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Vin nghin cu nui trng thy sn I

Bnh hc thy sn
Phn 4

Bnh dinh dng v mi trng ca ng vt thy sn

Bin son: TS. Bi Quang T

Nm 2006

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Chng 11

bnh dinh dng ca ng vt thu sn

1. Bnh dinh dng c.
C sng trong cc thu vc c thc n t nhin, c ln nhanh khng b bnh, do thiu cc thnh phn protein, glucid, Lipid, Vitamine, khong lm c yu, sinh trng chm, sc khng km. Trong iu kin nui mt dy, thc n t nhin thiu, cn phi cho n thm thc n tng hp c y thnh phn gip cho qu trnh trao i cht ca c th c xy ra thun li. Thnh phn thc n khng y c thng xy ra cc du hiu bnh l sau: - S trao i cht b ri lon, qu trnh tiu ho khng bnh thng. - Ph hu chc nng hot ng ca h thng thn kinh v cc c quan. - Gy vim lot b my tiu ho, t dn n gan thn, l lch ca c u b nh hng. - C th c b d hnh, cong thn hoc un ln sng, np mang lm hoc khuyt, tia vy b d hnh.. - C gy yu sc khng km d b nhim bnh.

1.1. Bnh thiu Protein v Acid amine.

Protein l cht quan trng c sinh trng v pht trin. V vy trong cc ao nui mt dy, thnh phn Protein trong thc n khng thp hn 40% m bo cho c sinh trng nu t c s chm ln. Thc n c 25% Protein, tc tng trng ca c ch bng 12,8% c cho n thc n c 40% Protein. Nu cho n ch c 10% Protein c khng tng trng lng. - C chp: Trong thc n nhiu acid amine v vitamine lm cho c th c mt kh nng iu tit s thng bng, ct sng b cong, nghim trng nh hng n t bo t chc gan, l lch. i vi ln, trong thc n khng c protein, c th gim trng lng r rt, trong thc n Protein chim 8,9%, trng lng c th s gim nh. Nu trng lng protein trn 13,4% trng lng c th tng. Ngc li t l Protein trong thc n vt qu 44,5% s sinh trng v tch lu m gn nh khng thay i v mt mc no c tc dng tr ngi cho qu trnh trao i cht. - Trong thc n ca c cc acid amin khng cn bng hoc hm lng protein qu nhiu, khng nhng lng ph m cn gy tc hi cho c th.

1.2. Bnh lin quan n cht ng Glucid.

ng (Glucid) l ngun cung cp nng lng ch yu cho hot ng sng ca c th sinh vt ni chung, cho loi c ni ring. Mt gram ng trong c th, oxy ho sn sinh ra 4.000 calo nng lng. Theo thng k c khong 50% ngun nng lng cung cp cho hot ng sng ca c ly t s phn gii ng trong thc n cung cp. ng

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trong thc n y , s phn gii m trong c th v lng m yu cu cng gim i. ng cn l thnh phn cu trc t bo c th. - C vn ng, no hot ng cn nng lng cung cp t oxy ho ng glucogen, nhng bn thn no d tr ng rt t phi ly t mu nn khi thiu ng trong mu lm cho chc nng hot ng ca mu b tn hi, dn n co git, hn m thm ch c c th b cht. Qua cho thy ng trong thc n thiu nh hng n hot ng bnh thng ca c. - Cc loi ng trong thc n ch yu l tinh bt c mt t saccarose, lactose. ng trong ng tiu ho phn gii ra ng n hp th vo gan, kh nng hp th cc loi ng ca tng loi c v tng giai on pht trin trong cng loi c s khc nhau. C hi t l tiu ho cellulo di 10%, t l tiu ho cc loi ng t 20-40% do hm lng cellulo trong thc n khng qu 10% tt nht ch 5-6%, cc loi ng khng qu 30%, trong phn c th tiu ho khng nn thp hn 10%. Theo Hong Trung Ch (Trung Quc) 1983, 1985 tng trng c trm c dng tinh bt cho n tt nht 48% v chng minh kh nng hp th tinh bt cao hn nhiu so vi m, nu hm lng tinh bt 51,4% c trm sinh trng tt. T suy ra ngun cung cp nng lng ch yu ca c trm c ly t ng. Thiu ng hot ng ca cc c quan b nh tr, nhng ngc li qu nhiu cng pht sinh ra bnh l cho c, thng dn n lm cho c quan ni tng b tch lu m gy ri lon hot ng ca cc c quan, m i vo gan lm sng gan, gan bin thnh mu nht, b mt gan sng bng.

1.3. Bnh lin quan n cht bo - lipid.

- M l vt cht ch yu d tr ngun cung cp nng lng cho c th c, 1 gram m oxy ho cung cp 9300 calo nng lng. - M trong c th bo v v c nh cc c quan ni tng. - M l thnh phn cu to mng ca mng t bo. - M ho tan vitamin trong c th ng thi n c tc dng chuyn ho mui v cc acid trong ti mt. Mt s acid bo lm tng sc khng cho c th c, lm mu hot ng bnh thng. -Trong thnh phn thc n, nu s lng m thch hp c sinh trng nhanh, hot ng ca cc c quan khng b ri lon. Cc loi c khc nhau yu cu lng m khng ging nhau. Mun xc nh hm lng m thch hp trong khu phn thc n cn da vo tnh n ca c v ngun thc n. c d kh nng hp th m trong thc n mnh hn c n thc vt thu sinh thng ng. C n tp c th hp th tt m v tinh bt lm ngun nng lng. Trong thc n nu thiu m c sinh trng chm, vy b t. Ngc li trong thc n thnh phn m qu cao lm cn tr tch lu m, cht lng tht gim, c sinh trng chm, mt s c quan ni tng b thoi ho. Nhn chung trong thc n ca c lng m nn di 15%. i vi c hi, trong thc n lng m ch trn di 5%. - M rt d b oxy ho, sn sinh ra cc sn phm c c hi cho sc kho ca c, c chp n phi m b oxy ho, sau 1 thng ct sng bin dng, c hi gan b vng v pht sinh hin tng thiu mu. Do phng hin tng trn, khi ch bin thc n cho

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c, khi cho n mi b sung thnh phn m vo, ng thi cung cp s lng vitamin E trong khu phn thc n.

1.4. Bnh thiu cc mui v c v cc nguyn t vi lng.

Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn..l thnh phn quan trng cu to t chc c th c v cht xc tc ca h men, duy tr hot ng sinh l trn nhiu lnh vc ca c th, n gp phn tng nhanh tc sinh trng, y mnh qu trnh trao i cht, tng kh nng hp th cc cht dinh dng, do gim s lng thc n, duy tr p sut thm thu ca t bo. - C c th hp th mui v c trong nc nhng ch hn ch mt s nguyn t nn khng p ng c yu cu v vy ngun mui v c v cc yu t vi lng phi b sung vo thnh phn thc n. Nhn chung Ca c trong nc tng i nhiu nn nu khng b sung vo c vn sinh trng bnh thng. Cn vi P, cn b sung s lng 0,4% trong thnh phn thc n ca c, nu thiu s chuyn ho thc n thp, c sinh trng chm, xng b d hnh. - Thc n thiu Mg, c chp bi li yu, sinh trng chm, lng Mg trong xng gim, sau thi gian c s cht. - Thc n thiu Fe, c chp b bnh thiu mu, thiu I2 c hi b bnh u tuyn gip trng. - Thiu Cu c chp con sinh trng chm, nhng ngc li qu cao gy thiu mu v cng c ch sinh trng. - Thiu Mn, c chp sinh trng chm, ui b d hnh. C hi thiu Mn c th rt ngn li.

1.5. Bnh thiu cc loi Vitamin.

Trong thc n cn c mt lng Vitamin d rt nh nhng nu thiu s lm cho hot ng ca cc h men b ri lon, c gy yu, ni u nga bng, c vn ng khng bnh thng so vi ng vt mu nng th c thiu Viatamin phn ng c chm hn. trong thc n nu hon ton khng c Vitamin sau hn 1 thng c ngng sinh trng, sau 3 thng c bt u gim trng lng, mt li, xung quanh vng mc mt t mu, sc khng gim, dn dn c s cht. Nhiu ngi cho rng chc nng h thn kinh b ph hu. Mi loi Vitamin c chc nng khc nhau nn nh hng n c cng khc nhau. Trong thc n thiu Viatamin A, bt mi ca c gim, trao i cht b ri lon, mt sc t, c chp da v mang chy mu, np mang cong phng ln, mng da xung quanh np mang vn vo, nhn cu li ln. Vitamin D c tc dng lm cho c sinh trng nhanh, tuyn sinh dc thnh thc sm. Trong thc n thiu Viatmin C c sinh trng chm, h s thc n cao, c hin tng xut huyt tng vng, c b d hnh. Nui ln trong thc n thiu Vitmin C, ln sinh trng chm, da, vy, u u c hin tng chy mu. C chp thc n thiu Vitamin C nh hng khng ln do bn thn c th tng hp c mt s lng nht nh. i vi Vitamin B cung cp thiu, kh nng bt mi ca c gim 4-5 ln, d dy t tit dch v, hot ng tiu ho v hp th dinh dng b ri lon, lng tiu hao oxy gim, sinh trng chm. Trong nhm Vitamin B nu thiu Viatamin B1, B2, cng bt mi ca lng gim, sinh trng chm, mt kh nng vn ng, thiu Vitamin B6 sinh trng chm, h thng thn kinh b ri lon, thiu mu, h hp nhanh, xng np mang mm, bng tch nc.

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2. Bnh dinh dng tm.

2.1. Bnh thiu Vitamin C - hi chng cht en.
2.1.1. Tc nhn gy bnh. Cc n tm nui thm canh dng thc n tng hp c hm lng Vitamin C thp khng lng b sung cho sinh trng ca tm, to v ngun khc trong h thng nui. 2.1.2. Du hiu bnh l v phn b. Du hiu u tin thy r vng en c di lp v kitin ca phn bng, u ngc, c bit cc khp ni gia cc t. Bnh nng vng en xut hin trn mang tm v thnh rut. Tm b n, chm ln. n tm mc bnh mn tnh thiu Vitamin C c th b cht t 1-5% hng ngy. T l hao ht tng cng rt ln 80-90%. Hin tng bnh l ging bnh n mn, ch khc ch v kitin khng b n mn. Cc loi tm bin, tm cng xanh khi nui dng thc n tng hp khng hm lng Vitamin C cung cp cho tm hng ngy. 2.1.3. Chn on bnh. Da vo cc du hiu bnh l. 2.1.4. Phng php phng tr bnh. Dng thc n tng hp nui tm c hm lng Vitamin C 2-3 g/1 kg thc n c bn. Lng Vitamin C c tch lu trong tm ln hn 0,03 mg/1 g m c, tm s trnh c bnh cht en v c sc khng cao. Thng xuyn b sung to vo h thng nui l ngun Vitamin C t nhin rt tt cho tm.

2.2. Bnh mm v tm tht.

Bnh thng xy ra tm tht 3-5 thng tui. Sau khi lt xc v kitin khng cng li c v rt mm nn ngi ta gi l hi chng bnh tm, nhng con tm mm v yu, hot ng dy c v b sinh vt bm dy c, tm c th cht ri rc n hng lot. Theo Baticados v CTV (1986) nhn nh rng bnh mm v tm l do mt s nguyn nhn nhng nguyn nhn ng quan tm l cc mui khong Canxi v Photphat trong nc v thc n thp. Cho tm n bng tht ng vt nhuyn th ti vi t l 14% trong khu phn thc n cho kt qu tt, lm cho v cng li, ci thin c tnh trng mm v (Baticatos, 1986). Bnh mm v c th nh hng ln ti nng sut, sn lng v gi tr thng phm ca tm nui. Bnh xy ra t cui thng nui th 2 n u thng nui th 3 v thng xut hin tm nui mt cao 15-30 con/m3. Bnh thng gp cc ao nui ca 3 min Bc, Trung, Nam.

B Hnh 386: A- tm cng xanh b bnh mm v; B- tm s b bnh mm v

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Chng 12

bnh do mi trng
ng vt thu sn mc bnh do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra d dng nhn thy nghin cu cc chng trn. Ngoi ra cc yu t tc ng vo c th khng phi di hnh thc k sinh cng gy nn s ph hu chc nng hot ng sinh l bnh thng ca c th ng vt thu sn, lm gim kh nng khng ca c th ng vt thu sn vi mi trng. Cc yu t ny c th tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip n ng vt thu sn. S tc ng y c th do mt vi yu t ring bit song phn ln l do tc ng tng hp ca nhiu yu t bnh phi k sinh c, tm cng c th gy nhiu tn tht to ln cho ngi nui trng thu sn (xem mc 3 - chng 1).

1. Bnh do yu t v sinh.
1.1. C, tm b bnh do cc yu t c hc.
Y t c hc tc ng n c, tm lm cho c, tm b thng m cng tc ng mnh nht l i vi cc c quan quan trng nh thn kinh, h hp, tun hon lm ri lon trng thi sinh l bnh thng ca c th, lm kh nng bt mi, kh nng trn trnh k th, sc khng gim dn, n c, tm b gy yu, nu nng s lm c, tm yu thm ch c th lm c, tm cht hng lot. Di tc ng ca cc yu t c hc, thn kinh c, tm b chn ng, c, tm hong s bi li hn lon, nhy ln b, va vo cc vt th trong nc lm c trc vy, t vy, da c mn , chy mu, tm gy tru v cc phn ph dn n hin tng vim lot m ng cho vi khun, nm v k sinh trng k sinh gy bnh. 1.1.1. C, tm b thng do nh bt v vn chuyn. Dng ng c nh bt khng thch hp vi tng loi c, tm hoc tng giai on pht trin d lm cho c, tm b thng. Nu kim tra c b m cho , san c hng, c ging...bng li giai qu th, mt li qu ln c th lm cho c c hin tng mc vy vo li, cc mt li cn gi ngang c th c gy hin tng ng li lm c quy mnh, t vy, try da, trc vy. i vi c b m sau b thng thng khng sc tham gia hot ng trng. C hng, c ging sau khi xy st thng b cc bnh do vi trng, nm gy ra lm cho c cht hng lot. i vi tm u trng, tm ging, tm b m u phi c dng c thch hp nh bt, khng s lm cho tm b sc yu v c th cht. V vy khi nh c, tm cn chn ng c thch hp vi tng i tng. Thao tc nh bt cng cn ch n tp tnh ca cc loi khc nhau. C m trng hay nhy, c trm c bi li nhanh, c chp hay chi xung y ao, tm ging hay nhy... Trc khi nh c, tm gim thng tt cn phi luyn c, tm chng quen dn vi iu kin cht chi, lm quen vi ng c. Cc giai on pht trin ca chng nht l giai on c bt, c hng, c ging, c b m, u trng tm, tm ging cn c c bit quan tm trong qu trnh nh bt, vi c bt ch vn chuyn khi ht non hong. Lc vn chuyn lm cho c va chm nhau, mt nhiu dch nhn nh hng n kh nng bo v c th, sc t da b thay i, chng li sng trong iu kin cht chi, sc kho yu, trng thi sinh l c th khng bnh thng nn rt d b cht c khi cht hng lot. Do phi m bo y oxy, khng vn chuyn lc nhit qu cao.

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1.1.2. C, tm b thng do chn ng qu mnh. Dng cht n nh c, tm thng gy thit hi cho c, tm trong cc ngun nc, ngoi c b cht cn lm cho rt nhiu loi c khc b thng nh t vy, trc vy, chy mu, sc kho gim, kh nng bt mi v chn trnh k th km. Khng nhng c ln cht m cng lm c b cht lm thit hi ngun li. Ting n trong nc mnh cn lm chn ng ln, ph hu h thng thn kinh ca c, lm yu kh nng vn ng, nng c th lm cho c cht m khng pht hin c vt thng. Khi vn chuyn bng phng tin th s nh gnh b, nht l i vi c bt, c hng nu thao tc khng ng k thut d lm cho chng b va chm vo thng v v y lm b thng, b chong, c khi bn ra ngoi v cht. Vn chuyn bng t, nu ng xa, xe ch nh, ng xu i qu nhanh, c, tm trong xe b chn ng qu nhiu cng c nh hng xu n c, tm nht l vi c, tm nh, sc chu ng km th tc hi cng km: S chn ng mnh v lin tc gy cho c, tm b say sng; c, tm mt kh nng thng bng v bi li khng bnh thng, c, tm ni u, nga bng. Nu b chn ng nh th sau 1 thi gian, c, tm c th hi phc tr li bnh thng.

1.2. C, tm b bnh do nhit khng thch hp.

C, tm l ng vt mu lnh nn iu kin nhit mi trng nc nh hng rt nhiu n i sng ca chng. Nhit thn ca c, tm thay i theo nhit nc, thng ch chnh lch vi nhit nc khong 0,10C, lc nhit mi trng nc gim hay tng t ngt c th kch thch dy thn kinh da lm mt kh nng iu tit hot ng ca cc c quan, pht sinh ra bnh, da bin i t mu sng qua mu ti. c chp ging nhit nc t nhin thay i 12-150C c nm nghing ln mt nc, mt kh nng bi li. C vn, c chp, c dic t mi trng 210C chuyn qua mi trng 120C, cc phin mang trng phng, chc nng hot ng ca c quan h hp, tun hon b nh tr, sau 3 gi c s cht. C trong mi trng nc lun lun vn ng lm cho c th to nhit nhng s to nhit khng bao nhiu nn thn nhit ca c v nhit mi trng chnh lch khng ng k. V d khi c dic vn ng, thn nhit c cao hn nhit nc 0,2-0,30 C. C hi vn ng, thn nhit c cao hn nhit nc 0,4-0,50C. C ng c h mch di da pht trin nn nhit thn ca c cao hn nhit mi trng l 100C. Mi loi c, tm v mi giai on pht trin ca cng mt loi cng yu cu nhit nc khc nhau v c gii hn nhit thch ng khc nhau. Trong khong nhit thch hp, trng thi sinh l ca c th c bnh thng, nu nhit mi trng ngoi khong phm vi thch ng th trao i cht c th c b ri lon chc nng hot ng ca cc c quan b ph hu c th lm cho c, tm cht. Nhit thch hp nht cho sinh trng ca c chp l 23-290C, nhit ny, mi qu trnh sinh l ca c, tm din ra tt, cng bt mi ca c, tm cao. Nu nhit gim xung 150C th cng bt mi gim 3-4 ln. C r phi thch hp nht nhit 25-300C, thp hn 200C hoc cao hn 350C, cng bt mi u gim. T 6-140C l gii hn thp v 37-420C l gii hn nhit cao lm cho c r phi b cht. Nhit nh hng n qu trnh pht trin ca tuyn sinh dc v pht trin ca phi. Nhit qu thp, tuyn sinh dc khng pht trin c. Trong qu trnh p trng, nhit thp trng khng n nhng ngc li nhit cao, phi pht trin b d hnh v cht.

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C chp cho trong iu kin thch hp l 20-250C, c m 24-290C cho nn trong sinh sn nhn to, cn quan tm n yu t nhit . Khi vn chuyn c, tm nhit trong cng c vn chuyn v ngoi mi trng thng c s chnh lch nhau, s chnh lch y cng nhanh cng tt. Nu nhit chnh lch qu cao, c, tm c hin tng chong, kt qu l sau khi th c, tm ra, c, tm b ni u, nga bng, mt kh nng hot ng bnh thng, da c, tm mt mu sc bnh thng, v vy khi a c, tm t thu vc ny qua thu vc khc phi ch n s thay i nhit , nn th c, tm t t v iu ho nhit t trong cng c v bn ngoi ng chnh lch qu ln. Vn chuyn c, tm phi chn thi tit c nhit thch hp nu nhit khng kh qu cao, phi c bin php x l h nhit khi vn chuyn. Nhit nc chnh lch trong vn chuyn khng qu 2-30C; c, tm ln, nhit thay i khng qu 50C; c, tm ging khng qu 2-30C. Khi kim tra ko v hoc nh chi cc ao nui tm thi gian 14-16gi ngy nng nng (nhit khng kh >350C), c th thy tm s b sc nhit thn co li (hnh 387A) hoc tm chn trng chuyn mu trng c (hnh 387B)

B Hnh 387: A- tm s b cong thn do sc nhit; B- tm chn trng chuyn mu trng do sc nhit.

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Trong qu trnh vn chuyn, khi nhit tng th kh nng chu ng vi cc cht c gim v c, tm yu cu lng O2 tiu hao cao. Qua nghin cu nh hng ca nhit nc n kh nng chu ng ca c vi CO2, NH3, H2S v tiu hao O2 ca mt s loi c nui giai on c hng nh bng 33: Bng 48: Kh nng chu ng vi CO2, NH3, H2S tiu hao oxy giai on c hng ca mt s loi c nui T0 O2 (mg/l) CO2 (mg/l) NH3 (mg/l) H2S (mg/l) C hng C hng m C hng m C hng m trm c hoa trng trng 200 1,5 32,28 6,14 2,5 0 25 1,92 30,18 5,29 2,12 300 2,05 29,45 4,49 1,93 350 2,53 26,18 4,06 1,66

1.3. C tm b bnh do thiu oxy.

C tm sng trong nc cn O2 y thc hin qu trnh trao i cht. Tuy nhin mi loi c tm, mi giai on pht trin v iu kin mi trng khc nhau, yu cu lng oxy khc nhau. Lc lng oxy ho tan trong nc thp qu gii hn s lm cho c tm cht ngt. C trm c, trm en, c m trng, m hoa thng hm lng O2 ho tan trong nc 1 mg/l , c bt u ni u n 0,4-0,6 mg/l, c cht ngt. c chp, c dic cht ngt lng oxy ho tan 0,1-0,4 mg/l, c vn 0,4-0,5 mg/l. i vi cc ao nui tm khi mi trng ao nui hm lng oxy ho tan thp hn 3mg/l l nguyn nhn lm mang tm chuyn mu hng. Nhiu ao nui tm ven bin min Trung v Nam B hm lng oxy vo ban m dao ng 1-2,8 mg O2/ml thm ch c lc o bng khng. Hin tng c tm cht ngt do thiu oxy xy ra nhng ao h nc tnh nht l nhng mt nc tnh nhiu mn b hu c hoc bn qu nhiu phn hu c. C lc O2 trong mi trng y nhng CO2 qu cao ln n 80 mg/l nhit 20310C, CO2 trong mu c khng thot ra ngoi c lm hn m thn kinh trung ng. C kh ly O2 ho tan trong nc, nu hm lng CO2 trong nc 20 mg/l m c ni u th do nc thiu O2 l ch yu. Ma h c, tm d b ni u nht l khi tri sm st m khng c ma hay trc ma dng do p sut kh kh gim thp O2 ho tan vo nc gim lm cho c, tm ni u, hoc c khi cn ma ging rt ngn, nhit nc tng mt gim, tng y cao gy ra hin tng i lu, cc cht mn b hu c tng y c o ln tng cng phn hu tiu hao nhiu O2 ng thi thy kh c nh H2S, NH3, CO2 lm cho c ni u. Nhng ao, h to loi pht trin mnh, ban ngy chng tin hnh quang hp sn sinh ra nhiu O2, nhng ngc li vo ban m trong qu trnh h hp, chng li ly nhiu O2 mi trng v thi ra nhiu CO2 d lm cho c ni u. *Triu trng c b bnh do thiu oxy. C thiu dinh dng thng ni ln mt nc, p khng kh h hp gi l hin tng c ni u. Nu thiu dng kh ko di th mi di nh ra, mu sc trn lng bin nht. trong ao h nui c, c m ni u trc dng ng th mc tng i nh, tri li ton b c trong ao ni u t 12 gi m v trc hoc trong nc bi l ton lon, t th c th lc nm thng, lc hc u vo b chng t thu vc thiu O2 nghim trng, nu khng c bin php x l c s cht hng lot thm ch cht ton b. thiu O2 ko di lm cho c th c thiu mu, sinh trng chm hm di li ra ngoi.

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Khi tm b bnh thiu oxy du hiu u tin l ni u (hnh 388A), dt vo b, cht t ri rc n hng lot, c bit lng tm cht tp trung vo sng sm. Tm b n v khng xung y ao bt mi do nng oxy ho tan y thp. Kim tra thy mang tm chuyn t mu trng ng sang mu hng (hnh 388 B,C).

C Hnh 388: Tm s thiu oxy: A- ni u (mu tm s nui Qung Ninh 2005); B,Cmang chuyn mu hng (mutm s nui H Tnh, 2003)

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*Bin php phng nga. Ao h nui c, tm n ty dn sch s, no vt bt bn lng bn va phi sau phi nng y ao nc khi a vo ng nui. Phn bn cn c k v lng bn tu theo iu kin thi tit v cht nc m iu chnh cho thch hp. Cho c, tm nn p dng bin php 4 nh: nh cht lng, nh s lng, nh thi gian v nh a im. nu thc n tha, hng ngy nn vt b i. Mt c, tm th ng nui, mt trng p khng nn qu dy m bo mi trng O2. Thng xuyn theo di s bin i ca mi trng bm thm nc sch vo ao, nu c iu kin th dng my sc kh kp thi b sung O2 cho ao ng nui.

1.4. C tm b bnh bt kh.

trong nc, cc loi kh qu bo ho c th lm cho c tm b bnh bt kh, c cng nh cng d mn cm, thng bnh bt kh hay xy ra c hng v c ging, tm u trng, tm ging. Nguyn nhn lm cho cht kh trong nc bo ho rt nhiu, thng thu vc nc tnh. Trong ao h c nhiu to loi, bui tra tri nng nhit cao to quang hp mnh thi ra nhiu O2, lm cho O2 trong nc qu bo ho. Lc O2 t bo ho 150% c th gy bnh bt kh. Vi nhit 310C, hm lng O2 14,4 mg/l bo ho 192% c hng chiu di 0,9-1 cm b bnh bt kh, hm lng O2 24,4 mg/l, bo ho 225% c hng c kch thc 1,4-1,5 cm pht sinh bnh bt kh. Do phn bn qu nhiu cha k nn khi bn vo ao vn tip tc phn hu tiu hao nhiu O2 gy thiu O2 ng thi thi ra rt nhiu bt kh nh H2S, NH3, CH4, CO2...l lng trong nc ln vi cc sinh vt ph du, c, tm nut vo gy bnh bt kh. Mt s thu vc hm lng CO2 qu cao cng gy bnh bt kh. Trong ao khi CO2 t bo ho 153,1-161,2% c chp, c dic c kch c 10 cm pht sinh bnh bt kh m cht. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn bm O2 qu nhiu cng c th gy bnh bt kh. Nht l lc nhit ln cao, cc cht ho tan vo nc cng mnh dn nhanh n bo ho gy bnh bt kh. Bt kh vo c th c, tm qua ming, qua mang v qua da khuych tn n mch mu lm cho kh trong mch mu bo ho, trong mu qu nhiu th kh di ng m gy ra bnh bt kh. *Triu chng bnh bt kh. Ban u c tm cm thy kh chu, bi hn lon trn mt nc nhng nng lc vn ng yu, khng lu sau trong da v c th c xut hin bt kh, lc bt kh cn nh, c c th chng li lc ni hng xung di bi li nhng c th mt cn bng, ui hng ln trn, u trc xung di, lc bi lc dng theo bt kh to ln, c th mt sc, c mt kh nng vn ng ni ln mt nc, khng lu sau s cht. u trng tm bt kh bm vo cc phn ph, mang lm chng mt thng bng bi khng nh hng v ni trn tng mt sau s cht (hnh 389).

Bnh hc thy sn- Phn 4

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Gii phu c quan st di knh hin vi c th nhn thy trong mch mu ca da, vy, mang v cc c quan ni tng u c rt nhiu bt kh, lm tt mch m c cht.

Hnh 389: A- c hi b bt kh bm trn vy v mang; B- u trng tm bt kh bm xung quanh; C- Mang tm c bt kh bm y * Bin php phng nga: A phng nga bnh bt kh ch yu l khng cho cc cht kh qu bo B trong cc ho thu vc, ngun nc cho vo ao phi chn la nc khng c bt kh. Ao ng nui c khi qu nhiu cht mn b hu c, khng dng phn cha k bn xung ao. Lng phn bn v thc n cho xung ao phi thch hp. Cht nc trong ao thng mu xanh nht, pH: 6-8 trong ca nc thch hp thc vt ph du khng pht trin qu mnh. Nu pht hin bnh bt kh, cn kp thi thay i nc c ra, bm nc mi vo, c, tm b bnh nh c th thi bt kh ra v hi phc c th tr li bnh thng.

1.5. Ho cht nh hng n c tm.

Nn cng nghip cng pht trin, nc thi cng nghip ra thu vc cng nhiu, ngoi ra thuc tr su cho la v cy cng nng nghip theo mng mng dn vo lm nhim cc thu vc nui c, cng nh thu vc t nhin gy nhim c cho c, tu theo mc b ng c nn c khi c ch c bin chng.....lm tm cht hng lot. Cc cht c cn c th tch lu trong tht c, tht tm, n gy c hi cho ngi. Cc cht c ho hc tc hi vi i c tp trung ch yu theo cc hnh thc sau: - Cht c ph hoi chc nng hot ng ca t chc mang da v mt s c quan bn ngoi, gy tn thng, ng thi do khng ly c oxy nn c d dng b cht ngt. - Cht c ho hc thng qua tch t trong chui thc n v mt s cht c trc tip qua da, mang vo c th c kt hp vi gc NH ca protein trong c th c to thnh mui kh tan c ch hot ng ca men, lm nh hng n qu trnh trao i cht, nghim trng lm cho c cht. - Cc cht c thng gy c cho c, tm. 1.5.1. C, tm b trng c do H2S qu cao. Trong cc thu vc nui tm c do c qu nhiu cc cht hu c hoc c ngun nc thi cc nh my cng nghip, khu chn nui, nc thi sinh hot cc khu ng dn c vo u c nhiu H2S tn ti, s c mt ca H2S khng c li cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca c tm. H2S kt hp vi ion st trong mu, lm sc t mu gim, c , tm h hp kh khn, thiu O2, nu vt phm vi cho php dn n lm cho c , tm cht; nhit 300C hm lng 1,93 mg/ lt nc lm cho c m, giai on c hng cht, thng trong nc lng H2S t 3 mg/lt tr ln lm cho nhiu loi tm c cht.

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H2S ngoi tc dng gy c trc tip i vi c tm trong qu trnh oxy ho n ly mt lng ln oxy ho tan trong nc lm cho mi trng thiu oxy nhanh chng, thng 1 mg H2S oxy ho cn 1 lng oxy l 1,86 mg O2. phng nga c, tm b ng c do H2S qu nhiu trong cc thu vc nui tm, c, nc thi dng nui thu sn cn x l trc lc cho vo ao h. Nhng thu vc nui c tm cn nhiu mn b hu c cn no vt bt, nu khng no vt th vo ma h nhit cao, lc ma ging cn theo di thay nc kp thi. 1.5.2. C, tm b ng c do NH3 qu cao. Trong iu kin thiu oxy, nc thi vo qu nhiu lm y ao h nhiu mn b hu c, qu trnh phn hu cc cht ny gy c cho c, tm. Hm lng NH3 t n 1 mg/ lt nc c coi l vng nc b nhim bn. i vi c trong thu vc hm lng NH3 t 3 mg/lt gy cht c trm c bt. 11,23 mg/l: gy cht c trm c ging 17 mg/l: gy cht c chp ging 30 mg/l: gy cht c chp c ln V phng php phng nga hin tng ny cng ging nh phng nga H2S. 1.5.3. C, tm b trng c do thuc tr su: Cc loi thuc tr su dng bn cho cy la v hoa mu, cy cng nghip vo cc thu vc c sng, qua tch lu lu ngy n c a dn vo c th c dn n c b ng c. Khi b nhim cht c c th c b d hnh, mt kh nng sinh sn v cht. Hin tng ng c i vi c hay xy ra sau cc trn ma to, thuc tr su chy vo ao h nui c. Nu c b m b trng thuc c tr su hp th vo qua h thng tun hon n tuyn sinh dc nn trng ra phi pht trin b d hnh. i vi c con, c tht khi b nhim c t chc mang v da b ph hoi mt kh nng tit ra nim dch, trn np mang, gc cc vy c hin tng chy mu. Cc c quan ni tng hot ng sinh l bnh thng b tr ngi nn qu trnh trao i cht b ri lon nu nhim c nng khng pht hin kp thi c th cht hng lot. *Phng php ngn chn: Trong cc vng nui c rung, mi khi phun thuc tr su cho la nn tho cn c tp trung vo mng mng v ao su. Dng c ng cc loi thuc tr su, khng nn ra xung ao nui c, nht l ao ng c hng, c ging. Mt s trng hp c b ng c, nu c iu kin c th dng vi cho xung ao vi s lng nc ao c nng t 30-40 ppm. 1.5.4. C b trng c do kim loi nng. Cc ion kim loi nh: Cu++, Zn++, Fe++, Hg+, Ag++, Pb++, As++, Mg++, Mn++....rt cn cho c th c nhng vt qu phm vi yu cu s gy c cho c. Cc ion kim loi kt hp vi nim dch v da thnh cc hp cht ng vn ph ln b mt ca cc cung mang, cn tr chc nng h hp ca mang v da dn n lm cho c, tm cht ngt. ng thi cc ion kim loi qua chui thc n, qua da v mang vo bn trong c th kt hp vi gc NH - ca protein to thnh mui protemate kt ta c ch hot ng ca h men lm tr ngi qu trnh trao i cht nn c b cht. Ngun ion kim loi dn vo cc thu vc kh rng n li c kh nng lu li mt thi gian di, tch lu dn dn c th tch t qua chui thc n, sau khi mi trng b nhim khng d pht hin, c b ng c khi c bin php gii c cho c th c tr li bnh thng.

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V d: Thu ngn (Hg) l cht gy c kh mnh thng gy nhim mi trng nc. C b nhim vo c th thng c hm lng cao trong gan, thn, c v khng d bi tit ra ngoi. Nu trong mt lt nc ca b nui c c hm lng thu ngn: 0,0024 mg th sau 23 ngy trong 1 kg tht c c 3,38 mg thu ngn. Trong nc c Mercuric chloride hm lng 0,5 mg/lt, c m trng giai on c ging sau 96 gi cht 80%, nu mi trng thiu oxy v nhit cao lm cho c cht cng nhanh. Ion Cu++, Mn++ liu lng vt qu yu cu c b ng c lm cho t chc gan, thn, c quan to mu b ph hoi, c th thiu mu. Trong mt lt nc c 0,16 mg CuSO4 hay AgNO3 lm cho phi c trm, c m pht trng ko di. FeSO4 nng 5 mg/lt nc lm cho mang c dic vim lot, t bo tng thng b tng sinh cc mao mch huyt qun t mu, t chc mang phn tit nhiu nim dch, nu mi trng nc pH thp di 5 tc hi cng ln. nhiu ion kim loi nng khc u c tc dng ng c tng t tuy mc c khc nhau.

2. Bnh do yu t hu sinh.
2.1. C b trng c do to Mycrocystis (Hnh 390).
Thng vo u h, ma thu trong cc ao ng c ging, to Mycrocystis areuginesa v M. flosaguae pht trin mnh to thnh, lp vng. To M. areuginesa c mu xanh lam, to M. flosaguae c mu xanh vng nht. Di knh hin vi l cc tp on qun th ngoi c mng keo. Qun th lc cn non c dng chui t bo xp st nhau, hnh cu, khi ln ln do sinh trng m trong tp on sinh ra cc l khng ln nn hnh dng v kch thc c dng thay i. Mycrocystis phn b v pht trin trong cc thu vc nc tnh nhiu mn b hu c, pH t 8-9,5. Lc Mycrocystis pht trin mnh v m do n h hp nn sn sinh ra nhiu CO2 v tiu hao nhiu O2, mi khi lng O2 trong ao khng p ng c, n s cht, nht l thi gian vo gia m. Khi cht Mycrocystis phn gii tiu hao mt lng ln oxy ng thi thi ra mi trng CO2 v cc cht c nh: NH4OH, H2S... gy c hi cho c, lm c ni u. Thng trong 1 lt nc c 5. 105 qun th Mycrocystis c th lm cho c b trng c, trong cc i tng c nui th c m hoa ging d mn cm nht. Nu ln n 10. 105 qun th Mycrocystis trong 1 lt nc, c m trng, c trm cht, thm ch chng c th cht hng lot. to Mycrocystis bn ngoi c mng bc nn c n vo khng tiu ho c.

Hnh 390: A. Mycrocystis areuginesa; B. Mycrocystis areuginesa n hoa mu xanh lam

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* Phng php phng tr: Trong cc ao ng nui c trong ma nhit cao cn ch no vt bt bn ao v thng xuyn thay nc m bo mi trng trong sch hn ch Mycrocystis pht trin. Nu pht hin trong ao pht trin nhiu to Mycrocystis c th dng CuSO4 vi nng 0,7 ppm phun khp ao lc dng CuSO4 cn theo di nu c c hin tng ni u phi bm nc trong sch vo.

2.2. C b trng c do to Psymnesium (Hnh 391).

- Ging to Psymnesium gy c cho c c cc loi sau: Psymnesium saltans Massart Psymnesium parvum Carter Psymnesium minutum Carter To Psymnesium pht trin mnh trong cc ao nui c lm cho c cht. Psymnesium saltans c vch t bo mng, di knh hin vi in t c th thy phin vy mng nh y ln b mt c th lc cn sng hnh dng bin i c lc hnh bu dc, lc hnh trng, hnh dy, hnh trn... kch thc c th 6-7 x 6-11 m. on trc c th c 3 tin mao: Tin mao gia ngn khng hot ng, 2 tin mao bn di gp ri chiu di c th l c quan di ng, gc ca tin mao c bc co bp. Hai bn c th c 2 di sc t mu vng.

B C Hnh 391: To Psymnesium saltas Kutz: A- hnh v tng qut; B- hnh KHVT; C- v ca mng t bo thy r cc vy mng (hnh KHVT)

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Phng thc sinh sn thng phn dc theo c th v tin hnh sinh sn vo ban m nn ban ngy t nhn thy. Psymnesium pht trin trong iu kin mi trng pH cao, nhit cao v mui rng (1-30%o ) nhng thch hp mui trn di 30%0. Psymnesium c kh nng phn tit ra c t v cht lm v t bo mu. Theo Uitzur v Shilo 1970 c t ca ging to ny l 1 cht m protein (Protio lipid). Hin nay cng c mt s nh khoa hc cho c t l cht glucolipid v galacto lipid (m ng). trong nc Psymnesium pht trin mt 3,75 - 62,50. 106 t bo/lt nc u c th lm cho c cht, nc trong thu vc c mu vng nu. Cc loi c khi b trng c triu chng c khc nhau lc mi bt u c m nhy cm nht tp trung vo b ao sau mc ng c tng ln, tt c cc loi c tp trung ln mt nc gn b, u chc vo b v khng hot ng tip theo cc loi ln, chch v cc loi c y, ni ln mt nc, trn ln b, c m bt u cht. Cc loi c trong ao c ting ng tm thi phn tn nhng lp tc tp trung li ngay. Lc ny c b ng c tng i nghim trng nhng nu c bin php cp cu kp thi th c vn sng c. tri li nu c b trng c nng hn c s tp vo b mt thng bng, c th nm nghing, h hp kh khn ri dn dn s hn m kh m cp cu c. * Phng php phng tr: - Vo ma nhit cao cn bn cc loi phn ln, m v phn hu c cho cc loi to pht trin n c ch Psymnesium pht trin. - c t ca to Psymnesium mt tc dng trong iu kin pH di 6 do bn vo mi trng nc mt lng mui acid th c th gim c cho c nhng gi thnh cao, c s sn xut kh p dng. - Khi pht hin c nhiu to Psymnesium pht trin dng Amonium sulphate 10-17 ppm phun u khp ao. Phng php ny khng dng cp cu c ng c v mt s loi c giai on c bt.

2.3. C b trng c do mt s ging to gip (Hnh 392,393).

To gip gy c cho c thng gp mt s ging sau y: Peridinium, Gymnodinium, Ceratium. To gip gia t bo c mt rnh ngang v mt rnh dc rt r, mi rnh mc mt tin mao. - Ging Peridinium: Vch t bo c mnh gip, mu vng nu, c th hnh trng, hnh a gic, vch t bo dy, di vch c cc u li nh, rnh ngang nh, rnh dc m. - Ging Gymnodinium: T bo to hnh gn trn, gia t bo 2 rnh rt r, c 2 tin mao mc t ch giao nhau gia 2 rnh, vch t bo l r, mu c th xanh lam. - Ging Ceratium: C th phn trc v phn sau c gai, hnh dng t bo hi ging m neo, mnh gip dy v r thng c vn hoa chia gip ra nhiu mnh. Cc ging to gip trn pht trin mnh iu kin nhit cao, ao h loi nh, c nhiu mn b hu c, pH cao, cng ln. Mi khi iu kin mi trng thay i t ngt, to gip kh thch nghi nn d b tiu dit.

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Hnh 391: To gip: 1- Ging to gip Gymnodinium Stein; 2,3- Ging to gip Peridinium Ehrenb

Hnh 392: To gip: A- Gymnodinium (KHVT); B- Pyrodinium (KHVT); CGyrosigma; D- Ceratium; E-Dinophysis; To gip i b phn l thc n tt ca c nhng mt s ging to gip trn c n vo khng tiu ho c nu trong ao h nui c c s lng nhiu, lc cht li gy c hi cho c. * Phng php phng tr: Mi khi pht hin to gip pht trin mnh gy c hi cho c cn nhanh chng thay i nc bin i t ngt c th c ch to gip pht trin. Nu khng c kt qu th phun CuSO4 xung ao vi nng 0,7 ppm.

2.4. Thy triu (Red tite)

Thy triu hay to n hoa l hin tng to bin pht trin bng n v s lng. Khi to n hoa c th lm cho nc bin c mu (nn gi l thy triu ) hoc mu xanh en hoc mu xanh xm. To n hoa l do vng bin b nhim v to cht gy c cho tm c sng trong vng (hnh 393,394).

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Vng bin Vit Nam c hin tng triu t u nhng nm 90 ca th k 20, nm 1993-1994 vng bin Sc Trng, mi C Mau ng dn nh c cho bit c hin tng nc bin nh nc ph sa. u th k 21 phng vn nhng ngi i nh c trn bin th c 60% ng dn ni l c gp nc bin (triu ). Triu xut hin bin Bnh Thun trung tun thng 7/2002 v bin Nha Trang cui thng 7/2002. Bin Bnh Thun t C N n Phan R triu lan rng khong 30km, khu vc thit hi nht di khong 15km rng 5km tnh t b. Nc bin c qunh nh nc cho long, u tin l mu sau chuyn mu xanh en. To (Phaeocystis globosa- mt ln ti 25 triu t bo/lt) n hoa tp vo b v tn li, to thnh lp bn dy 5-10cm. Ch tnh ring c song, tm hm nui lng cht hng lot, c tnh thit hi hng chc t ng (theo bo Thanh Nin 30/7/2002).

Hnh 393: triu

Hnh 394: lng nui c cht do triu

Hnh 395: c cht do triu (bin Bnh Hnh 396: do triu nc bin c qunh nh cho, mu nu Thun 7/2002)

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Chng 13

sinh vt hi ng vt thu sn
1. Thc vt hi c.
1.1. Rong mng li gy hi cho c (Hydrodictyon neticulatum Lacgerheim) (Hnh 397)
Rong mng li thuc h Hydrodictyonceae, b to lc cu (Chlorococcales) lp to lc. Rong mng li c qun th ln thng tn ti trong nhng vng nc t nht l cc ao nui c. Ban u n kt li thnh mt khi nh sau ln dn khong 8-20 cm ni ln mt nc ging nh ti li nn gi l to mng li. Mt li ca qun th to nh khng n nh. Thng do 5-6 t bo hp li m thnh, lc nhit cao iu kin mi trng thch hp n pht trin mnh hnh thnh nhiu mt li c trong ao hot ng mc vo li khng thot ra c, c s cht.

Hnh 397: Hydrodictyon reticulatum Lagerheim * Phng php phng tr: - Dng CuSO4 nng 0,7ppm rc xung ao c th tiu dit to Hydrodictyaceae. - Dng vi ty ao trc lc th c.

1.2. To Zygnemataceae (Hnh 398).

H tinh lc to (Zygnemataceae) gy hi cho c thng gp cc ging sau: Spirogyra, Mougestia, Zygnema. H tinh lc to, c th hnh tr, di khng phn nhnh. - Ging Spirogyra, mi t bo c 1-14 si th sc t hnh xon c, mi si c nhiu hch protein. - Ging to Zygnema c 2 th sc t hnh dng hnh dng li ngi sao v mt hch protein. Ngoi th sc t ra mi t bo to c hch t bo. Cc ging to lc trn thng pht trin mnh nhng rnh mng nc cn v ven ao, lc u c th gi t ra nm y ao sau pht trin dn thnh tng bi ging nh bng ni ln mt nc bin thnh mu vng xanh, dng tay s thy nht. Cc ging to trn u l to n bo nhng tp hp li thnh qun th, nhn b ngoi thng kh phn bit s sai khc ca ging m di knh hin vi mi thy r cu ta ca n.

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Cc ging to ny trong qu trnh sinh trng v sinh sn, tiu hao mt lng ln mui v c lm gim cht dinh dng nh hng n s pht trin ca sinh vt ph du l thc n ca c nn sinh trng chm. Tc hi ch yu l to thnh tng bi, c bi li mc vo, c bt khng thot ra c nn b cht. * Bin php phng tr: phng dng vi ty ao trc khi th c vo ng nui nht l ao ng c hng, c ging. Nu pht hin c to Zygnemataceae pht trin mnh dng CuSO4 nng 0,7 ppm trong ton ao c th tiu dit chng c hiu qu.

Hnh 398: H to lc Zygnemataceae : 1. Ging Spirogyra; 2. Ging Mougestia; 3. Ging Zygnema.

2. Gip xc chn cho Copepoda gy hi cho c.

Copepoda l ph du ng vt lm thc n cho c con, c ln c gi tr dinh dng cao nhng mt s ging loi li l ch hi nguy him i vi trng c v c bt. Do trong qu trnh sinh sn nhn to cc loi c nui, nu nc dng cho v p trng khng lc k s dn n tn tht nghim trng cho sn xut. i vi c bt sau khi n trong vng 5 ngy tui Copepoda l ch hi nguy him nhng sau chuyn dn thnh thc n quan trng ca cc loi c nui, nht c giai on ng c hng, c ging. Mt s ging gip xc gy tc hi cho trng c v c bt nh: Sinodiaptomus, Thermocyclops, Misocyclops (hnh 399). * Bin php phng tr: phng Copepoda pht trin s lng cao gy tc hi cho c bt v trng c, cn s dng cc bin php sau y: Nc dng p trng c, cn lc k khng Copepoda lt vo b nc lc, b lc nn th t c m hoa c n bt Copepoda c trong nc x l. C tiu ht non hong tt nht sau khi n 5 ngy tui mi th ra ao ng. Ao ng c bt dng vi ty k, sau khi ty bn lt v cho nc vo mt thi gian ngn cn th c ngay, ng thi trong ao cho t c m hoa.

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1a 4a 1b 1 2 4a

3 Hnh 399: Mt s gip xc gy tc hi cho c. 1. Thermocyclops oithonoides (Frieslam) nhn mt lng con ci trng thnh. (1a. t th 3 nhnh trong ca i chn bi th 4;1b. i chn th 5) 2. Thermocyclops oithonoides tip xc vi tng giai on phi nang, trong mng trng c 3 con Thermocyclops oithonoides mng trng c thng 3 l, trng cht v bt u thi. 3. Bng c bt b Thermocyclops c thng, ui c b Thermocyclops bm ht dinh dng. 4. Sinodiaptomus sars Rylov: Nhn mt lng con ci trng thnh. (4a. on cui ca nhanh chn nm gi.;4b. i chn bi th 5 ca con c ) Qua theo di tc hi ca cc ging trn, i vi trng c v c bt trong vng 5 ngy tui thng rt nghim trng nh hng n t l ra bt, cn sau 5 ngy tui th c bt ui bt cyclop lm mi n.

3. Sa gy hi trong ao nui tm
Sa thuc ngnh rut khoang Coelenterata l cc loi sa sng tri ni bin, ven bin nng v ca sng (hnh 400, 401). bin nc ta c nhiu loi sa, ph bin l sa ming r (Rhizostomida); doi bin, sa la, sa ch (Chiropsalmus) v sa vung (Charybdea) kch thc nh (khng qu vi cm) chng gy nga. Sa xut hin vo ma h, c bit thng 4-7, theo nc triu vo vng nc l ca sng. Sa n tnh, t bo sinh dc khi chn qua ming sa ra ngoi, th tinh ri pht trin thnh u trng planula trng nc c lng bi. Sau mt thi gian bi trong nc, u trng bm u trc xung y, u i din thng thnh l ming ri mc vnh tua ming bao quanh, chuyn thnh dng thu tc c cung di (scyphistoma) c kh nng mc chi. Vng tua ming sau rng i v bt u qu trnh ct on cho mt chng c th c l ming hng ln pha trn xp nh chng a, mi c th gi l mt a sa. Ln lt t trn xung di a sa chuyn sang sng tri ni bng cch lt nga tr li, l ming chuyn xung di (hnh 400). Trng hoc u trng sa theo nc vo cc ao nui tm pht trin thnh sa trng thnh, chng n sinh vt ph du v c con lm gim cht lng mi trng nc, ng thi khi cht tit ra cht c c hi cho ao nui tm. V d thng 4-5/2001 (theo Bi Quang T) mt s ao nui tm s Qung Xng, Hu Lc- Thanh Ho, Kim SnNinh Bnh, Yn Hng- Qung Ninh sa pht trin dy c trong ao nui gy c v lm cht tm.

Bnh hc thy sn- Phn 4

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Hnh 400: S cu to sa (theo Dogiel): 1- thu ming; 2- l ming; 3- tua b d; 4rpali; 5- ng v vng; 6ng v phng x; 8- dy v; 9- khoan v; 10- mt trn d; 11- mt di d; 12- tng keo.

Hnh 401: Vng i ca sa Aurelia aurita (theo Pechenik): 1- Planula; 2- Scyphistoma (dng thu tc c cung); 3- Strobila (dng chng a); 4Ephyra (a sa); 5,6- Sa ci v sa c trng thnh; 7- Tuyn sinh dc; 8- Non; 9Tinh trng; 10- Trng; 11- Chi; 12- Tua ming.

430

Bi Quang T

Hnh 402: Mt s loi sa gp bin nhit i: A- Rhizostoma pulmo (1. hnh dng chung; 2. s ct dc); B- Aurelia aurita; C- Charybdea sp; D- Nausithoe pnuctata (sa c rnh); E- Lucernaria sp (sa c cung).

C E D

Hnh 403: A- Bng nc (sa y); B,C,D- sa d; E- sa d cht

4. Cn trng gy hi cho c ( Insecta).

Bnh hc thy sn- Phn 4

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4.1. B go (Notonecta) hi c (Hnh 404).

4.1.1. Cu to c th. B go c th hnh bu dc ngn, nh, da khong 7-13 mm, mu xm en c vn mu en. hai u c th hi trn. u dnh lin vi ngc bng mt ai, c 2 mt en ln. Cui lng c mai, trn c 2 gai l c quan th ca b go. B go c cnh mng, c mng, lng b go c mu trng, bng c mu nu en, c 3 i chn, 2 i chn trc ngn hn dng bu gi, i sau di hn, hnh dng nh mi cho bi. B go thng bi nga v h hp bng kh tri, c quan th pha sau, c ca t do ng m, lc tin hnh h hp, b go bi nhanh ln mt nc, phn sau tip xc vi khng kh, ca ca c quan th m ra, ly kh tri sau ngp xung nc bi li trong nc, kh thi ra ca 2 bn u ngc. 4.1.2. Chu k pht trin ca b go. Trng ca b go hnh bu dc, mu trng hi vng, kch thc 1,5 x 0,5 mm, 1 u c mu nh, trng thng nm su trong phin l, b l hoc thn cc loi c mm. Mi con b go t 5-26 trng thng 9- 12 trng. Trng sau khi pht trin phn ct n ra b go con khng qua giai on u trng. iu kin nhit 21- 300C thi gian n khong 6- 9 ngy. B go sau khi n cu to c th ging c th trng thnh thch nghi bi li, nhng cnh cha pht trin nn cha bay c. B go con ln dn n kch thc 5,2 x 1,55 mm bt u mc cnh. Trong iu kin nhit 20- 310C trong vng 30- 35 ngy s hon tt chu trnh pht trin t trng n giai on u trng trng thnh tham gia trng. Mt con b go trong 4 thng c th sinh c 40000 con. 4.1.3. Tc hi ca b go. B go phn b rng ri trong cc vng nc nht l ao h nui c nhiu mn b hu c, ao ng c hng, c ging khng c ty dn k v bn phn hu c cha . - B go gy tc hi ch yu i vi c bt giai on mi n n 10 ngy tui, n ht mu lm cho c bt cht, mt con b go trong 24 gi c th lm cho 4- 10 con c bt cht. Ngoi ra n con tranh ginh thc n ca c con, b go cn b n u trng, mui lc. Ban m b go c th bay t thu vc ny sang thy vc khc. - Nhiu c s ng c chp c m, c trm trong 10- 13 ngy u cho c bt xung ao do khng ch ng mc phng tr b go lm cho t l sng ca c ng rt thp, thm ch c c s mt trng nh hp tc x Anh Sn- Ngh An ng 4 vn c chp sau 17 ngy b go gy cht hu ht. 4.1.4. Phng php phng tr. - phng b go, cc ao ng c bt ln c hng cn dng vi ty ao, phi y ao k dit trng v trng b go. Ct dn sch c rc trong ao v quanh b ph mt ni trng ca b go. Phn bn cn k khng nn dng phn ti. - Nhng ngy u mi th c bt nn dng phn v c, bt lng phn hu c. - Trc khi th c dng du ho vy khp ao, to thnh mt lp ngn cch gia nc v khng kh, b go ngoi ln khng ly c kh tri s b cht ngt, mt khc khi ngoi ln ly kh tri tip xc phi du ho, b go s b ng c. Sau 2 ngy th c xung ng nu pht hin c b go nn lm khung cho du ho xung khung, ko dch khung t b ny qua b kia, mi ln dch khung ch x dch 2/3 din tch khung b go khi trn thot. Dng du ho nn chn ngy t nng v gi nh. - Qu trnh ng c bt ln c hng, nhng ngy u b sung thm thc n tinh m bo c s lng ln cht lng c chng ln vt qua kch c m b go c th tiu dit.

432

Bi Quang T

Hnh 404: B go Notanecta: 1. Mt lng ca Notanecta ; 2. Mt bng ca Notanecta; 3- nh chp mt lng v mt bng b go

4.2. u trng chun chun Odonata (Hnh 405). 3

u trng b chun chun cn gi l con xin cm. Chun chun trng thnh sng trong khng trung, trng trn c nc, giai on u trng sng tng y ca cc thu vc t 1 n vi nm. C th u trng nh, di, mu nu en v c cc vn mu xanh, mu sc thay i theo s bin i ca mi trng. Mt ngoi ca c th nhn nhi. C th c 3 phn: u, ngc v bng; u v ngc dnh lin nhau, bng phn lm nhiu t. C quan ming rt pht trin, ming c cu to rt c bit, mi di bin thnh hnh mt n, c gai kho, vn ra bt mi l c, tm nh v su b. Rng hm ln kp mi, phng cht c lm t lit c th c sau bt n. B chun chun c hai b ph: Anisoptera v Zygoptera. B ph Anisoptera c h Aeschnidae, thng bt c hng v nng nc l ch hi nguy him i vi c con, nht l giai on c bt. Trung quc, cc nh nui c thng gi l h nc. C th ca b ph ny ln c cnh khng u nhau. C th u trng h Aeschnidae rng, dp, on ui c 3 mu li nh, chnh gia gi l t ui, hai bn gi l ru ui, lc co rt c th tut vo trong hu mn. B ph Zygoptera c th nh, c cnh rt u nhau, u trng thng khng bt c con. Hnh dng u trng nhm ny nh, di, ui c 3 mu li pht trin hnh thnh nng ui. *Bin php phng tr: - Dng vi ty ao trit . - Dn sch c rc trong ao v quanh b ao - Dng Clorine phun xung ao nng 1ppm sau 24 gi tiu dit ht u trng Odonata.

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Hnh 405: u trng chun chun Odonata: 1. u trng Odonata b ph Anisoptera; 2. u trng Odonata b ph Zygoptera; 3- mt lng u trng; 4- mt bng u trng

4.3. Con bp cy Dytiscidae ch hi ca c.

Con bp cy l u trng h c ning ( Hnh 406) Trong h c ning thng gp mt s ging nh Hydaticus v Cybioter thuc: B Coleoptera B ph Polyphaga H Dytiscidae C th c ning giai on trng thnh hnh bu dc, kch thc chiu di 3-4 cm, chiu rng trn di 2 cm. C th mu en nu, c cc ai xanh bng sng. Phn u c 2 i ru, i th 1 ngn hn i th 2. con c i ru th 1 bin thnh c quan bm, i th 2 c nhiu t, c mt kp v cc c quan ming. C th c 3 i chn bi c nhiu t, i sau cc t gc to hn cc i trc, bn trn c nhiu lng, t cui c gai kitin, thch hp cho vn ng bi li. Bn sn c cc ng th v l th. Ban ngy c ning np trong c rc ch c con i qua chp bt, ban m bay ln khng trung, c th chuyn dch qua cc thu vc khc. Ma xun c ning trng trn cc gi th thc vt thu sinh. Trng c mu vng, kch thc trng 2,25 mm, sau 2-3 tun trng n ra u trng, qua lt xc u trng ln ln c th nh, di hnh tr c chia t. Cu to c th u trng c ning c 3 phn: u, ngc, bng. C th mu trng xm c t mu nu, kch thc bin i t 1,5-5,4 cm x 0,2-0,7 cm. u trn 2 bn c mt n, ru phn ra 4 t. Rng hm ln cng dng kp c con v chch c t vo lm cho c b t lit ri bt n. Mi m mt con u trng c ning c th bt 10 con c bt. Ngc 3 t c 3 i chn ngc, mi i chn c 3 t trn c nhiu lng, t cui c mng, c th bi trong nc. Bng c 8 t, t t 1 n t th 8 c 1 i l kh trn mi t, t th 6 n t th 8 c nhiu gai. Phn cui t th 8 ch nng, gi l nng ui. trong nc bp cy c th lt nghing, nho ln, nho xung, phn ui nh ln mt nc h hp.

434

Bi Quang T

- C ning trng thnh v u trng phn b rng trong cc thu vc nc ngt. C hai u l ch hi nguy him ca c, nht l c con. *Phng php phng tr: - Dng vi ty ao v phi y trc khi a vo ng nui c hng, c ging. - Bp cy c tnh hng quang, c th lm mt ci khung g trn treo ngn n, bn di mt lp du mng, bp cy ngoi ln th gp du s b tiu dit. Nn tin hnh lin tc trong nhiu m. Dng du ho hay cc loi du khc u c. - Dng Clorine phun xung ao nng 1 ppm c th dit bp cy cng nh cc ging loi cn trng l ch hi ca c.

Hnh 406: Con bp cy: 1. Trng trng thnh (C ning); 2. u trng (Bp cy); 3. bp cy bt c

4.4. Con b tru.

B Hemiptera H Nepidae Ging Laccotrephes (hnh 407 A) Ging Ranatra (hnh 407 B) Thng gp trong cc ao nui c loi Laccotrephes japonensis. Cu to c th ca Laccotrephes japonensis hnh dng di, dp, mu nu en, chiu di 3-4 cm, u nh gn hnh trng, ming dng chch ht; gc vi chch t trc u tip cn t hng chn, trc khi khng hot ng vi qup vo, c mt kp li. Ru ngn nm kn trong rnh, lng phn trc ngc ln, gn hnh vung, c 3 i chn, i chn trc hnh li lim, t gc c gai nh ln dng bt mi lm thc n, 2 i sau nh di dng bi li. Bng mu nu , ui do 2 na ng rnh di nh hp thnh ng h hp nhn kh tri. Thng b tru du mnh trong cy c thc vt thu sinh, trng trn c. Chng phn b rng ri trong cc thu vc. N n c bt l ch yu, ngoi ra c th gy tc hi cho c hng giai on u. Trong h Nepidae cn thng gp loi Ranatra chinensis c th rt ging Laccotrephes japonensis, ch khc hnh dng di v nh hn, chiu di 3-5cm, mu vng. Phn lng ngc nh, hp gn nh hnh tr. Chn trc hnh li lim, 2 chn sau di nh. ui c 1 i ng h hp di, nhn thng nh ln mt nc ly khng kh. Ban m bay t thu vc ny qua thu vc khc. Ranatra chinensis l ch hi ca c bt.

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Hnh 407: Con b tru: A. Laccotrephes japonensis ; B. Ranatra chinensis

5. C d n ng vt thu sn.
Nhiu loi c n cc cht mc nt mn b hu c, ng thc vt thu sinh, nhng c mt s loi c d n c. Mt s loi c n tp hoc n ng vt y nhng do mi trng thiu thc n, n cng n trng c v c con, k c con ca n nh c chp, c r phi. Trong cc ao ng c hng, c ging v nui c tht, nu c c d ln vo s nh hng nghim trng n nng sut c nui thm ch c th mt trng. Sau y l mt s loi c d thng gp trong cc thu vc nui c.

5.1. C mng (Elopichthys bambusa).

C mng thuc h c chp, c th c mu vng, di dp 2 bn, kch thc chiu di 2336cm. Mm nhn, ming phn nhn nht ca u, hm trn c g, gia hm di c vch cng li ln cng vi hm trn hp li thnh khp lm vo. Vy lng c gai cng, v tr u ca vy lng gn pha sau vy bng. Ming v d dy ca c mng rt ln nn thun li bt mi c ln. C mng trng vo cui ma xun, u ma h cng vi ma v sinh sn sinh sn ca cc loi c nui nh m, trm, tri,...

5.2. C rng mng (Luciobrama typus).

C rng mng cng thuc h c chp. Hnh dng c th ging cn dao gn nh c mng nhng u di v nhn hn c mng. Chnh gia hm di khng c vch xng cng li ln, phn m khng c mu vng r nh c mng. Vy lng phn sau ca c th. Thng c rng mng sng tng mt trong cc thu vc. Ma v trng cng ging c mng. C hai loi c mng v c rng mng c tc sinh trng nhanh vt cc loi c nui, li c tc bi nhanh. Thc n ch yu ca chng l cc loi c khc nht l c c kch thc nh hn. C mng c 14 mm n c bt ca cc loi c khc. C mng, c rng mng n cc loi c khc c trng lng bng mt na trng lng ca n.

5.3. Ging c qu (Channa).

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Bi Quang T

C qu thng c cc loi sau phn b trong cc thu vc ca nc ta nh c chui (Channa maculata), c xp, c tru, c lc (Channa striata Bloch), c lc bng (Channa micropeltes Cuver and Valencien), c tru dy (Channa lucius C & V) Ging c qu sng trong thu vc c cc iu kin oxy thp nn c th c th sng trong cc ao nh, mng rnh v trong rung la cht hp lng nc khng nhiu, mc nc thp. Thc n ch yu ca c qu l tm, cua, u trng cn trng trong nc v c. C qu thng np trong cy c thc vt thu sinh ven b bt c con v c ln. Qua theo di mt con c qu (c lc) c 5-6cm c th bt c m, c trm c 2-3 cm. C qu c trng lng 0,5 kg c th n c khc c trng lng 0,1-0,2 kg

5.4. C tr (Clarius spp).

C tr phn b rng ri trong cc thu vc k c cc din tch mt nc nh nhiu mn b hu c v thiu oxy. C tr n tp, thnh phn thc n ca c tr l c, tm, cua, cn trng, nhuyn th, mn b hu c nht l xc cht ng vt. C tr t hot bt, ban ngy nm y ao c nhiu cy c, trong hang, ban m mi hot ng bt mi. Trong ao ng c hng, c ging c tr l ch hi nguy him thng khng ty ao trit v lc nc k trc khi th c bt, c hng vo ng nui c th gy ra hao ht ln lm tn tht cho sn xut.

5.5. C r (Anabas testudineus).

C r thuc loi n tp, thnh phn thc n l c, tm, cua, nhuyn th, u trng cn trng, mn b hu c,... C r phn b rng ri trong cc ao h, rung la v mng rch nh, c kh nng thch nghi vi iu kin mi trng bin i khng li cho chng. C r c th di chuyn trn cn lch t ao ny qua ao khc. Trong cc ao ng c hng, c ging c r cng l ch hi ca c con.

5.6. C nheo (Parasilurus asotus).

C nheo l nhm c d in hnh ca thu vc sng ngi, c khi gp trong h v rt t trong ao. C nheo n c, tm, cn trng, nhuyn th.

5.7. C vc (Siniperca chuasti).

C vc thn dp, trng lng con ln c khi n 10 kg; ming to, hm di nh ra pha trc, vy nh, 2 bn thn c vn v m hoa. C vc phn b nhiu bin v vng nc l, thc n ca c vc l c, tm, ng vt thu sinh. Trong m nc l, trong cc ao ng nui c v nui tm ven bin thng c vc ln vo ln rt nhanh vt kch thc c nui. C vc n c v tm gy tn tht nghim trng cho sn xut.

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Trong cc thu vc cn nhiu loi c d v c tp l ch hi ca cc loi c, tm nui nh c ngo, c ngnh, chch, ln, c tr phi,... hn ch tc hi ca c d v c n tp gy ra i vi c, tm nui nht l giai on ng nui hng, ging cn s dng mt s bin php sau: - Ty dn ao, phi y ao trc khi ng nui c nht l giai on nht l giai on ng c hng, c ging. Nu ao kh tt cn dng qu b hn cho xung ao liu lng 60-75 kg/ha vi mc nc su 1 m. Nc tho vo ao cn lc k. Trong cc thu vc nc ln cn c bin php khai thc bt c gi trc khi th c ging vo nui. Nu ngun c bt c ln c d cn p dit c d. Trong qu trnh ng nui c con cn cho n y c ln nhanh vt c mi c d.

6. Lp lng th (Amphibia) l ch hi ca c, tm.

Trong lp lng th, ch l ch hi ca c nht l c con. ch thuc h Raniidae, B Anura. ch phn b rt ph bin trong ao h, nht l trong ao ng nui c. ch v u trng ca n l nng nc u l ch hi ca c. ch c nhiu loi nhng thng gp cc loi sau: - Rana nigromaculata Hallowell (Hnh 408-A). C th ln khong 7-8 cm, mu sc bin i tng i ln, phn gc lng mu xanh vng hay xanh nht, c cc vn en khng u. - Rana plancyi Lataste (Hnh 408-B). C th ln trn di 5 cm, lng c mu xanh. - Rana tigerina ragulosa (Wiegmann) (Hnh 408-C,D). C th ca loi ch ny ln trn 10cm, lng c mu xanh vng gn mu l c. C 3 loi con c nh hn con ci. Con c hai bn hu c hai ti ting. Hai loi Rana tigerina ragulos v Rana nigromaculata c ti ting ngoi, cn Rana plancyi c ti ting trong.

A B

Hnh 408: Mt s loi lng th: A- Rana nigromaculata; B- Rana plancyi; C, D- Rana tigerina ragulosa; E- trng ca lng th; F- u trng (nng nc) ca lng th Giai on trng thnh ch va sng c trn cn va sng di nc. N phn b nhiu ven b sng, h, m ao, rung la,.... Ma ng ch n np trong hang. ch sinh sn mnh vo v xun, h, trng th tinh ngoi, s lng trng mi ln t 600-2000 ci. Trng n ra u trng l nng nc. ch v nng nc u n c con. Nng nc n to

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loi, ph du sinh vt v c con nht l phi c v c bt. Kch thc ca nng nc c lin quan n mc tc hi i vi c bt. Mt con nng nc kch thc 11,5 mm trong mt m bt n 1 con c bt nhng ngc li nng nc di 55 mm bt 17 con c bt. Nng nc cn ui theo p vo thn c hng lm cho c cht. hn ch tc hi ca ch v nng nc cn phi p dng mt s bin php sau: Ao cha th c bt vo ng c hng cn ty k ao, x l y dit trng ch v nng nc. Thm ao thng xuyn nu c trng ch vt sch. Dng li ko b bt nng nc.

7. B st l ch hi ca c, tm (Reptilia).
B st c nhiu bn s dng c lm thc n gy tc hi nhiu i vi c. ng ch l h rn nc v h ba ba (Trionychidae) gy nhiu tn tht cho c s nui c.

7.1. H rn nc (Bolubridae) l ch hi ca c.
H rn nc c nhiu loi nhng hay gp loi rn nc Enhydris chinensis v Enhydris plumbea. C th rn Enhydris chinensis pha lng mu xm hay mu xm nu nht c lm chm nh mu en. Bng mu vng hoc vng da cam c bt en. C th di, con ci khong 70 cm, con c trn di 52 cm. Mi trn c 8-9 ci vy, trc mt c 1 vy, sau mt c 2 vy, trc thi dng c 1 vy, sau thi dng c 2 vy. B mt ca vy khng c xng r qut nh ln. Rng khng c cht. Pha trc c th c 25 hng vy ngang, pha sau c 17 hng ngang. Vy bng con c 135-147 ci, con ci 134-141 ci. Vy ui con c 40-50 ci, con ci 35-42 ci. Con c vy sn si, cn con ci trn tru. Rn nc l ch hi nguy him ca c, nht l c hng, c ging. *Phng php tiu dit rn nc: - Li dng c tnh rn nc thch tr trong c rc nn ly rm r, cy c b thnh b cht ng ven b ao, di ng rm t st tre nn c th bt c mt s rn nc. - Dng li mnh an bng si ay mt li khong 5 cm, li di 100 m, cao 0,8 m th trong ao theo hnh ch Z, phn di chm, phn trn ni l lng trong ao. Rn nc vn ng hay ui bt c mc vo khng ra c, sng sm ra ko li nh bt rn.

7.2. H Ba ba (Trionychidae).
Ba ba n c, gip xc, ng vt chn mm c lc n c thc vt thu sinh. Ba ba sng ch yu trong cc thu vc h, sng ngi t gp trong ao. C th ca n hnh bu dc c mai. Ba ba bi v ln gii, c th ln hng gi trong nc nh vng hng c nhiu mch mu. Mi ln ba ba vi chc trng trn c quanh b ao, sng sui. Sau khi chng bit canh trng. nc ta, ba ba sng trong cc thu vc nc ngt. cc thu vc nc ngt min Bc nc ta thng gp loi T.sinensis, min Nam c loi T.cartilagineus, cn loi T.steinachderi phn b trong cc thu vc ca c nc nhng sng, sui min ni thng gp hn.

8. Chim l ch hi ca c, tm.
Chim khng nhng l k ch sau cng ca nhiu loi sn l, sn dy, c giai on u trng k sinh trn c m cn l ch hi nguy him ca c. nc ta cc loi chim n c

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thuc nhiu b khc nhau, chng phn b rng ri khp mi vng t min ni, trung du n ng bng v ngoi bin. Mt s loi chim n c thng gp nh: Dic (ardea), C (Cinoiidae), Cc en (Phalacrocorax niger), bin (Pandion), Mng bin (Larus), Mng sng (Larus ridibundus), Nhn sng (Sterna), Mng chanh (Alcedo atthis), Bi c (Cerylerudis), Chim xui c (Rhynchops albicollis), Vt tri (Anas), Vc (Nyclicorax), B nng (Pelecanus),... hn ch tc hi ca chng cc nh nui c tm mi bin php ph t, sn bn tiu dit chng. Trong thc t c mt s loi chim li c bo v khi b tiu dit ging loi nn cm sn bn, iu ny c mu thun vi ngh c.

Ti liu tham kho

Bi Quang T v V Th Tm, 1994 Nhng bnh thng gp tm c ng bng sng Cu Long v bin php phng tr bnh. NXB Nng nghip TP H Ch Minh. Bi Quang T, 1998. Gio trnh bnh ca ng vt thu sn. NXB Nng nghip.,H Ni,1998. 192 trang. Bi Quang T, 2002. Bnh ca c trm c v bin php phng tr. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni, 2002. 240 trang. Bi Quang T, 2003. Bnh ca tm nui v bin php phng tr. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni. 200 trang. Geoge Post, 1993 .Texbook of fish health by T. F. H publications, Inc. Ltd. Jadwiga Grabd, 1991. Marine Fish Parasitology. Copyright C by PWN - Polish Scientific publishers - Warszawei, 1991 Ngh t Th v Vng Kin Quc, 1999. Sinh hc v bnh ca c trm c, NXB khoa hc Bc Kinh, Trung Quc, ting Trung ayep O. H., B. A. yccyc, . A. Cpeo (1981), oe pyox p, aeco ea ea poeoc, oca