,uhkyp';f mgak; Jiz

Kd;Diu

te;jdk;/

brd;w E}w;whz;oy; njhd;wpa mUshsh;fspy; kpft[k;

nghw;Wjw;Fhpath; rpjk;guk; ,uhkyp';fk; vd;w jpUtUl; gpufhr ts;syhh;

Mthh;/ 5?10?1823 md;W rpjk;guj;ij mLj;j kUJ}h; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy;

,uhikah gps;is rpd;dk;ikahh; vd;fpw jk;gjpfl;F Ie;jhk;

FHe;ijahfg; gpwe;jth;/ ve;j Mrphpahplj;Jk; fy;tp gapyhJ KG

"hdpahf tps';fpath;/ rpwe;j mUshsuhf tps';fpa ts;syhh; kdpjd;

kdpjdhf thHt[k; mg;go thGk; kdpjd; flt[shfnt khwt[k; gy mw;g[j

nghjidfis epfH;j;jpdhh;/

jd; cliy kz;Qqf;nfh beUg;g[f;nfh ,iuahf;fhJ Rj;jg;

gpuzt "hdnjfkhf khw;wp 1874k; Mz;L $dthpj; jp';fs; 30k; ehs;

eL ,utpy; gyuwpa tlY}iuaLj;j nkl;Lf;Fg;gk; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; jhd;

j';fpapUe;j rpj;jp tshfk; vDk; rpwpa FoirapDs; EiHe;J fjitj;

jhspl;Lf; bfhz;lhh;/ gpd;dh; mtiu ahUk; fz;lhhpy;iy/ mtuJ

tuyhw;iw vGjg; g[Fe;njhh; mth; xspa[lk;g[ bgw;whh; vd;Wk;??n$hjpahdhh;

vd;Wk;??,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fye;J tpl;lhh; vd;Wk; ,d;Dk;

vt;thbwy;yhk; vGj Koa[nkh mt;thbwy;yhk; vGjp tpl;ldh;/ ,f;Tw;iw

ek;ghj ehj;jpfthjpfs; gpuhk;kzh;fs; mtiuf; fw;g{uk; nghl;L

vhpj;Jtpl;ldh; vd;Wk;. ,d;Dk; ntW ntW tpjkhf vGjt[k; ngrt[k;

Jzpe;J tpl;ldh;/ vy;yh cyf kf;fSf;Fk; mtuJ ngw;iw mwptpf;fnt

,e;E}y; btsp tUfpd;wJ/ nkYk; mtuJ gpwg;g[ gw;wpa[k;. Ie;J khjf;

FHtpaha; eluhr jhprdk; fz;lJ gw;wpa[k; mtuJ Kjw; ghly; vJthf

,Uf;fyhk; vd;gJ gw;wpa[k;Tl Xh; Ma;t[ bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/

,itaidj;Jk; mtuJ thH;f;if tuyhw;wpd; cz;ikia cs;sthW

tU';fhy re;jjpapdh;f;F czh;j;jnt MFk;/ ts;syhh; tuyhW

 -2-

vGJnthh; mth; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lij khw;whJk; kiwf;fhJk;

vGJthh;fshf/

ed;wp/ te;jdk;/

md;g[.

K/ghY

ts;ssyhh; thH;tpd; kWgFjp

,uhkyp';f mgak; Jiz

jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; gpwg;g[

mth; gpwg;g[ gw;wp ,Jtiu te;j fUj;J :

@,uhikah gps;isa[k; rpd;dk;ikahUk; jk; kf;fSld;

thH;th';F thH;e;J ,dpjhf ,y;ywk; elj;jp tUehspy; xU ehs;

cr;rpg;nghjpy; rptbgUkhnd khdplj; jpUf;nfhy';bfhz;L. rpt ntlk;

Kw;wg;g{z;l rptdoahuhf vGe;jUspg; grpahy; fisj;j njhw;wj;Jld;

,uhikah gps;is tPl;ow;F te;J thapypy; epd;W @mk;ikna moahh;f;F

mKJ bra;tpf;f ntz;Lk;@ vd;whh;/ mr;rpt bthyp nfl;l rpd;dk;ikahh;

tpiue;J te;J moahhpd; mofspy; Koa[w tz';fp cs;ns miHj;Jr;

brd;W Kiwg;go mKJ gilj;jhh;/ mKJz;l moath; mfkpf

kfpH;e;jtuhfpr; rpd;dk;ikahiu nehf;fp @mk;ikna ek; grp nghf;fpid

ehdpyj;jpd; grpia bay;yhk; nghf;fty;y xUtd; gpwg;ghd; / / / / mtd;

jpUtuit czh;j;jnt ahk; te;n jhk;/ thH;f thH;f@ vd

tyf;fubkLj;J thH;j;jp @fUePW fhQqk; jpUePW fhz; ,J/ ,jid

ePa[k; mzpjp epd; fztw;Fk; mspj;jp@ vdf; Twpj; jpUePW mspj;J

thapw;g[wk; nehf;fpdh;/ thapy;tiu cld; brd;W rpd;dk;ikahh;

tHpaDg;gpdhh;/ thapiyj; jhz;o bjUtpny moitj;j rpj;jh; rpy

mofns ele;jhh;/ mg;ghy; mth;fl; g[ydhftpy;iy/ jpoObud

kiwe;jUspdhh;/
 -3-

mk;ikahh; mr;rKk; tpag;g[Kw;whh;/ fzth; te;jt[ld;

epfH;e;jijf; Twpdhh;/ mtnuh rptdoahh; te;jnghJ ahdpy;yhJ

nghndnd! rpj;jiuf; fhQqk;ngW bgw;wpnynd vd tUe;jpdhh;/

rpd;dhspy; rpd;dk;ikahh; fUt[w;whh;/

5?10?1823 RghE Mz;L g[ul;lhrpj; jp';fs; ,Ugj;njhuhk; ehs;

"hapw;Wf;fpHik khiy 5/30 kzpastpy; Ie;jhtJ kfdhf mofs;

gpwe;jUspdhh;fs;/

(@,uhkyp';f mofs; tuyhW ? Mrphpah; rd;khh;f;f njrpfd; vd;Dk;

Cud; mofs; ? Kjw; gjpg;g[ 9?2?1971 ? gf;fk; 6?7)

,e;j tuyhW gw;wpa Ma;t[

ts;syhh; njhd;wpaJ 1823k; Mz;lhFk;/ mth;

jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lnjh 1874k; Mz;lhFk;/ mjw;Fg; gpwF 22

Mz;Lfs; fHpe;j gpd;dh; 1896k; Mz;oy; gpU';fpkhefuk; ,uhkrhkp

Kjypahh; mth;fs; ,uhkyp';f Rthkpfs; rhpj;jpuf; Fwpg;g[ vGjpdhh;/

,Jnt Kjy; btsp te;j tuyhwhFk;/

ek; bja;tj; je;ijahhpd; jfg;gdhh; ,uhikah gps;isapd;

FLk;gk; kpf kpfr; rhjhuz FLk;gk;/ me;j tPl;ow;Fr; rptdoahh; te;jhh;

? mKJ cz;lhh; ? jpUePW mspj;jhh;/ mjd; kfpikapdhy; ts;syhh;

gpwe;jhh; vd;W vGJtjw;F ve;j MjhuKk; fpilf;f tha;g;gpy;iy/

1867k; Mz;L Kjd; Kjyhf jpUtUl;gh ehd;F jpUKiwfs;

btspaplg;gl;lnghJ ts;syhhpd; Kjy; khztuhfpa bjhGt{h; ntyha[j

Kjypahuth;fs; jpUtUl;gh tuyhW vd;w xU E}y; bra;J mjida[k;

Kjy; ehd;F jpUKiwfspd; gpd; ,izg;ghf mr;rpl;lhh;/ mjpy; ts;syhh;

gpwe;j njjp. bgw;nwhh; bgah; Kjypad Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ/ Mdhy;

rptdoahh; te;jJk;. mKJ cz;lJk;. jpUePW mspj;jJk; mjpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy/ 1867k; Mz;L bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh;f;Fj;

 -4-

bjhpahj cz;ik 1896k; Mz;L mJt[k; ts;syhh; njhd;wpa 73

Mz;Lfs; fHpj;J kw;wth;fl;Fj; bjhpa tha;g;gpUe;jpUf;f KoahJ/

nkYk; jd; gpwtp vt;thW tha;j;jJ vd;gij rkur Rj;j

rd;khh;f;f rj;jpag; bgU tpz;z g;gj;jpy; jd; ifg;glnt ts;syhh; vGjp

,Uf;fpwhh;/ mjpy; mth; Twpa[s;sJ ,Jjhd;/

@vy;yhk; ty;y ,aw;if cz;ikf; flt[ns! cgrhuj;jhw;

bgw;w je;ijbad;ghd; xUtdJ Rf;fpyj; Jspapd;fz; vd;idnahh; gFjpg;

nguQqt[Utpw; bgUfp btspg;gl apUj;jpa fhyj;jpYk;. vdf;Fs;

cs;bshspahfp apUe;J mg;gFjpg; nguQq cUitr; rpUl;oj;jUspdPh;/

md;wpg; g[wj;jpy; ahtuhYk; rfpf;fg;glhj mjd; mUtUg;iga[k;.

mRj;jj;ija[k;. jP ehw;wj;ija[k; rfpj;J. mr; Rf;fpyj; Jspapdplj;J Xh;

Mtpa[UthfpapUe;J. mj;Jspapd; fz;Qqs;s gy;tif tpnuhj

jj;Jt';fshw; rpwpJe; jilglhky; vd; cUita[k; fhj;jUspdPh;/ md;wp

m';'dk; mUk;gpa Md;k rf;jpf; fiyfs; btspg;gl tpsf;fp tsh;j;Jk;

mUspdPh;/

cgrhuj;jhw; bgw;w jhbad;ghs; xUj;jpapd; nrhzpjj; jpuspy;

vd; cUitr; nrh;f;Fk; tiuapy; mt;tg;nghJ vd; cUitr; rpijg;gjw;F

vjphpl;l JhpRfs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; epf;fpuf"; bra;jUspdPh;/ ,';'dk;

g[hpe;j njthPuJ jpUtUl; bgU';fUizj; jpwj;ij v';'dkwpntd;/

vt;thW fUJntd;! vd;bdd;W brhy;ntd;/

vy;yhk; cila ,aw;iff; flt[ns! jha; fUg;igapw;

nrhzpjj; jpuspw; nrh;j;J vd;id Xh; g{jg; nguQq cUtpw; bgUfp

btspg;gl ,Uj;jpa fhyj;jpYk; vdf;Fs; cs;bshspahfpapUe;J mg;g{jg;

nguQq cUitr; rpUl;oj; jUspdPh;/ md;wpg; g[wj;jpy; vtuhYk;

rfpf;fg;glhj mjd; mRj;jk;. mUtUg;g[. Jw;fe;jk; Kjypatw;iwg;

bghWj;J. mr;nrhzpjj; jpuspy; Xh; Mtp cUthfpapUe;J mj;jpuspYs;s

 -5-

gy;tif tpnuhj jj;Jt';fshy; rpwpJe; jilglhky; vd;DUitf;

fhj;jUspdPh;/@

rptdoahh; tUifa[k; jpUePw;W kfpika[k; ek;bgUkhdhh; jd;

gpwg;g[fF
; f; fhuzkhf vLj;Jf;fhl;ltpy;iy/ ,t;thW vGjpdhy;

rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W fUjp vGjg;gl;l Mjhukpy;yhj fw;gidna

rptdoahhpd; tUifa[k; jpUePw;W kfpika[k; MFk;/ tuyhW vGjpath;fs;

,ij cz;ikr; rk;gtk;nghy vGjp tUfpwhh;fs;/ ,uhkyp';f mofs;

jpUtuyhw;wpy; rptbgUkhnd rptdoahh; cUtpy; te;J rpd;dk;ikahh;

,l;l czit cz;L bjUtpy; rpy mo J}uk; ele;J kiwe;J tpl;lhh;

vd vGjptpl;lhh;fs;/ rptbgUkhd; vd;w flt[s; cz;ikapny cz;lh ?

me;jr; rptbgUkhd; czt[ cz;ghuh ? rkaj; bja;t';fs; midj;Jk;

fw;gidna vd;w ts;syhh; fUj;Jf;F vd;d gjpy;> tuyhw;W

Mrphpah;fl;Fg; gzpthd ntz;Lnfhs;/ ts;syhhpd; cz;ikahd g[fnH

mstpl;Lf; Tw Koahj mst[ cs;sJ/ mij vGJ';fs;/ mtUf;F

nkYk; g[fH; nrh;g;gjhf vz;z p c';fs; fw;gidiag; bgha;ahd

fw;gidia tuyhwhf;fp kf;fisf; FHg;ghjPh;fs;/ ts;syhhpd; thH;ita[k;

xU jj;Jtk; vd Mf;fp tplhjPh;fs;/

1823k; Mz;L mf;nlhgh; khjk; 5k; ehs; "hapw;Wf; fpHik

khiy rhpahf 5?54f;F ,uhikah gps;is rpd;dk;ikahh; vd;w jk;gjpfl;F

Ie;jhtJ FHe;ijaha;g; gpwe;jhh; vd;W vGjpdhy; nghJnk!

,iwtdhy; tUtpf;ft[w;nwd; vd;W ts;syhh; TwpaJ

cz;ikjhd;/ mjw;fhfr; rptdoahuhf te;J jpUePW mspj;jhy;jhd;

,iwtdhy; tUtpf;ft[w;whh; vd;W MFkh vd;d>

,e;j Ma;t[ njitjhdh vdr; rpyh; tpdtyhk;/

ts;syhh; ek;ikg; nghyg; gpwf;ftpy;iy/ ,iwtdhy;

tUtpf;ft[w;w mUshsh;/ mjdhy;jhd; cah;e;j epiyia mtuhy; mila

Koe;jJ/ vt;tst[ gpuahir vLj;Jf; bfhz;lhYk; ek;khy; mtuile;j

 -6-

epiyia mila KoahJ vd;W rpyh; thjpl;L xt;bthUtUk; ,e;jg;

bgUepiyia mila Koa[k; vdg; nghjpj;j ts;syhh; nghf;ifna

bgha;ahf;f Kidfpd;whh;fs;/ ts;syhuhy; kl;Lk;jhd; mila Ko[a[k;/

ek;khy; Koant KoahJ vd;why; rd;khh;ff

; j;ij ehk; Vd; gpd;gw;w

ntz;Lk;>

c';fspy; xUtdhf vd;id vz;Qq';fs; vd;W Vd; ts;syhh;

Twpdhh;/ ek;kpy; xUth; ,e;j epiyia mila Koa[k; vd;why; ehk; Vd;

mila KoahJ vd;w cj;ntfj;ij ek;Ks; vGg;g[tjw;nf mt;thW

Twpdhh;/ ek;Ks; xUth; mth; vdf; Twpajpd; cz;ikf; fhuzk; ehKk;

mth; nghy; Kaw;rp bra;J flt[s; epiy mwpe;J mk; kakhFk; epiyiag;

bgw ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfnt vd;W czh;nthk;/ Kaw;rp bra;nthk;/

mth; bgw;w bgUepiyiag; bgWnthk;/

thH;f ts;syhh; fHy;fs;/

????

2/ ts;syhh; Ie;J khjf; FHe;ijaha; ,Ue;j nghnj eluhr

jhprdk; fz;L rphpj;jhh; :

ts;syhh; FHe;ijg; gUtj;nj rpjk;gu jhprdk; fz;lJ gw;wp

,Jtiu Twg;gl;Ls;s fUj;J/

@,uhikah gps;is kidtp kf;fSld; rpjk;gu jhprdj;jpw;Fr;

brd;whh;/ mg;nghJ mofl;F mfit Ie;J jp';fs; vd;gh; r/K/

fe;jrhkpg; gps;is/ rpw;rigapy; eluhrg; bgUkhid tHpgl;lgpd; rpjk;gu

ufrpak; jhprdj;jpw;fhf midtUk; mjd; Kd;dh; te;J epd;wdh;/

ghYz; FHtpahfpa gps;isg; bgUkhd; jhapd; ifapypUe;jhh;/ jPl;rpjh;

jpiu J}f;fr; rpjk;gu ufrpak; jhprdkhapw;W/ midtUk; jhprpj;jdh;/

Ie;J jp';fl; iff; FHe;ijahfpa mofl;Fr; rpjk;gu ufrpak;

ufrpakhapUf;ftpy;iy/ btl;l btspahfg; g[yg;gl;lJ/ ,iwtd;

ufrpaj;ij btspg;gilahff; fhl;o mUspdhd; FHtpg; gUtj;nj

 -7-

,iwtd; ,';'dk; mUs;bra;j epfH;r;rpia mofs; jkJ gpd;dhisag;

ghlbyhd;wpy; mHfhff; Fwpj;Js;shh;/

jha; KjnyhbuhL rpwpa gUtkjpy; jpy;iyj;

jyj;jpilna jpiu J}f;fj; jhprpj;jnghJ

nta; tif nky; fhl;lhnj vd;wdf;nf vy;yhk;

btspahff; fhl;oa vd; bka;a[wthk; bghUns

fha; tif ,y;yhJsj;nj fdpe;j eW';fdpna

fdtpj;Jk; edtplj;Jk; vidg; gphpahf; fspg;ng

J}a; tifnahh; nghw;w kzpkd;wpy; elk; g[hpa[k;

nrhjp elj;junr vd; brhy;Yk; mzpe;jUns

(mUs; tpsf;fkhiy 44)

(Mjhuk;)

,uhkyp';f mofs; tuyhW ? Mrphpah; Cud; mofs;

(gf;fk; 10)

,e;jr; rk;gtk; Fwpj;j Ma;t[ :

jhd; jpy;iyf;Fr; brd;wJ rpW gUtj;nj vdt[k; jha;

KjnyhbuhL brd;nwd; vdt[k; ,g;ghlypy; ek; bgUkhdhh; bjhptpf;fpd;whh;/

Mz;. bgz; gUtk; gw;wp ts;syhh; TWtJ ,Jjhd; :

Mz; gps;sisg; gUtk; 5 bgz; gps;sisg; gUtk; 8

1/ ir rtk; 5 tiuapy; 1) ngij 7 tiuapy;

2/ thypgk; 15 tiuapy; 2) bgJk;ig 9 @
3/ bfskhuk;30 @ 3) k';if 12 @
4/ bastdk; 40 @ 4) kle;ij 15 @
5/ thh;j;jpfk; 40f;F nky; 5) mhpit 25 @
6) bjhpit 30 @
7) nghpsk;bgz; 40 tiuapy;
8) tpUj;ij 40f;F nky;
 -8-

Mjhuk; : gf;fk; 417. jpUmUl;gh ciueilg; gFjp th;j;jkhdd;

gjpg;gfk; ? Kjw; gjpg;g[ mf;nlhgh; 97/

,jpy; @rpW gUtk;@ vd;W ts;syhh; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy/ mg;goahapd; rpW

gUtk; vd;gJ vJ> mf;fhyj;jpy; g[yth;fs; gUt';fis tiuaiw

bra;J @rpW njUUl;ly;@ @mk;khid@ nghd;w gUt';fl;Fhpa ghly;fisr;

bra;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs;/ mth;fs; fzf;fpl;lgo 5 taJ tiu@ ghy gUtk;@

9taJ tiu @rpW gUtk;@ MFk;/

vdnt ek; bgUkhdhh; jhd; jpy;iyf;Fr; brd;wJ rpW

gUtj;nj vd;W mwptpj;jpUg;gjhy; 5 tajpw;F nky; 9 tajpw;Fs; ek;

Iah mth;fs;; jpy;iyf;Fr; brd;wpUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gJ jpl;ltl;lkhfg;

g[hpfpd;wJ/ 9 taJ tiu rpW gUtk; vd;why; jpy;iyf;F ek; bgUkhd;

brd;w rhpahd taJ vd;d> mtnu bjhptpf;fpd;whh;/

ntz;lhUsnuh epd;dUis nknyhud;wpf; fPnHhUk;

<z;lhh;tjw;F ntz;oduhy; ,d;W g[jpnjh ahd; ntz;ly;

Jz;lh tpsf;nf jpUg;bghJtpy; n$hjp kzpna MbwhU K:d;

whz;lhtjpny Kd;bdd;id ahz;lha; fUiz mspj;jUns/

,e;jg; ghlypy; ,iwtd; jd;id Ml;bfhz;lJ jdJ 9k;

tajpy;jhd; vd;W mwptpf;fpd;whh;/ vdnt rpW gUtj;nj vd;W ghoaJ

jdJ xd;gjhk; tajpny jpy;iyf;Fr; brd;wijna ek; bgUkhdhh;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;/

xU ghlypy; ghy; kWj;J tpisahLk; rpW gUtj;jpilna

gfUk; cyfpr;ir xd;Wk; gjpahJ vd;Wk;.

mwptpyhr; rpwpa gUtj;jpw;whnd mUe;jypy; vdf;Fs

btWg;igg; gpwptpyhbjd;Dl; fye;j eP mwpjp vd;Wk;.

brwptjpy; kdj;njd; fhrpny Mir bra;jpnyd; ,e;j

ehsd;wp mwptjpy;yhj rpW gUtj;Jk; mLj;jth; bfhLj;j fhR mth;

 -9-

nky; vwpe;jJk; nkl;oy; vwpe;jJk; vd;Wk; ghLfpd;whh;/ me;j K:d;W

ghly;fisa[k; ed;F rpe;jpf;f ntz;Lk;/

ghd; kWj;J tpisahLk; rpW gUtj;jpilna

gfUk; cyfpr;ir xd;Wk; gjpahbjd; csj;nj

khd; kWj;J tps';F jpU Ie;bjGj;nj gjpa

itj;j bgU thH;nt vd; thH;tpy; cWk; Rfnk

kPd; kWj;Jr; Rlh; kakha; tps';fpanjhh; tpz;nz

tpz; mde;jk; cs;sl';f tphpe;j bgU btspna

Cd; kWj;j bgUe;jtUf; bfhsp totk; bfhLj;nj

X';F elj;junr vd; ciua[k; mzpe;jUns

(4167)

mwptpyhr; rpwpa gUtj;jpw;whnd mUe;jypy; vdf;Fs btWg;igg;

gpwptpyh bjd;Dl; fye;j eP mwpjp ,d;W ehd; ngRtbjd;nd

brwptpyhf; filnad; vd;dpDk; monad; jpUtUsKjnk

tpiHe;njd;

vwptpyhr; Rit ntbwtw;wpDk; tpiHnthh; vl;LiznaDk;

,d;bwe;jha;

brwptjpy; kdj;njd; fhrpny Mir bra;jpnyd; ,e;j ehs; md;wp

mwptjpy;yhj rpW gUtj;Jk; mLj;jth; bfhLj;j fhR mth;nky;

vwptJk; nkl;oy; vwpe;jJk; vdf;Fs; ,Uf;fpd;w eP mwpe;jJnt

gpwptjpy;yh epd; mUl;bgUk; bghUisg; bgw;wdd; ngRtbjd;nd

(3395)

ghd; kWj;J tpisahLk; rpW gUtk;. cyfpr;ir gjpaj;

bjhl';Fk; gUtk; epr;rakhf Ie;J khjf; FHe;ijg; gUtky;y/

mnjnghy Rit kpFe;j cztpny btWg;g[ ,Ue;jJ. mLj;jth; bfhLj;j

fhrpny btWg;gile;J mth; nknyna vwptJk; nkl;ony vwptJk; Ie;J

khjg; gUtky;y/ rpW gUtk; vd;w brhw;bwhliu ek; bgUkhd;

 - 10 -

bjUtpny tpisahoj; jphpaf;Toa Ie;J Kjy; xd;gJ taJ tiu cs;s

gUtj;ijj;jhd; rpW gUtk; vdg;ghoapUg;gij czu Ko[ak;/

,d;bdhU Kf;fpakhd bra;jpa[k; Muha ntz;oa[s;sJ/ 1896k;

Mz;L gpU';fpkhefuk; ,uhkrhkp Kjypauth;fs;. rkur ntj rd;khh;f;f

r';fj;jpy; xUtuha; ,Ue;jth;/ mth; btspapl;l MW jpUKiwapy;

vGjg;gl;Ls;s ek; bgUkhdhhpd; rhpj;jpur; RUf;fj;jpYk; Ie;jhk; khjk;

bra;j eluhr jhprdk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy/

nkYk; jhiatplj; je;ij K:j;jth;/ ek; bgUkhdhh; FLk;gj;jpy;

mtuJ je;ij. jha;. jkf;ifkhh; ,Uth;. jikad;khh; ,Uth; Mf

mtUld; nrh;j;J vGth; ,Ue;Js;sdh;/ vy;nyhUk; brd;wpUe;jhy;

K:j;jtuhfpa je;ijiaf; TwhJ jhiaf; Tw khl;lhh;/ ek;

bgUkhdhuJ xd;gjhk; tajpy; mtuJ je;ijahh; ,y;yhj

fhuzj;jhy;jhd; jha; KjnyhbuhL vd;W ghoapUf;fpwhh;/ vdnt

,jdhYk; Ie;J khjf; FHe;ijahapUe;jnghJ ek; bgUkhdhh; jpy;iy

bry;ytpy;iy khwhfj; jdJ xd;gjhk; tajpy; jhd; brd;whh; vd;gJ

cWjpg;gLfpd;wJ/

ve;j Mrphpahplj;Jk; Xjhkny fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tps';fpa

ts;syhh; MLk; gUtkhfpa rpW gpuhaj;jpnyna ,iwtd; kPJ ghkhiy

bjhLj;jhh;/ gid XiyfspYk; (Vl;Lr;Rto) nehl;Lg; g[j;jf';fspYk;

ghf;fs; vGjpa[s;shh;fs;/ mtuJ mhpa ghly;fis mr;rpl;Lg; g[j;jf

totpy; btspg;gLj;j md;gh;fs; vLj;Jf; bfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk;

tPzhapd/

Kotpy; ,Wf;fk; ,uj;d Kjypahh; vd;gth; ghf;fs; btspg;gl

mDkjp fpl;Lk; tiu xU ntis ngh$dk;jhd; bfhs;tJ vd;w

epge;jid tpjpj;J ts;syhUf;F xU fojk; mDg;gpdhh;/ mf;

 - 11 -

fojj;ijf; fz;l ts;syhh; gij gijj;J clnd mDkjp mspj;jhh;/

ghf;fs; jghy; K:yKk; jkf;ifahh; trk; bfhLj;jDg;gpa[k; brd;id

te;jile;jd/

bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; ,Wf;fk; ,uj;jpd Kjypahh;

cl;gl md;gh;fs; gyh; xd;W To mg;ghf;fis MW jpUKiwfshf

tFj;jdh;/ g[j;jfj;jpd; Kfg;gpy; ,uhkyp';f Rthkpfs; vd;W nghl

mDkjp nfhhpdhh;fs;/

Rthkpfs; vd;W tH';Ftpg;gJ vd; rk;kjkd;W/ mJ

Muthuj;jpw;F mLj;j bgauhjypd; mt;thW tH';fhik ntz;Lk; vd;W

mDkjp kWj;J tpl;lhh;/ ntW tHpapd;wp mth;fns xd;W Toj;

jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W nghLtJ vd KobtLj;jdh;/

Kjy; ehd;F jpUKiwfs; kl;oy; jw;nghJ btspaplg;glyhk;

vd;w epiyapy; ts;syhh; Mizapl;l tz;zk; Kjy; ehd;F jpUKiwfs;

kl;Lk; xnu g[j;jfkhf 1867y; btspahdJ/

mg;g[j;jfj;jpy; @gurptk; rpd;kak; g{uzk;@ vdj; bjhl';Fk;

jpUtog; g[fH;r;rp Kjypy; itj;Jj; jpUKiw tFf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ/

gpU';fp khefuk; ,uhkrhkp Kjypahh; mth;fs; 1896k; Mz;L

jhk; btspapl;l (MW jpUKiwfs;) rhpj;jpur; RUf;fj;jpy; 9tJ

gf;fj;jpy; Fwpg;gpLtjhtJ.

@xd;gjhk; Mz;oy; fe;jh; rc;&o cghrdh fhyj;jpy;

cgthrkpUe;J rhe;jpahjPj fyhDgtj;ij tpsf;Fk; jpUj;jzpfhrygjp

njhj;jpukhf/@

MWKfg; bgU';fUizf; flny. bja;tahid kfpH;

mUl;Fd;nw munr Kf;fl;

ngWKfg; bgU";Rlh;f;Fr; Rlnu brt;nts;

gpoj;jUSk; bgUe;jifna gpuk"hdk;

tPWKfg; bgU';Fzj;njhh; ,jaj;njh';Fk; tpsf;fnk

 - 12 -

Mde;j bts;snk Kd;

njWKfg; bghpa mUl;FUtha; vd;idr; rpW fhiy

Ml;bfhz;l njt njnt / / / / / / /

vdj; jzpifg; gjpfnkhjpr; rpe;jid bra;jYk;

mf;fhyj;jpy; jpUj;jzpifg; gjpahUk; rpd;Kj;jpiuiaf; fhl;o mUs;

bra;aj; jpUtUs; bgw;Wg; gpd;Dk; ghLthuha; / / / / /

1924k; Mz;L jpU/ S. Tlyp';fk;gps;is vd;gtuhy;

btspaplg;gl;l MW jpUKiwfs; g[j;jfj;jpy; ,uhkyp';fgps;isr; rhpj;jpur;

RUf;fk; vd;w gFjpapy; MwhtJ gf;fj;jpy; gpU';fpkhefuk; ,uhkrhkp

Kjypahh; Kjy; ghly; gw;wp; vd;d Twpa[s;shnuh mJ mg;gona

btspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ/

1942k; Mz;L btspaplg;gl;l brd;id mUl;bgU";n$hjp

mr;rfj;jhhpd; rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f r';f btspaPL 5k; jpUKiwapy;

gf;fk; 15y; jug;gl;Ls;s bra;jp vd;dbtdpy;.

@ek; gps;isg; bgUkhd; xG';fhfg; ghlk; nfl;gJ kpy;iy/

gog;gpy; fUj;ijr; brYj;JtJkpy;iy/ MapDk; mth;; jk; fUj;ijf;

fe;jg; bgUkhdhh; fHy;fspy; ghkhiyahfpa g{khiy rhj;jpg; nghw;wpg;

g[fH;jypnyna brYj;jpdhh;/ xt;bthU ehs; khiyapYk; fe;jg;

bgUkhdhh; Myaj;jpw;Fr; brd;W

<bad;W ehbdhUthplk; epd;W nfshj

,ay;g[ vd;dplk; xUth; <J

,Lbtd;wnghJ mth;f;F ,iy vd;W

brhy;yhky; ,Lfpd;w jpwKk; ,iwahk;

eP vd;Wk; vidtplh epiya[k; ehk; vd;Wk; cd;

epidtplhbewpa[k; mayhh; epjp xd;Wk; eathj

kdKk; bka;e; epiy vd;Wk; befpHhj jplKk;

cyfpy;/
 - 13 -

rP bad;W ngbad;W ehbad;W gpwh; jk;ikj;

jP';F brhy;yhj bjspt[k; jpwbkhd;W

tha;ika[k; J}a;ika[k; je;J epd; jpUtof;F

Mshf;Ftha;/

jhbahd;W brd;idapy; fe;j nfhl;lj;Js; tsh;

jynkh';F fe;jntns rz;Kfj; Ja;akzp

cz;Kfr; irtkzp jz;Kfj; bja;tkzpna

Kjyhd ghkhiyfisj; bjhLj;Jg;ghLthh;/

1972y; rd;khh;f;f Muha;r;rp epiyak; jtj;jpU Cud;

mofshh;f;nf chpaJ/ ,Jtiu Ie;jhk; jpUKiwahf itf;fg;gl;oUe;j

ghf;fis Kjy; jpUKiw Mf;fpj; jp;UKiwfspd; thpiria khw;wp

mikj;J btsp;apl;l Ie;J jpUKiw gf;fk; 78y; Twg;gl;Ls;sjhtJ/

ts;syhh; vij Kjypy; ghodhy; vd;d> vijg;gpd;dhy;

ghodhy; vd;d> vy;yhk; jpU mUl;ghjhnd vd;nghh; ,j;Jld; epd;W

vij ntz;LkhdhYk; Kjw;ghl;lhff; bfhs;syhk;/

jpU mUl;ghtpy; Kjw;ghly; vJbtd;W mwpe;J bfhs;s mth

cs;sth;fs; nkny bjhluyhk;/

Kjypy; te;j gjpg;g[fspy; *MWKfg; bgU';fUizf; flny*

vdj; bjhl';Fk; ghlny Kjw; ghly; vdf; bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/ jtj;jpU

Cud; mofs; jk;Kila g[j;jfj;jpy; jpU mUl;gh K:y VLfisg; gw;wpa

rpW Fwpg;g[ xd;iw gf;fk; 59 Kjy; 61 tiu mspj;Js;shh;/ mjd;goj;

jpUtUs; tpyhrg;gj;J vd;w jiyg;g[ila gjpfj;jpy; *MWKfg;

bgU';fUizf; flny* vd;w ghly; Kjy; ghlyhf cs;sJ/ ,g;gjpf

vz; 42 MFk;/ K:y VLfisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;gpd;go jpUj;jzpifg;

gjpf';fspy; KjyhtJ gpuhh;j;jid khiy Kjy; 36tJ jhprid

 - 14 -

ntl;if <whf 36 gjpf';fSk; xU Rtoapy; ntyha[jdhuhy; gjpf;fg;gl;l

thpirapny vGjg;gl;Ls;sd/ ,r;Rtoapd; Vl;blz;fs; 232?298/

Vida gjpf';fl;F K:yk; rpy rpwpa RtofSk; jdp VLfSkhk;/

jzpifg; gjpfj;jpd; Kjy; gjpfnk Vl;blz; 232y;

vGjg;gl;Ls;sbjd;why; Vl;blz; 1 Kjy; 231 tiu cs;s ghly;fs;

K:d;whk; jpUKiw ,uz;lhk; jpUKiwr; rptbgUkhd; gw;wpa ghly;fs; vd

mwpag;gLfpwJ/ ,jdhy; ts;syhuhy; Kjypy; KUf cghrid

bra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;gJk; bjspthfpwJ/ vdnt MWKfg;

bgU';fUizf; flny vd;w ghly; ts;syhuhy; ghlg;gl;l Kjw;ghlyhfhJ/

mUl;bgU";n$hjp mr;rfj;jhhpd; rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f r';fg;

gjpg;gpy; Twg;gl;Ls;s <bad;W ehbdhUthplk; vdj; bjhl';Fk; ghly;

Kjw; ghly; vd;w bra;jp jtwhdnj/

mLj;Jj; jtj;jpU Cud; mofshhpd; Tw;Wg;go jpUnth';;F

vdj; bjhl';Fk; bja;t kzpkhiyg; ghly; jhd; ts;syhuhy; Kjd; Kjy;

ghlg;gl;ljh vd;w Ma;t[/

bja;tkzpkhiy Kjd; Kjypy; mr;rplg;gl;l fhiy

fhzg;gLk; Kfg;ngl;ilr; rw;W nknyGe;j thhpahfg; ghh;j;jhny ghisak;

Kj;Jr; brl;oahh; mth;fspd; ntz;Lnfhspd;go ts;syhuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ

vd;gJ vspjpy; g[ydhfpwJ/ ,ijr; rw;W Ma;t[ bra;nthk;/

1/ ghisak; Kj;Jr; brl;oahh; ts;syhiug; ghly;

ghoj; jUk;gof; nfl;ff;fhuzk; vd;d>

Vw;bfdnt ts;syhh; ghoa ghf;fisg; goj;J

,d;g[w;wpUe;jjhy;jhd; ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpa[k; ghly;fis ts;syhhplk;

nfl;oUf;ff;TLk;/

2/ ntW ahUf;fhft[k; ts;syhh; ghoa[s;shuh

Mk; Xh; md;gUf;fhfj; JYf;fhdj;J ,nuQqif kPJk;.

bfhe;jK:h; rPdpthr tujhr;rhh;a Rthkpfs; nfl;Lf; bfhz;ljpd;nghpy;

 - 15 -

,uhkehkg;gjpfKk;. ,d;DbkhUtUf;fhfj; jpUg;gs;spj;jhkk; jh';fYk;.

jd; jikadhh; guRuhkg; gps;isf;fhfr; rp';fg[hpf; fe;jh; gjpfKk;

ghoa[s;shnu/

(Mjhuk; 5k; jpUKiw Cud; mofs; gjpg;g[ gf;fk; 76)

ts;syhh; FHe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; mjhtJ rpW gUtj;jpy;

ghoapUe;jhy; FHe;ij ,uhkyp';fk; ghoaJ vd;W ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/

mg;goapy;yhJ rpjk;guk; ,uhkyp';f gps;is vd;W $hjpg; bganuhL rpW

gUtj;Jf; FHtpia miHf;fkhl;lhh;fs;/ $hjpg; bgah; ek; bgUkhdhh;

bganuhL nrh;f;fg;gl;oUg;gjhYk; gunkJ tpid bra[k; gandJ vd;gJ

nghd;w ghly;fs; bja;tkzp khiyapy; ,lk; bgw;wpUg;gjhYk; ,it ey;y

thypgg; gUtj;jpy; mjhtJ Rkhh; 25 tajpw;F nky; ghlg;gl;oUf;f

ntz;Lk; vd vspjpy; Cfpf;f KofpwJ/

vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; nkyhfr; brd;id fe;jnfhl;lj;jpd;kPJ

bja;tkzpkhiy. ruzg;gj;J. vd;w ,uz;L gjpf';fs; kl;Lnk

ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ek; bgUkhdhh; tHpgl;l jy';fshfpa jpU xw;wpa{h;.

jpUj;jzpif. rpjk;guk;. tlY}h; nghd;w jy';fs; kPJ gy;yhapuk; ghly;fs;

bra;jth; gpwUf;fhf vGjpf;bfhLj;j Rthkpfs; kPJ kWgo ghltpy;iy

vd;gij czh;nthkhf/ JYf;fhdj;J ,nuDif kPJ g";ruj;dk; Xh;

md;gUf;fhfg; ghoaJ/ ntW ghly; ,y;iy ,uhkehkg;gjpfKk;

rp';fg[hpf;fe;jh; kPJk; ntW ghly;fs; ,y;iy/ mt;thnw fe;j

nfhl;lj;jpd; kPJk; Kj;Jr; brl;oahUf;fhfg; ghof; bfhLj;jJ nghfg;

gpd; ghlnt ,y;iy/ fe;j nfhl;lk; ek; bgUkhdhhpd; tHpgLjykha;

,Ue;jpUg;gpd; ntW gy ghf;fs; te;jpUf;fntz;Lk;/ vdnt fe;j

nfhl;lk; mth; tHpgl;l jyKky;y/ mtuhy; Kjd; Kjypy;

ghlg;gl;lJky;y/ Kj;Jr; brl;oahh; vd;gth; ntz;Lnfhspd;gog;

ghlg;gl;lnj MFk;/
 - 16 -

nfhapypy; Vw;gl;l gGJfisr; rhp bra;J g[Jg;gpj;jjhft[k;.

Fk;ghgpnc&fk; bra;a[k; nghJ ek; bgUkhdhiu ghisak; Kj;Jr; brl;oahh;

mDfpg; ghly;fs; ,aw;wpj; jUkhW nfl;ljhft[k; mJtiu

Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp nfhapy; vd;W tH';fg;gl;lij khw;wpf; fe;j nfhl;lk;

vdg; g[Jg;bgah; Nl;o ts;syhh; ghof; bfhLj;jhh; vdf; Twg;gLfpd;wJ/

fe;jnfhl;lk;. brl;oahh;fs; guk;giuapdh;fshy; jhd;

eph;tfpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ/ ghisak; Kj;Jr; brl;oahh; mth;fspd;

ntz;LnfhSf;fpz';fp vd;wJnk mJ ts;syhh; jhdhf tHpgl;ljy;y

vd;gJk;. mtuhy; Kjd;Kjyhfg; ghlg;gl;ljy;y vd;gJk; bts;spil

kiyahfg; g[yg;gLnk/ jpU X';F g[z;z par; branyh';fp md;gUs;

jpwnyh';F bry;tnkh';f mwpnth';fp epiwths ,d;gk; jpfH;;e;njh';f

mUs; bfhLj;J vd;W me;j md;giu thH;j;jpg;ghly; bjhl';Ftijf;

fhzyhk;/

,itfs; vy;yhk; Kjw;ghly; my;y vdpy; vJjhd;

Kjw;ghly;>

,Wf;fk; ,uj;d Kjypahhpd; cz;z htpuj nehd;g[ ek;

bgUkhdhhpd; kdijf; fiuj;Jj; jpU mUl;gh mr;rpl ,irtspf;fr;

bra;jJ/ cgafyhepjpg; bgUk;g[yth; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh;

mth;fSk; ,uj;d Kjypahh; nghd;nwhUk; rpjwp;f;fple;j ghly;fisj;

jpul;oj; jpUKiwahf tFf;fpd;wdh;/ ek; bgUkhdpd; rk;kjkpy;yhky;

mtw;iw MW jpUKiwfshf tFj;jpUf;f KoahJ/

ek; bgUkhdhhpd; fl;lisg;gona Kjy; ehd;F jpUKiwfs;

kl;oYk; 1867k; Mz;L btspaplg;gLfpd;wd. me;j Kjy; btspaPl;ow;F

ciHj;j bgUkf;fSf;F ts;syhh; ghoa Kjw;ghly; vJbtd;W

bjhpe;jpUf;f epahaKz;L/ mth;fs; Twpdhy; ehk; xg;g[f; bfhs;sj;jhd;

ntz;Lk;/
 - 17 -

Kjy; ehd;F jpUKiw btspte;j nghJ mg;g[j;jfj;jpd; gpd;

,izg;ghfj; bjhGt{h; ntyha[jdhh; jpUmUl;gh tuyhW vd;w xU rpW

E}iyj; jhk; ,aw;wp mjida[k; nrh;j;nj btspapLfpwhh;/ ek; bgUkhdhh;

fz;Qqw;w g[j;jfk; mJ/ mijf; fz;Qqw;w ek; bgUkhdhh;

jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W ahh; nghlr; brhd;dJ vd;W bjhGt{h;

ntyha[jdhiu tpdtp ,Uf;fpwhh;/ ek; bgUkhdhh; rk;kjkpd;wp mjpy;

xd;Wk; nrh;j;jpUf;f KoahJ vd;gJ g[ydhfpd;wJ/ tpz; gilj;j

bghHpw;wpy;iyak;gyj;jhd; vdg; ghly; thpiaj; jpUj;jpf; bfhs;SkhWk;

jz;zPh; tpsf;bfhpj;j jd;iknghy; vd;w ghly; ed;wha; ,Uf;fpwJ

mija[k; nrh;j;Jf; bfhs;syhk; vd;Wk; ek; bgUkhdhh; fojk;

vGjpapUf;fpwhh;fs;/ me;j jpUtUl;gh tuyhw;wpy; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j

Kjypahh; TWtJ vd;dbtdpy; jpU"hd rk;ge;juhf te;j fhyj;Jj;

njhLila brtpad; vDk; bjhilahy; ehLila bghUshfpa rptid

tpsf;fpdPh;fs; ,d;W mUl;gpufhr ts;syhuha; te;J cyfbkyhk;

cjpf;fpd;w vDk; bjhilahy; ,iw cz;ikia tpsf;fpdPh; vd;gjhk;/

mg;ghly; tUkhW/

ghly; vz; 26

njhLila brtpad; vDk; bjhilahd; Kd;dhs; vth;f;Fk;

ehLila bghUl;Rl;o ed;W tpsf;fpabjd;d

tPLila cyfbkyhk; cjpf;fpd;w vDk; bjhilahy;

gPLila bghUl;Rl;o ngbwkf;fpd;wPbjd;Wk;/

,J jtwha; ,Ug;gpd; ek; bgUkhdhh; Vd; ,g;go vGjpdPh;

vdf; nfl;oUg;gh;/ ek; bgUkhdhh; mwpahjJ xd;Wkpy;iy/ vdnt

bjhGt{h; ntyha[jdhh; TwpaJnghy cyfbkyhk; cjpf;fpd;w vDk; ghlny

ts;syhh; ghoa Kjw;ghlyhFk;/ cyfbkyhk; vDk; xU brhy;Yf;F

,Jtiu ahUk; fhzhj tpsf;f';fs; je;jth; mr; brhy;iyf; bfhz;nl

jhKk; ghoapUf;fntz;Lk;/ ek; bgUkhdhh; njhd;Wk; Jizaha; ,Ue;j

 - 18 -

fhyj;jpnyna mg;g[j;jfk; btspahdjhy; bjhGt{uhh; Twpaij kWg;gjw;F

tha;g;ng ,y;iy/

vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; nkyhf mUl;ghit kWj;j MWKf ehtyh;

cs;spl;nlhh; btspapl;l ,uhkyp';fh; ghly; Mghr jh;g;gzk; (my;yJ)

kUl;gh kWg;g[ vd;w g[j;jfj;jpy; 118k; gf;fj;jpy; Kjyhk; gf;fk; vd;w

jiyg;gpy; Twg;gl;Ls;sjhtJ/

@jpU"hd rk;ge;jg; bgUkhd; njhLila brtpad; vd;W

Kjypy; mUspaJ nghyg; gps;isa[k; cyfbkyhk; cjpf;fpd;w vd;w

bra;a[isg; ghodhh; vd;W bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; jhk; ghoa

tuyhw;wpy; 26tJ bra;a[spw; Twpdhh;/ gps;isapd; rhpj;jpur; RUf;fj;jpy;

MWKfg; bgU';fUizf; flny vd;gij Kjypy; ghodhbudf;

fhl;lg;gl;oUf;fpwJ/ ,tw;Ws; vJ cz;ik>@ ,Jtiu ek;kth;fs;

goj;Jf; nfl;ouhj nfs;tpia mUl;ghit kWg;nghh; nfl;fpwhh;fs;/

MWKfg; bgU';fUizf; flny vd;w ghliynah my;yJ cyfbkyhk;

cjpf;fpd;w vd;w ghliynah Kjypy; itf;fhky; gurptk; rpd;kak; vdj;

bjhl';Fk; ghly; Kjypy; itf;fg;gl;ljhy; jpUtUl;gh itg;g[ Kiwapy;

tG vd;W thjpl;ldh;/

ek;ikr; rhh;e;njhh; jpU"hd rk;ge;jh; Kjypy; ghoa

njhLila brtpad; vd;w ghliyj; njthuj;jpy; Kjypy; itahjJ tG

my;y vdpy; jpUtUl;ght[k; tGty;y vd kW bkhHp g[fd;Ws;sdh;/

ts;syhnu fz;L kWf;fhjJk; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh;

mth;fs; TWtJk; Mfpa cyfbkyhk; cjpf;fpd;w vd;w ghlny

ts;syhuhy; Kjd; Kjypy; ghlg; bgw;w jpU mUl;gh thFk;/

me;j Kjw; ghly; ,Jjhd; :

cyfbkyhk; cjpf;fpd;w xspepiy bka;apd;gk;

cWfpd;w btsp epiy bad;Wga epiyahfp

,yfpa epd; nrtofs; tUe;jpapl ele;nj

 - 19 -

,utpy; vspnad; ,Uf;Fkplk; njoaile;J

fyfkpyhj; bjUf;fjtk; fhg;gtpH;f;fg; g[hpe;J

fspj;bjid a';fiHj;J vdJ ifapbyhd;W

bfhLj;jha;

myfpy; mUl;flyhk; cd; bgUikia vd; vd;ngd;

Mde;j ty;yp kfpH; mUs; el ehafnd/

ts;syhh; bgw;w kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;t[

Kd;g[ njhd;wpa mUshsh;fs; ,iwtdplk; kPz;Lk; gpwthik

ntz;Lk; vd;W ntz;odhh;fs;/ jhd; kl;Lkpd;wp kdpjuha;j; njhd;wpa

xt;bthUtUk; kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;itg; bgw ntz;Lk; vd;W ts;syhh;

Twpdhh;fs;/ Kd;ida mUshsh;fs; Twpajw;Fk; ts;syhh; Twpajw;Fk;

khWghL cz;lh> ,y;iy vd;gnj gjpy; vt;thbwdpy; ahuhapUe;jhYk;

,e;jj; njfj;jpypUe;J $Ptd; gphpa[khdhy; bra;jtpidf; nfw;g me;j

$PtdhdJ mLj;j gpwtp vLj;nj jPUk;/ $Ptd; jdpj;J ,a';fhJ/

vdnt ,we;jhy; gpwtp vlj;nj Mf ntz;Lk;/ gpwthik ntz;Lkhdhy;

,wthik ntz;Lk;/ ,wthik bgw;nwhh; ahnuh mtnu kPz;Lk; gpwthh;/

Kd;ndhh; Twpa gpwthikf;F tHp ,wthikna/ ,ijj;jhd; ts;syhh;

kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;t[ vd;W vLj;Jf; fhl;odhh;/

,Jtiu njhd;wpa "hdpfs;. nahfpfs;. klhjpgjpfs;.

gf;jh;fs;. bfhil ts;sy;fs;. kd;dh;fs; kw;Wk; nguwpthsh;fs;

nghd;nwhUk; vd;whtJ xU ehs; khz;L nghtijf; fz;L tUk; cyf

 - 20 -

kf;fs; kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;itna ek;g khl;lhh;fs; vd;gij ts;syhUk;

mwpthh;/ mjdhy;jhd; kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;tpy; thH;e;jplyhk; fz;oOh; vd;W

Twpat[ld; g[ide;Jiunad; bgha; g[fnyd; rj;jpak; brhy;fpd;nwd; vd;Wk;

Twpdhh;/

njhd;wpaJ kiwa[k; ? gpwe;jJ ,wf;Fk; vd;W TWth;/

ts;syhh; xUth; kl;Lk; ,jid kWg;gJnghy; ek;ikg; ghh;j;J @fpilj;j

,e;jj; njfj;ijna epj;jpa njfkhf;fpf; bfhz;L vf;fhyj;Jk;

vjdhYk; jilglhj xg;gw;w nghpd;gg; bgUthH;itg; bgw;W thH;jny

Md;kyhgk;@ vd;W mwpt[Wj;jpdhh;/ vJt[k; ngRtJ vspJ/ miltJ

fodk;/ kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;t[ mila ntz;Lk;/ vd;W nghjpj;j

ts;syhh; mile;jhuh>

Mk;/ jhd; kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;itg; bgw;wijg; gyg;gyg;

ghf;fspny giw rhw;Wfpd;whh;/

MLfpd;w nrtof;nf Mshndd; khshj ahf;if bgw;nwd;

TLfpd;w rd;khh;f;f r';fj;nj eLtpUe;J Fyht[fpd;nwd;

ghLfpd;nwd; ve;ijgpuhd; gjg;g[fiHg; ghog; gho

ePLfpd;nwd; ,d;gf; Tj;jhLfpd;nwd; vz;zbkyhk; epuk;gpndnd

(5445)

nehthJ nehd;g[ vidg; nghy; nehw;wtUk; v";"hd;Wk;

rhth tuk; vidg;nghy; rhh;e;jtUk; njth epd;

nguUis vd;nghyg; bgw;wtUk; vt;t[yfpy;

ahUsh; eP rw;nw miw

(5624)

g";r g{j';fs; kl;Lkpd;wp. gpzpahny bfhiyf; fUtpahny kl;Lkpd;wp

vjdhYk; mHpahj njfk; bgw;nwd; vd;fpd;whh;/

fhw;whny g[tpahny ffdkjdhny fdyhny g[dyhny fjpuhjpahny

Tw;whny gpzpahny bfhiyf; fUtpahny nfhshny gpwtpaw;W';

 - 21 -

bfhL";bray;fshny

ntw;whny v";"hd;Wk; mHpahnj tps';Fk; bka;aspf;f

ntz;Lbkd;nwd; tpiue;jspj;jhbddf;nf

Vw;whny ,Hpbtd ePh; epidahjPh; cyfPh; ve;ij

mUl;bgU";n$hjp ,iwtidr; rhh;tPnu/

,j;Jld; epy;yhJ gpwtp vd;fpd;w rl;lj;ijna fpHpj;J

tpl;nld; Jf;fj;ijj; Jwe;njd; rhita[k; nehita[k; jtph;e;njd;

vdf;fpJ nghJk; vd;w kd epiwit btspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;/

fl;lKk; fHd;nwd; ftiy tpl;blhHpe;njd;

fyf;fKk; jPh;e;jdd; gpwtpr;

rl;lKk; fpHpj;njd; J}f;fKk; Jwe;njd;

rhita[k; nehita[k; jtph;e;njd;

rpl;lKkile;njd; rpw;riga[ilahd; bry;t

bka;g;gps;is vd;bwhU ngh;g;

gl;lKe; jhpj;njd; vdf;fpJ nghJk;

gz;z pa jtk; gypj;jJnt/

(4736)

ts;syhh; kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;t[ bgw;whh; vd;gjw;F ,e;j xU

ghl;nl nghJnk! v";"hd;Wk; rhth tuk; vidg; nghy; rhh;e;jth;

vt;t[yfpy; ahh; csh; rw;nw miw vd;W ,iwtdplnk nfl;fpd;w cWjp

mth; bgw;w bgUthH;itg; ngRfpd;wnj/

mth; ghf;fs; kl;Lk; nghJkh> ntW rhd;Wfs; VnjDk;

cz;lh vd;W rpyh; tpdtyhk;> ts;syhhpd; tuyhw;iw ed;F Ma;t[

bra;jhy; mwptJ vd;dbtdpy; Kd;djhfnt jhnd ed;F jpl;lkpl;Lf;

bfhz;L 1874k; Mz;L $dthpj; jp';fs; 30k; ehs; bts;spf; fpHik

eLeprp 12 kzp mstpy; jd; md;gh;fl;F ntz;oa rkhjhdk; Twpagpd;

gyh; Kd;dpiyapy; nkl;Lf;Fg;gk; fpuhkj;jpy; rpj;jptshfk; vd;w Foypy;

 - 22 -

Xh; miwapDs; EiHe;J btspf; fjitg; g{l;of; bfhs;Sk;go

md;gh;fl;Ff; fl;lisapl;Lj; jd; miwf; fjit cl;gf;fk; jhspl;Lf;

bfhz;lhh;. vd;gJk; gpd;dh;; murh';f mjpfhhpfs; me;jf; fjitj; jpwe;J

ghh;j;jnghJ mJ btWk; miwahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gJk; MFk;/ mth;

miwapDs;ns EiHa[Kd; Twpa thrf';fisa[k; md;gh;fs; Fwpj;J

itj;Js;sdh;/ ts;syhuJ njfk; kw;iwah; clk;g[ nghy; kz;zpy;

rkhjp itf;fnth beUg;gpy; jfpf;fnth ahUf;Fk; fpl;lhJ Cdf;

fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whJ kiwe;J cs;sjhFk;/

1874 $dthp 30k; ehs; ts;syhh; nkl;Lf;Fg;gj;jpy; gyuwpaj;

jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lij midtUk; mwpth;/ Mdhy; mjw;F Kd;ng

1870k; Mz;onyna gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whky; rpy khj';fs;

kiwe;jpUe;jhh;/

8/6/1870 md;W bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; mth;fs; tlY}h;

jUkr; rhiyapypUe;j _ Mde;jehj rz;Kf ruzhya RthkpfSf;F

vGjpa fojk; ,J/

@ek; bgUkhd; ,g;nghJ vt;tplj;J vGe;jUspapUf;fpd;wJ>

rhiy vd;d !;jpjpapy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ> mt;tplj;jpa fhhpa';fis ahh;

guhkhpf;fpd;whh;fs;> ,J tpgu';fis clnd fl;lisapLk;gof;

nfhUfpd;nwd;/ me;jg; gf;f';fspypUe;J ,';F tUgth;fs; jh';fs;

j';fSf;Fj; njhd;wpagona rpy gy brhy;Yk;nghJ kdk; Jof;fpd;wJ/

Mjyhy; cz;ik tpla';fis t[zu mUs; bra;jy; ntz;Lk;/@

,f;fojj;ijf; Th;e;J nehf;fpdhy; ts;syhh; ,Uf;Fkplj;ij

tprhhpf;Fk; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; m';fpUe;J tUgth;fs;

j';fl;Fj; njhd;wpagobay;yhk; rpy gy brhy;Yk;nghJ kdk; Jog;gjhft[k;

vGJfpwhh;/ cz;ikapy; ele;jJ vd;d vd;Wk; nfl;fpd;whh;/

,J bjhlh;ghf 28/10/1870 md;W ek; bgUkhdhhplkpUe;J Xh;

mwpf;if btspg;gl;lJ/ mjpYs;s thrfk; ,J/

 - 23 -

@md;g[s;s ek;kth;fl;F md;g[ld; mwptpg;gJ/ xUtidg; gw;wp

mde;jk; ngh;fSf;F ed;ik cz;lhk; vd;gij cz;ikahf ek;gpapU';fs;/

vd;dhy; c';fSf;F ed;ik fpilg;gJ rj;jpak;/ ehd; ,d;Dk; bfh";r

jpdj;jpy; jpUtUs; ty;ygj;jhy; btspg;gLfpd;nwd;/ mJ ghpae;jk;

bghWj;jpU';fs;/ ehd; kpft[k; rkPgj;jpy; jhnd btspg;gLntd;/ m";r

ntz;lhk;/ rhiyia yFthf elj;J';fs;/@

bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; tlY}h; jUkr; rhiyapypUe;j

_ Mde;j ehj rz;Kf ruzhya Rthkpfl;F vGjp[a fojj;jpw;Fhpa

gjpy; nghy ek; bgUkhdhh; mwpf;if mike;Js;sJ/ rkPgj;jpy; jhnd

btspg;gLntd; vd;fpwhh;/ mth; gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whJ

kiwe;jpUf;fpd;whh; vd;gJ g[ydhfpd;wJ/ ,t;thW xU Kiw my;y. gy

Kiw kiwe;J kiwe;J gpd;dh; btspg;gl;oUf;fpd;whh;. bjhGt{h; ntyha[j

Kjypahh; mth;fs; milahW gpUk;k "hd r';fj;jhh;f;F mspj;j

thf;FK:yj;jpy; Twpa[s;sjhtJ/

@v';fs; FUehjh; gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whky; mof;fo

kiwe;J tpLtJz;L/ me;j neu';fspy; mth; vd;d Mdhh; ? v';F

nghdhh; vd;gJ xUtUf;Fk; bjhpahJ/@

ts;syhh; jd; njfj;ijg; gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;w

bthl;lhky; kiwj;Jf; bfhs;st[k; gpd;dh; njhd;WkhWk; bra;af;Toa

Mw;wy; bgw;wtuhapUe;jhh;/ mt;thnw gyKiw kiwe;J gpd;dh;

btspg;gl;oUf;fpwhh;/

ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;L gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj;

njhd;whJ kiwe;J tpl;l bra;jp Cbu';Fk; gutpaJ/ cz;ikia mwpa[k;

bghUl;Lj; bjd;dhh;f;fhL khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiytUk;. khtl;l kUj;Jt

mYtyUk;. khtl;lf; fhty;Jiwf; fz;fhzpg;ghsUk;. jhrpy;jhUk;

ts;syhh; kiwe;j miwiar; nrhjidapl te;jdh;/ m';fpUe;j

md;gh;fsplk; me;jf; fjitj; jpwf;Fk;go Mizapl;ldh;/ nrhjpj;Jg;

 - 24 -

ghh;j;jjpy; re;njfj;jpw;fplkhf VJk;; ,y;yhjjhy; mth;fs; ts;syhhpd;

Mw;wypy; jpUg;jpaile;J md;iwa md;djhdj;jpw;F U:/20 md;gspg;ghf

mspj;J tpl;Lr; brd;wdh;/ gpd;dh; khtl;l murh';f bf!l;oy; mwpf;if

btspapl;ldh;/ mjd; thrfj;jpd; xU gFjp/

"Ramalinga Paradesi seems to have pursuaded his disciples that they would

rise again from the dead, and he consequently urged that burial was preferable to cremation.

Even Brahmins are said to have been buried in this belief, and people who died in other

villages were in several cases brought to Vadalur and inferred there. In 1874 he locked

himself in a room (still in existence) in Mettukuppam (hamlet of Karunguli) which he used

for Samadhi or mystic meditation, and instructed his disciples not to open it for sometime.

He has never been seen since, and the room is still locked. It is held by those who still

believe in him that he was miraculously made one with his God and that in the fulness of

time he will reappear to the faithful. Whatever may be the thought of his claims to be a

religious leader, it is generally admitted by those who are judges of such matters that his

poems, many of which have been published, stand on a high plane, and his story is worth,

noting as an indication of the directions which religious favour may still take."

ts;syhh; nkl;Lf; Fg;gk; rpj;jp tshf miwf;Fs; EiHe;J

jhspl;Lf; bfhz;L gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whJ kiwe;Jtpl;l bra;jpia

,e;j murh';f bf!l;od; mwpf;ifa[k; epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

18/1/1896 md;W rd;khh;f;f r';fj;jhh; ou!;o kWg;g[ vd;w Xh;

mwpf;if btspapl;ldh;/ mjpy; mth;fs; TwpapUg;gjhtJ :

@ts;syhh;; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhs;Sk; rpy jpdj;jpw;F Kd;

rigia K:otpl;L rhtpiaf; bfhz;L te;J bfhLf;Fk;go th';fpf;

bfhz;L Mz;lth; tU';fhyj;jpy; rigahdJ jhnd jpwe;J bfhs;Sk;

mg;nghJ mJ mw;g[jkhd fl;llkhfj; njhd;Wk;////

 - 25 -

ts;syhh; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; ,uz;L ,Uk;g[g; bgl;ofs;

,Ue;jd/ mjpy; xU bgl;of;Fj; jPghujid Kjypa cgrhu';fs; bra;J

bfhz;oUe;jhh;fs;/ ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhs;Sk; bfh";r

jpdj;jpw;F Kd; jk;ikr; N:H;e;jpUe;jth;fis nehf;fp ,dp ,e;jg;

bgl;oapdplj;jpy; ahUk; yl;rpak itahjPh;fs; ,jpy; xd;Wkpy;iy

vd;whh;fs;/ ,e;jg; bgl;ofs; ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;l miwapy;

4 tUc&k; tiu ,Ue;jd / / /

ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhs;Sk; 10 jpdj;jpw;F Kd;

$kPdj
; hiu tutiHj;J Mz;lth; jd;idf; bfh";r jpdk; kiwj;J

itf;fg; nghfpwjha[k; mg;nghJ ,t;tplk; Mjutw;wpUf;Fk; rpy

ViHfisr; rpy ehs; iftplhky; ghJfhj;Jf; bfhz;L te;jhy;

Mz;lth; cdf;F xd;Wk; Fiwt[ itf;fkhl;lhh; vd;whh;fs;/ ts;syhh;

jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lgpd; 15 ehs; tiuapy; ts;syhhpd; cj;jutpd;gona

rpy ViHfisf; fhg;ghw;wpf; bfhz;L te;jhh;/ / /

,e;j thrf';fisr; rw;W MH;e;J nehf;Fnthk;/ ts;syhh;

jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhs;Sk; njjp Kd;djhfnt mtuhy; epr;rak; bra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ/ ntl;ltyk; $kPd;jhiuj; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhs;Sk; Kd;

tutiHj;Jr; rhiyapy; j';fpapUe;j Mjutw;w ViHfis ,d;Dk;

rpyfhyk; iftplhky; czt[k; cila[k; mspj;Jg; ghJfhf;fr; brhy;yp

,Uf;fpd;whh;/ Mz;lth; bfh";r jpdj;jpw;Fj; jd;id kiwj;J itf;fg;

nghfpwjha[k; Kd;ng TwpapUf;fpd;whh;/ ts;syhUld; ,Ue;j rd;khh;f;f

r';fj;jhh; btspapl;l ,e;j mwpf;if kw;wth;fspd; Kot[ nghd;wjy;y

ts;syhh; Kot[ vd;gJk; mtnu jpl;lkpl;L Mz;ltd; fl;lisg;go Xh;

miwf;Fs; EiHe;J fjitj; jhspl;Lf; bfhz;L gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj;

njhd;whJ kiwe;jpUf;fpd;whh; vd;gJk; cWjpahfpd;wJ/

6/6/1933 md;W jpU/ fpUc;&zrhkp gilahr;rp vd;gth;

tHf;fwp"h; jpU/ Kj;ijah brl;oahh; vd;gth; K:ykhf xU tHf;Fj;

 - 26 -

bjhlh;e;jhh;/ mjhtJ jUkr; rhiy ,e;J mwepiyaj;Jiwf;F

cl;gl;ljy;y vd;gnj tHf;F/

,jid ed;F tprhhpj;J ,e;J mwepiyaj; Jiw

Mizah;fs; 12/2/1935 ehspl;l cj;jut[ vz; 387y; j';fs; jPhg

; ;ig

btspapl;Ls;shh;fs;/ me;j cj;jutpd; 10tJ ghuhtpy; Twpa[s;sjhtJ/

"We have already referred to the Pattamatral Razinamas of 1867 - Exhibit III

series. Though they are all executed in favour of Appaswami Chettiar Vagairas referring to

the Sanmarga Sangam, all of them designate the founder of the person in whose name the

patta might stand. The patta appears to have continued in his name till 1880; when

evidently lapse of seven years from his disappearance, a notification was issued in the

District Gazette proposing transfer of registry in the names of four persons (Sabapathi

Gurukkal, being one of them) described as agents of the Swamigal. This notification dated

11.10.1880 is exhibit XIII.

ts;syhh; kf;fspd; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whjthW jd;

njfj;ij kiwj;Jf; bfhz;ljhy; mth; fhzhkw; ngha; tpl;lhh; vd;W

fUjpa murh';fk; rl;lg;go VHhz;Lfs; fHpj;J ehy;tiu Vb$z;l; vd;w

mstpy; epakdk; bra;jJ. ts;syhh; kf;fspd; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whjthW

jd; njfj;ij kiwj;Jf; bfhz;L fhzhkw; ngha;tpl;lhh; vd;gnj

cz;ikbad rl;lg;goa[k; epU:gzkhfpd;wJ/

1874k; Mz;L $dthpj; jp';fs; 30k; ehs; bts;spf;fpHik

,ut[ 12 kzpastpy; nkl;Lf; Fg;gk; fpuhkj;jpy; rpj;jp tshfk; vd;fpw

Foypy; ts;syhh; Xh; miwf;Fs; EiHe;J fjitj; jhspl;Lf; bfhz;lhh;/

btspf;; fjit md;gh;fs; g{l;odh;/ gpwF miwiaj; jpwe;J ghh;j;j

nghJ me;j miw btWk; miwahf ,Ue;jJ/ cs;ns EiHe;j

ts;syhiuf; fhztpy;iy/ ,Jnt ele;j cz;ik/

 - 27 -

ts;syhhpd; tuyhw;iw vGjg; g[Fe;jth;fs; ele;jij kl;Lk;

vGjpapUf;f ntz;Lk;/ Mdhy; mtuth; kdjpy; njhd;wpa thbwy;yhk;

vGjpa[s;sdh;/

gpU';fpkhefuk; ,uhkrhkp Kjypahh; mth;fs; 1896y; jhk;

btspapl;l (MWjpUKiwfs;); jpUtUl;gh g[j;jfj;jpy; ek; bgUkhdhhpd;

rhpj;jpur; RUf;fj;ij vGjpa[s;shh;/ mjpy; Twpa[s;sjhtJ :-

@Mee;jh jPj epiyapypUe;J rjhde;j rhjdKw;Wj; jkjhg;j

ez;gh;fisj; jpUtUs; nehf;fhy; nehf;fpf; filf;fzpj;J@ md;gh;fhs;

ahk; c';fisr; rpyfhyk; tpl;Lg; gphpe;jpUf;f vz;z'; bfhz;Ls;nshk;/

rjhde;j rkhjp epl;il Tl tpr;rpj;Js;nsk;/ vdJ rhPuk; rpwpJ

fhyj;Js; c';fs; fz;fSf;Fj; njhw;whJ kiwe;Jnghk;/ ,f; fhaj;ij

c';fspy; ahuhYk;. mf;fpdpapy; jfpf;fthtJ. kz;zpy; rkhjp

itf;fthtJ fpl;lhJ/ ,dp ehw;gj; jPuhapu tUl fhyk;

rpj;juhakh;e;jpUe;J rfy rpj;jpfSk; rpj;jpf;fg; bgw;W Mde;jj;

jpUtpisahl;lah;e;jpUe;J mjw;Fnky; gpuzt njfpahfp "hdrk;ge;j

FUj;t epiyiag; bgWnthk; vd;Dk; Fwpg;ig btspapl;Lr; Rl;lhky;

Rl;of; fhl;og; gpd;g[ rhf;fpu Kjypa Ie;jtj;ija['; fle;J epd;W

jpUtUl; fpUgh nehf;fj;jpw;Fj; jk;ik czthf;fp KGtJk;

tpG';fg;gl;ltuha; jj;Jt KGtJk; ,r;ir tHp gzp nfl;gg; gpuztnk

jpUt[U thfr; rfrtUs; gpwf;f tlY}iu aLj;j nkl;Lf; Fg;gk;

fpuhkj;jpy; rpj;jp tshfj; jpUkhspiff;Fs; fypahg;jk; 4978y; epfGk; _

KftUlk; ij khjk; 19k; ehs; Rf;fputhuk; g[dh;g{r el;rj;jpu';Toa g{h;t

uhj;jphpapy; braw;ifa[lypaw;ifa[lyhfj; jphpt[gLk; rpd;khj;jpu rf$

rkhjpapy; mirtw epd;W. jkjhj;khh;j;j rw;FUitr; rpe;jpj;J

jhkkh;e;jpUe;j mt;tiwia K:og; g{l;of; bfhs;sj; jkjd;gh;fl;Ff;

Fwpg;g[zh;j;jpg; g{l;lr; bra;J. jhKk; jkJ ,e;jphpaf; fjit K:o kt[d

epl;il To epj;jpahde;jKw;wdh;/@
 - 28 -

nkw;fz;lthW gpU';fp; khefuk; ,uhkrhkp Kjypahh; gjpg;gpy;

TwpapUf;f 1924k; Mz;L btspaplg;gl;l r/K/ fe;jrhkpg; gps;is gjpg;gpy;

63k; gf;fj;jpy; TwpapUg;gjhtJ/

@_Kf tUc&j;jpy; khh;fHp khjk;; Kjy; ts;syhh; rpj;jp

tshfj; jpUtiwf;Fs; brd;W rpy ehs; fjit K:of;bfhz;L ,Ug;gJk;

gpwF btsp te;J gpur';fk; bra;tJk;. kWgoa[k; rpy ehs; jhspl;Lf;

bfhz;L cs;ns ,Ug;gJk;. gpd;dh; btspte;J gpur';fk; bra;tJkhfpa

mUl;bgU bewpapy; jpfH;e;jdh;/

m';'dk; epfG ehl;fspy; xU ehs; md;gh;fis nehf;fpf;

@filia tphpj;njhk; ? bfhs;thhpy;iy fl;otpl;nlhk;/; eP';fs;; mUs;

miltjw;F ,e;jj; jPgj;jpidf; flt[bsdf; bfhz;L $PtfhUz;a

Kilauhfp rpe;jpj;Jf; bfhz;oU';fs;/ ,dp ,uz;liu foif neuk;

c';fs; fz;Qqf;Fj; njhd;w khl;nlhk;/ ,t;t[yfj;jpYk; kw;bw';Fk;

,Ug;nghk;/ gpd;dh; mUl;bgU";n$hjp Mz;lth; tUthh;/ mg;nghJ

,t;t[Ut[ld; rpj;jpfs; gy epfH;j;Jnthk;/ jpUtUl; br';nfhyhl;rp;

bra;nthk;/ mftpdj;jhh;f;Fr; rhfh tuKk; Vidnahh;f;Fg; ghpghf

epiyiaa[k; mspg;nghk;/ ehk; jpUf;fjit K:oapUf;F';fhy; mjpfhhpfs;

jpwf;Fk;go Mf;"hgpf;fpy; Mz;lth; mUs; bra;thh;@ vd;W fl;lisapl;Lr;

rpj;j rhe;jk; cz;lhf;fp _Kf tUc&k; ij khjk; g[dh;g{rj;jpy;

bts;spf;fpHikad;W ,ut[ 12 kzpf;F nkl;Lf;Fg;gj;jpy; rpj;jp

tshfj;jpy; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;ldh;/@

jpU/ Cud; mofs; vGjp 1971k; Mz;L btspapl;l ,uhkyp';f

mofs; tuyhw;wpy; 548?549k; gf;f';fspy; TwpapUg;gjhtJ??

@mofs; jkJ jpUtiwf;Fs;nsapUe;J tpiutpy;

,iwtndhouz;lwf; fyg;gjw;fhd rhjidfspy; <Lgl;oUe;jhh;fs;/

fhh;j;jpif. khh;fHpj; jp';fs;fs; fHpe;jd/ ijj;jp';fs; te;jJ/ ijj;

jp';fspy; mofs; jpUtiwapdpd;Wk; btspna te;J rpd;dhspUe;jhh;fs;/

 - 29 -

rpw;rpy cgnjr';fisr; bra;jUspdhh;fs;/ @fil tphpj;njhk;?

bfhs;thhpy;iy ? fl;o tpl;nlhk;/ ,g;nghJ ,e;j clk;gpypUf;fpd;nwhk;/

,dp vy;yh clk;gpYk; g[Fe;J bfhs;nthk;@ vd;W Twpj; jhk; clk;ig

kiwj;Jf; bfhz;L ,iwtndhouz;lwf; fyf;f ,Ug;gijf; Fwpg;ghft[k;

btspg;gilahft[k; md;gh;fSf;F czh;j;jpdhh;fs;/ ijg;g{rk; te;jJ/

_Kf Mz;L ijj; jp';fs; 19k; ehs; 30/1/1874 bts;spf;fpHik

g{rj;jd;W Kd;dputpy; mofs; m';fpUe;j md;gh;fisbay;yhk;

miHj;Jj;jhKk; miwf;Fs;ns brd;W clk;ig kiwj;Jf;

bfhs;sg;nghtijf; TwpaUspdhh;fs;/ mg;nghJ Twpajhf md;gh; xUth;

Fwpj;J itj;Js;sJ gpd;tUkhW :-

_Kf tUc&k; ij khjk; 19k; njjp

@ehd; cs;ns gj;Jg; gjpide;J jpdkpUf;fg; nghfpnwd;/

ghh;j;J mtek;gpf;ifailahjPh;fs;/ xUf;fhy; ghh;f;f neh;e;J ghh;j;jhy;

ahUf;Fk; njhd;whJ btW tPlhfj; jhdpUf;Fk;go Mz;lth; bra;tpg;ghh;/

vd;idf; fhl;of; bfhlhh;/@

vd;idf; fhl;of; bfhlhh; vd;gjd; bghUs; vd;idf; fhz

,ayhJ vd;gjhk; ?

md;W ,ut[ 15 ehHpif (12 kzp)f;F mofs; m';fpUe;j

midth;f;Fk; ,JfhWk; ehk; Twpte;jgo xGfp mUl;bgU";n$hjp

Mz;ltiu tHpgl;L ca;a[';fs; vd;W mwpt[iua[k; thH;j;Jk; Twpj; jkJ

jpUtiwf;Fs; EiHe;J fjitr; rhj;jpf; bfhz;L ,uz;liu

ehHpifapy; ,iwtndhL ,uz;lwf; fye;jUspdhh;fs;/

brd;id milahW jpahrhgpfy; brhi!l;oahUf;F bjhGt{h;

ntyha[j Kjypahh; (ts;syhhpd; Kjy; khzhf;fh;) mspj;j thf;FK:yj;jpd;

xU gFjp ?

@1855k; Mz;oy; mth; (ts;syhh;) brd;idiatpl;Lr; rpjk;guk;

brd;whh;/ gpd; m';fpUe;J tlY}Uf;Fk; fU';FHpf;Fk; brd;W m';nfna

 - 30 -

gy Mz;Lfs; j';fpdhh;/ mf;fhy';fspy; gyKiw jk;ikr;

N:H;e;jpUe;jth;fisg; gphpe;J gpwh; fz;fSf;Fg; g[yg;glh tz;z k; kiwe;J

nghthh;/ ePz;l fhyk; mt;thnw gpwh; mwpah tz;z k; ,Ug;ghh;/

1874 $dthp khjk; ,Wjp ehs;fspy; ngrj; bjhl';fpj; jhk;

TwptUk; jPh;f;f jhprd';fis kPz;Lk; Twpdhh;/ mk;khjk; 30k; njjp

eh';fs; nkl;Lf; Fg;gj;jpy; v';fs; FUitf; filrpahfg; ghh;j;njhk;/

rPlh;fsplk; md;nghL tpilbgw;w gpd; Vw;ghL bra;jpUe;j xU rpW

fl;olj;jpd; jdp miw xd;wpy; EiHe;J tphpg;gpy; radpj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;/

mtuJ fl;lisg;go miwf;fjt[ g{l;lg;gl;lJ/ ,Ue;j xnu JthuKk;

Rth; itj;J milf;fg;gl;lJ/

Xuhz;ow;Fg; gpd; jpwe;J ghh;j;j nghJ miwapy; xd;Wkpy;iy/

btw;wiwahfnt ,Ue;jJ/ gpd; xU rkak; njhd;Wtjhf cWjpahff;

TwpapUe;jhbudpDk; njhd;Wk; fhyk; ,lk; N:H;epiyfisj;

bjhptpf;ftpy;iy/ mg;goj; njhd;Wk; tiu ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lkpd;wp

Inuhg;gh. mbkhpf;fh Kjypa kw;bwy;yhj; njr';fspYk; jf;fth;fspd;

cs;sj;jpy; mjpl;oj;J cyifj; jpUj;Jk; gzpapy; ntiy

bra;ag;nghtjhff; Twpdhh;/

gpU';fp; khefuk; ,uhkrhkp Kjypahh; ? r/K/ fe;jrhkpg;

gps;is ? bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; ? jtj;jpU Cud; mofshh; ?

kw;Wk; ahuhapUe;jhYk; rhp mth;fs; Twpa thh;j;ijfspy; rpy khWghLfs;

,Ue;jhYk; vy;nyhUila thh;j;ijfspYk; ts;syhh; nkl;Lf;Fg;gk; rpj;jp

tshfj; jpUkhspifapy; 1874k; Mz;L $dthpj; jp';fs; 30k; ehs;

bts;spf;fpHik ,ut[ 12 kzp mstpy; Xh; miwapy; cs;ns EiHe;J

fjitr; rhj;jpf; bfhz;L jkJ clk;igg; gpwh; fhzh tz;zk;

kiwj;J tpl;lhh; vd;gjpy; khw;wkpy;iy/

,e;jj; J}y njfkhdJ jhd; bra;fpd;w jtj;jpd; gadhfr;

rpy khw;w';fis milfpd;wJ/ Kjypy; Rj;j njfkhf khwpg; gpd;dh;

 - 31 -

gpuzt njfkhfp Kothf "hd njfkhfpd;wJ/ mt;thW khw;wk;

mila[';fhy; ,j;njfj;jpd; jd;ik vt;thW tps';Fk; vd;gij ts;syhnu

tiuaiw bra;fpd;whh;/ J}y njfkhdJ Rj;j my;yJ Rth;z njfkhf

khWk;nghJ mila[k; khw;w';fs;/

Rj;j njfj;jpd; jd;ik :

fhhpa U:gk; ? gunjfk; ? gu czh;r;rp ? gu mwpt[ ?; guj;tk; ?

bghd; tz;z k; ? 16 Kjy; 12 taJ gUtk; ? eiu. jpiu. gpzp. K:g;g[.

kyk;. $yk;. tpah;it. Mfhuk;. epj;jpiu. jhfk;. rhia Kjypad

,y;yhik ? cnuhk tsh;r;rp jhH;r;rp ,y;yhik ? mgu";rp khw;W ? fh;k

rpj;jp ? fy;gnjfp ? mgukhh;f;fp/

gpuzt njfj;jpd; jd;ik :

fhhpa fhuz U:gk; ? guk;gu njfk; ? guk;gu czh;r;rp ? guk;gu

mwpt[; ? guk;gu jj;Jtk; ? 16 Kjy; 108 tiu khw;W ? 8 taJ Kjy; 5

taJ gUtk; ? ciuglhjJ ? njfk; njhw;Wk; gpoglhJ ? rh;t rj;jp ?

gpuhz fy;g njfp ? gu mgu khh;f;fk;/

"hdnjfj;jpd; jd;ik :

fhuz U:gk; ? v';Fk; g{uz tpahgfk; ? guhgu mwpt[ ?

rg;jka jhprdk; ? rh;tkfh rf;jp ? rh;t Rje;juk; ? cUtk; njhw;wpa[k;

njhw;whkYk; ,Uf;Fk; ? fhyhjPjd;/

,e;j K:d;W njf';fspd; khw;w';fisj; jhd; bgw;wij

ts;syhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;/ ehnd jtk; g[hpe;njd; ek; bgUkhd;

ey;yUshy;

ehnd mUl;rpj;jp ehlile;njd; ? ehnd

mHpah totk;; mit K:d;Wk; bgw;nwd;

,Hpahky; MLfpd;nwd; ,';F/

Rj;j tot[[k; Rftothk; X';fhu

epj;j tot[k; epiwe;njh';F ? rpj;bjDnkhh;

 - 32 -

"hd tot[k; ,';nf ehd; bgw;nwd; v';bf';Fk;

jhd tpisahl;oaw;wj;jhd;/

ts;syhh; Rj;j njfk; bgw;whh; vd;gjw;F Mjhuk; :

epHy; tpHhj njfnk Rj;j njfk; vd;fpd;whh;/ kapiyiar;

rhh;e;j jpU jzpfhryk; vd;gth; xd;gJ Kiw ts;syhiu epHw;glkhf

(nghl;nlh) vLf;f Kad;Wk; ,ayhJ nghapw;W/ ts;syhh; cUtk;

epHw;glkhf tpHtpy;iy/ ,uhkfpUc;&z gukcwk;!h;. Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;.

ts;syhuJ jiy khzhf;fh; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; nghd;nwhuJ

epHw;glk; ,Ug;gjhy; mth;fsJ cz;ikahd Kfr; rhay; xnu khjphp

ekf;Ff; fpl;oa[s;sJ/ Mdhy; ts;syhuJ Kfr; rhanyh glj;jpw;Fg; glk;

khW gl;oUf;fpwJ/ mtuJ cz;ikahd Kfr; rhay; epHw;glk; K:ykhf

ekf;Ff; fpl;lhkw; nghdnj ts;syhh; Rj;j njfj;Jld; tps';fpdhh;

vd;gjw;Fg; nghJkhd MjhukhFk;/

ts;syhh; Rj;j njfk; kl;Lkpd;wpg; gpuzt njfk; "hd njfk;.

Mfpatw;iwa[k; bgw;Wf; bfhz;lij mth; ghl;od; K:yk; fz;nlhk;/ "hd

njfj;ijg; gw;wpf; TWk;nghJ njhd;wpa[k; njhd;whkYk; ,Uf;Fk;

vd;fpwhh;/ gyKiw ts;syhh; gy khj';fs; kiwe;jpUe;J

btspg;gl;oUg;gnj mtuJ njfk; njhd;whkYk; njhd;wpa[k; ,Ue;jJ

vd;gjw;F Mjhukhf cs;sJ/

g[tpahnyh. g[dyhnyh. fdyhnyh. fhw;whnyh. Mfhaj;jhnyh

vjdhy; mHpe;jhYk; mJ kuznk/ clk;ig g";r g{jj;jpy;

fiuj;Jtpl;lhh; vd;whYk; me;j Kot[k; kuznk/ njfj;Jld; ,Ug;gnj

kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;t[. njfk; ,y;yhkw; nghapd; mjpypUe;j $Ptdhy;

jdpj;J ,a';f Koahj fhuzj;jhy; gpwtp vLj;nj jPUk;/ ts;syhh;

kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;t[ bgw;wth; ? mth; jdJ njfj;Jld; ,Uf;fpwhh;/

1874f;F Kd; vt;thW mof;fo gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whky; jd;

clk;ig kiwj;Jf; bfhz;lhnuh mt;thnw 1874 $dthp 30k; ehsd;Wk;

 - 33 -

gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whky; kiwj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;/ Kd;bgy;yhk; vt;thW

kiwe;Jgpd;; kPz;Lk; njhd;wpdhnuh mt;thnw kPz;Lk; njhd;Wthh;.

mg;nghbjy;yhk; kiwe;j rpy khj';fspy; njhd;wpdhh;/ ,g;nghJ rpy

Mz;Lfs; Mfpd;wd. ,Jnt cz;ik/

ts;syhh;; miwf;Fs; g[Fe;J kiwe;jij me;j E}w;whz;oy;

thH;e;J ts;syhiur; re;jpj;J mstshtp kfpH;e;j tz;z r; rugk;

jz;lghzp Rthkpfs; md;gh;fs; V';f ts;syhh; miwf;Fs; EiHe;jijj;

jhd; ghoa ghl;oy; epU:gpf;fpwhh;/

bghw;iw xU tpy;yhfg; g[tpa{h;e;J g[u"; brw;nwhd;

gw;iw btd;nwhh; j';fisa[k; gijahky; ,fH;ntd;ghy;

mw;iwapw; rpw;rpynu';f miwa[l;nghk; tlY}uhd;

kw;iwah; fz; Tr tUthbdd;Wiuj;jhnd/

ek;g[ ktdpkpj;jbkhU ehhpaplk; J}jhndhd;

btk;g[ Jah;f;fhjhukh kpogl;L bkypntd;ghy;

mk;g[tp bay;yhkwpa miwa[l;nghk; tlY}uhd;

tk;g[iug;ghh; gyh; fhz tUthbdd;Wiuj;jhnd/

ts;syhh; miwf;Fl; brd;W fjitr; rhj;jpf; bfhz;lnghJ

rpyh; V';fpajhft[k; mth; miwf;Fs; EiHe;jij mk;g[tp vy;yhKk;

mwpa[k; vd;Wk; jhd; jpUk;gp tUtjhfr; brhy;ypna ts;syhh;

brd;wpUf;fpwhh; vd;Wk; jz;lghzp Rthkpfs; Twpa[s;sJ ek; bgUkhdhh;

mile;j kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;it nkYk; epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

,Jtiu Twpte;jij xd;W jpul;of; fhz;nghk;/

1) ts;syhh; Rj;j njfk; bgw;W tpl;ljhy; mth; cUtk;

epHw;glkhf ekf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy/

2) "hd njfk; njhd;wpa[k; njhd;whkYk; ,Uf;Fk;/ 1874

$dthp 30k; ehs; ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lij cyfnk mwpa[k;/

Mdhy; mjw;F Kd;ng ts;syhh; gy Kiw md;gh; fz;fSf;Fj;

 - 34 -

njhd;whky; jd; clk;ig kiwj;Jf; bfhz;Ls;shh;/ gpd;dh;

njhd;wpa[s;shh;/ ts;syhhpd;; Kjy; khzth; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh;

milahW gpUk;k "hd r';fj;jhh;f;F mspj;Js;s thf;FK:yj;jpypUe;J

,e;j cz;ik btspahfpd;wJ/

3) ts;syhUld; nehpy; gHfpa gpU';fp khefuk; ,uhkrhkp

Kjypahh;. fhuzg;gl;L r/K/ fe;jrhkpg; gps;is nghd;nwhh; vGjpa[s;s

,uhkyp';fhpd; rhpj;jpuf; Fwpg;g[fSk; ts;syhh; Xh; miwf;Fs; EiHe;J

fjitr; rhj;jpf; bfhz;lij epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

4) ts;syhh; 1874k; Mz;L Kjy; fhzhky; ngha;tpl;ljhy;

rl;lg;go md;iwa bts;is murh';fk; VHhz;Lfs; fHpe;j gpd;dh; r';f

md;gh;fs; ehy;tiu 1881k; Mz;L khh;r; khjk; Vb$z;Lfshf epakpj;jJ/

me;jr; bray; ts;syhh; gpwh;nghy; khz;Lnghftpy;iy vd;gija[k; kw;wth;

fz;fSf;Ff; fhzhky; jd; clk;ig kiwj;Jf; bfhz;lhh; vd;gija[k;

epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

5) rd;khh;f;f r';fj;ij mg;nghJ rhh;e;jpUe;j md;gh;fs;

btspapl;l ou!;o kWg;g[ ts;syhh; Vw;fdnt ed;F jpl;lkpl;nl gytpjkhd

Kd; Vw;ghLfisr; bra;jpUf;fpwhh; vd;gija[k; ts;syhh; jpUf; fhg;gpl;Lf;

bfhz;lija[k; epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

6) ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;l miwiar; nrhjpj;j

mg;nghija khtl;l Ml;rpahsh; ? khtl;lf; fhty;Jiwf; fz;fhzpg;ghsh;

? khtl;l kUj;Jt mYtyh;. jhrpy;jhh; Kjypnahuhy; gpd;dh; btspaplg;gl;l

murh';f bf!l;Lk; ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lij epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

7) ts;syhhpd; rkfhyg; g[ytuhd tz;zr; rugk; jz;lghzp

Rthkpfs; md;gh;fs; V';f miwf;Fs; ts;syhh; brd;wij epU:gpf;fpd;whh;/

8) 1935y; ,e;J mw epiyaj;jpd; Mizah;fs; Ie;J

Mz;Lfs; tprhuizf;Fg; gpd;dh; btspapl;l jkJ jPh;g;gpYk; ts;syhh;

jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lij epU:gpf;fpd;wdh;/

 - 35 -

9) vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; nkyhfj; jhd; bgw;w bgU epiyahfpa

kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;it ts;syhnu jkJ jpUtUl;ghtpy; mfr; rhd;whfg;

gyg; ghf;fspy; bjspt[gLj;jpa[s;shh;/

Kot[

ts;syhh; kw;wth; nghy; khz;L nghdth; my;y/ gyuwpa Xh;

miwapDs; EiHe;J gpwh; fhzh tz;zk; jd; cliy kiwj;Jf;

bfhz;L jd;; njfj;Jld;; ,d;Wk; ,Ug;gtnu/

10) ts;syhhpd; moath; xUth; rpj;jp tshfj;jpy; jd;

cliy ts;syhh; kiwj;Jf; bfhz;lij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;/

mUSUf;bfhz;l xU tot[ rpt nahfp tothd

epd;dhpa Konky; m';nf tsh;e;j rpif

K:d;W gphpt[s;ns epd;dhpajha; rpd;dk;ikjhd;

mUs; rptdor; nrh;e;j gpd;dh; xU rpif bfhz;L

mhpa btz;Jfpy; nkw;bfhs; , mUl;ghjk;

Vw;Fk; ed;fpU ghjul;ir jid m';'dkfw;wpMSk;

,UsW rpj;jp tshf bkDk; Xhplj;Jf; fw;g{u jPgk;

Vw;wp Muhjpj;J Mde;j nkypl;L

,dpa Tj;jho epd;W

gUt[ly; kiwj;J btspahd munr tUf ? tUf

ey;yhpa rpj;jpaUs; tz;ikj; jpUtUl;

gpufhr ts;sny tUf ? vd; kzp tUfnt/

gU cly; kiwj;J btspahd munr vd;w thp ts;syhh;

bgw;w mHpahj njf rpj;jpia[ak; kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;ita[k; cWjpg;

gLj;Jfpd;wJ/

Fwpg;g[ : ts;syhiug; gw;wp vGJfpd;wth;fs; ,dpahfpYk; j';fs; kdk;

nghdgoj; jhWkhwhf vGjhky; ts;syhh; thH;tpy; ele;j

rk;gt';fis cs;sthW vGJkhW ntz;lg;gLfpwJ/

 - 36 -

kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;tpy; c';fl;F ek;gpf;if ,y;yhJ

nghdhYk; mjw;fhf c';fs; kdf; fUj;ij ts;syhh; kPJ

jpzpf;fhky; ts;syhh; mUk;ghL gl;L mile;j bgU

epiyia cz;ikia cs;sthW vGJ';fs;/

ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf;bfhz;L ,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf;

fye;J tpl;lhh; vd;W gyh; ngrpa[k; vGjpa[k; tUfpd;wdh;/

,jw;F Kd; njhd;wpa Md;nwhh;fspy; gyh;

Kf;jpaile;Jtpl;ljhft[k;. Kf;jp vd;gJ J}yt[liy tpl;lhYk; $PtdhdJ

,iwtDld; xd;Wgl;Lf; fye;J tpLtnj vd;Wk; Twp te;Js;sdh;/

Md;kPfthjpfs; mj;jid ngUk; mijna ,d;Wk; ek;g[fpd;whh;fs;/

cz;ik epiy vd;d> ,e;j caph; cliy tpl;Lg; gphpe;j gpd;dh;

Mz;ltDld; fyf;f Koa[kh> ,iwtd; Mfhaj;jpny v';nf

,Uf;fpd;whd;> capuhdJ clk;gpDs;ns ,Ue;J bray;gl;oUf;Fk;nghJ

,iwtid mwpahky; ,Uf;fpd;wJ/ Mdhy; clk;ig tpl;L

btspnawpat[ld; Mz;ltdpd; ,Ug;gplj;ij mwpe;J m';nf brd;W

capuhdJ ,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fye;JtpLfpd;wjhk;> capUf;F me;j

mwpt[ vg;go tUk;>

$Ptd; jdpj;J ,a';fhJ vd;W ek; bgUkhdhh; Twpa[s;sjhy;

clk;ig tpl;Lg; gphpe;j capuhdJ tpidf;nfw;gg; gpwtp vLf;Fnk jtpu

,iwtDld; fyj;jy; vd;gnj fpilahJ/ ,e;j cz;ikia czuhj

gy Md;kPfg; bgU kf;fs; j';fs; capuhdJ Mz;ltDld; fyg;gjw;Fj;

j';fs; clk;ng jilahf cs;sJ vdf; fUjpj; jd; rPlh;fisf;

bfhz;L jd; jiy kPJ nj';fha; cilf;fr; bra;Jk;. rkhjp xd;W jf;f

,lj;jpy; fl;lr; bra;J capUld; mjpy; ,w';fpr; Rtiu milf;fr;

bra;Jk; j';fisj; jh';fns kha;j;Jf; bfhz;Ls;s tuyhWfs; epiwa

 - 37 -

cz;L/ ,g;gog;gl;l bghpath;fs; ,iwtDld; fye;Jtpl;ljhff; Twpf;

bfhs;tJ rhpahdjy;y/

,';nf ts;syhhpd; thrfk; xd;wpid epidt[ Th;tJ

mtrpakhfpd;wJ/

@rka kj rd;khh;f;fpfspy; jha[khd RthkpfSk; ,d;Dk;

mndf bghpnahh;fSk; Rj;jg; gug;gpuk;kj;jpdplj;jpy; ,uz;lwf; fye;J

tpl;lljhf KiwapLtJ th!;jtkh vd;why; mth!;jtk;/ Rj;j

rd;khh;f;fk; xd;Wf;nf rhj;jpak; ifTLk;. vd;Wk; rhfhj epiyiag;

bgw;Wr; rh;t rpj;jp ty;ygKk; bgwf;TLk;/ kw;w rka kj

khh;f;f';fbsy;yhk; Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;jpw;Fr; bry;yf; fPH;g;gofs; Mjyhy;

mtw;wpy; If;fpak; vd;gnj ,y;iy/ jha[khdth; Kjyhdth;fs; Rj;j

rd;khh;f;fpfs; my;yh;/ kj rd;khh;f;fpfs; vd;W xUthW bfhs;syhk;/

,jpy; epj;jpa njfk; fpilahJ/ ,J rhjf khh;f;fnkad;wpr;

rhj;jpaky;y/ ehis Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk; tH';Fk;nghJ ,th;fs; ahtUk;

caph; bgw;W kPs tUthh;fs; Kd;dpUe;j msitf; fhl;oYk; tpnrc&

"hdj;njhL Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;jpw;Fhpath;fsha; tUthh;fs;/ rhj;jpauha;;

,uz;lwf; fyg;ghh;fs;/

(ciueil gf;fk; 305)

,wthik bgw;wth;fshy; kl;Lnk ,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf;

fyf;f Koa[k;/ ,we;j gpwF cliytpl;Lg; gphpe;j capuhdJ v';nfh

,Uf;Fk; ,iwtidf; fz;L mile;J mtDld; fyg;gjy;y/ ,e;jj;

njfj;jpnyna ,e;jg; gpwtpapnyna ,iwtid mila ntz;Lk; vd;gnj

ts;syhh; bfhs;if/ mth; ,e;j cyfpw;F te;j nehf;fKk; mJnt/

Mjhuk;??

mfj;nj fWj;Jg; g[wj;J btSj;jpUe;j cyfuidtiua[k;

rfj;nj jpUj;jpr; rd;khh;f;fr; r';fj;J miltpj;jpl mtUk;

,fj;nj guj;ijg; bgw;W kfpH;e;jpLjw;bfd;nw vid ,e;j

 - 38 -

a[fj;nj ,iwtd; tUtpf;ft[w;nwd; mUisg; bgw;nwnd

,e;jg; gpwtpapnyna ,iwtid mila ntz;Lk; vd;w

ts;syhh; mwptpg;ig ,fj;nj guj;ijg; bgw;W kfpH;e;jpLjw;bfd;nw vd;w

thp epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

ts;syhh; jUk; flt[s; tpsf;fk;:

,Jtiu njhd;wpa rka';fs; kf;fSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpa[s;s

flt[s;fs; Vuhsk; Vuhsk;/ xt;bthU rkaj;jtUk; j';fs; rkaj;ijr;

rhh;e;j flt[ns cz;ikahdth; vd;Wk;. cs;sgona ,Ug;gth; vd;Wk;.

mtnu Mw;wy;fs; midj;Jk; bfhz;lth; vd;Wk; mUs; juf; Toath;

mtnu vd;Wk; ek;g[fpd;wdh; ? tHpgLfpd;wdh;/

xd;nw Fyk; xUtnd njtd; vd;W vg;nghnjh

Twg;gl;oUe;jhYk; mj;jid flt[s;fl;Fk; Mya';fSk; g[uhz';fSk;

epiwa cs;sd/ nfhof; fzf;fhd gf;j nfhofs; mtuth; rkaj;ijr;

rhh;e;j Mz;ltid KG ek;gpf;ifa[ld; tHpgl;LtUtijf; fz;Tlhff;

fz;L tUfpd;nwhk;/

ahuhtJ ,j;jid flt[sh;fs; cz;ikapy; ,Uf;f Koa[kh

vd;W rpe;jpj;jduh vd;why; ,y;iy/ flt[spd; jd;ikia tpthpf;fpd;w

bghGJ m';fp';bfdhjgo v';Fk; g{uzkha; epiwe;Js;sth; vd;W

TWfpd;whh;fs;/ xnu xU flt[s; ,Ue;jhy; mt;thW TWtJ bghUe;Jk;/

xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;L ,uz;lhtJ flt[s; xUth; ,Ue;jhy; xUth; kl;Lk;

vt;thW g{uzkhf v';Fk; epiwe;jpUf;f Koa[k;> mnef flt[sh;fs;

,Ue;jhy; ahuhYk; g{uzkhf v';Fk; epiwe;jpUf;f Koahnj!

,ijbay;yhk; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghh;f;f ntz;lhkh>

xt;bthU rkaj;jtUk; j';fSf;bfd;W Xh;; ,iwtid

Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhz;L tz';fp tUfpd;wdh;/ cjhuzkhfr; irth;fSf;Fr;

rptDk;. rhf;jh;fl;Fr; rf;jpa[k;. fhzhgj;ah;fl;Ff; fzgjpa[k;.

bfskhuh;fl;Ff; FkuntSk;. brsuh;fl;Fr; N:hpaDk; kw;Wk; itzth;fl;F

 - 39 -

tpc;&Qqt[k; bja;tbkdf; bfhz;L rka';fs; tps';Ffpd;wd/ nkYk;

xt;bthU rkaj;jtUk; j';fs; bja;tk; kl;Lnk cz;ikahdJ vd;W

ek;gpa[k; ngrpa[k; tUfpd;wdh;/ ghku kf;fs; kl;Lkh ,e;jj; bja;t';fis

ek;gp tHpgLfpd;wdh;! bghpath;fSk; tz';Ffpd;wduhk;/ ,J gw;wpa

ts;syhh; fUj;J :

@,Jtiu bghpath;fs; vd;W bgahpl;Lf; bfhz;oUe;jth;fSk;

cz;ikawpahJ mg;gona ,Ug;gjhf ek;gp Vkhe;J fz;iz K:of;bfhz;L

cswpf; bfhl;oapUf;fpwhh;fs;/@

,j;jid bja;t';fSk; ,y;iy vd;why; bghpath;fs;

mtt;st[k; ,Ug;gjhf vz;z pa[k; tHpgl;Lk; te;Js;sdnu vd;W tpdtyhk;/

,jw;Fk; ts;syhh; xUtnu tpilaspf;fpd;whh;/

,iwtDf;F mUl;bgU";n$hjp vd;W ts;syhh; bgah;

N:l;Lfpd;whh;/ me;j ,iwtdhfpa mUl;bgU";n$hjp xt;bthUtUila

cs;sj;jpYk; mDgtkhf btspg;gLkhk;/ mJt[k; ,e;jphpa';fSk;

fuz';fSk; fle;J mwpaf;Toa mDgtnk mUl;bgU";n$hjp vd;fpwhh;/

jE fuzhjpfs;jhk; fle;J mwpa[nkhh;

mDgtkhfpa mUl;bgU";n$hjp/ (mfty;)

kdk; bray;gLfpd;wtiu mUl;bgU";n$hjp mDgtk;

fpl;lhjhk;/ Vbddpy; vg;nghJk; vijahtJ vz;zpf;bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;w

kdk; rpe;jidaw;W kfhbksd epiy mila[';fhyj;nj mUl;bgU";n$hjp

tps';Fk; vd;fpd;whh;/

ciu kd'; fle;j xU bgU btspnky;

miuR bra;J X';Fk; mUl;bgU";n$hjp/ (mfty;)

mUl;bgU";n$hjp mDgtk; vd;why; mij xU kdpjd; jd;

mfj;jpDs;nsjhd; fhz Koa[nk jtpug; g[wj;nj fhz Kw;gl;lhy;

njhd;whJ vd;fpwhh; ts;syhh;/

bghJt[zh; t[zUk; nghjyhy; gphpj;nj

 - 40 -

mJ vdpy; njhd;wh mUl;bgU";n$hjp/ (mfty;)

mfj;jpny mUl;bgU";n$hjp jhprdk; vt;thW ,Uf;Fk;>

mJ Kr;Rluhf tps';Fkhk;/ ghliyf; ftdpa[';fs;:

<w;wwpnad; ,Ue;jpUe;jp'; fjprapg;gbjd;eP

vd;fpd;wha; ePjhd; vidtpl;nlFbjhWk; ehd;whd;

fhw;wwpahj; jPgk;nghy; ,Ue;jpLk; mj;jUzk;

fz;l ghpbrd; g[fy;ntd; mz;lgfpuz;lk;

njhw;wwpahg; bgU";n$hjp kiy guehjj;nj njhd;wpa

jh';fjdLnt njhw;wpa bjhd;wJ jhd;

khw;wwpahg; bghd;bdhspnah mt;bthspf;Fs;shLk;

ts;syjUbshspnah <jjprapf;Fk; tifna/

,g;ghlypd; jpuz;l tpsf;fk; ,Jjhd;: V kdnk eP vid tpl;L

mfd;wt[ld; ehd; fhw;wpdhy; mirf;fg;glhj jPgk; nghy; mirahJ

epd;nwd;/ me;j epiyapy; guehjk; vd;w epiy cUthfp me;jg; guehj

epiyapy; bgU";n$hjp kiynghy; njhd;wpaJ/ mg;bgU";n$hjp eLnt

bghd;bdhsp xd;W njhd;wpaJ/ mg;bghd;bdhspapd; eLnt njhd;wpa

xspna ts;syhfpa ,iwtdhk;/

bgU";n$hjp ? xU n$hjp

bghd;bdhsp ? xU n$hjp

brt;bthsp ? xU n$hjp

n$hjpa[l; n$hjpa[l; n$hjpna ,iwtd;/

bgU";n$hjp Muk;gk; mjhtJ mo

bghd;bdhsp eL

brt;bthsp Ko

Mz;ltdpd; mo eL Koapd; tpsf;fKk; ,Jnt/

 - 41 -

bgU";n$hjp rpw;rig/ mjd; eLnt njhd;wpa bghd;bdhspna

bghw;rig/ mg;bghw;rigahfpa bghd;bdhspapd; cs;ns njhd;Wtnj

eluhrh;??

,ijj;jhd; cs;bshspapd; mirnt eluhr eldk; vd;W

Twpa[s;shh;/ ngbuhspa[k; bghd;bdhspa[k; fhl;rpg; bghUns/ cs;bshsp

kl;Lnk ,e;j clk;gpy; fyg;gJ/ Mjhuk;

1) jpUf;ffjtk; jpwthnah jpiufbsy;yhk; jtph;j;nj

jpUtUshk; bgU";n$hjpj; jpUt[Uf; fhl;lhnah/

2) kzpf; fjtk; jpwthnah kiwg;igbayhk;

jtph;j;nj khw;wwpahg; bghd;nd epd; totJ fhl;lhnah

3) ciu fle;j jpU mUl; ngbuhsp toitf; fye;nj

,iwtd; vd;gJ cs;ns fhQqfpd;w Kr;Rlhpy; K:d;whtJ

Rlh;/ mJ ,e;j clk;gpy; fyg;gijna ,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fyj;jy;

vd;whh;/ ,jdhy;jhd; mUl;bgU";n$hjp mDgtk; vd;whh;/

,e;j xspiaf; fz;L fye;jijna vd; fz;z hy; fz;L

bfhz;nld; fdpe;J bfhz;nld; fye;J bfhz;nld; vd;W ts;syhh;

ghoa[s;shh;/

,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fye;jhh; ts;syhh; vd;gJ cz;ik/

Mdhy; vg;nghJ fye;jhh; ? vt;thW fye;jhh; vd;gjd; cz;ik vd;d>

ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;l gpd;dh; ,iwtDld; fyf;ftpy;iy/

mjw;F Kd;ng ,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fye;J tpl;lhh;/ Mjhuk;

X';fhu miz kPJ ehdpUe;j jUzk;

cte;bjdJ kzthsh; rpte;j totfd;nw

<';fhug; gdpf;F tobtLj;J vjpnu epd;whh;

,Ue;jUs;f vd vGe;njd; vGe;jpUg;gbjd; eP

M';fhuk; xHp vd;whh; xHpj;jpUe;njd; mg;nghJ

mth; ehndh ehd; mtnuh mwpe;jpyd; Kd; Fwpg;ig

 - 42 -

C'fhu ,uz;LUt[k; xd;whnzhk; M';nf

ciwe;j mDgtk; njhHp epiwe;j bgUbtspna

(5440)

,uz;LUt[k; xd;whndk; vd;w thpapy; ,iwtd; jd;Dld;

fye;jij btspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh; ts;syhh;/

mUl;bgU";n$hjp. ts;syhh; clk;gpy; fye;jjhy; ts;syhnu

mUl;bgU";n$hjpahdhh;/ rhd;W

mUl;n$hjp Mndd; vd;W miwag;gh KuR

mUshl;rp bgw;nwd; vd;W miwag;gh KuR

kUl;rhh;g[ jPh;e;njd; vd;W miwag;gh KuR

kuzk; jtph;e;njd; vd;W miwag;gh KuR

,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fyg;gJ vd;gJ ,e;j clk;g[

,Uf;Fk;nghnj jtk; bra;J guehj epiy tiu brd;W ngbuhspiaf;

fz;L. gpd;dh; mjd; eLnt bghd;bdhspiaf; fz;L Kothf mirfpd;w

xspahfpa brt;bthspiaf; fz;L mr; brt;bthsp ,e;j clk;gpny fyf;fg;

bgWtJjhd; ,iwtDld; fyf;fg; bgWjy; MFk;/ brt;bthspjhd;

ek;Ks;ns fhzg;gLk; ,iwtd;/

,e;j cz;ikia czuhky; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lgpd;

ts;syhh; ,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fye;J tpl;lhh; vd;W TWtJ

mwpahik/ ,iwtDld; ts;syhh; jhd; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhs;tjw;F

Kd;ng fye;J tpl;lhh;/

gpUk;kh tpc;&Q q Uj;ud; Mfpa Kk;K:h;j;jpfSk; V';fp epw;f

ehd; ,Ue;j Foirapy; ,iwtd; EiHe;jhd;/ vd; clk;gpy;

EiHe;jhd; vd; cs;sj;jpYk; EiHe;Jtpl;lhd; vd;W vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;

ts;syhh;/

thdpUf;Fk; gpukh;fSk; ehuzUk; gpwUk;

khjtk; gd;dhl; g[hpe;J kzp khl eLnt

 - 43 -

njdpUf;Fk; kyuiz nkw; gspf;fiwapD}nl

jpUto nrh;j;jUs;f vdr; brg;gp tUe;jpaplt[k;

ehdpUf;Fk; Foirapny type;J EiHe;bjdf;nf

ey;y jpUtUsKjk; ey;fpa jd;wpa[bkd;

CdpUf;Fk; FoirapYk; cte;J EiHe;bjspnad;

cs;sbkDk; rpW Foira[s;S EiHe;jidna/

,jdhy; jhd;; ,iwtid mUl;bgU";n$hjp vd;W Twpa

ts;syhh;; mij mDgtk; vd;Wk; Twpdhh;/

,e;j cz;ik kw;w bghpnahh;fl;Fj; bjhpahjh vd;w tpdh

vGfpd;wJ/ ts;syhh; ,jw;Fk; tpilaspf;fpd;whh;/

xt;bthU rkaj;jpYk; cUtfkhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s xt;bthU

bja;tKk; jpUr; rpw;wk;gyk; vd;Wk; rpw;rig vd;Wk; Twg;gLfpd;w g[Ut

kj;jpapy; fhQqk; cs; xspiaj; jhd; g[wj;nj tz;zk; tot[ Kjypad

bfhLj;J xU kDc;&aidg; nghy; fw;gidahf mikj;Js;shh;fs;/ ,e;j

cyfj;jpny cs;s mj;jid rka';fSk; TWtJ ,e;j cz;ikiaj;jhd;

vd;fpwhh;/

bfhoapilg; bgz; ngjha;; mk;gyj;nj eof;Fk;

Tj;jho vd;bwdJ bfhGeh; jk;ikf; Fwpj;jha;

goaplj;nj thdplj;nj ghjyj;nj mz;l

gfpuz;l nfhoapny gjp tpsf;fbkyhk;

mokyh; bfhz;L Iah; bra;a[k; jpUf; Tj;jpd;

tpsf;fkhFk; vd;W mUkiwahfk';fs;

bfoa[wnt giwaoj;Jj; jphpfpd;w mtw;iwf;

nfl;lwpe;J bfhs;tha; epd;thl;lbkyhk; jtph;j;nj/

,e;j mz;l gfpuz;l nfhoapny ,Jtiu njhd;wpa

mUshsh;fs; Twpa[s;s epj;jpah;fs; vd;Wk; K:h;j;jpfs; vd;Wk; njtbud;Wk;

mtuth; juj;jpw;Fj; jf;fthW gho itj;jpUf;fpd;w mj;jida[k; g[Ut

 - 44 -

kj;jpahfpa rpw;rig tpsf;fnkahFk;/ mt;thnw vd;Dila ghly;fs;

midj;Jk; rpw;wk;gyg; ghl;nl bghd;dk;gyg;ghl;nl vd;W TWfpd;whh;/

ehLfpd;w gy nfho mz;l gfpuz;l ehl;lhh;fs; ahtUk;

me; ehl;lhz;ik ntz;o

ePLfpd;w njtbud;Wk; K:h;j;jpfshbkd;Wk;

epj;jpah;fbsd;Wk; M';nf epiyj;jbtyhk; kd;wpy;

MLfpd;w nrtof;nf j';fs; j';fs; juj;Jf;

fhdtif brhd;khiy mzpe;jjhdyd;nwh

ghLfpd;w vd;Didla ghl;bly;yhk; bghd;dk;

gyg;ghl;nl rpw;wk;gyg; ghl;nl njhHp

,e;jr; rkaj; bja;t';fbsy;yhk; g[wj;nj fw;gidahf

cUthf;fg;gl;litna jtpu cz;ikapy; me;je;j tot';fspy;

,Ug;gitay;y/ mjdhy;jhd; rkaj; bja;t';fis tHpghL bra;tJ

mtrpaky;y vd;whh; ts;syhh;/

ehk; ,Jtiu vz;zpa[k; ghh;j;jpuhj Xh; cz;ikiaa[k;

btspapLfpd;whh;. mjhtJ Mjpapy; flt[is kiwj;jtd; Xh; ty;ytd;

vd;Dk; mtd; g{l;oa me;jg; g{l;il ,Jtiu xUtUk; jpwe;j ghoy;iy

vd;Wk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;/ mjhtJ ,iw cz;ikia

mwpe;jpUe;J';Tl cz;ikia btspg;gilahfg; ghku kf;fSk;

czUk;gof; Twhky; gy;ntW fw;gidfis cz;lhf;fpg; gy

cUt';fisg; gilj;J xt;bthd;Wf;F k; btt;ntW bgahpl;L mt;thnw

mj;jid bja;t';fSk; ,Ue;J mUs;ghypg;gjhfnt Twptpl;lhh;fs;/;

ntj';fSk; Mfk';fSk; Tl ,t;thW cz;ikia btspg;gilahf

ciuf;fhky; Njhfnt TWfpd;wd vd;fpwhh; ts;syhh;/

ntjhfk';fbfsd;W tPz; thjkhLfpd;wPh;

ntjhfkj;jpd; tpistwpaPh; ? Njhfr;

brhd;dtyhy; cz;ikbtsp njhd;w ciuj;ypiy

 - 45 -

vd;d gandh ,it/

bja;tj;jpd; cz;ikia kf;fSf;F tpsf;f te;jth; ts;syhh;/

vdntjhd; mtuhy; kl;Lk; bja;tj;jpd; cz;ikiaj; bjspthf ciuf;f

Koe;jJ/

ts;syhh; mile;j ngWjhd; vd;d> mthpd; cz;ikahd

epiy ahJ>

"hdj;jpYk; xGf;fj;jpYk; rpwe;j ts;syhh; ,iwtidf;

fhQqk; Kaw;rpapy; <LgLfpd;whh;/ $PtfhUz;ank tothf tps';fpa

ts;syhh; jtj;ij nkw;bfhz;lhh;/ gpUk;kh. tpc&;Qq. Uj;ud;. knfRud;.

rjhrptd;. tpe;J Mfpa g{j epiyfs; fle;J ehjk; gutpe;J guehjk;

jpf;fpuhe;jk; mjpf;fpuhe;jk; Rj;j rptk; vd;w Md;khDgt epiyfisa[k;

fle;J mjPj epiyiaa[k; mile;jhh;/ mjd; tpisthf ,iwtdhff;

fUjg;gLk; Kr;Rlh;fisa[k; cs;ns fz;lhh;/ mKjKk; cz;lhh;/ ,wth

epiybgw;whh;/ Kr;Rlh;fspy; n$hjpa[l; n$hjpa[l; n$hjpahf tps';Fk;

br";Rlnu ,iwtd;/ mt;bthsp ,tuJ clk;gpy; fye;jJ/ ,ijna

,iwtDld; fyg;gJ vd;W tpsf;fpdhh;. mth; cly; epHy; tpHhj Rj;j

njfkhf khwpaJ ? gpd;dh; gpuzt njfkhf khwp Kothfj; njhd;wpa[k;

njhd;whkYk; vd;Wk; mHpahJ tps';ff;Toa "hd njfkhf khwp ,d;Wk;

mHpahJ ,Uf;fpd;wJ/ mth; njfk; fz;Qqf;Fj; njhd;whky; kiwe;J

,Uf;ff; Toa jd;ik bgw;wij ed;F tps';fpf; bfhs;nthkhf/

ts;syhiu ekf;Fj; Jizahf Mz;ltd; ,Uf;f

itj;Js;shd;/ Mjhuk;??

vy;yhh;f;Fk; filaha; ,Ue;nj Df;fUs;g[hpe;J

vy;yhh;f;Fk; Jizah apUf;f itj;jhbak;bgUkhd;

vy;yhh;f;Fk; bghJtpy; elkpLfpd;wha; ,t;tz;zk;

vy;yhh;f;Fk; bra;ahik ahJ Fwpj;jpir vdf;nf

(5409)
 - 46 -

ekf;Fj; Jizahf ts;syhh; ,Uf;fpwhh; vd;gij ehk; ed;F

czu ntz;Lk;/

nkYk; ehk; cWjpahf mwpa ntz;oaJ xd;Wz;L/ mJ

ahbjdpy; mUl;bgU";n$hjp mftypy; moapw; Fwpj;Js;s ehd;F thpfs;

jhd;/

@cyfpdpy; caph;fSf;F cWk; ,ila{bwyhk;

tpyf eP mile;J tpyf;Ff kfpH;f

Rj;j rd;khh;f;f Rf epiy bgWf

cj;jkdhFf X';Ff vd;wid@

,e;j thpfis Cd;wpf; ftdpf;ft[k;/ @vd;wid@ vd;w brhy;

Mz;ltd; ts;syhhplk; cyfpdpny caph;fs; gLk; Jd;g';fis bay;yhk; eP

mile;J tpyf;Ff kfpH;f vd;Wk; Rj;j rd;khh;f;f Rf epiy bgWf

cj;jkdhFf X';Ff vd;Wk; Twpdhdhk;/ Mz;ltd; fl;lisg;go ekf;F

tUfpd;w ,ila{Wfis tpyf;f ntz;oa bghWg;g[ ts;syhUf;F

Mz;ltdhy; jug;gl;oUf;fpwJ/ vdnt ekJ Jd;g';fisa[k;

,ila{Wfisa[k; tpyf;fpj; jUk;go ts;syhhplk; Kiwapl ntz;Lk;

vd;gnj Mz;ltd; cj;juthFk;/ ehk; Mz;ltd; cj;juit kPwhky;

ekf;F ,ila{Wfs; njhd;Wk; nghJ mtw;iw ePf;FkhW ts;syhiu

ntz;o mt;tpila{Wfs; eP';fg; bgw;W thH;nthkhf/

 - 47 -

ts;syhh; fhl;oa tHp

vd;dpiy apJt[W epd;dpiy ,Jthk;

,U epiyfSk; xU epiybad mwptha;

Kd;dpiy rpwpJwy; ,J kay; cwyhk;

Kd;dpiy gpd;dpiy KG epiy csthk;

,e;epiy mwpe;jtz; vGepiy fle;nj

,adpiy milf vd;wpak;gpa gunk

jd;dpiy ahfpa ed;dpiy aunr

jdp eluhr vd; rw;FUkzpna

(3694)

jdf;F Mz;ltd; mwptpj;jij ,e;jg; ghlypy; ek;

bgUkhdhh; mwptpf;fpd;whh;/ mjhtJ vd;Dila epiy ,Jjhd; vd;W

Kjypy; Mz;ltd; tpsf;fpdhd;/ ve;j epiy vd;Dilajhf cs;snjh

me;j epiyjhd; eP mila ntz;oa epiy[akhFk;/ ePa[k; me;j epiyia

mile;jhy; gpd;dh; eP ntW ehd; ntW my;y/ ,Uth; epiya[k; xd;nw/

,jpypUe;J ehk; czu ntz;oaJ vd;dbtdpy; xt;bthU kdpjDk;

flt[shf ntz;Lk;/ Koa[kh> ? Koa[bkdpy; vt;thW> ,jw;Fj;jhd;

ts;syhh; tHpfhl;Lfpd;whh;/
 - 48 -

ekf;F tHp fhl;Ltjw;nf Mapuf; fzf;fhd ghf;fis

ts;syhh; ,aw;wp; mUspa[s;shh;/ mtuJ ghf;fs; MW jpUKiwfshf

tFf;fg;gl;oUe;jhYk; ehk; ehd;F ghf';fshf mtw;iw czuyhk;/

1/ ek;Kila rpWikfis Mz;ltdplk; tpz;zg;gpg;gJ/

2/ Mz;ltDila bgUikfis mwpe;J nghw;WtJ/

3/ ts;syhhpd; mDgt';fis btspg;gLj;Jgit/

4/ ts;syhh; ekf;Fj; jUk; mwpt[iug; ghf;fs;/

ts;syhh; je;Js;s mwpt[iufisg; gpd;gw;wpdhy; mth;

mile;j mDgt';fis ehKk; mila Koa[k;/ cjhuzj;jpw;F ts;syhh;

bgw;w mDgtj;ij tpsf;Fk; xU ghliy vLj;Jf; bfhs;nthk;/

fhl;il bayh'; fle;J tpl;nld; ehl;ilaile;Jd; fo efh;g; bghd;

kjpw;fhl;rp fz; Fspuf; fz;nld;

nfhl;ilbayhk; bfho ehl;of; nfhykplg; ghh;j;njd; nfhapypd; nky;

thapypny Fiwfbsy;yhk; jtph;j;njd;

nrl;il aw;Wf; fUtpbayhk; vd; trk; epd;wplnt rpj;jpbayhk; bgw;nwd;

ehd; jpUr; rpw;wk;gy nky;

ghl;ilbayhk; ghLfpd;nwd; ,J jUzk; gjpna gye;jUbkd; cse;jdpny

fye;J epiwe;J mUns

,e;jg; ghlypy; ts;syhh; jUk; tpsf;fk;jhd; vd;d>

fhL vd;gJ kpUf';fs; thGk; ,lk;/ ehL vd;gJ

kdpjh;fs; thGk; ,lk;/ fhl;ilbayhk; fle;J tpl;nld; vd;W Twp

vij tpsf;Ffpd;whh;> ek; bgUkhdhh; jpUbthw;wpa{Uf;Fr; brd;W

bfhz;oUe;jhh;/ tHpapy; xU eph;thz re;epahrp mkh;e;J bfhz;L mt;

tHpahfr; bry;nthiug; ghh;j;J eha; nghfpwJ ? ehp nghfpwJ ? rp';fk;

nghfpd;wJ ? g[yp nghfpd;wJ vd;bwy;yhk; Twpf; bfhz;oUe;jhh;/

J}uj;nj ts;syhh; tUtijg; ghh;j;j me;j eph;thz re;epahrp Xh; cj;jk

kdpjh; tUfpd;whnu vd;W kfpH;e;jhuhk;/

 - 49 -

ts;syhiuj; jtpu kw;w midtUk; kpUf';fshfnt mjhtJ

kdpj cUtpy; kpUf Fzj;Jld; thH;e;J te;Js;sdh;/ ,f; fhyj;Jk;

mnj epiyjhd; vd;W Twyhk;/ Vkhw;Wfpd;wth;fSk;.

gHpth';Ffpd;wth;fSk; mLj;jth;; brhj;ij mgfhpf;fpd;wth;fSk;

,Uf;fj;jhnd bra;fpd;wdh;/ Kjypy; xt;bthU kdpjDk; jd;dplKs;s

kpUf Fzj;ij mwpe;J mij xHpj;J kdpjdhf khw ntz;Lk;/

,ijj;jhd; fhl;ilf; fle;J ehl;il mile;J vd;whh;/ kdpjdhf

khwpa gpd;dh; miljw;F mhpajhfpa ,iwtdpd; ,Ug;gplk; vdg;gLk;

rpw;wk;gyj;ij mile;njd;/ mij vdf;Fr; brhe;jkhf;fpf; bfhs;s

Kide;njd;/ bfhoehl;Ljy; vd;gJ brhe;jkhf;fpf; bfhs;Sjny/ me;j

epiyapy; ve;jf; Fiwa[k; kdjpy; ,y;yhky; epiwt[ Vw;gl ntz;Lk;/

mjhtJ vjd; kPJk; Vf;fk; bfhs;shky; epuhira[ld; ,Ue;jhy; kdk;

Kjyhfpa fUtpfs; nrl;ilaw;W epw;Fk;/ rpj;jpbayhk; fpl;Lk;/ ,e;jg;

ghlypd; jpuz;l fUj;J vd;dbtdpy; Kjypy; xt;bthU kdpjDk;

jd;dplKs;s kpUf Fzj;ij mjhtJ jPa Fz';fis xHpj;J

kdpjdhf khwp jd;Ds;ns ,iwtd; tps';Fk; jpUr;rpw;wk;gykhfpa

nfhl;ilia mwpe;J kdjpny epuhiria Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhz;L kdk;

Kjyhfpa fuz';fisr; brayw;Wg; nghFkhW jtk; bra;jhy; rpj;jpbayhk;;

fpl;Lk; vd;gnjahFk;/

kfhnjt khiyapypUe;Jk; xU Kj;jhd ghlypd; fUj;ij

,';nf czh;e;J bfhs;tJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;/ mst[ fle;j beL';fhyk;

kdjhy; ,iwtid cah;e;jtdhf vz;zp kjpg;g[j; jUtjhYk;.

cs;sj;jpny cz;ikahf czuhJ nkbyGe;jthhpahf thapdhny kl;Lk;

,iwtdJ ehkj;ij cr;rhpg;gjhYk; mtiu mile;Jtpl KoahJ vd;W

czh;e;Jbfhz;l cz;ikahd mwpt[ilnahh; jdJ ge;jj;ij ePf;fp. kdk;

Kjypa fuz';fisa[k; ePf;fp. cyfhajg; gog;gwpita[k; ePf;fp. bka;. tha;.

fz;. K:f;F brtpahfpa ,e;jphpa';fisa[k; epf;fpufkhf;fp. Mir vdg;gLk;

 - 50 -

khia jd;idj; jPz;lhjthW mfd;W. ve;jf; fhhpaj;ijr; bra;J

Koj;jhYk; ehk; bra;J Koj;Jtpl;nlhk; vd;w fh;tpjj;jpw;F

,l';bfhlhJ. Mztk; khia fd;kk; Mfpa Kk;ky';fspy; VJk;

jiybaLf;f bthl;lhJ mlf;fpj;. jtk; bra;J. ey;y btg;gk; clypy;

Vwt[k;. mJ Fiwt[glhj tifapy; cyfpay; bjhlh;ig tpl;L. mfd;W

epd;why; ? mg;go epw;nghiu ,iwtd; N:H;e;J fye;J epw;ghd; vd;gnj/

kl;lfd;w beL';fhyk; kdj;jhy; thf;fhy; kjpj;jpoDk; g[yk;gpoDk;

thuhbjd;nw

fl;lfd;w bka;awpnthh; fuzk; ePf;fpf; fiyafw;wpf; fUtpbayhk; fHw;wp

khia

tpl;lfd;W fUk ky nghjk; aht[k; tpLj;bjhHpj;J

rfrky tPf;fk; ePf;fpr;

Rl;lfd;W epw;f mth; jk;ik Kw;Wk; N:H;e;J

fye;jpLk; rptnk Jhpaj; njnt

,t;thW gy Mapuf; fzf;fhd ghf;fspy; ek;Kila

epiyikiaa[k; ehk; bra;a ntz;Ltd ahit vd;gija[k; tpsf;fp ek;

bgUkhdhh; ghoa[s;shh;/

,it nghjhbtd;W ciueilahft[k; jdJ mwpt[iufis

kpf vspa Kiwapy; mspj;Js;shh;/ ehk; mila ntz;oa bgUk;

g[Uc&hh;j;j';fs; ehd;F vd;ghh;/

1/ Vk rpj;jp

2/ rhfhf; fy;tp

3/ jj;Jt epf;fpufk; bra;jy;

4/ flt[s; epiyawpe;J mk;kakhjy;

,e;j ehd;F bgUk; g[Uc&hh;j;j';fis miltjw;F ehk;

cz;ikahff; filg;gpof;f ntz;oa xGf;f';fSk; ehd;F MFk;/

mitahtd/
 - 51 -

1/ ,e;jphpa xGf;fk;

2/ fuz xGf;fk;

3/ $Pt xGf;fk;

4/ Md;k xGf;fk;

bka;. tha;. fz;. K:f;F. brtp. Mfpa Ie;J bghwpfl;Fk;

xGf;fk; fw;gpg;gnj ,e;jphpa xGf;fkhFk;/

1/ bfhoa brhy; brtp g[fhJ ehj Kjypa !;njhj;jpu';fis

cw;Wf; nfl;ly;/

2/ mRj;j ghprkpy;yhJ jahtz;zkhfg; ghprpj;jy;

3/ FU:ukhfg; ghuhjpUj;jy;

4/ cUrp tpUk;ghjpUj;jy;

5/ Rfe;jk; tpUk;ghjpUj;jy;

6/ ,d; brhy;yhly;

7/ bgha; brhy;yhjpUj;jy;

8/ $Ptcwpk;i! nehpL';fhyj;jpy; vt;tpjj; je;jpuj;jpdhyhtJ

jil bra;jy;

9/ bghpnahh;fs; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; ,l';fSf;Fr; bry;Yjy;/

10/ $Pnthgfhu epkpj;jkha; rhJf;fs; thr!;jhd';fspYk; ntW

,l';fspYk; r";rhpj;jy;

11/ ed; Kaw;rpapy; bfhLj;jy; vLj;jyhjp bra;jy;

12/ ky $y cghjpfis mf;fpuk mjpf;fpukkpd;wp fpukj;jpy;

epw;fr; bra;tpj;jy;/ vt;tpjbkdpy; kpj Mfhuj;jhYk; kpj

nghfj;jhYk; bra;tpj;jy;/ fhyngjj;jhYk; cc;&s

Mghrj;jhYk; jil neh;e;jhy; Xc&jp tiffshYk;. bgsjpf

K:y';fshYk;. rungj m!;j !;ghpr je;jpuj;jhYk; K:yh';fg;

gpuztj; jpahd r';fw;gj;jhYk; bra;tpj;jy;/

13/ Rf;fpyj;ij mf;fpuk mjpf;ukj;jpy; tplhJ epw;wy; ke;jjuk;/

 - 52 -

14/ vt;tifapYk; Rf;fpyk;; btspg;glhky; bra;tpj;jy; (jPtpujuk;)

15/ ,iltplhJ nfhrj;ijf; ftrj;jhy; kiwj;jy;

16/ ,Jnghy; cr;rp. khh;g[ Kjypa m';f';fisa[k; kiwj;jy;

17/ r";rhpf;F';; fhyj;jpy; fhypw; ftrk; jhpj;jy;

18/ mGf;fhil cLj;jhjpUj;jy;

fuz xGf;fk;

1/ kdijr; rpw;rig vd;Wk; mwpthfpUjp Mf;fy;/ ,jd; g{h;tj;jpy;

g[Ut kj;jpapy; epw;fr; bra;jy;

2/ Jh; tpc&aj;ijg; gw;whjpUf;fr; bra;jy;

3/ rPtnjhc&k; tprhhpahjpUj;jy;

4/ jd;id kjpahjpUj;jy;

5/ braw;iff; Fz';fshy; cz;lhfpa bfLjpfis ePf;fp

,aw;ifahfpa rj;Jt kakhf epw;wy;

6/ gpwh; nky; nfhgpahjpUj;jy;

7/ jdJ rj;JUf;fshfpa jj;Jt';fisf; nfhgpj;jy;

8/ mf;fpuk mjpf;fpukg; g[zh;r;rp bra;ahjpUj;jy;

$Pt xGf;fk;

Mz; kf;fs;. bgz; kf;fs; Kjypa ahth;fsplj;jpYk; $hjp.

rkak;. kjk;. Mrpukk;. N:j;jpuk;. nfhj;jpuk;. Fyk;. rh!;j;jpu rk;ke;jk;.

njr khh;f;fk;. cah;e;njhh;. jhH;e;njhh; vd;Dk; ngjk; eP';fp vy;nyhiua[k;

jk;kth;fsha;r; rkj;jpy; bfhs;StJ/

Md;k xGf;fk;

ahid Kjy; vWk;g[ <whfj; njhd;wpa vz;gj;J ehd;F yl;rk;

nahdp ngjKs;s $Pth;fsplj;jpYk; ,uf;fk; itj;J Md;khnt rigahft[k;

mjd; cs;bshspna gjpahft[k; fz;L g{uzkhf epw;wy;/

 - 53 -

,tw;Ws; ,e;jphpa xGf;fk;. fuz xGf;fk; Mfpa Kjy;

,uz;L xGf;f';fSk; $Pt Kaw;rpahy; ifTLk;/ vdnt cz;ik

czh;nthL xt;bthUtUk; filg;gpof;f ntz;Lk;/

$PtfhUz;aj;jhy; gpukd; Ma[Rk;.

ghr ituhf;aj;jhy; tpl;LQqtpDila Ma[Rk;

<Rugf;jpahy; Uj;jpud; Ma[Rk;

gpuk "hdj;jhy; vd;Wk; mHpahj Rth;z njfk;

Kjypaita[k; bgw;Wf; flt[s; kakhfyhk;/

,utpy; jPgkpy;yhj ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fg;glhJ/ Vbddpy; mg;goapUe;jhy;

mJ Ma[s; ec;&*lj;ij cz;L gz;Qqk;/

rpdk; vd;gJ cs;ntf;fhL. g[l epahak; nghy;. ,J

njfj;ijr; rPf;fpuk; ec;&lk; bra;a[k;/

btFsp vd;gJ kPir Joj;jy;. fz; rptj;jy;. iffhy;

clk;g[ Joj;jy; Kjyhfpatw;iw btspg;gilahff; fhl;Ljy;/ ,Jt[k;

Ma[is ec;&lk; bra;a[k;/

gR vd;gJ Ie;J kyKs;sJ

$Ptd; vd;gJ K:d;W g';F kyKs;sJ

Md;kh vd;gJ xU g';F kyKs;sJ

rptk; vd;gJ Kw;Wk; kyk; eP';fpaJ/

Rj;j rd;khh;f;f yl;rpa mDgt tpUg;gk; cilath;fl;F

edtpYk; kz;zhir. fdtpYk; bgz;z hir. RGj;jpapYk; bghd;dhir

Kjypa K:d;Wk; Tlhthk;/ jd;;idf; fhl;lhJ xspf;f ntz;Lk;/

J}f;fj;ij xHpj;jhy; Ma[R tpUj;jpahFk;/ xUtd; xU

ehisf;F ,uz;liu ehHpif J';fg; gHf;fk; bra;thdhdhy; Mapuk;

Mz;Lfs; $Ptpj;jpUg;ghd;/

,t;thWk; ,d;Dk; mndf mwpt[iufis ts;sw; bgUkhdhh;

ekf;F mspj;Js;shh;/
 - 54 -

kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;it jhd; bgw;wJld; kd epiwt[

milahky; kdpjuha;g; gpwe;j xt;bthUtUk; mila ntz;Lk; vd;W

Twpdhh;/

ve;bje;j tHpfspy; kuzk; te;J mila[nkh mj;jid

tHpfisa[k; jtph;j;J vd;Wk; ,Uf;fpd;wthW mjhtJ ,Uf;fpd;whuh

vd;why; Mk; vd;W brhy;YkhW Mz;ltd; mUspdhdhk;/

rhkhwidj;Jk; jtph;j;jp'; bfdf;nf

MkhwUspa mUl;bgU";n$hjp/ (mfty;)

ts;syhh; kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;it vt;thW bgw;whh; vd;W

mwpe;J bfhz;lhy; ,Jtiu mtUf;Fg; gpd; Vd; ahUk; bgwtpy;iy

vd;gJk; ek;khy; bgwKoa[kh vd;gJk; g[hpa[k;/ ,Jtiu Twp te;j

xGf;f';fs; mj;jida[k; ek; bgUkhdhUf;F ,ay;ghfnt mike;J

tpl;ld vd;gij mtuJ tuyhW TWfpd;wJ/ vg;ghLgl;lhfpYk; ehKk;

mt;bthGf;f';fisg; g{uzkhf Vw;Wf; filg; gpog;gjpy; btw;wp

fhQqnthkhf/

mLj;jJ ts;syhh; czt[ mUe;Jtjpy; vt;thW tps';fpdhh;

vd;gij ehk; ed;F Ma;t[ bra;J mwpa ntz;Lk;/ bjhGt{h; ntyha[j

Kjypahh; mth;fs; ts;syhiug; gw;wp mspj;j thf;FK:yj;jpd; xU gFjp/

@fLk; kuf;fwp cztpdh; ? ,uz;L K:d;W ehisf;F xU

Kiwna cz;ghh; ? mJt[k; rpy fts';fns/ bjhlh;e;J ,uz;L K:d;W

khj';fs; cz;z hjpUg;ghh;/ mf;fhy';fspy; rpwpJ rh;f;fiu fye;j

bte;ePiu kl;Lnk mUe;Jthh;/@

jpU mUl;ghit Cd;wpg; goj;jhy; ts;syhh; rpy fhyk;

,uz;L ntis kl;Lnk czt[; mUe;jpapUf;fpd;whh;/ gpd;dh; xU ntis

kl;Lnk cz;oUf;fpd;whh;/ gpd;dh; mJt[k; ,y;yhJ gy khj';fs; tiu

cznt mUe;jhky; fLk; epuhfhuj; jgrp nghy; ,Ue;jhh; vd;W

mwpfpnwhk;/ ek;khy; xU ntisTl cz;zhjpUf;f Koatpy;iy/ mth;

 - 55 -

vg;go khjf; fzf;fpy; cz;z hjpUe;jhh;/ tp";"hd hPjpahf mij Ma;t[

bra;nthk;/

xU kdpjDf;F xU ehisf;Fr; ruhrhp 2400 fnyhhp btg;gk;

njit vd;W tp";"hdpfs; fzf;fpl;L cs;sdh;/ ekf;Fj; njitahd

me;j btg;gk; ehk; cz;Qqk; cztpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ/ ehk;

cz;Qqk; czit $Puzpg;gjw;Fk;. fHpt[g; bghUs;fis

btspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;. cztpypUe;J fpilj;j rf;jpia btg;gj;ij cly;

KGf;fg; gutr; bra;J ,He;j rf;jpia kPz;Lk; bgwr; bra;tjw;Fk;. ekJ

clk;gpy; cs;s cWg;g[f;fshfpa ,ae;jpu';fs; bray;gLfpd;wd/ ek; clypy;

cs;s ,e;j ,ae;jpu';fs; FHe;ijaha;j; njhd;wpaJ Kjy; bray;gl;Lf;

bfhz;nl tUtjhy; fhyg; nghf;fpy; xt;bthd;wha;g; gGjilfpd;wJ/

rpWePufk; ,Ujak; nghd;w Kf;fpakhd cWg;g[f;fs; gHjile;Jtpl;lhy;

kuzk; clnd rk;gtpf;fpd;wJ/ ehk; czt[ cz;Ljhd; thH ntz;Lk;

vd;w epiy cs;stiu ,e;j ,ae;jpu';fs; bray;gl;nljPUk;/ vd;whtJ

xU ehs; gGJgl;LtpLk;/ mg;nghJ kuzk; neUk;/ vdnt ,e;j

,ae;jpu';fs; gGJgl;lhYk; kuzk; neuhJ thH Koa[kh> czt[

cz;z hky; thH Koe;jhy; ,e;j ,ae;jpu';fs; njitg;glhJ/ cz;zhky;

thH Koa[kh> Koa[k; vd;fpwJ Md;kPfk;/ Mjhuk; ts;syhhpd; thH;t[/

mJ vg;gor; rhj;jpakhFk;>

ekf;Fj; njitahd btg;gj;ij czt[ jtpu ntW Kiwapy;

ek;khy; bgw Koe;jhy; ekf;F czt[ njitapy;iy/ btg;gk; ntW ve;j

Kiwahy; fpl;Lk;/ xU kdpjd; rpdk; bfhs;Sk;nghJ jPa cc;&zKk; jtk;

bra;a[k; nghJ ey;y cc;&zKk; kdpjdpd; clypy; cz;lhfpd;wJ/

xU rhjhuz kdpjd; 2400 fnyhhp btg;gk; fpilf;fj;

njitahd czitf; fl;lhak; cl;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/

 - 56 -

jpahdk; bra;a[k; xUtd; mjd; K:ykhf 1000 fnyhhp btg;gk;

cz;L gz;zpf; bfhs;thd; vdpy; mtd; 1400 fnyhhp btg;gk; juf; Toa

mstpw;F czt[ bfhz;lhy;nghJk;/

mnj nghyj; jpahdj;jpd; K:yk; jpdrhp 2000 fnyhhp btg;gk;

xUtdhy; bgw Koa[khdhy; mtd; 400 fnyhhp btg;gk; juf; Toa

mst[s;s czit cz;lhy; nghJk;/

,t;thW jtk; (m) jpahdj;jpd; K:yk; ey;y btg;gj;ij

xUtd; cz;L gz;Qqthdhy; mtd; cz;Qqk; Mfhuj;jpd; mst[

Fiwa[k;/ ,ij ts;syhh; @jpahd kakhdhy; bghrpg;g[ khWk;@ vd;W

mwptpf;fpd;whh;/

ts;syhh; Mfhuk; kpf kpff; Fiwthf cz;lJk;; Mfhunk

cz;z hky; thH;e;jJk; mth; bra;j jtj;jpd; tpisnt MFk;/

ehKk; jpahdk; (m) jtk; bra;aj; bjhl';fpdhy; ehk;

cz;Qqk; Mfhuj;jpd; mst[k; epr;rak; Fiwaf; fhzyhk;/

ehk; jpahdk; (m) jtk; bra;jhy; ey;y cc;&z k; cz;lhFk;

vd;gjw;F vd;d Mjhuk;> 22/10/1873 _Kf Mz;L Ig;grpj; jp';fs; 7k;

ehs; g[jd; fpHik fhiy 8 kzpf;F nkl;Lf; Fg;gk; rpj;jp tshfj;

jpUkhspifapy; Kjd; Kjyhfr; rd;khh;f;ff; bfho fl;o ts;syhh; bra;j

ngUgnjrj;jpy; mth; Twpa[s;sjhtJ :

@ekJ Md;khitj; bjhpabthl;lhky; K:oapUf;fpd;w gr;irj;

jpiuahfpa ,uhfhjpfis tprhu mjp cc;&zj;jhyy;yhJ kw;w

cc;&z';fshy; ePf;f KoahJ/ me;j cc;&zk; nahfpapDila mDgtj;jpy;

bjhpa[k;/ mij kDc;&a juj;jpy; cz;L gz;Qqtjw;Fj; bjhpahJ/ me;j

tprhuj;ijtpl Mz;ltiu !;njhj;jpuk; bra;fpd;wjpYk;. bja;tj;ij

epidf;fpd;wjpYk; mjpf cc;&z k; cz;lhFk;/ nahfpfs; tdk; kiy KiH

Kjypatw;wpw;Fg; ngha;. E}W. Mapuk; Kjypa tUc&fhyk; jt"; bra;J

,t;t[c;&zj;ij cz;L gz;zpf; bfhs;Sfpd;whh;fs;/ ,g;goj; jtk; bra;J

 - 57 -

cc;&zj;ij cz;L gz;z pf; bfhs;Sfpwijg; ghh;f;fpYk; bja;tj;ij

!;njhj;jpuk; bra;fpd;wjpYk; epidf;fpd;wjpYk; ,ijtplf; nfhog; g';F ?

gj;J nfhog; g';F mjpfkhf cc;&z k; cz;L gz;z pf; bfhs;syhk;/

vt;thbwdpy; xU $hk neuk; kdj;jpy; ,f tprhukpd;wpg; gutprhhpg;g[ld;

Md;k befpH;r;rpnahL bja;tj;ijr; rpe;jpj;Jf; bfhz;lhtJ my;yJ

!;njhj;jpuk; bra;J bfhz;lhtjpUe;jhy; ehk; bgw ntz;oaijg; bgw;Wf;

bfhs;syhk;/@

jpahdk; kakhfp Mfhuk; Fiwaf; Fiwa Ma[s; ePl;og;g[

Vw;gLk;/ Mfhunk njitapy;iy vd;w epiy Vw;gl;lhy; kuzKk; ,y;iy

vd;w epiy Vw;gLk;/

Mfhuk; cs;stiu vt;thW kuzKk; cz;nlh mt;thnw

Jf;fk; cs;stiu kuzKk; cz;L/ kuzj;ij bty;y ntz;Lkhdhy;

J}f;fj;ija[k; bty;y ntz;Lk;/ ts;sw; bgUkhdhh; J}f;fj;ij

xHpj;jpUf;fpwhh;/ Mjhuk;

@J}f;fk; bjhiyj;jhd; vd;W CJ}J r';nf

Jd;gk; jtph;j;jhd; vd;W CJ}J r';nf@

vd;W ghLfpwhh;/ ,d;bdhU ghlypy;

@J}f;fk; bjhiye;jJ/ N:hpad; njhd;wpdd;

Vf;fk; jtph;e;njd; vd;W ce;jP gw@ vd;fpwhh;

gfypy; vf;fhuz';bfhz;Lk; cw';ff; TlhJ vd;fpd;whh;/

xUtd; xU ehisf;F xU kzp neuk; J}';fg; gHf;fk; bra;thdhdhy;

mtd; Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; $Ptpj;jpUg;ghd; vd;fpd;whh;/ ,tw;iwbay;yhk;

Ma;e;J ghh;j;jhy; J}f;fj;ij xHpj;jhy; Ma[R tpUj;jpahFk; vd;gJ

g[hpfpwJ/ J}f;fj;ij xHpf;f Koa[kh> Xh;; ,ut[ Vnjh xU fhuzj;jhy;

J}';f Koatpy;iybadpy; kWehs; KGtJk; if fhy;fs; typ

Vw;gLfpwJ ? nrhh;t[k; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ/ kUj;Jth;fSk;

jpdk; MW kzp neukhtJ J}';f ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpt[iu TWfpd;wdh;/

 - 58 -

kdpj epiyik ,t;thwpUf;fj; J}f;fj;ij xHpg;gJ vt;thW

rhj;jpakhFk;> ehk; J}';Fk; rkaj;jpy;; ekJ K:isapypUe;J xspf;

fjph;fs; njhd;Wtjhft[k; me;j xspf; fjph;fns ek;Kila fisg;ig

ePf;fpg; g[j;Jzh;r;rpia mspg;gjhft[k; tp";"hdpfs; fz;Lgpoj;Js;sdh;/

vdntjhd; J}';FkhW mwpt[Wj;Jfpd;wdh;/ Md;kPfj; Jiwapy; xUtd;

xU kzp neuk; jpahdk; bra;jhy; me;j xU kzp neuj;jpy; gj;J kzp

neuk; J}';fpdhy; vt;tst[ xspf;fjph;fs; njhd;Wnkh mt;tst[

njhd;Wfpd;wdthk;/ xUtd; xU kzp neuk; jpahdk; bra;tJ gj;J kzp

neuk; J}';fpajw;Fr; rkkhfpd;wJ/ vdnt xU kzp neuk; rhpahd

tifapy; jpahdk; bra;gtDf;Fj; J}f;fk; vd;w xd;W jdpahfj;

njitg;gLtjpy;iy/ jpahdnk J}f;fj;ij xHpf;Fk; rhjdkhFk;/

MfhuKk; J}f;fKk; mwnt eP';Fkhdhy; kuzk; eP';Fk;

vd;gJ xUg[wkpUf;f me;j epiy mila[k; tiu MfhuKk; J}f;fKk;

njitg;gLfpd;wJ/ mJtiuapy; ehk; filg;gpof;f ntz;oa epiy ahJ/

Mfhuk; miu vd;ghh; ek;bgUkhdhh;/ Mfhuj;jpy; fj;jphp. KU';if.

mtiu nghd;w cc;&z khd gjhh;j;j';fisna nrh;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;

vd;Wk; Fsph;r;rpahd gjhh;j;j';fisj; js;s ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;/

g{kpf;foapy; tpisfpd;w fpH';F tiffisg; g[rpf;f ntz;lhk; vd;W

Twpath; fUizf; fpH';F kl;Lk; bfhs;syhk; vd;W TWfpd;whh;/

cztpy; kpsfha;. g[sp. cg;g[ Mfpait tPrk; g';Fjhd; nrh;f;f ntz;Lk;

vd;fpwhh;/

fhprhiy xU g';F. J}Jis. KRKRf;if. rPufk; Mfpait

fhy; g';F vLj;J epHypy; cyh;j;jpr; N:uzkhf;fp xU nrh; gRk; ghypy;

xU nrh; ePh; tpl;L xU tuhfbdil N:uzk; nrh;j;J me;j ePh; KGtJk;

Rz;lf; fha;r;rp ehl;Lr; rh;f;fiu fye;J fhiy czthff; bfhs;syhk;/

,t;thW J}';fp vGtJ Kjy; ,ut[ gLf;fpd;wtiu ehk;

filg;gpof;f ntz;oa tpjp Kiwfis ek; bgUkhdhh; vGjp

 - 59 -

itj;Js;shh;/ kfhd;fsplj;jpy; vt;tst[ fhyk; fhj;jpUe;jhYk;

fhprhiyapd; gaid. mUikia btspaplkhl;lhh;fs; vd;W TWk;

ts;syhh; jpnd jpnd gr;irahfthtJ myl;rpak; bra;ahky; fhprhiyia

cl;bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;whh;/

Fog;gJk; Fspg;gJk; bte;ePuhfnt ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/

Fof;ff; Toa bte;ePUf;F ts;syhh; jUk; gf;Ftnk jdpahdJ/ mjhtJ

Rf;ifr; Rz;z hk;g[ jltp beUg;gpy; Rl;L mjd; njhiyr; rPtpg; gpd;dh;

J}shf;fp mjpy; fhbril vLj;J 5 g';F ePhpy; nghl;L ed;F bfhjpf;f

itj;J K:d;W g';F ePh; Rz;l ,uz;L g';F ePh; epw;ff; fha;r;rp me;j

ePiuna gUf ntz;Lk;/

Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;ij miltjw;F K:d;W gofis ts;syhh;

tFf;fpd;whh;/ mitahtd

1/ rka rd;khh;f;fk;

2/ kj rd;khh;f;fk;

3/ Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk;

rka rd;khh;f;fk; vd;W vijnah ehk; vz;zpf;

bfhz;oUf;fpd;nwhk;/ rka rd;khh;f;fj;jpd;; ,ay;g[fshf ts;syhh;

TWtJ Mnw MW rj;Jt Fz';fis kl;Lnk/ mit ,itjhd;/

1/ bfhy;yhik

2/ bghWik

3/ rhe;jk;

4/ mlf;fk;

5/ ,e;jphpa epf;fpufk;

6/ Md;k ,aw;iff; Fzkhfpa $PtfhUz;ak;

,e;j MW Fz';fSk; thr;rpahDgtkhfpr;

brhU:ghDgtkhdhy; rka rd;khh;f;fk;/ mLj;jJ kj rd;khh;f;fk;:

 - 60 -

kj rd;khh;f;fk; vd;gJ eph;f;Fz yl;rpak; cilaJ

vd;fpd;whh;/ jha[khd Rthkpfs; epiy kj rd;khh;f;f epiybadpy; ,e;

epiy vt;tst[ cah;t[ilaJ vd;gij ehk; vz;z ntz;Lk;/

K:d;whtJ gonah Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk;/ ,e;jg; goia rhjfh;

vd;Wk; rhj;jpah; vd;Wk; ,U tifahfg; gphpf;fpd;whh;/ xU ey;y

Mrhhpaidf; bfhz;L bew;wpf; fz;izj; jpwf;fg; bgw;Wf; bfhz;L

rhjfk; gapy;nthh; rhjfh; vdg;gLth;/ ,th;fsJ mDgtk; rka kj

rd;khh;f;f mDgt';fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;/ rka kj

rd;khhf;f mDgt';fs; Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;jpw;F mDgtnkay;yJ

ntwpy;iy/

@rka kj mDgt';fs; Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;jpw;F my;yhjdntad;wp

,y;yhjdty;y@ vd;w thf;fpaj;ij czh;e;jhy; kl;Lnk nghJnk/ Rj;j

rd;khh;f;f rhj;jpah;fs; nfl;ly;. rpe;jpj;jy;. bjspjy;. epc;&ilTly; Mfpa

ehd;ifa[k; fle;J MU:luha; epw;gjhy; mth;fl;Fr; rhjdk; xd;Wk;

njitg;gLjypiy/ Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;jpdhy; tUk; gybdd;d>

bghj;jpa kyg; gpzpg;g[Gf;Fuk;igjhd;

rpj;jpay; Rj;j rd;khh;f;fr; nrh;g;gpdhy;

epj;jpakhfpna epfGk; vd;gJ rj;jpak;

rj;jpak; rfj; JsPh;fns/

ts;syhuJ tHpapy; ele;jhy; Kk;ky';fshYk; nehapdhYk;

ghjpf;fg;gLk; ,e;j njfnk epj;jpa njfkhfp tps';Fk;/

$PtfhUz;ak; ,d;dbjd mwpe;J cz;ikahf mjidf;

iff; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ ,e;jphpa fuz xGf;f';fis vg;ghLgl;lhfpDk;

ehk; mila ntz;Lk;/ rka rd;khh;f;fr; rj;Jt FzKk;. kj rd;khhf;f

eph;f;FzKk; ehk; bgwy; ntz;Lk;/ ts;syhh; Twpa[s;s Mfhuf;

fl;Lg;ghl;il kjpj;J mjd;go jhd; czt[; mUe;j ntz;Lk;/ tpUg;ghy;

VwhkYk; btWg;ghy; FiwahkYk; mstwpe;J cz;z ntz;Lk;/ gH

 - 61 -

tiffspy; g';fsh thiHg; gHk; my;yJ u!;jhsp jtpu ntW ve;jg;

gHj;ija[k; g[rpf;ff; TlhJ/

jtj;ij mHpf;Fk; rpdj;ij xHpf;f ntz;Lk;/

,tw;nwhLTof; fhiya[k;. khiya[k;. kj;jpahdj;Jk;. ,ut[k;. ahkj;Jk;.

tpoaw;fhiya[k; rhjdkhfpa jpahdj;jpy; mku ntz;Lk;/ ,j; jt

cc;&zj;jpdhy; clk;g[ ntjpf;fg;gl;Lr; Rj;j njfkhf khWk;/

,e;j bewpapy; epw;F';fhy; thj gpj;j rpnyhj;Jk';fs;

msnthL epd;W neha; bra;ah/

gr;irj; jpiuahdJ mRj;j khahjpiu. Rj;j khah jpiu vd

,UTwhf cs;sJ/ ,iwtd; tU';fhyj;jpy; Kaw;rp bra;nthUf;F

kl;Lk; nkw;Fwpj;j ,uz;ila[k; ePf;fp mUs; bra;thd; vd;Wk; Kaw;rp

,y;yhjth;fl;F mRj;j khahjpiu xd;wpid kl;Le;jhd; ePf;Fthh; vd;Wk;

ts;syhh; Twpa[s;sij epidtpy; MHkhfg; gjpa itj;Jf; bfhs;nthk;/

jd;kPJ Mizapl;L vy;yhk; bray;TLk; vd thf;FWjp mspj;jpUf;fpwhh;/

mth; brhw;go ehkhtJ ele;J mtuJ kdij kfpH;tpg;nghk;/ ekf;Fj;

Jizahf epw;Fk; ts;syhh; vd;Wk; ek;ikf; iftplkhl;lhh;/ mth; bgw;w

ngw;iw ehKk; mila[k;gor; bra;tpg;ghh;/ thH;f ts;syhh; jpUtofs;/

jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhh;

jpt;a jpUtofns ruzk;