
,-@A. *ib. .. Aen. ?.
,-@/. Et metum ideo deam sacrarunt ut bonam mentem concederet. Iarro$
*actantius$ Aug.
,-@B. *ilius Girald. 9yntag. l. de diis miscellaniis.
,--C. :alendis Dan. feriae sunt di#ae Angeronae$ cui "ontifices in sacello
Iolu"iae sacra faciunt$ 0uod angores et animi solicitudines
"ro"itiata "ro"ellat.
,--,. Timor inducit frigus$ cordis "al"itationem$ #ocis defectum at0ue
"allorem. Agri""a$ lib. ,. ca". -.. Timidi sem"er s"iritus habent
frigidos. Mont.
,--=. Effusas cernens fugientes agmine turmas< 0uis mea nunc inflat cornua
7aunus aitN Alciat.
,--.. Metus non solum memoriam consternat$ sed et institutum animi omne et
laudabilem conatum im"edit. Thucidides.
,--?. *ib. de fortitudine et #irtute Ale+andri$ ubi "ro"e res adfuit
terribilis.
,--@. 9ect. =. Mem. .. 9ubs. =.
,---. 9ect. =. Memb. ?. 9ubs. ..
,--A. 9ubtil. ,/. lib. timor attrahit ad se 3aemonas$ timor et error multum
in hominibus "ossunt.
,--/. *ib. =. 9"ectris ca. .. fortes raro s"ectra #ident$ 0uia minus
timent.
,--B. Iita ejus.
,-AC. 9ect. =. Memb. ?. 9ubs. A.
,-A,. 3e #irt. et #itiis.
,-A=. :om. in Arist. de Anima.
,-A.. Kui mentem subjecit timoria dominationi$ cu"iditatis$ doloris$
ambitionis$ "udoris$ feli+ non est$ sed omnino miser$ assiduis
laborius tor0uetur et miseria.
,-A?. Multi contemnunt mundi stre"itum$ re"utant "ro nihilo gloriam$ sed
timent infamiam$ offensionem$ re"ulsam. Iolu"tatem se#erissime
contemnunt$ in dolore sunt molliores$ gloriam negligunt$ franguntur
infamia.
,-A@. Gra#ius contumeliam ferimus 0uam detrimentum$ ni abjecto nimis animo
sinius. Plut. in Timol.
,-A-. Kuod "iscatoris aenigma sol#ere non "osset.
,-AA. 2b Tragoediam e+"losam$ mortem sibi gladio conci#it.
,-A/. :um #idit in trium"hum se ser#ari$ causa ejus ignominiae #itandae
mortem sibi conci#it. Plut.
,-AB. ello #ictus$ "er tres dies sedit in "rora na#is$ abstinens ab omni
consortio$ etiam :leo"atiae$ "ostea se interfecit.
,-/C. :um male recitasset Argonautica$ ob "udorem e+ula#it.
,-/,. Kuidam "rae #erecundia simul et dolore in insaniam incidunt$ eo 0uod
a literatorum gradu in e+amine e+cluduntur.
,-/=. 5ostratus cucullatus adeo gra#iter ob 1euclini librum$ 0ui
inscribitur$ E"istolae obscurorum #irorum$ dolore simul et "udore
sauciatus$ ut sei"sum interfecerit.
,-/.. Pro"ter ruborem confusus$ statim ce"it delirare$ Fc. ob sus"icionem$
0uod #ili illum crimine accusarent.
,-/?. 5orat.
,-/@. Ps. Im"udice. . Ita est. Ps. sceleste. . dicis #era Ps. Ierbero. .
0ui""eni Ps. furcifer. . factum o"time. Ps. soci fraude. . sunt mea
istaec Ps. "arricida . "erge tu Ps. sacrilege. . fateor. Ps.
"erjure . #era dicis. Ps. "ernities adolescentum . acerrime. Ps.
fur. . babe. Ps. fugiti#e. . bomba+. Ps. fraus "o"uli. .
Planissime. Ps. im"ure leno$ coenum. . cantores "robos. Pseudolus$
act. ,. 9cen. ..
,-/-. Melicerta e+claims$ Lall shame has #anished from human transactions.L
Persius. 9at. I.
,-/A. :ent. A. e Plinio.
,-//. Multos #ide mus "ro"ter in#idiam et odium in melancholiam incidisse&
et illos "otissimum 0uorum cor"ora ad hanc a"ta sunt.
,-/B. In#idia affligit homines adeo et corrodit$ ut hi melancholici "enitus
fiant.
,-BC. 5or.
,-B,. 5is #ultus mina+$ tor#us as"ectus$ "allor in facie$ in labiis tremor$
stridor in dentibus$ Fc.
,-B=. Ht tinea corrodit #estimentum sic$ in#idiae eum 0ui zelatur consumit.
,-B.. Pallor in ore sedet$ macies in cor"ore toto. 8us0uam recta acies$
li#ent rubigine dentes.
,-B?. 3iaboli e+"ressa Imago$ to+icum charitatis$ #enenum amicitiae$
abyssus mentis$ non est eo monstrosius monstrum$ damnosius damnum$
urit$ torret$ discruciat macie et s0ualore conficit. Austin. 3omin.
"rimi. Ad#ent.
,-B@. 2#id. 5e "ines a'ay at the sight of another!s success----it is his
s"ecial torture.
,-B-. 3eclam. ,.. lini#it flores maleficis succis in #enenum mella
con#ertens.
,-BA. 9tatuis cereis asilius eos com"arat$ 0ui li0uefiunt ad "raesentiam
solis$ 0ua alii gaudent et ornantur. Muscis alii$ 0uae ulceribus
gaudent$ amaena "raetereunt sistunt in faetidis.
,-B/. Misericordia etiam 0uae tristitia 0uaedam est$ sae"e miserantis
cor"us male afficit Agri""a. l. ,. ca". -..
,-BB. Insitum mortalibus a natura recentem aliorem felicitatem aegris
oculis intueri$ hist. l. =. Tacit.
,ACC. *egi :haldaeos$ Graecos$ 5ebraeos$ consului sa"ientes "ro remedio
in#idiae$ hoc enim in#eni$ renunciare felicitati$ et "er"etuo miser
esse.
,AC,. 2mne "eccatum aut e+cusationem secum habet$ aut #olu"tatem$ sola
in#idia utra0ue caret$ reli0ua #itia finem habent$ ira defer#escit$
gula satiatur$ odium finem habet$ in#idia nun0uam 0uiescit.
,AC=. Hrebat me aemulatio "ro"ter stultos.
,AC.. 5ier. ,=.,.
,AC?. 5ab. ,.
,AC@. In#idit "ri#ati nomen su"ra "rinci"is attolli.
,AC-. Tacit. 5ist. lib. =. "art. -.
,ACA. Periturae dolore et in#idia$ si 0uem #iderint ornatiorem se in
"ublicum "rodiisse. Platina dial. amorum.
,AC/. Ant. Guianerius$ lib. =. ca". /. #im. M. Aurelii faemina #icinam
elegantius se #estitam #idens$ leaenae instar in #irum insurgit$ Fc.
,ACB. Kuod insigni e0uo et ostro #eheretur$ 0uan0uam nullius cum injuria$
ornatum illum tan0uam laesae gra#abantur.
,A,C. Kuod "ulchritudine omnes e+celleret$ "uellae indignatae occiderunt.
,A,,. *ate "atet in#idiae foecundae "ernities$ et li#or radi+ omnium
malorum$ fons cladium$ inde odium surgit emulatio :y"rian$ ser. =. de
*i#ore.
,A,=. Ialerius$ l. .. ca". B.
,A,.. Kualis est animi tinea$ 0uae tabes "ectoris zelare in altero #el
aliorum felicitatem suam facere miseriam$ et #elut 0uosdam "ectori
suo admo#ere carnifices$ cogitationibus et sensibus suis adhibere
tortores$ 0ui se intestinis cruciatibus lacerent. 8on cibus talibus
laetus$ non "otus "otest esse jucundus< sus"iratur sem"er et gemitur$
et doletur dies et noctes$ "ectus sine intermissione laceratur.
,A,?. Kuis0uis est ille 0uem aemularis$ cui in#ides is te subterfugere
"otest$ at tu non te ubicun0ue fugeris ad#ersarius tuus tecum est$
hostis tuus sem"er in "ectore tuo est$ "ernicies intus inclusa$
ligatus es$ #ictus$ zelo dominante ca"ti#us& nec solatia tibi ulla
sub#eniunt< hinc diabolus inter initia statim mundi$ et "eriit
"rimus$ et "erdidit$ :y"rian$ ser. =. de zelo et li#ore.
,A,@. 5esiod o" dies.
,A,-. 1ama cu"ida ae0uandi bo#em$ se distendebat$ Fc.
,A,A. alit ingenia& Paterculus "oster. Iol.
,A,/. Grotius E"ig. lib. ,. LAmbition al'ays is a foolish confidence$ ne#er
a slothful arrogance.L
,A,B. Anno ,@,B. bet'een Ardes and Kuine.
,A=C. 9"artian.
,A=,. Plutarch.
,A==. Dohannes 5eraldus$ l. =. c. ,=. de bello sac.
,A=.. 8ulla dies tantum "oterit lenire furorem. Aeterna bella "ace sublata
gerunt. Durat odium$ nec ante in#isum esse desinit$ 0uam esse desiit.
Paterculus$ #ol. ,.
,A=?. Ita sae#it haec stygia ministra ut urbes sub#ertat ali0uando$ deleat
"o"ulos$ "ro#incias alio0ui florentes redigat in solitudines$
mortales #ero miseros in "rofunda miseriarum #alle miserabiliter
immergat.
,A=@. :arthago aemula 1omani im"erii funditus interiit. 9alust. :atil.
,A=-. Paul .. :ol.
,A=A. 1om. ,=.
,A=/. Grad. I. c. @?.
,A=B. Ira et in moeror et ingens animi consternatio melancholicos facit.
Areteus. Ira Immodica gignit insaniam.
,A.C. 1eg. sanit. "arte =. c. /. in a"ertam insaniam mo+ duciter iratus.
,A.,. Gilberto :ognato inter"rete. Multis$ et "raesertim senibus ira
im"otens insaniam fecit$ et im"ortuna calumnia$ haec initio "erturbat
animum$ "aulatim #ergit ad insaniam. Porro mulierum cor"ora multa
infestant$ et in hunc morbum adducunt$ "raeci"ue si 0ue oderint aut
in#ideant$ Fc. haec "aulatim in insaniam tandem e#adunt.
,A.=. 9ae#a animi tem"estas tantos e+citans$ fluctus ut statim ardescant
oculi os tremat$ lingua titubet$ dentes concre"ant$ Fc.
,A... 2#id.
,A.?. Terence.
,A.@. Infensus ritanniae 3uci$ et in ultionem #ersus$ nec cibum ce"it$ nec
0uietem$ ad :alendas Dulias ,.B=. comites occidit.
,A.-. Indignatione nimia furens$ animi0ue im"otens$ e+iliit de lecto$
furentem non ca"iebat aula$ Fc.
,A.A. An ira "ossit hominem interimere.
,A./. Abernethy.
,A.B. As Troy$ sae#ae memorem 5unonis ob iram.
,A?C. 9tultorum regum et "o"ulorum continet astus.
,A?,. *ib. =. In#idia est dolor et ambitio est dolor$ Fc.
,A?=. Insomnes :laudianus. Tristes$ Iirg. Mordaces$ *uc. Edaces$ 5or.
moestae$ amarae$ 2#id damnosae$ in0uietae$ Mart. Hrentes$ 1odentes.
Mant. Fc.
,A?.. Galen$ l. .. c. A. de locis affectis$ homines sunt ma+ime
melancholici$ 0uando #igiliis multis$ et solicitudinibus$ et
laboribus$ et curis fuerint circum#enti.
,A??. *ucian. Podag.
,A?@. 2mnia im"erfecta$ confusa$ et "erturbatione "lena$ :ardan.
,A?-. *ib. A. nat. hist$ ca". ,. hominem nudum$ et ad #agitum edit$ natura.
7lens ab initio$ de#inctus jacet$ Fc.
,A?A. (Gree%& 3a%ru cheon genemin$ %ai da%rutas e"ithu%o%o$ to genos
anthro"on "oluda%ruton$ asthenes hoi%zoun.) *achrymans natus sum$ et
lachrymans morior$ Fc.
,A?/. Ad Marinum.
,A?B. oethius.
,A@C. Initium caecitas "rogressum labor$ e+itum dolor$ error omnia& 0uem
tran0uillum 0uaeso$ 0uem non laboriosum aut an+ium diem egimusN
Petrarch.
,A@,. Hbi0ue "ericulum$ ubi0ue dolor$ ubi0ue naufragium$ in hoc ambitu
0uocun0ue me #ertam. *i"sius.
,A@=. 5om. ,C. 9i in forum i#eris$ ibi ri+ae$ et "ugnae< si in curiam$ ibi
fraus$ adulatio& si in domum "ri#atam$ Fc.
,A@.. 5omer.
,A@?. Multis re"letur homo miseriis$ cor"oris miseriis$ animi miseriis$ dum
dormit$ dum #igilat$ 0uocun0ue se #ertit. *usus0ue rerum$ tem"orum0ue
nascimur.
,A@@. In blandiente fortuna intolerandi$ in calamitatibus lugubres$ sem"er
stulti et miseri$ :ardan.
,A@-. Pros"era in ad#ersis desidero$ et ad#ersa "ros"eris timeo$ 0uis inter
haec medius locus$ ubi non fit humanae #itae tentatioN
,A@A. :ardan. consol. 9a"ientiae *abor anne+us$ gloriae in#idia$ di#itiis
curae$ soboli solicitudo$ #olu"tati morbi$ 0uieti "au"ertas$ ut 0uasi
fruendoriun scelerum causa nasci hominem "ossis cum Platonistis
agnoscere.
,A@/. *ib. A. ca". ,. 8on satis aestimare$ an melior "arens natura homini$
an tristior no#erca fuerit& 8ulli fragilior #ita$ "a#or$ confusio$
rabies major$ uni animantium ambitio data$ luctus$ a#aritia$ uni
su"erstitio.
,A@B. Euri"ides. LI "ercei#e such an ocean of troubles before me$ that no
means of esca"e remain.L
,A-C. 3e consol. l. =. 8emo facile cum conditione sua concordat$ inest
singulis 0uod im"eriti "etant$ e+"erti horreant.
,A-,. Esse in honore ju#at$ mo+ dis"licet.
,A-=. 5or.
,A-.. orrheus in -. Dob. Hrbes et o""ida nihil aliud sunt 0uam humanarum
aerumnarum domicilia 0uibus luctus et moeror$ et mortalium #arii
infiniti0ue labores$ et omnis generis #itia$ 0uasi se"tis
includuntur.
,A-?. 8at. :hytreus de lit. Euro"ae. *aetus nunc$ mo+ tristis< nunc
s"erans$ "aulo "ost diffidens< "atiens hodie$ cras ejuians< nunc
"allens$ rubens$ currens$ sedens$ claudicans< tremens$ Fc.
,A-@. 9ua cui0ue calamitas "raeci"ua.
,A--. :n. Graecinus.
,A-A. E"ist. B. l. A. Miser est 0ui se beatissimum non judicat$ licet
im"eret mundo non est beatus$ 0ui se non "utat& 0uid enim refert
0ualis status tuus sit$ si tibi #idetur malus.
,A-/. 5or. e". ,. l. ?.
,A-B. 5or. 9er. ,. 9at. ,.
,AAC. *ib. de curat. graec. affect. ca". -. de "ro#ident. Multis nihil
"lacet at0ue adeo et di#itias damnant$ et "au"ertatem$ de morbis
e+"ostulant$ bene #alentes gra#iter ferunt$ at0ue ut semel dicam$
nihil eos delectat$ Fc.
,AA,. Ii+ ultius gentis$ aetatis$ ordinis$ hominem in#enies cujus
felicitatem fortunae Metelli com"ares$ Iol. ,.
,AA=. P. :rassus Mutianus$ 0uin0ue habuisse dicitur rerum bonarum ma+ima$
0uod esset ditissimus$ 0uod esset nobilissimus$ elo0uentissimus$
Durisconsultissimus$ Pontife+ ma+imus.
,AA.. *ib. A. 1egis filia$ 1egis u+or$ 1egis mater.
,AA?. Kui nihil un0uam mali aut di+it$ aut fecit$ aut sensit$ 0ui bene
sem"er fecit$ 0uod aliter facere non "otuit.
,AA@. 9olomon. Eccles. ,. ,?.
,AA-. 5or. Art. Poet.
,AAA. Do#ius$ #ita ejus.
,AA/. = 9am. +ii. .,.
,AAB. oethius$ lib. ,. Met. Met. ,.
,A/C. 2mnes hic aut ca"tantur$ aut ca"tant& aut cada#era 0uae lacerantur$
aut cor#i 0ui lacterant. Petron.
,A/,. 5omo omne monstrum est$ ille nam sus"erat feras$ lu"os0ue et ursos
"ectore obscuro tegit. 5ens.
,A/=. Kuod Paterculus de "o"ulo 1omano durante bello Punico "er annos ,,@$
aut bellum inter eos$ aut belli "rae"aratio$ aut infida "a+$ idem ego
de mundi accolis.
,A/.. Theocritus Edyll. ,@.
,A/?. Kui sedet in mensa$ non meminit sibi otioso ministrare negotiosos$
edenti esurientes$ bibenti sitientes$ Fc.
,A/@. Kuando in adolescentia sua i"si #i+erint$ lautius et liberius
#olu"tates suas e+"le#erint$ illi gnatis im"enunt duriores
continentiae leges.
,A/-. *ugubris Ate luctu0ue fero 1egum tumidas obsidet arces. 1es est
in0uieta felicitas.
,A/A. Plus aloes 0uam mellis habet. 8on humi jacentem tolleres. Ialer. l.
A. c. ..
,A//. 8on diadema as"icias$ sed #itam afflictione refertam$ non cater#as
satellitum$ sed curarum multitudinem.
,A/B. As Plutarch relateth.
,ABC. 9ect. =. memb. ?. subsect. -.
,AB,. 9tercus et urina$ medicorum fercula "rima.
,AB=. 8ihil lucrantur$ nisi admodum mentiendo. Tull. 2ffic.
,AB.. 5or. l. =. od. ,.
,AB?. 1arus feli+ idem0ue sene+. 9eneca in 5er. aeteo.
,AB@. 2mitto aegros$ e+ules$ mendicos$ 0uos nemo audet felices dicere.
:ard. lib. /. c. ?-. de rer. #ar.
,AB-. 9"retae0ue injuria formae.
,ABA. 5or.
,AB/. Attenuant #igiles cor"us miserabile curae.
,ABB. Plautus.
,/CC. 5aec 0uae crines e#ellit$ aerumna.
,/C,. 2"timum non nasci$ aut cito mori.
,/C=. onae si rectam rationem se0uuntur$ malae si e+orbitant.
,/C.. Tho. uo#ie. Prob. ,/.
,/C?. Molam asinariam.
,/C@. Tract. de Inter. c. B=.
,/C-. :irca 0uamlibet rem mundi haec "assio fieri "otest$ 0uae su"erflue
diligatur. Tract. ,@. c. ,A.
,/CA. 7er#entius desiderium.
,/C/. Im"rimis #ero A""etitus$ Fc. .. de alien. ment.
,/CB. :onf. l. c. =B.
,/,C. Per di#ersa loca #agor$ nullo tem"oris momento 0uiesco$ talis et
talis esse cu"io$ illud at0ue illud habere desidero.
,/,,. Ambros. l. .. su"er *ucam. aerugo animae.
,/,=. 8ihil animum cruciat$ nihil molestius in0uietat$ secretum #irus$
"estis occulta$ Fc. e"ist. ,=-.
,/,.. E". //.
,/,?. 8ihil infelicius his$ 0uantus iis timor$ 0uanta dubitatio$ 0uantus
conatus$ 0uanta solicitudo$ nulla illis a molestiis #acua hora.
,/,@. 9em"er attonitus$ sem"er "a#idus 0uid dicat$ faciat#e& ne dis"liceat
humilitatem simulat$ honestatem mentitur.
,/,-. :y"r. Prolog. ad ser. To. =. cunctos honorat$ uni#ersis inclinat$
subse0uitur$ obse0uitur$ fre0uentat curias$ #isitat$ o"timates
am"le+atur$ a""laudit$ adulatur& "er fas et nefas e latebris$ in
omnem gradum ubi aditus "atet se integrit$ discurrit.
,/,A. Turbae cogit ambitio regem inser#ire$ ut 5omerus Agamemnonmem
0uerentem inducit.
,/,/. Plutarchus. Kuin con#i#emur$ et in otio nos oblectemur$ 0uoniam in
"rom"tu id nobis sit$ Fc.
,/,B. Do#ius hist. l. ,. #ir singulari "rudentia$ sed "rofunda ambitione$
ad e+itium Italae natus.
,/=C. Ht hedera arbori adhaeret$ sic ambitio$ Fc.
,/=,. *ib. .. de contem"tu rerum fortuitarum. Magno conatu et im"etu
mo#entur$ su"er eodem centro rotati$ non "roficiunt$ nec ad finem
"er#eniunt.
,/==. Iita Pyrrhi.
,/=.. Ambitio in insaniam facile delabitur$ si e+cedat. Patritius$ l. ?.
tit. =C. de regis instit.
,/=?. *ib. @. de re". ca". ,.
,/=@. Im"rimis #ero a""etitus$ seu concu"iscentia nimia rei alicujus$
honestae #el inhonestae$ "hantasiam laedunt< unde multi ambitiosi$
"hilauti$ irati$ a#ari$ insani$ Fc. 7eli+ Plater$ l. .. de mentis
alien.
,/=-. Aulica #ita collu#ies ambitionis$ cu"iditatis$ simulationis$
im"osturae$ fraudis$ in#idiae$ su"erbiae Titannicae di#ersorium aula$
et commune con#enticulum assentandi artificum$ Fc. udaeus de asse.
lib. @.
,/=A. In his A"hor.
,/=/. Plautus :urcul. Act. ?. 9ce. ,.
,/=B. Tom. =. 9i e+amines$ omnes miseriae causas #el a furioso contendendi
studio$ #el ab injusta cu"iditate$ origine tra+isse scies. Idem fere
:hrysostomus com. in c. -. ad 1oman. ser. ,,.
,/.C. :a". ?. ,.
,/.,. Ht sit ini0uus in deum$ in "ro+imum$ in sei"sum.
,/.=. 9i #ero$ :rate#a$ inter caeteras herbarum radices$ a#aritiae radicem
secare "osses amaram$ ut nullae reli0uiae essent$ "robe scito$ Fc.
,/... :a". -. 3ietae salutis& a#aritia est amor immoderatus "ecuniae #el
ac0uirendae$ #el retinendae.
,/.?. 7erum "rofecto dirum0ue ulcus animi$ remediis non cedens medendo
e+as"eratur.
,/.@. Malus est morbus male0ue afficit a#aritia si0uidem censeo$ Fc.
a#aritia difficilius curatur 0uam insania& 0uoniam hac omnes fere
medici laborant. 5ib. e". Abderit.
,/.-. Kua re non es lassusN lucrum faciendo& 0uid ma+ime delectabileN
lucrari.
,/.A. E+tremos currit mercator ad Indos. 5or.
,/./. 5om. =. aliud a#arus aliud di#es.
,/.B. 3i#itiae ut s"inae animum hominis timoribus$ solicitudinibus$
angoribus mirifice "ungunt$ #e+ant$ cruciant. Greg. in hom.
,/?C. E"ist. ad 3onat. ca". =.
,/?,. *ib. B. e". .C.
,/?=. *ib. B. ca". ?. insulae re+ titulo$ sed animo"ecuniae miserabile
manci"ium.
,/?.. 5or. ,C. lib. ,.
,/??. 3anda est hellebori multo "ars ma+ima a#aris.
,/?@. *u%e. +ii. =C. 9tulte$ hac nocte eri"iam animam tuam.
,/?-. 2"es 0uidem mortalibus sunt dementia Theog.
,/?A. Ed. =. lib. =. E+onerare cum se "ossit et rele#are "onderibus "ergit
magis fortunis augentibus "ertinaciter incubare.
,/?/. 8on amicis$ non liberis$ non i"si sibi 0uid0uam im"ertit$ "ossidet ad
hoc tantum$ ne "ossidere alteri liceat$ Fc. 5ieron. ad Paulin. tam
deest 0uod habet 0uam 0uod non habet.
,/?B. E"ist. =. lib. =. 9us"irat in con#i#io$ bibat licet gemmis et toro
molliore marcidum cor"us condiderit$ #igilat in "luma.
,/@C. Angustatur e+ abundantia$ contristatur e+ o"ulentia$ infeli+
"raesentibus bonis$ infelicior in futuris.
,/@,. Illorum cogitatio nun0uam cessat 0ui "ecunias su""lere diligunt.
Guianer. tract. ,@. c. ,A.
,/@=. 5or. .. 2d. =?. Kuo "lus sunt "otae$ "lus sitiunter a0uae.
,/@.. 5or. l. =. 9at. -. 2 si angulus ille "ro+imus accedat$ 0ui nunc
deformat agellum.
,/@?. *ib. .. de lib. arbit. Immoritur studiis$ et amore senescit habendi.
,/@@. A#arus #ir inferno est similis$ Fc. modum non habet$ hoc egentior 0uo
"lura habet.
,/@-. Erasm. Adag. chil. .. cent. A. "ro. A= 8ulli fidentes omnium
formidant o"es$ ideo "a#idum malum #ocat Euri"ides& metuunt
tem"estates ob frumentum$ amicos ne rogent$ inimicos ne laedant$
fures ne ra"iant$ bellum timent$ "acem timent$ summos$ medios$
infinos.
,/@A. 5all :har.
,/@/. Agellius$ lib. .. ca". ,. interdum eo sceleris "er#eniunt ob lucrum$
ut #itam "ro"riam commutent.
,/@B. *ib. A. ca". -.
,/-C. 2mnes "er"etuo morbo agitantur$ sus"icatur omnes timidus sibi0ue ob
aurum insidiari "utat$ nun0uam 0uiescens$ Plin. Prooem. lib. ,?.
,/-,. :a". ,/. in lecto jacens interrogat u+orem an arcam "robe clausit$ an
ca"sula$ Fc. E lecto surgens nudus et abs0ue calceis$ accensa lucerna
omnia obiens et lustrans$ et #i+ somno indulgens.
,/-=. :uris e+tenuatus$ #igilans et secum su""utans.
,/-.. :a#e 0uen0uam alienum in aedes intromiseris. Ignem e+tin0ui #olo$ ne
causae 0uid0uam sit 0uod te 0uis0uam 0uaeritet. 9i bona fortuna
#eniat ne intromiseris< 2cclude sis fores ambobus "essulis.
3iscrutior animi 0uia domo abeundum est mihi& 8imis hercule in#itus
abeo$ nec 0uid agam scio.
,/-?. Ploras a0uam "rofundere$ Fc. "eriit dum fumus de tigillo e+it foras.
,/-@. Du#. 9at. ,?.
,/--. Ientrocosus$ nudus$ "allidus$ lae#a "udorem occultans$ de+tra sie"sum
strangulans$ occurit autem e+eunti "oenitentia his miserum
conficiens$ Fc.
,/-A. *u%e JI.
,/-/. oethius.
,/-B. In 2econom. Kuid si nunc ostendam eos 0ui magna #i argenti domus
inutiles aedificant$ in0uit 9ocrates.
,/AC. 9arisburiensis Polycrat. l. ,. c. ,?. #enatores omnes adhuc
institutionem redolent centaurorum. 1aro in#enitur 0uis0uam eorum
modestus et gra#is$ raro continens$ et ut credo sobrius un0uam.
,/A,. Pancirol. Tit. =.. a#olant o"es cum acci"itre.
,/A=. Insignis #enatorum stultitia$ et su"er#acania cura eorum$ 0ui dum
nimium #enationi insistunt$ i"si abjecta omni humanitate in feras
degenerant$ ut Acteon$ Fc.
,/A.. 9abin. in 2#id. Metamor.
,/A?. Agri""a de #anit. scient. Insanum #enandi studium$ dum a no#alibus
arcentur agricolae subtrahunt "raedia rusticis$ agricolonis
"raecluduntur syl#ae et "rata "astoribus ut augeantur "ascua
feris.--Majestatis reus agricola si gustarit.
,/A@. A no#alibus suis arcentur agricolae$ dum ferae habeant #agandi
libertatem& istis$ ut "ascua augeantur$ "raedia subtrahuntur$ Fc.
9arisburiensis.
,/A-. 7eris 0uam hominibus ae0uiores. :ambd. de Guil. :on0. 0ui .-
Ecclesias matrices de"o"ulatus est ad forestam no#am. Mat. Paris.
,/AA. Tom. =. de #itis illustrium$ l. ?. de #it. *eon. ,C.
,/A/. Ienationibus adeo "erdite studebat et aucu"iis.
,/AB. Aut infeliciter #enatus tam im"atiens inde$ ut summos sae"e #iros
acerbissimis contumeliis oneraret$ et incredibile est 0uali #ultus
animi0ue habitu dolorem iracundiam0ue "raeferret$ Fc.
,//C. Hnicui0ue autem hoc a natura insitum est$ ut doleat sicubi erra#erit
aut dece"tus sit.
,//,. Du#en. 9at. /. 8ec enim loculis comitan tibus itur$ ad casum tabulae$
"osita sed luditur arca *einnius instit. ca. ??. mendaciorum 0uidem$
et "erjuriorum et "au"ertatis mater est alea$ nullam habens
"atrimonii re#erentiam$ 0uum illud effuderit$ sensim in furta
delabitur et ra"inas. 9aris$ "olycrat. l. ,. c. @.
,//=. 3amhoderus.
,//.. 3an. 9outer.
,//?. Petrar. dial. =A.
,//@. 9alust.
,//-. Tom. . 9er. de Allea.
,//A. Plutus in Aristo". calls all such gamesters madmen. 9i in insanum
hominem contigero. 9"ontaneum ad se trahunt furorem$ et os$ et nares
et oculos ri#os faciunt furoris et di#ersoria$ :hrys. hom. ,A.
,///. Pascasius Dustus l. ,. de alea.
,//B. 9eneca.
,/BC. 5all.
,/B,. In 9at. ,,. 9ed deficiente crumena& et crescente gula$ 0uis te manet
e+itus--rebus in #entrem mersis.
,/B=. 9"artian. Adriano.
,/B.. Ale+. ab. Ale+. lib. -. c. ,C. Idem Gerbelius$ lib. @. Grae. disc.
,/B?. 7ines Moris.
,/B@. Dustinian in 3igestis.
,/B-. Persius 9at. @. L2ne indulges in 'ine$ another the die consumes$ a
third is decom"osed by #enery.L
,/BA. Poculum 0uasi sinus in 0uo sae"e naufragium faciunt$ jactura tum
"ecuniae tum mentis Erasm. in Pro#. calicum remiges. chil. ?. cent.
A. Pro. ?,.
,/B/. 9er. ... ad frat. in Eremo.
,/BB. *iberae unius horae insaniam aeterno tem"oris taedio "ensant.
,BCC. Menander.
,BC,. Pro#. @.
,BC=. Merlin$ cocc. LThat momentary "leasure blots out the eternal glory of
a hea#enly life.L.
,BC.. 5or.
,BC?. 9agitta 0uae animam "enetrat$ le#iter "enetrat$ sed non le#e infligit
#ulnus su". cant.
,BC@. Kui omnem "ecuniarum contem"tum habent$ et nulli imaginationis totius
munsi se immiscuerint$ et tyrannicas cor"oris concu"iscentias
sustinuerint hi multoties ca"ti a #ana gloria omnia "erdiderunt.
,BC-. 5ac corre"ti non cogitant de medela.
,BCA. 3ii talem a terris a#ertite "estem.
,BC/. E" ad Eustochium$ de custod. #irgin.
,BCB. *y"s. E". ad onciarium.
,B,C. E". lib. B. 2mnia tua scri"ta "ulcherrima e+istimo$ ma+ime tamen
illa$ 0uae de nobis.
,B,,. E+"rimere non "ossum 0uam sit jucundum$ Fc.
,B,=. 5ierom. et licet nos indignos dicimus et calidus rubor ora "erfundat$
attamen ad laudem suam intrinsecus animae laetantur.
,B,.. Thesaur. Theo.
,B,?. 8ec enim mihi cornea fibra est. Per.
,B,@. E manibus illis$ 8ascentur #iolae. Pers. ,. 9at.
,B,-. 2mnia enim nostra$ su"ra modum "lacent.
,B,A. 7ab. l. ,C. c. .. 1identur mala com"onunt carmina$ #erum gaudent
scribentes$ et se #enerantur$ et ultra. 9i taceas laudant$ 0uic0uid
scri"sere beati. 5or. e". =. l. =.
,B,/. *u%e +#iii. ,C.
,B,B. 3e meliore luto fin+it "raecordia Titan.
,B=C. Auson. sa". :hil. .. cent. ,C. "ro. BA.
,B=,. Kui se crederet neminem ulla u re "raestantiorem.
,B==. Tanto fastu scri"sit$ ut Ale+andri gesta inferiora scri"tis suis
e+istimaret$ Io. Iossius lib. ,. ca". B. de hist.
,B=.. Plutarch. #ie. :atonis.
,B=?. 8emo un0uam Poeta aut 2rator$ 0ui 0uen0uam se meliorem arbitraretur.
,B=@. :onsol. ad Pammachium mundi Philoso"hus$ gloriae animal$ et "o"ularis
aurae et rumorum #enale manci"ium.
,B=-. E"ist. @. :a"itoni suo 3iebus ac noctibus$ hoc solum cogito si 0ua me
"ossum le#are humo. Id #oto meo sufficit$ Fc.
,B=A. Tullius.
,B=/. Ht nomen meum scri"tis$ tuis illustretur. In0uies animus studio
aeternitatis$ noctes et dies angebatur. 5ensius forat. uneb. de 9cal.
,B=B. 5or. art. Poet.
,B.C. 2d. Iit. l. .. Dam0ue o"us e+egi. Iade liber feli+ Palingen. lib. ,/.
,B.,. In lib. /.
,B.=. 3e "onte dejicere.
,B... 9ueton. lib. degram.
,B.?. 8ihil libenter audiunt$ nisi laudes suas.
,B.@. E"is. @-. 8ihil aliud dies noctes0ue cogitant nisi ut in studiis suis
laudentur ab hominibus.
,B.-. Kuae major dementia aut dici$ aut e+cogitari "otest$ 0uam sic ob
gloriam cruciariN Insaniam istam domine longe fac a me. Austin. cons.
lib. ,C. ca". .A.
,B.A. LAs :amelus in the no#el$ 'ho lost his ears 'hile he 'as loo%ing for
a "air of horns.L
,B./. Mart. l. @. @,.
,B.B. 5or. 9at. ,. l. =.
,B?C. *ib. cont. Philos. ca". ,.
,B?,. Tul. som. 9ci".
,B?=. oethius.
,B?.. Putean. :isal". hist. lib. ,.
,B??. Plutarch. *ycurgo.
,B?@. E"ist. ,.. Illud te admoneo$ ne eorum more facias$ 0ui non "roficere$
sed cons"ici cu"iunt$ 0uae in habitu tuo$ aut genere #itae notabilia
sunt. As"erum cultum et #itiosum ca"ut$ negligentiorem barbam$
indictum argento odium$ cubile humi "ositum$ et 0uic0uid ad laudem
"er#ersa #ia se0uitur e#ita.
,B?-. Per.
,B?A. Kuis #ero tam bene modulo suo metiri se no#it$ ut eum assiduae et
immodicae laudationes non mo#eantN 5en. 9te"h.
,B?/. Mart.
,B?B. 9troza. LIf you 'ill acce"t di#ine honours$ 'e 'ill 'illingly erect
and consecrate altars to you.L
,B@C. Dustin.
,B@,. *i#ius. Gloria tantum elatus$ non ira$ in medios hostes irruere$ 0uod
com"letis muris cons"ici se "ugnantem$ a muro s"ectantibus$ egregium
ducebat.
,B@=. LA""lauded #irtue gro's a"ace$ and glory includes 'ithin it an
immense im"ulse.L
,B@.. I demens$ et sue#as curre "er Al"es$ Aude Ali0uid$ Fc. ut "ueris
"laceas$ et declamatio fias. Du#. 9at. ,C.
,B@?. In moriae Encom.
,B@@. Du#enal. 9at. ?.
,B@-. LThere is nothing 'hich o#erlauded "o'er 'ill not "resume to imagine
of itself.L
,B@A. 9ueton. c. ,=. in 3omitiano.
,B@/. risonius.
,B@B. Antonius ab assentatoribus e#ectus *ibrum se "atrem a"ellari jussit$
et "ro deo se #endita#it redimitus hedera$ et corona #elatus aurea$
et thyrsum tenens$ cothurnis0ue succinctus curru #elut *iber "ater
#ectus est Ale+andriae. Pater. #ol. "ost.
,B-C. Miner#ae nu"tias ambit$ tanto furore "ercitus$ ut satellites mitteret
ad #idendum num dea in thalamis #enisset$ Fc.
,B-,. Aelian. li. ,=.
,B-=. 3e mentis alienat. ca". ..
,B-.. 9e0uitur0ue su"erbia formam. *i#ius li. ,,. 2raculum est$ #i#ida
sae"e ingenia$ lu+uriare hac et e#anescere multos0ue sensum "enitus
amisisse. 5omines intuentur$ ac si i"si non essent homines.
,B-?. Galeus de rubeis$ ci#is noster faber ferrarius$ ob in#entionem
instrumenti :ocleae olim Archimedis dicti$ "rae laetitia insani#it.
,B-@. Insania "ostmodum corre"tus$ ob nimiam inde arrogantiam.
,B--. ene ferre magnam disce fortunam 5or. 7ortunam re#erenter habe$
0uicun0ue re"ente 3i#es ab e+ili "rogrediere loco. Ausonius.
,B-A. Processit s0ualidus et submissus$ ut hesterni 3iei gaudium
intem"erans hodie castigaret.
,B-/. H+or 5en. /.
,B-B. 8eutrius se fortunae e+tremum libenter e+"erturam di+it& sed si
necessitas alterius subinde im"oneretur$ o"tare se difficilem et
ad#ersam& 0uod in hac nulli un0uam defuit solatium$ in altera multis
consilium$ Fc. *od. Ii#es.
,BAC. Peculiaris furor$ 0ui e+ literis fit.
,BA,. 8ihil magis auget$ ac assidua studia$ et "rofundae cogitationes.
,BA=. 8on desunt$ 0ui e+ jugi studio$ et intem"esti#a lucubratione$ huc
de#enerunt$ hi "rae caeteris enim "lerun0ue melancholia solent
infestari.
,BA.. 9tudy is a continual and earnest meditation$ a""lied to something
'ith great desire. Tully.
,BA?. Et illi 0ui sunt subtilis ingenii$ et multae "raemeditationis$ de
facili incidunt in melancholiam.
,BA@. 2b studiorum solicitudinem lib. @. Tit. @.
,BA-. Gas"ar Ens Thesaur Polit. A"oteles. .,. Graecis hanc "estem
relin0uite 0uae dubium non est$ 0uin bre#i omnem iis #igorem ere"tura
Martios0ue s"iritus e+haustura sit< Ht ad arma tractanda "lane
inhabiles futuri sint.
,BAA. 6noles Tur%. 5ist.
,BA/. Acts$ ++#i. =?.
,BAB. 8imiis studiis melancholicus e#asit$ dicens se iblium in ca"ite
habere.
,B/C. :ur melancholia assidua$ crebris0ue deliramentis #e+entur eorum animi
ut desi"ere cogantur.
,B/,. 9olers 0uilibet artife+ instrumenta sua diligentissime curat$
"enicellos "ictor< malleos incudes0ue faber ferrarius< miles e0uos$
arma #enator$ auce"s a#es$ et canes$ :ytharam :ytharaedus$ Fc. soli
musarum mystae tam negligentes sunt$ ut instrumentum illud 0uo mundum
uni#ersum metiri solent$ s"iritum scilicet$ "enitus negligere
#ideantur.
,B/=. Arcus et arma tibi non sunt imitanda 3ianae. 9i nun0uam cesses
tendere mollis erit. 2#id.
,B/.. E"hemer.
,B/?. :ontem"latio cerebrum e+siccat et e+tinguit calorem naturalem$ unde
cerebrum frigidum et siccum e#adit 0uod est melancholicum. Accedit ad
hoc$ 0uod natura in contem"latione$ cerebro "rorsus cordi0ue intenta$
stomachum he"ar0ue destituit$ unde e+ alimentis male coctis$ sanguis
crassus et niger efficitur$ dum nimio otio membrorum su"erflui
#a"ores non e+halant.
,B/@. :erebrum e+siccatur$ cor"ora sensim gracilescunt.
,B/-. 9tudiosi sunt :acectici et nun0uam bene colorati$ "ro"ter debilitatem
digesti#ae facultatis$ multi"licantur in iis su"erfluitates. Do.
Ioschius "arte =. ca". @. de "este.
,B/A. 8ullus mihi "er otium dies e+it$ "artem noctis studiis dedico$ non
#ero somno$ sed oculos #igilia fatigatos cadentes0ue$ in o"eram
detineo.
,B//. Dohannes 5anuschias ohemus. nat. ,@,-. eruditus #ir$ nimiis studiis
in Phrenesin incidit. Montanus instances in a 7renchman of Tolosa.
,B/B. :ardinalis :aecius< ob laborem$ #igiliam$ et diuturna studia factus
Melancholicus.
,BBC. Perls. 9at. .. They cannot fiddle< but$ as Themistocles said$ he
could ma%e a small to'n become a great city.
,BB,. Perls. 9at.
,BB=. Ingenium sibi 0uod #anas desum"sit Athenas et se"tem studiis annos
dedit$ insenuit0ue. *ibris et curis statua taciturnius e+it$
Plerun0ue et risu "o"ulum 0uatit$ 5or. e". ,. lib. =.
,BB.. Translated by M. . 5oliday.
,BB?. Thomas rubore confusus di+it se de argumento cogitasse.
,BB@. Plutarch. #ita Marcelli$ 8ec sensit urbem ca"tam$ nec milites in
domum irruentes$ adeo intentus studiis$ Fc.
,BB-. 9ub 7uriae lar#a circumi#it urbem$ dictitans se e+"loratorem ab
inferis #enisse$ delaturum daemonibus mortalium "ecata.
,BBA. Petronius. Ego arbitror in scholis stultissimos fieri$ 0uia nihil
eorum 0uae in usu habemus aut audiunt aut #ident.
,BB/. 8o#i meis diebus$ "leros0ue studiis literarum deditos$ 0ui
disci"linis admodum abundabant$ sed si nihil ci#ilitatis habent$ nec
rem "ubl. nec domesticam regere norant. 9tu"uit Paglarensis et furti
#ilicum accusa#it$ 0ui suem foetam undecim "ocellos$ asinam unum
dunta+at "ullam eni+am retulerat.
,BBB. *ib. ,. E"ist. .. Adhuc scholasticus tantum est< 0uo genere hominum$
nihil aut est sim"licius$ aut sincerius aut melius.
=CCC. Dure "ri#ilegiandi$ 0ui ob commune bonum abbre#iant sibi #itam.
=CC,. Iirg. -. Aen.
=CC=. Plutarch$ #ita ejus. :ertum agricolationis lucrum$ Fc.
=CC.. Kuotannis fiunt consules et "roconsules. 1e+ et Poeta 0uotannis non
nascitur.
=CC?. Mat. =,.
=CC@. 5or. e"is. =C. l. ,.
=CC-. *ib ,. de contem. amor.
=CCA. 9atyricon.
=CC/. Du#. 9at. @.
=CCB. Ars colit astra.
=C,C. Aldro#andus de A#ibus. l. ,=. Gesner$ Fc.
=C,,. *iteras habent 0ueis sibi et fortunae suae maledicant. 9at. Meni".
=C,=. *ib. de libris Pro"riis fol. =?.
=C,.. Praefat translat. Plutarch.
=C,?. Polit. dis"ut. laudibus e+tollunt eos ac si #irtutibus "ollerent 0uos
ob infinita scelera "otius #itu"erare o"orteret.
=C,@. 2r as horses %no' not their strength$ they consider not their o'n
'orth.
=C,-. Plura e+ 9imonidis familiaritate 5ieron conse0uutus est$ 0uam e+
5ieronis 9imonides.
=C,A. 5or. lib. ?. od. B.
=C,/. Inter inertes et Plebeios fere jacet$ ultimum locum habens$ nisi tot
artis #irtutis0ue insignia$ tur"iter$ obno+ie$ su""arisitando
fascibus subjecerit "roter#ae insolentis0ue "otentiae$ *ib. I. de
contem"t. rerum fortuitarum.
=C,B. uchanan. eleg. lib.
=C=C. In 9atyricon. intrat sene+$ sed culta non ita s"eciosus$ ut facile
a""araret eum hac nota literatum esse$ 0uos di#ites odisse solent.
Ego in0uit Poeta sum& Kuare ergo tam male #estitus esN Pro"ter hoc
i"sum< amor ingenii neminem un0uam di#item fecit.
=C=,. Petronius Arbiter.
=C==. 2""ressus "au"ertate animus nihil e+imium$ aut sublime cogitare
"otest$ amoenitates literarum$ aut elegantiam$ 0uoniam nihil
"raesidii in his ad #itae commodum #idet$ "rimo negligere$ mo+ odisse
inci"it. 5ens.
=C=.. E"istol. 0uaest. lib. ?. E". =,.
=C=?. :iceron. dial. lib. =.
=C=@. E"ist. lib. =.
=C=-. Da. 3ousa E"odon. lib. =. car. =.
=C=A. Plautus.
=C=/. arc. Argenis lib. ..
=C=B. Doh. 5o'son ? 8o#embris ,@BA. the sermon 'as "rinted by Arnold
5artfield.
=C.C. Pers. 9at. ..
=C.,. E lecto e+silientes$ ad subitum tintinnabuli "lausum 0uasi fulmine
territi. I.
=C.=. Mart.
=C... Mart.
=C.?. 9at. Meni".
=C.@. *ib. .. de cons.
=C.-. I had no money$ I 'anted im"udence$ I could not scramble$ tem"orise$
dissemble& non "randeret olus$ Fc. #is dicam$ ad "al"andum et
adulandum "enitus insulsus$ recudi non "ossum$ jam senior ut sim
talis$ et fingi nolo$ utcun0ue male cedat in rem meam et obscurus
inde delitescam.
=C.A. Iit. :rassi. nec facile judicare "otest utrum "au"erior cum "rimo ad
:rassum$ Fc.
=C./. 3eum habent iratum$ sibi0ue mortem aeternam ac0uirunt$ aliis
miserabilem ruinam. 9errarius in Dosuam$ A. Euri"ides.
=C.B. 8ice"horus lib. ,C. ca". @.
=C?C. *ord :oo%$ in his 1e"orts$ second "art$ fol. ??.
=C?,. Euri"ides.
=C?=. 9ir 5enry 9"elman$ de non temerandis Ecclesiis.
=C?.. , Tim. ?=.
=C??. 5or.
=C?@. Primum locum a"ud omnes gentes habet "atritius deorum cultus$ et
geniorum$ nam hunc diutissime custodiunt$ tam Graeci 0uam arbari$
Fc.
=C?-. Tom. ,. de steril. trium annorum sub Elia sermone.
=C?A. 2#id. 7ast.
=C?/. 3e male 0uaesitis #i+ gaudet tertius haeres.
=C?B. 9trabo. lib. ?. Geog.
=C@C. 8ihil facilius o"es e#ertet$ 0uam a#aritia et fraude "arta. Et si
enim seram addas tali arcae et e+teriore janua et #ecte eam
communias$ intus tamen fraudem et a#aritiam$ Fc. In @. :orinth.
=C@,. Acad. ca". A.
=C@=. Ars neminem habet inimicum "raeter ignorantem.
=C@.. 5e that cannot dissemble cannot li#e.
=C@?. E"ist. 0uest. lib. ?. e"ist. =,. *i"sius.
=C@@. 3r. 6ing$ in his last lecture on Donah$ sometime right re#erend lord
bisho" of *ondon.
=C@-. Kuibus o"es et otium$ hi barbaro fastu literas contemnunt.
=C@A. *ucan. lib. /.
=C@/. 9"artian. 9oliciti de rebus minis.
=C@B. 8icet. ,. Anal. 7umis lucubrationum sordebant.
=C-C. Grammaticis olim et dialecticis Duris0ue Professoribus$ 0ui s"ecimen
eruditionis dedissent eadem dignitatis insignia decre#erunt
Im"eratores$ 0uibus ornabant heroas. Erasm. e". Do. 7abio e"is. Iien.
=C-,. Probus #ir et Philoso"hus magis "raestat inter alios homines$ 0uam
re+ inclitus inter "lebeios.
=C-=. 5einsius "raefat. Poematum.
=C-.. 9er#ile nomen 9cholaris jam.
=C-?. 9eneca.
=C-@. 5aud facile emergunt$ Fc.
=C--. Media 0uod noctis ab hora sedisti 0ua nemo faber$ 0ua nemo sedebat$
0ui docet obli0uo lanam deducere ferro& rara tamen merces. Du#. 9at.
A.
=C-A. :hil. ?. :ent. ,. adag. D.
=C-/. 5ad I done as others did$ "ut myself for'ard$ I might ha#e ha"ly been
as great a man as many of my e0uals.
=C-B. :atullus$ Du#en.
=CAC. All our ho"es and inducements to study are centred in :aesar alone.
=CA,. 8emo est 0uem non Phaebus hic noster$ solo intuitu lubentiorem
reddat.
=CA=. Panegyr.
=CA.. Iirgil.
=CA?. 1arus enim ferme sensus communis in illa 7ortuna. Du#. 9at. /.
=CA@. Kuis enim generosum di+erit hunc 0ue Indignus genere$ et "raeclaro
nomine tantum$ Insignis. Du#e. 9at. /.
=CA-. I ha#e often met 'ith myself$ and conferred 'ith di#ers 'orthy
gentlemen in the country$ no 'hit inferior$ if not to be "referred
for di#ers %inds of learning to many of our academics.
=CAA. I"se licet Musis #enias comitatus 5omere$ 8il tamen attuleris$ ibis
5omere foras.
=CA/. Et legat historicos auctores$ no#erit omnes Tan0uam ungues digitos0ue
suos. Du#. 9at. A.
=CAB. Du#enal.
=C/C. Tu #ero licet 2r"heus sis$ sa+a sono testudinis emolliens$ nisi
"lumbea eorum corda$ auri #el argenti malleo emollias$ Fc.
9alisburiensis Policrat. lib. @. c. ,C.
=C/,. Du#en. 9at. A.
=C/=. Euge bene$ no need$ 3ousa e"od. lib. =.--dos i"sa scientia sibi0ue
congiarium est.
=C/.. Kuatuor ad "ortas Ecclesias itus ad omnes< sanguinis aut 9imonis$
"raesulis at0ue 3ei. 5olcot.
=C/?. *ib. contra Gentiles de abila martyre.
=C/@. Praescribunt$ im"erant$ in ordinem cogunt$ ingenium nostrum "rout
i"sis #icebitur$ astriugunt et rela+ant ut "a"ilionem "ueri aut
bruchum filo demitturit$ aut attrahunt$ nos a libidine sua "endere
ae0uum censentes. 5einsins.
=C/-. Doh. @.
=C/A. E"ist. lib. =. Dam suffectus in locum demortui$ "rotinus e+ortus est
ad#ersarius$ Fc. "ost multos labores$ sum"tus$ Fc.
=C//. Dun. Acad. ca". -.
=C/B. Acci"iamus "ecuniam$ demittamus asinum ut a"ud Pata#inos$ Italos.
=CBC. 5os non ita "ridem "erstrin+i$ in Philoso"hastro :ommaedia latina$ in
Aede :hristi 2+on$ "ublice habita$ Anno ,-,A. 7eb. ,-.
=CB,. 9at. Meni".
=CB=. = :or. #ii. ,A.
=CB.. :omment. in Gal.
=CB?. 5einsius.
=CB@. Ecclesiast.
=CB-. *uth. in Gal.
=CBA. Pers. 9at. =.
=CB/. 9allust.
=CBB. 9at. Meni".
=,CC. udaeus de Asse$ lib. @.
=,C,. *ib. de re". Gallorum.
=,C=. :am"ian.
=,C.. As for oursel#es (for neither are 'e free from this fault) the same
guilt$ the same crime$ may be objected against us& for it is through
our fault$ negligence$ and a#arice$ that so many and such shameful
corru"tions occur in the church (both the tem"le and the 3eity are
offered for sale)$ that such sordidness is introduced$ such im"iety
committed$ such 'ic%edness$ such a mad gulf of 'retchedness and
irregularity--these I say arise from all our faults$ but more
"articularly from ours of the Hni#ersity. 4e are the nursery in 'hich
those ills are bred 'ith 'hich the state is afflicted< 'e #oluntarily
introduce them$ and are deser#ing of e#ery o""robrium and suffering$
since 'e do not after'ards encounter them according to our strength.
7or 'hat better can 'e e+"ect 'hen so many "oor$ beggarly fello's$
men of e#ery order$ are readily and 'ithout election$ admitted to
degreesN 4ho$ if they can only commit to memory a fe' definitions and
di#isions$ and "ass the customary "eriod in the study of logics$ no
matter 'ith 'hat effect$ 'hate#er sort they "ro#e to be$ idiots$
triflers$ idlers$ gamblers$ sots$ sensualists$
----Lmere ci"hers in the boo% of life
*i%e those 'ho boldly 'oo!d Hlysses! 'ife<
orn to consume the fruits of earth& in truth$
As #ain and idle as Pheacia!s youth<L
only let them ha#e "assed the sti"ulated "eriod in the Hni#ersity$
and "rofessed themsel#es collegians& either for the sa%e of "rofit$
or through the influence of their friends$ they obtain a
"resentation< nay$ sometimes e#en accom"anied by brilliant eulogies
u"on their morals and ac0uirements< and 'hen they are about to ta%e
lea#e$ they are honoured 'ith the most flattering literary
testimonials in their fa#our$ by those 'ho undoubtedly sustain a loss
of re"utation in granting them. 7or doctors and "rofessors (as an
author says) are an+ious about one thing only$ #iz.$ that out of
their #arious callings they may "romote their o'n ad#antage$ and
con#ert the "ublic loss into their "ri#ate gains. 7or our annual
officers 'ish this only$ that those 'ho commence$ 'hether they are
taught or untaught is of no moment$ shall be slee%$ fat$ "igeons$
'orth the "luc%ing. The Philoso"hastic are admitted to a degree in
Arts$ because they ha#e no ac0uaintance 'ith them. And they are
desired to be 'ise men$ because they are endo'ed 'ith no 'isdom$ and
bring no 0ualification for a degree$ e+ce"t the 'ish to ha#e it. The
Theologastic (only let them "ay) thrice learned$ are "romoted to
e#ery academic honour. 5ence it is that so many #ile buffoons$ so
many idiots e#ery'here$ "laced in the t'ilight of letters$ the mere
ghosts of scholars$ 'anderers in the mar%et "lace$ #agrants$ barbels$
mushrooms$ dolts$ asses$ a gro'ling herd$ 'ith un'ashed feet$ brea%
into the sacred "recincts of theology$ bringing nothing along 'ith
them but an im"udent front$ some #ulgar trifles and foolish
scholastic technicalities$ un'orthy of res"ect e#en at the crossing
of the high'ays. This is the un'orthy$ #agrant$ #olu"tuous race$
fitter for the hog sty (haram) than the altar (aram)$ that basely
"rostitute di#ine literature< these are they 'ho fill the "ul"its$
cree" into the "alaces of our nobility after all other "ros"ects of
e+istence fail them$ o'ing to their imbecility of body and mind$ and
their being inca"able of sustaining any other "arts in the
common'ealth< to this sacred refuge they fly$ underta%ing the office
of the ministry$ not from sincerity$ but as 9t. Paul says$
huc%stering the 'ord of God. *et not any one su""ose that it is here
intended to detract from those many e+em"lary men of 'hich the :hurch
of England may boast$ learned$ eminent$ and of s"otless fame$ for
they are more numerous in that than in any other church of Euro"e&
nor from those most learned uni#ersities 'hich constantly send forth
men endued 'ith e#ery form of #irtue. And these seminaries 'ould
"roduce a still greater number of inestimable scholars hereafter if
sordidness did not obscure the s"lendid light$ corru"tion interru"t$
and certain truc%ling har"ies and beggars en#y them their usefulness.
8or can any one be so blind as not to "ercei#e this--any so stolid as
not to understand it--any so "er#erse as not to ac%no'ledge ho'
sacred Theology has been contaminated by those notorious idiots$ and
the celestial Muse treated 'ith "rofanity. Iile and shameless souls
(says *uther) for the sa%e of gain$ li%e flies to a mil%-"ail$ cro'd
round the tables of the nobility in e+"ectation of a church li#ing$
any office$ or honour$ and floc% into any "ublic hall or city ready
to acce"t of any em"loyment that may offer. LA thing of 'ood and
'ires by others "layed.L 7ollo'ing the "aste as the "arrot$ they
stutter out anything in ho"es of re'ard& obse0uious "arasites$ says
Erasmus$ teach$ say$ 'rite$ admire$ a""ro#e$ contrary to their
con#iction$ anything you "lease$ not to benefit the "eo"le but to
im"ro#e their o'n fortunes. They subscribe to any o"inions and
decisions contrary to the 'ord of God$ that they may not offend their
"atron$ but retain the fa#our of the great$ the a""lause of the
multitude$ and thereby ac0uire riches for themsel#es< for they
a""roach Theology$ not that they may "erform a sacred duty$ but ma%e
a fortune& nor to "romote the interests of the church$ but to "illage
it& see%ing$ as Paul says$ not the things 'hich are of Desus :hrist$
but 'hat may be their o'n& not the treasure of their *ord$ but the
enrichment of themsel#es and their follo'ers. 8or does this e#il
belong to those of humbler birth and fortunes only$ it "ossesses the
middle and higher ran%s$ _bisho"s e+ce"ted_. L2 Pontiffs$ tell the
efficacy of gold in sacred mattersOL A#arice often leads the highest
men astray$ and men$ admirable in all other res"ects& these find a
sal#o for simony< and$ stri%ing against this roc% of corru"tion$ they
do not shear but flay the floc%< and$ 'here#er they teem$ "lunder$
e+haust$ raze$ ma%ing shi"'rec% of their re"utation$ if not of their
souls also. 5ence it a""ears that this malady did not flo' from the
humblest to the highest classes$ but _#ice #ersa_$ so that the ma+im
is true although s"o%en in jest--Lhe bought first$ therefore has the
best right to sell.L 7or a 9imoniac (that I may use the "hraseology
of *eo) has not recei#ed a fa#our< since he has not recei#ed one he
does not "ossess one< and since he does not "ossess one he cannot
confer one. 9o far indeed are some of those 'ho are "laced at the
helm from "romoting others$ that they com"letely obstruct them$ from
a consciousness of the means by 'hich themsel#es obtained the honour.
7or he 'ho imagines that they emerged from their obscurity through
their learning$ is decei#ed< indeed$ 'hoe#er su""oses "romotion to be
the re'ard of genius$ erudition$ e+"erience$ "robity$ "iety$ and
"oetry ('hich formerly 'as the case$ but no'adays is only "romised)
is e#idently deranged. 5o' or 'hen this malady commenced$ I shall not
further in0uire< but from these beginnings$ this accumulation of
#ices$ all her calamities and miseries ha#e been brought u"on the
:hurch< hence such fre0uent acts of simony$ com"laints$ fraud$
im"ostures-- from this one fountain s"ring all its cons"icuous
ini0uities. I shall not "ress the 0uestion of ambition and courtly
flattery$ lest they may be chagrined about lu+ury$ base e+am"les of
life$ 'hich offend the honest$ 'anton drin%ing "arties$ Fc. Eet<
hence is that academic s0ualor$ the muses no' loo% sad$ since e#ery
lo' fello' ignorant of the arts$ by those #ery arts rises$ is
"romoted$ and gro's rich$ distinguished by ambitious titles$ and
"uffed u" by his numerous honours< he just sho's himself to the
#ulgar$ and by his stately carriage dis"lays a s"ecies of majesty$ a
remar%able solicitude$ letting do'n a flo'ing beard$ dec%ed in a
brilliant toga res"lendent 'ith "ur"le$ and res"ected also on account
of the s"lendour of his household and number of his ser#ants. There
are certain statues "laced in sacred edifices that seem to sin% under
their load$ and almost to "ers"ire$ 'hen in reality they are #oid of
sensation$ and do not contribute to the stony stability$ so these men
'ould 'ish to loo% li%e Atlases$ 'hen they are no better than statues
of stone$ insignificant scrubs$ funguses$ dolts$ little different
from stone. Mean'hile really learned men$ endo'ed 'ith all that can
adorn a holy life$ men 'ho ha#e endured the heat of mid-day$ by some
unjust lot obey these$ dizzards$ content "robably 'ith a miserable
salary$ %no'n by honest a""ellations$ humble$ obscure$ although
eminently 'orthy$ needy$ leading a "ri#ate life 'ithout honour$
buried ali#e in some "oor benefice$ or incarcerated for e#er in their
college chambers$ lying hid ingloriously. ut I am un'illing to stir
this sin% any longer or any dee"er< hence those tears$ this
melancholy habit of the muses< hence (that I may s"ea% 'ith
9ecellius) is it that religion is brought into disre"ute and
contem"t$ and the "riesthood abject< (and since this is so$ I must
s"ea% out and use a filthy 'itticism of the filthy) a foetid. cro'd$
"oor$ sordid$ melancholy$ miserable$ des"icable$ contem"tible.
=,C?. Proem lib. =. 8ulla ars constitui "oset.
=,C@. *ib. ,. c. ,B. de morborum causis. Kuas declinare licet aut nulla
necessitate utimur.
=,C-. Kuo semel est imbuta recens ser#abit odorem Testa diu. 5or.
=,CA. 9icut #alet ad fingendas cor"oris at0ue animi similitudines #is et
natura seminis$ sic 0uo0ue lactis "ro"rietas. 8e0ue id in hominibus
solum$ sed in "ecudibus animad#ersum. 8am si o#ium lacte hoedi$ aut
ca"rarum agni alerentur$ constat fieri in his lanam duriorem$ in
illis ca"illum gigni se#eriorem.
=,C/. Adulta in ferarum "erse0uatione ad miraculum us0ue saga+.
=,CB. Tam animal 0uodlibet 0uam homo$ ab illa cujus lacte nutritur$ naturam
contrahit.
=,,C. Im"roba$ informis$ im"udica$ temulenta$ nutri+$ Fc. 0uoniam in
moribus efformandis magnam sae"e "artem igenium altricis et natura
lactis tenet.
=,,,. 5ircanae0ue admorunt ubera Tigres$ Iirg.
=,,=. *ib. =. de :aesaribus.
=,,.. eda c. =A. l. , Eccles. hist.
=,,?. 8e insiti#o lactis alimento degeneret cor"us$ et animus corrum"atur.
=,,@. *ib. .. de ci#. con#ers.
=,,-. 9te"hanus.
=,,A. To. =. 8utrices non 0uas#is$ sed ma+ime "robas deligamus.
=,,/. 8utri+ non sit lasci#a aut temulenta. 5ier.
=,,B. Prohibendum ne stolida lactet.
=,=C. Pers.
=,=,. 8utrices interdum matribus sunt meliores.
=,==. *ib. de morbis ca"itis$ ca". de mania< 5aud "ostrema causa su""utatur
educatio$ inter has mentis abalienationis causas. Injusta no#erca.
=,=.. *ib. =. ca". ?.
=,=?. Idem. Et 0uod ma+ime nocet$ dum in teneris ita timent nihil conantur.
=,=@. LThe "u"il!s faculties are "er#erted by the indiscretion of the
master.L
=,=-. Praefat. ad Testam.
=,=A. Plus mentis "aedagogico su"ercilio abstulit$ 0uam un0uam "raece"tis
suis sa"ientiae instilla#it.
=,=/. Ter. Adel. .. ?.
=,=B. Idem. Ac. ,. sc. =. L*et him feast$ drin%$ "erfume himself at my
e+"ense& If he be in lo#e$ I shall su""ly him 'ith money. 5as he
bro%en in the gatesN they shall be re"aired. 5as he torn his
garmentsN they shall be re"laced. *et him do 'hat he "leases$ ta%e$
s"end$ 'aste$ I am resol#ed to submit.L
=,.C. :amerarius em. AA. cent. =. hath elegantly e+"ressed it an emblem$
"erdit amando$ Fc.
=,.,. Pro#. +iii. =?. L5e that s"areth the rod hates his son.L
=,.=. *ib. de consol. Tam 9tulte "ueros diligimus ut odisse "otius
#ideamur$ illos non ad #irtutem sed ad injuriam$ non ad eruditionem
sed ad lu+um$ non ad #irtutem sed #olu"tatem educantes.
=,... *ib. ,. c. .. Educatio altera natura$ alterat animos et #oluntatem$
at0ue utinam (in0uit) liberorum nostrorum mores non i"si "erderemus$
0uum infantiam statim deliciis sol#imus& mollior ista educatio$ 0uam
indulgentiam #ocamus$ ner#os omnes$ et mentis et cor"oris frangit<
fit e+ his consuetudo$ inde natura.
=,.?. Perinde agit ac si0uis de calceo sit sollicitus$ "edem nihil curet.
Du#en. 8il "atri minus est 0uam filius.
=,.@. *ib. .. de sa"ient& 0ui a#aris "aedagogis "ueros alendos dant$ #el
clausos in coenobiis jejunare simul et sa"ere$ nihil aliud agunt$
nisi ut sint #el non sine stultitia eruditi$ #el non integra #ita
sa"ientes.
=,.-. Terror et metus ma+ime e+ im"ro#iso accedentes ita animum commo#ent$
ut s"iritus nun0uam recu"erent$ gra#iorem0ue melancholiam terror
facit$ 0uam 0uae ab interna causa fit. Im"ressio tam fortis in
s"iritibus humoribus0ue cerebri$ ut e+tracta tota sanguinea massa$
aegre e+"rimatur$ et haec horrenda s"ecies melancholiae fre0uenter
oblata mihi$ omnes e+ercens$ #iros$ ju#enes$ senes.
=,.A. Tract. de melan. ca". A. et /. non ab intem"erie$ sed agitatione$
dilatatione$ contractione$ motu s"irituum.
=,./. *ib. de fort. et #irtut. Ale+. "raesertim ineunte "ericulo$ ubi res
"ro"e adsunt terribiles.
=,.B. 7it a #isione horrenda$ re#era a""arente$ #el "er insomnia$ Platerus.
=,?C. A "ainter!s 'ife in asil$ ,-CC. 9omnia#it filium bello mortuum$ inde
Melancholica consolari noluit.
=,?,. 9enec. 5erc. 2et.
=,?=. Kuarta "ars comment. de 9tatu religionis in Gallia sub :arolo. B.
,@A=.
=,?.. E+ occursu daemonum ali0ui furore corri"iuntur$ et e+"erientia notum
est.
=,??. *ib. /. in Arcad.
=,?@. *ucret.
=,?-. Puellae e+tra urbem in "rato concurrentes$ Fc. maesta et melancholica
domum rediit "er dies ali0uot #e+ata$ dum mortua est. Plater.
=,?A. Altera trans-1henana ingressa se"ulchrum recens a"ertum$ #idit
cada#er$ et domum subito re#ersa "uta#it eam #ocare$ "ost "aucos dies
obiit$ "ro+imo se"ulchre collocata. Altera "atibulum sero
"raeteriens$ metuebat ne urbe e+clusa illic "ernoctaret$ unde
melancholica facta$ "er multos annos labora#it. Platerus.
=,?/. 9ubitus occursus$ ino"inata lectio.
=,?B. *ib. de auditione.
=,@C. Theod. Prodromus lib. A. Amorum.
=,@,. Effuso cernens fugientes agmine turmas$ Kuis mea nunc inflat cornua
7aunus ait. Alciat. embl. ,==.
=,@=. Dud. -. ,B.
=,@.. Plutarchus #ita ejus.
=,@?. In furorem cum sociis #ersus.
=,@@. 9ubitarius terrae motus.
=,@-. :ae"it inde desi"ere cum dis"endio sanitatis$ inde adeo dementans$ ut
sibi i"si mortem inferret.
=,@A. 5istorica relatio de rebus Da"onicis Tract. =. de legat$ regis
:hinensis$ a *odo#ico 7rois Desuita. A. ,@B-. 7uscini dere"ente tanta
acris caligo et terraemotus$ ut multi ca"ite dolerent$ "lurimus cor
moerore et melancholia obrueretur. Tantum fremitum edebat$ ut tonitru
fragorem imitari #ideretur$ tantam0ue$ Fc. In urbe 9acai tam
horrificus fuit$ ut homines #i+ sui com"otes essent a sensibus
abalienati$ moerore o""ressi tam horrendo s"ectaculo$ Fc.
=,@/. Kuum subit illius tristissima noctis Imago.
=,@B. Kui solo as"ectu medicinae mo#ebatur ad "urgandum.
=,-C. 9icut #iatores si ad sa+um im"egerint$ aut nautae$ memores sui casus$
non ista modo 0uae offendunt$ sed et similia horrent "er"etuo et
tremunt.
=,-,. *e#iter #olant gra#iter #ulnerant. ernardus.
=,-=. Ensis sauciat cor"us$ mentem sermo.
=,-.. 9ciatis eum esse 0ui a nemine fere ae#i sui magnate$ non illustre
sti"endium habuit$ ne mores i"sorum 9atyris suis notaret. Gas".
arthius "raefat. "arnodid.
=,-?. Do#ius in #ita ejus$ gra#issime tulit famosis libellis nomen suum ad
Pas0uilli statuam fuisse laceratum$ decre#it0ue ideo statuam
demoliri$ Fc.
=,-@. Plato$ lib. ,.. de legibus. Kui e+istimationem curant$ "oetas
#ereantur$ 0uia magnam #im habent ad laudandum et #itu"erandum.
=,--. Petulanti s"lene cachinno.
=,-A. :urial. lib. =. Ea 0uorundam est inscitia$ ut 0uoties lo0ui$ toties
mordere licere sibi "utent.
=,-/. Ter. Eunuch.
=,-B. 5or. ser. lib. =. 9at. ?. LPro#ided he can only e+cite laughter$ he
s"ares not his best friend.L
=,AC. *ib. =.
=,A,. 3e orat.
=,A=. *audando$ et mira iis "ersuadendo.
=,A.. Et #ana inflatus o"inione$ incredibilia ac ridenda 0uaedam Musices
"raece"ta commentaretur$ Fc.
=,A?. Ht #oces nudis "arietibus illisae$ sua#ius ac acutius resilirent.
=,A@. Immortalitati et gloriae suae "rorsus in#identes.
=,A-. =. = dae 0uaest A@. Irrisio mortale "eccatum.
=,AA. Psal. +#. ..
=,A/. althazar :astilio lib. =. de aulico.
=,AB. 3e sermone lib. ?. ca". ..
=,/C. 7ol. @@. Galateus.
=,/,. Tully Tusc. 0uaest.
=,/=. LE#ery re"roach uttered against one already condemned is
mean-s"irited.L
=,/.. Mart. lib. ,. e"ig. .@.
=,/?. Tales joci ab injuriis non "ossint discerni. Galateus fo. @@.
=,/@. Pybrac in his Kuadraint .A.
=,/-. Ego hujus misera fatuitate et dementia conflictor. Tull. ad Attic li.
,,.
=,/A. Miserum est aliena #i#ere 0uadra. Du#.
=,//. :rambae bis coctae. Iitae me redde "riori.
=,/B. 5or.
=,BC. 3e tran0uil animae.
=,B,. *ib. /.
=,B=. Tullius *e"ido 7am. ,C. =A.
=,B.. oterus l. ,. "olit. ca". ?.
=,B?. *aet. descri". Americae.
=,B@. If there be any inhabitants.
=,B-. In Ta+ari. Interdiu 0uidem collum #inctum est$ et manus constricta$
noctu#ero totum cor"us #incitur$ ad has miserias accidit cor"oris
faetor$ stre"itus ejulantium$ somni bre#itas$ haec omnia "lane
molesta et intolerabilia.
=,BA. In B 1hasis.
=,B/. 4illiam the :on0ueror!s eldest son.
=,BB. 9alust. 1omam trium"ho ductus tandem0ue in carcerem conjectus$ animi
dolore "eriit.
==CC. :amden in 4iltsh. miserum senem ita fame et calamitatibus in carcere
fregit$ inter mortis metum$ et #itae tormenta$ Fc.
==C,. Iies hodie.
==C=. 9eneca.
==C.. :om. ad 5ebraeos.
==C?. Part. =. 9ect. .. Memb. ..
==C@. Kuem ut difficilem morbum "ueris tradere formidamus. Plut.
==C-. *ucan. l. ,.
==CA. As in the sil#er mines at 7riburgh in Germany. 7ines Morison.
==C/. Euri"ides.
==CB. Tom. ?. dial. minore "ericulo 9olem 0uam hunc defi+is oculis licet
intueri.
==,C. 2mnis enim res$ #irtus$ fama$ decus$ di#ina$ humana0ue "ulchris
3i#itiis "arent. 5or. 9er. l. =. 9at. .. :larus eris$ fortis justus$
sa"iens$ etiam re+. Et 0uic0uid #olet. 5or.
==,,. Et genus$ et formam$ regina "ecunia donat. Money adds s"irits$
courage$ Fc.
==,=. E"ist. ult. ad Atticum.
==,.. 2ur young master$ a fine to'ardly gentleman$ God bless him$ and
ho"eful< 'hyN he is heir a""arent to the right 'orshi"ful$ to the
right honourable$ Fc.
==,?. 2 nummi$ nummi& #obis hunc "raestat honorem.
==,@. E+inde sa"ere eum omnes dicimus$ ac 0uis0ue fortunam habet. Plaut.
Pseud.
==,-. Aurea fortuna$ "rinci"um cubiculis re"oni solita. Dulius :a"itolinus
#ita Antonini.
==,A. Petronius.
==,/. Theologi o"ulentis adhaerent$ Duris"eriti "ecuniosis$ literati
nummosis$ liberalibus artifices.
==,B. Multi illum ju#enes$ multae "etiere "uellae.
===C. L5e may ha#e 3anae to 'ife.L
===,. 3ummodo sit di#es barbarus$ ille "lacet.
====. Plut. in *ucullo$ a rich chamber so called.
===.. Panis "ane melior.
===?. Du#. 9at. @.
===@. 5or. 9at. @. lib. =.
===-. ohemus de Turcis et redenbach.
===A. Eu"hormio.
===/. Kui "ecuniam habens$ elati sunt animis$ lofty s"irits$ bra#e men at
arms< all rich men are generous$ courageous$ Fc.
===B. 8ummus ait "ro me nubat :ornubia 1omae.
==.C. LA diadem is "urchased 'ith gold< sil#er o"ens the 'ay to hea#en<
"hiloso"hy may be hired for a "enny< money controls justice< one
obolus satisfies a man of letters< "recious metal "rocures health<
'ealth attaches friends.L
==.,. 8on fuit a"ud mortales ullum e+cellentius certamen$ non inter celeres
celerrimo$ non inter robustos robustissimo$ Fc.
==.=. Kuic0uid libet licet.
==... 5or. 9at. @. lib. =.
==.?. :um moritur di#es concurrunt undi0ue ci#es& Pau"eris ad funus #i+ est
e+ millibus unus.
==.@. Et modo 0uid fuit ignoscat mihi genius tuus$ noluisses de manu ejus
nummos acci"ere.
==.-. that 'ears sil%$ satin$ #el#et$ and gold lace$ must needs be a
gentleman.
==.A. Est sanguis ut0ue s"iritus "ecunia mortalibus.
==./. Euri"ides.
==.B. Jeno"hon. :yro"aed. l. /.
==?C. In tenui rara est facundia "anno. Du#.
==?,. 5or. Lmore 'orthless than rejected 'eeds.L
==?=. Egere est offendere$ et indigere scelestum esse. 9at. Meni".
==?.. Plaut. act. ?.
==??. 8ullum tam barbarum$ tam #ile munus est$ 0uod non lubentissime obire
#elit gens #ilissima.
==?@. *ausius orat. in 5is"aniam.
==?-. *aet. descri". Americiae.
==?A. L4ho daily faint beneath the burdens they are com"elled to carry from
"lace to "lace& for they carry and dra' the loads 'hich o+en and
asses formerly used$L Fc.
==?/. Plautus.
==?B. *eo. Afer. ca. ult. l. ,. edunt non ut bene #i#ant$ sed ut fortiter
laborent. 5einsius.
==@C. Munster de rusticis Germaniae$ :osmog. ca". =A. lib. ..
==@,. Ter. Eunuch.
==@=. Pau"er "aries factus$ 0uem caniculae commingant.
==@.. *ib. ,. ca" ult.
==@?. 3eos omnes illis infensos diceres& tam "annosi$ famefracti$ tot
assidue malis afficiuntur$ tan0uam "ecora 0uibus s"lendor rationis
emortuus.
==@@. Peregrin. 5ieros.
==@-. 8ihil omnino meliorem #itam degunt$ 0uam ferae in sil#is$ jumenta in
terris. *eo Afer.
==@A. artholomeus a :asa.
==@/. 2rtelius in 5el#etia. Kui habitant in :aesia #alle ut "lurimum
latomi$ in 2scella #alle cultrorum fabri fumarii$ in Iigetia sordidum
genus hominum$ 0uod re"urgandis caminis #ictum "arat.
==@B. I 'rite not this any 'ays to u"braid$ or scoff at$ or misuse "oor
men$ but rather to condole and "ity them by e+"ressing$ Fc.
==-C. :hremilus$ act. ?. Plaut.
==-,. Pau"ertas durum onus miseris mortalibus.
==-=. Ie+at censura columbas.
==-.. 3eu+ ace non "ossunt$ et si+ein0ue sol#ere nolunt< 2mnibus est notum
0uater tre sol#ere totum.
==-?. 9candia$ Africa$ *ithuania.
==-@. Montaigne$ in his Essays$ s"ea%s of certain Indians in 7rance$ that
being as%ed ho' they li%ed the country$ 'ondered ho' a fe' rich men
could %ee" so many "oor men in subjection$ that they did not cut
their throats.
==--. Augustas animas animoso in "ectore #ersans.
==-A. LA narro' breast conceals a narro' soul.L
==-/. 3onatus #it. ejus.
==-B. LPublius 9ci"io$ *aelius and 7urius$ three of the most distinguished
noblemen at that day in 1ome$ 'ere of so little ser#ice to him$ that
he could scarcely "rocure a lodging through their "atronage.L
==AC. Pro#. +i+. A. LThough he be instant$ yet they 'ill not.L
==A,. Petronius.
==A=. 8on est 0ui doleat #icem$ ut Petrus :hristum$ jurant se hominem non
no#isse.
==A.. 2#id$ in Trist.
==A?. 5orat.
==A@. Ter. Eunuchus$ act. =.
==A-. Kuid 0uod materiam "raebet causam0ue jocandi& 9i toca sordida sit$
Du#. 9at. =.
==AA. 5or.
==A/. In Phaenis.
==AB. 2dyss. ,A.
==/C. Idem.
==/,. Mantuan.
==/=. L9ince cruel fortune has made 9inon "oor$ she has made him #ain and
mendacious.L
==/.. 3e Africa *ib. ,. ca". ult.
==/?. ?. de legibus. furacissima "au"ertas$ sacrilega$ turbis$ flagitiosa$
omnium malorum o"ife+.
==/@. Theognis.
==/-. 3i"noso"hist lib. ,=. Millies "otius moriturum (si 0uis sibi mente
constaret) 0uam tam #ilis et aerumnosi #ictus communionem habere.
==/A. Gas"er Iilela Desuita e"ist. Da"on. lib.
==//. Mat. 1iccius e+"edit. in 9inas lib. ,. c. ..
==/B. Ios 1omani "rocreatos filios feris et canibus e+"onitis$ nunc
strangulatis #el in sa+um eliditis$ Fc.
==BC. :osmog. ?. lib. ca". ==. #endunt liberos #ictu carentes tan0uam
"ecora interdum et sei"sos< ut a"ud di#ites saturentur cibis.
==B,. Iel honorum des"eratione #el malorum "er"essione fracti el fatigati$
"lures #iolentas manus sibi inferunt.
==B=. 5or.
==B.. Ingenio "oteram su"eras #olitare "er arces& Ht me "luma le#at$ sic
gra#e mergit onus.
==B?. Terent.
==B@. 5or. 9at. .. lib. ,.
==B-. LThey cannot easily rise in the 'orld 'ho are "inched by "o#erty at
home.L
==BA. Paschalius.
==B/. Petronius.
==BB. 5erodotus #ita ejus. 9caliger in "oet. Potentiorum aedes ostratim
adiens$ ali0uid acci"iebat$ canens carmina sua$ concomitante eum
"uerorum choro.
=.CC. Plautus Am"l.
=.C,. Ter. Act. ?. 9cen. .. Adel"h. 5egio.
=.C=. 3onat. #ita ejus.
=.C.. L1educed to the greatest necessity$ he 'ithdre' from the gaze of the
"ublic to the most remote #illage in Greece.L
=.C?. Euri"ides.
=.C@. Plutarch$ #ita ejus.
=.C-. Iita Ter.
=.CA. Gomesius lib. .. c. =,. de sale.
=.C/. Ter. Eunuch. Act. =. 9cen. =.
=.CB. *i#. dec. B. l. =.
=.,C. :omineus.
=.,,. 5e that hath @_l_. "er annum coming in more than others$ scorns him
that has less$ and is a better man.
=.,=. Pro#. +++. /.
=.,.. 3e anima$ ca". de maerore.
=.,?. *ib. ,=. e"ist.
=.,@. L2h s'eet offs"ring< oh my #ery blood< oh tender flo'er$L Fc.
=.,-. Iir. ?. Aen.
=.,A. Patres mortuos coram astantes et filios$ Fc. Marcellus 3onatus.
=.,/. E"ist. lib. =. Iirginium #ideo audio defunctum cogito$ allo0uor.
=.,B. :al"hurnius Graecus. L4ithout thee$ ahO 'retched me$ the lillies lose
their 'hiteness$ the roses become "allid$ the hyacinth forgets to
blush neither the myrtle nor the laurel retains its odours.L
=.=C. :haucer.
=.=,. Praefat. lib. -.
=.==. *ib. de obitu 9atyri fratris.
=.=.. 2#id. Met.
=.=?. Plut. #ita ejus.
=.=@. 8obilis matrona melancholica ob mortem mariti.
=.=-. E+ matris obitu in des"erationem incidit.
=.=A. Mathias a Michou. oter. Am"hitheat.
=.=/. *o. Iertoman. M. Polus Ienetus lib. ,. ca". @?. "erimunt eos 0uos in
#ia ob#ios habent$ dicentes$ Ite$ et domino nostro regi ser#ile in
alia #ita. 8ec tam in homines insaniunt sed in e0uos$ Fc.
=.=B. Iita ejus.
=..C. *ib. ?. #itae ejus$ auream aetatem condiderat ad humani generis
salutem 0uum nos statim ab o"timi "rinci"is e+cessu. #ere ferream$
"ateremur$ famem$ "estem$ Fc.
=..,. *ib. @. de asse.
=..=. Ma"h. LThey became fallen in feelings$ as the great forest laments
its fallen lea#es.L
=.... 2rtelius Itinerario& ob annum integrum a cantu$ tri"udiis et
saltationibus tota ci#itas abstinere jubetur.
=..?. Iirg.
=..@. 9ee arletius de #ita et ob. 9canderbeg. lib. ,.. hist.
=..-. Mat. Paris.
=..A. Du#enalis.
=../. Multi 0ui res amatas "erdiderant$ ut filios$ o"es$ non s"erantes
recu"erare$ "ro"ter assiduam talium considerationem melancholici
fiunt$ ut i"se #idi.
=..B. 9tanihurstus 5ib. 5ist.
=.?C. :a". .. Melancholia sem"er #enit ab jacturam "ecuniae$ #ictoriae$
re"ulsam$ mortem liberorum$ 0uibus longo "ost tem"ore animus
tor0uetur$ et a dis"ositione sit habitus.
=.?,. :onsil. =-.
=.?=. 8ubrigensis.
=.?.. E"ig. ==.
=.??. *ib. /. Ienet. hist.
=.?@. Tem"la ornamentis nudata$ s"oliata$ in stabula e0uorum et asinorum
#ersa$ Fc. Insulae humi conculcatae$ "editae$ Fc.
=.?-. In oculis maritorum dilectissimae conjuges ab 5is"anorum li+is
constu"ratae sunt. 7iliae magnatum thoris destinatae$ Fc.
=.?A. Ita fastu ante unum mensem turgida ci#itas$ et cacuminibos coelum
"ulsare #isa$ ad inferos us0ue "aucis diebus dejecta.
=.?/. 9ect. =. Memb. ?. 9ubs. .. fear from ominous accidents$ destinies
foretold.
=.?B. Accersunt sibi malum.
=.@C. 9i non obser#emus$ nihil #alent. Polidor.
=.@,. :onsil. =-. l. =.
=.@=. 5arm 'atch harm catch.
=.@.. Geor. ucha.
=.@?. Du#enis solicitus de futuris frustra$ factus melancholicus.
=.@@. Pausanius in Achaicis lib. A. Hbi omnium e#entus dignoscuntur.
9"eculum tenui sus"ensum funiculo demittunt& et ad :yaneas "etras ad
*ycicae fontes$ Fc.
=.@-. E+"edit. in 9inas$ lib. ,. c. ..
=.@A. Timendo "raeoccu"at$ 0uod #itat$ ultro "ro#ocat0ue 0uod fugit$
gaudet0ue moerens et lubens miser fuit. 5einsius Austriac.
=.@/. LMust I be de"ri#ed of this life$--of those "ossessionsNL
=.@B. Tom. ?. dial. / :ata"lo. Auri "uri mille talenta$ me hodie tibi
daturum "romitto$ Fc.
=.-C. Ibidem. 5ei mihi 0uae relin0uenda "raediaN 0uam fertiles agriO Fc.
=.-,. Adrian.
=.-=. Industria su"erflua circa res inutiles.
=.-.. 7la#ae secreta Miner#ae ut #iderat Aglauros. 2#. Met. =.
=.-?. :ontra Philos. ca". -,.
=.-@. Mat. Paris.
=.--. 9eneca.
=.-A. Dos. 9caliger in Gnomit. LTo "rofess a disinclination for that
%no'ledge 'hich is beyond our reach$ is "edantic ignorance.L
=.-/. LA #irtuous 'oman is the cro'n of her husband.L Pro#. +ii. ?. Lbut
she$L Fc. Fc.
=.-B. *ib. ,A. e"ist. ,C@.
=.AC. Titionatur$ candelabratur$ Fc.
=.A,. 3aniel in 1osamund.
=.A=. :halinorus lib. B. de re"ub. Angl.
=.A.. Elegans #irgo in#ita cuidam e nostratibus nu"sit$ Fc.
=.A?. Pro#.
=.A@. 3e increm. urb. lib. .. c. .. tan0uam diro mucrone confossi$ his
nulla re0uies$ nulla delectatio$ solicitudine$ gemitu$ furore$
des"eratione$ timore$ tan0uam ad "er"etuam aerumnam infeliciter
ra"ti.
=.A-. 5umfredus *l'yd e"ist. ad Abrahamum 2rtelium. M. Iaughan in his
Golden 7leece. *itibus et contro#ersiis us0ue ad omnium bonorum
consum"tionem contendunt.
=.AA. 9"retae0ue injuria formae.
=.A/. Kuae0ue re"ulsa gra#is.
=.AB. *ib. .-. c. @.
=./C. 8ihil ae0ue amarum$ 0uam diu "endere& 0uidam ae0uiore animo ferunt
"raecidi s"em suam 0uam trahi. 9eneca ca". .. lib. =. de 3en. Iirg.
Plater obser#at. lib. ,.
=./,. Tur"e relin0ui est$ 5or.
=./=. 9cimus enim generosas naturas$ nulla re citius mo#eri$ aut gra#ius
affici 0uam contem"tu ac des"icientia.
=./.. At Atticum e"ist. lib. ,=.
=./?. E"ist. ad rutum.
=./@. In Phaeniss.
=./-. In laudem cal#it.
=./A. 2#id.
=.//. E :ret.
=./B. 5or. :ar. *ib. .. 2de. =A.
=.BC. 5ist. lib. -.
=.B,. 8on mihi si centum linguae sint$ ora0ue centum. 2mnia causarum
"ercurrere nomina "ossem.
=.B=. :elius l. ,A. ca". =.
=.B.. Ita mente e+agitati sunt$ ut in triremi se constitutos "utarent$
mari0ue #adabundo tem"estate jactatos$ "roinde naufragium #eriti$
egestis undi0ue rebus #asa omnia in #iam e fenestris$ seu in mare
"raeci"itarunt& "ostridie$ Fc.
=.B?. Aram #obis ser#atoribus diis erigemus.
=.B@. *ib. de gemmis.
=.B-. Kuae gestatae infelicem et tristem reddunt$ curas augent$ cor"us
siccant$ somnum minuunt.
=.BA. Ad unum die mente alienatus.
=.B/. Part. ,. 9ect. =. 9ubsect. ..
=.BB. Du#en. 9at. ..
=?CC. Intus bestiae minutae multae necant. 8um0uid minutissima sunt grana
arenaeN sed si arena am"lius in na#em mittatur$ mergit illam< 0uam
minutae guttae$ "lu#iaeN et tamen im"lent flumina$ domus ejiciunt$
timenda ergo ruina multiuidinis$ si non magnitudinis.
=?C,. Mores se0uuntur tem"eraturam cor"oris.
=?C=. 9cintillae latent in cor"oribus.
=?C.. Gal. @.
=?C?. 9icut e+ animi afflictionibus cor"us languescit& sic e+ cor"oris
#itiis$ et morborum "leris0ue cruciatibus animum #idemus hebetari$
Galenus.
=?C@. *ib. ,. c. ,-.
=?C-. :or"oris itidem morbi animam "er consensum$ a lege consortii
afficiunt$ et 0uan0uam objecta multos motus turbulentos in homine
concitet$ "raeci"ua tamen causa in corde et humoribus s"iritibus0ue
consistit$ Fc.
=?CA. 5or. Iide ante.
=?C/. 5umores "ra#i mentum obnubilant.
=?CB. 5ic humor #el a "artis intem"erie generatur #el relin0uitur "ost
inflammationes$ #el crassior in #enis conclusus #el tor"idus malignam
0ualitatem contrabit.
=?,C. 9ae"e constat in febre hominem Melancholicum #el "ost febrem reddi$
aut alium morbum. :alida intem"eries innata$ #el a febre contracta.
=?,,. 1aro 0uis diuturno morbo laborat$ 0ui non sit melancholicus$
Mercurialis de affect. ca"itis lib. , c. ,C de Melanc.
=?,=. Ad nonum lib. 1hasis ad Almansor. c. ,-. Hni#ersaliter a 0uacun0ue
"arte "otest fieri melancholicus. Iel 0uia aduritur$ #el 0uia non
e+"ellit su"erfluitatem e+crementi.
=?,.. A *iene$ ju#idore$ utero$ et aliis "artibus oritur.
=?,?. Materia Melancholiae ali0uando in corde$ in stomacho$ he"ate$ ab
hy"ocondriis$ myruche$ s"lene$ cum ibi romanet humor melancholicus.
=?,@. E+ sanguine adusto$ intra #el e+tra ca"ut.
=?,-. Kui calidum cor habent$ cerebrum humidum$ facile melancholici.
=?,A. 9e0uitur melancholia malam intem"eriem frigidam et siccam i"sius
cerebri.
=?,/. 9ae"e fit e+ calidiore cerebro$ aut cor"ore colligente melancholiam.
Piso.
=?,B. Iel "er "ro"riam affectionem$ #el "er consensum$ cum #a"ores e+halant
in cerebrum. Montalt. ca". ,?.
=?=C. Aut ibi gignitur$ melancholicus fumus$ aut aliunde #ehitur$ alterando
animales facultates.
=?=,. Ab intem"erie cordis$ modo calidiore$ molo frigidiore.
=?==. E"ist. =CB. 9coltzii.
=?=.. 2fficina humorum he"ar concurrit$ Fc.
=?=?. Ientriculus et #enae meseraicae concurrunt$ 0uod hae "artes
obstructae sunt$ Fc.
=?=@. Per se sanguinem adurentes.
=?=-. *ien frigidus et siccus c. ,..
=?=A. 9"len obstructus.
=?=/. 3e arte med. lib. .. ca". =?.
=?=B. A sanguinis "utredine in #asis seminariis et utero$ et 0uando0ue a
s"ermate diu retento$ #el sanguine menstruo in melancholiam #erso "er
"utrefactionem$ #el adustionem.
=?.C. Magirus.
=?.,. Ergo efficiens causa melancholiae est calida et sicca intem"eries$
non frigida et sicca$ 0uod multi o"inati sunt$ oritur enim a calore
celebri assante sanguinem$ Fc. tum 0uod aromata sanguinem incendunt$
solitudo$ #igiliae$ febris "raecedens$ meditatio$ studium$ et haec
omnia calefaciunt$ ergo ratum sit$ Fc.
=?.=. *ib. ,. ca". ,.. de Melanch.
=?... *ib. .. Tract. "osthum. de melan.
=?.?. A fatuitate inse"arabilis cerebri frigiditas.
=?.@. Ab interno calore assatur.
=?.-. Intem"eries innata e+urens. fla#am bilem ac sanguinem in melancholiam
con#ertens.
=?.A. 9i cerebrum sit calidius$ fiet s"iritus animales calidior$ et
dilirium maniacum< si frigidior$ fie fatuitas.
=?./. Melancholia ca"itis accedit "ost "hrenesim aut longam moram sub sole$
aut "ercussionem in ca"ite$ ca". ,.. lib. ,.
=?.B. Kui bibunt #ina "otentia$ et sae"e sunt sub sole.
=??C. :urae #alidae$ largioris #ini et aromatum usus.
=??,. A cauterio et ulcere e+siccato.
=??=. Ab ulcere curato incidit in insaniam$ a"erto #ulnere curatur.
=??.. A galea nimis calefacta.
=???. E+uritur sanguis et #enae obstruuntur$ 0uibus obstructis "rohibetur
transitus :hili ad jecur$ corrum"itur et in rugitus et flatus
#ertitur.
=??@. 9tomacho laeso robur cor"oris imminuitur$ et reli0ua membra alimento
orbata$ Fc.
=??-. 5ildesheim.
=??A. 5abuit sae#a animi sym"tomata 0uae im"ediunt concoctionem$ Fc.
=??/. Hsitatissimus morbus cum sit$ utile est hujus #isceris accidentia
considerare$ nec le#e "ericulum hujus causas morbi ignorantibus.
=??B. Decur a"tum ad generandum talem humorem$ s"len natura imbecillior.
Piso$ Altomarus$ Guianerius.
=?@C. Melancholiam$ 0uae fit a redundantia humoris in toto cor"ore$ #ictus
im"rimis generat 0ui eum humorem "arit.
=?@,. Ausonius.
=?@=. 9eneca cont. lib. ,C. cont. @.
=?@.. Kuaedam uni#ersalia$ "articulariae$ 0uaedam manifesta$ 0uaedam in
cor"ore$ 0uaedam in cogitatione et animo$ 0uaedam a stellis$ 0uaedam
ab humoribus$ 0uae ut #inum cor"us #arie dis"onit$ Fc. 3i#ersa
"hantasmata "ro #arietate causae e+ternae$ internae.
=?@?. *ib. ,. de risu. fol. ,A. Ad ejus esum alii sudant$ alii #omunt$
stent$ bibunt$ saltant$ alii rident$ tremunt$ dormiunt$ Fc.
=?@@. T. right. ca". =C.
=?@-. 8igrescit hic humer ali0uando su"ercalefactus$ ali0uando
su"erfrigefactus. Melanel. a Gal.
=?@A. Inter"rete 7. :al#o.
=?@/. 2culi his e+ca#antur$ #enti gignuntur circum "raecordia et acidi
ructus$ sicci fere #entres$ #ertigo$ tinnitus aurium$ somni "usilli$
somnia terribilia et interru"ta.
=?@B. Iirg. Aen.
=?-C. Assiduae eae0ue acidae ructationes 0uae cibum #irulentum culentum0ue
nidorem$ et si nil tale ingestum sit$ referant ob cruditatem. Ientres
hisce aridi$ somnus "lerum0ue "arcus et interru"tus$ somnia
absurdissima$ turbulenta$ cor"oris tremor$ ca"itis gra#edo$ stre"itus
circa aures et #isiones ante oculos$ ad #enerem "rodigi.
=?-,. Altomarus$ ruel$ Piso$ Montaltus.
=?-=. 7re0uentes habent oculorum nictationes$ ali0ui tamen fi+is oculis
"lerum0ue sunt.
=?-.. :ent. lib. ,. Tract. B. 9igna hujus morbi sunt "lurimus saltus$
sonitus aurium$ ca"itis gra#edo$ lingua titubat$ oculi e+ca#antur$
Fc.
=?-?. In Pantheon ca". de Melancholia.
=?-@. Al#us arida nihil dejiciens cibi ca"aces$ nihilominus tamen e+tenuati
sunt.
=?--. 8ic Piso Inflatio carotidum$ Fc.
=?-A. Andreas 3udith 1ahamo. c". lib. .. :rat e"ist. multa in "ulsibus
su"erstitio$ ausim etiam dicere$ tot differentias 0uae describuntur a
Galeno$ ne0ue intelligi a 0uo0uam nec obser#ari "osse.
=?-/. T. right. ca". =C.
=?-B. Post. ?C. aetat. annum$ saith Dacchinus in ,@. B. 1hasis Idem.
Mercurialis consil. /-. Trinca#elius$ Tom. =. cons. ,A.
=?AC. Gordonius$ modo rident$ modo flent$ silent$ Fc.
=?A,. 7ernelius consil. ?.. et ?@. Montanus consil. =.C. Galen de locis
affectis$ lib. . ca". -.
=?A=. A"horism et lib. de Melan.
=?A.. *ib. =. ca". -. de locis affect. timor et moestitia$ si diutius
"erse#erent$ Fc.
=?A?. Tract. "osthumo de Melan. edit. Ienetiis ,-=C. "er olzettam iblio".
Mihi diligentius hanc rem consideranti$ "atet 0uosdam esse$ 0ui non
laborant maerore et timore.
=?A@. Prob. lib. ..
=?A-. Physiog lib. ,. c. /. Kuibus multa frigida bilis atra$ stolidi et
timidi$ at 0ui calidi$ ingeniosi$ amasii$ di#inosi$ s"iritu
instigati$ Fc.
=?AA. 2mnes e+ercent metus et tristitia$ et sine causa.
=?A/. 2mnes timent licet non omnibus idem timendi modus Aetius Tetrab. lib.
=. sect. c. B.
=?AB. Ingenti "a#ore tre"idant.
=?/C. Multi mortem timent$ et tamen sibi i"sis mortem consciscunt$ alii
coeli ruinam timent.
=?/,. Affligit eos "lena scru"ulis conscientia$ di#inae misericordiae
diffidentes$ 2rco se destinant foeda lamentatione de"lorantes.
=?/=. 8on ausus egredi domo ne deficeret.
=?/.. Multi daemones timent$ latrones$ insidias$ A#icenna.
=?/?. Alii comburi$ alii de 1ege$ 1hasis.
=?/@. 8e terra absorbeantur. 7orestus.
=?/-. 8e terra dehiscat. Gordon.
=?/A. Alii timore mortis timentur et mala gratia "rinci"um "utant se
ali0uid commisisse et ad su""licium re0uiri.
=?//. Alius domesticos timet$ alius omnes. Aetius.
=?/B. Alii timent insidias. Aurel. lib. ,. de morb. :hron. ca". -.
=?BC. Ille charissimos$ hic omnes homines citra discrimen timet.
=?B,. Iirgil.
=?B=. 5ic in lucem "rodire timet$ tenebras0ue 0uaerit$ contra$ ille
caliginosa fugit.
=?B.. Kuidam lar#as$ et malos s"iritus ab inimicis #eneficius et
incantationibus sibi "utant objectari$ 5i""ocrates$ "otionem se
#eneficam sum"sisse "utat$ et de hac ructare sibi crebro #idetur.
Idem Montaltus ca". =,. Aetius lib. =. et alii. Trallianus l. ,. ca".
,-.
=?B?. 2bser#at. l. ,. Kuando iis nil nocet$ nisi 0uod mulieribus
melancholicis.
=?B@. tamen metus0ue causae nescius$ causa est metus. 5einsius Austriaco.
=?B-. :a". ,@. in B. 1hasis$ in multis #idi$ "raeter rationem sem"er
ali0uid timent$ in caeteris tamen o"time se gerunt$ ne0ue ali0uid
"raeter dignitatem committunt.
=?BA. Altomarus ca". A. Areteus$ triste$ sunt.
=?B/. Mant. Egl. ,.
=?BB. 2#id. Met. ?.
=@CC. In0uies animus.
=@C,. 5or. l. .. 2d. ,. L3ar% care rides behind him.L
=@C=. Iirg.
=@C.. Mened. 5eautont. Act. ,. sc. ,.
=@C?. Altomarus.
=@C@. 9eneca.
=@C-. :a". .,. Kuo stomachi dolore corre"tum se$ etiam de consciscenda
morte cogitasse di+it.
=@CA. *uget et sem"er tristatur$ solitudinem amat$ mortem sibi "recatur$
#itam "ro"riam odio habet.
=@C/. 7acile in iram incidunt. Aret.
=@CB. Ira sine causa$ #elocitas irae. 9a#anarola. "ract. major. #elocitas
irae signum. A#icenna l. .. 7en. ,. Tract. ?. ca". ,/. Angor sine
causa.
=@,C. 9us"icio$ diffidentia$ sym"tomata$ :rato E". Dulio Ale+andrino cons.
,/@ 9coltzii.
=@,,. 5or. LAt 1ome$ 'ishing for the fields$ in the country$ e+tolling the
city to the s%ies.L
=@,=. Pers. 9at. .. LAnd li%e the children of nobility$ re0uire to eat "a"$
and$ angry at the nurse$ refuse her to sing lullaby.L
=@,.. In his 3utch 'or% "icture.
=@,?. 5o'ard ca". A. differ.
=@,@. Tract. de mel. ca". =. 8octu ambulant "er syl#as$ et loca "ericulosa$
neminem timent.
=@,-. 7acile amant. Altom.
=@,A. odine.
=@,/. Io. Major #itis "atrum fol. =C=. Paulus Abbas Eremita tanta
solitudine$ "erse#erat$ ut nec #estem$ nec #ultum mulieris ferre
"ossit$ Fc.
=@,B. :onsult$ lib. ,. ,A. :ons.
=@=C. Generally as they are "leased or dis"leased$ so are their continual
cogitations "leasing or dis"leasing.
=@=,. 2mnes e+cercent$ #anae intensae0ue animi cogitationes$ (8. Piso
ruel) et assiduae.
=@==. :uriosi de rebus minimis. Areteus.
=@=.. *ib. =. de Intell.
=@=?. 5oc melancholicis omnibus "ro"rium$ ut 0uas semel imaginationes #alde
reci"erint$ non facile rejiciant$ sed hae etiam #el in#itis sem"er
occurrant.
=@=@. Tullius de sen.
=@=-. :onsil. med. "ro 5y"ochondriaco.
=@=A. :onsil. ?..
=@=/. :a". @.
=@=B. *ib. =. de Intell.
=@.C. :onsult. ,@. et ,-. lib. ,.
=@.,. Iirg. Aen. -.
=@.=. Iliad. ..
=@... 9i malum e+as"erantur$ homines odio habent et solitaria "etunt.
=@.?. 3emocritus solet noctes et dies a"ud se degere$ "lerum0ue autem in
s"eluncis$ sub amaenis arborum umbris #el in tenebris$ et mollibus
herbis$ #el ad a0uarum crebra et 0uieta fluenta$ Fc.
=@.@. Gaudet tenebris$ alitur0ue dolor. Ps. l+ii. Iigila#i et factus sum
#elut nycticora+ in domicilio$ "asser solitarius in tem"lo.
=@.-. Et 0uae #i+ audet fabula$ monstra "arit.
=@.A. In ca". ,/. l. ,C. de ci#. dei$ *unam ab Asino e"otam #ideus.
=@./. Iel. l. ?. c. @.
=@.B. 9ect. =. Memb. ,. 9ubs. ?.
=@?C. 3e reb. coelest. lib. ,C. c. ,..
=@?,. l. de Indagine Goclenius.
=@?=. 5or. de art. "oet.
=@?.. Tract. A. de Melan.
=@??. 5umidum$ calidum$ frigidum$ siccum.
=@?@. :om. in , c. Dohannis de 9acrobosco.
=@?-. 9i residet melancholia naturalis$ tales "lumbei coloris aut nigri$
stu"idi$ solitarii.
=@?A. 8on una melancholiae causa est$ nec unus humor #itii "arens$ sed
"lures$ et alius aliter mutatus$ unde non omnes eadem sentiunt
sym"tomata.
=@?/. 5umor frigidus delirii causa$ humor calidus furoris.
=@?B. Multum refert 0ua 0uis0ue melancholia teneatur$ hunc fer#ens et
accensa agitat$ illum tristis et frigens occu"at& hi timidi$ illi
in#erecundi$ intre"idi$ Fc.
=@@C. :a". A. et /. Tract. de Mel.
=@@,. 9igna melancholiae e+ intem"erie et agitatione s"irituum sine
materia.
=@@=. T. right ca". ,-. Treat. Mel.
=@@.. :a". ,-. in B. 1hasis.
=@@?. right$ c. ,-.
=@@@. Pract. major. 9omnians$ "iger$ frigidus.
=@@-. 3e anima ca". de humor. si a Phlegmate sem"er in a0uis fere sunt$ et
circa flu#ios "lorant multum.
=@@A. Pigra nascitur e+ colore "allido et albo$ 5er. de 9a+on.
=@@/. 9a#anarola.
=@@B. Muros cadere in se$ aut submergi timent$ cum tor"ore et segnitie$ et
flu#ios amant tales$ Ale+and. c. ,-. lib. A.
=@-C. 9em"er fere dormit somnolenta c. ,-. l. A.
=@-,. *aurentius.
=@-=. :a. -. de mel. 9i a sanguine$ #enit rubedo oculorum et faciei$
"lurimus risus.
=@-.. Ienae oculorum sunt rubrae$ #ide an "raecesserit #ini et aromatum
usus$ et fre0uens balneum$ Trallian. lib. ,. ,-. an "raecesserit mora
sub sole.
=@-?. 1idet "atiens si a sanguine$ "utat se #idere choreas$ musicam audire$
ludos$ Fc.
=@-@. :a". =. Tract. de Melan.
=@--. 5or. e". lib. =. 0uidam haud ignobilis Argis$ Fc.
=@-A. *ib. de reb. mir.
=@-/. :um inter concionandum mulier dormiens e subsellio caderet$ et omnes
reli0ui 0ui id #iderent$ riderent$ tribus "ost diebus$ Fc.
=@-B. Du#enis et non #ulgaris eruditionis.
=@AC. 9i a cholera$ furibundi$ interficiunt$ se et alios$ "utant se #idere
"ugnas.
=@A,. Hrina subtilis et ignea$ "arum dormiunt.
=@A=. Tract. ,@. c. ?.
=@A.. Ad haec "er"etranda furore ra"ti ducuntur$ cruciatus 0uos#is
tolerant$ et mortem$ et furore e+acerbato audent et ad su""licia "lus
irritantur$ mirum est 0uantam habeant in tormentis "atientiam.
=@A?. Tales "lus caeteris timent$ et continue tristantur$ #alde sus"iciosi$
solitudinem diligunt$ corru"tissimas habent imaginationes$ Fc.
=@A@. 9i a melancholia adusta$ tristes$ de se"ulchris somniant$ timent ne
fascinentur$ "utant se mortuos$ as"ici nolunt.
=@A-. Iidentur sibi #idere monachos nigros et daemonos$ et sus"ensos et
mortuos.
=@AA. Kua#is nocte se cum daemone coire "uta#it.
=@A/. 9em"er fere #idisse militem nigrum "raesentem.
=@AB. Anthony de Ierdeur.
=@/C. Kuidam mugitus boum aemulantur$ et "ecora se "utant$ ut Praeti
filiae.
=@/,. aro 0uidam mugitus boum et rugitus asinorum$ et aliorum animalium
#oces effingit.
=@/=. 2mnia magna "utabat$ u+orem magnam$ grandes e0uos$ abhorruit omnia
"ar#a$ magna "ocula$ et calceamenta "edibus majora.
=@/.. *ib. ,. ca". ,-. "uta#it se uno digito "osse totum mundum conterere.
=@/?. 9ustinet humeris coelum cum Atlante. Alii coeli ruinam timent.
=@/@. :a". ,. Tract. ,@. alius se gallum "utat$ alius lusciniam.
=@/-. Trallianus.
=@/A. :a". A. de mel.
=@//. Anthony de Ierdeur.
=@/B. :a". A. de mel.
=@BC. *aurentius ca". -.
=@B,. *ib. .. ca". ,?. 0ui se regem "uta#it regno e+"ulsum.
=@B=. 3i"noso"hist. lib. Thrasilaus "uta#it omnes na#es in Pireum "ortum
a""ellantes suas esse.
=@B.. 3e hist. Med. mirab. lib. =. ca". ,.
=@B?. Genibus fle+is lo0ui cum illo #oluit$ et adstare jam tum "uta#it$ Fc.
=@B@. Gordonius$ 0uod sit "ro"heta$ et inflatus a s"iritu sancto.
=@B-. Kui forensibus causis insudat$ nil nisi arresta cogitat$ et su""lices
libellos$ alius non nisi #ersus facit. P. 7orestus.
=@BA. Gordonius.
=@B/. Ierbo non e+"rimunt$ nec o"ere$ sed alta mente recondunt$ et sunt
#iri "rudentissimi$ 0uos ego sae"e no#i$ cum multi sint sine timore$
ut 0ui se reges et mortuis "utant$ "lura signa 0uidam habent$
"auciora$ majora$ minora.
=@BB. Trallianus$ lib. ,. ,-. alii inter#alla 0uaedam habent$ ut etiam
consueta administrent$ alii in continuo delirio sunt$ Fc.
=-CC. Prac. mag. Iera tantum et autumno.
=-C,. *ib. de humeribus.
=-C=. Guianerius.
=-C.. 3e mentis alienat. ca". ..
=-C?. *e#inus *emnius$ Dason Pratensis$ blanda ab initio.
=-C@. LA most agreeable mental delusion.L
=-C-. 5or.
=-CA. 7acilis descensus a#erni.
=-C/. Iirg.
=-CB. :or"us cada#erosum. Psa. l+#ii. cariosa est facies mea "rae
aegritudine animae.
=-,C. *ib. B. ad Ahnansorem.
=-,,. Practica majore.
=-,=. Kuum ore lo0uitur 0uae corde conce"it$ 0uum subito de una re ad aliud
transit$ ne0ue rationem de ali0uo reddit$ tunc est in medio$ at 0uum
inci"it o"erari 0uae lo0uitur$ in summo gradu est.
=-,.. :a". ,B. Partic. =. *o0uitur secum et ad alios$ ac si #ere
"raesentes. Aug. ca". ,,. li. de cura "ro mortuis gerenda. 1hasis.
=-,?. Kuum res ad hoc de#enit$ ut ea 0uae cogitare cae"erit$ ore "romat$
at0ue acta "ermisceat$ tum "erfecta melancholia est.
=-,@. Melancholicus se #idere et audire "utat daemones. *a#ater de
s"ectris$ "art. .. ca". =.
=-,-. 4ierus$ lib. .. ca". .,.
=-,A. Michael a musian.
=-,/. Malleo malef.
=-,B. *ib. de atra bile.
=-=C. Part. ,. 9ubs. =$ Memb. =.
=-=,. 3e delirio$ melancholia et mania.
=-==. 8icholas Piso. 9i signa circa #entriculum non a""arent nec sanguis
male affectus$ et adsunt timor et maestitia$ cerebrum i"sum
e+istimandum est$ Fc.
=-=.. Tract. de mel. ca". ,.$ Fc. E+ intem"erie s"irituum$ et cerebri motu$
tenebrositate.
=-=?. 7acie sunt rubente et li#escente$ 0uibus etiam ali0uando adsunt
"ustulae.
=-=@. Do. Pantheon. ca". de Mel. 9i cerebrum "rimario afficiatur adsunt
ca"itis gra#itas$ fi+i oculi$ Fc.
=-=-. *aurent. ca". @. si a cerebro e+ siccitate$ tum ca"itis erit le#itas$
sitis$ #igilia$ "aucitas su"erfluitatum in oculis et naribus.
=-=A. 9i nulla digna laesio$ #entriculo$ 0uoniam in hac melancholia
ca"itis$ e+igua nonnun0uam #entriculi "athemata coeunt$ duo enim haec
membra sibi in#icem affectionem transmittunt.
=-=/. Postrema magis flatuosa.
=-=B. 9i minus molestiae circa #entriculum aut #entrem$ in iis cerebrum
"rimario afficitur$ et curare o"ortet hunc affectum$ "er cibos flatus
e+ortes$ et bonae concoctionis$ Fc. raro cerebrum afficitur sine
#entriculo.
=-.C. 9anguinem adurit ca"ut calidius$ et inde fumi melancholici adusti$
animum e+agitant.
=-.,. *ib. de loc. affect. ca". -.
=-.=. :a". -.
=-... 5ildesheim s"icel. ,. de mel. In 5y"ochondriaca melancholia adeo
ambigua sunt sym"tomata$ ut etiam e+ercitatissimi medici de loco
affecto statuere non "ossint.
=-.?. Medici de loco affecto ne0ueunt statuere.
=-.@. Tract. "osthumo de mel. Pata#ii edit. ,-=C. "er ozettum iblio".
ca". =.
=-.-. Acidi ructus$ cruditates$ aestus in "raecordiis$ flatus$ interdum
#entriculi dolores #ehementes$ sum"to0ue cibo concoctu difficili$
s"utum humidum id0ue multum se0uetur$ Fc. 5i". lib. de mel. Galenus$
Melanelius e 1uffo et Aetio$ Altomarus$ Piso$ Montaltus$ ruel$
4ec%er$ Fc.
=-.A. :irca "raecordia de assidua in flatione 0ueruntur$ et cum sudore
totius cor"oris im"ortuno$ frigidos articulos sae"e "atiuntur$
indigestione laborant$ ructus suos insua#es "erhorrescunt$ #iscerum
dolores habent.
=-./. Montaltus$ c. ,.. 4ec%er$ 7uchsius c. ,.. Altomarus c. A. *aurentius
c. A.. ruel$ Gordon.
=-.B. Pract. major& dolor in eo et #entositas$ nausea.
=-?C. Ht atra densa0ue nubes soli effusa$ radios et lumen ejus interci"it
et offuscat< sic$ etc.
=-?,. Ht fumus e camino.
=-?=. 5y"ochondriaci ma+ime affectant coire$ et multi"licatur coitus in
i"sis$ eo 0uod #entositates multi"licantur in hy"ochondriis$ et
coitus sae"e alle#at has #entositates.
=-?.. :ont. lib. ,. tract. B.
=-??. 4ec%er$ Melancholicus succus toto cor"ore redundans.
=-?@. 9"len natura imbecilior. Montaltus ca". ==.
=-?-. *ib. ,. ca". ,-. Interrogare con#enit$ an ali0ua e#acuationis
retentio ob#enerit$ #iri in haemmorrhoid$ mulierum menstruis$ et #ide
faciem similiter an sit rubicunda.
=-?A. 8aturales nigri ac0uisiti a toto cor"ore$ sae"e rubicundi.
=-?/. Montaltus ca". ==. Piso. E+ colore sanguinis si minuas #enam$ si
fluat niger$ Fc.
=-?B. A"ul. lib. ,. sem"er ob#iae s"ecies mortuorum 0uic0uid umbrarum est
us"iam$ 0uic0uid lemurum et lar#arum oculis suis aggerunt$ sibi
fingunt omnia noctium occursacula$ omnia busforum formidamina$ omnia
se"ulchrorum terriculamenta.
=-@C. 3iffert enim ab ea 0uae #iris et reli0uis feminis communiter
contingit$ "ro"riam habens causam.
=-@,. E+ menstrui sanguinis tetra ad cor et cerebrum e+halatione$ #itiatum
semen mentem "erturbat$ Fc. non "er essentiam$ sed "er consensum.
Animus moerens et an+ius inde malum trahit$ et s"iritus cerebrum
obfuscantur$ 0uae cuncta augentur$ Fc.
=-@=. :um tacito delirio ac dolore alicujus "artis internae$ dorsi$
hy"ochondrii$ cordis regionem et uni#ersam mammam interdum
occu"antis$ Fc. :utis ali0uando s0ualida$ as"era$ rugosa$ "raeci"ue
cubitis$ genibus$ et digitorum articulis$ "raecordia ingenti sae"e
torrore aestuant et "ulsant$ cum0ue #a"or e+citatus sursum e#olat$
cor "al"itat aut "remitur$ animus deficit$ Fc.
=-@.. Animi dejectio$ "er#ersa rerum e+istimatio$ "rae"osterum judicium.
7astidiosae$ languentes$ taediosae$ consilii ino"es$ lachrymosae$
timentes$ moestae$ cum summa rerum meliorum des"eratione$ nulla re
delectantur$ solitudinem amant$ Fc.
=-@?. 8olunt a"erire molestiam 0uam "atiuntur$ sed con0ueruntur tamen de
ca"ite$ corde$ mammis$ Fc. In "uteos fere maniaci "rosilire$ ac
strangulari cu"iunt$ nulla orationis sua#itate ad s"em salutis
recu"erandam erigi$ Fc. 7amiliares non curant$ non lo0uuntur$ non
res"ondent$ Fc. et haec gra#iora$ si$ Fc.
=-@@. :listeres et 5elleborismum Mathioli summe laudat.
=-@-. E+amen conc. Trident. de coelibatu sacerd.
=-@A. :a". de 9atyr. et Pria"is.
=-@/. Part. .. sect. =. Memb. @. 9ub. @.
=-@B. L*est you may imagine that I "atronise that 'ido' or this #irgin$ I
shall not add another 'ord.L
=--C. Ia"ores crassi et nigri$ a #entriculo in cerebrum e+halant. 7el.
Platerus.
=--,. :alidi hilares$ frigidi indis"ositi ad laetitiam$ et ideo solitarii$
taciturni$ non ob tenebras internas$ ut medici #olunt$ sed ob frigus&
multi melancholici nocte ambulant intre"idi.
=--=. Ia"ores melancholici$ s"iritibus misti$ tenebrarum causse sunt$ ca".
,.
=--.. Intem"eries facit succum nigrum$ nigrities$ obscurat s"iritum$
obscuratio s"iritus facit metum et tristiam.
=--?. Ht nubecula 9olern offuscat. :onstantinus lib. de melanch.
=--@. Altomarus c. A. :ausam timoris circumfert aler humor "assionis
materia$ et atri s"iritus "er"etuam animae domicilio offundunt
noctem.
=---. Pone e+em"lum$ 0uod 0uis "otest ambulare su"er trahem 0uae est in
#ia& sed si sit su"er a0uam "rofundam$ loco "ontis$ non ambulabit
su"er eam$ eo 0uod imaginetur in animo et timet #ehementer$ forma
cadendi im"ressa$ cui obediunt membra omnia$ et facultates reli0uae.
=--A. *ib. =. de intellectione. 9usoiciosi ob timorem et obli0uum
discursum$ et sem"er inde "utant sibi fieri insidias. *auren. @.
=--/. Tract. de mel. ca". A. E+ dilatione$ contractione$ confusione$
tenebrositate s"irituum$ calida$ frigida intem"erie$ Fc.
=--B. Illud in0uisitione dignum$ cur tam falsa reci"iant$ habere se cornua$
esse mortuos$ nasutos$ esse a#es$ Fc.
=-AC. ,. 3is"ositio cor"oris. =. 2ccasio Imaginationis.
=-A,. In "ro. li. de coelo. Iehemens et assidua cogitatio rei erga 0uam
afficitur$ s"iritus in cerebrum e#ocat.
=-A=. Melancholici ingeniosi omnes$ summi #iri in artibus et disci"linis$
si#e circum im"eratoriam aut rei". disci"linam omnes fere
melancholici$ Aristoteles.
=-A.. Adeo miscentur$ ut sit du"lum sanguinis ad reli0ua duo.
=-A?. *ib. =. de intellectione. Pingui sunt Miner#a "hlegmatici& sanguinei
amabiles$ grati$ hilares$ at non ingeniosi< cholerici celerna motu$
et ob id contem"lationis im"atientes& Melancholici solum e+cellentes$
Fc.
=-A@. Tre"idantium #o+ tremula$ 0uia cor 0uatitur.
=-A-. 2b ariditatem 0uae reddit ner#os linguae tor"idos.
=-AA. Incontinentia linguae e+ co"ia flatuum$ et #elocitate imaginationis.
=-A/. :al#ities ob ficcitatis e+cessum.
=-AB. Aetius.
=-/C. *auren. c. ,..
=-/,. Tetrab. =. ser. =. ca". ,C.
=-/=. Ant. *odo#icus "rob. lib. ,. sect. @. de atrabilariis.
=-/.. 9ubrusticus "udor #itiosus "udor.
=-/?. 2b ignominiam aut tur"edinem facti$ Fc.
=-/@. 3e sym". et Anti". ca". ,=. laborat facies ob "raesentiam ejus 0ui
defectum nostrum #idet$ et natura 0uasi o"em latura calorem illuc
mittit$ calor sanguinem trahit$ undo rubor$ audaces non rubent$ Fc.
=-/-. 2b gaudium et #olu"tatem foras e+it sanguis$ aut ob melioris
re#erentiam$ aut ob subitum occursum$ aut si 0uid incautius
e+ciderit.
=-/A. :om. in Arist. de anima. :oeci ut "lurimum im"udentes$ no+ facit
im"udentes.
=-//. Ale+ander A"hrodisiensis ma%es all bashfulness a #irtue$ eam0ue se
refert in sei"so e+"eriri solitum$ etsi esset admodum sane+.
=-/B. 9ae"e "ost cibum a"ti ad ruborem$ e+ "otu #ini e+ timore sae"e$ et ab
he"ate calido$ cerebro calido$ Fc.
=-BC. :om. in Arist. de anima$ tam a #i et ine+"erientia 0uam a #itio.
=-B,. 3e oratore$ 0uid i"se risus$ 0uo "acto concitatur$ ubi sit$ Fc.
=-B=. 3ia"hragma titillant$ 0uia trans#ersum et ner#osum$ 0uia titillatione
moto sensu at0ue arteriis distentis$ s"iritus inde latera$ #enas$ os$
oculos occu"ant.
=-B.. E+ calefactione humidi cerebri& nam e+ sicco lachrymae non fluunt.
=-B?. 1es mirandas imaginantur& et "utant se #idere 0uae nec #ident$ nec
audiunt.
=-B@. *aet. lib. ,.. ca". =. descri"t. Indiae 2ccident.
=-B-. *ib. ,. ca. ,A. ca". de mel.
=-BA. Insani$ et 0ui morti #icini sunt$ res 0uas e+tra se #idere "utant$
intra oculos habent.
=-B/. :a". ,C. de 9"irit a""aritione.
=-BB. 3e occult. 8at. mirac.
=ACC. L2 motherO I beseech you not to "ersecute me 'ith those
horrible-loo%ing furies. 9eeO seeO they attac%$ they assault meOL
=AC,. LPeaceO "eaceO unha""y being$ for you do not see 'hat you thin% you
see.L
=AC=. 9eneca. Kuod metuunt nimis$ nun0uam amo#eri "osse$ nec tolli "utant.
=AC.. 9anguis u"u"oe cum melle com"ositus et centaurea$ Fc. Albertus.
=AC?. *ib. ,. occult. "hilos. Im"eriti homines daemonum et umbrarum
imagines #idere se "utant$ 0uum nihil sint aliud$ 0uam simulachra
animae e+"ertia.
=AC@. Pythonissae #ocum #arietatem in #entre et gutture fingentes formant
#oces humanas a longe #el "ro"e$ "rout #olunt$ ac si s"iritus cum
homine lo0ueretur$ et sonos brutorum fingunt$ Fc.
=AC-. Gloucester cathedral.
=ACA. Tam clare et articulate audies re"etitum$ ut "erfectior sit Echo 0uam
i"se di+eris.
=AC/. lo'ing of bello's$ and %noc%ing of hammers$ if they a""ly their ear
to the cliff.
=ACB. Memb. ,. 9ub. .. of this "artition$ ca". ,-$ in B. 1hasis.
=A,C. 9igna daemonis nulla sunt nisi 0uod lo0uantur ea 0uae ante
nesciebant$ ut Teutonicum aut aliud Idioma$ Fc.
=A,,. :a" ,=. tract. de mel.
=A,=. Tract. ,@. c. ?.
=A,.. :a" B.
=A,?. Mira #is concitat humores$ ardor0ue #ehemens mentem e+agitat$ 0uum$
Fc.
=A,@. Praefat. Iamblici mysteriis.
=A,-. 9i melancholicis haemorroides su"er#enerint #arices$ #el ut 0uibusdam
"lacet$ a0ua inter cutem$ sol#ilur malum.
=A,A. :a". ,C. de 0uartana.
=A,/. :um sanguis e+it "er su"erficiem et residet melancholia "er scabiem$
mor"heam nigram$ #el e+"urgatur "er inferiores "artes$ #el urinam$
Fc.$ non erit$ Fc. s"en magnificatur et #arices a""arent.
=A,B. Kuia jam con#ersa in naturam.
=A=C. In 0uocun0ue sit a 0uacun0ue causa 5y"ocon. "raesertim$ sem"er est
longa$ morosa$ nec facile curari "otest.
=A=,. 1egina morborum et ine+orabilis.
=A==. 2mne delirium 0uod oritur a "aucitate cerebri incurabile$ 5ildesheim$
s"icel. =. de mania.
=A=.. 9i sola imaginatio laedatur$ et non ratio.
=A=?. Mala a sanguine fer#ente$ deterior a bile assata$ "essima ab atra
bile "utrefacta.
=A=@. 3ifficilior cura ejus 0uae fit #itio cor"oris totius et cerebri.
=A=-. 3ifficilis curatu in #iris$ multo difficilio in faeminis.
=A=A. Ad interitum "lerum0ue homines comitatur$ licet medici le#ent
"lerum0ue$ tamen non tollunt un0uam$ sed recidet acerbior 0uam antea
minima occasione$ aut errore.
=A=/. Periculum est ne degenereret in E"ile"siam$ A"o"le+iam$ :on#ulsionem$
caecitatem.
=A=B. Montal. c. =@. *aurentius. 8ic. Piso.
=A.C. 5er. de 9o+onia$ Aristotle$ :a"i#accius.
=A.,. 7a#ent. 5umor frigidus sola delirii causa$ furoris #ero humor
calidus.
=A.=. 5eurnius calls madness sobolem malancholiae.
=A... Alesander l. ,. c. ,/.
=A.?. *ib. ,. "art. =. c. ,,.
=A.@. Montalt. c. ,@. 1aro mors aut nun0uam$ nisi sibi i"sis inferant.
=A.-. *ib. de Insan. 7abio :alico Inter"rete.
=A.A. 8onulli #iolentas manus sibi inferunt.
=A./. *ucret. l. ..
=A.B. *ib. =. de intell. sae"e mortem sibi consciscunt ob timorem et
tristitiam taedeio #itae affecti ob furorem et des"erationem. Est
enim infera$ Fc. Ergo sic "er"etuo afflictati #itam oderunt$ se
"raeci"itant$ his malis carituri aut interficiunt se$ aut tale 0uid
committunt.
=A?C. Psal. c#ii. ,C.
=A?,. Dob +++iii.
=A?=. Dob. #i. /.
=A?.. Ii doloris et tristitiae ad insaniam "ene redactus.
=A??. 9eneca.
=A?@. In salutis suae des"eratione "ro"onunt sibi mortis desiderium$ 2ct.
5orat l. =. c. @.
=A?-. *ib. de insania. 9ic sic ju#at ire "er umbras.
=A?A. :a". .. de mentis alienat. maesti degunt$ dum tandem mortem 0uam
timent$ sus"endio aut submersione$ aut ali0ua alia #i$ ut multa
tristia e+em"la #idimus.
=A?/. Arculanus in B. 1hasis$ c. ,-. ca#endum ne e+ alto se "raeci"itent
aut alias laedant.
=A?B. 2 omnium o"inionibus incogitabile malum. *ucian. Mortes0ue mille$
mille dum #i#it neces gerit$ "erit0ue 5ensius Austriaco.
=A@C. 1egina morborum cui famulantur omnes et obediunt. :ardan.
=A@,. Eheu 0uis intus 9cor"io$ Fc. 9eneca Act. ?. 5erc. 2 Et.
=A@=. 9ilius Italicus.
=A@.. *ib. =B.
=A@?. 5ic omnis imbonitas et insua#itas consistit$ ut Tertulliani #erbis
utar$ orat. ad. martyr.
=A@@. Plautus.
=A@-. Iit. 5erculis.
=A@A. Persius.
=A@/. Kuid est miserius in #ita$ 0uam #elle moriN 9eneca.
=A@B. Tom. =. *ibello$ an gra#iores "assiones$ Fc.
=A-C. Ter.
=A-,. Patet e+itus< si "ugnare non #ultis$ licet fugere< 0uis #os tenet
in#itosN 3e "ro#id. ca". /.
=A-=. Agamus 3eo gratias$ 0uod nemo in#itus in #ita teneri "otest.
=A-.. E"ist. =-. 9eneca et de sacra. =. ca". ,@. et E"ist. AC. et ,=.
=A-?. *ib. =. ca". /.. Terra mater nostri miserta.
=A-@. E"ist. =?. A,. ==.
=A--. Mac. ,?. ?=.
=A-A. Iindicatio A"oc. lib.
=A-/. L7inding that he 'ould be destined to endure e+cruciating "ain of the
feet$ and additional tortures$ he abstained from food altogether.L
=A-B. As amongst Tur%s and others.
=AAC. ohemus de moribus gent.
=AA,. Aelian. lib. ?. ca". ,. omnes AC. annum egressos interficiunt.
=AA=. *ib. =. Praesertim 0uum tormentum ei #ita sit$ bona s"e fretus$
acerba #ita #elut a carcere se e+imat$ #el ab aliis e+imi sua
#oluntate "atiatur.
=AA.. 8am 0uis am"horam e+siccans foecem e+orberet (9eneca e"ist. @/.) 0uis
in "oenas et risum #i#eretN stulti est manere in #ita cum sit miser.
=AA?. E+"edit. ad 9inas l. ,. c. B. Iel bonorum des"eratione$ #el malorum
"er"essione fracti et fagitati$ #el manus #iolentas sibi inferunt #el
ut inimicis suis aegre faciant$ Fc.
=AA@. L8o one e#er died in this 'ay$ 'ho 'ould not ha#e died some time or
other< but 'hat does it signify ho' life itself may be ended$ since
he 'ho comes to the end is not obliged to die a second timeNL
=AA-. 9o did Anthony$ Galba$ Iitellius$ 2tho$ Aristotle himself$ Fc. Aja+
in des"air< :leo"atra to sa#e her honour.
=AAA. Incertius deligitur diu #i#ere 0uam in timore tot morborum semel
moriendo$ nullum deince"s formidare.
=AA/. LAnd no' 'hen Ambrociotes 'as bidding fare'ell to the light of day$
and about to cast himself into the 9tygian "ool$ although he had not
been guilty of any crime that merited death& but$ "erha"s$ he had
read that di#ine 'or% of Plato u"on 3eath.L
=AAB. :urtius l. ,-.
=A/C. *a0ueus "raecisus$ cont. ,. l. @. 0uidam naufragio facto$ amissis
tribus liberis$ et u+ore$ sus"endit se< "raecidit illi 0uidam e+
"raetereuntibus la0ueum& A liberato reus fit maleficii. 9eneca.
=A/,. 9ee *i"sius Manuduc. ad 9toicam "hiloso"hiam lib. .. dissert. ==. 3.
6ings ,?. *ect. on Donas. 3. Abbot!s - *ect. on the same "ro"het.
=A/=. Plautus.
=A/.. Martial.
=A/?. As to be buried out of :hristian burial 'ith a sta%e. Idem. Plato B.
de legibus$ #ult se"aratim se"eliri$ 0ui sibi i"sis mortem
consciscunt$ Fc. lose their goods$ Fc.
=A/@. 8a#is destitutae nauclero$ in terribilem ali0uem sco"ulum im"ingit.
=A/-. 2bser#at.
=A/A. 9eneca tract. ,. ,. /. c. ?. *e+ 5omicida in se inse"ultus abjiciatur
contradicitur< Eo 0uod afferre sibi manus coactus sit assiduis malis&
summam infelicitatem suam in hoc remo#it$ 0uod e+istimabat licere
misero mori.
=A//. uchanan$ Eleg. lib.
=A/B. :onsil. =.?. "ro Abbate Italo.
=ABC. :onsil. =.. aut curabitur$ aut certe minus afficietur$ si #olet.
=AB,. Iide 1enatum Morey Animad. in scholam 9alernit$ c. ./. si ad ?C.
annos "ossent "roducere #itam$ cur non ad centumN si ad centum$ cur
non ad milleN
=AB=. 5ist. :hinensum.
=AB.. Alii dubitant an daemon "ossit morbus curare 0uos non fecit$ alii
negant$ sed 0uotidiana e+"erientia confirmat$ magos magno multorum
stu"ore morbos curare$ singulas cor"oris "arte citra im"edimentum
"ermeare$ et mediis nobis ignotis curare.
=AB?. Agentia cum "atientibus conjugant.
=AB@. :a". ,,. de 9er#at.
=AB-. 5aec alii rident$ sed #ereor ne dum nolumus esse creduli$ #itium non
efugiamus incredulitatis.
=ABA. 1efert 9olomonem mentis morbos curasse$ et daemones abegisse i"sos
carminibus$ 0uod et coram Ies"asiano fecit Eleazar.
=AB/. 9"irituales morbi s"iritualiter curari debent.
=ABB. 9igillum e+ auro "eculiari ad Melancholiam$ Fc.
=/CC. *ib. ,. de occult. Philos. nihil refert an 3eus an diabolus$ angeli
an immundi s"iritus aegro o"em ferant$ morbus curetur.
=/C,. Magus minister et Iicarius 3ei.
=/C=. Htere forti imaginatione et e+"erieris effectum$ dicant in ad#ersum
0uic0uid #olunt Theologi.
=/C.. Idem Plinius contendit 0uosdam esse morbos 0ui incantationibus solum
curentur.
=/C?. Kui talibus credunt$ aut ad eorum domos euntes$ aut suis domibus
introducunt$ aut interrogant$ sciant se fidem :hristianam et
ba"tismum "rae#aricasse$ et A"ostatas esse. Austin de su"erstit.
obser#. hoc "acto a 3eo deficitur ad diabolum$ P. Mart.
=/C@. Mori "raestat 0uam su"erstitiose sanari$ 3is0uis. mag. l. =. c. =.
sect. ,. 0uaest. ,. Tom. ..
=/C-. P. *umbard.
=/CA. 9uffitus$ gladiorum ictus$ Fc.
=/C/. The *ord hath created medicines of the earth$ and he that is 'ise
'ill not abhor them$ Ecclus. +++#iii. ?.
=/CB. My son$ fail not in thy sic%ness$ but "ray unto the *ord$ and he 'ill
ma%e thee 'hole$ Ecclus. +++#iii. B.
=/,C. 5uc omne "rinci"ium$ huc refer e+itum. 5or. .. carm. 2d. -.
=/,,. Music and fine fare can do no good.
=/,=. 5or. l. ,. e". =.
=/,.. 9int :raesi et :rassi licet$ non hos Pactolus aureas undas agens
eri"iet un0uam e miseriis.
=/,?. 9cientia de 3eo debet in medico infi+a esse$ Mesue Arabs. 9anat omnes
languores 3eus. 7or you shall "ray to your *ord$ that he 'ould
"ros"er that 'hich is gi#en for ease$ and then use "hysic for the
"rolonging of life$ Ecclus. +++#iii. ?.
=/,@. =A 2mnes o"tant 0uandam in medicina felicitatem$ sed hanc non est
0uod e+"ectent$ nisi deum #era fide in#ocent$ at0ue regros similiter
ad ardentem #ocationem e+citent.
=/,-. =/ *emnius e Gregor. e+hor. ad #itam o"t. instit. ca". ?/. Kuic0uid
meditaris aggredi aut "erficere. 3eum in consilium adhibeto.
=/,A. :ommentar. lib. A. ob infelicem "ugnam contristatus$ in aegritudinem
incidit$ ita ut a medicis curari non "osset.
=/,/. In his animi malis "rince"s im"rimis ad 3eum "recetur$ et "eccatis
#eniam e+oret$ inde ad medicinam$ Fc.
=/,B. Greg. Tholoss. To. =. l. =/. c. A. 9ynta+. In #estibule tem"li
9olomon$ liber remediorum cujus0ue morbi fuit$ 0uem re#ulsit
Ezechias$ 0uod "o"ulus neglecto 3eo nec in#ocato$ sanitatem inde
"eteret.
=/=C. *i#ius l. =.. 9tre"unt aures clamoribus "lorantium sociorum$ sae"ius
nos 0uam deorum in#ocantium o"em.
=/=,. 1ulandus adjungit o"timam orationem ad finem Em"yricorum. Mercurialis
consil. =@. ita concludit. Montanus "assim$ Fc. et "lures alii$ Fc.
=/==. *i"sius.
=/=.. :a". =-.
=/=?. *ib. =. ca". A. de 3eo Morbis0ue in genera descri"tis deos re"erimus.
=/=@. 9elden "rolog. ca". .. de diis 9yris. 1ofinus.
=/=-. 9ee *ilii Giraldi syntagma de diis$ Fc.
=/=A. ,= :al. Danuarii ferias celebrant$ ut angores et animi solicitudines
"ro"itiata de"ellat.
=/=/. 5anc di#ae "ennam consecra#i$ *i"sius.
=/=B. Dodocus 9incerus itin. Galliae. ,-,A. 5uc mente ca"tos deducunt$ et
statis orationibus$ sacris0ue "eractis$ in illum lectum dormitum
"onunt$ Fc.
=/.C. In Gallia 8arbonensi.
=/.,. *ib. de orig. 7estorum. :ollo sus"ensa et "ergameno inscri"ta$ cum
signo crucis$ Fc.
=/.=. Em. Acosta com. rerum in 2riente gest. a societat. Desu$ Anno ,@-/.
E"ist. Gonsal#i 7ernandis$ Anno ,@-C. e Da"onia.
=/... 9"icel. de morbis daemoniacis$ sic a sacrificulis "arati unguentis
Magicis cor"ori illitis$ ut stultae "lebeculae "ersuadeant tales
curari a 9ancto Antonio.
=/.?. Printed at *ondon ?!to by D. 1oberts. ,-C@.
=/.@. Greg. lib. /. :ujus fanum aegrotantium multitudine refertum$
undi0ua0ue et tabellis "endentibus$ in 0uibus sanati languores erant
inscri"ti.
=/.-. LTo offer the sailors! garments to the deity of the dee".L
=/.A. Mali angeli sum"serunt olim nomen Do#is$ Dunonis$ A"ollinis$ Fc. 0uos
Gentiles deos credebant$ nunc 9. 9ebastiani$ arbarae$ Fc. nomen
habent$ et aliorum.
=/./. Part. =$ ca". B. de s"ect. Ieneri substituunt Iirginem Mariam.
=/.B. Ad haec ludibria 3eus conni#et fre0uentur$ ubi relicto #erbo 3ei$ ad
9atanam curritur$ 0uales hi sunt$ 0ui a0uam lustralem$ crucem$ Fc.
lubricae fidei hominibus offerunt.
=/?C. :harior est i"sis homo 0uam sibi$ Paul.
=/?,. ernard.
=/?=. Austin.
=/?.. Ecclus. +++#iii. In the sight of great men he shall be in admiration.
=/??. Tom. ?. Tract. .. de morbis amentium$ horum multi non nisi a Magis
curandi et Astrologis$ 0uoniam origo ejus a coelis "etenda est.
=/?@. *ib. de Podagra.
=/?-. 9ect. @.
=/?A. *angius. D. :aesar :laudinus consult.
=/?/. Praedestinatum ad hunc curandum.
=/?B. 5elleborus curat$ sed 0uod ab omni datus medico #anum est.
=/@C. Antid. gen. lib. .. ca". =.
=/@,. LThe leech ne#er releases the s%in until he is filled 'ith blood.L
=/@=. Kuod sae"e e#enit$ lib. .. ca". =. cum non sit necessitas. 7rustra
fatigant remediis aegros$ 0ui #ictus ratione curari "ossunt$
5eurnius.
=/@.. Modestus et sa"iens medicus$ nun0uam "ro"erabit ad "harmacum$ nisi
cogente necessitate$ ?, A"hor. "rudens et "ius medicus cibis "rius
medicinal$ 0uam medicinis "uris morbum e+"ellere satagat.
=/@?. re#. ,. c. ,/.
=/@@. 9imilitudo sae"e bonis modicis im"onit.
=/@-. Kui melancholicis "raebent remedia non satis #alida *ongiores morbi
im"rimis solertiam medici "ostulant et fidelitatem$ 0ui enim
tumultuario hos tractant$ #ires abs0ue ullo commodo laedunt et
frangunt$ Fc.
=/@A. 8aturae remissionem dare o"ortet.
=/@/. Pleri0ue hoc morbo medicina nihil "rofecisse #isi sunt$ et sibi
demissi in#aluerunt.
=/@B. Abderitani e". 5i""oc.
=/-C. Kuic0uid auri a"ud nos est$ libenter "ersol#emus$ etiamsi tota urbs
nostra aurum esset.
=/-,. 9eneca.
=/-=. Per. .. 9at.
=/-.. 3e anima. arbara tamen immanitate$ et de"loranda inscitia contemnunt
"raece"ta sanitatis mortem et morbos ultro accersunt.
=/-?. :onsul. ,A.. e 9coltzio Melanch. Aegrorum hoc fere "ro"rium est$ ut
gra#iora dicant esse sym"tomata$ 0uam re#era sunt.
=/-@. Melancholici "lerum0ue medicis sunt molesti$ ut alia aliis adjungant.
=/--. 2"ortet infirmo im"rimere salutem$ utcun0ue "romittere$ etsi i"se
des"eret. 8ullum medicamentum effica+$ nisi medicus etiam fuerit
fortis imaginationis.
=/-A. 3e "romise$ doct. ca". ,@. Kuoniam sanitatis formam animi medici
continent.
=/-/. 9"es et confidentia$ "lus #alent 0uam medicina.
=/-B. 7elicior in medicina ob fidem Ethnicorum.
=/AC. A"horis. /B. Aeger 0ui "lurimos consulit medicos$ "lerum0ue in
errorem singulorum cadit.
=/A,. 8ihil ita sanitatem im"edit$ ac remediorum crebra mutatio$ nec #enit
#ulnus ad cicatricem in 0uo di#ersa medicamenta tentantur.
=/A=. Melancholicorum "ro"rium$ 0uum e+ eorum arbitrio non fit subita
mutatio in melius$ alterare medicos 0ui 0uid#is$ Fc.
=/A.. :onsil. .,. 3um ad #aria se conferunt$ nullo "rosunt.
=/A?. Im"rimis hoc statuere o"ortet$ re0uiri "erse#erantiam$ et
tolerantiam. E+iguo enim tem"ore nihil e+$ Fc.
=/A@. 9i curari #ult$ o"us est "ertinaci "erse#erantia$ fideli obedientia$
et "atientis singulari$ si taedet aut des"eret$ nullum habebit
effectum.
=/A-. Aegritudine amittunt "atientiam$ et inde morbi incurabiles.
=/AA. 8on ad mensem aut annum$ sed o""ortet toto #itae curriculo curationi
o"eram dare.
=/A/. :amerarius emb. @@. cent. =.
=/AB. Praefat. de nar. med. In libellis 0uae #ulgo #ersantur a"ud
literatos$ incautiores multa legunt$ a 0uibus deci"iuntur$ e+imia
illis$ sed "ortentosum hauriunt #enenum.
=//C. 2"erari e+ libris$ abs0ue cognitione et solerti ingenio$ "ericulosum
est. Hnde monemur$ 0uam insi"idum scri"tis auctoribus credere$ 0uod
hic suo didicit "ericulo.
=//,. :onsil. =.. haec omnia si 0uo ordine decet$ egerit$ #el curabitur$
#el certe minus afficietur.
=//=. 7uchsius ca". =. lib. ,.
=//.. In "ract. med. haec affectio nostris tem"oribus fre0uentissima$ ergo
ma+ime "ertinet ad nos hujus curationem intelligere.
=//?. 9i ali0uis horum morborum$ summus sanatur$ sanantur omnes inferiores.
=//@. Instit. ca". /. sect. ,. Iictus nomine non tam cibus et "otus$ sed
aer$ e+ercitatio$ somnus$ #igilia$ et reli0uae res se+ non-naturales
contineritur.
=//-. 9ufficit "lerum0ue regimen rerum se+ non-naturalium.
=//A. Et in his "otissima sanitas consistit.
=///. 8ihil hic agendum sine e+0uisita #i#endi ratione$ Fc.
=//B. 9i recens malum sit ad "ristinum habitum recu"erandum$ alia medela
non est o"us.
=/BC. :onsil. BB. lib. =. si celsitudo tua$ rectam #ictus rationem$ Fc.
=/B,. Moneo 3omine$ ut sis "rudens ad #ictum$ sine 0uo caetera remedia
frustra adhibentur.
=/B=. 2mnia remedia irrita et #ana sine his. 8o#istis me "leros0ue ita
laborantes$ #ictu "otius 0uam medicamentis curasse.
=/B.. L4hen you are again lean$ see% an e+it through that hole by 'hich
lean you entered.L
=/B?. l. de finibus Tarentinis et 9iculis.
=/B@. Modo non multum elongentur.
=/B-. *ib. ,. de melan. ca". A. :alidus et humidus cibus concoctu$ facilis$
flatus e+ortes$ eli+i non assi$ ne0ue sibi fri+i sint.
=/BA. 9i interna tantum "ul"a de#oretur$ non su"erficies torrida ab igne.
=/B/. ene nutrientes cibi$ tenella aetas multum #alet$ carnes non #irosae$
nec "ingues.
=/BB. 5oedo"er. "eregr. 5ierosol.
=BCC. Inimica stomacho.
=BC,. 8ot fried or buttered$ but "oached.
=BC=. :onsil. ,-. 8on im"robatur butyrum et oleum$ si tamen "lus 0uam "ar
sit$ non "rofundatur& sacchari et mellis usus$ utiliter ad ciborum
condimenta com"robatur.
=BC.. Mercurialis consil. //. acerba omnia e#itantur.
=BC?. 2#id. Met. lib. ,@. L4hoe#er has allayed his thirst 'ith the 'ater of
the :litorius$ a#oids 'ine$ and abstemious delights in "ure 'ater
only.L
=BC@. Pregr. 5ier.
=BC-. The 3u%es of Ienice 'ere then "ermitted to marry.
=BCA. 3e *egibus.
=BC/. *ib. ?. ca". ,C. Magna urbis utilitas cum "erennes fontes muris
includuntur$ 0uod si natura non "raestat$ effondiendi$ Fc.
=BCB. 2"era gigantum dicit ali0uis.
=B,C. 3e a0uaeduct.
=B,,. :urtius 7ons a 0uadragesimo la"ide in urbem o"ere arcuato "erductus.
Plin. .-. ,@.
=B,=. Kuae0ue domus 1omae fistulas habebat et canales$ Fc.
=B,.. *ib. =. ca. =C. Dod. a Meggen. ca". ,@. "ereg. 5ier. ellonius.
=B,?. :y"r. Echo#ius delit. 5is". A0ua "rofluens inde in omnes fere domos
ducitur$ in "uteis 0uo0ue aesti#o tem"ore frigidissima conser#atur.
=B,@. 9ir 5ugh Middleton$ aronet.
=B,-. 3e 0uaesitis med. cent. fol. .@?.
=B,A. 3e "iscibus lib. habent omnes in lautitiis$ modo non sint e caenoso
loco.
=B,/. 3e "isc. c. =. l. A. Plurimum "raestat ad utilitatem et jucunditatem.
Idem Trallianus lib. ,. c. ,-. "isces "etrosi$ et molles carne.
=B,B. Etsi omnes "utredini sunt obno+ii$ ubi secundis mensis$ ince"to jam
"riore$ de#orentur$ commodi succi "rosunt$ 0ui dulcedine sunt
"raediti. Ht dulcia cerasa$ "oma$ Fc.
=B=C. *ib. =. ca". ,.
=B=,. Montanus consil. =?.
=B==. Pyra 0uae grato sunt sa"ore$ cocta mala$ "oma tosta$ et saccliaro$
#el anisi semine cons"ersa$ utiliter statim a "randio #el a caena
sumi "ossunt$ eo 0uod #entriculum roborent et #a"ores ca"ut "etentes
re"rimant. Mont.
=B=.. Punica mala aurantia commode "ermittuntur modo non sint austera et
acida.
=B=?. 2lera omnia "raeter boraginem$ buglossum$ intybum$ feniculum$ anisum$
melissum #itari debent.
=B=@. Mercurialis "ract. Med.
=B=-. *ib. =. de com. 9olus homo edit bibit0ue$ Fc.
=B=A. :onsil. =,. ,/. si "lus ingerata 0uam "ar est$ et #entriculus
tolerare "osset$ nocet$ et cruditates generat Fc.
=B=/. 2bser#at. lib. ,. Assuescat bis in die cibos$ sumere$ certa sem"er
hora.
=B=B. 8e "lus ingerat ca#endum 0uam #entriculus ferre "otest$ sem"er0ue
surgat a mensa non satur.
=B.C. 9i0uidem 0ui semimansum #elociter ingerunt cibum$ #entriculo laborem
inferunt$ et flatus ma+imos "romo#ent$ :rato.
=B.,. Kuidam ma+ime comedere nituntur$ "utantes ea ratione se #ires
refecturos< ignorantes$ non ea 0uae ingerunt "osse #ires reficere$
sed 0uae "robe conco0uunt.
=B.=. Multa a""etunt$ "auca digerunt.
=B... 9aturnal. lib. A. ca". ?.
=B.?. Modicus et tem"eratus cibus et carni et animae utilis est.
=B.@. 5ygiasticon reg. ,?. ,-. unciae "er diem sufficiant$ com"utato "ane$
carne o#is$ #el aliis obsoniis$ et totidem #el "aulo "lures unciae
"rotus.
=B.-. Idem reg. =A. Plures in domibus suis bre#i tem"ore "ascentes
e+tinguuntur$ 0ui si triremibus #incti fuissent$ aut gregario "ane
"asti$ sani et incolumes in longam aetatem #itam "rorogassent.
=B.A. 8ihil deterius 0uam di#ersa nutrientia simul adjungere$ et comedendi
tem"us "rorogare.
=B./. *ib. ,. hist.
=B.B. 5or. ad lib. @. ode ult.
=B?C. :iborum #arietate et co"ia in eadem mensa nihil nocentius homini ad
lutem$ 7r. Ialleriola$ obser#. l. =. ca". -.
=B?,. Tul. orat. "ro M. Marcel.
=B?=. 8ullus cibum sumere debet$ nisi stomachus sit #acuus. Gordon$ lib.
med. l. ,. c. ,,.
=B?.. E multis eduliis unum elige$ relictis0ue caeteris$ e+ eo comede.
=B??. *. de atra bile. 9im"le+ sit cibus et non #arius& 0uod licet
dignitati tuae ob con#i#as difficile #ideatur$ Fc.
=B?@. :elsitudo tua "randeat sola$ abs0ue a""aratu aulico$ contentus sit
illustrissimus "rince"s duobus tantum ferculis$ #ino0ue 1henano solum
in mensa utatur.
=B?-. 9em"er intra satietatem a mensa recedat$ uno ferculo$ contentus.
=B?A. *ib. de 5el. et Dejunio. Multo melius in terram #ina fudisses.
=B?/. :rato. Multum refert non ignorare 0ui cibi "riores$ Fc. li0uida
"recedant carnium jura$ "isces$ fructus$ Fc. :oena bre#ior sit
"randio.
=B?B. Tract. -. contradict. ,. *ib. ,.
=B@C. 9u"er omnia 0uotidianum le"orem habuit$ et "omis indulsit.
=B@,. Annal. -. 1idere solebat eos$ 0ui "ost .C. aetatis annum$ ad
cognoscenda cor"ori suo no+ia #el utilia$ alicujus consilii
indigerent.
=B@=. A *essio edit. ,-,?.
=B@.. Aegy"tii olim omnes morbos curabant #omitu et jejunio. ohemus lib.
,. ca". @.
=B@?. L5e 'ho li#es medically li#es miserably.L
=B@@. :at. Major& Melior conditio senis #i#entis e+ "raescri"to artis
medicae$ 0uam adolescentis lu+uriosi.
=B@-. 3ebet "er amaena e+erceri$ et loca #iridia$ e+cretis "rius arte #el
natura al#i e+crementis.
=B@A. 5ildesheim s"icel$ =. de met. Primum omnium o"eram dabis ut singulis
diebus habeas beneficium #entris$ sem"er ca#endo ne al#us sit diutis
astricta.
=B@/. 9i non s"onte$ clisteribus "urgetar.
=B@B. alneorum usus dulcium$ si0uid aliud$ i"sis o"itulatur. :redo haec
dici cum ali0ua jactantia$ in0uit Montanus consil. =-.
=B-C. In 0uibus jejunus diu sedeat eo tem"ore$ ne sudorem e+citent aut
manifestum te"orem$ sed 0uadam refrigeratione humectent.
=B-,. A0ua non sit calida$ sed te"ida$ ne sudor se0uatur.
=B-=. *otiones ca"itis e+ li+i#io$ in 0uo herbas ca"itales co+erint.
=B-.. :a". /. de mel.
=B-?. Aut a+ungia "ulli$ Piso.
=B-@. Thermae. 8ym"heae.
=B--. 9andes lib. ,. saith$ that 'omen go t'ice a 'ee% to the baths at
least.
=B-A. E"ist. ..
=B-/. 8ec al#um e+cernunt$ 0uin a0uam secum "ortent 0ua "artes obscaenas
la#ent. usbe0uius e". .. *eg. Turciae.
=B-B. 5ildesheim s"eciel. =. de mel. 5y"ocon. si non adesset jecoris
caliditas$ Thermas laudarem$ et si non nimia humoris e+siccatio esset
metuenda.
=BAC. 7ol. ,?,.
=BA,. Thermas *ucenses adeat$ ibi0ue a0uas ejus "er ,@. dies "otet$ et
calidarum a0uarum stillicidiis tum ca"ut tum #entriculum de more
subjiciat.
=BA=. In "anth.
=BA.. A0uae Porrectanae.
=BA?. A0uae A0uariae.
=BA@. Ad a0uas A"onenses #elut ad sacram anchoram confugiat.
=BA-. Doh. aubinus li. .. c. ,?. hist. admir. 7ontis ollenses in ducat.
4ittemberg laudat a0uas ollenses ad melancholicos morbos$ maerorem$
fascinationem$ alia0ue animi "athemata.
=BAA. alnea :halderina.
=BA/. 5e"ar e+terne ungatur ne calefiat.
=BAB. 8ocent calidis et siccis$ cholericis$ et omnibus morbis e+ cholera$
he"atis$ s"lenis0ue affectionibus.
=B/C. *ib. de a0ua. Kui bre#e hoc #itae curriculum cu"iunt sani transigere$
frigidis a0uis sae"e la#are debent$ nulli aetati cum sit incongrua$
calidis im"rimis utilis.
=B/,. 9ol#it Ienus rationis #im im"editam$ ingentes iras remittit$ Fc.
=B/=. Multi comitiales$ melancholici$ insani$ hujus usu solo sanati.
=B/.. 9i omittatur coitus$ contristat$ et "lurimum gra#at cor"us et animum.
=B/?. 8isi certo constet nimium semen aut sanguinem causam esse$ aut amor
"raecesserit$ aut$ Fc.
=B/@. Athletis$ Arthriticis$ "odagricis nocet$ nec o""ortuna "rodest$ nisi
fortibus et 0ui multo sanguine abundant. Idem 9caliger e+erc. =-B.
Turcis ideo luctatoribus "rohibitum.
=B/-. 3e sanit tuend. lib. ,.
=B/A. *ib. ,. ca. A. e+haurit enim s"iritus animum0ue debilitat.
=B//. 7rigidis et siccis cor"oribus inimicissima.
=B/B. Iesci intra satietatem$ im"igrum esse ad laborem$ #itale semen
conser#are.
=BBC. 8e0uitia est 0uae te non sinit esse senem.
=BB,. Iide Montanum$ Pet. Godefridum$ Amorum lib. =. ca". -. curiosum de
his$ nam et numerum de finite Talimudistis$ unicui0ue sciatis
assignari suum tem"us$ Fc.
=BB=. Thes"iadas genuit.
=BB.. Iide *am"ridium #it. ejus ?.
=BB?. Et lassata #iris$ Fc.
=BB@. Iid. Mizald. cent. /. ,,. *emnium lib. =. ca". ,-. :atullum ad
I"si"hilam$ Fc. 2#id. Eleg. lib. .. et -. Fc. 0uod itinera una nocte
confecissent$ tot coronas ludicro deo "uta Tri"hallo$ Marsiae$
5ermae$ Pria"o donarent$ :in. gemus tibi mentulam coronis$ Fc.
=BB-. Pernobo"codid. Gas". arthii.
=BBA. 8ich. de *ynna$ cited by Mercator in his ma".
=BB/. Mons 9loto. 9ome call it the highest hill in the 'orld$ ne+t
Teneriffe in the :anaries$ *at. /,.
=BBB. :a". =-. in his Treatise of Magnetic odies.
.CCC. *ege lib. ,. ca". =.. et =?. de magnetica "hiloso"hia$ et lib. ..
ca". ?.
.CC,. ,-,=.
.CC=. M. rigs$ his ma"$ and 8orth'est 7o+.
.CC.. *ib. =. ca. -?. de nob. ci#itat. Kuinsay$ et ca". ,C. de :ambalu.
.CC?. *ib. ?. e+"ed. ad 9inas$ ca. .. et lib. @. c. ,/.
.CC@. M. Polus in Asia Presb. Doh$ meminit lib. =. ca". .C.
.CC-. Alluaresius et alii.
.CCA. *at. ,C. Gr. Aust.
.CC/. 7erdinando de Kuir. Anno ,-,=.
.CCB. Alarum "ennae continent in longitudine ,=. "assus$ ele"hantem in
sublime tollere "otest. Polus l. .. c. ?C.
.C,C. *ib. =. 3escri"t. terrae sanctae.
.C,,. 8atur. 0uaest. lib. ?. ca". =.
.C,=. *ib. de reg. :ongo.
.C,.. E+ercit. ?A.
.C,?. 9ee M. :ar"enter!s Geogra"hy$ lib. =. ca". -. et ern. Telesius lib.
de mari.
.C,@. E+ercit. @=. de maris motu causae in#estigandae& "rima
reci"rocationis$ secunda #arietatis$ tertia celeritatis$ 0uarta
cessationis$ 0uinta "ri#ationis$ se+ta contrarietatis. Patritius
saith @= miles in height.
.C,-. *ib. de e+"licatione locoram Mathem. Aristot.
.C,A. *aet. lib. ,A. ca". ,/. descri". occid. Ind.
.C,/. *uge alii #ocant.
.C,B. Geor. 4ernerus$ A0uae lanta celeritate erum"unt et absorbentur$ ut
e+"edito e0uiti aditum intereludant.
.C=C. oissardus de Magis ca". de Pila"iis.
.C=,. In cam"is *o#icen$ solum #isuntur in ni#e$ et ubinam #ere$ aestate$
autumno se occultant. 5ermes Polit. l. ,. Dul. ellius.
.C==. 9tatim ineunte #ere syl#ae stre"unt eorum cantilenis. Musco#it.
comment.
.C=.. Immergunt se fluminibus$ lacubus0ue "er hyemem totam$ Fc.
.C=?. :aeteras0ue #olucres Pontum hyeme ad#eniente e nostris regionibus
Euro"eis trans#olantes.
.C=@. 9ur#ey of :orn'all.
.C=-. Porro ciconiae 0uonam a loco #eniant$ 0uo se conferant$ incom"ertum
adhuc$ agmen #enientium$ descendentium$ ut gruum #enisse cernimus$
nocturnis o"inor tem"oribus. In "atentibus Asiae cam"is certo die
congregant se$ eam 0uae no#issime ad#enit lacerant$ inde a#olant.
:osmog. l. ?. c. ,=-.
.C=A. :omment. Musco#.
.C=/. 5ist. 9cot. l. ,.
.C=B. Iertomannus l. @. c. ,-. mentioneth a tree that bears fruits to eat$
'ood to burn$ bar% to ma%e ro"es$ 'ine and 'ater to drin%$ oil and
sugar$ and lea#es as tiles to co#er houses$ flo'ers$ for clothes$ Fc.
.C.C. Animal infectum :usino$ ut 0uis legere #el scribere "ossit sine
alterius o"e luminis.
.C.,. :osmog. lib. ,. ca". ?.@ et lib. .. ca". ,. habent ollas a natura
formatas e terra e+tractas$ similes illis a figulis factis$ coronas$
"isces$ a#es$ et omnes animantium s"ecies.
.C.=. Ht solent hirundines et ranae "rae frigoris magnitudine mori$ et
"ostea redeunte #ere =?. A"rilis re#i#iscere.
.C... Iid. Pererium in Gen. :or. a *a"ide$ et alios.
.C.?. In 8ecyotnantia Tom. =.
.C.@. Pracastorius lib. de sim". Georgius Merula lib. de mem. Dulius
illius$ Fc.
.C.-. imlerua$ 2rtelius$ rachiis centum subterra re"erta est$ in 0ua
0uadraginta octo cada#era inerant$ Anchorae$ Fc.
.C.A. Pisces et conchae in montibus re"eriuntur.
.C./. *ib. de locis Mathemat. Aristot.
.C.B. 2r "lain$ as Patricius holds$ 'hich Austin$ *actamius$ and some
others$ held of old as round as a trencher.
.C?C. *i. de >il"hia et Pigmeia$ they "enetrate the earth as 'e do the air.
.C?,. *ib. =. c. II=.
.C?=. :ommentar. ad annum ,@.A. Kuic0uid dicunt$ Philoso"hi$ 0uaedam sunt
Tartari ostia$ et loca "uniendis animis destinata$ ut 5ecla mons$ Fc.
ubi mortuorum s"iritus #isuntur$ Fc. #oluit 3eus e+tare talia loca$
ut discant mortales.
.C?.. Hbi miserabiles ejulantium #oces audiuntur$ 0ui auditoribus horrorem
incutiunt hand #ulgarem$ Fc.
.C??. E+ se"ulchris a""arent mense Martio$ et rursus sub terram se
abscondunt$ Fc.
.C?@. 3escri"t. Graec. lib. -. de Pelo".
.C?-. :oncla#e Ignatii.
.C?A. Melius dubitare de occultis$ 0uam litigare de incertis$ ubi flamina
inferni$ Fc.
.C?/. 9ee 3r. 1eynolds "raelect. @@. in A"oc.
.C?B. As they come from the sea$ so they return to the sea again by secret
"assages$ as in all li%elihood the :as"ian 9ea #ents itself into the
Eu+ine or ocean.
.C@C. 9eneca 0uaest. lib. ca". .$ ?$ @$ -$ A$ /$ B$ ,C$ ,,$ ,=. de causis
a0uarum "er"etuis.
.C@,. In iis nec "ullos hirundines e+cludunt$ ne0ue$ Fc.
.C@=. Th. 1a#ennas lib. de #it. hom. "raerog. ca. ult.
.C@.. At Kuito in Peru. Plus auri 0uam terrae foditur in aurifodinis.
.C@?. Ad :a"ut bonae s"ei incolae sunt nigerrimi& 9i sol causa$ cur non
5is"ani et Italiae0ue nigri$ in eadem latitudine$ ae0ue distantes ab
Ae0uatore$ hi ad Austrum$ illi ad oreamN 0ui sub Presbytero Dohan.
habitant subfusci sunt$ in >eilan et Malabar nigri$ ae0ue distantes
ab Ae0uatore$ eodem0ue coeli "arallelo& sed hoc magis mirari 0uis
"ossit$ in tota America nus0uam nigros in#eniri$ "raeter "aucos in
loco Kuareno illis dicto& 0uae hujus coloris causa efficiens$ coeli#e
an terrae 0ualitas$ an soli "ro"rietas$ aut i"sorum hominum innata
ratio$ aut omniaN 2rtelius in Africa Theat.
.C@@. 1egio 0uocun0ue anni tem"ore tem"eratissima. 2rtel. Multas Galliae et
Italiae 1egiones$ molli te"ore$ et benigna 0uadam tem"erie "rorsus
antecellit$ Do#i.
.C@-. *at. ?@. 3anubii.
.C@A. Kue#ira lat. ?C.
.C@/. In 9ir 7ra. 3ra%e!s #oyage.
.C@B. *ansius orat. contra 5ungaros.
.C-C. *isbon lat. ./.
.C-,. 3anzig lat. @?.
.C-=. 3e nat. no#i orbis lib. ,. ca". B. 9ua#issimus omnium locus$ Fc.
.C-.. The same #ariety of 'eather *od. Guicciardine obser#es bet'i+t *iege
and Aja+ not far distant$ descri"t. elg.
.C-?. Magin. Kuadus.
.C-@. 5ist. lib. @.
.C--. *ib. ,,. ca". A.
.C-A. *ib. =. ca". B. :ur. Potosi et Plata$ urbes in tam tenui inter#allo$
utra0ue mont osa$ Fc.
.C-/. Terra malos homines nunc educat at0ue "usillos.
.C-B. 8a#. l. ,. c. @.
.CAC. 9trabo.
.CA,. As under the e0uator in many "arts$ sho'ers here at such a time$
'inds at such a time$ the rise they call it.
.CA=. 7erd. :ortesius. lib. 8o#us orbis inscri"t.
.CA.. *a"idatum est. *i#ie.
.CA?. :osmog. lib. ?. ca". ==. 5ae tem"estatibus decidunt e nubibus
faeculentis$ de"ascuntur0ue more locustorum omnia #irentia.
.CA@. 5ort. Genial. An a terra sursum ra"iuntur a solo iterum0ue cum
"lu#iis "raeci"itanturN Fc.
.CA-. Tam ominosus "ro#entus in naturales causas referri #i+ "otest.
.CAA. :osmog. c. -.
.CA/. :ardan saith #a"ours rise =// miles from the earth$ Eratosthenes ?/
miles.
.CAB. 3e 9ubtil. l. =.
.C/C. In "rogymnas.
.C/,. Praefat. ad Euclid. :ato".
.C/=. Manucodiatae$ birds that li#e continually in the air$ and are ne#er
seen on ground but dead& 9ee Hlysses Aldero#and. 2rnithol. 9cal.
e+erc. ca". ==B.
.C/.. *aet. descri". Amer.
.C/?. E"ist. lib. , ". /.. E+ 0uibus constat nec di#ersa aeris et aetheris
dia"hana esse$ nec refractiones aliunde 0uam a crasso aere
causari--8on dura aut im"er#ia$ sed li0uida$ subtilis$ motui0ue
Planetarium facile cedens.
.C/@. In Progymn. lib. =. e+em"l. 0uin0ue.
.C/-. In Theoria no#a Met. caelestium ,@A/.
.C/A. E"it. Astron. lib. ?.
.C//. Multa sane hinc conse0uuentur absurda$ et si nihil aliud$ tot :ometae
in aethere animad#ersi$ 0ui nullius orbus ductum comitantur$ id i"sum
sufficienter refellunt. Tycho astr. e"ist. "age ,CA.
.C/B. In Theoricis "lanetarum$ three abo#e the firmament$ 'hich all 'ise
men reject.
.CBC. Theor. no#a coelest. Meteor.
.CB,. *ib. de fabrica mundi.
.CB=. *ib. de :ometis.
.CB.. An sit cru+ et nubecula in coelis ad Polum Antarcticum$ 0uod e+
:orsalio refert Patritius.
.CB?. Gilbertus 2riganus.
.CB@. 9ee this discussed in 9ir 4alter 1aleigh!s history$ in >anch. ad
:asman.
.CB-. Iid. 7romundum de Meteoris$ lib. @. artic. @. et *ansbergium.
.CBA. Peculiari libello.
.CB/. :omment. in mortum terrae Middlebergi ,-.C.
.CBB. Peculiari libello.
.,CC. 9ee Mr. :ar"enter!s Geogr. ca". ?. lib. ,. :am"anella et 2riganus
"raef E"hemer. 'here 9cri"ture "laces are ans'ered.
.,C,. 3e Magnete.
.,C=. :omment$ in = ca". s"haer. Do. de 9acr. osc.
.,C.. 3ist. .. gr. ,. a Polo.
.,C?. Praef. E"hem.
.,C@. 4hich may be full of "lanets$ "erha"s$ to us unseen$ as those about
Du"iter$ Fc.
.,C-. *una circumterrestris Planeta 0uum sit$ consentaneum est esse in *una
#i#entes creaturas$ et singulis Planetarum globis sui ser#iunt
circulatores$ e+ 0ua consideratione$ de eorum incolis summa
"robabilitate concludimus$ 0uod et Tychoni raheo$ e sola
consideratione #astitatis eorum #isum fuit. 6e"l. dissert$ cum nun.
sid. f. =B.
.,CA. Tem"erare non "ossum 0uin e+ in#entis tuis hoc moneam$ #eri non
absimile$ non tam in *una$ sed etiam in Do#e$ et #eli0uis Planetis
incolas esse. 6e"l. fo. =-. 9i non sint accolae in Do#is globo$ 0ui
notent admirandam hanc #arietatem oculis$ cui bono 0uatuor illi
Planetae Do#em circumcursitantN
.,C/. 9ome of those abo#e Du"iter I ha#e seen myself by the hel" of a glass
eight feet long.
.,CB. 1erum Angl. l. ,. c. =A de #iridibus "ueris.
.,,C. Infiniti alii mundi #el ut runus$ terrae huic nostrae similes.
.,,,. *ibro :ont. "hilos. ca". =B.
.,,=. 6e"ler fol. =. dissert. Kuid im"edit 0uin credamus e+ his initiis$
"lures alios mundos detegendos$ #el (ut 3emocrito "lacuit) infinitosN
.,,.. *ege somnium 6e"ler& edit. ,-.@.
.,,?. Kuid igitur in0uies$ si sint in coelo "lures globi$ similes nostrae
telluris$ an cum illis certabimus$ 0uis meliorem mundi "lagam teneatN
9i nobiliores illorum globi$ nos non sumus creaturarum rationalium
nobilissimi& 0uomodo igitur omnia "ro"ter hominemN 0uomodo nos domini
o"erum 3eiN 6e"ler$ fol. =B.
.,,@. 7ranc%fort. 0uarto ,-=C. ibid. ?C. ,-==.
.,,-. Praefat. in :omment$ in Genesin. Modo suadent Theologos$ summa
ignoratione #ersari$ #eras scientias admittere nolle$ et tyrannidem
e+ercere$ ut eos falsis dogmatibus$ su"erstitionibus$ et religione
:atholica$ detineant.
.,,A. Theat. iblico.
.,,/. 5is argumentis "lane satisfecisti$ de maculas in *una esse maria$ de
lucidas "artes esse terram. 6e"ler. fol. ,-.
.,,B. Anno. ,-,-.
.,=C. In 5y"othes. de mundo. Edit. ,@BA.
.,=,. *ugduni ,-...
.,==. L4hilst these bloc%heads a#oid one fault$ they fall into its
o""osite.L
.,=.. Do. 7abritius de maculis in sole. 4iteb. ,-,,.
.,=?. In urboniis sideribus.
.,=@. *ib. de urboniis sid. 9tellae sunt erraticae$ 0uae "ro"riis orbibus
feruntur$ non longe a 9ole dissitis$ sed ju+ta 9olem.
.,=-. raccini fol. ,-.C. lib. ?. ca". @=$ @@. @B. Fc.
.,=A. *ugdun. at. An. ,-,=.
.,=/. 8e se subducant$ et relicta statione decessum "arent$ ut curiositatis
finem faciant.
.,=B. 5ercules tuam fidem 9atyra Meni". edit. ,-C/.
.,.C. LI shall no' enter u"on a bold and memorable e+"loit< one ne#er
before attem"ted in this age. I shall e+"lain this night!s
transactions in the %ingdom of the moon$ a "lace 'here no one has yet
arri#ed$ sa#e in his dreams.L
.,.,. 9ardi #enales 9atyr. Meni". An. ,-,=.
.,.=. Puteani :omus sic inci"it$ or as *i"sius 9atyre in a dream.
.,... Tritemius. ,. de A secundis.
.,.?. They ha#e fetched Trajanus! soul out of hell$ and canonise for saints
'hom they list.
.,.@. In Minutius$ sine delectu tem"estates tangunt loca sacra et "rofana$
bonorum et malorum fata$ ju+ta$ nullo ordine res fiunt$ soluta
legibus fortuna dominatur.
.,.-. Iel malus #el im"otens$ 0ui "eccatum "ermittit$ Fc. unde haec
su"erstitioN
.,.A. Kuid fecit 3eus ante mundum creatumN ubi #i+it otiosus a suo
subjecto$ Fc.
.,./. *ib. .. recog. Pet. ca". .. Peter ans'ers by the simile of an
eggshell$ 'hich is cunningly made$ yet of necessity to be bro%en< so
is the 'orld$ Fc. that the e+cellent state of hea#en might be made
manifest.
.,.B. Ht me "luma le#at$ sic gra#e mergit onus.
.,?C. E+ercit. ,/?.
.,?,. *aet. descri". occid. Indiae.
.,?=. 3aniel "rinci"io historiae.
.,?.. Ieniant ad me audituri 0uo esculento$ 0uo item "oculento uti debeant$
et "raeter alimentum i"sum$ "otum0ue #entos i"sos docebo$ item aeris
ambientis tem"eriem$ insu"er regiones 0uas eligere$ 0uas #itare e+
usu sit.
.,??. *eo Afer$ Maginus$ Fc.
.,?@. *ib. ,. 9cot. hist.
.,?-. *ib. ,. de rer. #ar.
.,?A. 5orat.
.,?/. Maginus.
.,?B. 5aitonus de Tartaris.
.,@C. :yro"aed li. /. "er"etuum inde #er.
.,@,. The air so clear$ it ne#er breeds the "lague.
.,@=. *eander Albertus in :am"ania$ e Plutarcho #ita *uculli. :um :n.
Pom"eius$ Marcus :icero$ multi0ue nobiles #iri *. *ucullum aesti#o
tem"ore con#inessent$ Pom"eius inter coenam dum familiariter jocatus
est$ eam #illam im"rimis sibi sum"tuosam$ et elegantem #ideri$
fenestris$ "orticibus$ Fc.
.,@.. God'in #ita Do. Ioysye al. 5arman.
.,@?. 3escri"t. rit.
.,@@. In 2+fordshire.
.,@-. *eander Albertus.
.,@A. :a". =,. de #it. hom. "rorog.
.,@/. The "ossession of 1obert radsha'$ Es0.
.,@B. 2f George Purefey$ Es0.
.,-C. The "ossession of 4illiam Purefey$ Es0.
.,-,. The seat of 9ir Dohn 1e""ington$ 6t.
.,-=. 9ir 5enry Goodieres$ lately deceased.
.,-.. The d'elling-house of 5um. Adderley$ Es0.
.,-?. 9ir Dohn 5ar"ar!s$ lately deceased.
.,-@. 9ir George Greselies$ 6t.
.,--. *ib. ,. ca". =.
.,-A. The seat of G. Purefey$ Es0.
.,-/. 7or I am no' incumbent of that rectory$ "resented thereto by my right
honourable "atron$ the *ord er%ley.
.,-B. 9ir 7rancis 4illoughby.
.,AC. Montani et Maritimi salubriores$ accli#es$ et ad oream ream
#ergentes.
.,A,. The d'elling of 9ir To. urdet$ 6night$ aronet.
.,A=. In his 9ur#ey of :orn'all$ boo% =.
.,A.. Pro"e "aludes stagna$ et loca conca#a$ #el ad Austrum$ #el ad
2ccidentem inclinatae$ domus sunt morbosae.
.,A?. 2"ortet igitur ad sanitatem domus in altioribus aedificare$ et ad
s"eculationem.
.,A@. y Dohn ancroft$ 3r. of 3i#inity$ my 0uondam tutor in :hrist :hurch$
2+on$ no' the 1ight 1e#erend *ord isho" 2+on$ 'ho built this house
for himself and his successors.
.,A-. 5yeme erit #ehementer frigida$ et aestate non salubris& "aludes enim
faciunt crassum aerem$ et difficiles morbos.
.,AA. Iendas 0uot assibus "ossis$ et si ne0ueas$ relin0uas.
.,A/. *ib. ,. ca". =. in 2rco habita.
.,AB. Aurora musis amica$ Iitru#.
.,/C. Aedes 2rientem s"ectantes #ir nobilissimus$ inhabitet$ et curet ut
sit aer clarus$ lucidus$ odoriferus. Eligat habitationem o"timo aere
jucundam.
.,/,. Kuoniam angustiae itinerum et altitudo tectorum$ non "erinde 9olis
calorem admittit.
.,/=. :onsil. =,. li. =. 7rigidus aer$ nubilosus$ densus$ #itandus$ ae0ue
ac #enti se"tentrionales$ Fc.
.,/.. :onsil. =?.
.,/?. 7enestram non a"eriat.
.,/@. 3iscutit 9ol horrorem crassi s"iritus$ mentem e+hilarat$ non enim tam
cor"ora$ 0uam et animi mutationem inde subeunt$ "ro coeli et #entorum
ratione$ et sani aliter affecti sini coelo nubilo$ aliter sereno. 3e
natura #entorum$ see Pliny$ lib. =. ca". =-. =A. =/. 9trabo$ li. A.
Fc.
.,/-. 7ines Morison "arr. ,. c. ?.
.,/A. Altomarus car. A. ruel. Aer sit lucidus$ bene olens$ humidus.
Montaltus idem ca. =-. 2lfactus rerum sua#ium. *aurentius$ c. /.
.,//. Ant. Philos. ca". de melanc.
.,/B. Tract. ,@. c. B. e+ redolentibus herbis et foliis #itis #iniferae$
salicis$ Fc.
.,BC. Pa#imentum aceto$ et a0ua rosacea irrorare$ *aurent$ c. /.
.,B,. *ib. ,. ca". de morb. Afrorum In 8igritarum regione tanta aeris
tem"eris$ ut si0uis alibi morbosus eo ad#ehatur$ o"timae statim
sanitati restituatur$ 0uod multis accidisse$ i"se meis oculis #idi.
.,B=. *ib. de "eregrinat.
.,B.. E"ist. =. cen. ,. 8ec 0uis0uam tam la"is aut frute+$ 0uem non
titillat amoena illa$ #aria0ue s"ectio locorum$ urbium$ gentium$ Fc.
.,B?. E"ist. /-.
.,B@. =. lib. de legibus.
.,B-. *ib. ?@.
.,BA. 6ec%erman "raefat$ "olit.
.,B/. 7ines Morison c. .. "art. ,.
.,BB. Mutatio de loco in locum$ Itinera$ et #oiagia longa et indeterminata$
et hos"itare in di#ersis di#ersoriis.
.=CC. Modo ruri esse$ modo in urbe$ sae"ius in agro #enari$ Fc.
.=C,. In :atalonia in 9"ain.
.=C=. *audatur0ue domos longos 0uae "ros"icit agros.
.=C.. Many to'ns there are of that name$ saith Adricomius$ all high-sited.
.=C?. *ately resigned for some s"ecial reasons.
.=C@. At *indley in *eicestershire$ the "ossession and d'elling-"lace of
1al"h urton$ Es0uire$ my late deceased father.
.=C-. In Icon animorum.
.=CA. Aegrotantes o#es in alium locum trans"ortandae sunt$ ut alium aerem
et a0uam "artici"antes$ coalescant et corrobentur.
.=C/. Alia utilia$ sed e+ mutatione aeris "otissimum curatus.
.=CB. 8e te daemon otiosum in#eniat.
.=,C. Praestat aliud agere 0uam nihil.
.=,,. *ib. .. de dictis 9ocratis$ Kui tesseris et risui e+citando #acant$
ali0uid faciunt$ et si liceret his meliora agere.
.=,=. Amasis com"elled e#ery man once a year to tell ho' he li#ed.
.=,.. 8ostra memoria Mahometes 2thomannus 0ui Graeciae im"erium sub#ertit$
cum oratorum "ostulata audiret e+ternarum gentium$ cochlearia lignea
assidue caelabat$ aut ali0uid in tabula affingebat.
.=,?. 9ands$ fol. .A. of his #oyage to Derusalem.
.=,@. Per%ins$ :ases of :onscience$ l. .. c. ?. 0. ..
.=,-. *uscinius Grunnio. LThey seem to thin% they 'ere born to
idleness$--nay more$ for the destruction of themsel#es and others.L
.=,A. 8on est cura melior 0uam injungere iis necessaria$ et o""ortuna<
o"erum administratio illis magnum sanitatis incrementum$ et 0uae
re"leant animos eorum et incutiant iis di#ersas cogitationes. :ont.
,. tract. B.
.=,/. Ante e+ercitum$ le#es toto cor"ore frictiones con#eniunt. Ad hunc
morbum e+ercitationes$ 0uum recte et suo tem"ore fiunt$ mirifice
conducunt$ et sanitatem tuentur$ Fc.
.=,B. *ib. ,. de san. tuend.
.==C. E+ercitium naturae dormientis stimulatio$ membrorum solatium$
morborum medela$ fuga #itiorum$ medicina languorum$ destructio omnium
malorum$ :rato.
.==,. Alimentis in #entriculo "robe concotis.
.===. Dejuno #entre #esica et al#o ab e+crementis "urgato$ fricatis
membris$ lotis manibus et oculis$ Fc. lib. de atra bile.
.==.. Kuous0ue cor"us uni#ersum intumescat$ et floridum a""areat$
sudore0ue$ Fc.
.==?. 2mnino sudorem #itent. ca". A. lib. ,. Ialescus de Tar.
.==@. E+ercitium si e+cedat$ #alde "ericulosum. 9alust. 9al#ianus de remed.
lib. =. ca". ,.
.==-. :amden in 9taffordshire.
.==A. 7ride#allius$ lib. ,. ca". =. o"tima omnium e+ercitationum multi ab
hac solummodo morbis liberati.
.==/. Dose"hus Kuercetanus dialect. "olit. sect. =. ca". ,,. Inter omnia
e+ercitia "raestantiae laudem meretur.
.==B. :hyron in monte Pelio$ "raece"tor heroum eos a morbis animi
#enationibus et "uris cibis tuebatur. M. Tyrius.
.=.C. 8obilitas omnis fere urbes fastidit$ castellis$ et liberiore coelo
gaudet$ generis0ue dignitatem una ma+ime #enatione$ et falconum
aucu"iis tuetur.
.=.,. Dos. 9caliger$ commen. in :ir. in fol. .??. 9almuth. =.. de
8o#re"ert. com. in Pancir.
.=.=. 3emetrius :onstantino". de re acci"itraria$ liber a P. Gillir latine
redditus. Aelius. e"ist. A0uilae 9ymachi et Theodotionis ad
Ptolomeum$ Fc.
.=... *onicerus$ Geffreus$ jo#ius.
.=.?. 9. Antony 9herlie!s relations.
.=.@. 5acluit.
.=.-. :oturnicum aucu"io.
.=.A. 7ines Morison$ "art .. c. /.
.=./. 8on majorem #olu"tatem animo ca"iunt$ 0uam 0ui feras insectantur$ aut
missis canibus$ com"rehendunt$ 0uum retia trahentes$ s0uamosas
"ecudes in ri"as adducunt.
.=.B. More "iscatorum cruribus ocreatus.
.=?C. 9i "rinci"ibus #enatio le"oris non sit inhonesta$ nescio 0uomodo
"iscatio cy"rinorum #ideri debeat "udenda.
.=?,. 2mnino tur"is "iscatio$ nullo studio digna$ illiberalis credita est$
0uod nullum habet ingenium$ nullam "ers"icaciam.
.=?=. Praeci"ua hinc Anglis gloria$ crebrae #ictoriae "artae. Do#ius.
.=?.. :a". A.
.=??. 7racastorius.
.=?@. Ambulationes subdiales$ 0uas hortenses aurae ministrant$ sub fornice
#iridi$ "am"inis #irentibus concameratae.
.=?-. Theo"hylact.
.=?A. Itinerat. Ital.
.=?/. 9edet aegrotus ces"ite #iridi$ et cum inclementia :anicularis terras
e+co0uit$ et siccat flumina$ i"se securus sedet sub arborea fronde$
et ad doloris sui solatium$ naribus suis gramineas redolet s"ecies$
"ascit oculos herbarum amiena #iriditas$ aures sua#i modulamine
demulcet "ictarum concentus a#ium$ Fc. 3eus bone$ 0uanta "au"eribus
"rocures solatiaO
.=?B. 3iod. 9iculus$ lib. =.
.=@C. *ib. ,. de animal. ca". ,..
.=@,. Pet. Gillius. Paul. 5entzeus Itenerar. Italiae. ,-,A. Iod. 9incerus
Itenerar. Galliae ,-,A. 9im". lib. ,. 0uest. ?.
.=@=. Ducundissima deambulatio ju+ta mare$ et na#igatio "ro"e terram. In
utra0ue fluminis ri"a.
.=@.. Aurei "anes$ aurea obsonia$ #is Margaritarum aceto subacta$ Fc.
.=@?. *ucan. LThe furniture glitters 'ith brilliant gems$ 'ith yello'
jas"er$ and the couches dazzle 'ith their "ur"le dye.L
.=@@. .CC "ellices$ "ecillatores et "incernae innumeri$ "ueri loti "ur"ura
induti$ Fc. e+ omnium "ulchritudine delecti.
.=@-. Hbi omnia cantu stre"um.
.=@A. 2dyss.
.=@/. *ucan. l. /. LThe timbers 'ere concealed by solid gold.L
.=@B. Iliad. ,C. L7or neither 'as the contest for the hide of a bull$ nor
for a bee#e$ 'hich are the usual "rizes in the race$ but for the life
and soul of the great 5ector.L
.=-C. et'een Ardes and Guines$ ,@,B.
.=-,. 9'ertius in delitiis$ fol. ?/A. #eteri 5oratiorum e+em"lo$ #irtute et
successu admirabili$ caesis hostibus ,A. in cons"ectu "atriae$ Fc.
.=-=. Paterculus$ #ol. "ost.
.=-.. Kuos antea audi#i$ in0uit$ hodie #idi deos.
.=-?. Pandectae Trium"h$ fol.
.=-@. *ib. -. ca". ,?. de bello Dud.
.=--. Proco"ius.
.=-A. *aet. *ib. ,C. Amer. descri"t.
.=-/. 1omulus Amaseus "raefat. Pausan.
.=-B. Iirg. ,. Geor.
.=AC. Lthirsting Tantalus ga"es for the 'ater that eludes his li"s.L
.=A,. LI may desire$ but can!t enjoy.L
.=A=. 1oterus lib. .. "olit. ca". ,.
.=A.. 9ee Athenaeus di"noso.
.=A?. *udi #oti#i$ sacri$ ludicri$ Megalenses$ :ereales$ 7lorales$
Martiales$ Fc. 1osinus$ @. ,=.
.=A@. 9ee *i"sius Am"hitheatrum 1osinus lib. @. Meursius de ludis
Graecorum.
.=A-. ,@CC men at once$ tigers$ lions$ ele"hants$ horses$ dogs$ bears$ Fc.
.=AA. *ib. ult. et l. ,. ad finem consuetudine non minus laudabili$ 0uam
#eteri contubernia 1hetorum 1ythmorum in urbibus et munici"iis$
certis0ue diebus e+ercebant se sagittarii$ gladiatores$ Fc. Alia
ingenii$ animi0ue e+ercitia$ 0uorum "raeci"uum studium$ "rinci"em
"o"ulum tragoediis$ comoediis$ fabulis scenicis$ aliis0ue id genus
ludis recreare.
.=A/. 2rbis terrae descri"t. "art. ..
.=AB. L4hat shall I say of their s"ectacles "roduced 'ith the most
magnificent decorations$--a degree of costliness ne#er indulged in
e#en by the 1omans.L
.=/C. *am"ridius.
.=/,. 9"artian.
.=/=. 3electatus lusis catulorum$ "orcellorum$ ut "erdices inter se
"ugnarent$ aut ut a#es "ar#ulae sursum et deorsum #olitarent$ his
ma+ime delectatus$ ut solitu dines "ublicas suble#aret.
.=/.. rumales laete ut "ossint "roducere noctes.
.=/?. Miles. ?.
.=/@. 2 dii similibus sae"e con#i#iis date ut i"se #idendo delectetur$ et
"ostmodum narrando delectet. Theod. "rodromus Amorum dial. inter"ret.
Gilberto Giaulinio.
.=/-. E"ist. lib. /. 1uffino.
.=/A. 5or.
.=//. *ib. ?. Gallicae consuetudinis est ut #iatores etiam in#itos
consistere cogant$ et 0uid 0uis0ue eorum audierit aut cognorit de 0ua
re 0uaerunt.
.=/B. Iitae ejus lib. ult.
.=BC. Du#en.
.=B,. They account them unla'ful because sortilegious.
.=B=. Insist. c. ??. In his ludis "lerum0ue non ars aut "eritia #iget$ sed
fraus$ fallacia$ dolus astutia$ casus$ fortuna$ temeritas locum
habent$ non ratio consilium$ s"ientia$ Fc.
.=B.. LIn a moment of fleeting time it changes masters and submits to ne'
control.L
.=B?. Abusus tam fre0uens hodie in Euro"a ut "leri0ue crebro harum usu
"atrimonium "rofundant$ e+haustis0ue facultatibus$ ad ino"iam
redigantur.
.=B@. Hbi semel "rurigo ista animum occu"at aegre discuti "otest$
solicitantibus undi0ue ejusdem farinae hominibus$ damnosas illas
#olu"tates re"etunt$ 0uod et scortatoribus insitum$ Fc.
.=B-. Instutitur ista e+ercitatio$ non lucri$ sed #aletudinis et
oblectamenti ratione$ et 0uo animus defatigatus res"iret$ no#as0ue
#ires ad subeundos labores denuo conci"iat.
.=BA. *atrunculorum ludus in#entus est a duce$ ut cum miles intolerabili
fame laboraret$ altero die edens altero ludens$ famis obli#isceretur.
ellonius. 9ee more of this game in 3aniel 9outer!s Palamedes$ #el de
#ariis ludis$ l. ..
.=B/. 3. 5ay'ard in #ita ejus.
.=BB. Musco#it. commentarium.
..CC. Inter ci#es 7essanos latrunculorum ludus est usitatissimus$ lib. ..
de Africa.
..C,. LIt is better to dig than to dance.L
..C=. Tullius. L8o sensible man dances.L
..C.. 3e mor. gent.
..C?. Polycrat. l. ,. ca". /.
..C@. Idem 9alisburiensis.
..C-. 5ist. lib. ,.
..CA. 8emo desidet otiosus$ ita nemo asinino more ad seram noctem laborat<
nam ea "lus0uam ser#ilis aerumna$ 0uae o"ificum #ita eat$ e+ce"tis
Hto"iensibus 0ui diem in =?. horas di#idunt$ se+ dunta+at o"eri
de"utant$ reli0uum a somno et cibo cujus0ue arbitrio "ermittitur.
..C/. 1erum urgund. lib. ?.
..CB. Dussit hominem deferri ad "alatium et lecto ducali collocari$ Fc.
mirari homo ubi se eo loci #idet.
..,C. Kuid interest$ in0uit *odo#icus Ii#es$ (e"ist. ad 7rancisc. arducem)
interdiem illius et nostros ali0uot annosN nihil "enitus$ nisi 0uod$
Fc.
..,,. 5en. 9te"han. "raefat. 5erodoti.
..,=. L9tudy is the delight of old age$ the su""ort of youth$ the ornament
of "ros"erity$ the solace and refuge of ad#ersity$ the comfort of
domestic life$L Fc.
..,.. 2rat. ,=. si0uis animo fuerit afflictus aut aeger$ nec somnum
admittens$ is mihi #idetur e regione stans talis imaginis$ obli#isci
omnium "osse$ 0uae humanae #itae atrocia et difficilia accidere
solent.
..,?. 3e anima.
..,@. 3iad. ,B.
..,-. To"ogr. 1om. "art. ,.
..,A. Kuod heroum con#i#iis legi solitae.
..,/. Melancthon de 5eliodoro.
..,B. I read a considerable "art of your s"eech before dinner$ but after I
had dined I finished it com"letely. 2h 'hat arguments$ 'hat
elo0uenceO
..=C. Plu#ines.
..=,. Thibault.
..==. As in tra#elling the rest go for'ard and loo% before them$ an
anti0uary alone loo%s round about him$ seeing things "ast$ Fc. hath a
com"lete horizon. Danus ifrons.
..=.. :ardan. L4hat is more subtle than arithmetical conclusions< 'hat more
agreeable than musical harmonies< 'hat more di#ine than astronomical$
'hat more certain than geometrical demonstrationsNL
..=?. 5ondius "raefat. Mercatoris. LIt allures the mind by its agreeable
attraction$ on account of the incredible #ariety and "leasantness of
the subjects$ and e+cites to a further ste" in %no'ledge.L
..=@. Atlas Geog.
..=-. :ardan. LTo learn the mysteries of the hea#ens$ the secret 'or%ings
of nature$ the order of the uni#erse$ is a greater ha""iness and
gratification than any mortal can thin% or e+"ect to obtain.L
..=A. *ib. de cu"id. di#itiarum.
..=/. *eon. 3iggs. "raefat. ad "er"et. "rognost.
..=B. Plus ca"io #olu"tatis$ Fc.
...C. In 5i""erchen. di#is. ..
...,. LIt is more honourable and glorious to understand these truths than
to go#ern "ro#inces$ to be beautiful or to be young.L
...=. :ardan. "raefat. rerum #ariet.
..... Poetices lib.
...?. *ib. .. 2de B. 3onec gratus eram tibi$ Fc.
...@. 3e Pelo"ones. lib. -. descri"t. Graec.
...-. Kuos si integros haberemus$ 3ii boni$ 0uas o"es$ 0uos thesauros
teneremus.
...A. Isaac% 4a%e musae regnantes.
.../. 9i un0uam mihi in fatis sit$ ut ca"ti#us ducar$ si mihi daretur
o"tio$ hoc cu"erem carcere concludi$ his catenia illigari$ cum hisce
ca"ti#is concatenatis aetatem agere.
...B. E"ist. Primiero. Plerun0ue in 0ua simul ac "edem "osui$ foribus
"essulum abdo< ambitionem autem$ amorem$ libidinem$ etc. e+cludo$
0uorum "arens est igna#ia$ im"eritia nutri+$ et in i"so aeternitatis
gremio$ inter tot illustres animas sedem mihi sumo$ cum ingenti
0uidem animo$ ut subinde magnatum me misereat$ 0ui felicitatem hanc
ignorant.
..?C. :hil. =. :ent. ,. Adag. ,.
..?,. Iirg. eclog. ,.
..?=. 7ounder of our "ublic library in 2+on.
..?.. 2urs in :hrist :hurch$ 2+on.
..??. Animus la#atur inde a curis multa 0uiete et tran0uillitate fruens.
..?@. 9er. ./. ad 7ratres Erem.
..?-. 5om. ?. de "oenitentia. 8am ne0ue arborum comae "ro "ecorum tuguriis
factae meridie "er aestatem$ o"tabilem e+hibentes umbram o#es ita
reficiunt$ ac scri"turarum lectio afflictas angore animas solatur et
recreat.
..?A. 2tium sine literis mors est$ et #i#i hominis se"ultura$ 9eneca.
..?/. :a". BB. l. @A. de rer. #ar.
..?B. 7ortem reddunt animum et constantem< et "ium collo0uium non "ermittit
animum absurda cogitatione tor0ueri.
..@C. Altercationibus utantur$ 0uae non "ermittunt animum submergi
"rofundis cogitationibus$ de 0uibus otiose cogitat et tristatur in
iis.
..@,. odin. "refat. ad meth. hist.
..@=. 2"erum subcis. ca". ,@.
..@.. 5or.
..@?. 7atendum est cacumine 2lym"i constitutus su"ra #entos et "rocellas$
et omnes res humanas.
..@@. L4ho e+"lain 'hat is fair$ foul$ useful$ 'orthless$ more fully and
faithfully than :hrysi""us and :rantorNL
..@-. In Ps. +++#i. omnis morbus animi in scri"tura habet medicinam< tantum
o"us est ut 0ui sit seger$ non recuset "otionem 0uam 3eus tem"era#it.
..@A. In moral. s"eculum 0uo nos intueri "ossimus.
..@/. 5om. =/. Ht incantatione #iris fugatur$ ita lectione malum.
..@B. Iterum at0ue$ iterum moneo$ ut animam sacrae scri"turae lectione
occu"es. Masticat di#inum "abulum meditatio.
..-C. Ad =. definit. =. elem. In disci"linis humanis nihil "raestantius
re"eritur& 0ui""e miracula 0uaedam numerorum eruit tam abstrusa et
recondita$ tanta nihilo minus facilitate et #olu"tate$ ut$ Fc.
..-,. 4hich contained ,$C/C$CCC 'eights of brass.
..-=. Iide :la#ium in com. de 9acrobosco.
..-.. 3istantias caelorum sola 2"tica dijudicat.
..-?. :a". ?. et @.
..-@. LIf the lam" burn brightly$ then the man is cheerful and healthy in
mind and body< if$ on the other hand$ he from 'hom the blood is ta%en
be melancholic or a s"endthrift$ then it 'ill burn dimly$ and flic%er
in the soc%et.L
..--. Printed at *ondon$ Anno .-=C.
..-A. 2nce astronomy reader at Gresham :ollege.
..-/. Printed at *ondon by 4illiam Dones$ ,-=..
..-B. Praefat. Meth. Astrol.
..AC. Tot tibi sunt dotes #irgo$ 0uot sidera coelo.
..A,. 3a "ie :hriste urbi bona sit "a+ tem"ore nostro.
..A=. :halonerus$ lib. B. de 1e". Angel.
..A.. 5ortus :oronarius medicus et culinarius$ Fc.
..A?. Tom. ,. de sanit. tuend. Kui rationem cor"oris non habent$ sed cogunt
mortalem immortali$ terrestrem aethereae ae0ualem "raestare
industriam& :aeterum ut :amelo usu #enit$ 0uod ei bos "raedi+erat$
cum eidem ser#irent domino et "arte oneris le#are illum :amelus
recusasset$ "aulo "ost et i"sius curem$ et totum onus cogeretur
gestare (0uod mortuo bo#e im"letum) Ita animo 0uo0ue contingit$ dum
defatigato cor"ori$ Fc.
..A@. Ht "ulchram illam et amabilem sanitatem "raestemus.
..A-. Interdicendae Iigiliae$ somni "aulo longiores conciliandi. Altomarus
ca". A. 9omnus su"ra modum "rodest$ 0uo#ismodo conciliandus$ Piso.
..AA. 2#id.
..A/. In 5i""oc. A"horis.
..AB. :rato cons. =,. lib. =. duabus aut tribus horis "ost caenam$ 0uum jam
cibus ad fundum #entriculi resederit$ "rimum su"er latere de+tro
0uiescendum$ 0uod in tali decubito jecur sub #entriculo 0uiescat$ non
gra#ans sed cibum calfaciens$ "erinde ac ignis lebetem 0ui illi
admo#etur< "ost "rimum somnum 0uiescendum latere sinistro$ Fc.
../C. 9ae"ius accidit melancholicis$ ut nimium e+siccato cerebro #igiliis
attenuentur. 7icinus$ lib. ,. ca". =B.
../,. Ter. LThat you may slee" calmly on either ear.L
../=. Ht sis nocte le#is$ sit tibi$ caena bre#is.
../.. Du#en. 9at. ..
../?. 5or. 9cr. lib. ,. 9at. @. LThe ti"sy sailor and his tra#elling
com"anion sing the "raises of their absent s'eethearts.L
../@. 9e"ositis curis omnibus 0uantum fieri "otest$ una cum #estibus$ Fc.
6ir%st.
../-. Ad horam somni aures sua#ibus cantibus et sonis delinire.
../A. *ectio jucunda$ aut sermo$ ad 0uem attentior animus con#ertitur$ aut
a0ua ab alto in subjectam "el#im delabatur$ Fc. 2#id.
..//. Aceti sorbitio.
../B. Attenuat melancholiam$ et ad conciliandum somnum ju#at.
..BC. Kuod lieni acetum con#eniat.
..B,. :ont. ,. tract. B. meditandum de aceto.
..B=. 9ect. @. memb. ,. 9ubsect. -.
..B.. *ib. de sanit. tuenda.
..B?. In 9om. 9ci". fit enim fere ut cogitationes nostrae et sermones
"ariant ali0uid in somno$ 0uale de 5omero scribit Ennius$ de 0uo
#idelicet sae"issime #igilans solebat cogitare et lo0ui.
..B@. Aristae hist. L8either the shrines of the gods$ nor the deities
themsel#es$ send do'n from the hea#ens those dreams 'hich moc% our
minds 'ith those flitting shado's$--'e cause them to oursel#es.L
..B-. 2"timum de coelestibus et honestis meditari$ et ea facere.
..BA. *ib. .. de causis corr. art. tam mira monstra 0uaestionum sae"e
nascuntur inter eos$ ut mirer eos interdum in somniis non terreri$
aut de illis in tenebris audere #erba facere$ adeo res sunt
monstrosae.
..B/. Icon. lib. ,.
..BB. 9ect. @. Memb. ,. 9ubs. -.
.?CC. Animi "erturbationes summe fugiendae$ metus "otissimum et tristitia&
earum0ue loco animus demulcendus hilaritate$ animi constantia$ bona
s"e< remo#endi terrores$ et earum consortium 0uos non "robant.
.?C,. Phantasiae eorum "lacide sub#ertendae$ terrores ab animo remo#endi.
.?C=. Ab omni fi+a cogitatione 0uo#ismodo a#ertantur.
.?C.. :uncta mala cor"oris ab animo "rocedunt$ 0uae nisi curentur$ cor"us
curari minime "otest$ :harmid.
.?C?. 3is"utat. An morbi gra#iores cor"oris an animi. 1enoldo inter"ret. ut
"arum absit a furore$ ra"itur a *yceo in concionem$ a concione ad
mare$ a mari in 9iciliam$ Fc.
.?C@. Ira bilem mo#et$ sanguinem adurit$ #itales s"iritus accendit.
moestitia uni#ersum cor"us infrigidat$ calorem innatum e+tinguit$
a""etituin destruit$ concoctionem im"edit$ cor"us e+siccat$
intellectum "er#ertit. Kuamobrem haec omnia "rorsus #itanda sunt$ et
"ro #irili fugienda.
.?C-. 3e mel. c. =-. e+ illis solum remedium< multi e+ #isis$ auditis$ Fc.
sanati sunt.
.?CA. Pro #iribus annitendum in "raedictis$ tum in aliis$ a 0uibus malum
#elut a "rimaria causa occasionem nactum est$ imaginationes absurdae
falsae0ue et moestitia 0uaecun0ue subierit "ro"ulsetur$ aut aliud
agendo$ aut ratione "ersuadendo earum mutationem subito facere.
.?C/. *ib. =. c. ,-. de occult. nat. Kuis0uis huic malo obno+ius est$
acriter obsistat$ et summa cura obluctetur$ nec ullo modo fo#eat
imaginationes tacite obre"entes animo$ blandas ab initio et amabiles$
sed 0uae adeo con#alescunt$ ut nulla ratione e+cuti 0ueant.
.?CB. .. Tusc. ad A"ollonium.
.?,C. 7acastorius.
.?,,. E"ist. de secretis artis et naturae ca". A. de retard. sen. 1emedium
esset contra corru"tionem "ro"riam$ si 0uilibet e+erceret regimen
sanitatis$ 0uod consistit in rebus se+ non naturalibus.
.?,=. Pro ali0uo #itu"erio non indigneris$ nec "ro admissione alicujus rei$
"ro morte alicujus$ nec "ro carcere$ nec "ro e+ilio$ nec "ro alia re$
nec irascaris$ nec timeas$ nec doleas$ sed cum summa "raesentia haec
sustineas.
.?,.. Kuodsi incommoda ad#ersitatis infortunia hoc malum in#e+erint$ his
infractum animum o""onas$ 3ei #erbo ejus0ue fiducia te suffulcias$
Fc.$ *emnius$ lib. ,. c. ,-.
.?,?. *ib. =. de ira.
.?,@. :a". .. de affect. anim. Ht in ci#itatibus contumaces 0ui non cedunt
"olitico im"erio #i coercendi sunt< ita 3eus nobis indidit alteram
im"erii formam< si cor non de"onit #itiosum affectum$ membra foras
coercenda sunt$ ne ruant in 0uod affectus im"ellant& et locomoti#a$
0uae herili im"erio obtem"erat$ alteri resistat.
.?,-. Imaginatio im"ellit s"iritus$ et inde ner#i mo#entur$ Fc. Et
obtem"erant imaginationi et a""etitui mirabili foedere$ ad e+e0uendum
0uod jubent.
.?,A. 2#it Trist. lib. @.
.?,/. Partici"es inde calamitatis nostrae sunt$ et #elut e+onerata in eos
sarcina onere le#amur. Arist. Eth. lib. B.
.?,B. :amerarius Embl. =-. :en. =.
.?=C. 9ym"os. lib. -. ca". ,C.
.?=,. E"ist. /. lib. .. Ad#ersa fortuna habet in 0uerelis le#amentum< et
malorum relatio$ Fc.
.?==. Allo0uium chari ju#at$ et solamen amici. Emblem. @?. cent. ,.
.?=.. As 3a#id did to Donathan$ , 9am. ++.
.?=?. 9eneca E"ist. -A.
.?=@. 5ic in ci#itate magna et turba magna neminem re"erire "ossumus 0uocum
sus"irare familiariter aut jocari libere "ossimus. Kuare te
e+"ectamus$ te desideramus$ te arcessimus. Multa sunt enim 0uae me
solicitant et angunt$ 0uae mihi #ideor aurestuas nactus$ unius
ambulationis sermone e+haurire "osse.
.?=-. LI ha#e not a single friend this day$ to 'hom I dare to disclose my
secrets.L
.?=A. 2#id.
.?=/. 3e amicitia.
.?=B. 3e tran0uil. c. A. 2"timum est amicum fidelem nancisci in 0uem
secreta nostra infundamus< nihil ae0ue oblectat animum$ 0uam ubi sint
"rae"arata "ectora$ in 0uae tuto secreta descendant$ 0uorum
conscientia ae0ue ac tua& 0uorum sermo solitudinem leniat$ sententia
consilium e+"ediat$ hilaritas tristitiam dissi"et$ cons"ectus0ue i"se
delectet.
.?.C. :omment. l. A. Ad 3eum confugiamus$ et "eccatis #eniam "recemur$ inde
ad amicos$ et cui "lurimum tribuimus$ nos "atefaciamus totos$ et
animi #ulnus 0uo affligimur& nihil ad reficiendum animum efficacius.
.?.,. E". K. frat.
.?.=. A"hor. "rim.
.?... E"ist. ,C.
.?.?. 2bser#ando motus$ gestus$ manus$ "edes$ oculos$ "hantasiam$ Piso.
.?.@. Mulier melancholia corre"ta e+ longa #iri "eregrinatione$ et iracunde
omnibus res"ondens$ 0uum maritus domum re#ersus$ "raeter s"em$ Fc.
.?.-. Prae dolore moriturus 0uum nunciatum esset u+orem "e"erisse filium
subito recu"era#it.
.?.A. 8isi affectus longo tem"ore infesta#erit$ tali artificio
imaginationes curare o"ortet$ "raesertim ubi malum ab his #elut a
"rimaria causa occasionem habuerit.
.?./. *ib. ,. ca". ,-. 9i e+ tristitia aut alio affectu cae"erit$ s"eciem
considera$ aut aliud 0ui eorum$ 0uae subitam alterationem facere
"ossunt.
.?.B. E#itandi monstrifici as"ectus$ Fc.
.??C. 8e0ue enim tam actio$ aut recordatio rerum hujusmodi dis"licet$ sed
iis #el gestus alterius Imaginationi adumbrare$ #ehementer molestum.
Galat. de mor. ca". A.
.??,. Tran0uil. Praeci"ue #itentur tristes$ et omnia de"lorantes<
tran0uillitati inimicus est comes "erturbatus$ omnia gemens.
.??=. Illorum 0uo0ue hominum$ a 0uorum consortio abhorrent$ "raesentia
amo#enda$ nec sermonibus ingratis obtudendi< si 0uis insaniam ab
insania sic curari aestimet$ et "roter#e utitur$ magis 0uam aeger
insanit. :rato consil. ,/?. 9coltzii.
.??.. Molliter ac sua#iter aeger tractetur$ nec ad ea adigatur 0uae non
curat.
.???. 2b sus"iciones curas$ aemulationem$ ambitionem$ iras$ Fc. 0uas locus
ille ministrat$ et 0uae fecissent melancholicum.
.??@. 8isi "rius animum turbatissimum curasset< oculi sine ca"ite$ nec
cor"us sine anima curari "otest.
.??-. E graeco. LEou shall not cure the eye$ unless you cure the 'hole head
also< nor the head$ unless the 'hole body< nor the 'hole body$ unless
the soul besides.L
.??A. Et nos non "aucos sana#imus$ animi motibus ad debitum re#ocatis$ lib.
,. de sanit. tuend.
.??/. :onsol. ad A"ollonium. 9i 0uis sa"ienter et suo tem"ore adhibeat$
1emedia morbis di#ersis di#ersa sunt< dolentem sermo benignus
suble#at.
.??B. *ib. ,=. E"ist.
.?@C. 3e nat. deorum consolatur afflictos$ deducit "erterritos a timore$
cu"iditates im"rimis$ et iracundias com"rimit.
.?@,. 5eauton. Act. ,. 9cen. ,. 8e metue$ ne #erere$ crede in0uam mihi$ aut
consolando$ aut consilio$ aut reju#ero.
.?@=. 8o#i faeneratorem a#arud a"ud meus sic curatum$ 0ui multam "ecuniam
amiserat.
.?@.. *ib. ,. consil. ,=. Incredibile dictu 0uantum ju#ent.
.?@?. 8emo istiusmodi conditionis hominibus insultet$ aut in illos sit
se#erior$ #erum miseriae "otius indolescat$ #icem0ue de"loret. lib.
=. ca". ,-.
.?@@. :a". A. Idem Piso *aurentius ca". /.
.?@-. Kuod timet nihil est$ ubi cogitur et #idet.
.?@A. Hna #ice blandiantur$ una #ice iisdem terrorem incutiant.
.?@/. 9i #ero fuerit e+ no#o malo audito$ #el e+ animi accidente$ aut de
amissione mercium$ aut morte amici$ introducantur no#a contraria his
0uae i"sum ad gaudia mo#eant< de hoc sem"er niti debemus$ Fc.
.?@B. *ib. .. ca". ,?.
.?-C. :a". .. :astratio olim a #eteribus usa in morbis des"eratis$ Fc.
.?-,. *ib. ,. ca". @. sic morbum morbo$ ut cla#um cla#o$ retundimus$ et
malo nodo malum cuneum adhibemus. 8o#i ego 0ui e+ subito hostium
incursu et ino"i nato timore 0uartanam de"ulerat.
.?-=. *ib. A. ca". @C. In acie "ugnans febre 0uartana liberatus est.
.?-.. Dacchinus$ c. ,@. in B. 1hasis Mont. ca". =-.
.?-?. *ib. ,. ca". ,-. a#ersantur eos 0ui eorum affectus rident$
contemnunt. 9i ranas et #i"eras comedisse se "utant$ concedere
debemus$ et s"em de cura facere.
.?-@. :a". /. de mel.
.?--. :istam "osuit e+ Medicorum consilio "ro"e eum$ in 0uem alium se
mortuum fingentem "acuit< hic in cista jacens$ Fc.
.?-A. 9erres. ,@@C.
.?-/. In B. 1hasis. Magnam #im habet musica.
.?-B. :a". de Mania. Admiranda "rofecto res est$ et digna e+"ensione$ 0uod
sonorum concinnitas mentem emolliat$ sistat0ue "rocellosas i"sius
affectiones.
.?AC. *aguens animus inde erigitur et re#i#iscit$ nec tam aures afficit$
sed et sonitu "er arterias undi0ue diffuso$ s"iritus tum #itales tum
animales e+citat$ mentem reddens aeilem$ Fc.
.?A,. Musica #enustate sua mentes se#eriores ca"it$ Fc.
.?A=. Animos tristes subito e+hilarat$ nubilos #ultus serenat$ austeritatem
re"onit$ jucunditatem e+"onit$ barbariem0ue facit de"onere gentes$
mores instituit$ iracundiam mitigat.
.?A.. :ithara tristitiam jucundat$ timidos furores attenuat$ cruentam
sae#itiam blande reficit$ languorem. Fc.
.?A?. Pet. Aretine.
.?A@. :astilio de aulic. lib ,. fol. =A.
.?A-. *ib. de 8atali. ca". ,=.
.?AA. Kuod s"iritus 0ui in corde agitant tremulem et subsaltantem reci"iunt
aerem in "ectus$ et inde e+citantur$ a s"iritu musculi mo#entur$ Fc.
.?A/. Arbores radicibus a#ulsae$ Fc.
.?AB. M. :are' of Anthony$ in descri"t. :orn'all$ saith of 'hales$ that
they 'ill come and sho' themsel#es dancing at the sound of a trum"et$
fol. .@. ,. et fol. ,@?. = boo%.
.?/C. 3e cer#o$ e0uo$ cane$ urso idem com"ertum< musica afficiuntur.
.?/,. 8umen inest numeris.
.?/=. 9ae"e gra#es morbos modulatum carmen abegit. Et des"eratis
concilia#it o"em.
.?/.. *ib. @. ca". A. Moerentibus moerorem adimam$ laetantem #ero sei"so
reddam hilariorem$ amantem calidiorem$ religiosum di#ine numine
corre"tum$ et ad 3eos colendos "aratiorem.
.?/?. 8atalis :omes Myth. lib. ?. ca". ,=.
.?/@. *ib. @. de re". :urat. Musica furorem 9ancti #iti.
.?/-. E+ilire e con#i#io. :ardan$ subtil$ lib. ,..
.?/A. Iliad. ,.
.?//. *ibro B. ca". ,. Psaltrias. 9ambuciatras0ue et con#i#alia ludorum
oblectamenta addita e"uliis e+ Asia in#e+it in urbem.
.?/B. :omineus.
.?BC. Ista libenter et magna cum #olu"tate s"ectare soleo. Et scio te
illecebris hisce ca"tum iri et insu"er tri"udiaturum$ haud dubie
demulcebere.
.?B,. In musicis su"ra omnem fidem ca"ior et oblector< choreas libentissime
as"icio$ "ulchraram foeminarum #enustate detineor$ otiari inter has
solutus curis "ossum.
.?B=. .. 3e legibus.
.?B.. 9ym"os. 0uest. @. Musica multos magis dementat 0uam #inum.
.?B?. Animi morbi #el a musica curantur #el inferuntur.
.?B@. *ib. .. de anima *aetitia "urgat sanguinem$ #aletudinem conser#at$
colorem inducit florentem$ nitidum gratum.
.?B-. 9"iritus tem"erat$ calorem e+citat$ naturalem #irtutem corroborat$
ju#enile cor"us diu ser#at$ #itam "rorogat$ ingenium acuit$ et
hominum negotii 0uibuslibet a"tiorem reddit. 9chola 9alern.
.?BA. 3um contumelia #acant et festi#a lenitate mordent$ mediocres animi
aegritudines sanari solent$ Fc.
.?B/. 3e mor. fol. @A. Amamusideo eos 0ui sunt faceti et jucundi.
.?BB. 1egim. sanit. "art. =. 8ota 0uod arnicas bonus et dilectus socius$
narrationibus suis jucundis su"erat omneni melodiam.
.@CC. *ib. =,. ca". =A.
.@C,. :omment. in ? 2dyss.
.@C=. *ib. =-. c. ,@.
.@C.. 5omericum illud 8e"enthes 0uod moerorem tollit$ et cuthimiam$ et
hilaritatem "arit.
.@C?. Plaut. acch.
.@C@. 3e aegritud. ca"itis. 2mni modo generet laetitiam in iis$ de iis 0uae
audiuntur et #identur$ aut odorantur$ aut gustantur$ aut 0uocun0ue
modo sentiri "ossunt$ et as"ectu formarum multi decoris et ornatus$
et negotiatione< jucunda$ et blandientibus ludis$ et "romissis
distrahantur$ eorum animi$ de re ali0ua 0uam timent et dolent.
.@C-. Htantur #e nationibus ludis$ jocis$ amicorum consortiis$ 0uae non
sinunt animum turbari$ #ino et cantu et loci mutatione$ et biberia$
et gaudio$ e+ 0uibus "raeci"ue delectantur.
.@CA. Piso e+ fabulis et ludis 0uaerenda delectatio. 5is #ersetur 0ui
ma+ima grati$ sunt$ cantus et chorea ad laetitiam "rosunt.
.@C/. Praeci"ue #alet ad e+"ellendam melancholiam stare in cantibus$ ludis$
et sonis et habitare cum familiaribus$ et "raeci"ue cum "uellis
jucundis.
.@CB. Par. @. de a#ocamentis lib. de absol#endo luctu.
.@,C. :or"orum com"le+us$ cantus$ ludi$ formae$ Fc.
.@,,. :irca hortos E"icuri fre0uenter.
.@,=. 3y"noso"h. lib. ,C. :orona#it florido serto incendens odores$ in
culcitra "lumea colloca#it dulciculam "otionem "ro"inans "saltriam
addu+it$ Fc.
.@,.. Ht reclinata sua#iter in lectum "uella$ Fc.
.@,?. Tom. =. consult. /@.
.@,@. E"ist. fam. lib. A. ==. e"ist. 5eri demum bene "otus$ sero0ue
redieram.
.@,-. Ialer. Ma+. ca". lib. /. Inter"osita arundine cruribus suis$ cum
filiis ludens$ ab Alcibiade risus est.
.@,A. 5or.
.@,/. 5ominibus facetis et ludis "uerilibus ultra modum deditus adeo ut si
cui in eo tam gra#itatem$ 0uam le#itatem considerare liberet$ duas
"ersonas distinctas in eo esse diceret.
.@,B. 3e nugis curial. lib. ,. ca". ?. Magistratus et #iri gra#es$ a ludis
le#ioribus arcendi.
.@=C. Machia#el #ita ejus. Ab amico re"rehensus$ 0uod "raeter dignitatem
tri"udiis o"eram daret$ res"ondet$ Fc.
.@=,. There is a time for all things$ to 'ee"$ laugh$ mourn$ dance$ Eccles.
iii. ?.
.@==. 5or.
.@=.. Dohn 5arrington$ E"igr. @C.
.@=?. *ucretia toto sis licet us0ue die$ Thaida nocte #olo.
.@=@. *il. Giraldus hist. deor. 9yntag. ,.
.@=-. *ib. =. de aur. as.
.@=A. Eo 0uod risus esset laboris et modesti #ictus condimentum.
.@=/. :alcag. e"ig.
.@=B. :a". -,. In deliciis habuit scurras et adulatores.
.@.C. Hni#ersa gens su"ra mortales caeteros con#i#iorum studiosissima. Ea
enim "er #arias et e+0uisitas da"es$ inter"ositis musicis et
joculatoribus$ in multas sae"ius horas e+trahunt$ ac subinde
"roductis choreis et amoribus foeminarum indulgent$ Fc.
.@.,. 9yntag. de Musis.
.@.=. Atheneus lib. ,= et ,?. assiduis mulierum #ocibus$ cantu0ue
sym"honiae Palatium Persarum regis totum "ersonabat. Do#ius hist.
lib. ,/.
.@... Eobanus 5essus.
.@.?. 7racastorius.
.@.@. Ii#ite ergo laeti$ 2 amici$ "rocul ab angustia$ #i#ite laeti.
.@.-. Iterum "recor et obtestor$ #i#ite laeti& illad 0uod cor urit$
negligite.
.@.A. *aetus in "raesens animus 0uod ultra oderit curare. 5or. 5e 'as both
9acerdoa et Medicus.
.@./. 5aec autem non tam ut 9acerdos$ amici$ mando #obis$ 0uam ut medicus<
nam abs0ue hac una tan0uam medicinarum #ita$ medicinae omnes ad #itam
"roducendam. adhibitae moriuntur& #i#ite laeti.
.@.B. *ocheus Anacreon.
.@?C. *ucian. 8ecyomantia. Tom. =.
.@?,. 2mnia mundana nugas aestima. 5oc solum tota #ita "erse0uere$ ut
"raesentibus bene com"ositis$ minime curiosus$ aut ulla in re
solicitus$ 0uam "lurimum "otes #itam hilarem traducas.
.@?=. LIf the 'orld thin% that nothing can be ha""y 'ithout lo#e and mirth$
then li#e in lo#e and jollity.L
.@?.. 5ildesheim s"icel. =. de Mania$ fol. ,-,. 9tudia literarum et animi
"erturbationes fugiat$ et 0uantum "otest jucunde #i#at.
.@??. *ib. de atra bile. Gra#ioribus curis ludos et facetias ali0uando
inter"one$ jocos$ et 0uae solent animum rela+are.
.@?@. :onsil. .C. mala #aletudo aucta et contracta est tristitia$ ac
"ro"tera e+hilaratione animi remo#enda.
.@?-. Athen. dy"noso"h. lib. ,.
.@?A. Du#en. sat. /. LEou 'ill find him beside some cutthroat$ along 'ith
sailors$ or thie#es$ or runa'ays.L
.@?/. 5or. L4hat does it signify 'hether I "erish by disease or by the
s'ordOL
.@?B. 7rossard. hist. lib. ,. 5is"ani cum Anglorum #ires ferre non "ossent$
in fugam se dederunt$ Fc. Praeci"ites in flu#ium se dederunt$ ne in
hostium manus #enirent.
.@@C. Ter.
.@@,. 5or LAlthough you s'ear that you dread the night air.L
.@@=. ;Gree%& Ae "ithi ae a"ithi.G LEither drin% or de"art.L
.@@.. *ib. de lib. "ro"riis. 5os libros$ scio multos s"ernere$ nam felices
his se non indigere "utant$ infelices ad solationem miseriae non
sufficere. Et tamen felicibus moderationem$ dum inconstantiam humanae
felicitatis docent$ "raestant< infelices si omnia recte aestimare
#elint$ felices reddere "ossunt.
.@@?. 8ullum medicamentum omnes sanare "otest< sunt affectus animi 0ui
"rorsus sunt insanabilesN non lamen artis o"us s"erni debet$ aut
medicinae$ aut "hiloso"hae.
.@@@. LThe insane consolations of a foolish mind.L
.@@-. 9alust. Ierba #irtutem non addunt$ nec im"eratoris oratio facile
timido fortem.
.@@A. Dob$ ca". ,-.
.@@/. E"ist. ,.. lib. ,.
.@@B. 5or.
.@-C. *ib. =. Essays$ ca". -.
.@-,. Alium "au"ertas$ alium orbitas$ hunc morbi$ illum timor$ alium
injuriae$ hunc insidiae$ illum u+or$ filii distrahunt$ :ardan.
.@-=. oethius l. ,. met. @.
.@-.. A"uleius ?. florid. 8ihil homini tam "ros"ere datum di#initus$ 0uin
ei admi+tum sit ali0uid difficultatis$ in am"lissima 0ua0ue laetitia
subest 0uaedam 0uerimonia$ conjugatione 0uadam mellis et fellis.
.@-?. 9i omnes "remantur$ 0uis tu es 0ui solus e#adere cu"is ab ea lege
0uae neminem "raeteritN cur te non mortalem factum et uni#ersi orbis
regem fieri non dolesN
.@-@. Puteanus e". A@. 8e0ue cui0uam "raeci"ue dolendum eo 0uod accidit
uni#ersis.
.@--. *orchan. Gallobelgicus lib. .. Anno ,@B/. de elgis. 9ed eheu in0uis
euge 0uid agemusN ubi "ro E"ithalamio ellonae flagellum$ "ro musica
harmonia terribilum lituorum et tubarum audias clangorem$ "ro taedis
nu"tialibus$ #illarum$ "agorum$ urbium #ideas incendia< ubi "ro
jubilo lamenta$ "ro risu fletus aerem com"lent.
.@-A. Ita est "rofecto$ et 0uis0uis haec #idere abnuis$ huic seculi "arum
a"tus es$ aut "otius nostrorum omnium conditionem ignoras$ 0uibus
reci"roco 0uodam ne+u laeta tristibus$ tristia laetis in#icem
succedunt.
.@-/. In Tusc. e #etere "oeta.
.@-B. :ardan lib. ,. de consol. Est consolationis genus non le#e$ 0uod a
necessitate fit< si#e feras$ si#e non feras$ ferendum est tamen.
.@AC. 9eneca.
.@A,. 2mni dolori tem"us est medicina< i"sum luctum e+tinguit$ injurias
delet$ omnis mali obli#ionem adfert.
.@A=. 5abet hoc 0uo0ue commodum omnis infelicitas$ sua#iorem #itam cum
abierit relin0uit.
.@A.. Iirg.
.@A?. 2#id. L7or there is no "leasure "erfect$ some an+iety al'ays
inter#enes.L
.@A@. *orchan. 9unt nam0ue infera su"eris$ humana terrenis longe dis"aria.
Etenim beatae mentes feruntur libere$ et sine ullo im"edimento$
stellae$ aetherei0ue orbes cursus et con#ersiones suas jam saeculis
innumerabilibus constantissime conficiunt< #erum homines magnis
angustiis. 8e0ue hac naturae lege est 0uis0uam mortalium solutus.
.@A-. 3ionysius 5alicar. lib. /. non enim un0uam contigit$ nec "ost homines
natos in#enies 0uen0uam$ cui omnia e+ animi sententia successerint$
ita ut nulla in re fortuna sit ei ad#ersata.
.@AA. Iit. Gonsal#i lib. ult. ut ducibus fatale sit clarissimis a cul"a
sua$ secus circum#eniri cum malitia et in#idia$ imminuta0ue dignitate
"er contumeliam mori.
.@A/. In terris "urum illum aetherem non in#enies$ et #entos serenos<
nimbos "otius$ "rocellas$ calumnias. *i"s. cent. misc. e". /.
.@AB. 9i omnes homines sua mala suas0ue curas in unum cumulum conferrent$
ae0uis di#isuri "ortionibus$ Fc.
.@/C. 5or. ser. lib. ,.
.@/,. Kuod unus0uis0ue "ro"ria mala no#it$ aliorum nesciat$ in causa est$
ut se inter alios miserum "utet. :ardan$ lib. .. de consol. Plutarch
de consol$ ad A"ollonium.
.@/=. Kuam multos "utas 0ui se coelo "ro+imos "utarent$ totidem regulos$ si
de fortunae tuae reli0uiis "ars iis minima contingat. oeth. de
consol. lib. =. "ros. ?.
.@/.. LEou %no' the #alue of a thing from 'anting more than from enjoying
it.L
.@/?. 5esiod. Esto 0uod es< 0uod sunt alii$ sine 0uemlibet esse< Kuod non
es$ nolis< 0uod "otes esse$ #elis.
.@/@. Aeso"i fab.
.@/-. 9eneca.
.@/A. 9i dormirent sem"er omnes$ nullus alio felicior esset. :ard.
.@//. 9eneca de ira.
.@/B. Plato$ A+iocho. An ignoras #itam hanc "eregrinationem$ Fc. 0uam
sa"iences cum gaudio "ercurrunt.
.@BC. 9ic e+"edit< medicus non dat 0uod "atiens #ult$ sed 0uod i"se bonum
scit.
.@B,. 7rumentum non egreditur nisi trituratum$ Fc.
.@B=. 8on est "oena damnantis sed flagellum corrigentis.
.@B.. Ad haereditatem aeternam sic erudimur.
.@B?. :onfess. -.
.@B@. 8auclerum tem"estas$ athletam stadium$ ducem "ugna$ magnanimum
calamitas$ :hristianum #ero tentatio "robat et e+aminat.
.@B-. 9en. 5erc. fur. LThe 'ay from the earth to the stars is not so
do'ny.L
.@BA. Ideo 3eus as"erum fecit iter$ ne dum delectantur in #ia$
obli#iscantur eorum 0uae sunt in "atria.
.@B/. oethius l. @. met. ult$ LGo no'$ bra#e fello's$ 'hither the lofty
"ath of a great e+am"le leads. 4hy do you stu"idly e+"ose your bac%sN
The earth brings the stars to subjection.L
.@BB. oeth. "ro. ult. Manet s"ectator cunctorum desu"er "raescius deus$
bonis "roemia$ malis su""licia dis"ensans.
.-CC. *ib. de "ro#id. #olu"tatem ca"iunt dii si0uando magnos #iros
colluctantes cum calamitate #ident.
.-C,. Ecce s"ectaculum 3eo dignum. Iir fortis mala fortuna com"ositus.
.-C=. , Pet. #. A. Psal. l#. ==.
.-C.. 1aro sub eodem lare honestas et forma habitant.
.-C?. Dose"hus Mussus #ita ejus.
.-C@. 5omuncio bre#is$ macilentus$ umbra hominis$ Fc. Ad stu"orem ejus
eruditionem et elo0uentiam admirati sunt.
.-C-. 8o+ habet suas #olu"tates.
.-CA. *ib. @$ ad finem$ caecus "otest esse sa"iens et beatus$ Fc.
.-C/. In :on#i#io lib. =@.
.-CB. Doachimus :amerarius #it. ejus.
.-,C. 1iber. #it. ejus.
.-,,. Macrobius.
.-,=. 9ueton. c. A. B.
.-,.. *ib. ,. :or"ore e+ili et des"ecto$ sed ingenio et "rudentia longe
aute se reges caeteros "rae#eniens.
.-,?. Ale+ander Gaguinis hist. Polandiae. :or"ore "ar#us eram$ cubito #i+
altior uno$ 9ed tamen in "ar#o cor"ore magnus eram.
.-,@. 2#id.
.-,-. Iir. Aenei. ,C.
.-,A. LIf the fates gi#e you large "ro"ortions$ do you not re0uire
facultiesNL
.-,/. *ib. =. ca". =C. oneri est illis cor"oris moles$ et s"iritus minus
#i#idi.
.-,B. :or"ore bre#es "rudentiores 0uum coaretata sit anima. Ingenio "ollet
cui #im natura nega#it.
.-=C. Multis ad salutem animae "rofuit cor"oris aegritudo$ Petrarch.
.-=,. *ib. A. 9umma est totius Philoso"hiae$ si tales$ Fc.
.-==. L4hen 'e are sic% 'e are most amiable.L
.-=.. Plinius e"ist. A. lib. Kuem infirmum libido solicitat$ aut a#aritia$
aut honoresN nemini in#idet$ neminem miratur$ neminem des"icit$
sermone maligno non alitur.
.-=?. 8on terret "rince"s$ magister$ "arens$ jude+< at aegritudo
su"er#eniens$ omnia corre+it.
.-=@. 8at. :hytraeus Euro". deliciis. *abor$ dolor$ aegritudo$ luctus$
ser#ire su"erbis dominis$ jugum ferre su"erstitionis$ 0uos habet
charos se"elire$ Fc. condimenta #itae sunt.
.-=-. 8on tam mari 0uam "roelio #irtus$ etiam lecto e+hibetur& #incetur aut
#incet< aut tu febrem relin0ues$ aut i"sa te. 9eneca.
.-=A. Tullius lib. A. fam. e". Iesicae morbo laborans$ et urinae mittendae
difficultate tanta$ ut #i+ incrementum ca"eret< re"ellebat haec omnia
animi gaudium ob memoriam in#entorum.
.-=/. oeth. lib. =. "r. ?. 5uic sensus e+u"erat$ sed est "udori degener
sanguis.
.-=B. Gas"ar Ens "olit. thes.
.-.C. L3oes such "resum"tion in your origin "ossess youNL
.-.,. Alii "ro "ecunia emunt nobilitatem$ alii illam lenocinio$ alii
#eneficiis$ alii "arricidiis< multis "erditio nobilitate conciliat$
"leri0ue adulatione$ detractione$ calumniis$ Fc. Agri". de #anit.
scien.
.-.=. E+. homicidio sae"e orta nobilitas et strenua carnificina.
.-... Plures ob "rostitutas filias$ u+ores$ nobiles facti< multos
#enationes$ ra"inae$ caedes$ "raestigia$ Fc.
.-.?. 9at. Meni".
.-.@. :um enim hos dici nobiles #idemus$ 0ui di#itiis abundant$ di#itiae
#ero raro #irtutis sunt comites$ 0uis non #idet ortum nobilitatis
degeneremN hunc usurae ditarunt$ illum s"olia$ "roditiones< hic
#eneficiis ditatus$ ille adulationibus$ huic adulteria lucrum
"raebent$ nonullis mendacia$ 0uidam e+ conjuge 0uaestum faciunt$
"leri0ue e+ natis$ Fc. 7lorent. hist. lib. ..
.-.-. Du#en. LA she"herd$ or something that I should rather not tell.L
.-.A. 1obusta im"robitas a tyrannide ince"ta$ Fc.
.-./. Gas"er Ens thesauro "olit.
.-.B. Gresserus Itinerar. fol. =--.
.-?C. 5or. L8obility 'ithout 'ealth is more 'orthless than sea'eed.L
.-?,. 9yl. nu". lib. ?. num. ,,,.
.-?=. E+od. +++ii.
.-?.. 2mnium nobilium sufficientia in eo "robatur si #enatica no#erint$ si
aleam$ si cor"oris #ires ingentibus "oculis commonstrent$ si naturae
robur numerosa #enere "robent$ Fc.
.-??. 3ifficile est$ ut non sit su"erbus di#es$ Austin. ser. =?.
.-?@. 8obilitas nihil aliud nisi im"robitas$ furor$ ra"ina$ latrocinium$
homicidium$ lu+us$ #enatio$ #iolentia$ Fc.
.-?-. The fool too% a'ay my lord in the mas%$ !t'as a""osite.
.-?A. 3e miser. curial. Miseri sunt$ ine"ti sunt$ tur"es sunt$ multi ut
"arietes aedium suarum s"eciosi.
.-?/. Miraris aureos #estes$ e0uos$ canes$ ordinem famulorum$ lautas
mensas$ aedes$ #illas$ "raedia$ "iscinas$ syl#as$ Fc. haec omnia
stultus asse0ui "otest. Pandalus noster lenocinio nobilitatus est$
Aeneas 9yl#ius.
.-?B. ellonius obser#. lib. =.
.-@C. Mat. 1iccius lib. ,. ca". .. Ad regendam rem". soli doctores$ aut
licentiati adsciscuntur$ Fc.
.-@,. *ib. ,. hist$ conditione ser#us$ caeterum acer bello$ et animi
magnitudine ma+imorum regum nemini secundus& ob haec a Mameluchis in
regem electus.
.-@=. 2laus Magnus lib. ,/. 9a+o Grammaticus$ a 0uo re+ 9ueno et caetera
3anorum regum stemmata.
.-@.. 9eneca de :ontro. Philos. e"ist.
.-@?. :or"ore sunt et animo fortiores s"urii$ "lerum0ue ob amoris
#ehementiam$ seminis crass. Fc.
.-@@. Iita :astruccii. 8ec "raeter rationem mirum #ideri debet$ si 0uis rem
considerare #elit$ omnes eos #el saltem ma+imam "artem$ 0ui in hoc
terrarum orbe res "raestantiores aggressi sunt$ at0ue inter caeteros
ae#i sui heroas e+celluerunt$ aut obscuro$ aut abjecto loco editos$
et "rognatos fuisse abjectis "arentibus. Eorum ego :atalogum
infinitum recensere "ossem.
.-@-. E+ercit. =-@.
.-@A. LIt is a thing deser#ing of our notice$ that most great men 'ere born
in obscurity$ and of unchaste mothers.L
.-@/. 7lor. hist. l. .. Kuod si nudos nos cons"ici contingat$ omnium una
eadem0ue erit facies< nam si i"si nostras$ nos eorum #estes induamus$
nos$ Fc.
.-@B. Ht merito dicam$ 0uod sim"liciter sentiam$ Paulum 9chalichium
scri"torem$ et doctorem$ "luris facio 0uam comitem 5unnorum$ et
aronem 9%radinum< Encyclo"aediam tuam$ et orbem disci"linarum
omnibus "ro#inciis antefero. alaeus e"ist. nuncu"at. ad @ cent$
ultimam scri"t. rit.
.--C. Praefat hist. lib. ,. #irtute tua major$ 0uam aut 5etrusci im"erii
fortuna$ aut numerosa et decora "rolis felicitate beatior e#adis.
.--,. :urtius.
.--=. odine de re". lib. .. ca". /.
.--.. Aeneas 9il#ius$ lib. =. ca". =B.
.--?. LIf children be "roud$ haughty$ foolish$ they defile the nobility of
their %indred$L Eccl. ++ii$ /.
.--@. :ujus "ossessio nec furto eri"i$ nec incendio absumi$ nec a0uarum
#oragine absorberi$ #el #i morbi destrui "otest.
.---. 9end them both to some strange "lace na%ed$ ad ignotos$ as Aristi""us
said$ you shall see the difference. acon!s Essays.
.--A. 7amiliae s"lendor nihil o"is attulit$ Fc.
.--/. 7lu#ius hic illustris$ humanarum rerum imago$ 0uae "ar#is ductae sub
initiis$ in immensum crescunt$ et subito e#anescunt. E+ilis hic "rimo
fla#ius$ in admirandam magnitudinem e+crescit$ tandem0ue in mari
Eu+ino e#anescit. I. 9tuc%ius "ereg. mar. Eu+ini.
.--B. L7or fierce eagles do not "rocreate timid ring-do#es.L
.-AC. 9abinus in -. 2#id. Met. fab. ?.
.-A,. *ib. ,. de ?. :om"le+ionibus.
.-A=. 5or. e". 2d. =. LAnd although he boast of his 'ealth$ 7ortune has not
changed his nature.L
.-A.. *ib. =. e". ,@. 8atus sordido tuguriolo et "au"ere domo$ 0ui #i+
milio rugientem #entrem$ Fc.
.-A?. 8ihil fortunato insi"iente intolerabilius.
.-A@. :laud. l. B. in Eutro".
.-A-. *ib. ,. de 1e". Gal. Kuoniam et commodiore utuntur conditione$ et
honestiore loco nati$ jam inde a "ar#ulis ad morum ci#ilitatem
educati sunt$ et assuefacti.
.-AA. 8ullum "au"ertate gra#ius onus.
.-A/. 8e 0uis irae di#inae judicium "utaret$ aut "au"ertas e+osa foret.
Gault. in ca". =. #er. ,/. *ucae.
.-AB. Inter "roceres Thebanos numeratus$ lectum habuit genus$ fre0uens
famulitium$ domus am"las$ Fc. A"uleius 7lorid. l. ?.
.-/C. P. lesensis e". A=. et =.=. oblatos res"ui honores e+ onere metiens<
motus arabitiosos rogatus non i#i$ Fc.
.-/,. 9udat "au"er foras in o"ere$ di#es in cogitatione< hic os a"erit
oscitatione$ ille ructatione< gra#ius ille fastidio$ 0uam hic inedia
cruciatur. er. ser.
.-/=. In 5ys"erchen. 8atura ae0ua est$ "ueros0ue #idemus mendicorum nulla
e+ "arte regum filiis dissimiles$ "lerum0ue saniores.
.-/.. Gallo Tom. =.
.-/?. Et e contubernio foedi at0ue olidi #entris mors tandem educit. 9eneca
e". ,C..
.-/@. 3i#itiarum se0uela$ lu+us$ intem"eries$ arroganta$ su"erbia$ furor
injustus$ omnis0ue irrationibilis motus.
.-/-. Du#en. 9at. -. LEffeminate riches ha#e destroyed the age by the
introduction of shameful lu+ury.L
.-/A. 9aturn. E"ist.
.-//. Ios 0uidem di#ites "utatis felices$ sed nescitis eorum miserias.
.-/B. Et 0uota "ars haec eorum 0uae istos discruciantN si nossetis metus et
curas$ 0uibus obno+ii sunt$ "lane fugiendas #obis di#itias
e+istimaretis.
.-BC. 9eneca in 5erc. 2eteo.
.-B,. Et diis similes stulta cogitatio facit.
.-B=. 7lamma simul libidinis ingreditur< ira$ furor et su"erbia$ di#itiarum
se0uela. :hrys.
.-B.. 2mnium oculis$ odio$ insidiis e+"ositus$ sem"er solicitus$ fortunae
ludibrium.
.-B?. 5or. =. ,. od. ,C.
.-B@. Kuid me felicem toties jactastis amiciN Kui cecidit$ stabili non fuit
ille loco. oeth.
.-B-. Ht "ost0uam im"inguati fuerint$ de#orentur.
.-BA. 5or. LAlthough a hundred thousand bushels of 'heat may ha#e been
threshed in your granaries$ your stomach 'ill not contain more than
mine.L
.-B/. :a". -. de curat. graec. affect. ra". de "ro#identia< 0uotiescun0ue
di#itiis affluentem hominem #idemus$ cum0ue "essimum$ ne 0uaeso hunc
beatissimum "utemus$ sed infelicem$ censeamus$ Fc.
.-BB. 5or. l. =. 2d. B.
.ACC. 5or. lib. =.
.AC,. 7lorid. lib. ?. 3i#es ille cibo interdicitur$ et in omni co"ia sua
cibum non acci"it$ cum interea totum ejus ser#itium hilare sit$ at0ue
e"uletur.
.AC=. E"ist. ,,@.
.AC.. 5or. et mihi curto Ire licet mulo #el si libet us0ue Tarentum.
.AC?. risonius.
.AC@. 9i modum e+cesseris$ sua#issima sunt molesta.
.AC-. Et in cu"idiis gulae$ co0uus et "ueri illotis manibus ab e+oneratione
#entris omnia tractant$ Fc. :ardan. l. /. ca". ?-. de rerum
#arielate.
.ACA. E"ist.
.AC/. Plin. lib. @A. ca". -.
.ACB. >onaras .. annal.
.A,C. Plutarch. #it. ejus.
.A,,. 5or 9er. lib. ,. 9at. =.
.A,=. :a". .C. nullam #estem his induit.
.A,.. Ad generum :ereris sine caede et sanguine "auci descendunt reges$ et
sicca morte tyranni.
.A,?. LGod shall deli#er his soul from the "o'er of the gra#e$L Psal. +li+.
,@.
.A,@. :ontem"l. Idiot. :a". .A. di#itiarum ac0uisitio magni laboris$
"ossessio magni timoris$ arnissio magni doloris.
.A,-. oethius de consol. "hil. l. .. L5o' contem"tible stolid mindsO They
co#et riches and titles$ and 'hen they ha#e obtained these
commodities of false 'eight and measures$ then$ and not before$ they
understand 'hat is truly #aluable.L
.A,A. Austin in Ps. l++#i. omnis Philoso"hiae magistra$ ad coelum #ia.
.A,/. onaae mentis soror "au"ertas.
.A,B. Paedagoga "ietatis sobria$ "ia mater$ cultu sim"le+$ habitu secura$
consilio benesuada. A"ul.
.A=C. :ardan. 2""robrium non est "au"ertas& 0uod latro eri"it$ aut "ater
non reli0uit$ cur mihi #itio daretur$ si fortuna di#itias in#iditN
non a0uilae$ non$ Fc.
.A=,. Tully.
.A==. E"ist. A?. ser#us summe homo< ser#us sum$ immo contubernalis$ ser#us
sum$ at humilis amicus$ immo conser#us si cogita#eris.
.A=.. E"ist. -- et BC.
.A=?. Panormitan. rebus gestis Al"h.
.A=@. *ib. ?. num. =,/. 0uidam de"rehensus 0uod sederet loco nobilium$ mea
nobilitas$ ait$ est circa ca"ut$ #estra declinat ad caudam.
.A=-. Tanto beatior es$ 0uanto collectior.
.A=A. 8on amoribus inser#it$ non a""etit honores$ et 0ualitercun0ue
relictus satis habet$ hominem se esse meminit$ in#idet nemini$
neminem des"icit$ neminem miratur$ sermonibus malignis non attendit
aut alitur. Plinius.
.A=/. Politianus in 1ustico.
.A=B. Gyges regno *ydiae inflatus sciscitatum misit A"ollinem an 0uis
mortalium se felicior esset. Aglaium Areadum "au"errimum A"ollo
"raetulit$ 0ui terminos agri sui nun0uam e+cesserat$ rure suo
contentus. Ial. lib. ,. c. A.
.A.C. 5or. haec est Iita solutorum misera ambitione$ gra#i0ue.
.A.,. Amos. -.
.A.=. Praefat. lib. A. 2dit naturam 0uod infra deos sit< irascitur diis
0uod 0uis illi antecedat.
.A... 3e ira ca". .,. lib. .. Et si multum acce"erit$ injuriam "utat "lura
non acce"isse< non agit "ro tribunatu gratias$ sed 0ueritur 0uod non
sit ad "raeturam "erductus< ne0ue haec grata$ si desit consulatus.
.A.?. *i"s. admir.
.A.@. 2f some BC$CCC inhabitants no'.
.A.-. 1ead the story at large in Dohn 7o+$ his Acts and Monuments.
.A.A. 5or. 9at. =. ser. lib. =.
.A./. @ 7lorent. hist. #irtus 0uietem "arat$ 0uies otium$ otium "orro lu+um
generat$ lu+us interitum$ a 0uo iterum ad saluberrimas$ Fc.
.A.B. Guicciard. in 5i"onest nulla infelicitas subjectum esse legi naturae
Fc.
.A?C. Persius.
.A?,. 2mnes di#ites 0ui coelo et terra frui "ossunt.
.A?=. 5or. lib. ,. e"is. ,=.
.A?.. 9eneca e"ist. ,@. "anem et a0uam natura desiderat$ et haec 0ui habet$
i"so cum Do#e de felicitate contendat. :ibus sim"le+ famem sedat$
#estis tenuis frigius arcet. 9enec. e"ist. /.
.A??. oethius.
.A?@. Muffaes et alii.
.A?-. rissonius.
.A?A. Psal. l+++i#.
.A?/. 9i recte "hiloso"hemini$ 0uic0uid a"tam moderationem su"ergreditur$
oneri "otius 0uam usui est.
.A?B. *ib. A. ,-. :ereris munus et a0uae "oculum mortales 0uaerunt habere$
et 0uorum saties nun0uam est$ lu+us autem$ sunt caetera$ non e"ulae.
.A@C. 9atis est di#es 0ui "ane non indiget< nimium "otens 0ui ser#ire non
cogitur. Ambitiosa non est fames$ Fc.
.A@,. Euri"ides menali". 2 fili$ mediocres di#itiae hominibus con#eniunt$
nimia #ero moles "erniciosa.
.A@=. 5or.
.A@.. 2 noctes coenae0ue deum.
.A@?. Per mille fraudes doctos0ue dolos ejicitur$ a"ud sociam "au"ertatem
ejus0ue cultores di#ertens in eorum sinu et tutela deliciatur.
.A@@. *ucan. L2 "rotecting 0uality of a "oor man!s life$ frugal means$
gifts scarce yet understood by the gods themsel#es.L
.A@-. *i". miscell. e". ?C.
.A@A. 9at. -. lib. =.
.A@/. 5or. 9at. ?.
.A@B. A"uleius.
.A-C. :hytreus in Euro"ae deliciis. Acci"ite ci#es Ieneti 0uod est o"timum
in rebus humanis$ res humans contemnere.
.A-,. Iah$ #i#ere etiam nunc lubet$ as 3emea said$ Adel"h. Act. ?. Kuam
multis non egeo$ 0uam multa non desidero$ ut 9ocrates in "om"a$ ille
in nundinis.
.A-=. E"ictetus AA. ca". 0uo sum destinatus$ et se0uar alacriter.
.A-.. L*et 'hosoe#er co#ets it$ occu"y the highest "innacle of fame$ s'eet
tran0uillity shall satisfy me.L
.A-?. Puteanus e". -=.
.A-@. Marullus. LThe immortal Muses confer im"erishable "ride of origin.L
.A--. 5oc erit in #otis$ modus agri non ita "ar#us$ 5ortus ubi et tecto
#icinus jugis a0uae fons$ et "aulum syl#ae$ Fc. 5or. 9at. -. lib. =.
9er.
.A-A. 5ieronym.
.A-/. 9eneca consil. ad Albinum c. ,,. 0ui continet se intra naturae
limites$ "au"ertatem non sentit< 0ui e+cedit$ eum in o"ibus "au"ertas
se0uitur.
.A-B. 5om. ,=. "ro his 0uae acce"isti gratias age$ noli indignare "ro his
0uae non acce"isti.
.AAC. 8at. :hytreus deliciis Euro". Gustonii in aedibus 5ubianis in
coenaculo e regione mensae. LIf your table afford frugal fare 'ith
"eace$ see% not$ in strife$ to load it la#ishly.L
.AA,. Kuid non habet melius "au"er 0uam di#esN #itam$ #aletudinem$ cibum$
somnum$ libertatem$ Fc. :ard.
.AA=. Martial. l. ,C. e"ig. ?A. read it out thyself in the author.
.AA.. :onfess. lib. -. Transiens "er #icum 0uendam Mediolanensem$
animad#erti "au"erem 0uendam mendicum$ jam credo saturum$ jocantem
at0ue ridentem$ et ingemui et locutus sum cum amicis 0ui mecum erant$
Fc.
.AA?. Et certe ille laetabatur$ ego an+ius< securus ille$ ego tre"idus. Et
si "ercontaretur me 0uis0uam an e+ultare mallem$ an metuere$
res"onderem$ e+ultare& et si rursus interrogaret an ego talis essem$
an 0ualis nunc sum$ me i"sis curis confectum eligerem< sed
"er#ersitate$ non #eritate.
.AA@. 5or.
.AA-. 5or. e". lib. ,.
.AAA. 2 si nunc morerer$ in0uit$ 0uanta et 0ualia mihi im"erfecta manerent&
sed si mensibus decem #el octo su"er #i+ero$ omnia redigam ad
libellum$ ab omni debito credito0ue me e+"licabo< "raetereunt interim
menses decem$ et octo$ et cum illis anni$ et adhuc restant "lura 0uam
"rius< 0uid igitur s"eras. 2 insane$ finem 0uem rebus tuis non
in#eneras in ju#enta$ in senecta im"ositurumN 2 dementiam$ 0uum ob
curas et negotia tuo judicio sis infeli+$ 0uid "utas futuram 0uum
"lura su"ererintN :andan lib. /. ca". ?C. de rer. #ar.
.AA/. Plutarch.
.AAB. *ib. de natali. ca". ,.
.A/C. A"ud 9tobeum ser. ,A.
.A/,. 5om. ,=. in =.
.A/=. 8on in "au"ertate$ sed in "au"ere (9enec.) non re$ sed o"inione
labores.
.A/.. Iobiscus Aureliano$ sed si "o"ulus famelicus inedia laboret$ nec
arma$ leges$ "udor$ magistratus$ coercere #alent.
.A/?. 2ne of the richest men in 1ome.
.A/@. 9erm. Kuidam sunt 0ui "au"eres esse #olunt ita ut nihil illis desit$
sic commendant ut nullam "atiantur ino"iam< sunt et alii mites$
0uamdiu dicitur et agitur ad eorum arbitrium$ Fc.
.A/-. 8emo "au"ertatem commendaret nisi "au"er.
.A/A. Petronius :atalec.
.A//. 2#id. LThere is no s"ace left on our bodies for a fresh stri"e.L
.A/B. 2#id.
.ABC. Plutarch. #it. :rassi.
.AB,. *ucan. lib. B.
.AB=. An 0uum su"er fimo sedit Dob$ an eum omnia abstulit diabolus$ Fc.
"ecuniis "ri#atus fiduciam deo habuit$ omni thesauro "reciosiorem.
.AB.. 5aec #identes s"onte "hiloso"hemini$ nec insi"ientum affectibus
agitemur.
.AB?. , 9am. i. /.
.AB@. Dames i. =. LMy brethren$ count it an e+ceeding joy$ 'hen you fall
into di#ers tem"tations.L
.AB-. Afflictio dat intellectum< 0uos 3eus diligit castigat. 3eus o"timum
0uem0ue aut mala #aletudine aut luctu afficit. 9eneca.
.ABA. Kuam sordet mihi terra 0uum coelum intueor.
.AB/. 9enec. de "ro#identia ca". =. 3iis ita #isum$ dii melius norunt 0uid
sit in commodum meum.
.ABB. 5om. Iliad. ?.
./CC. 5om. B. #oluit urbem tyrannus e#ertere$ et 3eus non "rohibuit< #oluit
ca"ti#os ducere$ non im"edi#it< #oluit ligare$ concessit$ Fc.
./C,. Psal. c+iii. 3e terra ino"em$ de stercore erigit "au"erem.
./C=. Micah. #iii. A.
./C.. Preme$ "reme$ ego cum Pindaro$ ;Gree%& aba"tistos eimi os "hellos
hy"! elmaG immersibillis sum sicut suber su"er maris se"tum. *i"sius.
./C?. 5ic ure$ hic seca$ ut in aeternum "arcas$ Austin. 3iis fruitur
iratis$ su"erat et crescit malis. Mutium ignis$ 7abricium "au"ertas$
1egulum tormenta$ 9ocratem #enenum su"erare non "otuit.
./C@. 5or. e"ist. ,-. lib. ,.
./C-. 5om. @. Auferet "ecuniasN at habet in coelis& "atria dejicietN at in
coelestem ci#itatem mittet& #incula injicietN at habet solutam
conscientiam& cor"us interficiet$ at iterum resurget< cum umbra
"ugnat 0ui cum justo "ugnat.
./CA. *eonides.
./C/. Modo in "ressura$ in tentationibus$ erit "ostea bonum tuum re0uies$
aeternitas$ immortalitas.
./CB. 3abit 3eus his 0uo0ue finem.
./,C. 9eneca.
./,,. 8emo des"eret meliora la"sus.
./,=. Theocritus. L5o"e on$ attus$ tomorro' may bring better luc%< 'hile
there!s life there!s ho"e.L
./,.. 2#id.
./,?. 2#id.
./,@. Thales.
./,-. *ib. A. 7lor. hist. 2mnium felicissimus$ et locu"letissimus$ Fc.
incarceratus sae"e adolescentiam "ericulo mortis habuit$
solicitudinis et discriminis "lenam$ Fc.
./,A. *aetior successit securitas 0uae simul cum di#itiis cohabitare
nescit. :amden.
./,/. Pecuniam "erdidisti$ fortassis illa te "erderet manens. 9eneca.
./,B. E+"editior es ob "ecuniarum jacturam. 7ortuna o"es auferre$ non
animum "otest. 9eneca.
./=C. 5or. L*et us cast our je'els and gems$ and useless gold$ the cause of
all #ice$ into the sea$ since 'e truly re"ent of our sins.L
./=,. Dubet me "osthac fortuna e+"editius Philoso"hari.
./==. LI do not desire riches$ nor that a "rice should be set u"on me.L
./=.. In frag. Kuirites$ multa mihi "ericula domi$ militae multa ad#ersa
fuere$ 0uorum alia tolera#i$ alia deorum au+ilio re"uli et #irtute
mea< nun0uam animus negotio defuit$ nec decretis labor< nullae res
nec "ro"erae nec ad#ersae ingenium mutabant.
./=?. Kualis mundi statis su"ra lunam sem"er serenus.
./=@. ona meus nullum tristioris fortunae reci"it incursum$ Ial. lib. ?.
c. ,. Kui nil "otest s"erare$ des"eret nihil.
./=-. 5or.
./=A. Ae0uam. memento rebus in arduis ser#are mentem$ lib. =. 2d. ..
./=/. E"ict. c. ,/.
./=B. Ter. Adel. act. ?. sc. A.
./.C. Hna0uae0ue res duas habet ansas$ alternam 0uae teneri$ alteram 0uae
non "otest< in manu nostra 0uam #olumus acci"ere.
./.,. Ter. And. Act. ?. sc. -.
./.=. E"ictetus. In#itatus ad con#i#ium$ 0uae a""onuntur comedis$ non
0uaeris ultra< in mundo multa rogitas 0uae dii negant.
./... :a". -. de "ro#identia. Mortales cum sint rerum omnium indigi$ ideo
deus aliis di#itias$ aliis "au"ertatem distribuit$ ut 0ui o"ibus
"ollent$ materiam subministrent< 0ui #ero ino"es$ e+ercitatas artibus
manus admo#eant.
./.?. 9i sint omnes e0uales$ necesse est ut omnes fame "ereant< 0uis aratro
terram sulcaret$ 0uis sementem faceret$ 0uis "lantas sereret$ 0uis
#inum e+"rimeretN
./.@. *i#. lib. ,.
./.-. *ib. .. de cons.
./.A. 9eneca.
././. Iide Isaacum Pontanum descri"t. Amsterdam. lib. =. c. ==.
./.B. Iide Ed. Pelham!s boo% edit. ,-.C.
./?C. 5eautontim. Act. ,. 9c. =.
./?,. E"ist. B/. 2mni fortuna #alentior i"se animus$ in utram0ue "artem res
suas ducit$ beatae0ue ac miserae #itae sibi causa est.
./?=. 7ortuna 0uem nimium fo#et stultum facil. Pub. Mimus.
./?.. 9eneca de beat. #it. ca". ,?. miseri si deserantur ab ea$ miseriores
si obruantur.
./??. Plutarch$ #it. ejus.
./?@. 5or. e"ist. l. ,. e". ,/.
./?-. 5or.
./?A. oeth. =.
./?/. E"ist. lib. .. #it. Paul. Ermit. *ibet eos nunc interrogare 0ui domus
marmoribus #estiunt$ 0ui uno filo #illarum "onunt "recia$ huic seni
modo 0uid un0uam defuitN #os gemma bibitis$ ille conca#is manibus
naturae satisfecit< ille "au"er "aradisum ca"it$ #os a#aros gehenna
susci"iet.
./?B. LIt matters little 'hether 'e are ensla#ed by men or things.L
./@C. 9atur. l. ,,. Alius libidini ser#it$ alius ambitioni$ omnes s"ei$
omnes timori.
./@,. 8at. lib. ..
./@=. :onsol. l. @.
./@.. 2 generose$ 0uid est #ita nisi carcer animiO
./@?. 5erbastein.
./@@. Iertomannus na#ig. l. =. c. ?. :ommercia in nundinis noctu hora
secunda ob nimios 0ui sae#iunt interdiu aestus e+ercent.
./@-. Hbi #erior contem"latio 0uam in solitudineN ubi studium solidius 0uam
in 0uieteN
./@A. Ale+. ab Ale+. gen. dier. lib. ,. ca". =.
./@/. In Ps. l++#i. non ita laudatur Dose"h cum frumenta distribueret$ ac
0uum carcerem habitaret.
./@B. oethius.
./-C. Philostratus in deliciis. Peregrini sunt imbres in terra et flu#ii in
mari Du"iter a"ud Aegy"tos$ sol a"ud omnes< hos"es anima in cor"ore$
luscinia in aere$ hirundo in domo$ Ganymedes coelo$ Fc.
./-,. *ib. ,-. ca". ,. 8ullam frugem habent "otus e+ imbre& Et hae gentes
si #incantur$ Fc.
./-=. *ib. @. de legibus. :um0ue cognatis careat et amicis$ majorem a"ud
deos et a"ud homines misericordiam meretur.
./-.. :ardan$ de consol. lib. =.
./-?. 9eneca.
./-@. enzo.
./--. 9ummo mane ululatum oriuntur$ "ectora "ercutientes$ Fc. miserabile
s"ectaculum e+hibentes. 2rtelius in Graecia.
./-A. :atullus.
./-/. Iirgil. LI li#e no'$ nor as yet relin0uish society and life$ but I
shall resign them.L
./-B. *ucan. L2#ercome by grief$ and unable to endure it$ she e+claimed$
!8ot to be able to die through sorro' for thee 'ere base.!L
./AC. . Annal.
./A,. LThe colour suddenly fled her chee%$ the distaff forsoo% her hand$
the reel re#ol#ed$ and 'ith dishe#elled loc%s she bro%e a'ay$ 'ailing
as a 'oman.L
./A=. Iirg. Aen. ,C. LTransfi+ me$ 2 1utuli$ if you ha#e any "iety& "ierce
me 'ith your thousand arro's.L
./A.. :onfess. l. ,.
./A?. Du#enalis.
./A@. Amator scortum #itae "rae"onit$ iracundus #indictam$ "arasitus gulam$
ambitiosus honores$ a#arus o"es$ miles ra"inam$ fur "raedam< morbos
odimus et accersimus. :ard.
./A-. 9eneca< 0uum nos sumus$ mors non adest< cum #ero mors adest$ tum nos
non sumus.
./AA. ernard. c. .. med. nasci miserum$ #i#ere "oena$ angustia mori.
./A/. Plato A"ol. 9ocratis. 9ed jam hora est hinc abire$ Fc.
./AB. :omedi ad satietatem$ gra#itas me offendit< "arcius edi$ non est
e+"letum desiderium< #enereas delicias se0uor$ hinc morbus$
lassitudo$ Fc.
.//C. ern. c. .. med. de tantilla laetitia$ 0uanta tristitia< "ost tantam
#olu"tatem 0uam gra#is miseriaN
.//,. Est enim mors "iorum feli+ transitus de labore ad refrigerium$ de
e+"ectatione ad "raemium$ de agone ad bra#ium.
.//=. Iaticanus #ita ejus.
.//.. *uc.
.//?. Il. B 5omer. LIt is "ro"er that$ ha#ing indulged in becoming grief
for one 'hole day$ you should commit the dead to the se"ulchre.L
.//@. 2#id.
.//-. :onsol. ad A"olon. non est libertate nostra "ositum non dolere$
misericordiam abolet$ Fc.
.//A. 2#id$ ? Trist.
.///. Tacitus lib. ?.
.//B. *ib. B. ca". B. de ci#itate 3ei. 8on 0uaero cum irascatur sed cur$
nor utrum sit tristis sed unde$ non utrum timeat sed 0uid timeat.
./BC. 7estus #erbo minuitur. *uctui dies indicebatur cum liberi nascantur$
cum frater abit$ amicus ab hos"ite ca"ti#us domum redeat$ "uella
des"onsetur.
./B,. 2b hanc causam mulieres ablegaram ne talia facerent< nos haec
audientes erubuimus et destitimus a lachrymis.
./B=. *ib. ,. class. /. de :laris. Durisconsultis Pata#inis.
./B.. ,=. Innu"tae "uellae amictae #iridibus "annis$ Fc.
./B?. *ib. de consol.
./B@. Praece"tis "hiloso"hiae confirmatus ad#ersus omnem fortunae #im$ et
te consecrata in coelum0ue rece"ta$ tanta affectus laetitia sum ac
#olu"tate$ 0uantam animo ca"ere "ossum$ ac e+ultare "lane mihi
#ideor$ #ictor0ue de omni dolore et fortuna trium"hare.
./B-. Ht lignum uri natum$ arista secari$ sic homines mori.
./BA. oeth. lib. =. met. ..
./B/. oeth.
./BB. 8ic. 5ensel. reslagr. fol. ?A.
.BCC. T'enty then "resent.
.BC,. To Magdalen$ the daughter of :harles the 9e#enth of 7rance. 2beunt
noctes0ue dies0ue$ Fc.
.BC=. Assyriorum regio funditus deleta.
.BC.. 2mnium 0uot un0uam 9ol as"e+it urbium ma+ima.
.BC?. 2#id. L4hat of ancient Athens but the name remainsNL
.BC@. Arcad. lib. /.
.BC-. Praefat. To"ogr. :onstantino".
.BCA. L8or can its o'n structure "reser#e the solid globe.L
.BC/. E"ist. Tull. lib. ..
.BCB. Kuum tot o""idorum cada#era ante oculus "rojecta jacent.
.B,C. 5or. lib. ,. 2d. =?.
.B,,. 3e remed. fortuit.
.B,=. Erubesce tanta tem"estate 0uod ad unam anchoram stabas.
.B,.. Iis aegrum$ et morbidum$ fitibundum--gaude "otius 0uod his malis
liberatus sit.
.B,?. H+orem bonam aut in#enisti$ aut sic fecisti< si in#eneris$ aliam
habere te "osse e+ hoc intelligamus& si feceris$ bene s"eres$ sal#us
est artife+.
.B,@. 9tulti est com"edes licet aureas amare.
.B,-. 5or.
.B,A. 5or. lib. ,. 2d. =?.
.B,/. Iirg. ?. Aen.
.B,B. :a". ,B. 9i id studes ut u+or$ amici$ liberi "er"etuo #i#ant$ stultus
es.
.B=C. 3eos 0uos diligit ju#enes ra"it$ Menan.
.B=,. :onsol. ad A"ol. A"ollonius filius tuus in flore decessit$ ante nos
ad aeternitatem digressus$ tan0uam e con#i#io abiens$ "rius0uam in
errorem ali0uem e temulentia incideret$ 0uales in longa senecta
accidere solent.
.B==. Tom. ,. Tract. de luctu. Kuid me mortuum miserum #ocas$ 0ui te sum
multo feliciorN aut 0uid acerbi mihi "utas contigisseN an 0uia non
sum malus sene+$ ut tu facie rugosus$ incur#us$ Fc. 2 demens$ 0uid
tibi #idetur in #ita boniN nimirum amicitias$ caenas$ Fc. *onge
melius non esurire 0uam edere< non sitire$ Fc. Gaude "otius 0uod
morbos et febres effugerim$ angorem animi$ Fc. Ejulatus 0uid "rodest
0uid lachryimae$ Fc.
.B=.. Iirgil.
.B=?. 5or.
.B=@. :hytreus deliciis Euro"ae.
.B=-. E"ist. /@.
.B=A. 9ardus de mor. gen.
.B=/. Praemeditatione facilem reddere 0uem0ue casum. Plutarchus
consolatione ad A"ollonium. Assuefacere non casibus debemus. Tull.
lib. .. Tusculan. 0uaest.
.B=B. :a". /. 9i ollam diligas$ memento te ollam diligere$ non
"erturbaberis ea confracta< si filium aut u+orem$ memento hominem. a
te diligi$ Fc.
.B.C. 9eneca.
.B.,. oeth$ lib. ,. "ros. ?.
.B.=. Kui in#idiam ferre non "otest$ ferre contem"tum cogitur.
.B... Ter. 5eautont.
.B.?. E"ictetus c. ,?. 9i labor objectus fuerit tolerantiae$ con#icium
"atientiae$ Fc. si ita consue#eris$ #itiis non obtem"erabis.
.B.@. Ter. Phor.
.B.-. Alciat Embl.
.B.A. Iirg. Aen.
.B./. LMy breast 'as not conscious of this first 'ound$ for I ha#e endured
still greater.L
.B.B. 8at. :hytreus deliciis Euro"ae$ 7eli+ ci#itas 0uae tem"ore "acis de
bello cogitat.
.B?C. 2ccu"at e+tremum scabies< mihi tur"e relin0ui est. 5or.
.B?,. *i"sius e"ist. 0uaest. l. ,. e". A.
.B?=. *i"sius e"ist. lib. I. e"ist. A.
.B?.. Gloria comitem habet in#idiam$ "ari onere "remitur retinendo ac
ac0uirendo.
.B??. Kuid aliud ambitiosus sibi "arat 0uam ut "robra ejus "ateantN nemo
#i#ens 0ui non habet in #ita "lura #ito"eratione 0uam laude digna<
his malis non melius occurritur$ 0uam si bene latueris.
.B?@. Et omnes fama "er urbes garrula laudet.
.B?-. 9en. 5er. fur.
.B?A. 5or. LI li#e li%e a %ing 'ithout any of these ac0uisitions.L
.B?/. Lut all my labour 'as un"rofitable< for 'hile death too% off some of
my friends$ to others I remain un%no'n$ or little li%ed$ and these
decei#e me 'ith false "romises. 4hilst I am can#assing one "arty$
ca"ti#ating another$ ma%ing myself %no'n to a third$ my age
increases$ years glide a'ay$ I am "ut off$ and no' tired of the
'orld$ and surfeited 'ith human 'orthlessness. I rest content.L
.B?B. The right honourable *ady 7rancis :ountess 3o'ager of E+eter. The
*ord er%ley.
.B@C. 3istichon ejus in militem :hristianum e Graeco. Engra#en on the tomb
of 7r. Puccius the 7lorentine in 1ome. :hytreus in deliciis.
.B@,. Paederatus in .CC *acedaemoniorum numerum non electus risit$
gratulari se dicens ci#itatem habere .CC ci#es se meliores.
.B@=. 6issing goes by fa#our.
.B@.. Aeneas 9yl. de miser. curial. 3antur honores in curiis non secundum
honores et #irtutes$ sed ut 0uis0ue ditior est at0ue "otentior$ eo
magis honoratur.
.B@?. 9esellius lib. =. de re"ub. Gallorum. 7a#ore a"ud nos et gratia
"lerum0ue res agitur< et 0ui commodum ali0uem nacti sunt
intercessorem$ aditum fere habent ad omnes "raefecturas.
.B@@. L9la#es go#ern< asses are dec%ed 'ith tra""ings< horses are de"ri#ed
of them.L
.B@-. Im"eritus "eriti munus occu"at$ et sic a"ud #ulgus habetur. Ille
"rofitetur mille coronatus$ cum nec decem mercatur< alius e di#erso
mille dignus$ #i+ decem conse0ui "otest.
.B@A. E"ist. dedict. dis"ut. >eubbeo ondemontio$ et :osmo 1ucelaio.
.B@/. Kuum is 0ui regnat$ et regnandi sit im"eritus.
.B@B. *ib. ==. hist.
.B-C. Ministri locu"letiores sunt iis 0uibus ministratur.
.B-,. 5or. lib. =. 9at. @. L*earn ho' to gro' rich.L
.B-=. 9olomon Eccles. i+. ,,.
.B-.. 9at. Meni".
.B-?. L2 'retched #irtueO you are therefore nothing but 'ords$ and I ha#e
all this time been loo%ing u"on you as a reality$ 'hile you are
yourself the sla#e of fortune.L
.B-@. Tale 0uid est a"ud Ialent. Andream A"olog. mani". @. a"ol. .B.
.B--. 9tella 7omahant immortalitatem dabit.
.B-A. *ib. de lib. "ro"iis.
.B-/. 5or. LThe muse forbids the "raise'orthy man to die.L
.B-B. Kui induit thoracem aut galeam$ Fc.
.BAC. *ib. ?. de guber. 3ei. Kuid est dignitas indigno nisi circulus aureus
in naribus suis.
.BA,. In *ysandro.
.BA=. 2#id. Met.
.BA.. Magistratus #irum indicat.
.BA?. Ideo boni #iri ali0uando gratiam non acci"iunt$ ne in su"erbiam
ele#entur #enositate jactantiae$ ne altitudo muneris neglentiores
efficiat.
.BA@. Aelian.
.BA-. Injuriarum remedium est obli#io.
.BAA. Mat. +#iii. ==. Mat. #. .B.
.BA/. 1om. +ii. ,A.
.BAB. 9i toleras injuriam$ #ictor e#adis< 0ui enim "ecuniis "ri#atus est$
non est "ri#atus #ictoria in hac "hiloso"hia.
.B/C. 3is"eream nisi te ultus fuero& dis"eream nisi ut me deince"s ames
effecero.
.B/,. Doach. :amerarius Embl. =,. cent. ,.
.B/=. 5eliodorus.
.B/.. 1ei"sa re"eri nihil esse homini melius facilitate et clementia. Ter.
Adel"h.
.B/?. 2#id.
.B/@. :amden in Glouc.
.B/-. Hs0ue ad "ectus ingressus est$ a0uam$ Fc. cymbam am"lectens$
sa"ientissime$ re+ ait$ tua humilitas meam #icit su"erbiam$ et
sa"ientia trium"ha#it ine"tiam< collum ascende 0uod contra te fatuus
ere+i$ intrabis terram 0uam hodie fecit tuam benignitas$ Fc.
.B/A. :hrysostom$ contumeliis affectus est et eas "ertulit< o""robriis$ nec
ultus est< #erberibus caesus$ nec #icem reddidit.
.B//. 1om. +ii. ,?.
.B/B. Pro.
.BBC. :ontend not 'ith a greater man$ Pro.
.BB,. 2ccidere "ossunt.
.BB=. 8on facile aut tutum in eum scribere 0ui "otest "roscribere.
.BB.. Arcana tacere$ otium recte collocare$ injuriam "osse ferre$
difficillimum.
.BB?. Psal. +l#.
.BB@. 1om. +ii.
.BB-. Psa. +iii. ,=.
.BBA. 8ullus tam se#ere inimicum suum ulcisci "otest$ 0uam 3eus solet
miserorum o""ressores.
.BB/. Arcturus in Plaut. L5e adjudicates judgment again$ and "unishes 'ith
a still greater "enalty.L
.BBB. 5or. .. od. =.
?CCC. 4isd. +i. -.
?CC,. Du#enal.
?CC=. A"ud :hristianos non 0ui "atitur$ sed 0ui facit injuriam miser est.
*eo ser.
?CC.. 8e0ue "raece"isset 3eus si gra#e fuisset< sed 0ua ratione "oteroN
facile si coelum sus"e+eris< et ejus "ulchritudine$ et 0uod
"ollicetur 3eus$ Fc.
?CC?. Ialer. lib. ?. ca". ,.
?CC@. E". K. frat.
?CC-. :amerarius$ emb. A@. cen. =.
?CCA. Pa"e$ in0uit& nullum animal tam "usillum 0uod non cu"iat ulcisci.
?CC/. Kuod tibi fieri non #is$ alteri ne feceris.
?CCB. , Pet. ii.
?C,C. 9i0uidem malorum "ro"rium est inferre damna$ et bonorum "edisse0ua
est injuria.
?C,,. Alciat. emb.
?C,=. 8aturam e+"ellas furca licet us0ue recurret.
?C,.. y many indignities 'e come to dignities. Tibi subjicito 0uae fiunt
aliis$ furtum con#itia$ Fc. Et in iis in te admissis non e+candesces.
E"ictetus.
?C,?. Plutarch. 0uin0uagies :atoni dies dicta ab inimicis.
?C,@. *ib. ,/.
?C,-. 5oc scio "ro certo 0uod si cum stercore certo$ #inco seu #incor$
sem"er ego maculor.
?C,A. *ib. /. ca". =.
?C,/. 2blo0uutus est$ "robrum0ue tibi intulit 0uis"iam$ si#e #era is
di+erit$ si#e falsa$ ma+imam tibi coronam te+ueris si mansuete
con#itium tuleris. :hrys. in -. ca". ad 1om. ser. ,C.
?C,B. Tullius e"ist. 3olabella$ tu forti sis animo< et tua moderatio$
constantia$ eorum infamet injuriam.
?C=C. oethius consol. lib. ?. "ros. ..
?C=,. Amongst "eo"le in e#ery climate.
?C==. Ter. Phor.
?C=.. :amerar. emb. -,. cent. .. L4hy should you regard the harmless shafts
of a #ain-s"ea%ing tongue--does the e+alted 3iana care for the
bar%ing of a dogNL
?C=?. *i"sius elect. lib. .. ult. *atrant me jaceo$ ac taceo$ Fc.
?C=@. :atullus.
?C=-. The symbol of I. 6e#enheder$ a :arinthian baron$ saith 9ambucus.
?C=A. The symbol of Gonzaga$ 3u%e of Mantua.
?C=/. Pers. sat. ,.
?C=B. Magni animi est injurias des"icere$ 9eneca de ira$ ca". .,.
?C.C. Kuid tur"ius 0uam sa"ientis #itam e+ insi"ientis sermone "endereN
Tullius =. de finibus.
?C.,. Tua te conscientia sal#are$ in cubiculum ingredere$ ubi secure
re0uiescas. Minuit se 0uodammodo "roba bonitas conscientiae secretum$
oethius$ l. ,. "ros. ?.
?C.=. 1ingantur licet et maledicant< Palladium illud "ectori o""ono$ non
mo#eri& consisto modestiae #eluti sudi innitens$ e+ci"io et frango
stultissimum im"etum li#oris. Putean. lib. =. e"ist. @..
?C... Mil. glor. Act. .. Plautus.
?C.?. ion said his father 'as a rogue$ his mother a 'hore$ to "re#ent
oblo0uy$ and to sho' that nought belonged to him but goods of the
mind.
?C.@. *ib. =. e". =@.
?C.-. 8osce tei"sum.
?C.A. :ontentus abi.
?C./. 8e fidas o"ibus$ ne0ue "arasitis$ trahunt in "raeci"itium.
?C.B. Pace cum hominibus habe$ bellum cum #itiis. 2tho. =. im"erat. symb.
?C?C. 3aemon te nun0uam otiosum in#eniat. 5ieron.
?C?,. 3iu deliberandum 0uod statuendum est semel.
?C?=. Insi"ientis est dicere non "utaram.
?C?.. Ames "arentem$ si e0uum$ aliter feras< "raestes "arentibus "ietatem$
amicis dilectionem.
?C??. :om"rime linguam. Kuid de 0uo0ue #iro et cui dicas sae"e ca#eto.
*ibentius audias 0uam lo0uaris< #i#e ut #i#as.
?C?@. E"ictetus& o"time feceris si ea fugeris 0uae in alio re"rehendis.
8emini di+eris 0uae nolis efferri.
?C?-. 7uge sussurones. Percontatorem fugito$ Fc.
?C?A. 9int sales sine #ilitate. 9en.
?C?/. 9"onde$ "resto no+a.
?C?B. :amerar. emb. @@. cent. =. ca#e cui credas$ #el nemini fidas
E"icarmus.
?C@C. Tecum habita.
?C@,. is dat 0ui cito dat.
?C@=. Post est occasio cal#a.
?C@.. 8imia familiaritas "arit contem"tum.
?C@?. Mendacium ser#ile #itium.
?C@@. Arcanum ne0ue inscrutaberis ullius un0uam$ commissum0ue teges$ 5or.
lib. ,$ e". ,B. 8ec tua laudabis studia aut aliena re"rendes. 5or.
e". lib. ,/.
?C@-. 8e te 0uaesi#eris e+tra.
?C@A. 9tultum est timere$ 0uod #itari non "otest.
?C@/. 3e re amissa irre"arabili ne doleas.
?C@B. Tant eris aliis 0uanti tibi fueris.
?C-C. 8eminem esto laudes #el accuses.
?C-,. 8ullius hos"itis grata est mora longa.
?C-=. 9olonis le+ a"ud. Aristotelem Gellius lib. =. ca". ,=.
?C-.. 8ullum locum "utes sine teste$ sem"er adesse 3eum cogita.
?C-?. 9ecreto amicos admone$ lauda "alam.
?C-@. Ht ameris amabilis esto. Eros et anteros gemelli Ieneris$ amatio et
redamatio. Plat.
?C--. 3um fata sinunt #i#ite laeti$ 9eneca.
?C-A. Id a""rime in #ita utile$ e+ aliis obser#are sibi 0uod e+ usu siet.
Ter.
?C-/. 3um furor in cursu currenti cede furori. :retizandum cum :rete.
Tem"oribus ser#i$ nec contra flamina flato.
?C-B. 8ulla certior custodia innocentia& ine+"ugnabile munimentum munimento
non egere.
?CAC. Hnicui0ue suum onus intolerabile #idetur.
?CA,. *i#ius.
?CA=. Ter. scen. =. Adel"hus.
?CA.. L!T'as not the 'ill but the 'ay that 'as 'anting.L
?CA?. Plautus.
?CA@. Petronius :atul.
?CA-. Parmeno :aelestinae$ Act. /. 9i stultita dolor esset$ in nulla non
domo ejulatus audires.
?CAA. usbe0uius. 9ands. lib. ,. fol. /B.
?CA/. Kuis hodie beatior$ 0uam cui licet stultum esse$ et eorundam
immunitatibus frui. 9at. Meni".
?CAB. *ib. 5ist.
?C/C. Par#o #i#entes laboriosi$ longae#i$ suo contenti$ ad centum annos
#i#unt.
?C/,. *ib. -. de 8u". Philol. Hltra humanam fragilitatem "roli+i$ ut
immature "ereat 0ui centenarius moriatur$ Fc.
?C/=. Iictus eorum caseo et laete consistit$ "otus a0ua et serum< "isces
loco "anis habent< ita multos annos sae"e =@C abs0ue medico et
medicina #i#unt.
?C/.. *ib. de ?. com"le+.
?C/?. Per mortes agunt e+"erimenta et animas nostras negotiantur< et 0uod
aliis e+itiale hominem occidere iis im"unitas summa. Plinius.
?C/@. Du#en.
?C/-. 2mnis morbus lethalis aut curabilis$ in #itam definit aut in mortem.
Htro0ue igitur modo medicina inutilis< si lethalis$ curari non
"otest< si curabilis$ non re0uirit medicum& natura e+"ellet.
?C/A. In inter"retationes "olitico-morales in A A"horism. 5i""oc. libros.
?C//. Praefat. de contrad. med.
?C/B. 2"inio facit medicos& a fair go'n$ a #el#et ca"$ the name of a doctor
is all in all.
?CBC. Morbus alius "ro alio curatur< aliud remedium "ro alio.
?CB,. :ontrarias "roferunt sententias. :ard.
?CB=. *ib. .. de sa". 2mnes artes fraudem admittunt$ sola medicina s"onte
eam accersit.
?CB.. 2mnis aegrotus$ "ro"ria cul"a "erit$ sed nemo nisi medici beneficio
restituitur. Agri""a.
?CB?. L5o' does the surgeon differ from the doctorN In this res"ect& one
%ills by drugs$ the other by the hand< both only differ from the
hangman in this 'ay$ they do slo'ly 'hat he does in an instant.L
?CB@. LMedicine cannot cure the %notty gout.L
?CB-. *ib. .. :rat. e". 4inceslao 1a"haeno. Ausim dicere$ tot "ulsuum
differentias$ 0uae describuntur a Galeno$ nec a 0uo0uam intelligi$
nec obser#ari "osse.
?CBA. *ib. =/. ca". A. synta+$ art. mirab. Mallem ego e+"ertis credere
solum$ 0uam mere ratiocinantibus& ne0ue satis laudare "ossum
institutum abylonicum$ Fc.
?CB/. 5erod. Euter"e de Egy"tiis. A"ud eos singulorum morborum sunt singuli
medici< alius curat oculos$ alius dentes$ alius ca"ut$ "artes
occultas alius.
?CBB. :yri". lib. ,. Ielut #estium fractarum resarcinatores$ Fc.
?,CC. :hrys. hom.
?,C,. Prudens et "ius medicus$ morbum ante e+"ellere satagit$ cibis
medicinalibus$ 0uam "uris medicinis.
?,C=. :uicun0ue "otest "er alimenta restitui sanitas$ frugiendus est
"enitus usus medicamentorum.
?,C.. Modestus et sa"iens medicus$ nun0uam "ro"erabit ad "harmaciam$ nisi
cogente necessitate.
?,C?. Kuicun0ue "harmacatur in ju#entute$ deflebit in senectute.
?,C@. 5ildish. s"ic. =. de mel. fol. =A-. 8ulla est firme medicina "urgans$
0uae non ali0uam de #iribus et "artibus cor"oris de"raedatur.
?,C-. *ib. ,. et art. lib. /. ca". ,=.
?,CA. 3e #ict. acut. 2mne "urgans medicamentum$ cor"ori "urgato contrarium$
Fc. succos et s"iritus abducit$ substantiam cor"oris aufert.
?,C/. 5esiod. o".
?,CB. 5eurnius "raef. "ra. med. Kuot morborum sunt ideae$ tot remediorum
genera #ariis "otentiis decorata.
?,,C. Penottus denar. med. Kuaecun0ue regio "roducit sim"licia$ "ro morbis
regionis< crescit raro absynthium in Italia$ 0uod ibi "lerum0ue morbi
calidi$ sed cicuta$ "a"a#er$ et herbae frigidae< a"ud nos Germanos et
Polonos ubi0ue "ro#enit absynthium.
?,,,. Kuum in #illam #enit$ considera#it 0uae ibi crescebant medicamenta$
sim"licia fre0uentiora$ et iis "lerun0ue usus distillatis$ et aliter$
alimbacum ideo argenteum circumferens.
?,,=. 5erbae medicis utiles omnium in A"ulia feracissimae.
?,,.. Geog. ad 0uos magnus herbariorum numerus undi0ue confluit. 9incerus
Itiner. Gallia.
?,,?. aldus mons "ro"e enacum herbilegis ma+ime notus.
?,,@. Kui se nihil effecisse arbitrantur$ nisi Indiam$ Aethio"iam$ Arabiam$
et ultra Garamantas a tribus mundi "artibus e+0uisita remedia
corradunt. Tutius sae"e medetur rustica anus una$ Fc.
?,,-. E". lib. /. Pro+imorum incuriosi longin0ua sectamur$ et ad ea
cognoscenda iter ingredi et mare transmittere solemus< at 0uae sub
oculis "osita negligimus.
?,,A. E+otica rejecit$ domesticis solum nos contentos esse #oluit. Melch.
Adamus #it. ejus.
?,,/. Instit$ l. ,. ca". /. sec. ,. ad e+0uisitam curandi rationem$ 0uorum
cognitio im"rimis necessaria est.
?,,B. Kuae caeca #i ac s"ecifica 0ualitate morbos futuros arcent. lib. ,.
ca". ,C. Instit. Phar.
?,=C. Galen. lib. e"ar lu"i e"aticos curat.
?,=,. 9tercus "ecoris ad E"ile"siam$ Fc.
?,==. Priest"intle$ roc%et.
?,=.. 9abina faetum educit.
?,=?. 4ec%er. Iide 2s'aldum :rollium$ lib. de internis rerum signaturis$ de
herbis "articularibus "arti cui0ue con#enientibus.
?,=@. Idem *aurentius$ c. B.
?,=-. 3icor borago gaudia sem"er ago.
?,=A. Iino infusam hilaritatem facit.
?,=/. 2dyss. A.
?,=B. *ib. =. ca". =. "ra+. med. mira #i laetitiam "raebet et cor
confirmat$ #a"ores melancholicos "urgat a s"iritibus.
?,.C. Pro"rium est ejus animum hilarem reddere$ concoctionem ju#are$
ccrebri obstructiones resecare$ sollicitudines fugare$ sollicitas
imaginationes tollere. 9corzonera.
?,.,. 8on solum ad #i"erarum morsus$ comitiales$ #ertiginosos< sed "er se
accommodata radi+ tristitiam discutit$ hilaritatem0ue conciliat.
?,.=. ilem utram0ue detrahit$ sanguinem "urgat.
?,... *ib. A. ca". @. *aiet. occit. Indiae descri". lib. ,C. ca". =.
?,.?. 5eurnius$ l. =. consil. ,/@. 9coltzii consil. AA.
?,.@. Praef. denar. med. 2mnes ca"itis dolores et "hantasmata tollit< scias
nullam herbam in terris huic com"arandam #iribus et bonitate nasci.
?,.-. 2"timum medicamentum in ceteri cordis confortatione$ et ad omnes 0ui
tristantur$ Fc.
?,.A. 1ondoletius. Elenum 0uod #im habet miram ad hilaritatem et multi "ro
secreto habent. 9c%en%ius obser#. med. cen. @. obser#. /-.
?,./. Afflictas mentes rele#at$ animi imaginationes et daemones e+"ellit.
?,.B. 9c%en%ius$ Mizaldus$ 1hasis.
?,?C. :ratonis e". #ol. ,. :redat 0ui #ult gemmas mirabilia efficere< mihi
0ui et ratione et e+"erientia didici aliter rem habere$ nullus facile
"ersuadebit falsum esse #erum.
?,?,. *. de gemmis.
?,?=. Margaritae et corallum ad melancholiam "raeci"ue #alent.
?,?.. Margaritae et gemmae s"iritus confortant et cor$ melancholiam fugant.
?,??. Praefat. ad la". "rec. lib. =. sect. =. de mat. med. 1egum coronas
ornant$ digitos illustrant$ su"ellectilem ditant$ e fascino tuentur$
morbis medentur$ sanitatem conser#ant$ mentem e+hilarant$ tristitiam
"ellunt.
?,?@. Encelius$ l. .. c. ?. 9us"ensus #el ebibitus tristitiae multum
resistit$ et cor recreat.
?,?-. Idem. ca". @. et ca". -. de 5yacintho et To"azio. Iram sedat et animi
tristitiam "ellit.
?,?A. *a"is hic gestatus aut ebibitus "rudentiam auget$ nocturnos timores
"ellit< insanos hac sana#i$ et 0uum la"idem abjecerint$ eru"it iterum
stultitia.
?,?/. Inducit sa"ientiam$ fugat stultitiam. Idem :ardanus$ lunaticos ju#at.
?,?B. :onfert ad bonum intellectum$ com"rimit malas cogitationes$ Fc.
Alacres reddit.
?,@C. Albertus$ Encelius$ ca". ??. lib. .. Plin. lib. .A. ca". ,C. Dacobus
de 3ondis& de+tro brachio alligatus sanat lunaticos$ insanos$ facit
amabiles$ jucundos.
?,@,. Ialet contra "hantasticas illusiones e+ melancholia.
?,@=. Amentes sanat$ tristitiam "ellit$ iram$ Fc.
?,@.. Ialet ad fugandos timores et daemones$ turbulenta somnia abigit$ et
nocturnos "uerorum timores com"escit.
?,@?. 9omnia laeta facit argenteo annulo gestatus.
?,@@. Atrae bili ad#ersatur$ omnium gemmarum "ulcherrima$ coeli colorem
refert$ animum ab errore liberat$ mores in melius mutat.
?,@-. *ongis moeroribus feliciter medetur$ deli0uiis$ Fc.
?,@A. 9ec. @. Memb. ,. 9ubs. @.
?,@/. Gestamen la"idum et gemmarum ma+imum fert au+ilium et ju#amen< unde
0ui dites sunt gemmas secum ferre student.
?,@B. Margaritae et uniones 0uae a conchis et "iscibus a"ud Persas et
Indos$ #alde cordiales sunt$ Fc.
?,-C. Aurum laetitiam general$ non in corde$ sed in arca #irorum.
?,-,. :haucer.
?,-=. Aurum non aurum. 8o+ium ob a0uas rodentes.
?,-.. E". ad Mona#ium. Metallica omnia in uni#ersum 0uo#ismodo "arata$ nec
tuto nec commode intra cor"us sumi.
?,-?. In "arag. 9tultissimus "ilus occi"itis mei "lus scit$ 0uam omnes
#estri doctores$ et calceorum meorum annuli doctiores sunt 0uam
#ester Galenus et A#icenna$ barba mea "lus e+"erta est 0uam #estrae
omnes Academiae.
?,-@. Iide Ernestum urgratium$ edit. 7rana%er. /#o. ,-,,. :rollius and
others.
?,--. Plus "roficiet gutta mea$ 0uam tot eorum drachmae et unciae.
?,-A. 8onnulli huic su"ra modum indulgent$ usum etsi non adeo magnum$ non
tamen abjiciendum censeo.
?,-/. Ausim dicere neminem medicum e+cellentem 0ui non in hac distillatione
chymica sit #ersatus. Morbi chronici de#inci citra metallica #i+
"ossint$ aut ubi sanguis corrum"itur.
?,-B. 7raudes hominum et ingeniorum ca"turae$ officinas in#enere istas$ in
0uibus sua cui0ue #enalis "romittitur #ita< statim com"ositiones et
mi+turae ine+"licabiles e+ Arabia et India$ ulceri "ar#o medicina a
rubro mari im"ortatur.
?,AC. Arnoldus A"hor. ,@. 7alla+ medicus 0ui "otens mederi sim"licibus$
com"osita dolose aut frustra 0uaerit.
?,A,. *ib. ,. sect. ,. ca". /. 3um infinita medicamenta miscent$ laudem
sibi com"arare student$ et in hoc studio alter alterum su"erare
conatur$ dum 0uis0ue 0uo "lura miscuerit$ eo se doctiorem "utet$ inde
fit ut suam "rodant inscitiam$ dum ostentant "eritiam$ et se
ridiculos e+hibeant$ Fc.
?,A=. Multo "lus "ericuli a medicamento$ 0uam a morbo$ Fc.
?,A.. E+"edit. in 9inas$ lib. ,. c. @. Praece"ta medici dant nostris
di#ersa$ in medendo non infelices$ "harmacis utuntur sim"licibus$
herbis$ radicibus$ Fc. tota eorum medicina nostrae herbariae
"raece"tis continetur$ nullus ludus hujus artis$ 0uis0ue "ri#atus a
0uolibet magistro eruditur.
?,A?. *ib. de A0ua.
?,A@. 2"usc. de 3os.
?,A-. 9ubtil. ca". de scientiis.
?,AA. Kuaercetan. "harmaco". restitut. ca". =. 8obilissimum et utilissimum
in#entum summa cum necessitate adin#entum et introductum.
?,A/. :a". =@. Tetrabib. ?. ser. =. 8ecessitas nunc cogit ali0uando no+ia
0uaerere remedia$ et e+ sim"licibus com"ositas facere$ tum ad
sa"orem$ odorem$ "alati gratiam$ ad correctionem sim"licium$ tum ad
futuros usus$ conser#ationem$ Fc.
?,AB. :um sim"licia non "ossunt neccessitas cogit ad com"osita.
?,/C. *i"s. E"ist.
?,/,. Theod. Podromus Amor. lib. B.
?,/=. 9anguinem corru"tum emaculat$ scabiem abolet$ le"ram curat$ s"iritus
recreat$ et animum e+hilarat. Melancholicos humores "er urinam
educit$ et cerebrum a crassis$ aerumnosis melancholiae fumis "urgat$
0uibus addo dementes et furiosos #inculis retinendos "lurimum ju#at$
et ad rationis usum ducit. Testis est mihi conscientia$ 0uod #iderim
matronam 0uandam hinc liberatam$ 0uae fre0uentius e+ iracundia
demens$ et im"os animi dicenda tacenda lo0uebatur$ adeo furens ut
ligari cogeretur. 7uit ei "raestantissimo remedio$ #ini istius usus$
indicatus a "eregrino homine mendico$ eleemosynam "rae foribus dictae
matronae im"lorante.
?,/.. Iis 0ui tristautur sine causa$ et #itant amicorum societatem et
tremunt corde.
?,/?. Modo non inflammetur melancholia$ aut calidiore tem"eramento sint.
?,/@. 5eurnius& datur in sero lactis$ aut #ino.
?,/-. Ieratri modo e+"urgat cerebrum$ roborat memoriam. 7uchsias.
?,/A. :rassos et biliosos humores "er #omitum educit.
?,//. Iomitum et menses cit. #alet ad hydro". Fc.
?,/B. Materias atras educit.
?,BC. Ab arte ideo rejiciendum$ ob "ericulum suffocationis.
?,B,. :a". ,-. magna #i educit$ et molestia cum summa.
?,B=. Kuondam terribile.
?,B.. Multi studiorum gratia ad "ro#idenda acrius 0uae commentabantur.
?,B?. Medetur comitialibus$ melancholicis$ "odagricis< #etatur senibus$
"ueris$ mollibus et effaeminatis.
?,B@. :ollect. lib. /. ca". .. in affectionibus iis 0uae difficulter
curantur$ 5elleborum damus.
?,B-. 8on sine summa cautio ne hoc remedio utemur< est enim #alidissimum$
et 0uum #ires Antimonii contemnit morbus$ in au+ilium e#ocatur$ modo
#alide #ires efflorescant.
?,BA. Aetias tetrab. ca". ,. ser. =. Iis solum dari #ult 5elleborum album$
0ui secus s"em non habent$ non iis 0ui 9ynco"em timent$ Fc.
?,B/. :um salute multorum.
?,BB. :a". ,= de morbis ca".
?=CC. 8os facillime utimur nostro "re"aerato 5elleboro albo.
?=C,. In lib. @. 3ioscor. ca". .. 2mnibus o"itulator morbis$ 0uos atrabilis
e+cita#it comitialibus iis0ue "resertim 0ui 5y"ocondriacas obtinent
"assiones.
?=C=. Andreas Gallus$ Tridentinus medicus$ salutem huic medicamento "ost
3eum debet.
?=C.. Integrae sanitati bre#i restitutus. Id 0uod aliis accidisse scio$ 0ui
hoc mirabili medicamento usi sunt.
?=C?. Kui melancholicus factus "lane desi"iebat$ multa0ue stulte
lo0uebaturr$ huic e+hibitum ,=. gr. stibium$ 0uod "aulo "ost atram
bilem e+ al#o edu+it (ut ego #idi$ 0ui #ocatus tan0uam ad miraculum
adfui testari "ossum$) et ramenta tun0uam carnis dissecta in "artes
totum e+crementum tan0uam sanguinem nigerrimum re"raesentabat.
?=C@. Antimonium #enenum$ non medicamentum.
?=C-. :ratonis e". sect. #el ad Mona#ium e". In utram0ue "artem dignissimum
medicamentum$ si recte utentur$ secus #enenum.
?=CA. Maerores fugant< utilissime dantur melancholicis et 0uaternariis.
?=C/. Millies horum #ires e+"ertus sum.
?=CB. 9al nitrium$ sal ammoniaeum$ 3racontii radi+$ doctamnum.
?=,C. :alet ordine secundo$ siccat "rimo$ ad#ersus omnia #itia atrae bilis
#alet$ sanguinem mundat$ s"iritus illustrat$ maerorem discutit herba
mirifica.
?=,,. :a". ?. lib. =.
?=,=. 1ecentiores negant ora #enarum resecare.
?=,.. An aloe a"eriat ora #enarum. lib. B. cont. ..
?=,?. Ia"ores abstergit a #italibus "artibus.
?=,@. Tract. ,@. c. -. onus Ale+ander$ tantam la"ide Arnteno confidentiam
habuit$ ut omnes melancholicas "assiones ab eo curari "osse crederet$
et ego inde sae"issime usus sum$ et in ejus e+hibitione nun0uam
fraudatus fui.
?=,-. Maurorum medici hoc la"ide "lerum0ue "urgant melancholiam$ Fc.
?=,A. Kuo ego sae"e feliciter usus sum$ et magno cum au+ilio.
?=,/. 9i non hoc$ nihil restat nisi 5elleborus$ et la"is Armenus. :onsil.
,/?. 9coltzii.
?=,B. Multa cor"ora #idi gra#issime hinc agitata$ et stomacho multum
obfuisse.
?==C. :um #idissit ab eo curari ca"ras furentes$ Fc.
?==,. *ib. -. sim"l. med.
?===. Pseudolo act. ?. scen. ult. helleboro hisce hominibus o"us est.
?==.. 5or.
?==?. In 9atyr.
?==@. :rato consil. ,-. l. =. Etsi multi magni #iri "robent$ in bonam
"artem acci"iant medici$ non "robem.
?==-. Iescuntur #eratro coturnices 0uod hominibus to+icum est.
?==A. *ib. =.. c. A. ,=. ,?.
?==/. 3e #ar. hist.
?==B. :or"us incolume reddit$ et ju#enile efficit.
?=.C. Ieteres non sine causa usi sunt& 3ifficilis e+ 5elleboro "urgatio$ et
terroris "lena$ sed robustis datur tamen$ Fc.
?=.,. Innocens medicamentum$ modo rite "aretur.
?=.=. Absit jactantia$ ego "rimus "raebere cae"i$ Fc.
?=... In :atart. E+ una sola e#acuatione furor cessa#it et 0uietus inde
#i+it. Tale e+em"lum a"ud 9c%en%ium et a"ud 9coltzium$ e". =.,. P.
Mona#ius se stolidum curasse jactat hoc e"oto tribus aut 0uatuor
#icibus.
?=.?. Hltimum refugium$ e+tremum medicamentum$ 0uod caetera omnia claudit$
0uaecun0ue caeteris la+ati#is "elli non "ossunt ad hunc "ertinent< si
non huic$ nulli cedunt.
?=.@. Testari "ossum me se+centis hominibus 5elleborum nigrum e+hibuisse$
nullo "rorsus incommodo$ Fc.
?=.-. Pharmaco". 2"timum est ad maniam et omnes melancholicos affactus$ tum
intra assum"tum$ tum e+tra$ secus ca"iti cum linteolis in eo
madefactis te"ide admotutm.
?=.A. E"ist. Math. lib. .. Tales 9yru"i nocentissimi et omnibus modis
e+tir"andi.
?=./. Purgantia censebant medicamenta$ non unum humorem attrahere$ sed
0uemcun0ue attigerint in suam naturam con#ertere.
?=.B. 1eligantur omnes e+siccantes medicinae$ ut Aloe$ 5iera$ "ilulae
0uaecun0ue.
?=?C. :ontra eos 0ui lingua #ulgari et #ernacula remedia et medicamenta
"raescribunt$ et 0uibus#is communia faciunt.
?=?,. Kuis$ 0uantum$ 0uando.
?=?=. 7ernelius$ lib. =. ca". ,B.
?=?.. 1enodeus$ lib. @. ca". =,. de his Mercurialis lib. .. de com"osit.
med. ca". =?. 5eurnius$ lib. ,. "ra+. med. 4ec%er$ Fc.
?=??. :ont. lib. ,. c. B$ festines ad im"inguationem$ et cum im"inguantur$
remo#etur malum.
?=?@. eneficium #entris.
?=?-. 9i e+ "rimario cerebri affectu melancholici e#aserint$ sanguinis
detractione non indigent$ nisi ob alias causas sanguis mittatur$ si
multus in #asis$ Fc. frustra enim fatigatur cor"us$ Fc.
?=?A. :om"etit iis "hlebotomia frontis.
?=?/. 9i sanguis abundet$ 0uod scitur e+ #enarum re"letione$ #ictus ratione
"raecedente$ risu aegri$ aetate et aliis. Tundatur mediana< et si
sanguis a""aret clarus et ruber$ su""rimatur< aut si yere$ si niger
aut crassus "ermittatur fluere "ro #iribus aegri$ dein "ost /. #el.
,=. diem a"eriatur ce"halica "artis magis affectae$ et #ena frontis$
aut sanguis "ro#ocetur setis "er nares$ Fc.
?=?B. 9i 0uibus consuetae suae su""ressae sunt menses$ Fc. talo secare
o"ortet$ aut #ena frontis si sanguis "eccet cerebro.
?=@C. 8isi ortum ducat a sanguine$ ne morbus inde augeatur< "hlebotomia
refrigerat et e+iceat$ nisi cor"us sit #alde sanguineum$ rubicundum.
?=@,. :um sanguinem detrahere o"ortet$ deliberatione indiget. Areteus$ lib.
A. c. @.
?=@=. A lenioribus aus"icandum. (Ialescus$ 7iso$ ruel) rarius0ue
medicamentis "urgantibus utendum$ ni sit o"us.
?=@.. Kuia cor"us e+iccant$ morbum augent.
?=@?. Guianerius Tract. ,@. c. -.
?=@@. Piso.
?=@-. 1hasis$ sae"e #alent e+ 5elleboro.
?=@A. *ib. A. E+igius medicamentis morbus non obse0uitur.
?=@/. Modo caute detur et robustis.
?=@B. :onsil. ,C. l. ,.
?=-C. Plin. l. .,. c. -. 8a#igationes ob #omitionem "rosunt "lurimis morbis
ca"itis$ et omnibus ob 0uae 5elleborum bibitur. Idem 3ioscorides$
lib. @. ca". ,.. A#icenna tertia im"rimis.
?=-,. 8un0uam dedimus$ 0uin e+ una aut altera assum"tione$ 3eo ju#ante$
fuerint ad salutem restituti.
?=-=. *ib. =. Inter com"osita "urgantia melancholiam.
?=-.. *ongo e+"erimento a se obser#atum esse$ melancholicos sine offensa
egregie curandos #alere. Idem res"onsione ad Aubertum$ #eratrum
nigrum$ alias timidum et "ericulosum #ini s"iritu etiam et olco
commodum sic usui redditur ut etiam "ueris tuto administrari "ossit.
?=-?. :ertum est hujus herbae #irtutem ma+imam et mirabilem esse$ "arum0ue
distare a balsamo. Et 0ui norit eo recte uti$ "lus habet artis 0uam
tota scribentium cohors aut omnes doctores in Germania.
?=-@. Kuo feliciter usus sum.
?=--. 5oc "osito 0uod aliae medicina non #aleant$ ista tune 3ei
misericordia #alebit$ et est medicina coronata$ 0uae secretissime
tenentur.
?=-A. *ib. de artif. med.
?=-/. 9ect. .. 2"timum remedium a0ua com"osita 9a#anarolae.
?=-B. 9c%en%ius$ obser#. .,.
?=AC. 3onatus ab Altomari$ ca". A. Tester 3eum$ me multos melancholicos
hujus solius syru"i usu curasse$ facta "rius "urgatione.
?=A,. :entum o#a et unum$ 0uolibet mane sumant o#a sorbilia$ cum se0uenti
"ul#ere su"ra o#um as"ersa$ et contineant 0uous0ue assum"serint
centum et unum$ maniacis et melancholicis utilissimum remedium.
?=A=. Kuercetan$ ca". ?. Phar. 2s'aldus :rollius.
?=A.. :a". ,. *icet tota Galenistarum schola$ mineralia non sine im"io et
ingrato fastu a sua "ractica detestentur< tamen in gra#ioribus morbis
omni #egetabilium derelicto subsidio$ ad mineralia confugiunt$ licet
ea temere$ igna#iter$ et inutiliter usur"ent. Ad finem libri.
?=A?. Ieteres maledictis incessit$ #incit$ et contra omnem anti0uitatem
coronatur$ i"se0ue a se #ictor declaratur. Gal. lib. ,. meth. c. =.
?=A@. :odronchus de sale absynthii.
?=A-. Idem Paracelsus in medicina$ 0uod *utherus in Theologia.
?=AA. 3is"ut. in eundem$ "arte ,. Magus ebrius$ illiteratus$ daemonem
"raece"torem habuit$ daemones familiares$ F c.
?=A/. Master 3. *a"'orth.
?=AB. Ant. Philos. ca". de melan. frictio #ertice$ Fc.
?=/C. A0ua fortissima "urgans os$ nares$ 0uam non #ult auro #endere.
?=/,. Mercurialis consil. -. et .C. haemorroidum et mensium "ro#ocatio
ju#at$ modo e+ eorum su""ressione ortum habuerit.
?=/=. *aurentius$ ruel$ Fc.
?=/.. P. ayerus$ l. =. ca". ,.. naribus$ Fc.
?=/?. :ucurbitulae siccae$ et fontanellae crure sinistro.
?=/@. 5ildesheim s"icel. =. Ia"ores a cerebro trahendi sunt frictionibus
uni#ersi$ cucurbitulis siccis$ humeris ac dorso affi+is$ circa "edes
et crura.
?=/-. 7ontanellam a"eri ju+ta occi"itum$ aut brachium.
?=/A. aleni$ ligaturae$ frictiones$ Fc.
?=//. :anterium fiat sutura coronali$ diu fluere "ermittantur loca
ulcerosa. Tre"ano etiam cranii densitas imminui "oterit$ ut #a"oribus
fuliginosis e+itus "ateat.
?=/B. Kuoniam difficulter cedit aliis medicamentis$ ideo fiat in #ertice
cauterium$ aut crure sinistro infra genu.
?=BC. 7iant duo aut tria cauteria$ cum ossis "erforatione.
?=B,. Iidi 1omae melancholicum 0ui adhibitis multis remediis$ sanari non
"oterat< sed cum cranium gladio fractum esset$ o"time sanatus est.
?=B=. Et alterum #idi melancholicum$ 0ui e+ alto cadens non sine astantium
admiratione$ liberatus est.
?=B.. 1adatur ca"ut et fiat cauterium in ca"ite< "rocul dubio ista faciunt
ad fumorum e+halationem< #idi melancholicum a fortuna gladio
#ulneratum$ et cranium fractum$ 0uam diu #ulnus a"ertum$ curatus
o"time< at cum #ulnus sanatum$ re#ersa est mania.
?=B?. Hs0ue ad duram matrem tre"anari feci$ et "er mensam a"erte stetit.
?=B@. :ordis ratio sem"er habenda 0uod cerebro com"atitur$ et sese in#icem
officiunt.
?=B-. A"hor. ./. Medicina Theriacalis "raecaeteris eligenda.
?=BA. Galen$ de tem". lib. .. c. .. moderate #inum sum"tum$ acuit ingenium.
?=B/. Tardos aliter et tristes thuris in modum e+halare facit.
?=BB. 5ilaritatem ut oleum flammam e+citat.
?.CC. Iiribus retinendis cardiacum e+imium$ nutriendo cor"ori ailimentum
o"timum$ aetatem floridam facit$ calorem innatum fo#et$ concoctionem
ju#at$ stomachum roborat$ e+crementis #iam "arat$ urinam mo#et$
somnum conciliat$ #enena frigidos flatus dissi"at$ crassos humores
attenuat$ co 0uit$ discutit$ Fc.
?.C,. 5or. lib. =. od. ,,. Lacchus dissi"ates corroding cares.L
?.C=. 2dyss. A.
?.C.. Pausanias.
?.C?. 9iracides$ .,. =/.
?.C@. *egitur et "risci :atonis. 9ae"e mero caluisse #irtus.
?.C-. In "ocula et aleam se "raeci"ita#it$ et iis fere tem"us tradu+it$ ut
aegram cra"ula mentem le#aret$ et conditionis "raesentis cogitationes
0uibus agitabatur sobrius #itaret.
?.CA. 9o did the Athenians of old$ as 9uidas relates$ and so do the Germans
at this day.
?.C/. *ib. -. ca". =.. et =?. de rerum "ro"rietat.
?.CB. Esther$ i. /.
?.,C. Tract. ,. cont. l. ,. 8on est res laudabilior eo$ #el cura melior<
0ui melancholicus$ utatur societate hominum et biberia< et 0ui "otest
sustinere usum #ini$ non indiget alia medicina$ 0uod eo sunt omnia ad
usum necessaria hujus "assionis.
?.,,. Tum 0uod se0uatur inde sudor$ #omitio$ urina$ a 0uibus su"erfluitates
a cor"ore remo#entur et remanet cor"us mundum.
?.,=. 5or.
?.,.. *ib. ,@. =. noct. Alt. Iigorem animi moderate #ini usu tueamur$ et
calefacto simul$ refoto0ue animo si 0uid in eo #el frigidae
tristitiae$ #el tor"entis #erecundiae fuerit$ diluamus.
?.,?. 5or. l. ,. od. =A.
?.,@. 2d. A. lib. ,. =-. 8am "raestat ebrium me 0uam mortuum jacere.
?.,-. E"hes. #. ,/. ser. ,B. in ca". @.
?.,A. *ib. ,?. @. 8ihil "erniciosus #iribus si modus absit$ #enenum.
?.,/. Theocritus idyl. ,.. #ino dari laetitiam et dolorem.
?.,B. 1enodeus.
?.=C. Mercurialis consil. =@. Iinum frigidis o"timum$ et "essimum ferina
melancholia.
?.=,. 7ernelius consil. ?? et ?@$ #inum "rohibet assiduum$ et aromata.
?.==. Modo jecur non incendatur.
?.=.. Per =? horas sensum doloris omnem tollit$ et ridere facit.
?.=?. 5ildesheim$ s"icel. =.
?.=@. Al%ermes$ omnia #italia #iscera mire confortat.
?.=-. :ontra omnes melancholicos affectus confert$ ac certum est i"sius usu
omnes cordis et cor"oris #ires mirum in modum refici.
?.=A. 9uccinum #ero albissimum confortat #entriculum$ statum discutit$
urinam mo#et$ Fc.
?.=/. Gartias ab 5orto aromatum lib. ,. ca". ,@. ad#ersus omnes morbos
melancholicos conducit$ et #enenum. Ego (in0uit) utor in morbis
melancholicis$ Fc. et de"loratos hujus usu ad "ristinam sanitatem
restitui. 9ee more in auhinas! boo% de la". ezoar c. ?@.
?.=B. Edit. ,-,A. Mons"elii electuarium fit "reciocissimum Alcherm. Fc.
?..C. 8ihil morbum hunc ae0ue e+as"erat$ ac alimentorum #el calidiorum
usus. Alchermes ideo sus"ectus$ et 0uod semel moneam$ caute adhibenda
calida medicamenta.
?..,. 9c%en%ius I. I. 2bser#at. de Mania$ ad mentis alienationem$ et
desi"ientiam #itio cerebri obortam$ in manuscri"to codice Germanico$
tale medicamentum re"eri.
?..=. :a"ut arietis nondum e+"erti #enerem$ uno ictu am"utatum$ cornibus
tantum demotis$ integrum cum lana et "elle bene eli+abis$ tum a"erto
cerebrum e+imes$ et addens aromata$ Fc.
?.... :inis testudinis ustus$ et #ino "otus melancholiam curat$ et rasura
cornu 1hinocerotis$ Fc. 9c%en%ius.
?..?. Instat in matrice$ 0uod sursum et deorsum ad odoris sensum
"raeci"itatur.
?..@. Iiscount 9t. Alban!s.
?..-. E+ decocto florum nym"heae$ lactuae$ #iolarum$ chamomilae$ alibeae$
ca"itis #er#ecum$ Fc.
?..A. Inter au+ilia multa adhibita$ duo #isa sunt remedium adferre$ usus
seri ca"rini cum e+tracto 5ellebori$ et irrigatio e+ lacte 8ym"heae$
#iolarum$ Fc. suturae coronali adhibita< his remediis sanitate
"ristinam ade"tus est.
?../. :onfert et "ulmo arietis$ calidus agnus "er dorsum di#isus$
e+enteratus$ admotus sinci"iti.
?..B. 9emina cumini$ rutae$ dauci anethi cocta.
?.?C. *ib. .. de locis affect.
?.?,. Tetrab. =. ser. ,. ca". ,C.
?.?=. :a". de mel. collectum die #ener. hora Do#is cum ad Energiam #enit c.
,. ad "lenilunium Dulii$ inde gesta et collo a""ensa hunc affectum a""rime
ju#at et fanaticos s"iritus e+"ellit.
?.?.. *. de "ro"rietat. animal. o#is a lu"o corre"tae "ellem non esse "ro
indumenta cor"oris usur"andam$ cordis enim "al"itationem e+citat$ Fc.
?.??. Mart.
?.?@. Phar. lib. ,. ca". ,=.
?.?-. Aetius ca". .,. Tet. .. ser. ?.
?.?A. 3ioscorides$ Hlysses Aldero#andus de aranea.
?.?/. Mistress 3orothy urton$ she died$ ,-=B.
?.?B. 9olo somno curata est citra medici au+ilium$ fol. ,@?.
?.@C. ellonius obser#at. l. .. c. ,@. lassitudinem et labores animi
tollunt< inde Garcias ab 5orto$ lib. ,. ca". ?. sim". med.
?.@,. Absynthium somnos allicit olfactu.
?.@=. 1ead *emnius lib. her. bib. ca". =. of Mandra%e.
?.@.. 5yoscyamus sub cer#icali #iridis.
?.@?. Plantum "edis inungere "inguedine gliris dicunt efficacissimum$ et
0uod #i+ credi "otest$ dentes inunctos e+ sorditie aurium canis
somnum "rofundum conciliare$ Fc. :ardan de rerum #arietat.
?.@@. Ieni mecum lib.
?.@-. Aut si 0uid incautius e+ciderit aut$ Fc.
?.@A. 8am 0ua "arte "a#or simul est "udor additus illi. 9tatius.
?.@/. 2lysi""onensis medicus< "udor aut ju#at aut laedit.
?.@B. 3e mentis alienat.
?.-C. M. 3octor Ash'orth.
?.-,. 7acies nonnullis ma+ime calet rubet0ue si se "aululum e+ercuerint<
nonnullis 0uiescentibus idem accidit$ faeminis "raesertim< causa
0uic0uid fer#idum aut halituosum sanguinem facit.
?.-=. Interim faciei "ros"iciendum ut i"sa refrigeretur< utrum0ue
"raestabit fre0uens "otio e+ a0ua rosarum$ #iolarum$ nenu"haris$ Fc.
?.-.. Ad faciei ruborem a0ua s"ermatis ranarum.
?.-?. 1ecta utantur in aestate floribus :ichorii sacchoro conditis #el
saccharo rosaceo$ Fc.
?.-@. 9olo usu decocti :ichorii.
?.--. Htile im"rimis noctu faciem illinire sanguine le"orino$ et mane a0ua
fragrorum #el a0ua floribus #erbasci cum succo limonum distillato
abluere.
?.-A. Htile rubenti faciei caseum recentem im"onere.
?.-/. :onsil. == lib. unico #ini haustu sit contentus.
?.-B. Idem consil. =/.. 9coltzii laudatur conditus rosae caninae fructus
ante "randium et caenem ad magnitudinem castaneae. 3ecoctum radium
9onchi$ si ante cibum sumatur$ #alet "lurimum.
?.AC. :ucurbit$ ad sca"ulas a""osite.
?.A,. Piso.
?.A=. Mediana "rae caeteris.
?.A.. 9ucci melancholici malitia a sanguinis bonitate corrigitur.
?.A?. Perse#erante malo e+ 0uacun0ue "arto sanguinis detrahi debet.
?.A@. 2bser#at. fol. ,@?. curarus e+ #ulnere in crure ob cruorem arnissum.
?.A-. 9tudium sit omne ut melancholicus im"inguetur& e+ 0uo enim "ingues et
carnosi$ illico sani sunt.
?.AA. 5ildesheim s"icel. =. Inter calida radi+ "etrofelini$ a"ii$ feniculi<
Inter frigida emulsio seminis melonum cum sero ca"rino 0uod est
commune #ehiculum.
?.A/. 5oc unum "raemoneo domine ut sis diligens circa #ictum$ sine 0uo
cetera remedia frustra adhibentur.
?.AB. *aurentius ca". ,@. e#ulsionis gratia #enam internam alterius brachii
secamus.
?./C. 9i "ertina+ morbus$ #enam fronte secabis. ruell.
?./,. Ego ma+imam curam stomacho delegabo. 2cta. 5oratianus lib. =. c. A.
?./=. :itius et efficacius suas #ires e+ercet 0uam solent decocta ac diluta
in 0uantitate multa$ et magna cum assumentium molestia desum"ta.
7latus hic sal efficaciter dissi"at$ urinam mo#et$ humores crassos
abstergit$ stomachum egregie confortat$ cruditatem$ nauseam$
a""etentiam mirum in modum reno#at$ Fc.
?./.. Piso$ Altomarus$ *aurentius c. ,@.
?./?. 5is utendum sae"ius iteratis& a #ehementioribus sem"er abstinendum ne
#entrem e+as"erent.
?./@. *ib. =. ca". ,. Kuoniam caliditate conjuncta est siccitas 0uae malum
auget.
?./-. 0uis0uis frigidis au+iliis hoc morbo usus fuerit$ is obstructionem
alia0ue sym"tomata augebit.
?./A. Ientriculus "lerum0ue frigidus$ e"ar calidum< 0uomodo ergo
#entriculum calefaciet$ #el refrigerabit he"ar sine alterius ma+imo
detrimentoN
?.//. 9ignificatum "er literas$ incredibilem utilitatem e+ decocto :hinae$
et 9assafras "erce"isse.
?./B. Tumorem s"lenis incurabilem sola ca""ari cura#it$ cibo tali
aegritudine a"tissimo& 9olo0ue usu a0uae$ in 0ua faber ferrarius
sae"e candens ferrum e+tin+erat$ Fc.
?.BC. Animalia 0uae a"ud hos fabros educantur$ e+iguos habent lienes.
?.B,. *. ,. ca" ,A.
?.B=. :ontinuum ejus usus sem"er felicem in aegris finem est asse0uutus.
?.B.. 9i 5emorroides flu+erint$ nullum "raestantius esset remedium$
0uaesanguifugis admotis "ro#ocari "oterunt. obser#at. lib. ,. "ro
hy"oc. legulcio.
?.B?. Aliis a"ertio haec in hoc morbo #idetur utilissima< mihi non admodum
"robatur$ 0uia sanguinem tenuem attrahit et crassum relin0uit.
?.B@. *ib. =. ca". ,.. omnes melancholici debent omittere urinam
"ro#ocantia$ 0uoniam "er ea educitur subtile$ et remanet crassum.
?.B-. Ego e+"erientia "roba#i$ multos 5y"ocondriacos solo usu :lysterum
fuisse sanatos.
?.BA. In eradicate o"timum$ #entriculum aretius alligari.
?.B/. ;9ymbol& 3ramGj. Theriacae$ Iere "raesertim et aestate.
?.BB. :ons. ,=. l. ,.
??CC. :a". ...
??C,. Trinca#ellius consil. ,@. cerotum "ro sene melancholico ad jecur
o"timum.
??C=. Em"lastra "ro s"lene. 7ernel. consil. ?@.
??C.. 3ro"a+ e "ice na#ali$ et oleo rutuceo affigatur #entriculo$ et toti
meta"hreni.
??C?. :auteria cruribus inusta.
??C@. 7ontanellae sint in utro0ue crure.
??C-. *ib. ,. c. ,A.
??CA. 3e mentis alienat. c. .. flatus egregie discutiunt materiam0ue
e#ocant.
??C/. Ga#endum hic diligenter a$ multum$ calefacientibus$ at0ue
e+siccantibus$ si#e alimenta fuerint haec$ si#e medicamenta& nonnulli
enim ut #entositates et rugitus con"escant$ hujusmodi utentes
medicamentis$ "lurimum "eccant$ morbum sit augentes& debent enim
medicamenta declinare ad calidum #el frigidum secundum e+igentiam
circumstantiarum$ #el ut "atiens inclinat ad cal. et frigid.
??CB. :a". @ lib. A.
??,C. Piso ruel. mire flatus resol#it.
??,,. *ib. ,. c. ,A. nonnullos "raetensione #entris de"loratos illico
restitutos bis #idemus.
??,=. Ielut incantamentum 0uoddam e+ flatuoso s"iritu$ dolorem ortum
le#ant.
??,.. Terebinthinam :y"riam habeant familiarem$ ad 0uantitatem deglutiant
nucis "ar#ae$ tribus horis ante "randium #el coenam$ ter singulis
se"timanis "rout e+"edire #idebitur< nam "raeter0uam 0uod al#um
mollem efficit$ obstructiones a"erit$ #entriculum "urgat$ urinam
"ro#ocat he"ar mundificat.
??,?. Encom. Moriae le#iores esse nugas 0uam ut Theologum deceant.
??,@. *ib. /. Elo0uent$ ca" ,?. de affectibus mortalium #itio fit 0ui
"raeclara 0uae0ue in "ra#os usus #ertunt.
??,-. Kuoties de amatoriis mentio facta est$ tam #ehementer e+candui< tam
se#era tristitia #iolari aures meas obsceno sermone nolui$ ut me
tan0uam unam e+ Philoso"his intuerentur.
??,A. Martial. LIn rutus! "resence *ucretia blushed and laid my boo%
aside< 'hen he retired$ she too% it u" again and read.L
??,/. *ib. ?. of ci#il con#ersation.
??,B. 9i male locata est o"era scribendo$ ne i"si locent in legendo.
??=C. Med. e"ist. l. ,. e". ,?. :admus Milesius teste 9uida. de hoc Erotico
Amore. ,?. libros scri"sit nec me "igebit in gratiam adolescentum
hanc scribere e"istolam.
??=,. :omment. in =. Aeneid.
??==. Meros amores meram im"udicitiam sonare #idetur nisi$ Fc.
??=.. 9er. /.
??=?. Kuod risum et eorum amores commemoret.
??=@. Kuum multa ei objecissent 0uod :ritiam tyrannidem docuisset$ 0uod
Platonem juraret lo0uacem so"histem$ Fc. accusationem amoris nullam
fecerunt. Ideo0ue honestus amor$ Fc.
??=-. :ar"unt alii Platonicam majestatem 0uod amori nimium indulserit$
3icearchus et alii< sed male. 2mnis amor honestus et bonus$ et amore
digni 0ui bene dicunt de Amore.
??=A. Med. obser. lib. =. ca". A. de admirando amoris affectu dicturus<
ingens "atet cam"us ei "hiloso"hicus$ 0uo sae"e homines ducuntur ad
insaniam$ libeat modo #agari$ Fc. Kuae non ornent modo$ sed
fragrantia et succulentia jucunda "lenius alant$ Fc.
??=/. *ib. ,. "raefat. de amoribus agens rela+andi animi causa
laboriosissimis studiis fatigati< 0uando et Theologi se his ju#ari et
ju#are illaesis moribus #oluntN
??=B. 5ist. lib. ,=. ca". .?.
??.C. Praefat. 0uid 0uadragenario con#enit cum amoreN Ego #ero agnosco
amatorium scri"tum mihi non con#enire& 0ui jam meridiem
"raetergressus in #es"erem feror. Aeneas 9yl#ius "raefat.
??.,. Ht se#eriora studia iis amaenitatibus lector condire "ossit. Accius.
??.=. 3iscum 0uam "hiloso"hum audire malunt.
??... In 9om. 9i". e sacrario suo tum ad cunas nutricum sa"ientes
eliminarunt$ solas aurium delitias "rofitentes.
??.?. abylonius et E"hesius$ 0ui de Amore scri"serunt$ uter0ue amores
Myrrhae$ :yrenes$ et Adonidis. 9uidas.
??.@. Pet. Aretine dial. Ital.
??.-. 5or. L5e has accom"lished e#ery "oint 'ho has joined the useful to
the agreeable.L
??.A. *egendi cu"idiores$ 0uam ego scribendi$ saith *ucian.
??./. Plus ca"io #olu"tatis inde$ 0uam s"ectandis in theatro ludis.
??.B. Prooemio in Isaim. Multo major "ars Milesias fabulas re#ol#entium
0uam Platonis libros.
???C. LThis he too% to be his only business$ that the "lays 'hich he 'rote
should "lease the "eo"le.L
???,. In #ita "hiloso"hus$ in E"igram$ amator$ in E"istolis "etulanus$ in
"raece"tis se#erus.
???=. LThe "oet himself should be chaste and "ious$ but his #erses need not
imitate him in these res"ects< they may therefore contain 'it and
humour.L
???.. LThis that I 'rite de"ends sometimes u"on the o"inion and authority
of others& nor "erha"s am I frantic$ I only follo' madmen& ut thus
far I may be deranged& 'e ha#e all been so at some one time$ and
yourself$ I thin%$ art sometimes insane$ and this man$ and that man$
and I also.L
????. LI am mortal$ and thin% no humane action unsuited to me.L
???@. Mart.
???-. 2#id.
???A. Isago. ad sac. scri". ca". ,..
???/. arthius notis in :oelestinam$ ludum 5is".
???B. 7icinus :omment. c. ,A. Amore incensi in#eniendi amoris$ aniorem
0uaesi#imus et in#enimus.
??@C. Author :oelestinae arth. inter"rete. LThat$ o#ercome by the
solicitations of friends$ 'ho re0uested me to enlarge and im"ro#e my
#olumes$ I ha#e de#oted my other'ise reluctant mind to the labour<
and no' for the si+th time ha#e I ta%en u" my "en$ and a""lied myself
to literature #ery foreign indeed to my studies and "rofessional
occu"ations$ stealing a fe' hours from serious "ursuits$ and de#oting
them$ as it 'ere$ to recreation.L
??@,. 5or. lib. ,. 2de .?. LI am com"elled to re#erse my sails$ and retrace
my former course.L
??@=. LAlthough I 'as by no means ignorant that ne' calumniators 'ould not
be 'anting to censure my ne' introductions.L
??@.. 5aec "raedi+i ne 0uis temere nos "utaret scri"sisse de amorum
lenociniis$ de "ra+i$ fornicationibus$ adulteriis$ Fc.
??@?. Ta+ando et ab his deterrendo humanam lasci#iam et insaniam$ sed et
remedia docendo& non igitur candidus lector nobis succenseat$ Fc.
:ommonitio erit ju#enibus haec$ hisce ut abstineant magis$ et omissa
lasci#ia 0uae homines reddit insanos$ #irtutis incumbant studiis
(Aeneas 9yl#.) et curam amoris si 0uis nescit hinc "oterit scire.
??@@. Martianus :a"ella lib. ,. de nu"t. "hilol. #irginali suffusa rubore
oculos "e"lo obnubens$ Fc.
??@-. :atullus. L4hat I tell you$ do you tell to the multitude$ and ma%e
this treatise gossi" li%e an old 'oman.L
??@A. Iiros nudos castae feminae nihil a statuis distare.
??@/. 5ony soit 0ui mal y "ense.
??@B. Praef. 9uid.
??-C. L2 Arethusa smile on this my last labour.L
??-,. E+erc. .C,. :am"us amoris ma+imus et s"inis obsitus$ nec le#issimo
"ede trans#olandus.
??-=. Grad. ,. ca". =B. E+ Platone$ "rimae et communissimae "erturbationes
e+ 0uibus ceterae oriuntur et earum sunt "edisse0uae.
??-.. Amor est #oluntarius affectus et desiderium re bona fruendi.
??-?. 3esiderium o"tantis$ amor eorum 0uibus fruimur< amoris "rinci"ium$
desiderii finis$ amatum adest.
??-@. Princi"io l. de amore. 2"erae "retium est de amore considerare$ utrum
3eus$ an 3aemon$ an "assio 0uaedam animae$ an "artim 3eus$ "artim
3aemon$ "assio "artim$ Fc. Amor est aetus animi bonum desiderans.
??--. Magnus 3aemon con#i#io.
??-A. oni "ulchri0ue fruendi desiderium.
??-/. Godefridus$ l. ,. ca". = Amor est delectatio cordis$ alicujus ad
ali0uid$ "ro"ter ali0uod desiderium in a""ertendo$ et gaudium
"erfruendo "er desiderium currens$ re0uiescens "er gaudium.
??-B. 8on est amor desiderium aut a""etitus ut ab omnibus hactenus
traditim< nam cum "otimur amata re$ non manet a""etitus< est igitur
affectus 0uo cum re amata aut unimur$ aut unionem "er"etuamus.
??AC. 2mnia a""etunt bonum.
??A,. Terram non #is malam$ malam segetem$ sed bonam arborem$ e0uum bonum$
Fc.
??A=. 8emo amore ca"itur nisi 0ui fuerit ante forma s"ecie0ue delectatus.
??A.. Amabile objectum amoris et sco"us$ cujus ade"tio est finis$ cujus
gratia amamus. Animus enim as"irat ut eo fruator$ et formam boni
habet et "raeci"ue #idetur et "lacet. Picolomineus$ grad. A. ca". =.
et grad. /. ca". .@.
??A?. 7orma est #italis fulgor e+ i"so bono manans "er ideas$ semina$
rationes$ umbras effusus$ animos e+citans ut "er bonum in unum
redigantur.
??A@. Pulchritudo est "erfectio com"ositi e+ congruente ordine$ mensura et
ratione "artium consurgens$ et #enustas inde "rodiens gratia dicitur
et res omnes "ulchrae gratiosae.
??A-. Gratia et "ulchritudo ita sua#iter animos demulcent$ ita #ehementer
alluciunt$ et admirabiliter connectuntur$ ut in inum confundant et
distingui non "ossunt et sunt tan0uam radii et s"lendores di#ini
solis in rebus #ariis #ario modo fulgentes.
??AA. 9"ecies "ulchrituninis hauriuntur oculis$ auribus$ aut conci"iuntur
interna mente.
??A/. 8ihil hine magis animos conciliat 0uam musica$ "ulchrae$ aedes$ Fc.
??AB. In reli0uis sensibus #olu"tas$ in his "ulchritudo et gratia.
??/C. *ib. ?. de di#inis. :on#i#io Platonis.
??/,. 3uae Ieneres duo amores< 0uarum una anti0uior et sine matre$ coelo
nata$ 0uam coelestem Ienerem nuncu"amus< altera #ero junior a Do#e et
3ione "rognata$ 0uam #ulgarem Ienerem #ocamus.
??/=. Alter ad su"erna erigit$ alter de"rimit ad inferna.
??/.. Alter e+citat hominem ad di#inam "ulchritudinem lustrandam$ cujus
causa "hiloso"hiae studia et justitiae$ Fc.
??/?. 2mnis creatura cum bona sit$ et bene amari "otest et male.
??/@. 3uas ci#itates duo faciunt amores< Derusalem facit amor 3ei$
abylonem amor saeculi< unus0uis0ue se 0uid amet interroget$ et
in#eniet unde sit ci#is.
??/-. Alter mari ortus$ fero+$ #arius$ fluctuans$ inanis$ ju#enum$ mare
referens$ Fc. Alter aurea catena coelo demissa bonum furorem mentibus
mittens$ Fc.
??/A. Tria sunt$ 0uae amari a nobis bene #el male "ossunt< 3eus$ "ro+imus$
mundus< 3eus su"ra nos< ju+ta nos "ro+imus< infra nos mundus. Tria
3eus$ duo "ro+imus$ unum mundus habet$ Fc.
??//. 8e confundam #esanos et foedos amores beatis$ sceleratum cum "uro
di#ino et #ero$ Fc.
??/B. 7onseca ca". ,. Amor e+ Augustini forsan lib. ,,. de :i#it. 3ei.
Amore inconcussus stat mundus$ Fc.
??BC. Alciat.
??B,. Porta Iitis laurum non amat$ nec ejus odorem< si "ro"e crescat$
enecat. *a""us lenti ad#ersatur.
??B=. 9ym"athia olei et myrti ramorum et radicum se com"lectentium.
Mizaldus secret. cent. l. ?A.
??B.. Theocritus. eidyll. B.
??B?. Mantuan.
??B@. :haritas munifica$ 0ua mercamur de 3eo regnum 3ei.
??B-. Polanus "artit. >anchius de natura 3ei$ c. .. co"iose de hoc amore
3ei agit.
??BA. 8ich. ellus$ discurs. =/. de amatoribus$ #irtutem "ro#ocat$
conser#at "acem in terra$ tran0uillitatem in aere$ #entis laetitiam$
Fc.
??B/. :amerarius Emb. ,CC. cen. =.
??BB. 3ial. ..
?@CC. Du#en.
?@C,. Gen. ,.
?@C=. :aussinus.
?@C.. Theodoret e Plotino.
?@C?. L4here charity "re#ails$ s'eet desire$ joy$ and lo#e to'ards God are
also "resent.L
?@C@. Affectus nunc a""etiti#ae "otentiae$ nunc rationalis$ alter cerebro
residet$ alter he"ate$ corde$ Fc.
?@C-. :or #arie inclinatur$ nunc gaudens$ nunc moerens< statim e+ timore
nascitur >eloty"ia$ furor$ s"es$ des"eratio.
?@CA. Ad utile sanitas refertur< utilium est ambitio$ cu"ido desiderium
"otius 0uam amor e+cessus a#aritia.
?@C/. Picolom. grad. A. ca". ,.
?@CB. *ib. de amicit. utile mundanum$ carnale jucundum$ s"irituale
honestum.
?@,C. E+. singulis tribus fit charitas et amicitia$ 0uae res"icit deum et
"ro+imum.
?@,,. enefactores "raeci"ue amamus. Ii#es .. de anima.
?@,=. Dos. A.
?@,.. Petronius Arbiter.
?@,?. Du#enalis.
?@,@. Dob. 9econd$ lib. syl#arum.
?@,-. *ucianus Timon.
?@,A. Pers.
?@,/. Lbust of a beautiful 'oman 'ith the tail of a fish.L
?@,B. Part. ,. sec. =. memb. sub. ,=.
?@=C. , Tim. i. /.
?@=,. *i"s$ e"ist. :amdeno.
?@==. *eland of 9t. Edmondsbury.
?@=.. :oelum serenum$ coelum #isum foedum. Polid. lib. ,. de Anglia.
?@=?. :redo e0uidem #i#os ducent e marmore #ultus.
?@=@. Ma+. Tyrius$ ser. B.
?@=-. Part ,. sec. =. memb. ..
?@=A. Mart.
?@=/. 2mnif. mag. lib. ,=. ca". ..
?@=B. 3e sale geniali$ l. .. c. ,@.
?@.C. Theod. Prodromus$ amor. lib. ..
?@.,. 9imilitudo morum "arit amicitiam.
?@.=. Ii#es .. de anima.
?@... Kui simul fecere naufragium$ aut una "ertulere #incula #el consilii
conjurationis#e societate junguntur$ in#icem amant& rutum et :assium
in#icem infensos :aesarianus dominatus concilia#it. Aemilius *e"idus
et Dulius 7laccus$ 0uum essent inimicissimi$ censores renunciati
simultates illico de"osuere. 9cultet. ca". ?. de causa amor.
?@.?. Pa"inius.
?@.@. Isocrates demonico "raeci"it ut 0uum alicujus amicitiam #ellet illum
laudet$ 0uod laus initium amoris sit$ #itu"eratio simultatum.
?@.-. 9us"ect$ lect. lib. ,. ca". =.
?@.A. LThe "riest of 'isdom$ "er"etual dictator$ ornament of literature$
'onder of Euro"e.L
?@./. L2h incredible e+cellence of genius$ Fc.$ more com"arable to gods!
than man!s$ in e#ery res"ect$ 'e #enerate your 'ritings on bended
%nees$ as 'e do the shield that fell from hea#en.L
?@.B. Isa. +li+.
?@?C. 1ara est concordia fratrum.
?@?,. Grad. ,. ca". ==.
?@?=. Ii#es .. de anima$ ut "aleam succinum sic formam amor trahit.
?@?.. 9ect. se0.
?@??. 8ihil di#inius homine "robo.
?@?@. Dames iii. ,C.
?@?-. Gratior est "ulchro #eniens e cor"ore #irtus.
?@?A. 2ral. ,/. deformes "lerum0ue "hiloso"hi ad id 0uod in as"ectum cadit
ea "arte elegantes 0uae oculos fugit.
?@?/. ?. de consol.
?@?B. :ausa ei "au"ertatis$ "hiloso"hia$ sicut "leris0ue "robitas fuit.
?@@C. Ablue cor"us et ca"e regis animum$ et in eam fortunam 0ua dignus es
continentiam istam "rofer.
?@@,. Iita ejus.
?@@=. Kui "rae di#itiis humana s"ernunt$ nec #irtuti locum "utant nisi o"es
affluant. K. :incinnatus consensu "atrum in dictatorem 1omanum
electus.
?@@.. :urtius.
?@@?. Edgar Etheling$ England!s darling.
?@@@. Morum sua#itas$ ob#ia comitas$ "rom"ta officia mortalium animos
demerentur.
?@@-. E"ist. lib. /. 9em"er ama#i ut tu scis$ M. rutum "ro"ter ejus summum
ingenium$ sua#issimos mores$ singularem "robitatem et constantiam&
nihil est$ mihi crede$ #irtute formosius$ nihil amabilius.
?@@A. Ardentes amores e+citaret$ si simulacrum ejus ad oculos "enetraret.
Plato Phaedone.
?@@/. E"ist. lib. ?. Ialidissime diligo #irum rectum$ disertum$ 0uod a"ud
me "otentissimum est.
?@@B. Est 0uaedam "ulchritudo justitiae 0uam #idemus oculis cordis$ amamus$
et e+ardescimus$ ut in martyribus$ 0uum eorum membra bestiae
lacerarent$ etsi alias deformes$ Fc.
?@-C. *i"sius manuduc. ad Phys. 9toic. lib. .. diff. ,A$ solus sa"iens
"ulcher.
?@-,. 7ortitudo et "rudentia "ulchritudinis laudem "raeci"ue merentur.
?@-=. 7ranc. elforist. in hist. an. ,?.C.
?@-.. Erat autem foede deformis$ et ea forma$ 0ua citius "ueri terreri
"ossent$ 0uam in#itari ad osculum "uellae.
?@-?. 3eformis iste etsi #ideatur sene+$ di#inum animum habet.
?@-@. 7ulgebat #ultu suo& fulgor et di#ina majestas homines ad se trahens.
?@--. L9he e+celled all others in beauty.L
?@-A. Praefat. bib. #ulgar.
?@-/. Pars inscri". Tit. *i#ii statuae Pata#ii.
?@-B. A true lo#e!s %not.
?@AC. 9tobaeus e Graeco.
?@A,. 9olinus$ "ulchri nulla est facies.
?@A=. 2 dulcissimi la0uei$ 0ui tam feliciter de#inciunt$ ut etiam a #inctis
diligantur$ 0ui a gratiis #incti sunt$ cu"iunt arctius deligari et in
unum redigi.
?@A.. 9tatius.
?@A?. L5e lo#ed him as he lo#ed his o'n soul$L , 9am. +#. ,. Leyond the
lo#e of 'omen.L
?@A@. Iirg. B. Aen. Kui su"er e+animem sese conjecit amicum confessus.
?@A-. Amicus animae dimidium$ Austin$ confess. ?. ca". -. Kuod de Iirgilio
5oratius$ et ser#es animae dimidium meae.
?@AA. Plinius.
?@A/. Illum argento et auro$ illum ebore$ marmore effingit$ et nu"er
ingenti adhibito auditorio ingentem de #ita ejus librum recita#it.
e"ist. lib. ?. e"ist. -/.
?@AB. *ib. i#. e". -,. Prisco suo< 3edit mihi 0uantum "otuit ma+imum$
daturas am"lius si "otuisset. Tametsi 0uid homini dari "otest majus
0uum gloria$ laus$ et aeternitasN At non erunt fortasse 0uae
scri"sit. Ille tamen scri"sit tan0uam essent futura.
?@/C. 7or. genus irritabile #atum.
?@/,. *ib. ,. de *egibus. Magnam enim #im habent$ Fc.
?@/=. Peri tamen studio et "ietate conscribendae #itae ejus munus susce"i$
et "ost0uam sum"tuosa condere "ro fortuna non licuit$ e+iguo sed eo
forte liberalis ingenii monumento justa sanctissimo cineri sol#entur.
?@/.. , 9am. ++#. ..
?@/?. Esther$ iii. =.
?@/@. Amm. Marcellinus$ l. ,?.
?@/-. Ht mundus duobus "olis sustentatur& ita le+ 3ei$ amore 3ei et
"ro+imi< duobus his fundamentis #incitur< machina mundi corruit$ si
una de "olis turbatur< le+ "erit di#ina si una e+ his.
?@/A. / et B libro.
?@//. Ter. Adel"h. ?$ @.
?@/B. 3e amicit.
?@BC. :haritas "arentum dilui nisi detestabili scelere non "otest$ la"idum
fornicibus simillima$ casura$ nisi se in#icem sustentaret. 9eneca.
?@B,. LIt is s'eet to die for one!s country.L
?@B=. 3ii immortales$ dici non "otest 0uantum charitatis nomen illud habet.
?@B.. 2#id. 7ast.
?@B?. Anno ,.?A. Dacob Mayer. Annal. 7land. lib. ,=.
?@B@. Tally.
?@B-. *ucianus To+ari. Amicitia ut sol in mundo$ Fc.
?@BA. Iit. Pom"on. Attici.
?@B/. 9"encer$ 7aerie Kueene$ lib. @. cant. B. staff. ,$ =.
?@BB. 9iracides.
?-CC. Plutarch$ "reciosum numisma.
?-C,. Jeno"hon$ #erus amicus "raestantissima "ossessio.
?-C=. E"ist. @=.
?-C.. Greg. Per amorem 3ei$ "ro+imi gignitur< et "er hunc amorem "ro+imi$
3ei nutritur.
?-C?. Picolomineus$ grad. A. ca". =A. hoc felici amoris nodo ligantur
familiae ci#itates$ Fc.
?-C@. Ieras absolutas haec "arit #irtutes$ radi+ omnium #irtutum$ mens et
s"iritus.
?-C-. 3i#ino calore animos incendit$ incensos "urgat$ "urgatos ele#at ad
3eum$ 3eum "lacat$ hominem 3eo conciliat. ernard.
?-CA. Ille inficit$ hic "erficit$ ille de"rimit$ hic ele#at< hic
tran0uillitatem ille curas "arit& hic #itam recte informat$ ille
deformat Fc.
?-C/. oethius$ lib. =. met. /.
?-CB. 3eli0uium "atitur charitas$ odium ejus loco succedit. asil. ,. ser.
de instit. mon.
?-,C. 8odum in scir"o 0uaerentes.
?-,,. 5ircanae0ue admorunt ubera tigres.
?-,=. 5eraclitus.
?-,.. 9i in gehennam abit$ "au"erem 0ui non alat& 0uid de eo fiet 0ui
"au"erem denudatN Austin.
?-,?. Do#ius$ #ita ejus.
?-,@. Immortalitatem beneficio literarum$ immortali gloriosa 0uadam
cu"iditate concu"i#it. Kuod ci#es 0uibus benefecisset "erituri$
moenia ruitura$ etsi regio sum"tu aedificata$ non libri.
?-,-. Plutarch$ Pericle.
?-,A. Tullius$ lib. ,. de legibus.
?-,/. Gen. +++#. /.
?-,B. 5or.
?-=C. 3urum genus sumus.
?-=,. LThe sister of justice$ honour in#iolate$ and na%ed truth.L
?-==. Tull. "ro 1ose. Mentiri #is causa meaN ego #ero cu"ide et libenter
mentiar tua causa< et si 0uando me #is "erjurare$ ut "aululum tu
com"endii facias$ "aratum fore scito.
?-=.. Gallienus in Treb. Pollio lacera$ occide$ mea mente irascere. 1abie
jecur incendente feruntur "raeci"ites$ Io"iscus of Aurelian. Tantum
fudit sanguinis 0uantum 0uis #ini "ota#it.
?-=?. E#angelii tubam belli tubam faciunt< in "ul"itis "acem$ in collo0uiis
bellum suadent.
?-=@. Psal. +iii. ,.
?-=-. 3e bello Dudaico$ lib. -. c. ,-. Puto si 1omani contra hos #enire
tardassent$ aut hiatu terrae de#orandam fuisse ci#itatem$ aut dilu#io
"erituram$ aut fulmina ac 9odoma cum incendio "assuram$ ob des"eratum
"o"uli$ Fc.
?-=A. enefacit animae suae #ir misericors.
?-=/. :oncordia magnae res crescunt$ discordia ma+imae dilabuntur.
?-=B. *i"sius.
?-.C. Memb. ,. 9ubs. =.
?-.,. Amor et amicitia.
?-.=. Phaedrus orat. in laudem amoris Platonis con#i#io.
?-... Iide occas. de Genial deorum.
?-.?. 9ee the moral in Plut. of that fiction.
?-.@. Affluentiae 3eus.
?-.-. :a". A. :omment. in Plat. con#i#ium.
?-.A. 9ee more in Ialesius$ lib. .. cont. med. et cont. ,..
?-./. Ii#es .. de anima< oramus te ut tuis artibus et caminis nos refingas$
et e+ duobus unum facias< 0uod et fecit$ et e+inde amatores unum sunt
et unum esse "etunt.
?-.B. 9ee more in 8atalis :omes Imag. 3eorum Philostratus de Imaginibus.
*itius Giraldus 9yntag. de diis. Phornutus$ Fc.
?-?C. Du#enis "ingitur 0uod amore "lerum0ue ju#enes ca"iuntur< sic et
mollis$ formosus$ nudus$ 0uod sim"le+ et a"ertus hic affectus< ridet
0uod oblectamentum "rae se ferat$ cum "haretra$ Fc.
?-?,. A "etty Po"e cla#es habet su"erorum et inferorum$ as 2r"heus$ Fc.
?-?=. *ib. ,.. ca". @. 3y"noso.
?-?.. 1egnat et in su"eros jus habet ille deos. 2#id.
?-??. Plautus.
?-?@. 9elden "ro leg. .. ca". de diis 9yris.
?-?-. 3ial. ..
?-?A. A concilia 3eorum rejectus et ad majorem ejus ignominiam$ Fc.
?-?/. 7ulmine concitatior.
?-?B. 9o"hocles.
?-@C. L5e di#ides the em"ire of the sea 'ith Thetis$--of the 9hades$ 'ith
Aeacus$--of the 5ea#en$ 'ith Do#e.L
?-@,. Tom. ?.
?-@=. 3ial. deorum$ tom. ..
?-@.. Kui""e matrem i"sius 0uibus modis me afficit$ nunc in Idam adigens
Anchisae causa$ Fc.
?-@?. Dam"ridem et "lagas i"si in nates incussi sandalio.
?-@@. Alto"ilus$ fol. AB.
?-@-. 8ullis amor est medicabilis herbis.
?-@A. Plutarch in Amatorio. 3ictator 0uo creato cessant reli0ui
magistratus.
?-@/. :laadian. descri"t. #ener. aulae. LTrees are influenced by lo#e$ and
e#ery flourishing tree in turn feels the "assion& "alms nod mutual
#o's$ "o"lar sighs to "o"lar$ "lane to "lane$ and alder breathes to
alder.L
?-@B. 8e0ue "rius in iis desiderium cessat dum dejectus consoletur< #idere
enim est i"sam arborem incur#atam$ ultro ramis ab utris0ue #icissim
ad osculum e+"orrectis. Manifesta dant mutui desiderii signa.
?--C. Multas "almas contingens 0uae simul crescant$ rursus0ue ad amantem
regrediens$ eam0ue manu attingens$ 0uasi osculum mutuo ministrare
#idetur$ et e+"editi concubitus gratiam facit.
?--,. Kuam #ero i"sa desideret affectu ramorum significat$ et adullam
res"icit< amantur$ Fc.
?--=. Iirg. .. Georg.
?--.. Pro"ertius.
?--?. 3ial. deorum. :onfide mater$ leonibus i"sis familiaris jam factus
sum$ et sae"e conscendi eorum terga et a""rehendi jubas< e0uorum more
insidens eos agito$ et illi mihi caudis adblandiuntur.
?--@. *eones "rae amore furunt$ Plin. l. /. c. ,-. Arist. l. -. hist.
animal.
?---. :a". ,A. of his boo% of hunting.
?--A. *ucretius.
?--/. 3e sale lib. ,. c. =,. Pisces ob amorem marcescunt$ "allescunt$ Fc.
?--B. 5auriendae a0uae causa #enientes e+ insidiis a Tritone com"rehensae$
Fc.
?-AC. Plin. l. ,C. c. @ 0uum0ue aborta tem"estate "eriisset 5ernias in
sicco "iscis e+"ira#it.
?-A,. Post0uam "uer morbo abiit$ et i"se del"hinus "eriit.
?-A=. Pleni sunt libri 0uibus ferae in homines inflammatae fuerunt$ in
0uibus ego 0uidem sem"er assensum sustinui$ #eritus ne fabulosa
crederem< 3onec #idi lyncem 0uem habui ab Assyria$ sic affectum erga
unum de meis hominibus$ Fc.
?-A.. 3esiderium suum testatus "ost inediam ali0uot dierum interiit.
?-A?. 2r"heus hymno Ien. LIenus %ee"s the %eys of the air$ earth$ sea$ and
she alone retains the command of all.L
?-A@. Kui haec in artrae bilis aut Imaginationis #im referre conati sunt$
nihil faciunt.
?-A-. :antantem audies et #inum bibes$ 0uale antea nun0uam bibisti< te
ri#alis turbabit nullus< "ulchra autem "ulchro autem "ulchro contente
#i#am$ et moriar.
?-AA. Multi factum hoc cogno#ere$ 0uod in media Graecia gestum sit.
?-A/. 1em curans domesticam$ ut ante$ "e"erit ali0uot liberos$ sem"er tamen
tristis et "allida.
?-AB. 5aec audi#i a multis fide dignis 0ui asse#erabant ducem a#ariae
eadem retulisse 3uci 9a+oniae "ro #eris.
?-/C. 7abula 3amarati et Aristonis in 5erodoto lib. -. Erato.
?-/,. Inter"ret. Mersio.
?-/=. 3eus Angelos misit ad tutelam cultum0ue generis humani< sed illos cum
hominibus commorantes$ dominator ille terrae salacissimus "aulatim ad
#itia "elle+it$ et mulierum congressibus in0uina#it.
?-/.. Kuidam e+ illo ca"ti sunt amore #irginum$ et libidine #icti
defecerunt$ e+ 0uibus gigantes 0ui #ocantur$ nati sunt.
?-/?. Pererius in Gen. lib. /. c. -. #er. ,. >anc. Fc.
?-/@. Purchas 5ac% "osth. "ar. ,. lib. ?. :a". ,. 9. A.
?-/-. In :lio.
?-/A. 3eus i"se hoc cubili re0uiescens.
?-//. Physiologiae 9toicorum l. ,. ca". =C. 9i s"iritus unde semen iis$ Fc.
at e+em"la turbant nos< mulierum 0uotidianae confessiones de mistione
omnes asserunt$ et sunt in hac urbe *o#iano e+em"la.
?-/B. Hnum di+ero$ non o"inari me ullo retro ae#o tantam co"iam 9atyrorum$
et salacium istorum Geniorum se ostendisse$ 0uantum nunc 0uotidianae
narrationes$ et judiciales sententiae "roferunt.
?-BC. Iirg.
?-B,. L7or it is a shame to s"ea% of those things 'hich are done of them in
secret$L E"h. #. ,=.
?-B=. Plutarch$ amator lib.
?-B.. *ib. ,..
?-B?. 1om. i. =A.
?-B@. *ilius Giraldus$ #ita ejus.
?-B-. Pueros amare solis Philoso"his relin0uendum #ult *ucianus dial.
Amorum.
?-BA. usbe0uius.
?-B/. Achilles Tatius lib. =.
?-BB. *ucianus :haridemo.
?ACC. 8on est haec mentula demens. Mart.
?AC,. Do#ius Musc.
?AC=. Praefat. lectori lib. de #itis "ontif.
?AC.. Mercurialis ca". de Pria"ismo. :oelius l. ,,. antic. lect. ca". ,?.
Galenis -. de locis aff.
?AC?. 3e morb. mulier. lib. I. c. ,@.
?AC@. 5erodotus l. =. Euter"ae& u+ores insignium #irorum non statim #ita
functas tradunt condendas$ ac ne eas 0uidem foeminas 0uae formosae
sunt$ sed 0uatriduo ante defunctas$ ne cum iis salinarii concumbant$
Fc.
?AC-. Metam. ,..
?ACA. 9eneca de ira$ l. ,,. c. ,/.
?AC/. 8ullus est meatus ad 0uem non "ateat aditus im"udicitiae. :lem Ale+.
"aedag$ lib. .. c ..
?ACB. 9eneca ,. nat. 0uaest.
?A,C. Tom. P. Gryllo.
?A,,. 3e morbis mulierum l. ,. c. ,@.
?A,=. Am"hitheat. amore. ca". ?. inter"ret. :urtio.
?A,.. Aeneas 9yl#ius Du#enal. LAnd he 'ho has not felt the influence of
lo#e is either a stone or a beast.L
?A,?. Tertul. "ro#er. lib.
?A,@. L2ne 'hom no maiden!s beauty has e#er affected.L
?A,-. :haucer.
?A,A. Tom. ,. dial. deorum *ucianus. Amore non ardent Musae.
?A,/. LAs matter see%s form$ so 'oman turns to'ards man.L
?A,B. In amator. dialog.
?A=C. 5or.
?A=,. *ucretius.
?A==. 7onseca.
?A=.. 5or.
?A=?. Pro"ert.
?A=@. 9imonides$ graec. L9he gro's old in lo#e and in years together.L
?A=-. Ausonius.
?A=A. Geryon amicitae symbolum.
?A=/. Pro"ert. l. =.
?A=B. Plutarch. c. .C. 1om. 5ist.
?A.C. Dunonem habeam iratam$ si un0uam meminerim me #irginem fuisse. Infans
enim "aribus in0uinata sum$ et subinde majoribus me a""licui$ donec
ad aetatem "er#eni< ut Milo #itulum$ Fc.
?A.,. Parnodidasc. dial. lat. inter". :as". arthio e+ Ital.
?A.=. Angelico scri"tur concentu.
?A... E"ictetus c. ?=. mulieres statim ab anno ,?. mo#ere inci"iunt$ Fc.
attrectari se sinunt et e+"onunt. *e#inu *emnius.
?A.?. *ib. .. fol. ,=-.
?A.@. :atullus.
?A.-. L4hithersoe#er enraged you fly there is no esca"e. Although you reach
the Tanais$ lo#e 'ill still "ursue you.L
?A.A. 3e mulierum ine+hausta libidine lu+u0ue insatiabili omnes ae0ue
regiones con0ueri "osse e+istimo. 9te"h.
?A./. L4hat ha#e lust and unrestrained desire left chaste or en#iolate u"on
earthNL
?A.B. Plautus.
?A?C. 2culi caligant$ aures gra#iter audiunt$ ca"illi fluunt$ cutis
arescit$ flatus olet$ tussis$ Fc. :y"rian.
?A?,. *ib. /. E"ist. 1uffinus.
?A?=. 5iat0ue tur"is inter aridas nates "ode+.
?A?.. :ada#erosa adeo ut ab inferis re#ersa #ideri "ossit$ #ult adhuc
catullire.
?A??. 8am et matrimoniis est des"ectum senium. Aeneas 9il#ius.
?A?@. Kuid toto terrarum orbe communiusN 0uae ci#itas$ 0uod o""idum$ 0uae
familia #acat amatorum e+em"lisN Aeneas 9il#ius. Kuis trigesimum
annum natus nullum amoris causa "eregit insigne facinusN ego de me
facio conjecturam$ 0uem amor in mille "ericula misit.
?A?-. 7orestus. Plato.
?A?A. Pract. major. Tract. -. ca". ,. 1ub. ,,. de aegrit. ca". 0uod his
multum contingat.
?A?/. 5aec aegritudo est solicitudo melancholica in 0ua homo a""licat sibi
continuam cogitationem su"er "ulchritudine i"sius 0uam amat$ gestuum
morum.
?A?B. Animi forte accidens 0uo 0uis rem habere nimia a#iditate concu"iscit$
ut ludos #enatores$ aurum et o"es a#ari.
?A@C. Assidua cogitatio su"er rem desideratum$ cum confidentia obtinendi$
ut s"e a""rehensum delectabile$ Fc.
?A@,. Morbus cor"oris "otius 0uam animi.
?A@=. Amor est "assio melancholica.
?A@.. 2b calefactionem s"irituum "ars anterior ca"itis laborat ob
consum"tionem humiditatis.
?A@?. Affectus animi concu"iscibilis e desiderio rei amatae "er oculus in
mente conce"to$ s"iritus in corde et jecore incendens.
?A@@. 2dyss. et Metamor. ?. 2#id.
?A@-. Kuod talem carnificinam in adolescentum #isceribus amor faciat
ine+"lebilis.
?A@A. Testiculi 0uoad causam conjunctam$ e"ar antecedentem$ "ossunt esse
subjectum.
?A@/. Pro"rie "assio cerebri est ob corru"tam imaginationem.
?A@B. :a". de affectibus.
?A-C. Est corru"tio imaginati#ae et aestimati#ae facultatis$ ob formam
fortiter affi+am$ corru"tum0ue judicium$ ut sem"er de eo cogitet$
ideo0ue recte melancholicus a""ellatur. :oncu"iscentia #ehemens e+
corru"to judicio aestimati#ae #irtutis.
?A-,. :omment. in con#i#ium Platonis. Irretiuntur cito 0uibus nascentibus
Ienus fuerit in *eone$ #el *una #enerem #ehementer as"e+erit$ et 0ui
eadem com"le+ione sunt "raediti.
?A-=. Plerum0ue amatores sunt$ et si foeminae meretrices$ ,. de audiend.
?A-.. :omment$ in Genes$ ca". ..
?A-?. Et si in hoc "arum a "raeclara infamia stultitia0ue abero$ #incit
tamen amor #eritatis.
?A-@. Edit. asil. ,@@.. :um :ommentar. in Ptolomaei 0uadri"artitum.
?A--. 7ol. ??@. asil. Edit.
?A-A. 3ial$ amorum.
?A-/. :itius maris fluctus et ni#es coelo delabentes numeraris 0uam amores
meos< alii amores aliis succedunt$ ac "rius0uam desinant "riores$
inci"iunt se0uentes. Adeo humidis oculis meus inhabitat Asylus omnem
formam ad se ra"iens$ ut nulla satietate e+"leatur. Kuaenam haec ira
Ieneris$ Fc.
?A-B. 8um. +++ii.
?AAC. Kui calidum testiculorum crisin habent$ Fc.
?AA,. Printed at Paris ,-=?$ se#en years after my first edition.
?AA=. 2#id de art.
?AA.. Gerbelius$ descri"t. Graeciae. 1erum omnium affluentia et loci mira
o""ortunitas$ nullo non die hos"ites in "ortas ad#ertebant. Tem"lo
Ieneris mille meretrices se "rostituebant.
?AA?. Tota :y"ri insula delitiis incumbit$ et ob id tantum lu+uriae dedita
ut sit olim Ieneri sacrata. 2rtelius$ *am"sacus$ olim Pria"o sacer ob
#inum generosum$ et loci delicias. Idem.
?AA@. Agri 8ea"olitani delectatio$ elegantia$ amoenitas$ #i+ intra modum
humanum consistere #idetur< unde$ Fc. *eand$ Alber. in :am"ania.
?AA-. *ib. de laud. urb. 8ea". 3is"utat. de morbis animi. 1einoldo
Inter"ret.
?AAA. *am"ridius$ Kuod decem noctibus centum #irgines fecisset mulieres.
?AA/. Iita ejus.
?AAB. If they contain themsel#es$ many times it is not #irtutis amore< non
deest #oluntas sed facultas.
?A/C. In Musco#.
?A/,. :atullus ad *esbiam.
?A/=. 5or.
?A/.. Polit. /. num. =/. ut na"tha$ ad ignem$ sic amor ad illos 0ui
tor"escunt ocio.
?A/?. Pausanias Attic$ lib. ,. :e"halus egregiae formae ju#enis ab aurora
ra"tus 0uod ejus amore ca"ta esset.
?A/@. In amatorio.
?A/-. E. 9tobaeo ser. -=.
?A/A. Amor otiosae cura est sollicitudinus.
?A//. Princi"es "lerum0ue ob licentiam et adfluentiam di#itiarum istam
"assionem solent incurrere.
?A/B. Ardenter a""etit 0ui otiosam #itam agit$ et communiter incurrit haec
"assio solitarios delitiose #i#entes$ incontinentes$ religiosos$ Fc.
?ABC. Plutarch. #it. ejus.
?AB,. Iina "arant animos #eneri.
?AB=. 9ed nihil erucae faciunt bulbi0ue salaces< Im"roba nec "rosit jam
satureia tibi. 2#id.
?AB.. Petronius.
?AB?. Hti ille a"ud 9%en%ium$ 0ui "ost "otionem$ u+orem et 0uatuor ancillas
"ro+imo cubiculo cubantes$ com"ressit.
?AB@. Pers. 9at. ..
?AB-. 9iracides. 8o+$ et amor #inum0ue nihil moderabile suadent.
?ABA. *i". ad 2lym"iam.
?AB/. 5ymno.
?ABB. 5or. l. .. 2d. =@.
?/CC. 3e sale lib. ca". =,.
?/C,. 6ornmannus lib. de #irginitate.
?/C=. Garcias ab horto aromatum$ lib. ,. ca". =/.
?/C.. 9ura+ radi+ ad coitum summe facit si 0uis comedat$ aut infusionem
bibat$ membrum subito erigitur. *eo Afer. lib. B. ca". ult.
?/C?. Kuae non solum edentibus sed et genitale tangentibus tantum #alet$ ut
coire summe desiderent< 0uoties fere #elint$ "ossint< alios duodecies
"rofecisse$ alios ad -C #ices "er#enisse refert.
?/C@. *ucian. Tom. ?. 3ial. amorum.
?/C-. L9ight$ conference$ association$ %isses$ touch.L
?/CA. Ea enim hominum intem"erantium libido est ut etiam fama ad amandum
im"ellantur$ et audientes ae0ue afficiuntur ac #identes.
?/C/. 7ormosam 9ostrato filiam audiens$ u+orem cu"it$ et sola illius$
auditione ardet.
?/CB. Kuoties de Panthea Jeno"hontis locum "erlego$ ita animo affectus ac
si coram intuerer.
?/,C. Pulchritudinem sibi i"sis configunt$ Imagines.
?/,,. 3e aulico lib. =. fol. ,,-.!tis a "leasant story$ and related at
large by him.
?/,=. Gratia #enit ab auditu ae0ue ac #isu et s"ecies amoris in "hantasiam
reci"iunt sola relatione. Picolomineus grad. /. c. ./.
?/,.. *i"s. cent. =. e"ist. ==. eautie!s Encomions.
?/,?. Pro"ert.
?/,@. Amoris "rimum gradum #isus habet$ ut as"iciat rem amatam.
?/,-. Achilles Tatius lib. ,. 7orma telo 0uo#is acutior ad inferendum
#ulnus$ "er0ue oculos amatorio #ulneri aditum "atefaciens in animum
"enetrat.
?/,A. In tota rerum natura nihil forma di#inius$ nihil augustius$ nihil
"retiosius$ cujus #ires hinc facile intelliguntur$ Fc.
?/,/. :hrist. 7onseca.
?/,B. 9. *.
?/=C. ruys "rob. ,,. de forma e *ucianos.
?/=,. *ib. de calumnia. 7ormosi :alumninia #acant< dolemus alios meliore
loco "ositos$ fortunam nobis no#ercam illis$ Fc.
?/==. In#idemus sa"ientibus$ justis$ nisi beneficiis assidue amorem
e+tor0uent< solos formosos amamus et "rimo #elut as"ectu bene#olentia
conjungimur$ et eos tan0uam 3eos colimus$ libentius iis ser#imus 0uam
aliis im"eramus$ majorem0ue$ Fc.
?/=.. 7ormae majestatem arbari #erentur$ nec alii majores 0uam 0uos e+imia
forma natura donata est$ 5erod$ lib. @. :urtius G. Arist. Polit.
?/=?. 9erm. -.. Plutarch$ #it. ejus. risonius 9trabo.
?/=@. LIirtue a""ears more gracefully in a lo#ely "ersonage.L
?/=-. *ib. @. magnorum0ue< o"erum non alios ca"aces "utant 0uam 0uos e+imia
s"ecie natura dona#it.
?/=A. *ib. de #itis Pontificum. 1om.
?/=/. *ib. =. ca". -.
?/=B. 3ial. amorum. c. =. de magia. *ib. =. connub. ca". =A. Iirgo formosa
et si o""ido "au"er$ abunde est dotata.
?/.C. Isocrates "lures ob formam immortalitatem ade"ti sunt 0uam ob
reli0uas omnes #irtutes.
?/.,. *ucian Tom. ?. :haridaemon. Kui "ulchri$ merito a"ud 3eos et a"ud
homines honore affecti. Muta commentatio$ 0ua#is e"istola ad
commendandum efficacior.
?/.=. *ib. B. Iar. hist$ tanta formae elegantia ut ab ea nuda$ Fc.
?/... Esdras$ i#. =B.
?/.?. 2rigen hom. =.. in 8umb. In i"sos tyrannos tyrannidem e+ercet.
?/.@. Illud certe magnum ob 0uod gloriari "ossunt formosi$ 0uod robustis
necessarium sit laborare$ fortem "ericulis se objicere$ sa"ientem$
Fc.
?/.-. Majorem #im habet ad commendandam forma$ 0uam accurate scri"ta
e"istola. Arist.
?/.A. 5eliodor. lib. I.
?/./. 6no'les. hist. Turcica.
?/.B. 3aniel in com"laint of 1osamond.
?/?C. 9troza filius E"ig. LThe %ing of the gods on account of this beauty
became a bull$ a sho'er$ a s'an.L
?/?,. 9ect. =. Mem. ,. 9ub. ,.
?/?=. 9tromatum l. "ost ca"tam Trojam cum im"etu ferretur$ ad occidendam
5elenam$ stu"ore adeo "ulchritudinis corre"tus ut ferrum e+cideret$
Fc.
?/?.. Tantae formae fuit ut cum #incta loris$ feris e+"osita foret$ e0uorum
calcibus obterenda$ i"sis jumentis admiratione fuit< laedere
noluerunt.
?/??. *ib. /. mules.
?/?@. LIf you 'ill restore me to my "arents$ and my beautiful lo#er$ 'hat
than%s$ 'hat honour shall I o'e you$ 'hat "ro#ender shall I not
su""ly youNL
?/?-. Aethio". l. ..
?/?A. Atheneus$ lib. /.
?/?/. A"uleius Aur. asino.
?/?B. 9ha%es"eare.
?/@C. Marlo'e.
?/@,. 2#. Met. ,.
?/@=. 2#id. Met. lib. @.
?/@.. LAnd 'ith her hand 'i"ing off the dro"s from her green tresses$ thus
began to relate the lo#es of Al"heus. I 'as formerly an Achaian
nym"h.L
?/@?. *eland. LTheir li"s resound 'ith thousand %isses$ their arms are
"allid 'ith the close embrace$ and their nec%s are mutually ent'ined
by their fond caresses.L
?/@@. Angerianus.
?/@-. 9i longe as"iciens haec urit lumine di#os at0ue homines "ro"e$ cur
urere lina ne0uitN Angerianus.
?/@A. L4e 'onder ho' great the #a"our$ and 'hence it comes.L
?/@/. Idem Anger.
?/@B. 2bstu"uit mirabundas membrorum elegantiam$ Fc. E". A.
?/-C. 9tobaeus e graeco. LMy limbs became rela+ed$ I 'as o#ercome from head
to foot$ all self-"ossession fled$ so great a stu"or o#erburdened my
mind.L
?/-,. Parum abfuit 0uo minus sa+um e+ nomine factus sum$ i"sis statuis
immobiliorem me fecit.
?/-=. Ieteres Gorgonis fabulam confin+erunt$ e+imium formae decus stu"idos
reddens.
?/-.. 5or. 2de @.
?/-?. Marlos 5ero.
?/-@. As"ectum #irginis s"onte fugit insanus fere$ et im"ossibile
e+istimans ut simul eam as"icere 0uis "ossit$ et intra tem"erantiae
metas se continere.
?/--. A"uleius$ l. ?. Multi mortales longis itineribus$ Fc.
?/-A. 8ic. Gerbel. l. @. Achaia.
?/-/. I. 9ecundus basiorum lib.
?/-B. Musaeus Illa autem bene morata$ "er aedem 0uocun0ue #agabatur$
se0uentem mentem habebat$ e oculos$ et corda #irorum.
?/AC. 5omer.
?/A,. Marlo'e.
?/A=. Perno didascalo dial. Ital. *atin. donat. a Gas". arthio Germano.
?/A.. Pro"ertius.
?/A?. Iestium s"lendore et elegantia ambitione incessus$ donis$ cantilenis$
Fc. gratiam adi"isci.
?/A@. Prae caeteris cor"oris "roceritate et egregia indole mirandus
a""arebat$ caeteri autem ca"ti ejus amore #idebantur$ Fc.
?/A-. Aristenaetus$ e". ,C.
?/AA. Tom. ?. dial. meretr. res"icientes et ad formam ejus obstu"escentes.
?/A/. In :haridemo sa"ientiae merito "ulchritudo "raefertur et o"ibus.
?/AB. Indignum nihil est Troas fortes et Achi#os tem"ore tam longo
"er"essos esse labore.
?//C. 3igna 0uidem facies "ro 0ua #el obiret Achilles$ #el Priamus$ belli
causa "robanda fuit. Pro"er. lib. =.
?//,. :oecus 0ui 5elenae formam car"serat.
?//=. Those mutinous Tur%s that murmured at Mahomet$ 'hen they sa' Irene$
e+cused his absence. 6no'ls.
?//.. In laudem 5elenae erat.
?//?. A"ul. miles. lib. ?.
?//@. 9ecun. bas. ,..
?//-. :urtius$ l. ,.
?//A. :onfessi.
?///. 9eneca. Amor in oculis oritur.
?//B. 2#id 7ast.
?/BC. Plutarch.
?/B,. *ib. de "ulchrit. Desu et Mariae.
?/B=. *ucian :haridemon su"ra omnes mortales felicissimum si hac frui
"ossit.
?/B.. *ucian amor. Insanum 0uiddam ac furibundum e+clamans. 2
fortunatissime deorum Mars 0ui "ro"ter hanc #inctus fuisti.
?/B?. 2#. Met. l. ..
?/B@. 2mnes dii com"le+i sunt$ et in u+orem sibi "etierunt$ 8at. :omes de
Ienere.
?/B-. Ht cum lu+ noctis affulget$ omnium oculos incurrit& sic Antilo0uus
Fc.
?/BA. 3olo#it omnes e+ animo mulieres.
?/B/. 8am #incit et #el ignem$ ferrum0ue si 0ua "ulchra est. Anacreon$ =.
?/BB. 9"enser in his 7aerie Kueene.
?BCC. Achilles Tatius$ lib. ,.
?BC,. 9tatim ac eam contem"latus sum$ occidi< oculos a #irgine a#ertere
conatus sum$ sed illi re"ugnabant.
?BC=. Pudet dicere$ non celabo tamen. Mem"him #eniens me #icit$ et
continentiam e+"ugna#it$ 0uam ad senectutem us0ue ser#arum$ oculis
cor"oris$ Fc.
?BC.. 8unc "rimum circa hanc an+ius animi haereo. Aristaenetus$ e". ,A.
?BC?. Iirg. Aen. ?. L9he alone hath ca"ti#ated my feelings$ and fi+ed my
'a#ering mind.L
?BC@. Amaranto dial.
?BC-. :omas0ue ad s"eculum dis"osuit.
?BCA. Imag. Polystrato. 9i illam saltem intuearis$ statuis immobiliorem te
faciet& si cons"e+eris eam$ non relin0uetur facultas oculos ab ea
amo#endi< abducet te alligatum 0uocun0ue #oluerit$ ut ferrum ad se
trahere ferunt adamantem.
?BC/. Plaut. Merc.
?BCB. In the 6night!s Tale.
?B,C. E+ debita totius "ro"ortione a"ta0ue "artium com"ositione.
Picolomineus.
?B,,. 5or. 2d. ,B. lib. ,.
?B,=. Ter. Eunuch. Act. =. 9cen. ..
?B,.. Petronius :atall.
?B,?. 9o"hocles. Antigone.
?B,@. Do. 9ecundus bas. ,B.
?B,-. *oecheus.
?B,A. Arandus. Iallis amoenissima e duobus montibus com"osita ni#eis.
?B,/. 2#id.
?B,B. 7ol. AA. 3a"siles hilares amatores$ Fc.
?B=C. 4hen :u"id sle"t. :aesariem auream habentem$ ubi Psyche #idit$
mollem0ue e+ ambrosia cer#icem ins"e+it$ crines cris"os$ "ur"ureas
genas candidas0ue$ Fc. A"uleius.
?B=,. In laudem cal#i< s"lendida coma 0uis0ue adulter est< allicit aurea
coma.
?B==. Ienus i"sa non "laceret comis nudata$ ca"ite s"oliata$ si 0ualis i"sa
Ienus cum fuit #irgo omni gratiarum choro sti"ata$ et toto cu"idinun
"o"ulo concinnata$ baltheo suo cincta$ cinnama fragrans$ et balsama$
si cal#a "rocesserit$ "lacere non "otest Iulcano suo.
?B=.. Arandus. :a"illi retia :u"idinis$ syl#a caedua$ in 0ua nidificat
:u"ido$ sub cujus umbra amores mille modis se e+ercent.
?B=?. Theod. Prodromus Amor. lib. ,.
?B=@. E"ist. A=. Hbi "ulchram tibiam$ bene com"actum tenuem0ue "edem #idi.
?B=-. Plaut. :as.
?B=A. :laudus o"time rem agit.
?B=/. 7ol. @. 9i ser#um #iderint$ aut flatorem altius cinctum$ aut "ul#ere
"erfusum$ aut histrionem in scenam traductum$ Fc.
?B=B. Me "ulchra fateor carere forma$ #erum luculenta--nostra est.
Petronius :atal. de Pria"o.
?B.C. Galen.
?B.,. :alcagninus A"ologis. Kuae "ars ma+ime desiderabilisN Alius frontem$
alius genas$ Fc.
?B.=. Inter foemineum.
?B... 5ensius.
?B.?. 9unt enim oculi$ "raeci"uae "ulchritudinis sedes. lib. -.
?B.@. Amoris hami$ duces$ judices et indices 0ui momento insanos sanant$
sanos insanire cogunt$ oculatissimi cor"oris e+cubitores$ 0uid non
aguntN Kuid non coguntN
?B.-. 2celli carna. ,A. cujus et *i"sius e"ist. 0uaest. lib. .. ca". ,,.
meminit ob elegantiam.
?B.A. :ynthia "rima suis miserum me ce"it ocellis$ contactum nullis ante
cu"idinibus. Pro"ert. l. ,.
?B./. In catalect.
?B.B. 3e 9ul"icio$ lib. ?.
?B?C. Pulchritudo i"sa "er occultos radios in "ectus amantis dimanans
amatae rei formam inscul"sit$ Tatius$ l. @.
?B?,. Dacob :ornelius Amnon Tragoed. Act. ,. sc. ,.
?B?=. 1osae formosaram oculis nascuntur$ et hilaritas #ultus elegantiae
corona. Philostratus deliciis.
?B?.. E"ist. et in deliciis$ abi et o""ugnationem relin0ue$ 0uam flamma non
e+tinguit< nam ab amore i"sa flamma sentit incendium& 0uae cor"orum
"enetratio$ 0uae tyrannis haecN Fc.
?B??. *oecheus Panthea.
?B?@. Pro"ertius. LThe 'retched :ynthia first ca"ti#ates 'ith her s"ar%ling
eyes.L
?B?-. 2#id$ amorum$ lib. =. eleg. ?.
?B?A. 9cut. 5ercul.
?B?/. :alcagninus dial.
?B?B. Iliad ,.
?B@C. 5ist. lib. ,.
?B@,. 9ands! relation$ fol. -A.
?B@=. Mantuan.
?B@.. Amor "er oculos$ nares$ "oros influens$ Fc. Mortales tum summo"ere
fascinantur 0uando fre0uentissimo intuitu aciem dirigentes$ Fc. Ideo
si 0uis nitore "olleat oculorum$ Fc.
?B@?. 9"iritus "uriores fascinantur$ oculus a se radios emittit$ Fc.
?B@@. *ib. de "ulch. Des. et Mar.
?B@-. *ib. =. c. =.. colore triticum referente$ crine$ fla#a$ acribus
oculis.
?B@A. *i""i solo intuitu alios li""os faciunt$ et "atet una cum radio
#a"orem corru"ti sanguinis emanare$ cujus contagione oculis
s"ectantis inficitur.
?B@/. Iita A"ollon.
?B@B. :omment. in Aristot. Probl.
?B-C. 9ic radius a corde "ercutientis missus$ regimen "ro"rium re"etit$ cor
#ulnerat$ "er oculos et sanguinem inficit et s"iritus$ subtili 0uadam
#i. :astil. lib. .. de aulico.
?B-,. *ib. ,C. :ausa omnis et origo omnis "rae sentis doloris tute es< isti
enim tui oculi$ "er meos oculos ad intima dela"si "raecordia$
acerrimum meis medullis commo#ent incendium< ergo miserere tui causa
"ereuntis.
?B-=. *ycias in Phaedri #ultum inhiat$ Phaedrus in oculos *yciae scintillas
suorum defigit oculorum< cum0ue scintillis$ Fc. 9e0uitur Phaedrus
*yciam$ 0uia cor suum "etit s"iritum< Phaedrum *ycias$ 0uia s"iritus
"ro"riam sedem "ostulat. Ierum *ycias$ Fc.
?B-.. 3aemonia in0uit 0uae in hoc Eremo nu"er occurebant.
?B-?. :astilio de aulico$ l. .. fol. ==/. 2culi ut milites in insidiis
sem"er recubant$ et subito ad #isum sagittas emittunt$ Fc.
?B-@. 8ec mirum si reli0uos morbos 0ui e+ contagione nascuntur
consideremus$ "estem$ "ruritum$ scabiem$ Fc.
?B--. *ucretius. LAnd the body naturally see%s 'hence it is that the mind
is so 'ounded by lo#e.L
?B-A. In beauty$ that of fa#our is "referred before that of colours$ and
decent motion is more than that of fa#our. acon!s Essays.
?B-/. Martialis.
?B-B. Multi tacit e o"inantur commercium illud adeo fre0uens cum barbaris
nudis$ ac "resertim cum foeminis ad libidinem "ro#ocare$ at minus
multo no+ia illorum nuditas 0uam nostrarum foeminarum cultus. Ausim
asse#erare s"lendidum illum cultum$ fucos$ Fc.
?BAC. 5armo. e#angel. lib. -. ca". -.
?BA,. 9erm. de conce". Iirg. Physiognomia #irginis omnes mo#et ad
casitatem.
?BA=. .. sent. d. .. 0. . mirum #irgo formosissima$ sed a nemine concu"ita.
?BA.. Met. ,C.
?BA?. 1osamond!s com"laint$ by 9am. 3aniel.
?BA@. Aeneas 9il#.
?BA-. 5eliodor. l. =. 1odol"he Thracia tam ine#itabili fascino instructa$
tam e+acte oculis intuens attra+it$ ni si in illam 0uis incidisset$
fieri non "osset 0uin ca"ertur.
?BAA. *ib. .. de "ro#identia& Animi fenestrae oculi$ et omnis im"roba
cu"iditas "er ocellos tan0uam canales introit.
?BA/. uchanan.
?BAB. 2#id de arte amandi.
?B/C. Pers. .. 9at.
?B/,. Iel centum :hariles ridere "utaret. Museus of 5ero.
?B/=. 5or. 2d. == lib. ,.
?B/.. Eustathius$ l. @.
?B/?. Mantuan.
?B/@. Tom. ?. merit$ dial. E+ornando sei"sam eleganter$ facilem et hilarem
se gerendo erga cunctos$ ridendo sua#e ac blandum 0uid$ Fc.
?B/-. Angeriaims.
?B/A. Iel si forte #estimentum de industria ele#etur$ ut "edum ac tibiarum
"ars ali0ua cons"iciatur$ dum tem"lum aut locum ali0uem adierit.
?B//. 9ermone$ 0uod non foeminae. #iris cohabitent. 8on lo0uuta es lingua$
sed lo0uuta es gressu& non lo0uuta es #oce$ sed oculis lo0uuta es
clarius 0uam #oce.
?B/B. Do#ianus Pontanus aiar. lib. ,. ad 5ermionem. L7or 'hy do you
e+hibit your !mil%y 'ay$! your unco#ered bosomsN 4hat else is it but
to say "lainly. As% me$ as% me$ I 'ill surrender< and 'hat is that
but lo#e!s callNL
?BBC. 3e lu+u #estium discurs. -. 8ihil aliud deest nisi ut "raeco #os
"raecedat$ Fc.
?BB,. If you can tell ho'$ you may sing this to the tune a so'-gelder
blo's.
?BB=. Auson. e"ig. =/. L8either dra"ed 3iana nor na%ed Ienus "leases me.
2ne has too much #olu"tuousness about her$ the other none.L
?BB.. Plin. lib. ... ca". ,C. Gam"as"en nudam "icturus A"elles$ amore ejus
illa0ueatus est.
?BB?. In Tyrrhenis con#i#iis nudae mulieres ministrabant.
?BB@. Amatoria miscentes #idit$ et in i"sis com"le+ibus audit$ Fc. emersit
inde cu"ido in "ectus #irginis.
?BB-. E"ist. A. lib. =.
?BBA. 9"artian.
?BB/. 9idney!s Arcadia.
?BBB. 3e immod. mulier. cultu.
@CCC. 3iscurs. -. de lu+u #estium.
@CC,. Petronius fol. B@. 0uo s"ectant fle+ae comaeN 0uo facies medicamine
attrita et oculorum mollis "etulantiaN 0uo incessus tam com"ositus$
Fc.
@CC=. Ter. LThey ta%e a year to dec% and comb themsel#es.L
@CC.. P. Aretine. 5ortulanus non ita e+ercetur #isendis hortis$ e0ues
e0uis$ armis$ nauta na#ibus$ Fc.
@CC?. E"ist. ?. 9onus armillarum bene sonantium$ odor unguentorm$ Fc.
@CC@. Tom. ?. dial. Amor. #ascula "lena multae infelicitatis omnem
mariotorum o"ulentiam in haec in"endunt$ dracones "ro monilibus
habent$ 0ui utinam #ere dracones essent. *ucian.
@CC-. 9eneca.
@CCA. :astilio de aulic. lib. I. Mulieribus omnibus hoc im"rimis in #otis
est$ ut formosae sint$ aut si rei"sa non sint$ #ideantur tamen esse<
et si 0ua "arte natura defuit$ artis su"etias adjungunt& unde illae
faciei unctiones$ dolor et cruciatus in arctandis cor"oribus$ Fc.
@CC/. 2#id. e"ist. Med. Dasoni.
@CCB. LA distorted d'arf$ an Euro"a.L
@C,C. Modo caudatas tunicas$ Fc. ossus.
@C,,. 9cribanius "hilos. :hrist. ca". -.
@C,=. Ter. Eunuc. Act. =. scen. ..
@C,.. 9troza fil.
@C,?. 2#id.
@C,@. 9. 3aniel.
@C,-. *ib. de #ictimis. 7racto incessu obtuitu lasci#o$ calamistrata$
cincinnata$ fucata$ recens lota$ "ur"urissata$ "retioso 0ue amicta
"alliolo$ s"irans unguenta$ ut ju#enum animos circum#eniat.
@C,A. 2rat. in ebrios. Im"udenter so masculorum as"ectibus e+"onunt$
insolenter comas jactantes$ trahunt tunicas "edibus collidentes$
oculo0ue "etulanti$ risu effuso$ ad tri"udium insanientes$ omnem
adolescentum intem"erantiam in se "ro#ocantes$ in0ue in tem"lis
memoriae martyrum consecratis< "omoerium ci#itatis officinam fecerunt
im"udentiae.
@C,/. 5ymno Ieneri dicato.
@C,B. Argonaut. l. ?.
@C=C. Iit. Anton.
@C=,. 1egia domo ornatu0ue certantes$ sese ac formam suam Antonio
offerentes$ Fc. :um ornatu et incredibili "om"a "er :ydnum flu#ium
na#igarent aurata "u""i$ i"sa ad similitudinem Ieneris ornata$
"uellae Gratiis similes$ "ueri :u"idinibus$ Antonius ad #isum
stu"efactus.
@C==. Amictum :hlamyde et coronis$ 0uum "rimum as"e+it :nemonem$ e+
"otestate mentis e+cidit.
@C=.. *ib. de lib. "ro".
@C=?. 1uth$ iii. ..
@C=@. :a". i+. @.
@C=-. Du#. 9at. -.
@C=A. 5or. lib. =. 2d. ,,.
@C=/. :a". =A.
@C=B. E"ist. BC.
@C.C. Kuic0uid est boni moris le#itate e+tinguitur$ et "olitura cor"oris
muliebres munditias antecessimus colores meretricios #iri sumimus$
tenero et molli gradu sus"endimus gradum$ non ambulamus$ nat. 0uaest.
lib. A. ca". .,.
@C.,. *i#. lib. ?. dec. ?.
@C.=. Kuid e+ultas in "ulchritudine "anniN Kuid gloriaris in gemmis ut
facilius in#ites ad libidiniosum incendiumN Mat. ossus de immoder.
mulie. cultu.
@C... E"ist. ,,.. fulgent monilibus$ moribus sordent$ "ur"urata #estis$
conscientia "annosa$ ca". .. ,A.
@C.?. 3e #irginali habitu& dum ornari cultius$ dum e#agari #irgines #olunt$
desinunt esse #irgines. :lemens Ale+andrinus$ lib. de "ulchr. animae$
ibid.
@C.@. *ib. =. de cultu mulierum$ oculos de"ictos #erecundia$ inferentes in
aures sermonem dei$ annectentes crinibus jugum :hristi$ ca"ut maritis
subjicientes$ sic facile et satis eritis ornatae& #estite #os serico
"robitatis$ byssino sanctitatis$ "ur"ura "udicitiae< taliter
"igmentatae deum habebitis amatorem.
@C.-. 9uas habeant 1omanaeN lasci#ias< "ur"urissa$ ac cerussa ora
"erungant$ fomenta libidinum$ et corru"tae mentis indicia< #estrum
ornamentum deus sit$ "udicitia$ #irtutis studium. 1ossus Plautus.
@C.A. 9ollicitiores de ca"itis sui decore 0uam de salute$ inter "ectinem et
s"eculum diem "erdunt$ concinniores esse malunt 0uam honestiores$ et
rem"ub. minus turbari curant 0uam comam. 9eneca.
@C./. *ucian.
@C.B. 8on sic 7urius de Gallis$ not Pa"yrius de 9amnitibus$ 9ci"io de
8umantia trium"ha#it$ ac illa se #incendo in hac "arte.
@C?C. Anacreon. ?. solum intuemur aurum.
@C?,. Asser tecum si #is #i#ere mecum.
@C?=. Theognis.
@C?.. :haloner$ l. B. de 1e"ub. Ang.
@C??. H+orem ducat 3anaen$ Fc.
@C?@. 2#id.
@C?-. E"ist. ,? formam s"ectant alii "er gratias$ ego "ecuniam$ Fc. ne mihi
negotium facesse.
@C?A. Kui caret argento$ frustra utitur argumento.
@C?/. Du#enalis.
@C?B. Tom. ?. merit. dial. multos amatores rejecit$ 0uia "ater ejus nu"er
mortuus$ ac dominus i"se factus bonorum omnium.
@C@C. *ib. .. ca". ,?. 0uis nobilium eo tem"ore$ sibi aut filio aut ne"oti
u+orem acci"ere cu"iens$ oblatam sibi ali0uam "ro"in0uarum ejus non
acci"eret ob#iis manibusN Kuarum turbam acci#erat e 8ormannia in
Angliam ejus rei gratia.
@C@,. Ale+ander Gaguinus 9armat. Euro". descri"t.
@C@=. Tom. .. Annal.
@C@.. *ibido statim deferbuit$ fastidium cae"it$ et 0uod in ea tanto"ere
adama#it as"ernatur$ et ab aegritudine liberatus in angorem incidit.
@C@?. 3e "uellae #oluntate "ericulum facere solis oculis non est satis$ sed
efficacius ali0uid agere o"ortet$ ibi0ue etiam machinam alteram
ahibere& ita0ue manus tange$ digitos constringe$ at0ue inter
stringendum sus"ira< si haec agentem ae0uo se animo feret$ ne0ue
facta hujusmodi as"ernabitur$ tum #ero dominam a""ella$ ejus0ue
collum sua#iare.
@C@@. 5ungry dogs 'ill eat dirty "uddings.
@C@-. 9ha%s"eare.
@C@A. Tatius$ lib. ,.
@C@/. In mammarum attractu$ non as"ernanda inest jucunditas$ et
attrectatus$ Fc.
@C@B. Mantuam.
@C-C. 2#id. ,. Met.
@C-,. Manus ad cubitum nuda$ coram astans$ fortius intuita$ tenuem de
"ectore s"iritum ducens$ digitum meum "ressit$ et bibens "edem
"ressit< mutuae com"ressiones cor"orum$ labiorum commi+tiones$ "edum
conne+iones$ Fc. Et bibit eodem loco$ Fc.
@C-=. E"ist. ?. 1es"e+i$ res"e+it et$ illa subridens$ Fc.
@C-.. Iir. Aen. ?. LThat 'as the first hour of destruction$ and the first
beginning of my miseries.L
@C-?. Pro"ertius.
@C-@. 2#id. amor. lib. =. eleg. =. LPlace modesty itself in such a
situation$ desire 'ill intrude.L
@C--. 1omae #i#ens flore fortunae$ et o"ulentiae meae$ aetas$ forma$ gratia
con#ersationis$ ma+ime me fecerunt e+"etibilem$ Fc.
@C-A. 3e Aulic. lib. ,. fol. -..
@C-/. Ht adulterini mercatorum "anni.
@C-B. usbe0. e"ist.
@CAC. Paranym"ha in cubiculum adducta ca"illos ad cutem referebat< s"onsus
inde ad eam ingressus cingulum sol#ebat$ nec "rius s"onsam as"e+it
interdiu 0uam e+ illa factus esset "ater.
@CA,. 9erm. cont. concub.
@CA=. *ib. =. e"ist. ad filium$ et #irginem et matrem #iduam e"ist. ,C.
dabit tibi barbatulus 0uis"iam manum$ sustentabit lassam$ et "ressis
digitis aut tentabitur aut tentabit$ Fc.
@CA.. *o0uetur alius nutibus$ et 0uic0uid metuit dicere$ significabit
affectibus. Inter bas tantas #olu"tatum illecebras etiam ferreas
mentes libido domat. 3ifficile inter e"ulas ser#atur "udicitia.
@CA?. :lamore #estium ad se ju#enes #ocat< ca"illi fasciolis com"rimuntur
cris"ati$ cingulo "ectus arctatur$ ca"ilii #el in frontem$ #el in
aures defluunt& "alliolum interdum cadit$ ut nudet humeros$ et 0uasi
#ideri noluerit$ festinans celat$ 0uod #olens dete+erit.
@CA@. 9erm. cont. concub. In sancto et re#erendo sacramentorum tem"ore
multas occasiones$ ut illis "laceant 0ui eas #ident$ "raebent.
@CA-. Pont. aia. l. ,.
@CAA. 3escr. rit.
@CA/. 1es est blanda canor$ discant cantare "uellae "ro facie$ Fc. 2#id. ..
de art. amandi.
@CAB. E"ist. l. ,. :um lo0uitur *ais$ 0uanta$ 2 dii boni$ #ocis ejus
dulcedoO
@C/C. LThe s'eet sound of his #oice reanimates my soul through my co#etous
ears.L
@C/,. Aristenaetus$ lib. =. e"ist. @. Kuam sua#e canitO #erbum auda+ di+i$
omnium 0uos #idi formosissimus$ utinam amare me digneturO
@C/=. Imagines$ si cantantem audieris$ ita demulcebere$ ut "arentum et
"atriae statim obli#iscaris.
@C/.. Edyll. ,/. ne0ue sane ulla sic :ytharam "ulsare no#it.
@C/?. Amatorio 3ialogo.
@C/@. Puellam :ythara canentem #idimus.
@C/-. A"ollonius$ Argonaut. l. . LThe mind is delighted as much by
elo0uence as beauty.L
@C/A. :atullus.
@C//. Parnodidascalo dial. Ital. *atin. inter". Das"er. arthio. Germ.
7ingebam honestatem "lus0uam #irginis #estalis$ intuebar oculis
u+oris$ addebam gestus$ Fc.
@C/B. Tom. ?. dial. merit.
@CBC. Amatorius sermo #ehemens #ehementis cu"iditatis incitatio est$ Tatius
l. ,.
@CB,. 3e lu+uria et deliciis com"ositi.
@CB=. Aeneas 9yl#ius. 8ulla machina #alidior 0uam lecto lasci#ae historiae&
sae"e etiam hujusmodi fabulis ad furorem incenduntur.
@CB.. Martial. l. ?.
@CB?. *ib. ,. c. A.
@CB@. Eustathius$ l. ,. Pictures "arant animum ad Ienerem$ Fc. 5oratius ed
res #enereas intem"erantior traditur< nam cubiculo suo sic s"ecula
dicitur habuisse dis"osita$ ut 0uocun0ue res"e+isset imaginem coitus
referrent. 9uetonius #it. ejus.
@CB-. 2sculum ut "hylangium inficit.
@CBA. 5or. LIenus hath imbued 'ith the 0uintessence of her nectar.L
@CB/. 5einsius. LEou may con0uer 'ith the s'ord$ but you are con0uered by a
%iss.L
@CBB. A""lico me illi "ro+imius et s"isse deosculata sagum "eto.
@,CC. Petronius catalect.
@,C,. :atullus ad *esbiam& da mihi basia mille$ deinde centum$ Fc.
@,C=. Petronius. L2nly attem"t to touch her "erson$ and immediately your
members 'ill be filled 'ith a glo' of delicious 'armth.L
@,C.. A"uleius$ l. .C. et :atalect.
@,C?. Petronius.
@,C@. A"uleius.
@,C-. Petronius Proselios ad :ircen.
@,CA. Petronius.
@,C/. Animus conjungitur$ et s"iritus etiam noster "er osculum effluit<
alternatim se in utrius0ue cor"us infundentes commiscent< animae
"otius 0uam cor"oris connectio.
@,CB. :atullus.
@,,C. *ucian. Tom. ?.
@,,,. 8on dat basia$ dat 8era nectar$ dat rores animae sua#eolentes$ dat
nardum$ thymum0ue$ cinnamum0ue et mel$ Fc. 9ecundus bas. ?.
@,,=. Eustathius lib. ?.
@,,.. :atullus.
@,,?. uchanan.
@,,@. 2#id. art. am. Eleg. ,/.
@,,-. 2#id. L9he folded her arms around my nec%.L
@,,A. :um ca"ita liment solitis morsiunculis$ et cum mammillarum
"ressiunculis. *i". od. ant. lec. lib. ..
@,,/. Tom. ?. dial. meretr.
@,,B. A"uleius Miles. -. Et unum blandientis linguae admulsum longe
mellitum& et "ost lib. ,,. Arctius eam com"le+us cae"i sua#iari
jam0ue "ariter "atentis oris inhalitu cinnameo et occursantis linguae
illisu nectareo$ Fc.
@,=C. *ib. , ad#ers. Do#in. ca". .C.
@,=,. 2scula 0ui sum"sit$ si non et cetera sum"sit$ Fc.
@,==. :or"us Placuit mariti sui tolli e+ arca$ at0ue illi 0uae #acabat
cruci adfigi.
@,=.. 8o#i ingenium mulierum$ nolunt$ ubi #elis$ ubi nolis ca"iunt ultro.
Ter. Eunuc. act. ?. sc. A.
@,=?. Marlo'e.
@,=@. Pornodidascolo dial. Ital. *atin. donat. a Gas". arthio Germano.
Kuan0uam natura$ et arte eram formosissima$ isto tamen astu tanto
s"eciosior #idebar$ 0uod enim oculis cu"itum aegre "raebetur$ multo
magis affectus humanos incendit.
@,=-. Kuo majoribus me donis "robatiabat$ eo "ejoribus illum modis
tractabam$ ne basium im"etra#is$ Fc.
@,=A. :omes de monte Turco 5is"anus has de #enatione sua "artes misit$
jussit0ue "eramanter orare$ ut hoc 0ualecun0ue donum suo nomine
acci"ias.
@,=/. 5is artibus hominem ita e+cantabam$ ut "ro me ille ad omnia "arutas$
Fc.
@,=B. Tom. ?. dial$ merit.
@,.C. 1elicto illo$ aegre i"si interim faciens$ et omnino difficilis.
@,.,. 9i 0uis enim nec >eloty"us irascitur$ nec "ugnat ali0uando amator$
nec "erjurat$ non est habendus amator$ Fc. Totus hic ignis >eloty"ia
constat$ Fc. ma+ime amores inde nascuntur. 9ed si "ersuasum illi
fuerit te solum habere$ elanguescit illico amor suus.
@,.=. Ienientem #idebis i"sum denuo inflammatum et "rorsus insanientem.
@,... Et sic cum fere de illo des"erassem$ "ost menses 0uatuor ad me
rediit.
@,.?. Petronius :atal.
@,.@. Imagines deorum. fol. .=A. #arios amores facit$ 0uos ali0ui
inter"retantur multi"lices affectus et illecebras$ alios "uellos$
"uellas$ alatos$ alios "oma aurea$ alios sagittas$ alios la0ueos$ Fc.
@,.-. E"ist. lib. .. #ita Pauli Eremitae.
@,.A. Meretri+ s"eciosa ce"it delicatius stringere colla com"le+ibus$ et
cor"ora in libidinem concitato$ Fc.
@,./. :amden in Gloucestershire$ huic "raefuit nobilis et formosa
abbatissa$ God'inus comes indole subtilis$ non i"sam$ sed sua
cu"iens$ reli0uit ne"otem suum forma elegantissimum$ tan0uam infirmum
donec re#erteretur$ instruit$ Fc.
@,.B. Ille im"iger regem adit$ abatissam et suas "raegnantes edocet$
e+"loratoribus missis "robat$ et iis ejectis$ a domino suo manerium
acce"it.
@,?C. Post sermones de casu suo sua#itate sermones conciliat animum
hominis$ manum0ue inter collo0uia et risus ad barbam "rotendit et
"al"are coe"it cer#icem suam et osculari< 0uid multaN :a"ti#um ducit
militem :hristi. :om"le+ura e#anescit$ demones in aere monachum
riserunt.
@,?,. :horaea circulus$ cujus centrum diab.
@,?=. Multae inde im"udicae domum rediere$ "lures ambiguae$ melior nulla.
@,?.. Tur"ium deliciarum comes est e+terna saltatio< ne0ue certe facile
dictu 0uae mala hinc #isus hauriat$ et 0uae "ariat$ collo0uia$
monstrosus$ inconditos gestus$ Fc.
@,??. Du#. 9at. ,,. LPerha"s you may e+"ect that a Gaditanian 'ith a
tuneful com"any may begin to 'anton$ and girls a""ro#ed 'ith a""lause
lo'er themsel#es to the ground in a lasci#ious manner$ a "ro#ocati#e
of languishing desire.L
@,?@. Dustin. l. ,C. Adduntur instrumenta lu+uriae$ tym"ana et tri"udia<
nec tam s"ectator re+$ sed ne0uitiae magister$ Fc.
@,?-. 5or. l. @. od. -.
@,?A. 5a#arde #ita ejus.
@,?/. 2f 'hom he begat 4illiam the :on0ueror< by the same to%en she tore
her smoc% do'n$ saying$ Fc.
@,?B. E"ist. Fc. Kuis non miratus est saltantemN Kuis non #idit et ama#itN
#eterem et no#am #idi 1omam$ sed tibi similem non #idi Panareta<
feli+ 0ui Panareta fruitur$ Fc.
@,@C. Prinici"io Ariadne #elut s"onsa "rodit$ ac sola recedit< "rodiens
illico 3ionysius ad numeros cantante tibia saltabat< admirati sunt
omnes saltantem ju#enem$ i"sa0ue Ariadne$ ut #i+ "otuerit
con0uiescere< "ost ea #ero cum 3ionysius eam as"e+it$ Fc. ut autem
surre+it 3ionysius$ ere+it simul Ariadnem$ licebat0ue s"ectare gestus
osculantium$ et inter se com"lectentium< 0ui autem s"ectabant$ Fc. Ad
e+tremum #identes eos mutuis am"le+ibus im"licatos et jamjam ad
thalamum ituros< 0ui non du+erant u+ores jurabant u+ores se
ductoreos< 0ui autem du+erant conscensis e0uis et incitatis$ ut
iisdem fruerentur$ domum festinarunt.
@,@,. *ib. ?. de contemnend. amoribus.
@,@=. Ad Anysium e"ist. @A.
@,@.. Intem"esti#um enim est$ et a nu"tiis abhorrens$ inter saltantes
"odagricum #idere senem$ et e"isco"um.
@,@?. 1em omnium in mortalium #ita o"timam innocenter accusare.
@,@@. Kuae honestam #olu"tatem res"icit$ aut cor"oris e+ercitium$ contemni
non debet.
@,@-. Elegantissima res est$ 0uae et mentem acuit$ cor"us e+erceat$ et
s"ectantes oblectet$ multos gestus decoros docens$ oculos$ aures$
animum e+ ae0ue demulcens.
@,@A. 2#id.
@,@/. 9ystem$ moralis "hiloso"hiae.
@,@B. A"uleius. ,C. Pueili$ "uellae0ue #irenti florentes aetatula$ forma
cons"icui$ #este nitidi$ incessu gratiosi$ Graecanicam saltantes
Pyrrhicam$ dis"ositis ordinationibus$ decoros ambitus inerrabant$
nunc in orbem fle+i$ nunc in obli0uam seriem conne+i$ nunc in 0uadrum
cuneati$ nunc inde se"arati$ Fc.
@,-C. *ib. ,. ca". ,,.
@,-,. Iit. E"aminondae.
@,-=. *ib. @.
@,-.. 1ead P. Martyr 2cean 3ecad. enzo$ *erius 5acluit$ Fc.
@,-?. Angerianus Eroto"aegnion.
@,-@. ,C *eg. ;Gree%& taes gar toiautaes s"edaes ene%aG$ Fc. hujus causa
o"ortuit disci"linam constitui$ ut tam "ueri 0uam "uellae choreas
celebrent$ s"ectentur0ue ac s"ectent$ Fc.
@,--. As"ectus enim nudorum cor"orum tam mares 0uam feminas irritare solet
ad enormes lasci#iae a""etitus.
@,-A. :amden Annal. anno ,@A/$ fol. =A-. Amatoriis facetiis et illecebris
e+0uisitissimus.
@,-/. Met. ,. 2#id.
@,-B. Erasmus egl. mille mei siculis errant in montibus agni.
@,AC. Iirg.
@,A,. @/ *echeus.
@,A=. Tom. ?. merit. dial. amare se jurat et lachrimatur dicit0ue u+orem me
ducere #elle$ 0uum "ater oculos claussisset.
@,A.. Kuum dotem alibi multo majorem as"iciet$ Fc.
@,A?. 2r u""er garment. Kuem Duno miserata #este conte+it.
@,A@. 5or.
@,A-. 3ejera#it illa secundum su"ra trigesimum ad "ro+imum 3ecembrem
com"leturam se esse.
@,AA. 2#id.
@,A/. 8am donis #incitur omnis amor. :atullus ,. el. @.
@,AB. 7o+$ act. .. sc. ..
@,/C. :atullus.
@,/,. Perjuria ridet amantum Du"iter$ et #entos irrita ferre jubet Tibul.
lib. .. et -.
@,/=. In Philebo. "ejerantibus$ nis dii soli ignoscunt.
@,/.. :atul.
@,/?. *ib. ,. de contemnendis amoribus.
@,/@. 3ial. Ital. argentum ut "aleas "rojiciebat. iliosum habui amatorem
0ui su""le+ fle+is genibus$ Fc. 8ullus recens allatus terrae fructus$
nullum cu"ediarum genus tam carum erat$ nullum #inum :reticum
"retiosum$ 0uin ad me ferret illico< credo alterum oculum "ignori
daturus$ Fc.
@,/-. Post musicam o"i"eras e"ulas$ et tantis juramentis$ donis$ Fc.
@,/A. 8un0uam ali0uis umbrarum conjurator tanta attentione$ tam0ue
"otentibus #erbis usus est$ 0uam ille e+0uisitis mihi dictis$ Fc.
@,//. :haucer.
@,/B. Ah crudele genas nec tutum foemina nomenO Tibul. l. .. eleg. ?.
@,BC. Do#ianus Pon.
@,B,. Aristaenetus$ lib. =. e"ist. ,..
@,B=. 9ua#iter flebam$ ut "ersuasum habeat lachrymas "rae gaudio illius
reditus mihi emanare.
@,B.. *ib. .. his accedunt$ #ultus subtristis$ color "allidus$ gemebunda
#o+$ ignita sus"iria$ lachrymae "ro"e innumerabiles. Istae se statim
umbrae offerunt tanto s0ualore et in omni fere di#erticulo tanta
macie$ ut illas jamjam moribundas "utes.
@,B?. Petronius. LTrust not your heart to 'omen$ for the 'a#e is less
treacherous than their fidelity.L
@,B@. :oelestina$ act A. arthio inter"ret omnibus arridet$ et a singulis
amari se solam dicit.
@,B-. 2#id. LThey ha#e made the same "romises to a thousand girls that they
ma%e to you.L
@,BA. 9eneca 5i""ol.
@,B/. Tom. ?. dial. merit. tu #ero ali0uando maerore afficieris ubi
andieris me a mei"sa la0ueo tui causa suffocatam aut in "uteum
"raeci"itatam.
@,BB. E"ist. =C. l. =.
@=CC. Matronae flent duobus oculis$ moniales 0uatuor$ #irgines uno$
meretrices nullo.
@=C,. 2#id.
@=C=. Imagines deorum$ fol. ..=. e Moschi amore fugiti#e$ 0uem Politianus
*atinum fecit.
@=C.. *ib. .. mille #i+ anni sufficerent ad omnes illas machinationes$
dolos0ue commemorandos$ 0uos #iri et mulieres ut se in#icem
circum#eniant$ e+cogitare solent.
@=C?. Petronius.
@=C@. Plautus Tritemius. LThree hundred #erses 'ould not com"rise their
indecencies.L
@=C-. 3e Magnet. Philos. lib. ?. ca". ,C.
@=CA. :atul. eleg. @. lib. ,. Ienit in e+itium callida lena meum.
@=C/. 2#id. ,C. met.
@=CB. Parabosc. arthii.
@=,C. 3e #it. Erem c. .. ad sororem #i+ ali0uam reclusarum hujus tem"oris
solam in#enies$ ante cujus fenestram non anus garrula$ #el nugigerula
mulier sedet$ 0uae eam fabulis occu"et$ rumoribus "ascat$ hujus #el
illius monachi$ Fc.
@=,,. Agreste olus anus #endebat$ et rogo in0uam$ mater$ nun0uid scis ubi
ego habitemN delectata illa urbanitate tam stulta$ et 0uid nesciam
in0uitN consurre+it0ue et ce"it me "raecedere< di#inam ego "utabam$
Fc. nudas #ideo meretrices et in lu"anar me adductum$ sero e+ecrutus
aniculae insidias.
@=,=. Plautus Menech. LThese harlots send little maidens do'n to the 0uays
to ascertain the name and nation of e#ery shi" that arri#es$ after
'hich they themsel#es hasten to address the ne'-comers.L
@=,.. Promissis e#erberant$ molliunt dulcilo0uiis$ et o""ortunum tem"us
aucu"antes la0ueos ingerunt 0uos #i+ *ucretia #itare< escam "arant
0uam #el satur 5i""olitus sumeret$ Fc. 5ae sane sunt #irgae
so"oriferae 0uibus contactae animae ad 2rcum descendunt< hoc gluten
0uo com"actae mentium alae e#olare ne0ueunt$ daemonis ancillae$ 0uae
sollicitant$ Fc.
@=,?. 9ee the "ractices of the Desuits$ Anglice$ edit. ,-.C.
@=,@. Aen. 9yl#.
@=,-. :haucer$ in the 'ife of ath!s tale.
@=,A. 5. 9te"hanus A"ol. 5erod$ lib. ,. ca". =,.
@=,/. ale. Puellae in lectis dormire non "oterant.
@=,B. Idem Dose"hus$ lib. ,/. ca". ?.
@==C. *ib credit. Augustae Iindelicorum$ An. ,-C/.
@==,. Kuarum animas lucrari debent 3eo$ sacrificant diabolo.
@===. M. 3rayton$ 5er. e"ist.
@==.. Pornodidascolo dial. Ital. *atin$ fact. a Gas". arthio. Plus "ossum
0uam omnes "hiloso"hi$ astrologi$ necromantici$ Fc. sola sali#a
inungens$ ,. am"le+u et basiis tam furiose furere$ tam bestialiter
obstu"esieri coegi$ ut instar idoli me adorarint.
@==?. 9agae omnes sibi arrogant notitiam$ et facultatem in amorem
alliciendi 0uos #elint< odia inter conjuges serendi$ tem"estates
e+citandi$ morbos infligendi$ Fc.
@==@. Du#enalis 9at.
@==-. Idem refert 5en. 6ormannus de mir. mort. lib. , ca". ,?. Perdite
ama#it mulierculam 0uandam$ illius am"le+ibus ac0uiescens$ summa cum
indignatione suorum et dolore.
@==A. Et inde totus in E"isco"um furere$ illum colere.
@==/. A0uisgranum$ #ulgo Ai+e.
@==B. Immenso sum"tu tem"lum et aedes$ Fc.
@=.C. A"olog. 0uod Pudentillam #iduam ditem et "ro#ectioris aetatis
foeminam cantaminibus in amorem sui "elle+isset.
@=.,. Philo"seude$ tom. ..
@=.=. Im"udicae mulieres o"era #eneficarum$ diaboli co0uarum$ amatores suos
ad se nuctu ducunt et reducunt$ ministerio hirci in aere #olantis&
multos no#i 0ui hoc fassi sunt$ Fc.
@=... Mandra%e a""les$ *emnius lib. herb. bib. c. ..
@=.?. 2f 'hich read Plin. lib. /. ca". ==. et lib. ,.. c. =@. et
Kuintilianum$ lib. A.
@=.@. *ib. ,,. c. /. Ienere im"licat eos$ 0ui e+ eo bibunt. Idem 2#. Met.
?. 9trabo. Geog. l. ,?.
@=.-. *od. Guicciardine!s descri"t. Ger. in A0uisgrano.
@=.A. altheus Ieneris$ in 0uo sua#itas$ et dulcia collo0uia$
bene#olentiae$ et blanditiae$ suasiones$ fraudes et #eneficia
includebantur. L4hence that heat to 'aters bubbling from the cold
moist earthN :u"id$ once u"on a time$ "layfully di""ed herein his
arro's of steel$ and delighted 'ith the hissing sound$ he said$ boil
on for e#er$ and retain the memory of my 0ui#er. 7rom that time it is
a thermal s"ring$ in 'hich fe' #enture to bathe$ but 'hosoe#er does$
his heart is instantly touched 'ith lo#e.L
@=./. 2#id. 7acit hunc amor i"se colorem. Met. ?.
@=.B. 9igna ejus "rofunditas oculorum$ "ri#atio lachrymarum$ sus"iria$
sae"e rident sibi$ ac si 0uod delectabile< #iderent$ aut audirent.
@=?C. 9eneca 5i".
@=?,. 9eneca 5i".
@=?=. 3e moris cerebri de erot. amore. 2b s"irituum distractionem he"ar
officio suo non fungitur$ nec #ertit alimentum in sanguinem$ ut
debeat. Ergo membra debilia$ et "enuria alibilis succi marcescunt$
s0ualent0ue ut herbae in horto meo hoc mense Maio >eriscae$ ob
imbrium defectum.
@=?.. 7aerie Kueene$ l. .. cant. ,,.
@=??. Amator Emblem. ..
@=?@. *ib. ?. Animo errat$ et 0uid#is ob#ium lo0uitur$ #igilias abs0ue
causa sustinet$ et succum cor"oris subito amisit.
@=?-. A"uleius.
@=?A. :haucer$ in the 6night!s Tale.
@=?/. Iirg. Aen. ?.
@=?B. 3um #aga "assim sidera fulgent$ numerat longas tetricus horas$ et
sollicito ni+us cubito sus"irando #iscera rum"it.
@=@C. 9aliebat crebro te"idum cor ad as"ectum Ismenes.
@=@,. Gordonius c. =C. amittunt sae"e cibum$ "otum$ et merceratur inde
totum cor"us.
@=@=. Ter. Eunuch. 3ii boni$ 0uid hoc est$ adeone homines mutari e+ amore$
ut non cognoscas eundem esseO
@=@.. 2#id. Met. ?. LThe more it is concealed the more it struggles to
brea% through its concealment.L
@=@?. Ad ejus nomen$ rubebut$ et ad as"ectum "ulsus #ariebatur. Plutar.
@=@@. E"ist. ,..
@=@-. arc%. lib. ,. 2culi medico tremore errabant.
@=@A. Pulsus eorum #elo+ et inordinatus$ si mulier 0uam amat forte
transeat.
@=@/. 9igna sunt cessatio ab omni o"ere insueto$ "ri#atio somni$ sus"iria
crebra$ rubor cum sit sermo de re amata$ et commotio "ulsus.
@=@B. 9i noscere #is an homines sus"ecti tales sint$ tangito eorum
arterias.
@=-C. Amor facit inae0uales$ inordinatos.
@=-,. In nobilis cujusdam u+ore 0uum subolfacerem adulteri amore fuisse
corre"tam et 0uam maritus$ Fc.
@=-=. :e"it illico "ulsus #ariari et ferri celerius et sic in#eni.
@=-.. Eunuch$ act. =. scen. =.
@=-?. E"ist. A. lib. =. Tener sudor et creber anhelitus$ "al"itatio cordis$
Fc.
@=-@. *ib. ,.
@=--. *e+o#iensis e"isco"us.
@=-A. Theodorus "rodromus Amaranto dial. Gaulimo inter"ret.
@=-/. Petron. :atal.
@=-B. 9ed unum ego us0ue et unum Petam a tuis labellis$ "ost0ue unum et
unum et unum$ dari rogabo. *oecheus Anacreon.
@=AC. Do. 9ecundus$ bas. A.
@=A,. Translated or imitated by M. . Dohnson$ our arch "oet$ in his ,,B
e".
@=A=. *ucret. l. ?.
@=A.. *ucian. dial. Tom. ?. Merit$ sed et a"erientes$ Fc.
@=A?. E"ist. ,-.
@=A@. 3educto ore longo me basio demulcet.
@=A-. In deliciis mammas tuas tango$ Fc.
@=AA. Terent.
@=A/. Tom. ?. merit$ dial.
@=AB. Attente adeo in me as"e+it$ et interdum ingemiscebat$ et
lachrymabatur. Et si 0uando bibens$ Fc.
@=/C. Kui0ue omnia cernere debes *eucothoen s"ectas$ et #irgine figis in
una 0uos mundo debes oculos$ 2#id. Met. ?.
@=/,. *ucian. tom. .. 0uoties ad cariam #enis currum sistis$ et desu"er
as"ectas.
@=/=. E+ 0uo te "rimum #idi Pythia alio oculos #ertere non fuit.
@=/.. *ib. ?.
@=/?. 3ial$ amorum.
@=/@. Ad occasum solis aegre domum rediens$ at0ue totum die e+ ad#erso deae
sedens recto$ in i"sam "er"etuo oculorum ictus dire+it$ Fc.
@=/-. *ib. ..
@=/A. 1egum "alatium non tam diligenti custodia se"tum fuit$ ac aedes meas
sti"abant$ Fc.
@=//. Hno$ et eodem die se+ties #el se"ties ambulant "er eandem "lateam ut
#el unico amicae suae fruantur as"ectu$ lib. .. Theat. Mundi.
@=/B. 5or.
@=BC. 2#id.
@=B,. 2#id.
@=B=. 5yginus$ fab. @B. Eo die dicitur nonies ad littus currisse.
@=B.. :haucer.
@=B?. Gen. ++i+. =C.
@=B@. Plautus :istel.
@=B-. 9tobaeus e Graeco. L9'eeter than honey it "leases me$ more bitter
than gall$ it teases me.L
@=BA. Plautus& :redo ego ad hominis carnificinam amorem in#entum esse.
@=B/. 3e ci#itat. lib. ==. ca". =C. E+ eo oriuntur mordaces curae$
"erturbationes$ maerores$ formidines$ insana gaudia$ discordiae$
lites$ bella$ insidiae$ iracundiae$ inimicitiae$ fallaciae$ adulatio$
fraus$ furtum$ ne0uitia$ im"udentia.
@=BB. Marullus$ l. ,.
@.CC. Ter. Eunuch.
@.C,. Plautus Mercat.
@.C=. 2#id.
@.C.. Adel"hi$ Act. ?. scen. @. M. ono animo es$ duces u+orem hanc
Aeschines. Ae. 5em. "ater$ num tu ludis me nuncN M. Egone te$
0uamobremN Ae. Kuod tam misere cu"io$ Fc.
@.C?. Tom. ?. dial. amorum.
@.C@. Aristotle$ =. 1het. "uts lo#e therefore in the irascible "art. 2#id.
@.C-. Ter. Eunuch. Act. ,. sc. =.
@.CA. Plautus.
@.C/. Tom. ..
@.CB. 9cis 0uod "osthac dicturus fuerim.
@.,C. Tom. ?. dial. merit. Try"hena$ amor me "erdit$ ne0ue malum hoc
am"lius sustinere "ossum.
@.,,. Aristaenetus$ lib. =. e"ist. /.
@.,=. :oelestinae$ act ,. 9ancti majora laetitia non fruuntur. 9i mihi 3eus
omnium #otorum mortalium summam concedat$ non magis$ Fc.
@.,.. :atullus de *esbia.
@.,?. 5or. ode B. lib. ..
@.,@. Act. .. scen. @. Eunuch. Ter.
@.,-. Act. @. scen. B.
@.,A. Mantuan.
@.,/. Ter. Adel"h. .. ?.
@.,B. *ib. ,. de contemn. amoribus. 9i 0uem alium res"e+erit amica sua#ius$
et familiarius$ si 0uem alo0uuta fuerit$ si nutu$ nuncio$ Fc. statim
cruciatar.
@.=C. :alisto in :elestina.
@.=,. Pornodidasc. dial. Ital. Patre et matre se singultu orbos censebant$
0uod meo contubernio carendum esset.
@.==. Ter. tui carendum 0uod erat.
@.=.. 9i res"onsum esset dominam occu"atam esse aliis0ue #acaret$ ille
statim #i+ hoc audito #elut in amor obriguit$ alii se damnare$ Fc. at
cui fa#ebam$ in cam"is Elysiis esse #idebatur$ Fc.
@.=?. Mantuan.
@.=@. *aecheus.
@.=-. 9ole se occultante$ aut tem"estate #eniente$ statim clauditur ac
languescit.
@.=A. Emblem$ amat. ,..
@.=/. :alisto de Melebaea.
@.=B. Anima non est ubi animat$ sed ubi amat.
@..C. :elestine$ act. ,. credo in Melebaeam$ Fc.
@..,. Ter. Eunuch$ act. ,. sc. =.
@..=. Iirg. ?. Aen.
@.... Interdiu oculi$ et aures occu"atae distrahunt animum$ at noctu solus
jactor$ ad auroram somnus "aulum misertus$ nec tamen e+ animo "uella
abiit$ sed omnia mihi de *euci""e somnia erant.
@..?. Tota hac nocte somnum hisce oculis non #idi. Ter.
@..@. uchanan. syl.
@..-. Aen. 9yl#. Te dies$ noctes0ue amo$ te cogito$ te desidero$ te #oco$
te e+"ecto$ te s"ero$ tecum oblecto me$ totus in te sum.
@..A. 5or. lib. =. ode B.
@../. Petronius.
@..B. Tibullus$ l. .. Eleg. ..
@.?C. 2#id. 7ast. =. #er. AA@. LAlthough the "resence of her fair form is
'anting$ the lo#e 'hich it %indled remains.L
@.?,. Iirg. Aen. ?.
@.?=. 3e Pythonissa.
@.?.. Duno$ nec ira deum tantum$ nec tela$ nec hostis$ 0uantum tute "otis
animis illa"sus. 9ilius Ital. ,@. bel. Punic. de amore.
@.??. Philostratus #ita ejus. Ma+imum tormentum 0uod e+cogitare$ #el docere
te "ossum$ est i"se amor.
@.?@. Ausonius c. .@.
@.?-. Et caeco car"itur igne< et mihi sese offert ultra meus ignis Amyntas.
@.?A. Ter. Eunuc.
@.?/. 9en. 5i""ol.
@.?B. Theocritus$ edyl. =. *e#ibus cor est #iolabile telis.
@.@C. Ignis tangentes solum urit$ at forma "rocul astantes inflammat.
@.@,. 8onius.
@.@=. Major illa flamma 0uae consumit unam animam$ 0uam 0uae centum millia
cor"orum.
@.@.. Mant. egl. =.
@.@?. Marullus E"ig. lib. ,.
@.@@. Imagines deorum.
@.@-. 2#id.
@.@A. Aeneid. ?.
@.@/. 9eneca.
@.@B. :or totum combustum$ jecur suffumigatum$ "ulmo arefactus$ ut credam
miseram illam animam bis eli+am aut combustam$ ob ma+imum ardorem
0uem "atiuntur ob ignem amoris.
@.-C. Embl. Amat. ?. et @.
@.-,. Grotius.
@.-=. *ib. ?. nam istius amoris ne0ue "rinci"ia$ ne0ue media aliud habent
0uid$ 0uam molestias$ dolores$ cruciatus$ defatigationes$ adeo ut
miserum esse maerore$ gemitu$ solitudine tor0ueri$ mortem o"tare.
sem"er0ue debacchari$ sint certa amantium signa et certae actiones.
@.-.. Iirg. Aen. ?. LThe 'or%s are interru"ted$ "romises of great 'alls$
and scaffoldings rising to'ards the s%ies$ are all sus"ended.L
@.-?. 9eneca 5i". act. LThe shuttle sto"s$ and the 'eb hangs unfinished
from her hands.L
@.-@. Eclog. ,. L8o rest$ no business "leased my lo#esic% breast$ my
faculties became dormant$ my mind tor"id$ and I lost my taste for
"oetry and song.L
@.--. Edyl. ,?.
@.-A. Mant. Eclog.
@.-/. Ter. Eunuch.
@.-B. 2#. Met. de Poly"hemo& uritur oblitus "ecorum$ antrorum0ue suorum<
jam0ue tibi formae$ Fc.
@.AC. Kui 0uaesoN Amo.
@.A,. Ter. Eunuch.
@.A=. Kui olim cogitabat 0uae #ellet$ et "ulcherrimis "hiloso"hiae
"raece"tis o"eram insum"sit$ 0ui uni#ersi circuitiones coeli0ue
naturam$ Fc. 5anc unam intendit o"eram$ de sola cogitat$ noctes et
dies se com"onit ad hanc$ et ad acerbam ser#itutem redactus animus$
Fc.
@.A.. Pars e"ita"hii ejus.
@.A?. E"ist. "rima.
@.A@. oethius l. . Met. ult.
@.A-. E"ist. lib. -. Ialeat "udor$ #aleat honestas$ #aleat honor.
@.AA. Theodor. "rodromus$ lib. .. Amor Mystili genibus o#olutis$ ubertem0ue
lachrimas$ Fc. 8ihil e+ tota "raeda "raeter 1hodanthem #irginem
acci"iam.
@.A/. *ib. =. :erte #i+ credam$ et bona fide fateare Aratine$ te no amasse
adeo #ehementer< si enim #ere amasses$ nihil "rius aut "otius
o"tasses$ 0uam amatae mulieri "lacere. Ea enim amoris le+ est idem
#elle et nolle.
@.AB. 9troza$ sil. E"ig.
@./C. Kui""e haec omnia e+ atra bile et amore "ro#eniunt. Dason Pratensis.
@./,. Immense amor i"se stultitia est. :arda$ lib. ,. de sa"ientia.
@./=. Mantuan. L4hoe#er is in lo#e is in sla#ery$ he follo's his s'eetheart
as a ca"ti#e his ca"tor$ and 'ears a yo%e on his sumbissibe nec%.L
@./.. Iirg. Aen. ?. L9he began to s"ea% but sto""ed in the middle of her
discourse.L
@./?. 9eneca$ 5i""ol. L4hat reason re0uires$ raging lo#e forbids.L
@./@. Met. ,C.
@./-. uchanan. L2h fraud$ and lo#e$ and distraction of mind$ 'hither ha#e
you led meNL
@./A. An immodest 'oman is li%e a bear.
@.//. 7eram induit cum rosas comedat$ idem ad se redeat.
@./B. Alciatus de u"u"a Embl. Animal immundum u"u"a stercora amans< a#e hac
nihil foedius$ nihil libidinosius. 9abin in 2#id. Met.
@.BC. is li%e a false glass$ 'hich re"resents e#erything fairer than it is.
@.B,. 5or. ser. lib. sat. l. .. LThese #ery things "lease him$ as the 'en
of Agna did albinus.L
@.B=. The daughter and heir of :arolus Pugna+.
@.B.. 9eneca in 2cta#ia. L5er beauty e+cels the Tyndarian 5elen!s$ 'hich
caused such dreadful 'ars.L
@.B?. *oecheus.
@.B@. Mantuan$ Egl ,.
@.B-. Angerianus.
@.BA. 7aerie Kueene$ :ant. lyr. ?.
@.B/. E"ist. ,=. Kuis un0uam formas #idit orientis$ 0uis occidentis$
#eniant undi0ue omnes$ et dicant #eraces an tam insignem #iderint
formam.
@.BB. 8ulla #o+ formam ejus "ossit com"rehendere.
@?CC. :aleagnini dit. Galat.
@?C,. :atullus.
@?C=. Petronii :atalect.
@?C.. :haucer$ in the 6night!s Tale.
@?C?. 2#id$ Met. ,..
@?C@. LIt is en#y e#idently that "rom"ts you$ because Poly"hemus does not
lo#e you as he does me.L
@?C-. Plutarch. sibi di+it tam "ulchram non #ideri$ Fc.
@?CA. Kuanto 0uam *ucifer aurea Phoebe$ tanto #irginibus cons"ectior
omnibus 5erce. 2#id.
@?C/. M. 3. 9on. .C.
@?CB. Martial.$ l. @. E"ig. ./.
@?,C. Ariosto.
@?,,. Tully lib. ,. de nat. deor. "ulchrior deo$ et tamen erat oculis
"er#ersissimis.
@?,=. Marullus ad 8eaeram e"ig. ,. lib.
@?,.. arthius.
@?,?. Ariosto$ lib. =B. hist. /.
@?,@. Tibulius.
@?,-. Marul. lib. =.
@?,A. Tibullus l. ?. de 9ul"icia.
@?,/. Aristenaetus$ E"ist. ,.
@?,B. E"ist. =?. #eni cito charissime *ycia$ cito #eni< "rae te 9atyri
omnes #identur non homines$ nullo loco solus es$ Fc.
@?=C. *ib. .. de aulico$ alterius affectui se totum com"onit$ totus "lacere
studet$ et i"sius animam amatae "edise0uam facit.
@?=,. :yro"aed. l. @. amor ser#itus$ et 0ui amant o"tat se liberari non
secus ac alio 0uo#is morbo$ ne0ue liberari tamen "ossunt$ sed
#alidiori necessitate ligati sunt 0uam si in ferrea #incula
confectiforent.
@?==. In "arado+is$ An ille mihi liber #idetur cui mulier im"eratN :ui
leges im"onit$ "raescribit$ jubet$ #etat 0uod #idetur. Kui nihil
im"eranti negat$ nihil audet$ Fc. "oscitN dandum< #ocatN #eniendum<
minaturN e+timiscendum.
@?=.. Illane "ar#a est ser#itus amatorum singulis fere horis "ectine
ca"illum$ calimistro0ue barbam com"onere$ faciem a0uis redolentibus
diluere$ Fc.
@?=?. 9i 0uando in "a#imentum incautius 0uid mihi e+cidisset$ ele#are inde
0uam "rom"tissime$ nec nisi osculo com"acto mihi commendare$ Fc.
@?=@. L8or 'ill the rude roc%s affright$ me$ nor the croo%ed-tus%ed bear$
so that I shall not #isit my mistress in "leasant mood.L
@?=-. Plutarchus amat. dial.
@?=A. *ib. ,. de contem. amor. 0uid referam eorum "ericula et clades$ 0ui
in amicarum aedes "er fenestras ingressi stillicidia0ue egressi
inde0ue deturbati$ sed aut "raeci"ites$ membra frangunt$ collidunt$
aut animam amittunt.
@?=/. Ter. Eunuch. Act. @. 9cen. /.
@?=B. Paratus sum ad obeundum mortem$ si tu jubeas< hanc sitim aestuantis
seda$ 0uam tuum sidus "erdidit$ a0uae et fontes non negant$ Fc.
@?.C. 9i occidere "lacet$ ferrum meum #ides$ si #erberibus contenta es$
curro nudus ad "oenam.
@?.,. Act. ,@. ,/. Im"era mihi< occidam decem #iros$ Fc.
@?.=. Gas"er Ens. "uellam misere de"eriens$ "er jocum ab ea in Padum
desilire jussus statim e "onte se "raeci"ita#it. Alius 7icino insano
amore ardens ab amica jussus se sus"endere$ illico fecit.
@?... Intelligo "ecuniam rem esse jucundissimam$ meam tamen libentius darem
:liniae 0uam ab aliis acci"erem< libentius huic ser#irem$ 0uam aliis
im"erarem$ Fc. 8octem et somnum accuso$ 0uod illum non #ideam$ luci
autem et soli gratiam habeo 0uod mihi :liniam ostendant. Ego etiam
cum :linia in ignem currerem< et scio #os 0uo0ue mecum ingressuros si
#ideretis.
@?.?. Im"era 0uid#is< na#igare jube$ na#em conscendo< "lagas acci"ere$
"lector< animum "rofundere$ in ignem currere$ non recuso$ lubens
facio.
@?.@. 9eneca in 5i"". act. =.
@?.-. 5ujus ero #i#us$ mortuus hujus ero. Pro"ert. lib. =. #i#am si #i#at<
si cadat illa$ cadam$ Id.
@?.A. 3ial. Amorum. Mihi o dii coelestes ultra sit #ita haec "er"etua e+
ad#erso amicae sedere$ et sua#e lo0uentem audire$ Fc. si moriatur$
#i#ere non sustinebo$ et idem erit se "ulchrum utris0ue.
@?./. uchanan. L4hen she dies my lo#e shall also be at rest in the tomb.L
@?.B. E"ist. =,. 9it hoc #otum a diis amare 3el"hidem$ ab ea amari$ adlo0ui
"ulchram et lo0uentem audire.
@??C. 5or.
@??,. Mart.
@??=. *ege :alimitates Pet. Abelhardi E"ist. "rima.
@??.. Ariosto.
@???. :haucer$ in the 6night!s Tale.
@??@. Theodorus "rodromus$ Amorum lib. -. Inter"ret. Gaulmino.
@??-. 2#id. ,C. Met. 5iginius$ c. ,/@.
@??A. Ariost. lib. ,. :ant. ,. staff. @.
@??/. Plut. dial. amor.
@??B. 7aerie Kueene$ cant. ,. lib. ?. et cant. .. lib. ?.
@?@C. 3um cassis "ertusa$ ensis instar 9errae e+cisus$ scutum$ Fc. arthius
:aelestina.
@?@,. *esbia se+ cyathis$ se"tem Dustina bibatur.
@?@=. As Janthus for the lo#e of Euri""e$ omnem Euro"am "eragra#it.
Parthenius Erot ca". /.
@?@.. eroaldus e ocatio.
@?@?. E"ist. ,A. l. =.
@?@@. *ucretius. L7or if the object of your lo#e be absent$ her image is
"resent$ and her s'eet name is still familiar in my ears.L
@?@-. Aeneas 9yl#ius$ *ucretie 0uum acce"it Euriali literas hilaris statim
millies0ua "a"irum basia#it.
@?@A. Mediis inseruit "a"illis litteram ejus$ mille "rius "angens sua#ia.
Arist. =. e"ist. ,..
@?@/. Plautus Asinar.
@?@B. 5or. L9ome to%en snatched from her arm or her gently resisting
finger.L
@?-C. Illa domi sedens imaginem ejus fi+is oculis assidue cons"icata.
@?-,. LAnd distracted 'ill im"rint %isses on the doors.L
@?-=. uchanan 9yl#a.
@?-.. 7racastorius 8augerio. LEe al"ine 'inds$ ye mountain breezes$ bear
these gifts to her.L
@?-?. 5a""y ser#ants that ser#e her$ ha""y men that are in her com"any.
@?-@. 8on i"sos solum sed i"sorum memoriam amant. *ucian.
@?--. E"ist. 2 ter feli+ solumO beatus ego$ si me calca#eris< #ultus tuus
amnes sistere "otest$ Fc.
@?-A. Idem e"ist. in "rato cum sit flores su"erat< illi "ulchri sed unius
tantum diei< flu#ius gratis sed e#anescit< at tuus flu#ius mari
major. 9i coelum as"icio$ solem e+is timo cecidisse$ et in terra
ambulare$ Fc.
@?-/. 9i ci#itate egrederis$ se0uentur te dii custodes$ s"ectaculo commoti<
si na#iges se0uentur< 0uis flu#ius salum tuum non rigaretN
@?-B. El. ,@. =.
@?AC. L2h$ if I might only dally 'ith thee$ and alle#iate the 'asting
sorro's of my mind.L
@?A,. :arm. .C.
@?A=. Englished by M. . 5olliday$ in his Technog. act ,. scen. A.
@?A.. 2#id. Met. lib. ?.
@?A?. Jeno"hon :yro"aed. lib. @.
@?A@. Plautus de milite.
@?A-. *ucian.
@?AA. E Graeco 1uf.
@?A/. Petronius.
@?AB. L5e is ha""y 'ho sees thee$ more ha""y 'ho hears$ a god 'ho enjoys
thee.L
@?/C. *od. Iertomannus na#ig. lib. =. c. @. 2 deus$ hunc creasti sole
candidiorem$ e di#erso me et conjugem meum et natos meos omnes
nigricantes. Htinam hic$ Fc. Ibit Gazella$ Tegeia$ Galzerana$ et
"romissis onera#it$ et donis. Fc.
@?/,. M. 3.
@?/=. 5or. 2de B. lib. ..
@?/.. 2#. Met. ,C.
@?/?. uchanan. 5endecasyl.
@?/@. Petrarch.
@?/-. :ardan$ lib. =. de sa" e+ #ilibus generosos efficere solet$ e+
timidis audaces$ e+ a#aris s"lendidos$ e+ agrestibus ci#iles$ e+
crudelibus mansuetos$ e+ im"iis religiosos$ e+ sordidis nitidos at0ue
cultos$ e+ duris misericordes$ e+ mutis elo0uentes.
@?/A. Anima hominis amore ca"ti tota referta suffitibus et odoribus&
Paeanes resonat$ Fc.
@?//. 2#id.
@?/B. In con#i#io$ amor Ieneris Martem detinet$ et fortem facit<
adolescentem ma+ime erubescere cernimus 0uum amatri+eum eum tur"e
0uid committentem ostendit.
@?BC. Plutarch. Amator. dial.
@?B,. 9i 0uo "acto fieri ci#itas aut e+ercitus "osset "artim e+ his 0ui
amant$ "artim e+ his$ Fc.
@?B=. Angerianus.
@?B.. 7aerie Ku. lib. ?. cant. =.
@?B?. >ened. "ro#erb. cont. -.
@?B@. Plat. con#i#.
@?B-. *ib. .. de Aulico. 8on dubito 0uin is 0ui talem e+ercitum haberet$
totius orbis statim #ictor esset$ nisi forte cum ali0uo e+ercitu
confligendum esset in 0uo omnes amatores essent.
@?BA. 5iginus de cane et le"ore coelesti$ et decimator.
@?B/. Ii+ dici "otest 0uantam inde audaciam assumerent 5is"ani$ inde "auci
infinitas Maurorum co"ias su"erarunt.
@?BB. *ib. @. de legibus.
@@CC. 9"enser!s 7aerie Kueene$ .. boo%. cant. /.
@@C,. 5yginus$ l. =. L7or lo#e both ins"ires us 'ith stratagems$ and
suggests to us frauds.L
@@C=. Aratus in "haenom.
@@C.. Iirg. L4ho can decei#e a lo#er.L
@@C?. 5anc ubi cons"icatus est :ymon$ baculo inni+us$ immobilis stetit$ et
mirabundus$ Fc.
@@C@. Plautus :asina$ act. =. sc. ?.
@@C-. Plautus.
@@CA. 2#id. Met. =.
@@C/. 2#id. Met. ?.
@@CB. Iirg. ,. Aen. L5e resembled a god as to his head and shoulders$ for
his mother had made his hair seem beautiful$ besto'ed u"on him the
lo#ely bloom of youth$ and gi#en the ha""iest lustre to his eyes.L
@@,C. 2#id. Met. ,..
@@,,. Iirg. E. l. =. LI am not so deformed$ I lately sa' myself in the
tran0uil glassy sea$ as I stood u"on the shore.L
@@,=. E"ist. An u+or literato sit ducenda. 8octes insomnes traducendae$
literis renunciandum$ sae"e gemendum$ nonnun0uam et illacrymandum
sorti et conditioni tuae. Iidendum 0uae #estes$ 0uis cultus$ te
deceat$ 0uis in usu sit$ utrum latus barbae$ Fc. :um cura lo0uendum$
incedendum$ bibendum et cum cura insaniendum.
@@,.. Mart. E"ig. @.
@@,?. :hil. ?. cent. @. "ro. ,-.
@@,@. Martianus. :a"ella lib. ,. de nu"t. "hilol. Dam. Illum sentio amore
teneri$ ejus0ue studio "lures habere com"aratas in famultio
disci"linas$ Fc.
@@,-. *ib. .. de aulico. Kuis choreis insudaret$ nisi foeminarum causaN
Kuis musicae tantam na#aret o"eram nisi 0uod illius dulcedine
"ermulcere s"eretN Kuis tot carmina com"oneret$ nisi ut inde affectus
suos in mulieres e+"licaretN
@@,A. :raterem nectaris e#ertit saltans a"ud 3eos$ 0ui in terram cadens$
rosam "rius albam rubore infecit.
@@,/. Puellas choreantes circa ju#enilem :u"idinis statuam fecit.
Philostrat. Imag. lib. .. de statuis. E+ercitium amori a"tissimum.
@@,B. *ib. -. Met.
@@=C. Tom. ?.
@@=,. 6ornman de cur. mort. "art. @ ca". =/. 9at. "uellae dormienti
insultantium$ Fc.
@@==. Iie' of 7r.
@@=.. Iita ejus Puellae$ amore se"tuagenarius sene+ us0ue ad insaniam
corre"tus$ multis liberis susce"tis& multi non sine "udore
cons"e+erunt senem et "hiloso"hum "odagricium$ non sine risu
saltantem ad tibiae modos.
@@=?. Anacreon. :arm. A.
@@=@. Doach. ellius E"ig. LThus youth dies$ thus in death he lo#es.L
@@=-. 3e taciturno lo0uacem facit$ et de #erecundo officiosum reddit$ de
negligente industrium$ de socorde im"igrum.
@@=A. Dose"hus anti0. Dud. lib. ,/. ca". ?.
@@=/. Gellius$ l. ,. ca". /. Pretium noctis centum sestertia.
@@=B. I"si enim #olunt suarum amasiarum "ulchritudinis "raeecones ac testes
esse$ eas laudibus$ et cantilenis et #ersibus e+onare$ ut auro
statuas$ ut memorentur$ et ab omnibus admirentur.
@@.C. Tom. =. Ant. 3ialogo.
@@.,. 7lores hist. fol. =B/.
@@.=. Per totum annum cantarunt$ "lu#ia su"er illos non cecidit< non
frigus$ non calor$ non sitis$ nec lassitudo illos affecit$ Fc.
@@... 5is eorum nomina inscribuntur de 0uibus 0uaerunt.
@@.?. 5uic munditias$ ornatum$ le"orem$ delicias$ ludos$ elegantiam$ omnem
deni0ue #itae sua#itatem debemus.
@@.@. 5yginus ca". =A=.
@@.-. E Graeco.
@@.A. Angerianus.
@@./. *ib. ?. tit. ,,. de "rin. instit.
@@.B. Plin. lib. .@. ca". ,=.
@@?C. Gerbelius$ l. -. descri"t. Gr.
@@?,. 7ransus$ l. .. de symbolis 0ui "rimus symbolum e+cogita#it #oluit
nimirum hac ratione im"licatum animum e#ol#ere$ eum0ue #el dominae
#el aliis intuentibus ostendere.
@@?=. *ib. ?. num. ,C=. 9yl#ae nu"tialis "oetae non in#eniunt fabulas$ aut
#ersus laudatos faciunt$ nisi 0ui ab amore fuerint e+citati.
@@?.. Martial$ e". A.. lib. B.
@@??. Iirg. Eclog. ?. L8one shall e+cel me in "oetry$ neither the Thracian
2r"heus$ nor A"ollo.L
@@?@. Teneris arboribus amicarum nomina inscribentes ut simul crescant.
5aed.
@@?-. 9. 1. ,-CC.
@@?A. *ib. ,.. ca". 3i"noso"hist.
@@?/. 9ee Putean. e"ist. .. de sua Margareta eroaldus$ Fc.
@@?B. 5en. 9te"h. a"ol. "ro 5erod.
@@@C. Tully orat. @. #er.
@@@,. Esth. #.
@@@=. Mat. l. ?A.
@@@.. Gra#issimis regni negotiis nihil sine amasiae suae consensu fecit$
omnes0ue actiones suas scortillo communica#it$ Fc. 8ich. ellus.
discours. =-. de amat.
@@@?. Amoris famulus omnem scientiam diffitetur$ amandi tamen se
scientissimum doctorem agnoscit.
@@@@. 9erm. /.
@@@-. Kuis horum scribere molestias "otest$ nisi 0ui et is ali0uantum
insanitN
@@@A. *ib. ,. de non temnendis amoribus< o"inor hac de re neminem aut
desce"tare recte "osse aut judicare 0ui non in ea #ersatur$ aut
magnum fecerit "ericulum.
@@@/. LI am not in lo#e$ nor do I %no' 'hat lo#e may be.L
@@@B. 9em"er moritur$ nun0uam mortuus est 0ui amat. Aen. 9yl#.
@@-C. Eurial. e". ad *ucretiam$ a"ud Aeneam 9yl#ium< 1ogas ut amare
deficiamN roga montes ut in "lanum de#eniant$ ut fontes flumina
re"etant< tam "ossum te non amare ac suum Phoebus relin0uere cursum.
@@-,. uchanan 9yl.
@@-=. Pro"ert. lib. =. eleg. ,.
@@-.. Est orcus illa #is$ est immedicabilis$ est rabies insana.
@@-?. *ib. =.
@@-@. Iirg. Ecl. ..
@@--. 1. T.
@@-A. Kui 0uidem amor utros0ue et totam Egy"tum e+tremis calamitatibus
in#ol#it.
@@-/. Plautus.
@@-B. Ht cor"us "ondere$ sic animus amore "raeci"itatur. Austin. l. =. de
ci#. dei$ c. =/.
@@AC. 3ial. hinc oritur "aenitentia des"eratio$ et non #ident ingenium se
cum re simul amisisse.
@@A,. Idem 9a#anarola$ et "lures alii$ Fc. 1abidem facturus 2re+in. Du#en.
@@A=. :a". de 5eroico Amore. 5aec "assio durans sanguinem torridum et
atrabiliarum reddit< ale #ero ad cerebrum delatus$ insaniam "arat$
#igilia et crebro desiderio e+siccans.
@@A.. Iirg. Egl. =. L2h :orydon$ :orydonO 'hat madness "ossesses youNL
@@A?. Insani fiunt aut sibi i"sis des"erantes mortem afferunt. *anguentes
cito mortem aut maniam "atiuntur.
@@A@. :alcagninus.
@@A-. *ucian Imag. 9o for *ucian!s mistress$ all that sa' her$ and could
not enjoy her$ ran mad$ or hanged themsel#es.
@@AA. Musaeus.
@@A/. 2#id. Met. ,C. Aeneas 9yl#ius. Ad ejus decessum nun0uam #isa *ucretia
ridere$ nullis facetiis$ jocis$ nullo gaudio "otuit ad laetitiam
reno#ari$ mo+ in aegritudinem incidit$ et sic bre#i contabuit.
@@AB. Anacreon.
@@/C. Lut let me die$ she says$ thus< thus it is better to descend to the
shades.L
@@/,. Pausanias Achaicis$ l. A.
@@/=. Megarensis amore flagrans *ucian. Tom. ?.
@@/.. 2#id. .. met.
@@/?. 7uribundus "uta#it se #idere imaginem "uellae$ et coram lo0ui
blandiens illi$ Fc.
@@/@. Du#en. 5ebreus.
@@/-. Du#enis Medicinae o"eram dans doctoris filiam de"eribat$ Fc.
@@/A. Gotardus Arthus Gallobelgicus$ nund. #ernal. ,-,@. collum no#acula
a"eruit& et inde e+"ira#it.
@@//. :um renuente "arente utro0ue et i"sa #irgine frui non "osset$ i"sum
et i"sam interfecit$ hoc a magistratu "etens$ ut in eodem se"ulchro
se"eliri "ossent.
@@/B. occaccio.
@@BC. 9edes eorum 0ui "ro amoris im"atientia "ereunt$ Iirg. -. Aenid.
@@B,. L4hom cruel lo#e 'ith its 'asting "o'er destroyed.L
@@B=. LAnd a myrtle gro#e o#ershado' thee< nor do cares relin0uish thee
e#en in death itself.L
@@B.. 9al. Ial.
@@B?. 9abel. lib. .. En. -.
@@B@. :urtius$ lib. @.
@@B-. :halcocondilas de reb. Tuscicis$ lib. B. 8erei u+or Athenarum domina$
Fc.
@@BA. 8ice"horus Greg. hist. lib. /. H+orem occidit liberos et Michaelem
filium #idere abhorruit. Thessalonicae amore ca"tus "ronotarii$
filiae$ Fc.
@@B/. Parthenius Erot. lib. ca". @.
@@BB. Idem ca. =,. Gubernatoris alia Achillis amore ca"ta ci#itatem
"roditit.
@-CC. Idem. ca". B.
@-C,. Iirg. Aen -.
@-C=. 2tium naufragium castitatis. Austin.
@-C.. uchanan. 5endeca syl.
@-C?. 2#id lib. ,. remed. L*o#e yields to business< be em"loyed$ and you!ll
be safe.L
@-C@. :a". ,-. circares arduas e+erceri.
@-C-. Part =. c. =.. reg. 9an. 5is$ "raeter horam somni$ nulla "er otium
transeat.
@-CA. 5or. lib. I. e"ist. =.
@-C/. 9eneca.
@-CB. LPo#erty has not the means of feeding her "assion.L
@-,C. Tract. ,-. ca". ,/. sae"e nuda carne cilicium "ortent tem"ore frigido
sine caligis$ et nudis "edibus incedant$ in "ane et a0ua jejunent$
sae"ius se #erberbus caedant$ Fc.
@-,,. 3aemonibus referta sunt cor"ora nostra$ illorum "raeci"ue 0ui
delicatis #escuntur eduliis$ ad#olitant$ et cor"oribus inherent< hanc
ob rem jejunium im"endio "robatur ad "udicitiam.
@-,=. Iictus sit attenuatus$ balnei fre0uens usus et sudationes$ cold
baths$ not hot$ saith Magninus$ "art .. ca. =.. to di#e o#er head and
ears in a cold ri#er$ Fc.
@-,.. 9er. de gula< fames amica #irginitati est$ inimica lasci#iae&
saturitas #ero castitatem "erdit$ et nutrit illecebras.
@-,?. Iita 5ilarionis$ lib. .. e"ist. cum tentasset eum daemon titillatione
inter caetera$ Ego in0uit$ aselle$ ad cor"us suum$ faciam$ Fc.
@-,@. 9trabo. l. ,@. Geog. sub "ellibus$ cubant$ Fc.
@-,-. :u". =. "art. =. 9i sit ju#enis$ et non #ult obedire$ flagelletur
fre0uenter et fortiter$ dum inci"iat foetere.
@-,A. *aertius$ lib. -. ca". @. amori medetur fames< sin aliter$ tem"us<
sin non hoc$ la0ueus.
@-,/. Iina "arant animos Ieneri$ Fc.
@-,B. .. de *egibus.
@-=C. 8on minus si #inum bibissent ac si adulterium admisissent$ Gellius$
lib. ,C. c. =..
@-=,. 1er. 9am. "art. .. ca". =.. Mirabilem #im habet.
@-==. :um muliere ali0ua gratiosa sae"e coire erit utilissimum. Idem
*aurentius$ ca". ,,.
@-=.. 5or.
@-=?. :a". =B. de morb. cereb.
@-=@. eroaldus orat. de amore.
@-=-. Amatori$ cujus est "ro im"otentia mens amota$ o"us est ut "aulatim
animus #elut a "eregrinatione domum re#ocetur "er musicam$ con#i#ia$
Fc. Per aucu"ium$ fabulas$ et festi#as narrationes$ laborem us0ue ad
sudorem$ Fc.
@-=A. :aelestinae$ Act. = arthio inter"ret.
@-=/. :a". de Illishi. Multus hoc affectu sanat cantilena$ laetitia$
musica< et 0uidam sunt 0uoshaec angent.
@-=B. This author came to my hands since the third edition of this boo%.
@-.C. :ent. . curat. @-. 9yru"o helleborato et aliis 0uae ad atram bilem
"ertinent.
@-.,. Purgetur si ejus dis"ositio #enerit ad adust$ humoris$ et
"hlebotomizetur.
@-.=. Amantium morbus ut "ruritus sol#itur$ #enae sectione et cucurbitulus.
@-... :ura a #enae sectione "er aures$ unde sem"er steriles.
@-.?. 9eneca.
@-.@. :um in mulierem incident$ 0uae cum forma morum sua#itatem conjunctam
habet$ et jam oculos "ersenserit formae ad se imaginem cum a#iditate
0uadam ra"ere cum eadem$ Fc.
@-.-. =. 2#id$ de rem. lib. ,.
@-.A. Aeneas 9il#ius.
@-./. Plautus gurcu. L1emo#e and thro' her 0uite out of doors$ she 'ho has
dran% my lo#esic% blood.L
@-.B. Tom. =. lib. ?. ca". ,C. 9yntag. med. arc. Mira. #itentur oscula$
tactus sermo$ et scri"ta im"udica$ literae$ Fc.
@-?C. *ib. de singul. :ler.
@-?,. Tam admirabilem s"lendorem declinet$ gratiam$ scintillas$ amabiles
risus$ gestus sua#issimos$ Fc.
@-?=. *i"sius$ hort. leg. lib. .. anti0. lec.
@-?.. *ib. .. de #it. coelitus com"ar. ca". -.
@-??. *ucretius. LIt is best to shun the semblance and the food of lo#e$ to
abstain from it$ and totally a#ert the mind from the object.L
@-?@. *ib. .. eleg. ,C.
@-?-. Dob +++i. Pe"igi foedus cum oculis meis ne cogitarem de #irgine.
@-?A. 3ial. .. de contem"tu mundi< nihil facilius recrudescit 0uam amor< ut
"om"a #isa reno#at ambitionem$ auri s"ecies a#aritiam$ s"ectata
cor"oris forma incendit lu+uriam.
@-?/. 9eneca cont. lib. =. cont. B.
@-?B. 2#id.
@-@C. Met. A. ut solet a #entis alimenta resumere$ 0uae0ue Pa#ia sub
inducta latuit scintilla fa#illa. :rescere et in #eteres agitata
resurgere flammas.
@-@,. Eustathii l. .. as"ectus amorem incendit$ ut marcescentem in "alea
ignem #entus< ardebam interea majore conce"to incendio.
@-@=. 5eliodorus$ l. ?. inflammat mentem no#us as"ectus$ "erinde ac ignis
materiae admotus$ :hariclia$ Fc.
@-@.. E"ist. ,@. l. =.
@-@?. E"ist. ?. l. =.
@-@@. :urtius$ lib. .. cum u+orem 3arii laudatam audi#isset$ tantum
cu"iditati suae fraenum injecit$ ut illam #i+ #ellet intueri.
@-@-. :yro"aedia. cum Pantheae forman e#e+isset Aras"us$ tanto magis$
in0uit :yrus abstinere o"ortet$ 0uanto "ulchrior est.
@-@A. *i#ius$ cum eam regulo cuidam des"onsaram audi#isset muneribus
cumulatam remisit.
@-@/. E". .B. lib. A.
@-@B. Et ea lo0ui "osset 0uae soli amatores lo0ui solent.
@--C. Platonis :on#i#io.
@--,. 5eliodorus$ lib. ?. e+"ertem esse amoris beatitudo est< at 0uum
ca"tus sis$ ad moderationem re#ocare animum "rudentia singularis.
@--=. *ucretius$ l. ?.
@--.. 5aedus$ lib. ,. de amor. contem.
@--?. *oci mutatione tan0uam non con#alescens curandus est. ca". ,,.
@--@. L7ly the cherished shore. It is ad#isable to 'ithdra' from the "laces
near it.L
@---. Amorum$ l. =. L3e"art$ and ta%e a long journey--safety is in flight
only.L
@--A. Kuis0uis amat$ loca nota nocent< dies aegritudinem adimit$ absentia
delet. Ire licet "rocul hinc "atriae0ue relin0uere fines. 2#id.
@--/. *ib. .. eleg. =C.
@--B. *ib. ,. 9ocrat. memor. Tibi 2 :ritobule consulo ut integrum annum
absis$ Fc.
@-AC. Pro+imum est ut esurias =. ut moram tem"oris o""onas. .. et locum
mutes. ?. ut de la0ueo cogites.
@-A,. Philostratus de #ita 9o"histratum.
@-A=. Iirg$ -. Aen.
@-A.. uchanan.
@-A?. Annuncientur #alde tristia$ ut major tristitia "ossit minorem
obfuscare.
@-A@. Aut 0uod sit factus senescallus$ aut habeat honorem magnum.
@-A-. Adolescens Graecus erat in Egy"ti coenobio 0ui nulla o"eris
magnitudine$ nulla "ersuasione flammam "oterat sedare& monasterii
"ater hac arte ser#a#it. Im"erat cuidam e sociis$ Fc. 7lebat ille$
omnes ad#ersabantur< solus "ater calide o""onere$ ne abundantia
tristitiae absorberetur$ 0uid multaN hoc in#ento curatus est$ et a
cogitationibus "ristinis a#ocatus.
@-AA. Tom. ?.
@-A/. Ter.
@-AB. 5y"atia Ale+andrina 0uendam se adamantem "rolatis muliebribus "annis$
et in cum conjectis ab amoris insania labora#it. 9uidas et Euna"ius.
@-/C. 9a#anarola$ reg. @.
@-/,. Iirg. Ecl. . LEou 'ill easily find another if this Ale+is disdains
you.L
@-/=. 3istributio amoris fiat in "lures$ ad "lures amicas animum a""licet.
@-/.. 2#id. LI recommend you to ha#e t'o mistresses.L
@-/?. 5iginus$ sab. ?..
@-/@. Petronius.
@-/-. *ib. de salt.
@-/A. E theatro egressus hilaris$ ac si "harmacum obli#ionis bibisset.
@-//. Mus in cista natus$ Fc.
@-/B. In 0uem e s"ecu subterraneo modicum lucis illabitur.
@-BC. 3e"lorabant eorum miseriam 0ui subterraneis illis locis #itam degunt.
@-B,. Tatius lib. -.
@-B=. Aristaenetus$ e"ist. ?.
@-B.. :alcaguin. 3ial. Galat. Mo+ aliam "raetulit$ aliam "raelaturus 0uam
"rimum occasio arriserit.
@-B?. E"ist. lib. =. ,-. Philoso"hi saeculi #eterem amorem no#o$ 0uasi
cla#um cla#o re"ellere$ 0uod et Assuero regi se"tem "rinci"es
Persarum fecere$ ut Iastae reginae desiderium amore com"ensarent.
@-B@. 2#id. L2ne lo#e e+tracts the influence of another.L
@-B-. *ugubri #este indutus< consolationes non admisit$ donec :aesar e+
ducali sanguine$ formosam #irginem matrimonio conjun+it. Aeneas
9yl#ias hist. de Euryalo et *ucretia.
@-BA. Ter.
@-B/. Iirg. Ecl. =. L7or 'hat limit has lo#eNL
@-BB. *ib. de beat. #it. ca". ,?.
@ACC. *ongo usu dicimus$ longa desuetudine dediscendum est. Petrarch$
e"ist. lib. @. /.
@AC,. Tom. ?. dial. meret. 7ortusse etiam i"sa ad amorem istum connihil
contulero.
@AC=. Kuid enim meretri+ nisi ju#entutis e+"ilatri+$ #irorum ra"ina seu
mors< "atrimonii de#oratri+$ honoris "ernicies$ "abulum diaboli$
janua mortis$ inferni su""lementumN
@AC.. 9anguinem hominum sorbent.
@AC?. :ontem"latione Idiotae$ c. .?. discrimen #itae$ mors blanda$ mel
sclleum$ dulce #enenum$ "ernicies delicata$ mallum s"ontaneum$ Fc.
@AC@. Pornodidasc. dial. Ital. gula$ ira$ in#idia$ su"erbia$ sacritegia$
latrocinia$ caedes$ eo die nata sunt$ 0uo "rimum meretri+
"rofessionem fecit. 9u"erbia major 0uam o"ulenti rustici$ in#idia
0uam luis #enerae inimicitia nocentior melancholia$ a#aritia in
immensum "rofunda.
@AC-. Kualis e+tra sum #ides$ 0ualis intra no#it 3eus.
@ACA. Iirg. L5e calls Mnestheus$ 9urgestus$ and the bra#e :loanthus$ and
orders them silently to "re"are the fleet.L
@AC/. L5e is mo#ed by no tears$ he cannot he induced to hear her 'ords.L
@ACB. Tom. =. in #otis. :ai#us cum sis$ nasum habeas simum$ Fc.
@A,C. Petronius.
@A,,. 2#id.
@A,=. In :atarticis$ lib. =.
@A,.. 9i fer#eat deformis$ ecce formosa est< si frigeat formosa$ jam sis
informis. Th. Morus E"igram.
@A,?. Amorum dial. tom. ?. si 0uis ad auroram contem"letur multas mulieres
a nocte lecto surgentes$ tur"iores "utabit esse bestiis.
@A,@. 5ugo de claustro Animae$ lib. ,. c. ,. LIf you 0uietly reflect u"on
'hat "asses through her mouth$ nostrils$ and other conduits of her
body$ you ne#er sa' #iler stuff.L
@A,-. 5ist. nat. ,,. ca". .@. A fly that hath golden 'ings but a "oisoned
body.
@A,A. uchanan$ 5endecasyl.
@A,/. A"ol. "ro 1em. 9eb.
@A,B. - 2#id. =. rem.
@A=C. Post unam noctem incertum unde offensam ce"it "ro"ter foetentem ejus
s"iritum alii dicunt$ #el latentem foeditatem re"udia#it$ rem faciens
"lane illicitam$ et regiae "ersonae multum indecoram.
@A=,. 5all and Grafton beli%e.
@A==. Du#enal. L4hen the 'rin%led s%in becomes flabby$ and the teeth
blac%.L
@A=.. Mart.
@A=?. Tully in :at. Lecause 'rin%les and hoary loc%s disfigure you.L
@A=@. 5or. ode. ,.. lib. ?.
@A=-. *ocheus. Leautiful chee%s$ rosy li"s$ and languishing eyes.L
@A=A. Kualis fuit Ienus cum fuit #irgo$ balsamum s"irans$ Fc.
@A=/. 9eneca.
@A=B. 9eneca 5y". Leauty is a gift of dubious 'orth to mortals$ and of
brief duration.L
@A.C. :amerarius$ emb. -/. cent. ,. flos omnium "ulcherrimus statim
languescit$ formae ty"us.
@A.,. ernar. auhusius E". l. ?.
@A.=. Pausanias *acon. lib. .. u+orem du+it 9"artae mulierum omnium "ost
5elenam formosissimam$ at ob mores omnium tur"issimam.
@A... E"ist. A-. gladium bonum dices$ non cui deauratus est baltheus$ nec
cui #agina gemmis distinguitur$ sed cui ad secandum subtilis acies et
mucro munimentum omne ru"turus.
@A.?. Pulchritudo cor"oris$ tem"oris et fugacior ludibrium. orat. =.
@A.@. 7lorum mutabilitate fugacior$ nec sua natura formosas facit$ sed
s"ectantium infirmitas.
@A.-. E"ist. ,,. Kuem ego de"ereo ju#enis mihi "ulcherimus #idetur< sed
forsan amore "ercita de amore non recte judico.
@A.A. *uc. rugensis. Lright eyes and sno'-'hite nec%.L
@A./. Idem. L*et my Melita!s eyes be li%e Duno!s$ her hand Miner#a!s$ her
breasts Ienus!$ her leg Am"bitiles!.L
@A.B. ebelius adagiis Ger.
@A?C. Petron. :at. L*et her eyes be as bright as the stars$ her nec% smell
li%e the rose$ her hair shine more than gold$ her honied li"s be ruby
coloured< let her beauty be res"lendent$ and su"erior to Ienus$ let
her be in all res"ects a deity$L Fc.
@A?,. M. 3rayton.
@A?=. 9enec. act. =. 5erc. 2eteus.
@A?.. Iides #enustam mulierem$ fulgidum habentem oculum$ #ultu hilari
coruscantem$ e+imium 0uendam as"ectum et decorem "raese ferentem$
urentem mentem tuam$ et concu"iscentiam agentem< cogita terram esse
id 0uod amas$ et 0uod admiraris stercus$ et 0uod te urit$ Fc.$ cogita
illam jam senescere jam rugosam ca#is genis$ aegrotam< tantis
sordibus intus "lena est$ "ituita$ stercore< re"uta 0uid intra nares$
oculos$ cerebrum gestat$ 0uas sordes$ Fc.
@A??. 9ubtil. ,..
@A?@. :ardan$ subtil. lib. ,..
@A?-. L9ho' me your com"any and I!ll tell you 'ho you are.L
@A?A. L5ar%$ you merry maids$ do not dance so$ for see the he-goat is at
hand$ ready to "ounce u"on you.L
@A?/. *ib. de centum amoribus$ earum mendas #ol#ant animo$ sae"e ante
oculos constituant$ sae"e damnent.
@A?B. In deliciis.
@A@C. Kuum amator annulum se amicae o"taret$ ut ejus am"le+u frui "osset$
Fc. 2 te miserum ait annulus$ si meas #ices obires$ #ideres$ audires$
Fc. nihil non odio dignimi obser#ares.
@A@,. *aedieus. L9nares of the human s"ecies$ torments of life$ s"oils of
the night$ bitterest cares of day$ the torture of husbands$ the ruin
of youths.L
@A@=. 9ee our English Tatius$ lib. ,.
@A@.. :haucer$ in 1omaunt of the 1ose.
@A@?. Kui se facilem in amore "robarit$ hanc succendito. At 0ui succendat$
ad hunc diem re"ertus nemo. :alcagninus.
@A@@. Ariosto.
@A@-. 5or.
@A@A. :hristo"h. 7onseca.
@A@/. Encom. 3emonthen.
@A@B. 7ebris hectica u+or$ et non nisi morte a#ellenda.
@A-C. 9ynesius$ libros ego liberos genui *i"sius anti0. *ect. lib.
@A-,. LA#aunt$ ye nym"hs$ maidens$ ye are a deceitful race$ no married life
for me$L Fc.
@A-=. Plautus Asin. act. ,.
@A-.. 9enec. in 5ercul.
@A-?. 9eneca.
@A-@. Amator. Emblem.
@A--. 3e rebus 5ibernicis l. ..
@A-A. Gemmea "ocula$ argentea #asa$ caelata candelabra$ aurea. Fc.
:onchileata aulaea$ buccinarum clangorem$ tibiarum cantnum$ et
sym"honiae sua#itatem$ majestatem0ue "rinci"is coronati cum #idissent
sella deaurata Fc.
@A-/. Eubulus in :risil. Athenaeus dy"noso"hist$ l. ,.. c. ..
@A-B. Translated by my brother$ 1al"h urton.
@AAC. Du#enal. L4ho thrusts his foolish nec% a second time into the
halter.L
@AA,. 5aec in s"eciem dicta ca#e ut credas.
@AA=. achelors al'ays are the bra#est men. acon. 9ee% eternity in memory$
not in "osterity$ li%e E"aminondas$ that instead of children$ left
t'o great #ictories behind him$ 'hich he called his t'o daughters.
@AA.. Ecclus. ++#iii. ,.
@AA?. Euri"ides Andromach.
@AA@. Aelius Ierus im"erator. 9"ar. #it. ejus.
@AA-. 5or.
@AAA. Kuod licet$ ingratum est.
@AA/. 7or better for 'orse$ for richer for "oorer$ in sic%ness and in
health$ Fc.
@AAB. Ter. act. , 9c. =. Eunuch.
@A/C. *ucian. tom. ?. ne0ue cum una ali0ua rem habere contentus forem.
@A/,. Du#enal.
@A/=. *ib. =/.
@A/.. :amerar. /=. cent. ..
@A/?. 9imonides.
@A/@. :hildren ma%e misfortunes more bitter. acon.
@A/-. L9he 'ill sin% your 'hole establishment by her fecundity.L
@A/A. 5einsius. E"ist. Primiero. 8ihil miserius 0uam "rocreare liberos ad
0uos nihil e+ haereditate tua "er#enire #ideas "raeter famem et
sitim.
@A//. :hrys. 7onseca.
@A/B. *iberi sibi carcinomata.
@ABC. Melius fuerat eos sine liberis discessisse.
@AB,. *emnius$ ca". -. lib. ,. 9i morosa$ si non in omnibus obse0uaris$
omnia im"acata in aedibus$ omnia sursum misceri #ideas$ multae
tem"estates$ Fc. *ib. =. numer. ,C,. sil. nu".
@AB=. Du#enal. LI 'ould rather ha#e a Ienusinian 'ench than thee$ :ornelia$
mother of the Gracchi$L Fc.
@AB.. Tom. ?. Amores$ omnem mariti o"ulentiam "rofundet$ totam Arabiam
ca"illis redolens.
@AB?. Idem$ et 0uis sanae mentis sustinere 0ueat$ Fc.
@AB@. 9ubegit ancillas 0uod u+or ejus deformior esset.
@AB-. LPerha"s she 'ill not suit you.L
@ABA. 9il. nu". l. =. num. =@. 3i#es inducit tem"estatem$ "au"er curam<
ducens #iduam se inducit in la0ueum.
@AB/. 9ic 0uis0ue dicit$ alteram ducit tamen L4ho can endure a #irago for a
'ifeNL
@ABB. 9i dotata erit$ im"eriosa$ continuo0ue #iro ine0uitare conabitur.
Petrarch.
@/CC. If a 'oman nourish her husband$ she is angry and im"udent$ and full
of re"roach. Eccles. ++#. ==. 9cilicet u+ori nubere nolo meae.
@/C,. Plautus Mil. Glor. act. .. sc. ,. LTo be a father is #ery "leasant$
but to be a freeman still more so.L
@/C=. 9tobaeus$ fer. --. Ale+. ab Ale+and. lib. ?. ca". /.
@/C.. They shall attend the lamb in hea#en$ because they 'ere not defiled
'ith 'omen$ A"oc ,?.
@/C?. 8u"tiae re"leat terram$ #irginitas Paradisum. 5ier.
@/C@. 3a"hne in laurum sem"er #irentem$ immortalem docet gloriam "aratam
#irginibus "udicitiam ser#antibus.
@/C-. :atul. car. nu"tiali. LAs the flo'er that gro's in the secret
inclosure of the garden$ un%no'n to the floc%s$ im"ressed by the
"loughshare$ 'hich also the breezes refresh$ the heat strengthens$
the rain ma%es gro'& so is a #irgin 'hilst untouched$ 'hilst dear to
her relati#es$ but 'hen once she forfeits her chastity$L Fc.
@/CA. 3iet. salut. c. ==. "ulcherrimum sertum infiniti "recii$ gemma$ et
"ictura s"eciosa.
@/C/. Mart.
@/CB. *ib. =?. 0ua obse0uiorum di#ersitate colantur homines sine liberis.
@/,C. 5unc alii ad coenam in#itant$ "rince"s huic famulatur$ oratores
gratis "atrocinantur. *ib. de amore Prolis.
@/,,. Annal. ,,. LIf you 'ish to be master of your house$ let no little
ones "lay in your halls$ nor any little daughter yet more dear$ a
barren 'ife ma%es a "leasant and affectionate com"anion.L
@/,=. -C de benefic. ./.
@/,.. E Graeco.
@/,?. Ter. Adel"h. LI ha#e married a 'ife< 'hat misery it has entailed u"on
meO sons 'ere born and other cares follo'ed.L
@/,@. Itineraria in "salmo instructione ad lectorem.
@/,-. ruson$ lib. A. ==. ca". 9i u+or deesset$ nihil mihi ad summam
felicitatem defuisset.
@/,A. E+tinguitur #irilitas e+ incantamentorum maleficiis< ne0ue enim
fabula est$ nonnulli re"erti sunt$ 0ui e+ #eneficiis amore "ri#ati
sunt$ ut e+ multis historiis "atet.
@/,/. :urat omnes morbos$ "hthises$ hydro"es et oculorum morbos$ et febre
0uartana laborantes et amore ca"tos$ miris artibus eos demulcet.
@/,B. LThe moral is$ #ehement fear e+"els lo#eL.
@/=C. :atullus.
@/=,. Kuum Dunonem de"eriret Du"iter im"otenter$ ibi solitus la#are$ Fc.
@/==. Menander. L9tric%en by the gad-fly of lo#e$ rushed headlong from the
summit.L
@/=.. 2#id. e". =,.
@/=?. A"ud anti0uos amor *ethes olim fuit$ is ardentes faeces in
"rofluentum inclinabat< hujus statua Ieneris Eleusinae tem"lo
#isebatur$ 0uo amantes confluebant$ 0ui amicae memoriam de"onere
#olebant.
@/=@. *ib. ,C. Iota ei nuncu"ant amatores$ multis de causis$ sed im"rimis
#iduae mulieres$ ut sibi alteras a dea nu"tias e+"oscant.
@/=-. 1odiginus$ ant. lect. lib. ,-. ca". =@. calls it 9elenus$ 2mni amore
liberat.
@/=A. 9eneca. LThe rise and remedy of lo#e the same.L
@/=/. :u"ido crucifi+us& *e"idum "oema.
@/=B. :a". ,B. de morb. cerebri.
@/.C. Patiens "otiatur re amata$ si fieri "ossit$ o"tima cura$ ca". ,-. in
B 1hasis.
@/.,. 9i nihil aliud$ nu"tiae et co"ulatio cum ea.
@/.=. Petronius :atal.
@/... :a". de Ilishi. 8on in#enitur cura$ nisi regimen conne+ionis inter
eos$ secundum modum "romissionis$ et legis$ et sic #idimus ad carnem
restitutum$ 0ui jam #enerat ad arofactionem< e#anuit cura "ost0uam
sensit$ Fc.
@/.?. 7ama est melancholicum 0uendam e+ amore insanabiliter se habentem$
ubi "uellae se conjun+isset$ restitutum$ Fc.
@/.@. Do#ian. Pontanus$ asi. lib. ,.
@/.-. 9"eede!s hist. e M.9. er. Andreae.
@/.A. *ucretia in 2celestina$ act. ,B. arthio inter"ret.
@/./. Iirg. ? Aen. L5o' shall I beginNL
@/.B. E Graecho Moschi.
@/?C. 2#id. Met. ,. LThe efficacious one is golden.L
@/?,. Pausanias Achaicis$ lib. A. Perdite amabat :allyrhoen #irginem$ et
0uanto erat :horesi amor #ehememior erat$ tanto erat "uellae animus
ab ejus amore alienior.
@/?=. Iirg. - Aen.
@/?.. Erasmus Egl. Galatea.
@/??. L5a#ing no com"assion for my tears$ she a#oids my "rayers$ and is
infle+ible to my "laints.L
@/?@. Angerianus Eroto"aegnion.
@/?-. Iirg.
@/?A. *aecheus.
@/?/. 2#id. Met. ,.
@/?B. Erot. lib. =.
@/@C. T. 5. LTo ca"ti#ate the men$ but des"ise them 'hen ca"ti#e.L
@/@,. Iirg. ? Aen.
@/@=. Metamor. ..
@/@.. 7racastorius 3ial. de anim.
@/@?. 3ial. Am.
@/@@. Ausonius.
@/@-. 2#id. Met.
@/@A. 5om. @. in ,. e"ist. Thess. ca". ?$ #ers. ,.
@/@/. Ter.
@/@B. Ter. 5eaut. 9cen. ult. L5e 'ill marry the daughter of rich "arents$ a
red-haired$ blear-eyed$ big-mouthed$ croo%ed-nosed 'ench.L
@/-C. Plebeius et nobilis ambiebant "uellam$ "uellae certamen in "artes
#enit$ Fc.
@/-,. A"uleius a"ol.
@/-=. Gen. ++#i.
@/-.. 8on "eccat #enialiter 0ui mulierem ducit ob "ulchritudinem.
@/-?. *ib. -. de leg. E+ usu rei"ub. est ut in nu"tiis ju#enes ne0ue
"au"erum affinitatem fugiant$ ne0ue di#itum sectentur.
@/-@. Philost. e". Kuoniam "au"er sum$ idcirco contem"tior et abjectior
tibi #idearN Amor i"se nundus est$ gratiae et astra< 5ercules "elle
leonina indutus.
@/--. Du#enal.
@/-A. *ib. =. e". A.
@/-/. Ejulans in0uit$ non mentem una addi+it mihi fortuna ser#itute.
@/-B. 3e re"ub. c. de "eriod$ rerum"ub.
@/AC. :om. in car. :hron.
@/A,. Plin. in "an.
@/A=. 3eclam. .C-.
@/A.. Puellis im"rimis nulla danda occasio la"sus. *emn. lib. l. @?. de #it
instit.
@/A?. 9ee more "art ,. s. mem. =. subs. ?.
@/A@. 7ilia e+cedens annum =@. "otest inscio "atre nubere$ licet indignus
sit maritus$ et eum cogere ad congrue dotandum.
@/A-. 8e a""etentiae "rocacioris re"utetur auctor.
@/AA. E+"etitia enim magis debet #ider a #iro 0uam i"sa #irum e+"etisse.
@/A/. Mulier a"ud nos =?. annorum #etula est et "rojectitia.
@/AB. :omoed. *ycistrat. And. 3i#o Inter"r.
@//C. Ausonius edy. ,?.
@//,. Idem.
@//=. :atullus.
@//.. Translated by M. . Dohnson.
@//?. 5orn. @. in ,. Thes. ca". ?. ,.
@//@. Plautus.
@//-. 2#id.
@//A. E"ist. ,=. l. =. Eligit conjugem "au"erem$ indotatatam et subito
deama#it$ et commiseratione ejus ino"iae.
@///. Iirg. Aen.
@//B. 7abius "ictor& amor i"se conjun+it "o"ulos$ Fc.
@/BC. *i"sius "olit. 9ebast. Mayer. 9elect. 9ect. ,. ca". ,..
@/B,. Mayerus select. sect. ,. c. ,?. et Aelian. l. ,.. c. ... cum famulae
la#antis #estes incuriosus custodirent$ Fc. manda#it "er uni#ersam
Aegy"tum ut foemina 0uaereretur$ cujus is calceus esset eam0ue sic
in#entam. in matrimonium acce"it.
@/B=. Pausnnias lib. .. de *aconicis. 3imisit 0ue nunciarunt$ Fc. o"tionem
"uellis dedit$ ut earum 0uaelibet eum sibi #irum deligeret$ cujus
ma+ime esset forma com"lacita.
@/B.. Illius conjugium abominabitur.
@/B?. 9ocera 0uin0ue circiter annos natu minor.
@/B@. Iit. :aleat. secundi.
@/B-. A"uleius in :atel. nobis cu"ido #elle dat$ "osse abnegat.
@/BA. Anacreon. @-.
@/B/. :ontinentiae donum e+ fide "ostulet 0uia certum sit eum #ocari ad
coelibatum cui domis$ Fc.
@/BB. Act. +#i. A.
@BCC. 1om. i. ,..
@BC,. Praefi+. gen. *eo#itii.
@BC=. LThe stars in the s%ies "reside o#er our "ersons$ for they are made
of humble matter. They cannot bind a rational mind$ for that is under
the control of God only.L
@BC.. Idem 4olfius dial.
@BC?. LThat is$ ma%e the best of it$ and ta%e his lot as it falls.L
@BC@. 2#id. ,. Met LTheir beauty is inconsistent 'ith their #o's.L
@BC-. Mercurialis de Pria"ismo.
@BCA. Memorabile 0uod Hlricus e"istola refert Gregorium 0uum e+ "iscina
0uadam allata "lus 0uam se+ mille infantum ca"ita #idisset$
ingemuisse et decretum de coelibatu tantam caedis causam confesses
condigno illud "oenitentiae fructu "urgasse. 6emnisius e+ concil.
Trident$ "art. .. de coelibatu sacerdotum.
@BC/. 9i nubat$ 0uam si domi concubinam alat.
@BCB. Al"honsus :icaonius lib. de gest. "ontificum.
@B,C. :um medici suaderent ut aut nuberet aut coitu uteretur$ sic mortem
#itari "osse mortem "otius intre"idus e+"ecta#it$ Fc.
@B,,. E"ist. .C.
@B,=. Iide #itam ejus edit. ,-=.. by 3. T. Dames.
@B,.. *idgate$ in :haucer!s 7lo'er of :urtesie.
@B,?. !Tis not multitude but idleness 'hich causeth beggary.
@B,@. 2r to set them a'or%$ and bring them u" in some honest trades.
@B,-. 3ion. :assius$ lib. @-.
@B,A. 9ardus u+tor"hius.
@B,/. :laude Alba#ille in his hist. of the 7renchmen to the Isle of
Maragnan. An. ,-,?.
@B,B. 1ara 0uidem dea tu es 2 chastitas in his terris$ nec facile "erfecta$
rarius "er"etua$ cogi nonnun0uam "otest$ ob naturae defectum$ #el si
disci"lina "er#aserit$ censura com"resserit.
@B=C. Peregrin. 5ierosol.
@B=,. Plutarch$ #ita ejus$ adolescentiae medio constitutus.
@B==. Ancilias duas egregia forma et aetatis flore.
@B=.. Ale+. ab. Ale+. l. ?. c. /.
@B=?. Tres filii "atrem ab e+cubiis$ 0uin0ue ab omnibus officiis
liberabanto.
@B=@. Praece"to "rimo$ cogatur nubere aut mulctetur et "ecunia tem"lo
Dunonis dedicetur et "ublica fiat.
@B=-. :onsol. .. "ros. A.
@B=A. 8ic. 5ill. E"ic. "hilos.
@B=/. Kui se ca"istro matrimonii alligari non "atiuntur$ *emn$ lib. ?. ,..
de occult. nat. Abhorrent multi a matrimonio$ ne morosam$ 0uerulam$
acerbam$ amaram u+orem "erferre cogantur.
@B=B. 9enec. 5i""ol.
@B.C. :aelebs enim #i+erat nec ad u+orem ducendam un0uam induci "otuit.
@B.,. 9enec. 5i". LThere is nothing better$ nothing "referable to a single
life.L
@B.=. 5or.
@B... Aeneas 9yl#ius de dictis 9igismundi. 5ensius. Primiero.
@B.?. 5abeo u+orem e+ animi sententia :amillam Paleotti Durisconsulti
filiam.
@B.@. *egentibus et meditantibus candelas et candelabrum tenuerunt.
@B.-. 5or. L8either des"ise agreeable lo#e$ nor mirthful "leasure.L
@B.A. 2#id.
@B./. A"hranius. L5e 'ho chooses a 'ife$ ta%es a brother and a sister.L
@B.B. *ocheus. LThe delight of man%ind$ the solace of life$ the
blandishments of night$ delicious cares of day$ the 'ishes of older
men$ the ho"es of young.L
@B?C. acon!s Essays.
@B?,. Euri"ides.
@B?=. L5o' harmoniously do a lo#ing 'ife and constant husband lead their
li#es.L
@B?.. :um ju+ta mare agrum coleret& 2mnis enim miseriae immemorem$
conjugalis amor eum fecerat. 8on sine ingenti admiratione$ tanta
hominis charitate motus re+ liberos esse jussit$ Fc.
@B??. Kui #ult #itare molestias #itet mundum.
@B?@. ;Gree%& tide bios tithe ter"non ater chrysaes a"hroditaes.G Kuid #ita
est 0uaeso 0uid#e est sine :y"ride dulceN Mimner.
@B?-. Erasmus.
@B?A. E 9tobeo.
@B?/. Menander.
@B?B. 9eneca 5y". lib. .. num. ,.
@B@C. 5ist. lib. ?.
@B@,. Palingenius. L5e li#es contem"tibly by 'hom no other li#es.L
@B@=. ruson. lib. A. ca". =..
@B@.. 8oli societatem habere$ Fc.
@B@?. *ib. ,. ca". -. 9i$ in0uit$ Kuirites$ sine u+ore esse "ossemus$ omnes
careremus< 9ed 0uoniam sic est$ saluti "otius "ublicae 0uam #olu"tati
consulendum.
@B@@. eatum foret si liberos auro et argento mercari$ Fc.
@B@-. 9eneca. 5y".
@B@A. Gen. ii. Adjutorium simile$ Fc.
@B@/. 2#id. L7ind her to 'hom you may say$ !thou art my only "leasure.!L
@B@B. Euri"ides. LHnha""y the man 'ho has met a bad 'ife$ ha""y 'ho found a
good one.L
@B-C. E Graeco Ialerius$ lib. A. ca". A. LTo marry$ and not to marry$ are
e0ually base.L
@B-,. Per#igilium Ieneris e #etere "oeta.
@B-=. 3onaus non "otest consistere sine u+ore. 8e#isanus lib. =. num. ,/.
@B-.. 8emo in se#erissima 9toicorum familia 0ui non barbam 0uo0ue et
su"ercilium am"le+ibus u+ores submiserit$ aut in ista "arte a
reli0uis dissenserit. 5ensius Primiero.
@B-?. Kuid libentius homo masculus #idere debet 0uam bellam u+oremN
@B-@. :haucer.
@B--. :onclusio Theod. Podro. mi. B. l. Amor.
@B-A. 2#id.
@B-/. E"ist. ?. l. =. Ducundiores multo et sua#iores longe "ost molestas
turbas amantium nu"tiae.
@B-B. 2lim meminisse ju#abit.
@BAC. Kuid e+"ectatis$ intus fiunt nu"tiae$ the music$ guests$ and all the
good cheer is 'ithin.
@BA,. The conclusion of :haucer!s "oem of Troilus and :reseid.
@BA=. :atullus.
@BA.. :atullus. D. 9ecundus 9yl#ar. lib. Dam Iirgo thalamum subibit unde ne
#irgo redeat$ marite cura.
@BA?. Ecclus. +++i+. ,?.
@BA@. Galeni E"ithal.
@BA-. 2 noctem 0uater et 0uater beatam.
@BAA. Theocritus idyl. ,/.
@BA/. Erasm. E"ithal. P. Aegidij. 8ec saltent modo sed duo charissima
"ectora indissolubili mutuae bene#olentiae nodo cor"ulent$ ut nihil
un0uam eos incedere "ossit irae #el taedii. Illa "er"etuo nihil
audiat nisi$ mea lu+& ille #icissim nihil nisi anime mi& at0ue huic
jucunditati ne senectus detrahat$ imo "otius ali0uid adaugeat.
@BAB. L5a""y both$ if my #erses ha#e any charms$ nor shall time e#er
detract from the memorable e+am"le of your li#es.L
@B/C. 6ornmannus de linea amoris.
@B/,. 7inis . boo% of Troilus and :reseid.
@B/=. In his 2ration of Dealousy$ "ut out by 7r. 9ansa#in.
@B/.. enedetto Iarchi.
@B/?. E+ercitat. .,A. :um metuimus ne amatae rei e+turbimur "ossessione.
@B/@. >elus de forma est in#identiae s"ecies ne 0uis forma 0uam amamus
fruatur.
@B/-. . de Anima.
@B/A. L5as not e#ery one of the sla#es that 'ent to meet him returned this
night from the su""erNL
@B//. 1. de Anima. Tangimur zeloty"ia de "u"illis$ liberis charis0ue curae
nostrae concreditis$ non de forma$ sed ne male sit iis$ aut ne nobis
sibi0ue "arent ignominiam.
@B/B. Plutarch.
@BBC. 9enec. in 5erc. fur.
@BB,. E+od. ++.
@BB=. *ucan.
@BB.. 3anaeus A"horis. "olit. sem"er metuunt ne eorum auctoritas minuatur.
@BB?. elli 8ea"ol. lib. @.
@BB@. 3ici non "otest 0uam tenues et infirmas causas habent moeroris et
sus"icionis$ et hic est morbus occultus$ 0ui in familiis "rinci"um
regnat.
@BB-. 2mnes aemulos interfect. *am"rid.
@BBA. :onstant. agricult. lib. ,C. c. @. :y"arissae Eteoclis filiae$
saltantes ad emulationem dearum in "uteum demolitae sunt$ sed terra
miserata$ cu"ressos inde "rodu+it.
@BB/. 2#id. Met.
@BBB. 9eneca.
-CCC. Kuis autem carife+ addictum su""licio crudelius afficiat$ 0uam metusN
Metus in0uam mortis$ infamiae cruciatus$ sunt ille utrices furiae
0uae tyrannos e+agitant$ Fc. Multo acerbius sauciant et "ungunt$ 0uam
crudeles domini ser#os #inctos fustibus ac tormentis e+ulcerare
"ossunt.
-CC,. *onicerus$ To. ,. Turc. hist. c. =?.
-CC=. Do#ius #ita ejus.
-CC.. 6no'les. usbe0uius. 9and. fol. @=.
-CC?. 8ice"horus$ lib. ,,. c. ?@. 9ocrates$ lib. A. ca". .@. 8e0ue Ialens
alicui "e"ercit 0ui Theo cognomine #ocaretur.
-CC@. Ale+and. Gaguin. Musco#. hist. descri". c. @.
-CC-. 3. 7letcher$ timet omnes ne insidiae essent$ 5erodot. l. A. Ma+iminus
in#isum se sentiens$ 0uod e+ infimo loco in tantam fortunam #enisset
moribus ac genere barbarus$ metuens ne natalium obscuritas
objiceretur$ omnes Ale+andri "raedecessoris ministros e+ aula ejecit$
"luribus interfectis 0uod moesti essent ad mortem Ale+andri$ insidias
inde metuens.
-CCA. *ib. /. tan0uam ferae solitudine #i#ebant$ terrentes alios$ timentes.
-CC/. 9erres$ fol. @-.
-CCB. 8ea". belli$ lib. @ nulli "rorsus homini fidebat$ omnes insidiari
sibi "utabat.
-C,C. :amden!s 1emains.
-C,,. Mat. Paris.
-C,=. 1. T. notis in blason jealousie.
-C,.. 3aniel in his Panegyric to the %ing.
-C,?. .. de anima$ ca". de zel. Animalia 0uaedam zeloty"ia tanguntur$ ut
olores$ columbae$ galli$ tauri$ Fc. ob metum communionis.
-C,@. 9eneca.
-C,-. *ib. ,,. :ynoget.
-C,A. :haucer$ in his Assembly of 7o'ls.
-C,/. Aldero#and.
-C,B. *ib. ,=.
-C=C. 9ibi timens circa res #enereas$ solitudines amat 0uo solus sola
foemina fruatur.
-C=,. :rocodili zeloty"i et u+orum amantissimi$ Fc.
-C==. Kui di#idit agrum communem< inde deducitur ad amantes.
-C=.. Erasmus chil. ,. cent. B. adag. BB.
-C=?. Ter. Eun. Act. ,. sc. ,. Munus nostrum ornato #erbis$ et istum
aemulum$ 0uoad "oteris$ ab ea "ellito.
-C=@. Pinus "uella 0uondam fuit$ Fc.
-C=-. Mars zeloty"us Adonidem interfecit.
-C=A. 1. T.
-C=/. , 9am. i. -.
-C=B. lazon of Dealousy.
-C.C. Mulierum conditio misera< nullam honestam credunt nisi domo conclusa
#i#at.
-C.,. 7ines Morison.
-C.=. 8omen zeloty"iae a"ud istos locum non habet$ lib. .. c. /.
-C... 7ines Moris. "art. .. ca". =.
-C.?. usbe0uius. 9ands.
-C.@. Prae amore et zeloty"ia sae"ius insaniunt.
-C.-. Australes ne sacra 0uidem "ublica fieri "atiuntur$ nisi uter0ue se+us
"ariete medio di#idatur& et 0uum in Angliam in0uit$ legationis causa
"rofectus essem$ audi#i Mendozam legatum 5is"aniarum dicentem tur"e
esse #iros et foeminas in$ Fc.
-C.A. Idea& mulieres "raeter0uam 0uod sunt infidae$ sus"icaces$
inconstantes$ insidiosae$ simulatrices$ su"erstitiosae$ et si
"otentes$ intolerabiles$ amore zeloty"ae su"ra modum. 2#id. =. de
art.
-C./. artello.
-C.B. 1. T.
-C?C. *ib. =. num. /. mulier otiosa facile "raesumitur lu+uriosa$ et sae"e
zeloty"a.
-C?,. LAnd no' she re0uires other youths and other lo#es$ calls me the
imbecile and decre"it old man.L
-C?=. *ib =. num. ?.
-C?.. Kuum omnibus infideles foeminae$ senibus infidelissimae.
-C??. Mimnermus.
-C?@. Ii+ ali0ua non im"udica$ et 0uam non sus"ectam merito 0uis habeat.
-C?-. *ib. @. de aur. asino. At ego misera "atre meo seniorem maritum nacta
sum$ cum cucurbita cal#iorom et 0uo#is "uero "umiliorem$ cunctam
domum seris et catenis obditam custodientem.
-C?A. :haloner.
-C?/. *ib. ?. n. /C.
-C?B. 2#id =. de art. amandi.
-C@C. E#ery Man out of his 5umour.
-C@,. :alcagninus A"ol. Tiberini ab u+orum "artu earum #ices subeunt$ ut
a#es "er #ices incubant$ Fc.
-C@=. E+iturus fascia u+oris "ectus alligabat$ nec momento "raeesentia ejus
carere "oterat$ "otum0ue non hauriebat nisi "raegustatum labris ejus.
-C@.. :haloner.
-C@?. Panegyr. Trajano.
-C@@. Ter. Adel"h. act. ,. sce. ,.
-C@-. 7ab. :al#o. 1a#ennate inter"rete.
-C@A. 3um rediero domum meam habitabis$ et licet cum "arentibus habitet$
hac mea "eregrinatione< eam tamen et ejus mores obser#abis uti
absentia #iri sui "robe degat$ nec alios #iros cogitet aut 0uaerat.
-C@/. 7oemina sem"er custode eget 0ui se "udicam contineat< sua"te enim
natura ne0uitias insitas habet$ 0uas nisi indies com"rimat$ ut
arbores stolones emittunt$ Fc.
-C@B. 5einsius.
-C-C. H+or cujusdam nobilis 0uum debitum maritale sacro "assionis hebdomada
non obtineret$ alterum adiit.
-C-,. 8e tribus "rioribus noctibus rem haberet cum ea. ut esset in
"ecoribus fortunatus$ ab u+ore morae im"atiente$ Fc.
-C-=. Totam noctem bene et "udice nemini molestus dormiendo transegit< mane
autem 0uum nullius conscius facinoris sibi esset$ et inertiae
"uderet$ audisse se dicebat eum dolore calculi solere eam
conflictari. 3uo "raece"ta juris una nocte e+"ressit$ neminem
laeserat et honeste #i+erat$ sed an suum cui0ue reddidisset$ 0uaeri
"oterat. Mutius o"inor et Trebatius hoc negassent. lib. ,.
-C-.. Alterius loci emendationem serio o"tabat$ 0uem corru"tum esse ille
non in#enit.
-C-?. 9uch another tale is in 8eander de Docoseriis$ his first tale.
-C-@. *ib. =. E". .. 9i "ergit alienis negotiis o"eram dare sui negligens$
erit alius mihi orator 0ui rem meam agat.
-C--. 2#id. rara est concordia formae at0ue "udicitiae.
-C-A. E"ist.
-C-/. Kuod strideret ejus calceamentum.
-C-B. 5or. e"ist. ,@. L2ften has the ser"ent lain hid beneath the coloured
grass$ under a beauliful as"ect$ and often has the e#il inclination
affected a sale 'ithout the husband!s "ri#ity.L
-CAC. 3e re u+oria$ lib. ,. ca". @.
-CA,. :um steriles sunt$ e+ mutatione #iri se "utant conci"ere.
-CA=. Tibullus$ eleg. -.
-CA.. 4ither!s 9at.
-CA?. . de Anima. :rescit ac decrescit zeloty"ia cum "ersonis$ locis$
tem"oribus$ negotiis.
-CA@. Marullus.
-CA-. Tibullus E"ig.
-CAA. Pro#. i+. ,A.
-CA/. Pro"ert. eleg. =.
-CAB. 2#id. lib. B. Met. Pausanias 9trabo$ 0uum cre#it imbribus hyemalibus.
3eianiram susci"it$ 5erculem nando se0ui jubet.
-C/C. *ucian$ tom. ?.
-C/,. Plutarch.
-C/=. :a". #. /.
-C/.. 9eneca.
-C/?. *ib. =. ca". =..
-C/@. Petronius :atal.
-C/-. 9ueton.
-C/A. Pontus 5euter$ #ita ejus.
-C//. *ib. /. 7lor. hist. 3u+ omnium o"timus et sa"ientissimus$ sed in re
#enerea "rodigiosus.
-C/B. Iita :astruccii. Idem u+ores maritis abaliena#it.
-CBC. 9esellius$ lib. =. de 1e"ub. Gallorum. Ita nunc a"ud infimos obtinuit
hoc #itium$ ut nullius fere "retii sit$ et igna#us miles 0ui non in
scortatione ma+ime e+cellat$ et adulterio.
-CB,. Iirg. Aen. ?. L4hat no' must ha#e been 3ido!s sensations 'hen she
'itnessed these doingsNL
-CB=. E"ig. B. lib. ?.
-CB.. Iirg. ?. Aen.
-CB?. 9ecundus syl.
-CB@. LAnd belches out the smell of onions and garlic.L
-CB-. Aeneas 9yl#ius.
-CBA. L8either a god honoured him 'ith his table$ nor a goddess 'ith her
bed.L
-CB/. Iirg. ?. Aen. L9uch beauty shines in his graceful features.L
-CBB. 9. Graeco 9imonides.
-,CC. :ont. =. ca. ./. 2"er. subcis. mulieris liberius et familiarius
communicantis cum omnibus licentia et immodestia$ sinistri sermonis
et sus"icionis materiam #iro "raebet.
-,C,. Ioces liberae$ oculorum collo0uia$ contractiones "arum #erecundae$
motus immodici$ Fc. 5einsius.
-,C=. :halloner.
-,C.. 4hat is here said$ is not "rejudicial to honest 'omen.
-,C?. *ib. =/$ sc ,..
-,C@. 3ial. amor. Pendet falla+ et blanda circa oscula mariti$ 0uem in
cruce$ si fieri "osset$ deosculari #elit& illius #itam chariorem esse
sua jurejurando affirmat& 0uem certe non redimeret anima catelli si
"osset.
-,C-. Adeunt tem"lum ut rem di#inam audiant$ ut i"sae simulant$ sed #el ut
monachum fratrem$ #el adulterum lingua$ oculis$ ad libidinem
"ro#oceat.
-,CA. *ib. ?. num. /,. I"se sibi "ersuadent$ 0uod adulterium cum "rinci"e
#el cum "raesule$ non est "udor nec "eccatum.
-,C/. 3eum rogat$ non "ro salute mariti$ filii$ cognati #ota susci"it$ sed
"ro reditu moechi si abest$ "ro #aletudine lenonis si aegrotet.
-,CB. Tibullus.
-,,C. Gortardus Arthus descri". Indiae 2rient. *inchoften.
-,,,. Garcias ab 5orto$ hist. lib. =. ca". =?. 3aturam herbam #ocat et
describit$ tam "rocli#es sunt ad #enerem mulieres ut #iros inebrient
"er =? horas$ li0uore 0uodam$ ut nihil #ideant$ recordentur at
dormiant$ et "ost lotionem "edum$ ad se restituunt$ Fc.
-,,=. Ariosto$ lib. =/. st. A@.
-,,.. *i"sius "olit.
-,,?. 9eneca$ lib. =. contro#. /.
-,,@. odicher. 9at.
-,,-. L9itting close to her$ and sha%ing her hand lo#ingly.L
-,,A. Tibullus.
-,,/. LAfter 'ine the mistress is often unable to distinguish her o'n
lo#er.L
-,,B. E"ist. /@. ad 2ceanum. Ad unius horae ebrietatem nudat femora$ 0uae
"er se+centos annos sobrietate conte+erat.
-,=C. Du#. 9at. ,..
-,=,. 8ihil audent "rimo$ "ost ab aliis confirmatae$ audaces et confidentes
sunt. Hbi semel #erecundiae limites transierint.
-,==. Euri"ides$ l. -.. L*o#e of gain induces one to brea% her marriage
#o'$ a 'ish to ha#e associates to %ee" her in countenance actuates
others.L
-,=.. 3e miser. :urialium. Aut alium cum ea in#enies$ aut isse alium
re"eries.
-,=?. :a". ,/ de Iirg.
-,=@. 5om. ./. in c. ,A. Gen. Etsi magnis affluunt di#itiis$ Fc.
-,=-. . de Anima. 2mnes #oces$ auras$ omnes susurros ca"tat zeloty"us$ et
am"lificat a"ud se cum ini0uissima de singulis calumnia. Ma+ime
sus"iciosi$ et ad "ejora credendum "rocli#es.
-,=A. LThese thunders "our do'n their "eculiar sho'ers.L
-,=/. Pro"ertius.
-,=B. Aeneas 9il#.
-,.C. Ant. 3ial.
-,.,. 1abie conce"ta$ caesariem abrasit$ "uellae0ue mirabiliter insultans
faciem #ibicibus foeda#it.
-,.=. 3aniel.
-,... Annal. lib. ,=. Princi"is mulieris zeloty"ae est in alias mulieres
0uas sus"ectas habet$ odium inse"arabile.
-,.?. 9eneca in Medea.
-,.@. Alcoran ca". o#is$ inter"rete 1icardo "raed. c. /. :onfutationis.
-,.-. Plautus.
-,.A. E+"edit. in 9inas. l. .. c. B.
-,./. 3ecem eunuchorum millia numerantur in regia familia$ 0ui ser#ant
u+ores ejus.
-,.B. *ib. @A. e". /,.
-,?C. 9emotis a #iris ser#ant in interioribus$ ab eorum cons"ectu immanes.
-,?,. *ib. ,. fol. A.
-,?=. 3iru"tiones hymenis flunt a "ro"riis digitis #el ab aliis
instrumentis.
-,?.. Idem 1hasis Arab. cont.
-,??. Ita clausae "harmacis ut non "ossunt coitum e+ercere.
-,?@. Kui et "harmacum "raescribit docet0ue.
-,?-. E"ist. -. Mercero Inter.
-,?A. arthius. *udus illi temeratum "udicitiae florem mentitis machinis
"ro integro #endere. Ego docebo te$ 0ui mulier ante nu"tias s"onso te
"robes #irginem.
-,?/. Kui mulierem #iolasset$ #irilia e+ecabant$ et mille #irgas dabant.
-,?B. 3ion. 5alic.
-,@C. Iiridi gaudens 7eronia luco. Iirg.
-,@,. Ismene 'as so tried by 3ian!s 'ell$ in 'hich maids did s'im$ unchaste
'ere dro'ned. Eustathius$ lib. /.
-,@=. :ontra mendac. an confess. =, ca".
-,@.. Phaerus Aegi"ti re+ ca"tus oculis "er decennium$ oraculum consuluit
de u+oris "udicitia.
-,@?. :aesar. lib. -. bello Gall. #itae necis0ue in u+ores habuerunt
"otestatem.
-,@@. Animi dolores et zeloty"ia si diutius "erser#erent$ dementes reddunt.
Aca%. comment. in "ar. art. Galeni.
-,@-. Ariosto$ lib. .,. staff. -.
-,@A. . de anima$ c. .. de zeloty". transit in rabiem et odium$ et sibi et
aliis #iolentas sae"e manus injiciunt.
-,@/. 5iginus$ ca". ,/B. 2#id$ Fc.
-,@B. Phaerus Aegy"ti re+ de caecitate oraculum consulens$ #isum ei
rediturum acce"it$ si oculos abluisset lotio mulieris 0uae aliorum
#irorum esset e+"ers< u+oris urinam e+"ertus nihil "rofecit$ et
aliarum frustra$ eas omnes (ea e+ce"ta "er 0uam curatus fuit) unum in
locum coactas concrema#it. 5erod. Euter".
-,-C. 2ffic. lib. =.
-,-,. Aurelius Iictor.
-,-=. 5erod$ lib. B. in :allio"e. Masistae u+orem e+carnificat$ mammillas
"raescindit$ aes0ue canibus abjicit$ filiae nares "raescidit$ labra$
linguam$ Fc.
-,-.. *ib. ,. 3um formae curandae intenta ca"illum in sole "ectit$ a marito
"er lusum le#iter "ercussa furtirm su"er#eniente #irga$ risu suborto$
mi *andrice di+it$ frontem #ir fortis "etet$ Fc. Marito cons"ecto
attonita$ cum *andrico mo+ in ejus mortem cons"irat$ et statim inter
#enandum efficit.
-,-?. Kui Goae u+orem habens$ Gotherinum "rinci"em 0uendam #irum 0uod u+ori
suae oculos adjecisset$ ingenti #ulnere deforma#it in facie$ et
tibiam abscidit$ unde mutuae caedes.
-,-@. Eo 0uod infans natus in#olutus esset "anniculo$ credebat eum filium
fratris 7rancisci$ Fc.
-,--. >eloty"ia reginas regis mortem accelera#it "aulo "ost$ ut Martianus
medicus mihi retulit. Illa autem atra bile inde e+agitata in latebras
se subducens "rae aegritudine animi reli0uum tem"us consum"sit.
-,-A. A zeloty"ia redactus ad insaniam et des"erationem.
-,-/. H+orem interemit$ inde des"erabundus e+ alto se "raeci"ita#it.
-,-B. Tollere nodosam nescit medicina "odagram.
-,AC. Ariosto$ lib. .,. staff.
-,A,. Ieteres mature suadent ungues amoris esse radendos$ "rius0uam
"roducant se nimis.
-,A=. In Do#ianum.
-,A.. Gomesius$ lib. .. de reb. gestis Jimenii.
-,A?. Hrit enim "raecordia aegritudo animi com"ressa$ et in angustiis
adducta mentem. sub#ertit$ nec alio medicamine facilius erigitur$
0uam cordati hominis sermone.
-,A@. . 3e anima.
-,A-. *ib. ..
-,AA. Argetoco+i :aledoni 1eguli u+or$ Duliae Augustae cum i"sam morderet
0uod inhoneste #ersaretur$ res"ondet$ nos cum o"timis #iris
consuetudinem habemus< #os 1omanas autem occulte "assim homines
constu"rant.
-,A/. *eges de moechis fecit$ e+ ci#ibus "lures in jus #ocati.
-,AB. *. .. E"ig. =-.
-,/C. Asser Arthuri< "arcerem libenter heroinarum laesae majestati$ si non
historiae #eritas aurem #ellicaret$ *eland.
-,/,. *eland!s assert. A thuri.
-,/=. E"igram.
-,/.. :ogita an sic aliis tu un0uam feceris< an hoc tibi nunc fieri dignum
sitN se#erus aliis$ indulgens tibi$ cur. ab u+ore e+igis 0uod nori
i"se "raestasN Plutar.
-,/?. Iaga libidine cum i"se 0uo#is ra"iaris$ cur si #el modicum aberret
i"sa$ insaniasN
-,/@. Ariosto$ li. =/. staffe /C.
-,/-. 9yl#a nu"t. l. ?. num. A=.
-,/A. *emnius$ lib. ?. ca". ,.. de occult. nat. mir.
-,//. 2"timum bene nasci.
-,/B. Mart.
-,BC. 2#id. amor. lib. .. eleg.
-,B,. *ib. ?. 9t. A=.
-,B=. Policrat. lib. /. c. ,,. 3e amor.
-,B.. Euriel. et *ucret. 0ui u+ores occludunt$ meo judicio minus utiliter
faciunt< sunt enim eo ingenio mulieres ut id "otissimum cu"iant$ 0uod
ma+ime denegatur& si liberas habent habenas$ minus delin0uunt<
frustra seram adhibes$ si non sit s"onte casta.
-,B?. Kuando cognoscunt maritos hoc ad#ertere.
-,B@. Ausonius.
-,B-. 2"es suas$ mundum suum$ thesaurum suum$ Fc.
-,BA. Iirg. Aen.
-,B/. 3aniel.
-,BB. , de serm. d. in monte ros. ,-.
-=CC. 2 0uam formosus lacertus hic 0uidam in0uit ad ae0uales con#ersus< at
illa$ "ublicus$ in0uit$ non est.
-=C,. ilia 3inutum #irum senem habuit et s"iritum foetidum habentem$ 0uem
0uum 0uidam e+"robrasset$ Fc.
-=C=. 8um0uid tibi$ Armena$ Tigranes #idebatur esse "ulcherN et illum$
in0uit$ aede"ol$ Fc. Jeno"h. :yro"aed. l. ..
-=C.. 2#id.
-=C?. 1ead Petrarch!s Tale of Patient Grizel in :haucer.
-=C@. 9il. nu". lib. ?. num. /C.
-=C-. Erasmus.
-=CA. Kuum acce"isset u+orem "e"erisse secundo a nu"tiis mense$ cunas
0uinas #el senas coemit$ ut si forte u+or singulis bimensibus
"areret.
-=C/. Dulius :a"itol$ #ita ejus$ 0uum "alam :itharaedus u+orem diligeret$
minime curiosus fuit.
-=CB. 3is"osuit armatos 0ui i"sum interficerent& hi "rotenus mandatum
e+e0uentes$ Fc. Ille et re+ declarator$ et 9tratonicem 0uae fratri
nu"serat$ u+orem ducit& sed "ost0uam audi#it fratrem #i#ere$ Fc.
Attalum comiter acce"it$ "ristinam0ue u+orem com"le+us$ magno honore
a"ud se habuit.
-=,C. 9ee Dohn 5arrington!s notes in =/. boo% of Ariosto.
-=,,. Amator. dial.
-=,=. Plautus scen. ult. Am"hit.
-=,.. Idem.
-=,?. T. 3aniel conjurat. 7rench.
-=,@. *ib. ?. num. /C.
-=,-. 1. T.
-=,A. *ib. de heres. Kuum de zele cul"aretur$ "urgandi se causa "ermisisse
fertur ut ea 0ui #ellet uteretur< 0uod ejus factum in sectam
tur"issimam #ersum est$ 0ua "lacet usus indifferens foeminamm.
-=,/. 9leiden$ :om.
-=,B. Alcoran.
-==C. Alcoran edit$ et ibliandro.
-==,. 3e mor. gent. lib. ,. ca". -. 8u"turae regi de #irginandae
e+hibentur.
-===. *umina e+tinguebantur$ nec "ersons) et aetatis habila re#erentia$ in
0uam 0uis0ue "er tenebras incidit$ mulierem cognoscit.
-==.. *eander Albertus. 7lagitioso ritu cuncti in aedem con#enientes "ost
im"uram concionem$ e+tinctis luminibus in Ienerem ruunt.
-==?. *od. Iertomannus na#ig. lib. -. ca". /. et Marcus Polus lib. ,. ca".
?-. H+ores #iatoribus "rostituunt.
-==@. 3ithmarus$ les%enius$ ut Agetas Aristoni$ "ulcherrimam u+orem habens
"rostituit.
-==-. 5erodot. in Erato. Mulieres abyloni caecum hos"ite "ermiscentur ob
argentum 0uod "ost Ieneri sacrum. ohernus$ lib. =.
-==A. 8a#igat. lib. @. ca". ?. "rius thorum non init$ 0uam a digniore
sacerdote no#a nu"ta deflorata sit.
-==/. ohemus lib. =. ca". .. Ideo nubere nollent ob mulierum
intem"erantiam$ nullam ser#are #iro fidem "utabant.
-==B. 9te"hanus "raefat. 5erod. Alius e lu"anari meretricem$ Pitho dictam$
in u+orem du+it< Ptolomaeus Thaidem nobile scortum du+it et e+ ea
duos filios susce"it$ Fc.
-=.C. Poggius 7loreno.
-=.,. 7eli+ Plater.
-=.=. Plutarch$ *ucian$ 9almutz Tit. =. de "orcellanis cum in Panciro ,. de
no#. re"ert. et Plutarchus.
-=... 9te"hanus e ,. confor. ona#ent. c. -. #it. 7rancisci.
-=.?. Plutarch. #it. ejus.
-=.@. Iec%er. lib. A. secret.
-=.-. :itatur a Gellio.
-=.A. *ib. ,. Til. ?. de instit. rei"ub. de officio mariti.
-=./. 8e cum ea blande nimis agas$ ne objurges "raesentibus e+traneis.
-=.B. E"ist. AC.
-=?C. 2#id. L5o' badly steers of different ages are yo%ed to the "lough.L
-=?,. Alciat. emb. ,,-.
-=?=. 3ei"noso"h. l. .. ca". ,=.
-=?.. Euri"ides.
-=??. Pontanus hiarum lib. ,. LMaidens shun their embraces< *o#e$ Ienus$
5ymen$ all abhor them.L
-=?@. 2ffic. lib. *u+uria cum omni aetati tur"is$ tum senectuti foedissima.
-=?-. Ecclus. ++#. =. LAn old man that dotes$L Fc.
-=?A. 5or. lib. .. ode =-. L5e 'as lately a match for a maid$ and contended
not ingloriously.L
-=?/. LAlecto herself holds the torch at such nu"tials$ and malicious 5ymen
sadly ho'ls.L
-=?B. :a". @. instit. ad o"timum #itam< ma+ima mortalium "ars
"raeci"itanter et inconsiderate nubit$ id0ue ea aetate 0uae minus
a"ta est$ 0uum sene+ adolescentulae$ sanus morbidae$ di#es "au"eri$
Fc.
-=@C. 2bsoleto$ intem"esti#o$ tur"i remedio fatentur se uti< recordatione
"ristinarum #olu"tatum se recreant$ et ad#ersante natura$ "ollinctam
carnetn et enectam e+citant.
-=@,. *ib. =. nu. =@.
-=@=. Kui #ero non "rocreandae "rolis$ sed e+"lendae< libidinis causa sibi
in#icem co"ulantur$ non tam conjuges 0uam fornicarii habentur.
-=@.. *e+ Pa"ia. 9ueton. :laud. c. =..
-=@?. Pontanus biarum lib. ,. LMore salacious than the s"arro' in s"ring$
or the sno'-'hite ring-do#es.L
-=@@. Plautus mercator.
-=@-. 9ym"osio.
-=@A. Iide Thuani historiam.
-=@/. :alabect. #et. "oetarum.
-=@B. Martial$ lib. .. -=. E"ig.
-=-C. *ib. ,. Miles.
-=-,. 2#id. LIf you 'ould marry suitably$ marry your e0ual in e#ery
res"ect.L
-=-=. LParental #irtue is a rich inheritance$ as 'ell as that chastity
'hich habitually a#oids a second husband.L
-=-.. 1abelais hist. Pantagruel& l. .. ca". ...
-=-?. 5om. /C. Kui "ulchram habet u+orem$ nihil "ejus habere "otest.
-=-@. Arniseus.
-=--. Itinerar. Ital. :oloniae edit. ,-=C. 8omine trium. Ger. fol. .C?.
dis"licuit 0uod dominae filiabus immutent nomen inditum$ in
a"tisime$ et "ro :atharina$ Margareta$ Fc. ne 0uid desit ad
lu+uriam$ a""ellant i"sas nominibus :ynthiae$ :amaenae$ Fc.
-=-A. *eonicus de #ar. lib. .. c. ?.. Asylus #irginum deformium :assandrae
tem"lum. Plutarch.
-=-/. Polycrat. l. /. ca". ,,.
-=-B. LIf your 'ife seem deformed$ your maid beautiful$ still abstain from
the latter.L
-=AC. Marullus. L8ot the most fair but the most #irtuous "leases me.L
-=A,. :haloner lib. B. de re"ub. Ang.
-=A=. *ib. =. num. ,@B.
-=A.. 9i genetri+ caste$ caste 0uo0ue filia #i#it< si meretri+ mater$ filia
talis erit.
-=A?. Du#en. 9at. -.
-=A@. :amerarius cent. =. ca". @?. o"er. subcis.
-=A-. 9er. A=. Kuod amicus 0uidam u+orem habens mihi di+it$ dicam #obis. In
cubili ca#endae adulationes #es"eri$ mane clamores.
-=AA. *ib. ?. tit. ?. de institut. 1ei"ub. ca". de officio mariti et
u+oris.
-=A/. *ib. ?. syl. nu". num. /,. 8on curant de u+oribus$ nec #olunt iis
sub#enire de #ictu$ #estitu$ Fc.
-=AB. In :lio. 9"eciem u+oris su"ra modum e+tollens$ fecit ut illam nudam
coram as"iceret.
-=/C. Du#en. 9at. -. L5e cannot %iss his 'ife for "aint.L
-=/,. 2rat$ contra ebr.
-=/=. LThat a matron should not be seen in "ublic 'ithout her husband as
her s"o%esman.L
-=/.. L5el"less deer$ 'hat are 'e but a "reyNL
-=/?. Ad ba"tismum$ matrimonium et tumultum.
-=/@. 8on #ociferatur illa si maritus obganniat.
-=/-. 7raudem a"eriens ostendit ei non a0uam sed silentium iracundiae
moderari.
-=/A. 5orol. "rinci. lib. =. ca". /. 3iligenter ca#endum foeminis
illustribus ne fre0uenter e+eant.
-=//. :haloner. L2ne 'ho delights in the labour of the distaff$ and
beguiles the hours of labour 'ith a song& her duties assume an air of
#irtuous beauty 'hen she is busied at the 'heel and the s"indle 'ith
her maids.L
-=/B. Menander. L4hoe#er guards his 'ife 'ith bolts and bars 'ill re"ent
his narro' "olicy.L
-=BC. *ib. @. num. ,,.
-=B,. :tesias in Persicis fin+it #ul#ae morbum esse nec curari "osse nisi
cum #iro concumberet$ hac arte #oti com"os$ Fc.
-=B=. E+sol#it #inculis solutum0ue demisit$ at ille inhumanus stu"ra#it
conjugem.
-=B.. Plutarch. #ita ejus.
-=B?. 1osinus lib. =. ,B. Ialerius lib. =. ca". ,.
-=B@. Ale+ander ab Ale+andro l. ?. ca". /. gen. dier.
-=B-. 7r. 1ueus de gemmis l. =. ca". /. et ,@.
-=BA. 9trozzius :icogna lib. =. ca". ,@. s"iritet in can. habent ibidem
u+ores 0uot #olunt cum oculis clarissimis$ 0uos nun0uam in ali0uem
"raeter maritum fi+uri sunt$ Fc. redenbacchius$ Idem et ohemus$ Fc.
-=B/. H+or caeca ducat maritum surdum$ Fc.
-=BB. 9ee Ialent. 8abod. differ. com. in Alcabitium$ ubi "lura.
-.CC. :a". ?-. A"ol. 0uod mulieres sine concu"iscentia as"icere non "osset$
Fc.
-.C,. LEe gods a#ert such a "estilence from the 'orld.L
-.C=. :alled religious because it is still con#ersant about religion and
such di#ine objects.
-.C.. Grotius. LProceed$ ye muses$ nor desert me in the middle of my
journey$ 'here no footste"s lead me$ no 'heeltrac%s indicate the
transit of former chariots.L
-.C?. *ib. ,. ca". ,-. nonnulli o"inionibus addicti sunt$ et futura se
"raedicere arbitrantur.
-.C@. Aliis #idetur 0uod sunt "ro"hetae et ins"irati a 9"iritu sancto$ et
inci"iunt "ro"hetare$ et multa futura "raedicunt.
-.C-. :a". -. de Melanch.
-.CA. :a". @$ Tractat. multi ob timorem 3ei sunt melancholici$ et timorem
gehennae. They are still troubled for their sins.
-.C/. Plater c. ,..
-.CB. Melancholia Erotica #el 0uae cum amore est$ du"le+ est& "rima 0uae ab
aliis forsan non meretur nomen melancholiae$ est affectio eorum 0uae
"ro objecto "ro"onunt 3eum et ideo nihil aliud curant aut cogitant
0uam 3eum$ jejunia$ #igilias& altera ob mulieres.
-.,C. Alia re"eritur furoris s"ecies a "rima #el a secunda$ deorum
rogantium$ #el afflatu numinum furor hic #enit.
-.,,. Kui in 3el"his futura "raedicunt #ates$ et in 3odona sacerdotes
furentes 0uidem multa jocunda Graecis deferunt$ sani #ero e+igua am
nulla.
-.,=. 3eus bonus$ Dustus$ "ulcher$ ju+ta Platonem.
-.,.. Miror et stu"eo cum coelum as"icio et "ulchritudinem siderum$
angelorum$ Fc. et 0uis digne laudet 0uod an nobis #iget$ cor"us tam
"ulchrum$ frontem "ulchram$ nares$ genas$ oculos$ in ellectum$ omnia
"ulchra< si sic in creaturis laboramus< 0uid in i"so deoN
-.,?. 3re+elius 8icet. lib. =. ca". ,,.
-.,@. 7ulgor di#inae majestatis. Aug.
-.,-. In Psal. l+i#. misit ad nos E"istolas et totam scri"turam$ 0uibus
nobis faceret amandi desiderium.
-.,A. E"ist. ?/. l. ?. 0uid est tota scri"tura nisi E"istola omni"otentis
3ei ad creaturum suamN
-.,/. :a". #i. /.
-.,B. :a". ++#ii. ,,.
-.=C. In Psal. l+++#. omnes "ulchritudines terrenas auri$ argenti$ nemorum
et cam"orum "ulchritudinem 9olis et *unae$ stellarum$ omnia "ulchra
su"erans.
-.=,. Immortalis haec #isio immortalis amor$ indefessus amor et #isio.
-.==. 2sorius< ubicun0ue #isio et "ulchritudo di#ini as"ectus$ ibi #olu"tas
e+ eodem fonte omnis0ue beatitudo$ nec ab ejus as"ectu #olu"tas$ nec
ab illa #olu"tate as"ectus se"arari "otest.
-.=.. *eon 5aebreus. 3ubitatur an humana felicitas 3eo cognoscendo an
amando terminetur.
-.=?. *ib. de anima. Ad hoc objectum amandum et fruendum nati sumus< et
hunc e+"etisset$ unicum hunc amasset humana$ #oluntas$ ut summum
bonum$ et caeteras res omnes eo ordine.
-.=@. B. de 1e"ub.
-.=-. 5om. B. in e"ist. Dohannis ca". =. Multos conjugium dece"it$ res
alio0ui salutaris et necessaria$ eo 0uod caeco ejus amore dece"ti$
di#ini amoris et gloriae studium in uni#ersum abjecerunt< "lurimos
cibus et "otus "erdit.
-.=A. In mundo s"lendor o"um gloriae majestas$ amicitiarum "raesidia$
#erborum blanditiae$ #olu"tatum omnis generis illecebrae$ #ictoriae$
trium"hi$ et infinita alia ab amore dei nos abstrahunt$ Fc.
-.=/. In Psal. +++ii. 3ei amicus esse non "otest 0ui mundi studiis
delectatur< ut hanc$ formam #ideas munda cor$ serena cor$ Fc.
-.=B. :ontem"lationis "luma nos suble#at$ at0ue inde erigimur intentione
cordis$ dulcedine contem"lationis distinct. -. de A. Itineribus.
-..C. *ib. de #ictimis& amans 3eum$ sublimia "etit$ sum"tis alis et in
coelum recte #olat$ relicta terra$ cu"idus aberrandi cum sole$ luna$
stellarum0ue sacra militia$ i"so 3eo duce.
-..,. In com. Plat. ca". A. ut 9olem #ideas oculis$ fieri debes 9olaris& ut
di#inam as"icias "ulchritudinem$ demitte materiam$ demitte sensum$ et
3eum 0ualis sit #idebis.
-..=. A#are$ 0uid inhias his$ Fc. "ulchrior est 0ui te ambit i"sum #isurus$
i"sum habiturus.
-.... Pro#. #iii.
-..?. :a". ,/. 1om. Amorem hunc di#inum totis #iribus am"le+amini< 3eum
#obis omni officiorum genere "ro"itium facite.
-..@. :a". A. de "ulchritudine regna et im"eria totius terras et maris et
coeli o"ortet abjicere si ad i"sum con#ersus #eils inseri.
-..-. 5abitus a 3eo infusus$ "er 0uem inclinatur homo ad diligendum 3eum
su"er omnia.
-..A. 3ial. ,. 2mnia. con#ertit amor in i"sius "ulchri naturam.
-../. 9tromatum lib. =.
-..B. Greenham.
-.?C. 3e "rimo "raece"to.
-.?,. 3e relig. l. =. Thes. ,.
-.?=. = 3e nat. deorum.
-.?.. 5ist. elgic. lib. /.
-.??. 9u"erstitio error insanus est e"ist. ==..
-.?@. 8am 0ui su"erstitione imbutus est$ 0uietus esse nun0uam "otest.
-.?-. Greg.
-.?A. Polit. lib. ,. ca". ,..
-.?/. 5or.
-.?B. E"ist$ Phalar.
-.@C. In Psal. iii.
-.@,. *ib. B. ca". -.
-.@=. *ib. ..
-.@.. *ib. -. descri". Graec. nulla est #ia 0ua non innumeris idolis est
referta. Tantum tunc tem"oris in miserrimos mortales "otentiae et
crudelis Tyrannidis 9atan e+ercuit.
-.@?. LThe de#il di#ides the em"ire 'ith Du"iter.L
-.@@. Ale+. ab. Ale+. lib. -. ca". =-.
-.@-. Purchas Pilgrim. lib. ,. c. ..
-.@A. *ib. ..
-.@/. = Part. sect. .. lib. ,. ca". et deince"s.
-.@B. Titelmannus. Maginus. redenbachius. 7r. Aluaresius Itin. de
Abyssinis 5erbis solum #escuntur #otarii$ a0uis mento tenus dormiunt$
Fc.
-.-C. redenbactoius Dod. a Meggen.
-.-,. 9ee Passe#inus 5erbastein$ Magin. 3. 7letcher$ Do#ius$ 5acluit.
Purchas$ Fc. of their errors.
-.-=. 3e"lorat. Gentis *a"".
-.-.. Gens su"erstitioni obno+ia$ religionibus ad#ersa.
-.-?. oissardus de Magia. Intra se"timum aut nonum a ba"tismo diem
moriuntur. 5inc fit$ Fc.
-.-@. :a". de Incolis terrae sanctae.
-.--. Plato in :rit. 3aemones custodes sunt hominum et eorum domini$ ut nos
animalium< nec hominibus$ sed et regionibus im"erant$ #aticiniis$
auguriis$ nos regunt. Idem fere Ma+. Tyrius ser. ,. et =-. =A. medios
#ult daemones inter 3eos et homines deorum ministros$ "raesides
hominum$ a coelo ad homines descendentes.
-.-A. 3e"rae"arat. E#angel.
-.-/. Iel in abusum 3ei #el in aemulationem. 3andinus com. in lib. =.
Arist. de An. Te+t. =B.
-.-B. 3aemones consulunt$ et familiares habent daemones "leri0ue
sacerdotes. 1iccius lib. ,. ca". ,C. e+"edit 9inar.
-.AC. Iitam turbant$ somnos in0uietant$ irre"entes etiam in cor"ora merites
terrent$ #aletudinem frangunt$ morbos lacessant$ ut ad cultum sui
cogant$ nec aliud his studium$ 0uam ut a #era religione$ ad
su"erstitionem #ertant& cum sint i"si "oenales$ 0uaerunt sibi
ad"oenas comites$ ut habeant erroris "artici"es.
-.A,. *ib. ?. "rae"arat. E#angel$ c. Tantam0ue #ictoriam amentia hominum
conse0uuti sunt$ ut si colligere in unum #elis$ uni#ersum orbem istis
scelestibus s"iritibus subjectum fuisse in#enies& Hs0ue ad 9al#aloris
ad#entum hominum caede "erniciosissimos daemones "lacabant$ Fc.
-.A=. Plato.
-.A.. 9trozzius :icogna omnif. mag. lib. .. ca". A. Eze%. #iii. ?.< 1eg.
,,. ?.< 1eg. .. et ,A. ,?< Der. +li+.< 8um. +i. ..< 1eg. ,..
-.A?. *ib. ?. ca". /. "rae"ar.
-.A@. a"t. Mant. ?. 7ast$ de 9ancto Georgio. L2 great master of 'ar$ 'hom
our youths 'orshi" as if he 'ere Mars self.L
-.A-. Part. ,. ca". ,. et lib. =. ca". B.
-.AA. Polyd. Iirg. lib. ,. de "rodig.
-.A/. 5or. l. .. od. -.
-.AB. *ib. .. hist.
-./C. 2rata lege me dicastis mulieres 3ion. 5alicarn.
-./,. Tully de nat. deorum lib. =. Ae0ua Ienus Teucris Pallas ini0ua fuit.
-./=. Do. Molanus lib. .. ca". @B.
-./.. Pet. 2li#er. de Dohanne "rimo Portugalliae 1ege strenue "ugnans$ et
di#ersae "artis ictus cly"eo e+ci"iens.
-./?. *. ,?. *oculos s"onte a"eruisse et "ro iis "ugnasse.
-./@. 1eligion$ as they hold$ is "olicy$ in#ented alone to %ee" men in a'e.
-./-. Annal.
-./A. 2mnes religione mo#entur. @. in Ierrem.
-.//. >eleuchus$ "raefat. legis 0ui urbem aut regionem inhabitant$
"ersuasos esse o"ortet esse 3eos.
-./B. ,C. de legibus. 1eligio neglecta ma+imam "estem in ci#itatem infert$
omnium scelerum fenestram a"erit.
-.BC. :ardarius :om. in Ptolomeum 0uadri"art.
-.B,. *i"sius l. ,. c. ..
-.B=. 5omo sine religione$ sicut e0uus sine fraeno.
-.B.. Ianinus dial. @=. de oraculis.
-.B?. LIf a religion be false$ only let it be su""osed to be true$ and it
'ill tame mental ferocity$ restrain lusts$ and ma%e loyal subjects.L
-.B@. *ib. ,C. Ideo *ycurgus$ Fc. non 0uod i"se su"erstitiosus$ sed 0uod
#ideret mortales "arado+a facilius am"lecti$ nec res gra#es audere
sine "ericulo deorum.
-.B-. :leonardus e"ist. ,. 8o#as leges suas ad Angelum Gabrielem referebat$
"ro monitore mentiebatur omnia se gerere.
-.BA. *ib. ,-. belli Gallici. Ht metu mortis neglecto$ ad #irtutem
incitarent.
-.B/. 3e his lege *uciatium de luctu tom. ,. 5omer. 2dyss. ,,. Iirg. Aen.
-.
-.BB. aratheo sulfure et flamma stagnante sternum demergebantur.
-?CC. Et .. de re"ub. omnis institutio adolescentum eo referenda ut de deo
bene sentiant ob commune bonum.
-?C,. oterus.
-?C=. :itra a0uam$ #iridarium "lanta#it ma+imum et "ulcherrimum$ floribus
odoriferis et sua#ibus "lenum$ Fc.
-?C.. Potum 0uendam dedit 0uo inescatus$ et gra#i so"ore o""ressus$ in
#iridarium interim ducebatur$ Fc.
-?C?. At0ue iterum memoratum "otum bibendum e+hibuit$ et sic e+tra
Paradisum redu+it$ ut cum e#igilaret$ so"ore soluto$ Fc.
-?C@. *ib. ,. de orb. :oncord. ca". A.
-?C-. *ib. ?.
-?CA. *ib. ?.
-?C/. E+erc. ==/.
-?CB. 9. Ed. 9ands.
-?,C. In consult. de "rinc. inter "ro#inc. Euro".
-?,,. *ucian. Ly themsel#es sustain the brunt of e#ery battle.L
-?,=. 9. Ed. 9ands in his 1elation.
-?,.. 9eneca.
-?,?. Iice cotis$ acutum 1eddere 0uae ferrum #alet$ e+ors i"sa secandi.
-?,@. 3e ci#. 3ei lib. ?. ca". .,.
-?,-. 9ee%ing their o'n$ saith Paul$ not :hrist!s.
-?,A. 5e hath the 3uchy of 9"oleto in Italy$ the Mar0uisate of Ancona$
beside 1ome$ and the territories adjacent$ ologna$ 7errara$ Fc.
A#ignon in 7rance$ Fc.
-?,/. Estote fratres mei$ et "rinci"es hujus mundi.
-?,B. The *aity sus"ect their greatness$ 'itness those statutes of
mortmain.
-?=C. *ib. /. de Academ.
-?=,. Praefat. lib. de "arado+. Desuit-1om. "ro#incia habet :ol. .-.
8ea"ol. =.. Ieneta ,.. *ucit. ,@. India$ orient. ,A. razil. =C$ Fc.
-?==. In his :hronic. #it. 5en. /.
-?=.. ,@. ca". of his funeral monuments.
-?=?. Pausanias in *aconicis lib. .. Idem de Achaicas lib. A. cujus summae
o"es$ et #alde inclyta fama.
-?=@. E+ercit. Eth. :olleg. .. dis". ..
-?=-. Act. +i+. =/.
-?=A. Pontife+ 1omanus "rorsus inermis regibus terrae jura dat$ ad regna
e#ehit ad "acem cogit$ et "eccantes castigat$ Fc. 0uod im"eratores
1omani ?C. legionibus armati non effecerunt.
-?=/. Mirum 0uanta "assus sit 5. =. 0uomodo se submisit$ ea se facturum
"ollicitus$ 0uorum hodie ne "ri#atus 0uidem "artem faceret.
-?=B. 9igonius B. hist. Ital.
-?.C. :urio lib. ?. 7o+ Martyrol.
-?.,. 5ierocles contends A"ollonius to ha#e been as great a "ro"het as
:hrist$ 'hom Eusebius confutes.
-?.=. Munster :osmog. l. .. c. .A. Artifices e+ officinis$ arator e sti#a$
foeminae e colo$ Fc. 0uasi numine 0uodam ra"ti$ nesciis "arentibus et
dominis recta adeunt$ Fc. :ombustus demum ab 5erbi"olensi E"isco"o<
haeresis e#anuit.
-?... 8ulla non "ro#incia haeresibus$ Atheismis$ Fc$ "lena. 8ullus orbis
angulus ab hisce belluis immunis.
-?.?. *ib. ,. de nat. 3eorum. L5e ga#e to man an u"'ard gaze$ commanding
him to fi+ his eyes on hea#en.L
-?.@. >anchius.
-?.-. Iirg. -. Aen.
-?.A. 9u"erstitio e+ ignorantia di#initatis emersit$ e+ #itiosa aemulatione
et daemonis illecebris$ inconstans$ timens$ fluctuans$ et cui se
addicat nesciens$ 0uem im"loret$ cui se committat$ a daemone facile
dece"ta. *emnius$ lib. .. c. /.
-?./. 9eneca.
-?.B. Iide aronium . Annalium ad annum .=?. #it. :onstantin.
-??C. 3e rerum #arietate$ l. .. c. ./. Parum #ero distat sa"ientia #irorum
a "uerili$ multo minus senum et mulierum$ cum metu et su"erstitione
et aliena stultitia et im"robitate sim"lices agitantur.
-??,. In all su"erstition 'ise men follo' fools. acon!s Essays.
-??=. Peregrin$ 5ieros. ca. @. totum scri"tum confusum sine ordine #el
colore$ abs0ue sensu et ratione ad rusticissimos$ idem dedit$
rudissimos$ et "rorsus agrestes$ 0ui nullius erant discretionis$ ut
dijudicare "ossent.
-??.. *ib. ,. ca". B. Ialent. haeres. B.
-???. Meteranus li. /. hist. elg.
-??@. 9i doctores suum fecissent officium$ et "lebem fidei commissam recte
instituissent de doctrirnae christianae$ ca"itib. nec sacris
scri"turis interdi+issent$ de multis "roculdubio recte sensissent.
-??-. :urtius li. ?.
-??A. 9ee more in 6emnisius! E+amen :oncil. Trident. de Purgatorio.
-??/. Part ,. c. ,-$ "art .. ca". ,/. et ,?.
-??B. Austin.
-?@C. :urtius$ lib. /.
-?@,. *am"ridius #itae ejus. Iirgines #estales$ et sacrum ignem 1omae
e+tin+it$ et omnes ubi0ue "er orbem terrae religiones$ unum hoc
studens ut solus deus coleretur.
-?@=. 7lagellatorum secta. Munster. lib. .. :osmog. ca". ,B.
-?@.. Iotum coelibatus$ monachatus.
-?@?. Mater sanitatis$ cla#is coelorum$ ala animae 0uae le#es "ennas
"roducat$ ut in sublime ferat< currus s"iritus sancti$ #e+ilium
fidei$ "orta "aradisi$ #ita angelorum$ Fc.
-?@@. :astigo cor"us meum.
-?@-. Mor. necom.
-?@A. *ib. /. ca". ,C. de rerum #arietate& admiratione digna sunt 0uae "er
jejunium hoc modo contingunt& somnia$ su"erstitio$ contem"tus
tormentorum$ mortis desiderium obstinata o"inio$ insania& jejunium
naturaliter "re"arat ad haec omnia.
-?@/. E"ist. i. .. Ita attenuatus fuit jejunio et #igiliis$ in tantum e+eso
cor"ora ut ossibus #i+ haerebat$ undo nocte infantum #agitus$ balatus
"ecorum$ mugitus boum$ #oces et ludibria daemonum$ Fc.
-?@B. *ib. de abstinentia$ 9obrietas et continentia mentem deo conjungunt.
-?-C. E+tasis nihil est aliud 0uam gustus futurae beatitudinis. Erasmus
e"ist. ad 3or"ium in 0ua toti absorbemur in 3eum.
-?-,. 9i religiosum nimis jejunia #ideris obser#antem$ audaciter
melancholicum "ronunciabis. Tract. @. ca". @.
-?-=. 9olitudo i"sa$ mens aegra laboribus an+iis et jejuniis$ tum
tem"eratura cibis mutata agrestibus$ et humor melancholicus 5eremitis
illusionum causa sunt.
-?-.. 9olitudo est causa a""aritionum< nulli #isionibus et hinc delirio
magis obno+ii sunt 0uam 0ui collegis et eremo #i#unt monachi& tales
"lerum0ue melancholici ob #ictum$ solitudinem.
-?-?. Monachi sese "utant "ro"hetare e+ 3eo$ et 0ui solitariam agunt #itam$
0uum sit instinctu daemonum< et sic falluntur fatidicae< a malo genio
habent$ 0uas "utant a 3eo$ et sic enthusiastae.
-?-@. 9ibylla$ Pythii$ et "ro"hetae 0ui di#inare solent$ omnes fanatici
sunt melancholici.
-?--. E+ercit. c. ,.
-?-A. 3e di#inatione et magicis "raestigiis.
-?-/. Idem.
-?-B. Post. ,@ dierum "reces et jejunia$ mirabiles #idebat #isiones.
-?AC. 7ol. /?. #ita 9te"hani$ et fol. ,AA. "ost trium mensium inediam et
languorem "er B dies nihil comedens aut bibens.
-?A,. After contem"lation in an ecstasy< so 5ierom 'as 'hi""ed for reading
Tully< see millions of e+am"les in our annals.
-?A=. ede$ Gregory$ Dacobus de Ioragine$ *i""omanus$ 5ieronymus$ Dohn
Major de #itiis "atrum$ Fc.
-?A.. 7ol. ,BB. "ost abstinentiae curas miras illusiones daemonum audi#it.
-?A?. 7ol. ,@@. "ost seriam meditationem in #igila dici dominicae #isionem
habuit de "urgatorio.
-?A@. Hbi multos dies manent jejuni consilio sacerdotum au+ilia in#ocantes.
-?A-. In 8ecromant. Et cibus 0uidem glandes erant$ "otus a0ua$ lectus sub
di#o$ Fc.
-?AA. Dohn E#erardus ritanno. 1omanus lib. edit. ,-,, describes all the
manner of it.
-?A/. Iarius ma""a com"onere risum #i+ "oterat.
-?AB. Pleno ridet :at"hurnius ore. 5or.
-?/C. Alanus de Insulis.
-?/,. :icero ,. de finibus.
-?/=. In Micah comment.
-?/.. Gall. hist. lib. ,.
-?/?. *actantius.
-?/@. Du#. 9at. ,@.
-?/-. :omment in Micah. 7erre non "ossunt ut illorum Messias communis
ser#ator sit$ nostrum gaudium$ Fc. Messias #el decem decies
crucifi+uri essent$ i"sum0ue 3eum si id fieri "osset$ una cum angelis
et creaturis omnibus$ nec absterretur ab hoc facto et si mille
interna subeunda forent.
-?/A. *ucret.
-?//. *ucan.
-?/B. Ad Galat. comment. 8omen odiosius meum 0uam ullus homicida aut fur.
-?BC. In comment. Micah. Adeo incom"rehensibilis et as"era eorum su"erbia$
Fc.
-?B,. 9ynagog. Dudaeorum$ ca. ,. Inter eorum intelligentissimos 1abbinos
nil "raeter ignorantiam et insi"ientiam grandem in#enies$ horrendam
indurationem$ et obsti nationem$ Fc.
-?B=. Great is 3iana of the E"hesians$ Act. +#.
-?B.. Malunt cum illis insanire$ 0uam cum aliis bene sentire.
-?B?. Acosta$ l. @.
-?B@. 2 Aegy"te$ religionis tuae solae su"ersunt fabulae eae0ue
incredibiles "osteris tuis.
-?B-. Meditat. ,B. de coena domin.
-?BA. *ib. ,. de trin. ca". =. si dece"ti sumus$ Fc.
-?B/. Iide 9amsatis Is"hocanis objectiones in monachum Milesium.
-?BB. *ege 5ossman. Mus e+enteratus.
-@CC. As true as 5omer!s Iliad$ 2#id!s Metamor"hoses$ Aeso"!s 7ables.
-@C,. 3ial. @=. de oraculis.
-@C=. 2 sanctas gentes 0uibus haec nascuntur in horto 8uminaO Du#en. 9at.
,@.
-@C.. Prudentius. L5a#ing "roceeded to deify lee%s and onions$ you$ oh
Egy"t$ 'orshi" such gods.L
-@C?. Praefat. #er. hist.
-@C@. Tiguri. fol. ,?B?.
-@C-. 1osin$ anti0. 1om. l. =. c. ,. et deince"s.
-@CA. *ib. de di#inatione et magicis "raestigiis in Mo"so.
-@C/. :osmo Paccio Inter"ret. nihil ab aeris caligine aut figurarum
#arietate im"editus meram "ulchritudinem meruit$ e+ultans et
misericordia motus$ cognatos amicos 0ui adhuc morantur in terra
tuetur$ errantibus succurrit$ Fc. 3eus hoc jussit ut essent genii dii
tutelares hominibus$ bonos ju#antes$ males "unientes$ Fc.
-@CB. 9acrorum gent. descri"t. non bene meritos solum$ sed et tyrannos "ro
diis colunt$ 0ui genus humanum horrendum in modum "ortentosa
immanitate di#e+arunt$ Fc. foedas meretrices$ Fc.
-@,C. :a". ==. de #er. rel. 3eos fin+erunt eorum "oetae$ ut infiantium
"u""as.
-@,,. Proem$ lib. :ontra$ "hilos.
-@,=. *i#ius$ lib. ,. 3eus #obis in "osterum "ro"itius$ Kuirites.
-@,.. Anth. Ierdure Imag. deorum.
-@,?. Mulieris candido s"lendentes ainicimine #ario0ue laetentes gestimine$
#erno florentes conamine$ solum sternentes. Fc. A"uleius$ lib. ,,. de
Asino aureo.
-@,@. Magna religione 0uaeritur 0uae "ossit adultoria "lura numerare Minut.
-@,-. *ib. de sacrificiis$ 7umo inhiantes. et muscarum in morem sanguinem
e+ugentes circum aras effusum.
-@,A. Imagines 3eorum lib. sic. inscri"t.
-@,/. 3e #er. relig. ca". ==. Indigni 0ui terram calcent$ Fc.
-@,B. 2cta#iano.
-@=C. Du"iter Tragoedus$ de sacrificiis$ et "assim alias.
-@=,. --- se#eral %inds of sacrifices in Egy"t Major rec%ons u"$ tom. =.
coll. of 'hich read more in ca". ,. of *aurentius Pignorius his Egy"t
characters$ a cause of 'hich 9anubiua gi#es subcis. lib. .. ca". ,.
-@==. 5erod. :lio. Immola#it lecta "ecora ter mille 3el"his$ una cum lectis
"hialis tribus.
-@=.. 9u"erstitiosus Dulianus innumeras sine "arsirnonia "ecudes macta#it.
Amianus =@. o#es albi. M. :aesari salutem$ si tu #iceris "erimus<
lib. .. 1omara obser#antissimi sunt ceremoniarum$ bello "raesertim.
-@=?. 3e sacrificiis& nuculam "ro bona #aletudine$ bo#es 0uatuor "ro
di#itiis$ centum tauros "ro sos"ite a Trojae reditu$ Fc.
-@=@. 3e sacris Gentil. et sacrific. Tyg. ,@B-.
-@=-. Enim#ero si 0uis recenseret 0uae stulti mortales in festis$
sacrificiis$ diis adorandis$ Fc. 0uae #ota faciant$ 0uid de iis
statuant$ Fc. haud scio an risurus$ Fc.
-@=A. Ma+. Tyrius ser. ,. :roesus regum omnium stultissimus de lebete
consulit$ alius de numero arenarum$ dimensione maris$ Fc.
-@=/. *ib. ?.
-@=B. Perigr. 5ierosol.
-@.C. 9olinus.
-@.,. 5erodotus.
-@.=. oterus "olit. lib. =. ca". ,-.
-@... Plutarch #it. :rassi.
-@.?. They 'ere of the Gree% church.
-@.@. *ib. @. de gestis 9canderbegis.
-@.-. In tem"lis immania Idolorum monstra cons"iciuntur$ marmorea$ lignea$
lutea$ Fc. 1iccius.
-@.A. 3eum enim "lacare non est o"us$ 0uia non nocet< sed daemonem
sacrifices "lacant$ Fc.
-@./. 7er. :ortesius.
-@.B. M. Polas. *od. Iertomannus na#ig. lib. -. ca". B. P. Martyr. 2cean$
dec.
-@?C. Pro"ertius lib. .. eleg. ,=. LThere is a contest amongst the li#ing
'i#es as to 'hich shall follo' the husband$ and not be allo'ed to die
for him is accounted a disgrace.L
-@?,. Matthias a Michou.
-@?=. E"ist. Desuit. anno. ,@?B. a Ja#erto et socus. Idem0ue 1iccius
e+"edid. ad 9inas l. ,. "er totum Dejunatores a"ud eos toto die
carnibus abstinent et "iscibus ob religionem$ nocte et die Idola
colentes< nus0uam egredientes.
-@?.. Ad immortalitatem morte as"irant summi magistrates$ Fc. Et multi
mortales hac insania$ et "rae"ostero immortalitatis studio laborant$
et misere "ereunt& re+ i"se clam #enenum hausisset$ nisi a ser#o
fuisset detentus.
-@??. :antione in lib. ,C. onini de re"ub. fol. ,,,.
-@?@. Kuin i"sius diaboli ut ne0uitiam referant.
-@?-. *ib. de su"erstit.
-@?A. 5ominibus #itas finis mors$ non autem su"erstitionis$ "rofert haec
suos terminos ultra #itae finem.
-@?/. u+torfius 9ynagog. Dud. c. ?. Inter "recandum nemo "ediculos
attingat$ #el "ulicem$ aut "er guttur inferius #entum emittas$ Fc.
Id. c. @. et. se0. ca". .-.
-@?B. Illic omnia animalia$ "isces$ a#es$ 0uos 3eus un0uam crea#it
mactabuntur$ et #inum generosum$ Fc.
-@@C. :ujus la"su cedri altissimi .CC dejecti sunt$ 0uum0ue e la"su o#um
fuerat confractum$ "agi ,-C inde submersi$ et allu#ione inundati.
-@@,. E#ery %ing of the 'orld shall send him one of his daughters to be his
'ife$ because it is 'ritten$ Ps. +l#. ,C. L6ings! daughters shall
attend on him$L Fc.
-@@=. Kuum 0uadringentis adhuc milliaribus ab im"eratore *eo hic abesset$
tam fortiter rugiebat$ ut mulieres 1omanae abortierint omnes$
muti0ue$ Fc.
-@@.. 9trozzius :icogna omnif. mag. lib. ,. c. ,. "utida multa recenset e+
Alcorano$ de coelo$ stellis$ Angelis$ *onicerus c. =,$ ==. l. ,.
-@@?. Kuin0uies in die orare Turcae tenentur ad meridiem. redenbachius
ca". @.
-@@@. In 0uolibet anno mensem integrum jejunant interdiu$ nec comedentes
nec bibentes$ Fc.
-@@-. 8ullis un0uam multi "er totam aetatem carnibus #escuntur. *eo Afer.
-@@A. *onicerus to. ,. ca". ,A. ,/.
-@@/. Gotardus Arthus ca. ... hist. orient. Indiae< o"inio est e+"iatorium
esse Gangem< et nec mundum ab omni "eccato nec sal#um fieri "osse$
0ui non hoc flumine se abluat& 0uam ob causam e+ tota India$ Fc.
-@@B. Kuia nil #olunt deince"s #idere.
-@-C. 8ullum se conflictandi finem facit.
-@-,. Ht in ali0uem angulum se reci"eret$ ne reus fieret ejus delicti 0uod
i"se erat admissurus.
-@-=. Gregor. 5om.
-@-.. Lound to the dictates of no master.L
-@-?. E"ist. ,BC.
-@-@. 2rat. /. ut #ertigine corre"tis #identur omnia mo#eri$ omnia iis
falsa sunt$ 0uum error in i"sorum cerebro sit.
-@--. 1es no#as affectant et inutiles$ falsa #eris "raeferunt. =. 0uod
temeritas effutierit$ id su"erbia "ost modum tuebitur et contumaciae$
Fc.
-@-A. 9ee more in Iincent. *yrin.
-@-/. Aust. de haeres. usus mulierum indifferens.
-@-B. Kuod ante "ecca#it Adam$ nudus erat.
-@AC. Alii nudis "edibus sem"er ambulant.
-@A,. Insana feritate sibi non "arcunt nam "er mortes #arias "raeci"itiorum
a0uarum et ignium. sei"sos necant$ et in istum furorem alios cogunt$
mortem minantes ni faciant.
-@A=. Elench. haeret. ab orbe condito.
-@A.. 8ubrigensis. lib. ca". ,B.
-@A?. Do#ian. Pont. Ant. 3ial.
-@A@. :um "er Paganos nomen ejus "erse0ui non "oterat$ sub s"ecie
religionis fraudulenter sub#ertere dis"onebat.
-@A-. That 'rit _de "rofesso_ against :hristians$ et "alestinum deum (ut
9ocrates lib. .. ca". ,B.) scri"turam nugis "lenam$ Fc. #ide :yrillum
in Dulianum$ 2riginem in :elsum$ Fc.
-@AA. 2ne image had one go'n 'orth ?CC cro'ns and more.
-@A/. As at our lady!s church at ergamo in Italy.
-@AB. *ucilius lib. ,. ca". ==. de falsa relig.
-@/C. An. ??,.
-@/,. 5os"inian 2siander. An haec "ro"ositio 3eus sit cucurbita #el
scarabeus$ sit ae0ue "ossibilis ac 3eus et homoN An "ossit res"ectum
"roducere sine fundamento et termino. An le#ius sit hominem jugulare
0uam die dominico calceum consuereN
-@/=. 3e doct. :hristian.
-@/.. 3aniel.
-@/?. L4hilst these fools a#oid one #ice they run into another of an
o""osite character.L
-@/@. Agri". e". =B.
-@/-. Ale+. Gaguin. ==. 3isci"ulis ascitis mirum in modum "o"ulum dece"it.
-@/A. Guicciard. descri". elg. com. "lures habuit asseclas ab iisdem
honoratus.
-@//. 5en. 8icholas at *eiden ,@/C. such a one.
-@/B. 9ee :amden!s Annals fo. =?=. et =/@.
-@BC. Arius his bo'els burst< Montanus hanged himself$ Fc. Eudo de stellis$
his disci"les$ ardere "otius 0uam ad #itam corrigi maluerunt< tanta
#is infi+i semel erroris$ they died blas"heming. 8ubrigensis c. B.
lib. ,. Der. #ii. =.. Amos. #. @.
-@B,. @. :a".
-@B=. Po"linerius *erius "raef. hist. 1ich. 3inoth.
-@B.. Ad#ers. gerites lib. ,. "ost0uam in mundo :hristiana gens coe"it$
terrarum orbem "eriise$ et multis malis affectum esse genus humanum
#idemus.
-@B?. Kuod nec hyeme$ nec aestate tanta imbrium co"ia$ nec frugibus
torrendis solita flagrantia$ nec #ernali tem"erie sata tam laeta
sint$ nec arboreis foetibus autumni foecundi$ minus de montibus
marmor ernatur$ minus aurum$ Fc.
-@B@. 9olitus erat oblectare se fidibus$ et #oce musica canentium< sed hoc
omne sublatum 9ybillae cujusdam inter#entu$ Fc. Inde 0uic0uid erat
instrumentorum 9ym"honiacorum$ aura gemmis0ue egregio o"ere
distinctorum comminuit$ et in ignem injecit$ Fc.
-@B-. 2b id genus obser#atiunculas #idemus homines misere affligi$ et
deni0ue mori$ et sibi i"sis :hristianos #ideri 0uum re#era sint
Dudaei.
-@BA. Ita in cor"ora nostra fortunas0ue decretis suis sae#iit ut "arum
obfuerat nisi 3eus *utherum #irum "er"etua memoria dignissimum
e+citasset$ 0uin nobis faeno mo+ communi cum jumentis cibo utendum
fuisset.
-@B/. The Gentiles in India 'ill eat no sensible creatures$ or aught that
hath blood in it.
-@BB. Iandormilius de Aucu"io. ca". =A.
--CC. 9ome e+"lode all human authors$ arts$ and sciences$ "oets$ histories$
Fc.$ so "recise$ their zeal o#erruns their 'its< and so stu"id$ they
o""ose all human learning$ because they are ignorant themsel#es and
illiterate$ nothing must be read but 9cri"tures< but these men
deser#e to be "itied$ rather than confuted. 2thers are so strict they
'ill admit of no honest game and "leasure$ no dancing$ singing$ other
"lays$ recreations and games$ ha'%ing$ hunting$ coc%-fighting$
bear-baiting$ Fc.$ because to see one beast %ill another is the fruit
of our rebellion against God$ Fc.
--C,. 8uda ac tremebunda cruentis Irre"et genibus si candida jusserit Ino.
Du#enalis. 9ect. -.
--C=. Munster :osmog. lib. .. ca". ???. Incidit in cloacam$ unde se non
"ossit e+imere$ im"lorat o"em sociorum$ sed illi negant$ Fc.
--C.. 3e benefic. A. =.
--C?. 8umen #enerare "raesertim 0uod ci#itas colit.
--C@. 2cta#io dial.
--C-. Annal. tom. .. ad annum .=?. ,.
--CA. 2#id. L9aturn is dead$ his la's died 'ith him< no' that Du"iter rules
the 'orld$ let us obey his la's.L
--C/. In e"ist. 9ym.
--CB. Kuia deus immensum 0uiddam est$ et infinitum cujus natura "erfecte
cognosci non "otest$ ae0uum ergo est$ ut di#ersa ratione colatur
"rout 0uis0ue ali0uid de 3eo "erci"it aut intelligit.
--,C. :am"anella :alcaginus$ and others.
--,,. Aeternae beatitudinis consortes fore$ 0ui sancte innocenter0ue hanc
#itam tradu+erint$ 0uamcun0ue illi religionem se0uuti sunt.
--,=. :omment. in :. Tim. -. #er. =C. et =,. se#eritate cum agendum$ et non
aliter.
--,.. Kuod silentium haereticis indi+erit.
--,?. Igne et fuste "otius agendum cum haereticis 0uam cum dis"utationibus<
os alia lo0uens$ Fc.
--,@. Praefat. 5ist.
--,-. Kuidam con0uestus est mihi de hoc morbo$ et de"recatus est ut ego
illum curarem< ego 0uaesi#i ab eo 0uid sentiret< res"ondit$ sem"er
imaginor et cogito de 3eo et angelis$ Fc. et ita demersus sum hac
imaginatione$ ut nec edam nec dormiam$ nec negotiis$ Fc. Ego cura#i
medicine et "ersuasione< et sic "lures alios.
--,A. 3e anima$ c. de humoribus.
--,/. Du#enal. LThat there are many ghosts and subterranean realms$ and a
boat-"ole$ and blac% frogs in the 9tygian gulf$ and that so many
thousands "ass o#er in one boat$ not e#en boys belie#e$ unless those
not as yet 'ashed for money.L
--,B. *ib. @. Gal. hist$ 0uam"lurimi re"erti sunt 0ui tot "ericula
subeuntes irridebant< et 0uae de fide$ religione$ Fc. dicebant$
ludibrio habebant$ nihil eorum admittentes de futura #ita.
--=C. @C$CCC atheists at this day in Paris$ Mercennus thin%s.
--=,. LEat$ drin%$ be merry< there is no more "leasure after death.L
--==. 5or. l. =. od. ,.. L2ne day succeeds another$ and ne' moons hasten to
their 'ane.L
--=.. *u%e +#ii.
--=?. 4isd. ii. =.
--=@. Iers. -$ A$ /.
--=-. :atullus.
--=A. Pro#. #ii. /.
--=/. LTime glides a'ay$ and 'e gro' old by years insensibly accumulating.L
--=B. *ib. ,.
--.C. M. Montan. lib. ,. ca". ?.
--.,. 2rat. :ont. 5is"an. ne "ro+imo decennio deum adorarent$ Fc.
--.=. Talem se e+hibuit$ ut nec in :hristum$ nec Mahometan crederet$ unde
effectum ut "romissa nisi 0uatenus in suum commodum cederent minime
ser#aret$ nec ullo scelere "eccatum statueret$ ut suis desideriis
satisfaceret.
--... *ib. de mor. Germ.
--.?. 2r reslau.
--.@. Hs0ue adeo insanus$ ut nec inferos$ nec su"eros esse dicat$ animas0ue
cum cor"oribus interire credat$ Fc.
--.-. Euro"ae deser. ca". =?.
--.A. 7ratres a ry Amer. "ar. -. librum a Iincentio monacho datum abjecit$
nihil se #idere ibi hujusmodi dicens rogans0ue unde haec sciret$ 0uum
de coelo et Tartaro contineri ibi diceret.
--./. 8on minus hi furunt 0uam 5ercules$ 0ui conjugem et liberos
interfecit< habet haec aetas "lura hujusmodi "ortentosa monstra.
--.B. 3e orbis con. lib. ,. ca". A.
--?C. 8onne 1omani sine 3eo #estro regnant et fruuntur orbe toto$ et #os et
3eos #estros ca"ti#os tenent$ Fc. Minutius 2cta#iano.
--?,. :omment. in Genesin co"iosus in hoc subjecto.
--?=. Ecce "ars #estrum et major et melior alget$ fame laborat$ et deus
"atitur$ dissimulat$ non #ult$ non "otest o"itulari suis$ et #el
in#alidus #el ini0uus est. :ecilius in Minut. 3um ra"iunt mala fata
bonos$ ignoscite fasso$ 9ollicitor nullos esse "utare deos. 2#id.
Iidi ego diis fretos$ multos deci"i. Plautus :asina act. =. scen. @.
--?.. Martial. l. ?. e"ig. =,.
--??. 9er. .C. in @. ca". ad E"hes. hic fractii est "edibus$ alter furit$
alius ad e+tremam senectam "rogressus omnem #itam "au"ertate "eragit$
ille morbis gra#issimis& sunt haec Pro#identiae o"eraN hic surdus$
ille mutus$ Fc.
--?@. L2hO Du"iter$ do you hear those thingsN :ollecting many such facts$
they 'ea#e a tissue of re"roaches against God!s "ro#idence.L
--?-. 2mnia contingenter fieri #olunt. Melancthon in "raece"tum "rimum.
--?A. 3ial. ,. lib. ?. de admir. nat. Arcanis.
--?/. Anima mea sit cum animis "hiloso"horum.
--?B. 3eum unum multis designant nominibus$ Fc.
--@C. 8on intelligis te 0uum haec dicis$ negare te i"sum nomen 3ei& 0uid
enim est aliud 8atura 0uam 3eusN Fc. tot habet a""ellationes 0uot
munera.
--@,. Austin.
--@=. Princi"io "haemer.
--@.. LIn cities$ %ings$ religions$ and in indi#idual men$ these things are
true and ob#ious$ as Aristotle a""ears to im"ly$ and daily e+"erience
teaches to the reader of history& for 'hat 'as more sacred and
illustrious$ by Gentile la'$ than Du"iterN 'hat no' more #ile and
e+ecrableN In this 'ay celestial objects suggest religions for
'orldly moti#es$ and 'hen the influ+ ceases$ so does the la'$L Fc.
--@?. LAnd again a great Achilles shall be sent against Troy& religions and
their ceremonies shall be born again< ho'e#er affairs rela"se into
the same trac%$ there is nothing no' that 'as not formerly and 4ill
not be again$L Fc.
--@@. Ianinus dial. @=. de oraculis.
--@-. Iarie homines affecti$ alii dei judicium ad tam "ii e+ilium$ alii ad
naturam referebant$ nec ab indignatione dei$ sed humanis causis$ Fc.
,=. 8atural$ 0uaest. ... .B.
--@A. Du#. 9at. ,.. LThere are those 'ho ascribe e#erything to chance$ and
belie#e that the 'orld is made 'ithout a director$ nature influencing
the #icissitudes$L Fc.
--@/. E"ist. ad :. :aesar. 1omani olim "utabant fortunam regna et im"eria
dare& :redebant antea mortales fortunam solam o"es et honores
largiri$ id0ue duabus de causis< "rimum 0uod indignus 0uis0ue di#es
honoratus$ "otens< alterum$ #i+ 0uis0uam "er"etuo bonis iis frui
#isus. Postea "rudentiores didicere fortunam suam 0uem0ue fingere.
--@B. ,C de legib. Alii negant esse deos$ alii deos non curare res humanas$
alii utra0ue concedunt.
---C. *ib. /. ad mathern.
---,. 2rigen. contra :elsum. l. .. hos immerito nobiscum conferri fuse
declarat.
---=. :rucifi+um deum ignominiose *ucianus #ita "eregrin. :hristum #ocat.
---.. 3e ira$ ,-. .?. Iratus coelo 0uod obstre"eret$ ad "ugnam #ocans
Do#em$ 0uanta dementiaN "uta#it sibi nocere non "osse$ et se nocere
tamen Do#i "osse.
---?. *ib. ,. ,.
---@. Idem status "ost mortem$ ac fuit ante0uam nasceremur$ et 9eneca. Idem
erit "ost me 0uod ante me fuit.
----. *ucernae eadem conditio 0uum e+tinguitur$ ac fuit ante0uam
accenderetur< ita et hominis.
---A. 3issert$ cum nunc sider.
---/. :am"anella$ ca". ,/. Atheism$ trium"hat.
---B. :omment. in Gen. ca". A.
--AC. 9o that a man may meet an atheist as soon in his study as in the
street.
--A,. 9imonis religio incerto auctore :raco#iae edit. ,@//$ conclusio libri
est$ Ede ita0ue$ bibe$ lude$ Fc. jam 3eus figmentum est.
--A=. *ib. de immortal. animae.
--A.. Pag. -?@. an. ,=./. ad finem 5enrici tertii. Idem Pisterius$ "ag.
A?.. in com"ilat. sua.
--A?. Iirg. LThey "lace fear$ fate$ and the sound of cra#ing Acheron under
their feet.L
--A@. 1om. +ii. =.
--A-. 2mnis Aristi""um decuit color$ et status$ et res.
--AA. Psal. +iii. ,.
--A/. Guicciardini.
--AB. Erasmus.
--/C. 5ierom.
--/,. 9enec. consol. ad Polyb. ca. =,.
--/=. 3is"ut. ?. Philoso"hiae ad#er. Atheos. Ienetiis ,-=A$ 0uarto.
--/.. Edit. 1omae$ fol. ,-.,.
--/?. Abernethy$ c. =?. of his Physic of the 9oul.
--/@. 2missa s"e #ictoriae in destinatam mortem cons"irant$ tantus0ue ardor
singulos ce"it$ ut #ictores se "utarent si non inulti morerentur.
Dustin. l. =C.
--/-. Method. hist. ca". @.
--/A. 5osti abire #olenti iter minime interscindas$ Fc.
--//. Poster #olum.
--/B. 9u"er "raece"tum "rimum de 1elig. et "artibus ejus. 8on lo0uor de
omni des"eratione$ sed tantum de ea 0ua des"erare solent homines de
3eo< o""onitur s"ei$ et est "eccatum gra#issimum$ Fc.
--BC. *ib. @. lit. =,. de regis institut. 2mnium "ertubationum deterrima.
--B,. 1e"robi us0ue ad finem "ertinaciter "ersistunt. >anchius.
--B=. Iitium ab infidelitate "roficiscens.
--B.. Abernethy.
--B?. , 9am. ii. ,-.
--B@. Psal. +++#iii. #ers. B. ,?.
--B-. Immiscent se mali genii$ *em. lib. ,. ca". ,-.
--BA. :ases of conscience$ l. ,. ,-.
--B/. Tract. Melan. ca"". .. et .?.
--BB. :a". .. de mentis alien. 3eo minus se curae esse$ nec ad salutem
"raedestinatos esse. Ad des"erationem sae"e ducit haec melancholia$
et est fre0uentissima ob su""licii metum aeternum0ue judicium< meror
et metus in des"erationem "lerum0ue desinunt.
-ACC. :omment. in ,. ca". gen. artic. .. 0uia im"ii florent boni
o""rimuntur$ Fc. alius e+ consideratione hujus seria des"erabundus.
-AC,. *ib. =C. c. ,A.
-AC=. 3amnatam se "uta#it$ et 0uatuor menses Gehennae "oenam sentire.
-AC.. ,@--. ob triticum diutius ser#atum conscientiae stimulis agitatur$
Fc.
-AC?. Tom. =. c. =A. num. =/=. con#ersatio cum scru"ulosis$ #igiliae$
jejunia.
-AC@. 9olitarios et su"erstitiosos "lerum0ue e+agitat conscientia$ non
mercatores$ lenones$ cau"ones$ foeneratoreN$ Fc. largiorem hi nacti
sunt conscientiam. Du#enes "lerum0ue conscientiam negligunt$ senes
autem$ Fc.
-AC-. Annon sentis sul"hur in0uitN
-ACA. 3es"erabundus misere "eriit.
-AC/. In ,A. Dohannis. 8on "auci se cruciant$ et e+carnificant in tantum$
ut non "arum absint ab insania< ne0ue tamen aliud hac mentis
an+ietate efficiunt$ 0uam ut diabolo "otestatem faciant i"sos "er
des"erationem ad infernos "roducendi.
-ACB. 3re+elius 8icet. lib. =. ca". ,,. LEternity$ that 'ord$ that
tremendous 'ord$ more threatening than thunders and the artillery of
hea#en--Eternity$ that 'ord$ 'ithout end or origin. 8o torments
affright us 'hich are limited to years& Eternity$ eternity$ occu"ies
and inflames the heart--this it is that daily augments our
sufferings$ and multi"lies our heart-burnings a hundredfold.L
-A,C. Ecclesiast. ,. ,. 5aud scio an majus discrimen ab his 0ui
blandiuntur$ an ab his 0ui territant< ingens utrin0ue "ericulum& alii
ad securitatem ducunt$ alii afflictionum magnitudine mentem
absorbent$ et in des"erationem trahunt.
-A,,. ern. su". ,-. cant. ,. alterum sine altero "roferre non e+"edit<
recordatio solius judicii in des"erationem "raeci"itat$ et
misericordis< falla+ ostentatio "essimam generat securitatem.
-A,=. In *uc. hom. ,C.. e+igunt ab aliis charitatem$ beneficentiam$ cum
i"si nil s"ectent "raeter libidinem$ in#idiam$ a#aritiam.
-A,.. *eo 3ecimus.
-A,?. 3eo futuro judicio$ de damnatione horrendum cre"unt$ et amaras illas
"otationes in ore sem"er habent$ ut multos inde in des"erationem
cogant.
-A,@. Euri"ides. L2 'retched 2restes$ 'hat malady consumes youNL
-A,-. L:onscience$ for I am conscious of e#il.L
-A,A. Pierius.
-A,/. Gen. i#.
-A,B. B causes Musculus ma%es.
-A=C. Plutarch.
-A=,. Alios misere castigat "lena scru"ulis conscientia$ nodum in scir"o
0uaerunt$ et ubi nulla causa subest$ misericordiae di#inae
diffidentes$ se 2reo destinant.
-A==. :oelius$ lib. -.
-A=.. Du#enal. L8ight and day they carry their 'itnesses in the breast.L
-A=?. *ucian. de dea 9yria. 9i adstiteris$ te as"icit< si transeas$ #isu te
se0uitur.
-A=@. Prima haec est ultio$ 0uod se judice nemo nocens absol#itur$ im"roba
0uam#is gratia fallacis "raetoris #icerit urnam. Du#enal.
-A=-. Kuis un0uam #idit a#arum ringi$ dum lucrum adest$ adulterum dum
"otitur #oto$ lugere in "er"etrando scelereN #olu"tate sumus ebrii$
"roinde non sentimus$ Fc.
-A=A. uchanan$ lib. -. 5ist. 9cot.
-A=/. Animus conscientia sceleris in0uietus$ nullum admisit gaudium$ sed
sem"er #e+atus noctu et interdiu "er somnum #isis horrore "lenis
"utremefactus$ Fc.
-A=B. 3e bello 8ea"ol.
-A.C. Thirens de locis infestis$ "art. ,. ca". =. 8ero!s mother 'as still
in his eyes.
-A.,. Psal. +li#. ,.
-A.=. LAnd 8emesis "ursues and notices the ste"s of men$ lest you commit
any e#il.L
-A... 1egina causarum et arbitra rerum$ nunc erectas cer#ices o""rimit$ Fc.
-A.?. Ale+. Gaguinus catal. reg. Pol.
-A.@. :osmog. Munster$ et Magde.
-A.-. Plinius$ ca". ,C. l. .@. :onsum"tis affectibus$ Agamemnonis ca"ut
#ela#it$ ut omnes 0uem "ossent$ ma+imum moerorem in #irginis "atre
cogitarent.
-A.A. :a". ,@. in B. 1hasis.
-A./. Du#. 9at. ,..
-A.B. Mentem eri"it timor hic< #ultum$ totum0ue cor"oris habitum immutat$
etiam in deliciis$ in tri"udiis$ in sym"osiis$ in am"le+u conjugis
carnificinam e+ercet$ lib. ?. ca". =,.
-A?C. 8on sinit conscientia tales homines recta #erba "roferre$ aut rectis
0uen0uam oculis as"icere$ ab omni hominum coetu eosdem e+terminat$ et
dormientes "erterrefacit. Philost. lib. ,. de #ita A"ollonii.
-A?,. Eusebius$ 8ice"horus eccles. hist. lib. ?. c. ,A.
-A?=. 9eneca$ lib. ,/. e"ist. ,C-. :onscientia aliud agere non "atitur$
"erturbatam #itam agunt$ nun0uam #acant$ Fc.
-A?.. Artic. .. ca. ,. fol. =.C. 0uod horrendum dictu$ des"erabundus 0uidam
me "resente cum ad "atientiam hortaretur$ Fc.
-A??. *ib. ,. obser. ca". ..
-A?@. Ad maledicendum 3eo.
-A?-. Goulart.
-A?A. 3um haec scribo$ im"lorat o"em meam monacha$ in reli0uis sana$ et
judicio recta$ "er. @. annos melancholica< damnatum se dicit$
conscientiae stimultis o""ressa$ Fc.
-A?/. Alios con0uerentes audi#i se esse e+ damnatorum numero. 3eo non esse
curae alia0ue infinita 0uae "roferre non audebant$ #el abhorrebant.
-A?B. Musculus$ Patritius$ ad #im sibi inferendam cogit homines.
-A@C. 3e mentis alienat. obser#. lib. ,.
-A@,. H+or Mercatoris diu #e+ationibus tentata$ Fc.
-A@=. Abernethy.
-A@.. usbe0uius.
-A@?. Dohn Major #itis "atrum& 0uidam nega#it :hristum$ "er :hirogra"hum
"ost restitutus.
-A@@. Trinca#elius lib. ..
-A@-. My brother$ George urton$ M. Dames 4hitehall$ rector of :hec%ley$ in
9taffordshire$ my 0uondam chamber-fello'$ and late fello' student in
:hrist :hurch$ 2+on.
-A@A. 9cio 0uam #ana sit et ineffica+ humanorum #erborum "enes afflictos
consolatio$ nisi #erbum 3ei audiatur$ a 0uo #ita$ refrigeratio$
solatium$ "oenitentia.
-A@/. Antid. ad#ersus des"erationem.
-A@B. Tom. =. c. =A. num. =/=.
-A-C. A#ersio cogitationis a re scru"ulosa$ contra#entio scru"ulorum.
-A-,. Magnam injuriam 3eo facit 0ui diffidit de ejus misericordia.
-A-=. onitas in#icti non #incitur< infiniti misericordia non finitur.
-A-.. 5om. .. 3e "oenitentia& Tua 0uidem malitia mensuram habet. 3ei autem
misericordia mensuram non habet. Tua malitia circumscri"ta est$ Fc.
Pelagus etsi magnum mensuram habet< dei autem$ Fc.
-A-?. 8on ut desidiores #os faciam$ sed ut alacriores reddam.
-A-@. Pro "eccatis #eniam "oscere$ et mala de no#o iterare.
-A--. 9i bis$ si ter$ si centies$ si centies millies$ toties "oenitentiam
age.
-A-A. :onscientia mea meruit damnationem$ "oenitentia non sufficit ad
satisfactionem& sed tua misericordia su"erat omnem offensionem.
-A-/. Multo efficacior :hristi mors in bonum$ 0uam "eccata nostra in malum.
:hristus "otentior ad sal#andum$ 0uam daemon ad "erdendum.
-A-B. Peritus medicus "otest omnes infirmitates sanare< si misericors$
#ult.
-AAC. 2mni"otenti medico nullus languor insanabilis occurrit& tu tantum
doceri te sine$ manum ejus ne re"elle& no#it 0uid agat< non tantum
delecteris cum fo#et$ sed toleres 0uum secat.
-AA,. :hrys. hom. .. de "oenit.
-AA=. 9"es salutis "er 0uam "eccatores sal#antur$ 3eus ad misericordiam
"ro#ocatur. Isidor. omnia ligata tu sol#is$ contrita sanas$ confusa
lucidas$ des"erata animas.
-AA.. :hrys. hom @. non fornicatorem abnuit$ non ebrium a#ertit$ non
su"erbum re"ellit$ non a#ersatur Idololatram$ non adulterum$ sed
omnes susci"it$ omnibus communicat.
-AA?. :hrys. hom. @.
-AA@. Kui tur"ibus cantilenis ali0uando in0uina#it os$ di#inis hymnis
animum "urgabit.
-AA-. 5om. @. Introi#it hic 0uis acci"iter$ columba e+it< introi#it lu"us$
o#is egreditur$ Fc.
-AAA. 2mnes languores sanat$ caecis #isum$ claudis gressum$ gratiam
confert$ Fc.
-AA/. 9eneca. L5e 'ho re"ents of his sins is 'ell nigh innocent.L
-AAB. 3electatur 3eus con#ersione "eccatoris< omne tem"us #itae con#ersioni
de"utatur< "ro "raesentibus habentur tam "raeterita 0uam futura.
-A/C. Austin. 9em"er "oenitentiae "ortus a"ertus est ne des"eremus.
-A/,. Kuic0uid feceris$ 0uantumcun0ue "ecca#eris$ adhuc in #ita es$ unde te
omnino si sanare te nollet 3eus$ auferret< "arcendo clamat ut redeas$
Fc.
-A/=. Matt. #i. =..
-A/.. 1e#. ++i. -.
-A/?. Abernethy$ Per%ins.
-A/@. 8on est "oenitentia$ sed 3ei misericordia anne+a.
-A/-. :aecilius Minutio$ 2mnia ista figmenta mala sanae religionis$ et
ine"ta solatia a "oetis in#enta$ #el ab aliis ob commodum$
su"erstitiosa misteria$ Fc.
-A/A. These tem"tations and objections are 'ell ans'ered in Dohn 3o'nam!s
:hristian 4arfare.
-A//. 9eneca.
-A/B. L*icinus lies in a marble tomb$ but :ato in a mean one< Pom"onius has
none$ 'ho can thin% therefore that there are GodsNL
-ABC. Iid. :am"anella ca". -. Atheis. trium"hal$ et c. =. ad argumentum ,=.
ubi "lura. 9i 3eus bonus unde colum$ Fc.
-AB,. *ucan. LIt can!t be true that Dust Do#e reigns.L
-AB=. Per%ins.
-AB.. 5emingius. 8emo "eccat in s"iritum sanctum nisi 0ui finaliter et
#oluntarie renunciat :hristum$ eum0ue et ejus #erbum e+treme
contemnit$ sine 0ua nulla salus< a 0uo "eccato liberet nos 3ominus
Desus :hristus. Amen.
-AB?. Abernethy.
-AB@. 9ee 'hole boo%s of these arguments.
-AB-. *ib. .. fol. ,==. Praejudicata o"inio$ in#ida$ maligna$ et a"ta ad
im"ellendos animos in des"erationem.
-ABA. 9ee the Antidote in :hamier!s tom. .. lib. A. 3o'nam!s :hristian
4arfare$ Fc.
-AB/. Potentior est 3eo diabolus et mundi "rince"s$ et in multitudine
hominum sita est majestas.
-ABB. 5omicida 0ui non sub#enit 0uum "otest< hoc de 3eo sine scelere
cogitari non "otest$ ut"ote 0uum 0uod #ult licet. oni natura
communicari. onus 3eus$ 0uomodo misericordiae$ "ater$ Fc.
-/CC. Iide :yrillum lib. ?. ad#ersus Dulianum$ 0ui "oterimus illi gratias
agere 0ui nobis non misit Mosen et "ro"hetas$ et contem"sit boni
amimarum nostrarum.
-/C,. Ienia danda est iis 0ui non audiunt ob ignoratiam. 8on est tam
ini0uus Dude+ 3eus& ut 0uen0uam indicia causa damnare #elit. Ii solum
damnantur$ 0ui oblatam :hristi gratium rejiciunt.
-/C=. usbe0uius *onicerus$ Tur. hist. To. , l. =.
-/C.. 2lem. Ale+.
-/C?. Paulus Do#ius Elog. #ir. Illust.
-/C@. 8on homines sed et i"si daemones ali0uando ser#andi.
-/C-. Iid Pelsii 5armoniam art. ==. ". =.
-/CA. E"ist. Erasmi de utilitate collo0uior. ad lectorem.--*et 'hoe#er
'ishes dis"ute$ I thin% the la's of our forefathers should be
recei#ed 'ith re#erence$ and religiously obser#ed$ as coming from
God< neither is it safe or "ious to concei#e$ or contri#e$ an
injurious sus"icion of the "ublic authority< and should any tyranny$
li%ely to dri#e men into the commission of 'ic%edness$ e+ist$ it is
better to endure it than to resist it by sedition.
-/C/. Iastata conscientia se0uitur sensus irae di#inae. (5emingius)
fremitus cordis$ ingens animae cruciatus$ Fc.
-/CB. Austin.
-/,C. L8ot from "leasures to "leasures.L
-/,,. 9u"er Psal. lii. :on#ertar ad liberandum eum$ 0uia con#ersus est ad
"eccatum suum "uniendum.
-/,=. Anti0ui soliti sunt hanc herbam "onere in coemiteriis ideo 0uod$ Fc.
-/,.. 8on desunt nostra aetate sacrificuli$ 0ui tale 0uid attentant$ sed a
cacodaemone irrisi "udore suffecti sunt et re infecta abicrunt.
-/,?. 3one into English by 4. .$ ,-,..
-/,@. Tom. =. ca". =A$ num. =/=. L*et him a#ert his thoughts from the
"ainful object.L
-/,-. 8a#arrus.
-/,A. Is. l. ?.