end of page Ni dung 1. nh ngha, cu trc 2. Phn loi flavonoid 3. Phn b flavonoid trong thc vt 4.

Tnh cht, nh tnh, nh lng 5. Chit xut 6. Tc dng sinh hc, cng dng 7. Ti liu tham kho Mt s dc liu cha flavonoid: Actis, Bch ng n, Bch thc, Bch hoa x, Bng, Cam tho, Ct cn, C roi nga, Ct kh c, Dm dng hoc, i, i bi, Hoa ho, Hong k, Hng hoa, v cc dc liu cho rutin, dip c, nc nc, Hng ph, ch mu, Kh sm, Kim ngn, Kim tin tho, M , mm xi, Ngi cu, i, Phan t dip,ru mo, hng hoa Si t, To nhn, Tho quyt minh, Tr n b, Vi. Xch ng nam, x can, dy mt, t mc,Xuyn tm lin. . 1. nh ngha, cu trc Flavonoid l nhm hp cht phenol c cu to khung theo kiu C6-C3-C6 hay ni cch khc l khung c bn gm 2 vng benzen A v B ni vi nhau qua mt mch 3 carbon. l nhm hp cht t nhin thng gp trong dc liu ngun gc thc vt. back to top 2. Phn loi flavonoid C nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau, cch phn loi thng d ng l da vo v tr ca gc aryl ng B v cc mc oxy ho ca mch 3C. Euflavonoid isoflavonoid neoflavonoid

cc flavonoid c gc aryl v tr cc flavonoid c C-3 gc aryl v tr C-4 Isoflavan*, Isoflav-3-ene, anthocyanidin, flavan*, flavan 3Isoflavan-4-ol*, Isoflavon*, ol*, flavan 4-ol*, flavan 3,4rotenoid, pterocarpan, diol*, flavanon*, 3-hydroxy Coumestan, 3-phenylcoumarin, flavanon*, flavon*, flavonol*, dihydrochal coumaronochromen, con*, chalcon*, auron. coumaronochromon Ngi ta cn phn bit biflavonoid l nhng flavonoid dimer, triflavonoid cu to bi 3 monomer flavonoid, flavolignan l nhng flavonoid m phn t c mt ph n cu trc lignan. Ph n ln cc flavonoid c th xem l cc dn cht c gc phenyl ca cc nhn trn. nh s th t bt u t d vng, s 1 t d t oxy ri tip n vng A, vng B nh s ph. Trng hp khng c vng C ngha l mch 3C h v d trng hp chalcon th nh s bt u t vng B, vng A nh s ph. cc flavonoid c gc aryl v tr C-2 3. Phn b flavonoid trong thc vt Flavonoid t gp trong thc vt bc thp. Trong ngnh ru t thy, trong dng x s lng flavonoid t nhng c mt cc nhm anthocyanin, flavanon, flavon, flavonol, chalcon, dihydrochalcon. - Ngnh ht tr n c khong 700 loi, 20 h, s lng flavonoid cng khng nhiu nhng cng cc nhm anthocyanidin, leucoanthocyanidin, flavanon, flavon, flavonol, isoflavon. Nt c trng ca ngnh ht tr n c khc thc vt bc thp v ngnh ht kn ch s hin din ca nhiu dn cht biflavonoid. - Flavonoid tp trung ch yu vo ngnh ht kn lp 2 l m m. C rt nhiu h cha flavonoid v cc loi flavonoid. Tuy nhin cng c mt vi nt c trng cho mt s h v d h Asteraceae l mt h ln vi 15.000 loi, 1000 chi, c rt nhiu dn cht thuc cc nhm khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mt s chi c nt c trng ring ca n, v d trong cc chi Carthamus, Coreopsis, Cosmos, Dahlia th hay gp cc dn cht chalcon v auron. Chi Gymnosperma, Ageratum th gp cc dn cht flavon v flavonol c nhiu nhm th c oxy c th n 8 nhm . H Fabaceae th hay gp cc cht thuc nhm isoflavonoid. H Rutaceae thng gp cc flavon v flavonol c nhiu nhm methoxy. H Theaceae hay gp cc flavan-3-ol. H Ranunculaceae v Paeoniaceae hay gp cc dn cht flavonol 3,7 diglycosid. H Rosaceae chi Rubrus v Prunus trong qu hay gp cc anthocyanin c mch ng phn nhnh. H Polygonaceae chi Hydropiper hay gp cc flavon v flavonol sulfat. - Lp mt l m m c 53 h nhng cho n nay ch khong trn 10 h tm thy c flavonoid: Amaryllidaceae, Araceae, Cannaceae, Commelinaceae, Iridaceae, Lemnaceae, Liliaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae. - ng vt khng tng hp c flavonoid nhng trong mt vi loi bm khi phn tch thy c flavonoid l do chng ly t thc n thc vt. - Hm lng v c thnh ph n flavonoid trong cy ph thuc vo ni mc. Cy mc v ng nhit i v ni cao th hm lng cao hn ni cy thiu nh sng. back to top 4. Tnh cht, nh tnh, nh lng

Cc dn cht flavon c mu vng rt nht c khi khng mu trng hp cc nhm OH methyl ho , flavonol vng nht n vng, chalcon v auron vng m n cam. Cc cht thu? nhm isoflavon, flavanon, isoflavanon, flavanonol, leuco-anthocyanidin, flavan-3-ol do khng c ni i lin hip gia vng B vi nhm carbonyl nn khng mu. Cc dn cht anthocyanidin th mu thay i tu theo pH ca mi trng. Tuy nhin khi cc flavonoid trong cc b phn ca cy th cn ph thuc vo hn hp vi cc sc t khc. tan khng ging nhau, thng flavonoid glycosid v flavonoid sulfat l nhng hp cht phn cc nn khng tan hoc t tan trong dung mi hu c, tan c trong nc tt nht l cn nc. Cc aglycon flavonoid th tan c trong dung mi hu c, khng tan trong nc. Cc dn cht flavonoid c nhm 7-hydroxy thng d tan trong dung dch kim long. Mt s phn ng nh tnh ch yu vi nhm euflavonoid - Tc dng ca FeCl3: T y theo nhm flavonoid v t y theo s lng v tr nhm OH trong phn t m cho mu lc, xanh, nu. - Tc dng ca kim. Nu h mt t chc thc vt nh cnh hoa, nht ct ca g hoc t giy thm c nh dch chit trn ming l ammoniac th c mu vng tng ln t y theo nng flavonoid v ty theo nhm flavonoid. Flavon v flavonol cho mu vng sng, anthocyanidin cho mu xanh dng. Chalcon v auron c th cho mu da cam. Mt s nhm khc nh flavan-3ol, flavanon, isoflavon mu khng thay i. Tuy nhin nu thc hin trong ng nghim vi dung dch alkali th mt s dn cht flavan-3-ol li cho mu v d b oxy ho, cn flavanon d b isomer ho thnh chalcon nn nu mt lc li cho mu vng m n . - Tc dng ca NaOH m c v un nng phn hy kim . un flavonoid vi dung dch KOH 30% th s m vng C ri dn n to thnh dn cht acid thm v dn cht phenol. T y theo nhm th v v tr th vo vng A v B m c cc dn cht acid thm v phenol khc nhau. C th xc nh cc dn cht ny bng phng php sc k i chiu vi cht mu, kt qu thu c d ng gp ph n bin lun cu trc. V d khi phn hu cht Chrysin th thu c phloroglucin, acid benzoic. - Tc dng ca H2SO4 m c: Acid H2SO4 khi nh ln cc dn cht flavon, flavonol th cho mu vng m. i vi chalcon v auron cho mu , thm, ti. Flavanon cho mu cam ri thm, c th do chuyn flavanon thnh chalcon. - Tc dng ca antimoin pentachlorid Phn ng Martini Bettolo. SbCl5 trong CCl4 cho mu t n tm vi chalcon, vng n vng cam vi flavon. Dihydrochalcon th mt ni i lin hip gia nhm carbonyl v vng B nn khng cho mu vi SbCl5 hoc vi H2SO4. - Phn ng cyanidin Phn ng Shinoda hay Willstater . y l phn ng kh hay c s dng nht tm s c mt ca cc dn cht nhm flavonoid. Dung dch flavonoid trong ethanol, thm bt Mg ri nh t t HCl m c. Sau 1 n 2 pht s c mu cam, thm hoc ti vi cc dn cht flavon, flavonol, flavanonol, flavanon. Mu sc i khi c th b thay i t y theo loi, s lng, v tr nhm th v d cc dn cht methoxy flavon Tangeretin, Nobiletin th m tnh. phn bit gia flavonoid glycosid v aglycon ca chng, Bryant em lc dung dch c mu vi octanol, nu mu lp di ln ht

lp octanol, cht th l aglycon, nu lp octanol khng mu, cht th l glycosid. Cng c n lu rng cc dn cht xanthon v d mangiferin c trong l xoi cng dng tnh vi thuc th cyanidin. - Tc dng ca ch acetat trung tnh hoc kim. Phn ng thc hin trn giy thm. Nhiu dn cht flavonoid to thnh mui hoc phc c mu khi nh thm dung dch ch acetat trung tnh hoc kim. Mu ph thuc vo cc dn cht flavonoid. Nu tin hnh trong ng nghim, ch acetat kim cho ta mu vi h u ht cc flavonoid phenol cn ch acetat trung tnh to ta vi nhng dn cht c nhm o.dihydroxyphenol. - Phn ng ghp i vi mui diazoni. Cc dn cht flavonoid c nhm OH v tr 7 c th phn ng vi mui diazoni to thnh cht mu azoic vng cam n . IV. Sc k. C th tin hnh S.K.L.M hoc S.K.G. Di y l bng ghi mt s h dung mi v cht hp ph hoc cht mang d ng trong sc k mt s nhm flavonoid. Sau khi khai trin, ph n ln cc flavonoid c pht hin trn sc da vo mu sc ca chng nh sng thng hoc hunh quang nh sng t ngoi 365nm trc v sau khi tc dng vi kim h ammoniac . C th s dng cc thuc th ca nhm phenol nh bc nitrat trong mi trng ammoniac, st ba chlorid hoc mt s mui kim loi nh dung dch AlCl3, ch acetat trung tnh hoc kim. IV. Quang ph Quang ph t ngoi gip ch c nhiu trong vic xc nh cu trc flavonoid trong gio trnh ny ch trnh by s lc . Trn ph ngi ta chia ra 2 bng hp thu: bng I nm trong v ng 290nm tr ln v bng II nm trong v ng 290nm tr xung. Trong bng I flavon c nh hp thu cc i trong v ng 310-350nm flavonol c 3-OH th trong v ng 330-360nm, flavonol c 3OH t do th 350-385nm. Trong bng II th c flavon v flavonol u c nh hp thu trong v ng 250-280nm. Isoflavon do gc phenyl nh C-3, khng cn hiu ng lin hip vi nhm carbonyl nn ch c bng hp thu chnh 250-270nm, cn bng I ch c mt un c cng hp thu 300-350nm. Flavanon cng mt hiu ng lin hp nn bng II l bng hp thu chnh vng 270-290nm. Chalcon hp thu mnh v ng 300-400nm. Auron v ng 380-430nm. Anthocyanin th hp thu mnh trong v ng kh kin t 500-550nm trong MeOH hoc EtOH + HCl . Ngi ta cn da vo s chuyn dch batochrom hoc hypsochrom ca ph khi thm cc thuc th nh AlCl3, natriacetat, zirconyl chlorid... vo dung dch flavonoid bin lun cu trc. V. nh lng. Phng php cn: Ch ng dng khi nguyn liu giu flavonoid v dch chit t tp cht v d nh lng rutin trong hoa he. Cc bc nh lng gm: a Loi tp bng HCl 0,5% b Chit bng cn 96o c Thu phn bng H2SO4 d Lc ly quercetin, sy cn ri suy ra hm lng rutin. Phng php o ph t ngoi. D ng ph t ngoi, da vo hp thu phn t e hoc hp

thu mt l v dung mi qui nh cho tng loi flavonoid nh lng. C th kt hp sc k loi tp cht hoc tch thnh ph n c n nh lng ri mi o mt quang. o mu. Bng phn ng cyanidin, phn ng kt hp vi mui diazoni, to phc mu vi AlCl3, mui titan, chrom... Ph hp thu v ng t ngoi-kh kin ca cc loi Flavonoid khc nhau nhng c c ng kiu nhm th ging nhau. back to top 5. Chit xut Khng c mt phng php chung no chit xut cc flavonoid v chng rt khc nhau v tan trong nc v trong cc dung mi hu c. Cc flavonoid glycosid thng d tan trong cc dung mi phn cc, cc flavonoid aglycon d tan trong dung mi km phn cc. Cc dn cht flavon, flavonol c OH t do v tr 7 tan c trong dung dch kim long, da vo chit. V d chit rutin trong hoa he ta c th d ng dung dch kim Na2CO3 long ho tan flavonoid ra khi nguyn liu, sau acid ho bng HCl kt ta li rutin. Thng thng chit cc flavonoid glycosid, ngi ta phi loi cc cht thn d u bng ether d u ha sau chit bng nc nng hoc methanol hoc ethanol hay hn hp CHCl3 v ethanol. Cn cc nng khc nhau v nc thng chit c ph n ln cc flavonoid. Hn hp CHCl3 v cn hay d ng chit cc dn cht methoxy flavonoid. Cc cht anthocyanin thng km bn vng nht l cc acyl anthocyanin c acyl ho vi cc acid aliphatic do ngi ta thng chit bng methanol c mt ca cc acid yu nh acid acetic, tartric hoc citric thay v HCl. C tc gi d ng mt lng nh acid mnh d bc hi l trifluoroacetic acid 0,53% chit cc polyacylanthocyanin phc tp v acid ny d bc hi trong qu trnh lm m c. Dch chit em lm m c di chn khng nhit thp 40-70oC . i vi nhng cht d b bin i thuc cc nhm flavan-3-ol, anthocyanin, flavanon, chalcon glycosid th nn lm ng kh. i khi tinh ch hoc tch flavonoid, ngi ta d ng mui ch xem ph n nh tnh kt ta. Sau khi thu ta ngi ta tch ch bng cch sc dihydrosulfid th flavonoid c gii phng. phn lp tng cht flavonoid ngi ta p dng phng php sc k ct. Cht hp ph thng dng l bt polyamid. C th d ng cc cht khc nh bt cellulose, silicagel, magnesol, polyvinylpyrolidon. Silicagel d ng tch cc cht flavanon, isoflavon, methyl v acetyl flavon v flavonol, khai trin bng CHCl3 v hn hp CHCl3 vi ethyl acetat hoc ether hoc benzen v hn hp benzen vi ethyl acetat hay methanol. Polyamid d ng tch tt c cc loi flavonoid, khai trin bng ethanol hoc methanol vi cn gim d n, hoc mt s hn hp dung mi khc. Mun c n cht tinh khit th c n phi sc k ct li vi l n hoc sc k ch ho. Cc flavonoid dimer, trimer c th tch bng sephadex LH-20. Khng c mt phng php chung no chit xut cc flavonoid v chng rt khc nhau v tan trong nc v trong cc dung mi hu c. Cc flavonoid glycosid thng d tan trong cc dung mi phn cc, cc flavonoid aglycon d tan trong dung mi km phn cc. Cc dn cht flavon, flavonol c OH t do v tr 7 tan c trong dung dch kim long, da vo chit. V d chit rutin trong hoa he ta c th d ng dung dch kim Na2CO3 long ho tan flavonoid ra khi nguyn liu, sau acid ho bng HCl kt ta li rutin.

Thng thng chit cc flavonoid glycosid, ngi ta phi loi cc cht thn d u bng ether d u ha sau chit bng nc nng hoc methanol hoc ethanol hay hn hp CHCl3 v ethanol. Cn cc nng khc nhau v nc thng chit c ph n ln cc flavonoid. Hn hp CHCl3 v cn hay d ng chit cc dn cht methoxy flavonoid. Cc cht anthocyanin thng km bn vng nht l cc acyl anthocyanin c acyl ho vi cc acid aliphatic do ngi ta thng chit bng methanol c mt ca cc acid yu nh acid acetic, tartric hoc citric thay v HCl. C tc gi d ng mt lng nh acid mnh d bc hi l trifluoroacetic acid 0,53% chit cc polyacylanthocyanin phc tp v acid ny d bc hi trong qu trnh lm m c. Dch chit em lm m c di chn khng nhit thp 40-70oC . i vi nhng cht d b bin i thuc cc nhm flavan-3-ol, anthocyanin, flavanon, chalcon glycosid th nn lm ng kh. i khi tinh ch hoc tch flavonoid, ngi ta d ng mui ch xem ph n nh tnh kt ta. Sau khi thu ta ngi ta tch ch bng cch sc dihydrosulfid th flavonoid c gii phng. phn lp tng cht flavonoid ngi ta p dng phng php sc k ct. Cht hp ph thng dng l bt polyamid. C th d ng cc cht khc nh bt cellulose, silicagel, magnesol, polyvinylpyrolidon. Silicagel d ng tch cc cht flavanon, isoflavon, methyl v acetyl flavon v flavonol, khai trin bng CHCl3 v hn hp CHCl3 vi ethyl acetat hoc ether hoc benzen v hn hp benzen vi ethyl acetat hay methanol. Polyamid d ng tch tt c cc loi flavonoid, khai trin bng ethanol hoc methanol vi cn gim d n, hoc mt s hn hp dung mi khc. Mun c n cht tinh khit th c n phi sc k ct li vi l n hoc sc k ch ho. Cc flavonoid dimer, trimer c th tch bng sephadex LH-20. back to top 6. Tc dng sinh hc, cng dng + Cc dn cht flavonoid c kh nng dp tt cc gc t do nh HO., ROO.. Cc gc ny sinh ra trong t bo bi nhiu nguyn nhn v khi sinh ra cnh DNA th s gy ra nhng nh hng nguy hi nh gy bin d, hy hoi t bo, gy ung th, tng nhanh s lo ho. Th nghim cho thy kh nng dp tt ca mt s flavonoid theo th t: myricetin >quercetin> rhammetin> morin> diosmetin> naringenin> apigenin> catechin> 5,7 dihydroxy-3', 4', 5' trimethoxy flavon> robinin> kaempferol> flavon. + Flavonoid to c phc vi cc ion kim loi m chnh cc ion kim loi ny l xc tc ca nhiu phn ng oxy ho. Cc flavonoid c 3,5,3',4' hydroxy c kh nng lin kt tt vi cc ion kim loi theo phc oxychromon, oxycarbonyl hoc 3',4' orthodioxyphenol. + Thnh ph n ca mng t bo c cc cht lipid d b peroxyd ho, to ra nhng sn phm lm ri lon s trao i cht cng dn n s hu hoi t bo. a cc cht chng oxy ho nh flavonoid vo c th bo v t bo th c th ngn nga cc nguy c nh x va ng mch, tai bin mch, lo ho , tn thng do bc x, thoi ho gan... + Flavonoid c ng vi acid ascorbic tham gia trong qu trnh hot ng ca enzym oxy ho - kh. Flavonoid cn c ch tc ng ca hyaluronidase. Enzym ny lm tng tnh thm ca mao mch. Khi enzym ny tha th gy hin tng xut huyt di da m y hc gi l bnh thiu vit. P P avitaminose . Cc ch phm cha flavonoid chit t cc loi Citrus nh "Cemaflavone", "Circularine"..., flavonoid t l bc h diosmin nh "Daflon", "Diosmil", flavonoid t hoa ho

rutin vi nhiu bit dc khc nhau chng minh tc dng lm bn thnh mch, lm gim tnh "dn" v tnh thm ca mao mch. Tc dng ny c hp lc c ng vi acid ascorbic. Flavonoid c d ng trong cc trng hp ri lon chc nng tnh mch, tnh mch b suy yu, gin tnh mch, tr, chy mu do t vng trong ph khoa, cc bnh trong nhn khoa nh sung huyt kt mc, ri lon tu n hon vng mc. Cc dn cht anthocyanosid c tc dng ti to t bo vng mc v c chng minh c tc dng tng th lc vo ban m. + Tc dng chng c ca flavonoid th hin lm gim thng tn gan, bo v c chc nng gan khi mt s cht c c a vo c th sc vt th nghim CCl4, benzen, ethanol, CHCl3, quinin, novarsenol... Di tc dng ca flavonoid ngng ascorbic c n nh ng thi lng glycogen trong gan tng. S tch lu glycogen c ngha quan trng trong vic nng cao chc nng gii c gan. Vic s dng mt s dc liu trong iu tr vim gan, x gan, bo v t bo gan rt hiu qu nh: cy actis, c bit dc l Chophytol. Cy Silibum marianum Gaertn c bit dc "Legalon"; cy bt dm - Hibiscus sabdariffa. Tc dng kch thch tit mt th hin cc cht thuc nhm flavanon, flavon, flavonol v flavan3-ol. + Flavonoid th hin tc dng chng co tht nhng t chc c nhn ti mt, ng dn mt, ph qun v mt s t chc khc . V d apigenin c tc dng lm gim co tht ph qun gy ra bi histamin, acetylcholin, seretonin. + Trn b my tit niu, nhiu flavonoid thuc nhm flavon, flavanon, flavonol th hin tc dng thng tiu r rt. Scoparosid trong Sarothamnus scoparius, lespecapitosid trong Lespedeza capitata, quercitrin trong l dip c, flavonoid ca cy ru mo u c tc dng thng tiu. + Tc dng chng lot ca flavanon v chalcon glycosid ca r cam tho c ng dng cha au d dy. Mt s dn cht khc nh catechin, 3-O-methyl catechin, naringenin cng c th thy c tc dng chng lot. + Tc dng chng vim ca nhiu flavonoid thu? cc nhm flavon, flavanon, dihydroflavonol, anthocyanin, flavan-3-ol, chalcon, isoflavon, biflavon, 4-aryl coumarin, 4-aryl chroman u c chng minh bng thc nghim do cc cht flavonoid ny c ch con ng sinh tng hp prostagladin. Ngi ta s dng rutin, citrin, leucodelphinidin, quercetin, catechin iu tr ban , vim da, tn thng da v mng nh y trong trng hp x tr. + Trn h tim mch, nhiu flavonoid thuc nhm flavonol, flavan-3-ol, anthocyanin nh quercetin, rutin, myricetin, pelargonin, hn hp catechin ca tr c tc dng lm tng bin co bp v tng th tch pht ca tim, th nghim lm hi phc tim khi b ng c bi CHCl3, quinin, methanol, bnh thng li s ri lon nhp. - Cao chit t l cy bch qu - Ginko biloba cha cc dn cht 3-rutinosid ca kaempferol, quercetin v isorhammetin trong l gi vng th cha ginkgetin v isoginkgetin c mt s hng ca Php bo ch thnh bit dc v d "Ginkogink", "Tanakan" c tc dng tng tu n hon mu trong ng mch, tnh mch v mao mch. Thuc d ng cho nhng ngi c biu hin lo suy: ri lon tr nh, kh nng lm vic bng tr c st km, mt tp trung t tng, hay cu gt.

+ Trn h th n kinh, mt s C-flavon glycosid ca ht to - Ziziphus vulgaris var. spinosus cha spinosin, swertisin v cc dn cht acyl ca spinosin c tc dng an th n r rt. + Mt s ti liu g n y c ni n tc dng chng ung th ca mt s cht nh leucocyanidin, leucopelargonidin, leucodelphinidin v tc dng khng HIV ca mt s dn cht thuc nhm flavon nh chrysin, acacetin 7-O-b-D-galactopyranosid. + Cc dn cht thuc nhm isoflavonoid c tc dng estrogen v d genistein =5,7,4' trihydroxyisoflavon daizein = 7,4' dihydroxyisoflavon . Tc dng ny c gii thch do s g n nhau v cu trc vi diethylstilboestrol. + Mt s flavonoid khc thuc nhm rotenoid nh cht rotenon c trong dy mt - Derris elliptica Benth th tc dng dit cn tr ng c bit v c ng dng t lu. Ph n ln cc cht flavonoid c mu vng Flavonoid do t flavus c ngha l mu vng . Tuy nhin mt s c mu xanh, tm , mt s khc li khng c mu cng thuc nhm flavonoid. Trong thc vt cng c mt s nhm hp cht khc khng thuc flavonoid nhng li c mu vng nh carotenoid, anthranoid, xanthon, c n ch khi nh m ln. 2.1. KHUNG FLAVONOID. Ngi ta xp vo nhm flavonoid nhng cht ng v sinh nguyn, ngi ta xem cu trc ny gm hai ph n c theo di bng cht ng v : a. C6-C3 tc l vng B + 3C Ph n ny xut pht t acid shikimic dn n cc dn cht phenylpropan. b. C6 hay l C2+C2+C2 vng A xut pht t 3 n v acetat dn n acid triacetic.. H3C-COOH + HCH2-COOH CH3-CO-CH2-COOH Acid acetoacetic CH3-CO-CH2-COOH + H-CH2-COOH H3C-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-COOH Acid triacetic Sau 2 ph n c ghp li Trong a s trng hp th mch 3 carbon ng vng vi vng A v to nn d vng c oxy C. D vng C c th l: 20. Cu trc ho hc, phn loi flavonoid 21. Tnh cht, nh tnh, nh lng flavonoid 22. Chit xut flavonoid 23. Tc dng sinh hc v cng dng ca flavonoid 24. Cc dc liu cha flavonoid: Hoa ho; Nc nc, Kim ngn, Hng hoa; Actiso, X can, Dy mt; T mc.