UNIT -IV

1.Hydraulic Turbines and pumps 2.Classification of Hydraulic Turbines K.Balasundaram , M.E., Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering Department K.C.G. College Of Technology

WHAT IS TURBOMACHINERY ? turbo or turbines is Latin in origin and implies that which spins or whirls around

A turbo machine is a rotating (as opposed to reciprocating) device that extracts energy from or

adds energy to fluids.

Energy is transferred to or from a continuously

flowing fluid by the dynamic action of moving

blades or rotors.

TURBINES

Turbines are defined as the hydraulic machines which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used in running an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine. Thus the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy

PUMPES

Pumps are defined as the hydraulic machines which convert Mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are called pumps.

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Hydraulic turbines are the machines which use the energy of water and convert it to mechanical energy. The mechanical energy developed by a turbine is used in running an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine. The electric generator thus develops electric power, which is known as hydro-electric power.

General Layout of a Hydraulic Power Plant

A dam constructed across a river to store water Pipes of large diameters called penstocks Turbines having different types vanes fitted to the wheel Tail race, which is a channel which carries water away from the water

DEFINITIONS OF HEADS

Gross Head: The difference between the head race level and tail race level when no water is flowing is known as Gross head. It is denoted by Hg Net Head : It is also called effective head and is defined as the head available at the inlet of the turbine. It is denoted by H Net Head H = Hg hf Where Hg = Gross head hf = Head loss due to friction

4. f .L.V 2 hf d 2g

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

The hydraulic turbines classified are According to the type of energy at inlet

Impulse turbine and Reaction turbine

According to the direction of flow through runner

Tangential flow turbine Radial flow turbine Axial flow turbine and Mixed flow turbine

According to the head at the inlet of turbine

High head turbine Medium head turbine and Low head turbine

According to the specific speed of the turbine

Low specific speed turbine Medium specific speed turbine and High specific speed turbine

IMPULSE TURBINE

If at the inlet of the turbine, the energy available is only kinetic energy, the turbine is known impulse turbine

Example: Pelton wheel turbine

REACTION TURBINE
If at the inlet of the turbine, the water possesses kinetic energy as well as pressure energy, the turbine is known as reaction turbine. Example: Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine

RADIAL FLOW TURBINE

If the water flow in the radial direction through the runner, the turbine is called radial flow turbine INWARD RADIAL FLOW TURBINE : If the water flows from outward to inward, radially the turbine is known as inward radial flow turbine. OUTWARD RADIAL FLOW TURBINE : If the water flow radially from inward to outwards, the turbine is known as outward radial flow turbine.

AXIAL FLOW TURBINE : If the water flow through the runner along the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner, the turbine is called axial flow turbine. MIXED FLOW TURBINE: If the water flows through the runner in the radial direction but leaves in the direction parallel to axis of rotation of the runner, the turbine is called mixed flow turbine. TANGENTIAL FLOW TURBINE : If the water flows along the tangent of the runner, the turbine is known as tangential flow turbine.

Reaction (Static pressure changes)

Converts both Flow & Kinetic energy

Axial flow or propeller turbine Radial or (Francis turbine) Impulse: (Static pressure unchanged) Converts only Kinetic energy Tangential flow on buckets (Pelton)

Man-Boat Analogy
Man = Fluid Boat = Rotor blade

IMPULSE

REACTION

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IMPULSE AND REACTION TURBINES

Sl: No : Impulse turbine Reaction turbine

1. 2. 3. 4.

All the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy by nozzle before entering to turbine runner. Flow regulations is possible without loss Unit is installed above the tailrace Blades are only in action when they are in front of nozzle.

Only a portion of the fluid energy is transferred into kinetic energy before the fluid enters the turbine Flow regulation is possible with loss Unit is kept entirely submerged in water below tailrace Blades are in action at all the time

IMPULSE TURBINE
If at the inlet of the turbine, the energy available is only kinetic energy, the turbine is known impulse turbine.

Tangential flow turbine

In tangential flow turbine, water flows along the tangent to the path of the runner.

Example: Pelton wheel turbine

Impulse turbine (PELTON WHEEL)

Converts kinetic energy alone

The main parts of the pelton turbine are

Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement

Runner and buckets Casing and Breaking jet

Nozzle and flow Regulating Arrangement

The amount of water striking the buckets (vanes) of the runner is controlled by providing a spear in the nozzle as shown in fig. The spear is a conical needle which is operated either by a hand wheel or automatically in an axial direction depending upon the size of the unit. When the spear is pushed forward into the nozzle the amount of water striking the runner is reduced. On the other hand, if the spear is pushed back, the amount of water striking the runner increases.

Runner with Buckets

Fig shows the runner of a pelton wheel. It consists of a circular disc on the periphery of which a number of buckets evenly spaced are fixed. The shape of the buckets is of a double hemispherical cup or bowl. Each bucket is divided into two symmetrical parts by a dividing wall which is known as splitter.

The jet of water strikes on the splitter. The splitter divides the jet into two equal parts and the comes out at the outer edge of the bucket. The buckets are shaped in such a way that the jet gets deflected through 1600 or 1700. The buckets are made of cast iron, cast steel bronze or stainless steel depending upon the head at the inlet of the turbine.

Casing
The function of the casing is to prevent the splashing of the water and to discharge water to tail race. It also acts as safeguard against accidents. It is made of cast iron or fabricated steel plates. The casing of the pelton wheel does not perform any hydraulic function.
Breaking jet

When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward direction the amount of water striking the runner reduces to zero. But the runner due to inertia goes on revolving for a long time. To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is provided which directs the jet of water on the back of the vanes. This jet of water is called breaking jet.

VELOCITY TRIANGLES AND WORK DONE FOR PELTON WHEEL

Fig shows the shape of the buckets of the pelton wheel. The set of water from the nozzle strikes the bucket at the splitter which splits up the set into two parts. These part of the set, glides over the inner surfaces and comes out at the outer edge.

The inlet velocity triangle is drawn at the splitter and outlet velocity triangle is drawn at the outer edge of the bucket.

RADIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINES

Reaction turbine means that the water at the inlet of the turbine possesses kinetic energy as well as pressure energy. As the water flows through the runner, a part of pressure energy goes on changing into kinetic energy. Thus the water through the runner is under pressure. The runner is completely enclosed in an air tight casing and casing and the runner is always full of water.

Radial flow turbine are those turbines in which the water flows in the radial direction. The water may flow radially from outwards to inwards or from inwards to outwards Examples : Francis Turbine Kaplan Turbine Propeller Turbine

Main parts of radial flow Reaction Turbine

1.Casing 2.Guide mechanism 3.Runner, and 4.Draft tube

INWARD RADIAL FLOW TURBINE

If the water flows from outwards to inwards through the

runner, the turbine is known as inward radial flow turbine

The water flows over the moving vanes in the inward radial direction and is discharged at the runner diameter of the runner. The outer diameter of the runner is the inlet and the inner diameter is the outlet.

Velocity Triangles
INWARD RADIAL FLOW TURBINE Inlet Triangle

Outlet Triangle

Outward radial Flow reaction Turbine

The outward radial flow reaction turbine in which the water from casing enters the stationary guide wheel. The guide wheel consists of guide vanes which direct water to enter the runner which is around the stationary guide wheel. The water flows through the vanes of the runner in the outward radial direction and is discharge at the outer diameter of the runner. The inner diameter of the runner is inlet and outer diameter is the outlet.

Outward radial Flow reaction Turbine

The velocity triangles at inlet and outlet will be drawn by the same procedure as inward flow turbine.

Francis turbines
This is the most common turbine type in hydroelectric stations.

The Francis turbine is a radial-flow turbine with water flowing in a radial direction inward over the curved runner blades toward the centre of the turbine Francis turbines are suitable for hydroelectric systems with water heads between 2 meters to 200 meters, and the efficiency can be over 90%.

A Francis turbine comprises mainly the four components

1. spiral casing, 2. guide on stay vanes,

3. runner blades and

4. draft-tube

Francis Turbine (Mixed flow)

Francis turbines

Francis turbine

Velocity Triangles of Francis turbines

The velocity triangle at inlet and outlet of the Francis turbines are drawn in the same way as incase of inward flow reaction turbine. As in case of Francis turbine, the discharge is radial at outlet, the velocity of whirl at outletVw2 will be zero.

AXIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE

If the water parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known as axial flow turbine. For the axial flow reaction turbine the shaft of the turbine is vertical. The lower end of the shaft is made larger which is known as hub or boss. The vanes are fixed on the hub and hence acts as a runner for axial flow reaction turbine.
The following are the important type of axial flow reaction turbines

Propeller Turbine and

Kaplan Turbine

Propeller Turbine

The vanes are fixed to the hub and they are not adjustable, the runner is known as propeller turbine.

Kaplan Turbine
The

vanes on the hub are adjustable the turbine is known as a Kaplan turbine. This turbine is suitable where a large quantity of water at low heads is available.

Kaplan Turbine

Kaplan turbine, which consists of a hub fixed to the shaft. On the hub, the adjustable vanes are fixed as shown in fig.

The main parts of Kaplan turbine are Scroll casing Guide vanes mechanism Hub with vanes or runner of the turbine , and Draft tube.

Axial flow (Kaplan) Turbine

Difference Between Francis and Kaplan Turbine

Sl;No 1. 2. 3. 4. Francis turbine
Mixed flow reaction turbine

Kaplan turbine
Axial flow reaction turbine

Runner vanes are not adjustable Runner vanes are adjustable

Medium head turbine (50m to 250m

Large No of vanes 16 to 24

Low head turbine (up to30m)

Less No of vanes 3 to 8

- Propeller Turbine
A propeller turbine generally has a runner with three to six blades in which the water contacts all of the blades constantly. Picture a boat propeller running in a pipe. Through the pipe, the pressure is constant; if it isn't, the runner would be out of balance. The pitch of the blades may be fixed or adjustable. The major components besides the runner are a scroll case, wicket gates, and a draft tube.

AXIAL FLOW PROPELLER TURBINE

AXIAL FLOW
Propeller / Kaplan Hydraulic Turbine

Guide Vanes / Wicket Gates

Rotor w/ blades

Draft Tube / Diffuser / Casing

Kaplan Turbine = Propeller turbine with adjustable blades Efficiency 90 - 93% Cavitation a concern

Propeller Turbine

MIXED FLOW
Fluid flow over the rotor is both axial and radial

Radial Inflow / Axial Outflow .. MIXED FLOW Reaction Turbine Common in large hydraulic power plants Large Flow / Medium Head / Low Specific Speed

EFFICIENCIES OF A TURBINE
The following are the important efficiencies of a turbine 1 .Hydraulic efficiency 2 . Mechanical efficiency 3 . Volumetric efficiency 4 . Overall efficiency

Hydraulic efficiency
If is defined as the ratio of power given by water to the runner of a turbine to the power supplied by the water at the inlet of the turbine
Power deliverd to runner Power supplied at inlet

Mechanical efficiency
If is defined the ratio of the power available at the shaft of the turbine to the power delivered to the runner.
Power at the shaft of the turbine Power delivered by water to the runner

Volumetric efficiency
If is defined the ratio of the volume of the water actually striking the runner to the volume of water supplied to the turbine.

OVERALL EFFICIENCY

If is defined as the ratio of power available at the shaft of the turbine to the power supplied by the water at the inlet of the turbine.
Volume available at theshaft of the turbine Power supplied at the inlet of the turbine

specific speed

It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensions, blades angles, gate opening etc., with the actual turbine but of such a size it will develop unit power when working under unit head. It is denoted by the symbol Ns The specific speed is used in comparing the different types of turbines as every type of turbine has different specific speed.

N P Ns = 5/4 H
Where N= Speed of actual turbine P = Power developed H = head under which the turbine is working

Significance of specific speed

Specific speed plays an important role for selecting the type of the turbine. Also the performance of a turbine can be predicted by knowing the specific speed of the turbine. The type of turbine for different specific speed is given in Table 18.1 as:

S.No .
1. 2. 3. 4.

Specific speed
(M.K.S.) 10 to 35 35 to 60 60 to 300 300 to 1000 (S.I.) 8.5 to 30 30 to 51 51 to 225 225 to 860

Types of turbine

Pelt on wheel with single jet Pelton wheel with two or more jet Francis turbine Kaplan or propeller turbine

Turbine application
Head (pressure)

Turbine
Impulse

High (30m +) Pelton Turgo

-

Medium

Reaction

Low (<10 m) Cross flow Cross flow Pelton Turgo Francis Propeller Pump Darius
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