2 Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic Application

Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic Application
- 1 -
Content
I. The Structure and Understanding of PLC. The Instruction and History of PLC. Digital Input Module. Digital Output Module. Terminologies of Ladder Logic. The Relationship between PLC Hardware and Software Numeric System of PLC. Karnaugh Map II. Application Examples for Logical Command. Logical AND Logical OR Logical NAND Logical NOR Logical Exclusive OR 1 Scan-time Oscillator Self-Holding, 0 or 1 Dominant SR/RS Flip-Flop Detect Rising Edge / Falling Edge, Differentiation Dual action Pushbutton Trouble Acknowledge/ Reset III. Application Example for Sequential Command. On Delay / Off Delay Timer One Shot Multi-vibrator Multi-Vibrator Speed Monitor using OFF Delay Timer Preventing Chattering Noise for Mechanical Contacts Finding Stable Value by TIME Filter from Analog Input Hunting Measuring Time for Continuous Production. Optimizing Surveillance Timer of Speed Monitor Surveillance of Motor Drive System Detecting Value Changed
- 2 -
IV. Application Example for Flow Sequential Command. Sequence Control with BSFL Command Sequence Control with SFTP Command Call Subroutines and Return Processing Sorting Data of Table in Maximum Order
V. Application Example for MUX-DEMUX. Parallel Driving for 7 Segment Display Economic Discrete Input Multiplexing-Demultiplexing
VI. Application Example for Calculation Command. Analog Input/Output Module A1S68AD/ A1S68DAV,DAI Analog Input Module Set-up Scaling for Analog Input PV Schmitt Threshold ON-OFF Peak Value Hold On / Off Controller for Analog PV Analog Value Clamping, Limitation Bit Shift by Calculation Command Analog Drive Speed Control Finding Stable Value by SUM from Analog Input Hunting Drive Multi-stage Control by Encoder Feedback Ratio Control for Material Mixing Trickle Control for Truck Loading Rate Sampler for Single Counter Analog Scaling for X 0 Shifted Signal Analog Scaling for Y 0 Shifted Signal Piecewise for Proportional Non-Linear Curve Piecewise for Inverse Proportional Non-Linear Curve Linear Profiler
- 3 -
VII. Application Example Data Manipulation Command. Clear to 0 Or Set to 1 All Bits Set All Bits to 1 by 2's Complement Binary Counter Assembling/ Disassembling of Bits Acceleration/Deceleration Control With Linearity for Set-point Individual ON/OFF Operation by Thumb-wheel Switch Set Ring Counter Display of Trouble Flag Number Que Buffer and First-in/First-out LIFO(Last In First Out) Using Stack Memory Load/Save Data for 2-3 Dimensional Database Data Save/ Sort/ Search for Optimization VIII. Application Example for Computer Link Module. Non-form Communication for Computer Link Module CPU Direct Access via Computer Link Module CPU Access via Dedicated MODEM and Computer Link Module CPU Access via Dial-up MODEM and Computer Link Module Proface GP577R Touch Screen Access via Computer Link Module Fix 32 Access via Computer Link Module Intouch 5.6 Access via Computer Link Module
Appendix
MODICON Concept Version 2.1 PID Simulation Function Block Diagram Bit Division for MMI Analog tag SIMATIC TI545 PLC PID Simulation SIMATIC TI545 PLC vs Intouch 8.0 Modicon E785 PLC vs Intouch 7.1 PID Simulation
- 4 -
I. The Structure and Understanding of PLC. The Instruction and History of PLC. Digital Input Module. Digital Output Module. Terminologies of Ladder Logic. The Relationship between PLC Hardware and Software Numeric System of PLC. Karnaugh Map
- 5 -
Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic

Application The Instruction and History of PLC.
1. Specfication and Unit of PLC. PLC is an abbireviation of "Programmable Logic Controller". . The existing relay control box can be replaced to PLC. . PLC performs logic solving and circulating beginning and end of program in the memory. The background of PLC is that, . The end of 1960s, GM(General Motor) Company announced conditions of electronic sequential control equipment proposed to apply to automotive assembly line, and equipment manufacturer developed and distributed sequential control equipment suited to these conditions. The function of these PLC is that . Sequence control . PID control, Analog control, Positioning control. Most of PLC has . Basic operation function like AND, OR Contacts and Timer/Counter operation . Practical Application operation like Subroutine, SHIFT, MASTER CONTROL, DATA Calculation. In the beginning, PLC could perform simple control by program as logic controller, high performance function like arithmetic operation, output device control, communication function were added. Also PLC could guarantee and complement high reliability that relay control box couldn't have and flexibility to modify control system. By this way, time and costs to needed to perform inspection, test-run could be minimize and save. After the time, the development of integrated software for the communication between PLC and Computer could make user program easily and provided more familiar environment and ability to build site monitoring using graphic and graphic processing for the data as well as ability to analyze difficult process problem with collected datum and information. Recently PLC are manufactured more compact and lower cost and applied to almost industrial fields. When users control the machine or equipment with PLC, users ought to make a program so that PLC can decide memory content of control algorism. The standards Methods of PLC Programming are presented but there are many differences according to Manufacturers and kinds. IEC 1131-3(International Electro-technical Commission- Standard for Programmable Controllers-Part 3: Programming Languages) language as belows; - LD(:Ladder diagram) - IL(mnemonic :Instruction List) - SFC(Sequential Function Charts) defined international standards of PLC
- 6 -
- FBD(Function Block Diagram) - ST(Structured Text). PLC(Programmable Logic Controller) consists of Input & Output Interface, Memory, Programming terminal, CPU, Power supply structurally. 2. The structure of PLC A. CPU Unit The CPU part of PLC is similar to structure of PC(Personal Computer) and the function are also same. The main part of CPU is consisted as belows; - Micro Processor( CPU) - System Memory - Program Memory - Data Memory. (1) Program method. In-build Program type stores all Sequence Program in the memory and call individually, CPU analyzes and executes program. (2) Control method. - Constant cyclic repetition execution method solves and performs program stored memory from first to end sequentially and return to first. - Interrupt control method solves and performs interrupt execution program when the internal or external interrupt demands. (3) I/O control method First, Processor reads input status from input module, and base on this data, solves logic program from first to end. Finally processor writes results calculated from logic solving to output module. This job processing is called "SCAN". The polling for I/O modules will be indirect method and it should be executed before execution of Program 0 Step. This method is represented as belows;
Input Polling
LOGIC SCAN
Output Processing System Processing
- 7 -
(4) Program Command PLC command described in the specification is not for using CPU but for user command designed by PLC manufacturer when user can make sequence program. Each command can be different according to PLC manufacturer but it's not make so much different and function is similar in every PLC's. Program command can be represented to two groups. - Basic Command, Sequence Command : Basic Command is to perform sequence diagram for relay circuits in the PLC, and consisted of basic logical operation command like I/O Command for control signal, AND, OR. - Applied Command : Applied Command provides various functions so that make possible to perform transferring, calculation, comparison, data manipulation and conversion, advanced sequential control program. By using applied command user can save the programming and debugging time, use high speed, high performance function. B. Digital Input Unit Digital input module of PLC is used to get the ON/OFF status from input device. This is mainly used to get information from the machine. For each input device uses different power consumption and different voltage when the pushbutton of operator panel and various kinds of sensor is connected to input module, users should choose suitable input module to each input devices. Digital input module of PLC can be divided to DC input, AC input according to input voltage type and isolated type or non-isolated type. The isolated type is meaning that there exists photo-coupler at input part to isolate external and internal side and this is designed to endure noise in the harsh industrial environment. C. Digital Output Unit Digital Output module of PLC outputs internal ON/OFF status of PLC and operates the machine. Output devices can be connected are mainly lamps, magnet contactor, relays. After magnet contactor(MC) and relay actuators are connected like motor or solenoid valve that can operates the machine. For each output device uses different power consumption and different voltage users should chooses the output module appropriate to output devices. Digital Output module of PLC can be divided to relay output, transistor output, SSR(Solid State Relay) unit according to output contact types. D. Analog Signal Analog value is meaning that physical quantity that varies continuously changing to time like voltage, current, temperature, pressure, flow, velocity. Analog signal can not be connected to computer or PLC that can connect only digital signal. So these physical quantities should coverts to electrical signal like DC voltage, current and convert to digital amount again. Also digital amount PLC inside should convert to analog signal to operate Servo-motor. DC/AC speed control device that can be controlled by analog signal. E. Analog Input Unit (A/D Converter) This is for Analog/Digital conversion Unit and to use analog signal in the CPU. The principal
- 8 -
to convert from analog value to digital value is represented as the figure shows that digital value corresponding to analog voltage signal as below. The input voltage range, output bits of A/D converter are different according to kinds. The resolution of AD converter is determined by output bits.
256 Digital Value
102 0 0V 2V 5V Analog DC Voltage
The resolution of AD converter is determined by formula as next. Resolution ability = 2N (N = Output Bit Number) Therefore, The resolution will be larger as larger as output bits and discriminal minimum variation voltage can be expressed as next; Analog voltage range(V) / 2 ( N = Output Bit Number) For example, when analog input between 0-5V is converted by 8 Bits output, analog input voltage is 2V, we can find digital value, Resolution= 2 = 256 If analog input voltage varies from 0V to 5V, output digital value will be varied from 0 to 255. discriminal minimum variation voltage to change Digital value is; VIMIN = 5 / 256 = 0.019531 , and Digital value= 2V / 0.019531V = 102.4 = 102 F. Analog Output Unit (D/A Converter) This unit is for Digital/Analog conversion and used to output analog signal form CPU to outside. The principal to convert from analog value to digital value is that output digital value is corresponded to analog value. The resolution is proportional to the bit numbers to input(2 ), the output digital value will be converted to analog value from 0V to maximum reference voltage. Let's find analog value corresponding to digital value 102 if analog value is 0-5V voltage, the resolution is 256, the voltage difference is 5V. Therefore the variation of digital 1 results variation of analog signal 0.019531V(5/ 256). and we find 102 x 0.019531V 2 V calculation result.
N 8 N
- 9 -
G. PID Control Unit PID Control Unit has function of feed-back control so that system output make reference voltage balance and maintain based on deviation between control variable and reference input, recently this control type is mostly used in the industrial facilities. (1) Proportional action - P Action Controller Unit will control to decrease deviation between reference input and process variable. At this time, when operation signal Z(t) is given, and if manipulated amount is gotten, the relationship that manipulated quantities is proportional to operation signal Z(t) is as belows; y(t) = K Z(t) We call this "Proportional action". And K, gain, will determine whether make proportional action strong or weak. If K, gain is high, the process variable will approach to reference signal rapidly, but output can be fluctuated and this result make ill influence to total control stability. On the contrary, if K, gain is low, the process variable will approach to reference signal slowly, and there is possibility to that residual deviation occurs. (2) Integral control action - I Action Integral control action can be represented as action The variation velocity of manipulated value given to control object is proportional to operation signal. Using this factor, we can control integral control action. If integral time is longer, manipulated amount will be small and the time to approach to reference signal is longer. On the contrary, if integral time is shorter, manipulated amount will be large and the time to approach to reference signal is shorter. The relationship of integral control action is as belows; y(t) = K Z(t) dt The integral control action is not used alone, by combination to P action or D action but can be used to PI, PID action. The integral control action can eliminate residual deviation. If integral time is to short, uncontrolled state can be occurred. (3) Derivative action - D Action Manipulated amount y(t) contributes to operation signal Z(t) by Derivative action. Derivative action calculates manipulated value corresponding to deviation rate so that suppress variation of deviation. The relation ship of derivative action is as follows; y(t) = K dZ(t)/dt Derivative action is not used alone, by combination to P action or D action but can be used to PI, PID action. If derivative action is used to controller, process variable will approach to reference signal rapidly and suppress the fast variation of process variable and external disturbance. (4) PID Control Unit The relationship combined proportional, integral, derivative action described as above, y(t) = K ( Z + 1/Ti Z(t) dt + Td dZ(t)/dt )
- 10 -
PID Unit is not used alone, but used together with analog input unit and analog output unit. H. High speed Counter Unit The counter in the CPU has nearly scan time below several ms for the CPU is scanning the program. For this reason, CPU cannot count the pulse shorter than this scan time. Therefore high speed counter unit operates separately with CPU, counts pulse as dedicated I/O unit. Also high speed Counter Unit has comparing output function between set value and present value of counter. It provides up and down counter and is used to detect position like the CNC machine. I. Positioning Unit The positioning Unit is used for precise motor control like Servo-Motor, Stepping Motor. This unit will be applied to positioning decision of X-Y table, provides various operation patterns like constant speed, acceleration, deceleration. 3. Data Link Methods. It is commonly demanded the PLC has data exchanges between distributed remote I/O group, different PLC system, high level computer. The data link unit can reduce or eliminate I/O points and bulk cable installation, intends to extended I/O group. build distributed control, data centralization and management, monitoring system. The data link unit has function for data collecting of PLC,
M anagem ent L evel
C e ll L e v e l
F ie ld L e v e l
- 11 -

Application Digital Input Module
1. Types of Digital Input Module. A. Digital Input Module of Sink Type . For the digital Input Module of Sink Type, the current driving input point flows from pilot signaler connected, like push-button switch, limit switch, proximity switch, to module inside, the common point at the module will be N pole(N pole common). And if proximity switch is connected, sensor Switch of PNP Open-Collector Type should be used. We calls this type module Input Module of "Sink Type".
P24 Sink Type A Digital Input Module
N24
B. Digital Input Module of Source Type. For the source Type of Digital Input Module, the current already passes the wet point(for example, photo-coupler) from power of P phase connected to module and flows to pilot signaler connected to PLC input module, like push-button switch, limit switch, proximity switch and the input point will be excited. the common point at the module will be P pole(P pole common). And if proximity switch is connected, sensor Switch of NPN Open-Collector Type should be used. We calls this type module input module of "Source Type".
- 12 -
P24 Source Type Digital Input Module
N24
C. In case of that proximity switch of PNP Open-Collector Type is connected to sink type digital input module .
P24
Proximity Switch PNP Openof PNP Collector Open Type Collector Switch Type
Sink Type A Digital Input Module N24
N24
- 13 -
D. In case of that proximity switch of NPN Open-Collector Type is connected to source type digital input module .
P24 Source Type Digital Input Module P24

Proximity NPN OpenSwitch Collector of NPN Type Open Switch Collector Type
N24
2. Digital AC Input Module. For the Digital AC Input Module, additional rectifying circuit that from AC to DC and voltage reducing circuit to fit to TTL or CMOS are exist in the input stage. The rest basic circuit is not so much different with digital DC input module. Users should consider and select the sensor type and common type of power in case of the digital DC input module.
- 14 -

Application Digital Output Module
1. Types of Digital Output Module. A. Sink Type of Digital Output Module. For the Sink Type of Digital Output Module, the current from power source of P pole flows output device like Relay, Solenoid Coil that move Actuators and the load are driven by semi-conductor switching device in the PLC, the common point of load is + terminal(P Pole Common) and semi-conductor switching device will be NPN Type. We calls this type module output module of "Sink Type".
P24 A Sink Type Digital Output Module
N24
B. Source Type of Digital Output Module. For the Source Type of Digital Output Module. the power source of P pole already connects to PLC output module, the output device like Relay, Solenoid Coil that move Actuators is driven by semi-conductor of PNP type. In case of this, the current drives output device comes out from PLC inside to loads, the common of loads is N pole (N Pole Common). We calls this type module output module of "Source Type".
- 15 -
P24
Source Type Digital Output Module A
N24
C. Digital Relay Output Module. For the Digital Relay Output Module, the relay contact(dry contact) driven by electronic circuits and miniature relay drives output devices. therefore there exists not polarities and we can use DC or AC power source within a electric capacity of internal relay.
AC HOT A Relay Type Digital Output Module
NEUT
- 16 -
D. Digital SSR Output Module. Digital Relay Output Module can be used in the DC or AC, but Digital SSR Output Module can not be used in the DC power source but can be used only AC power source.
AC HOT A SSR Type Digital Output Module
NEUT
This module includes TRIAC(a kind of semiconductor with large electric capacity) what we call "SSR (Solid State Relay)", this semiconductor drives output device, once input signal excites to signal gate, even gate signal is removed, turn-on state of SSR in the main driving line will go on until main line current driving output device is ZERO. Therefore we cannot use in the DC current that not to return to Zero current but can use in the AC current that crossing zero voltage.
Gate
- 17 -

Application Terminologies of Ladder Logic
1. Terminologies of Ladder Logic. A. Ladder Logic example
and
and
2. I/O Address and Instruction A. Device I/O Address

Type of Device Address External X Address External Y Address Internal M Address L S B F D Internal Address Internal Address Internal Address Internal Address Internal & External Address Description Input module address related to real hardware input module Output module address related to real hardware Output module Internal Coil address used to contact and coil internally Internal Coil address used to contact and coil internally. Even power supply go out, Status of bit is maintained.(Retentive Coil) Internal Coil address to perform sequential control Communication Link relay when the data exchange among the several PLC's Internal Coil Address used as annunciator detecting external faults. Word address for calculating, manipulation, storing data, for using internally and externally Remarks Bit Address Bit Address Bit Address Bit Address Bit Address Bit Address Bit Address Word Address
- 18 -
Device I/O Address can be divided to internal address and external address. The external is allocated and related to real hardware I/O module, the internal address is used only in the program logic. B. Identification of Device I/O Address. Device I/O Address consists of Identifier and decimal number or hexadecimal number. For example,
X000, Y1F, M058, D103, N001

C. Allocation of Device I/O Address. Allocation of Device I/O address to PLC Hardware can be performed as follows; - Assigned X OR Y address sequentially. - Started from first slot excluded CPU module. - assigned memory address size that I/O modules needed.
DO 32pt
UC24 DO 16pt
DI 32pt DI 16pt
3. Symbolization of Ladder Logic. A. Power Rail Left The Left side of ladder logic is starting point of power energy. This regards as start of control power line of sequence circuit. Power flow can proceed from left side of ladder logic to right side of ladder logic, from here, ladder logic(Instruction) like logical contact, sequential command, data manipulation, calculation command can be built. B. Power Flow From Power Rail Left, each command and instruction can be built and this will make input condition and decision making and execution. According to input condition, power flow will pass to the right side along the possible routes. When reaching to output command, execution will be perform. So command related to execution will be located in the right side. C. Power Rail Right This regards as end line of control power supply in the sequence and power flow will be ended at this point.
POWER
NULL
C P U
X060-Y07F Y040-Y05F Y030-Y03F X010-X02F X000-X00F
- 19 -
D. Rung Rung can be represented to grouping of input condition and output task. If this group is continuous, not separated, this group can be called " Rung". E. Step The step is represented to Word Number consisting of Instruction, and we can calculate total program memory size.
- 20 -

Application Relation between PLC Hardware and Software
1. In case of Digital Input Module. The how act external electrical excitation to PLC inside ladder logic is represented as next. To speak exactly, When we press the push-button switch connected to PLC input module, let' consider what is happened to the PLC internal logic corresponding to the push-button switch contact. The figure as next is represented before pressing the push-button switch has A contact.
P24
PLC External PLC Circuit
PLC Internal Logic PLC Logic
X000
Instruction X000
Y010
X000
Power Flow
Power N24
Rail Left
Power
Rail Right
The current from power P pole cannot flow to PLC input module address X000 because of opening of pushbutton switch(NO: Normal Open state) in the electrical circuit. This is to say, at the input point addressed to X000 of input module, there exists not external electrical excitation, we can say this "Electrically Dry State". Otherwise, in the PLC inside, NO(Normal Opened) contact of un-identified X000(not excited because of opening of pushbutton switch) can not make power flow proceed, so this NO contact is electrically OFF state. But in the PLC inside, NC(Normal Closed) contact of un-identified X000 can proceed power flow, so this contact is electrically ON state.
- 21 -
P24
PLC External PLC Circuit
PLC Internal Logic Logic PLC
X000
Instruction X000 Power Flow X000
Y010
Power N24
Rail Left
Power
Rail Right
Now by pressing the A contact of Push-Button Switch, there exists electrical excitation at the X000 and we can say this "Electrically Wet State". In the PLC Logic, NO(Normal Opened) contact of identified X000(excited because of closing of pushbutton switch) can proceed power flow and change to closed state, so this NO contact is electrically ON state. But in the PLC inside, NC(Normal Closed) contact of identified X000 can not make power flow proceed and changed to opened state, so this contact is electrically OFF state. Totally, we can say them as follows;
Electrical State INPUT point Electrically Dry State Electrically Wet State Lamp Status INPUT point OFF OFF ON ON
corresponding to PLC corresponding to PLC
Contact state in the PLC Internal Logic NO(Normal NC(Normal NO(Normal NC(Normal Open) Close) Open) Close)
Possibility to pass the Power Flow No Yes Yes No
- 22 -
2. In case of Digital Output Module. The how act internal ladder logic variation to PLC outside hardware is represented as next in case of Digital Output Module.
PLC Internal Logic PLC Logic
PLC External Circuit
Instruction X000
Y010
P24
X000
Y011 Y010 Source Type Digital Output Module Relay 010 Relay 011 Y011 N24
Power
Rail Left
Power
Rail Right
If Y010 Coil Instruction in the PLC internal Logic is Energized, the Relay 010 connected to addressed Y010 of Digital Output Module is also Energized. Otherwise if Y011 Coil Instruction in the PLC internal Logic is De-energized, the Relay 011 connected to addressed Y011 of Digital Output Module is also De-energized.
- 23 -

Application Numeric System of PLC.
1. Numeric System and DATA The numeric system based on 10(Decimal) is developed naturally and used generally but considering logic system of ON and OFF state, this will be numeric system based on 2(Binary numeric system). In the computer system, binary numeric system based on 2 is generally used, and also 4,8,16 or 32 numeric system is used. Base Name 2 Binary 8 Octal 10 Decimal 16 Hexadecimal Numbering Systems Data Unit Bit Nibble Digit Byte
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 10 2 2 3 11 3 3 4 100 4 4 5 101 5 5 6 110 6 6 7 111 7 7 8 1000 10 8 9 1001 11 9 10 1010 12 A 11 1011 13 B 12 1100 14 C 13 1101 15 D 14 1110 16 E 15 1111 17 F 16 10000 20 10 17 10001 21 11 18 10010 22 12 19 10011 23 13 20 10100 24 14 Numbers in Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal In the each numeric system, even it's basic numeric system is different, existing real value will not be changed. Now from here, let's consider for numeric system and conversion between the different systems needed to understanding the instruction used in the PLC(Programmable Logic Controller).
- 24 -
2. Numeric System A. Binary Numeric System Binary number is commonly used in the computer. 1 digit of binary number will be regarded as the state of 1 electric wire, if the voltage on the wire is ON state, it's bit value is 1, if the voltage on the wire is OFF state, it's bit value is 0. If two wires are used, bits will be generated asa well as wires number used. The following figure is represented that 10 decimal number equivalent to each binary numbers, minimum number is positioned from right side. Minimum number is 1, and position number is 0. The way to find from binary number to decimal number is changing the position number to exponent number of 2 and converting to decimal number, adding all each values. As this way, the conversion from other numeric system to decimal number is possible. 2 =64
6
2 =32
2 =16
2 =8
2 =4
2 =2
2 =1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1(2 )= 64 1(25)= 32 1(2 )= 16 1(2 )= 8 1(2 )= 4 1(2 )= 2 1(2 )= 1 -----113 Conversion of a Binary Number to a Decimal Number
0 1 2 3 4 6
In every numeric system, the LSD(Least significant digit) is located at most right side, the MSD(Least significant digit) is located at most left side.
- 25 -
Decimal number can be converted to binary number by dividing as next example. This method is also applied to convert from decimal number to any numeric system. The quota value after dividing decimal number by 2 will be MSD(Most significant number), after dividing remained decimal number by 2 again will be next significant digit fo binary number. With this way, until total number becomes zero final binary number will be found.
to begin decimal number 932
to binary (Base 2)
932 2 466 2
= 466 0 = 233 0
2(0.0)=0 2(0.0)=0 2(0.5)=1 2(0.0)=0 2(0.0)=0 2(0.5)=1 2(0.5)=0 2(0.5)=1 2(0.5)=1 2(0.5)=1 1110100100
233 = 116 5 2 116 = 58 0 2 58 2 29 2 14 2 7 2 3 2 1 2 = 29 0 = 14 5 = 7 = 3 = 1 = 0 0 5 5 5
calculate end
Conversion from Decimal to Binary The binary number can be represented to BIT, BYTE, WORD. BYTE consists of 8 digits, WORD consists of 16 digits. And in order of LSD(Least Significant Bit), bit will be positioned in order of right side. WORD consists of 2 BYTE, LSD(Least Significant Bit)will be positioned in the right side.
- 26 -
BYTE MSB LSB
WORD MSB LSB
01101011
0110101101000010
Most Significant Byte Least Significant Byte
Bytes and Words Binary: 101.011 1(22)= 4 0(21)= 0 1(20)= 1 0(2-1)= 0 1(2-2)= 1/4 1(2-3)= 1/8
= 4+0+1+0+1/4+1/8 = 5.375 Decimal Using a Boolean algebra, the calculation of binary number can be performed as next shown;
Name Example Result AND 0010*1010 0010 OR 0010+1010 1010 NOT 0010 1101 EOR 0010EOR1010 1000 NAND 0010*1010 1101 Shift Left 111000 110001 Shift Right 111000 011100 Boolean Operations on Binary Numbers B. Calculation of binary number. The calculation for the negative binary number needs for special calculation method, the numeric system for negative binary number used generally is shown as next 3 type method. One of them, Unsigned binary number can be used, represents only positive number. When signed and 2's complement method is used, the maximum number can be represented is reduced to half size. 2's complement method is generally used for the calculation of addition and subtraction is simple and fast on the hardware and software. In the PLC system, all of methods of calculation are used. Signed binary numeric systems are shown as next. the MSD is used to sign Bit when display negative binary number. Decimal 2 1 0 -0 -1 -2 Binary Byte 00000010 00000001 00000000 10000000 10000001 10000010
cf: two 0 numbers exists
- 27 -
Signed Binary Numbers
2's complement method to represent negative binary number are shown as next. Basically if binary number to represent is positive number, binary number is represented to normal binary number. But if binary number to represent is negative number, after performing the complement calculation(inverting of all bits) for binary number to represent and add 1 to it. Otherwise to get normal binary number from negative binary number represented by 2's complement method, subtract 1 and perform the complement calculation(inverting of all bits). Decimal 2 1 0 -1 -2 2s Compliment Binary Byte 00000010 00000001 00000000 11111111 11111110 Numbers method to get negative binary number 1. find absolute number. for -30 to 30=00011110 2. perform the inverting of all bits. 00011110 becomes 11100001 3. add 1 to it. 11100001 + 00000001 = 11100010
2's complement method to represent negative binary number, comparing to signed binary numeric systems, reserved zero of binary number isn't needed, so 2's complement method is generally used for the calculation of addition and subtraction is simple and fast on the hardware and software. In the all of PLC system, this method are generally used. Integer has limited range to represent by 16bit(1 word), the range is from -32,768 to 32,768. In the some case, the result of calculation can be out of range, then overflow bit will be set.
01111111=127 +00000011=3 10000010=-126 C=0 O=1(Error) 10000001=-127 +11111111=-1 10000000=-1 C=1 O=0(No Error) 10000001=-127 +11111110=-2 01111111=127 C=1 O=1(Error)
Carry and Overflow Bits
- 28 -
C. Example of other numeric system. other numeric systems are basically converted to binary number for mathematical calculation and storage. 16(Hexadecimal) numeric system can be represented simply and used generally, because of the inconvenience comparing to binary number that long display consisted of 0 and 1. 8(Octal) numeric system is generally used, for calculation of 8 unit is used to represent input and output. The conversion methods between binary and hexadecimal, octal numeric system are shown as next;
3 2 1 0
16 =4096
16 =256
16 =16
16 =1
F 8 A 3 15(163)= 61440 8(16 )= 10(16 )= 3(16 )=

0 1 2
2048 160 3 63651
Conversion of a Hexadecimal Number to a Decimal Number

5724 =357.75 16 357 =22.3125 16 22 =1.375 16 1 =0.0625 16 16(0.75)=12(C) 16(0.3125)=5 16(0.375)=6 16(0.0625)=1 1 6 5 C
Conversion from Decimal to Hexadecimal
- 29 -
3. Binary Coded Decimal. In the Binary Coded Decimal(BCD), four binary digits is required to represent to 1 digit of decimal number. this is not a numeric system but one of method to represent decimal number. 1 byte of binary can display value from 0 to 255, otherwise 1 byte of Binary Coded Decimal can display value from 0 to 99. The method to represent Binary Coded Decimal is shown as next. 16 binary digits is required to represent to 4 digit of decimal number.
1 2 6 3 Decimal
0001 0010 0110 0011
BCD
A BCD Encoded Number
- 30 -
4. Data Characterization. A. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
To handle character, not number, identification number are given to each character and string. And we can store to memory and interpret again. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is most generally used to character coding system and represented as next table. This table represents not only character but also special symbol and control code. At each codes, identification number are given, for example, 65 are given to character A. ASCII Character Table
Char Ctrl-@ NUL Ctrl-A SOH Ctrl-B STX Ctrl-C ETX Ctrl-D EOT Ctrl-E ENQ Ctrl-F ACK Ctrl-G BEL Ctrl-H BS Ctrl-I HT Ctrl-J LF Ctrl-K VT Ctrl-L FF Ctrl-M CR Ctrl-N SO Ctrl-O SI Ctrl-P DLE Ctrl-Q DCI Ctrl-R DC2 Ctrl-S DC3 Ctrl-T DC4 Ctrl-U NAK Ctrl-V SYN Ctrl-W ETB Ctrl-X CAN Ctrl-Y EM Ctrl-Z SUB Ctrl-[ ESC Ctrl- FS Ctrl-] GS Ctrl-^ RS Ctrl_ US Hex Oct Dec 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Char Hex Oct Dec Space 20 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; = > ? 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067 070 071 072 073 074 075 076 077 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Char Hex Oct Dec @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ] ^ _ 40 100 64 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 Char Hex Oct Dec ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL 60 140 96 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127
ASCII Character Table
- 31 -
In this ASCII Character Table, code number is used from 0 to 127, but more complicated special figure symbol or international character are generally used and handled. The character is combined to string and LF or CR code is located at the end of line. B. Parity When data is transmitted or stored the error often happen. In the harsh environment, especially in the factory or plants, there exists some mis-occurrence in the data transmission line and telephone due to noise. To prevent to occur errors, parity bit can be added to end of data frame to detect data transmission error. If error is detect after parity checking, the data will be transmitted again or ignored. Parity Bit is located at the additional 9th bit to data byte 8 Bit. When the data is encoded, communication device counts active data bits number. And parity bit is calculated whether total active data bits has odd or even number. Transmitted data byte is confirmed with parity bit, whether total active data bits has odd or even number. If error is detect after parity checking, the data will be ignored and re-transmission is required. There are two types of parity check methods, odd parity check and even parity check. Data Bit 10101110 10111000 00101010 10111101 Parity Bit 1 0 0 1
Odd Parity Even Parity
Parity Bits on a Byte
C. Check-sums Parity Bit is favorable to combination of a few datum, otherwise Checksum is advantageous for more complicate and large data transmission check. Checksum is simple algebraical sum of total datum. Before perform a transmission, total bytes of datum is added. and this checksum is sent with datum together. The checksum of received datum is calculated by addition and checksum compared with checksum sent. If result of checksum comparing is concurrent, the datum is accepted. The example of checksum calculation is shown as belows:
DATA 124 43 255 9 27 47 CHECKSUM 505
- 32 -
D. Gray Code Parity Bit and Checksum is possible to check for every data values. Gray Code is used to check data that should be accordance with binary order. Gray code is generally used to measure angular value for encoders. The basic is that 1 bit changes once when the binary number increase or decrease by 1. By this way, it's easier to check the error of data bit. The example of Gray code is represented as belows: Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Gray Code 0000 0001 0011 0010 0110 0111 0101 0100 1100 1101 1111 1110 1010 1011 1001 1000
Gray Code for a Nibble
- 33 -

Application
Karnaugh Map
1. Introduction of Karnaugh Map. Karnaugh map makes possible to convert directly from complicated boolean algebra to simplified boolean algebra without simplifying calculation using a truth table. Before converting from truth table to boolean algebra, truth table can be shown as next. Row and column can be determined form input variable. we may select arbitrarily which variable will be used to row or column, we can find the same solution even Karnaugh map are shown differently. The variables is assigned to both of row and column to represent bit value considering also NOT. The assignment order of bits is the same as 00, 01, 11, 10. Describe bit status of true value for output variable A from truth table to the Karnaugh map. Step1 : Making of truth S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 table for M W 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 S,M,W,Q,A. Q A 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Step2 : Selecting SQ and MW, assign to input variable. Step3 : According to input variable, write truth status to Karnaugh map.
M is common. All is in SQ row. 1 1 1 W is common.
MW(=00) SQ(=00) SQ(=01) SQ(=11) SQ(=10)
MW(=01)
MW(=11)
MW(=10)
The Karnaugh Map
- 34 -
After written truth status to Karnaugh map, we can find typical identity of pattern for 1's(True state). When two or more bits exists on the in the same column or row, make a circling these identity. Also after putting left side to right side or upper side to lower side like a belt, two or more bits exists on the in the same column or row will appear. this identity has to make circling. These patterns is to be expressed to boolean algebra, the fact that all truth bits is located at 3th line is meaning that SQ will be expressed to AND relation. Also in the 3th line, two pattern with common M and W exists. These pattern will be appeared to relationship of boolean result and it can be converted to ladder logic. Step4: Observe Map Pattern.
M is common. All is in SQ row. W is common.
Step5: Make boolean relation according to Pattern. A = S*Q*(M+W) Step6: Make Ladder Logic with this result.
Karnaugh map is alternative method that simplify the boolean algebra, is the way to verify the calculation result of boolean algebra. In this example, there are four input variables, two variables exists in row, also two variables exists in column. It is also possible for more input variables, if 5 input variable exists, 3 input variables patterns for row or column can be made like 000, 001, 011, 010, 110, 111, 101, 100. If output variable exists two or more, Several karnaugh maps can be exist as well as number of output variables.
- 35 -
2. Practical Example. A. Express the following truth table to Karnaugh map.

A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Result: CD CD CD CD AB 1 1 0 0 AB 1 1 0 0 AB 1 0 0 0 AB 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Result 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
B. Express to ladder logic after simplifying truth table using Karnaugh map.
A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
- 36 -
CD 00 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 11 0 1 1 0 10 0 1 1 0
AB
00 01 11 10
X = BC
C. Simplify using next Karnaugh map.
AB AB AB AB
CD 1 0 0 0
CD 0 0 0 1
CD 0 0 0 1
CD 1 0 0 0
B is true for all section. B =(AD+AD)
D. Express to ladder logic after simplifying truth table using Karnaugh map.
A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 Y 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
- 37 -
For X
00 01 11 10 00 0 0 1 1
AB
CD 01 0 0 1 1
11 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0
For Y
E. Express to ladder logic after simplifying truth table using Karnaugh map.
D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
F 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
G 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Y 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
- 38 -
DE
00 01 11 10
00 0 0 0 0
FG 01 0 1 1 1
11 0 1 1 1
10 0 0 0 0
Y = G(E+D)
G. Express to ladder logic using Karnaugh map without finding relation of Boolean Algebra.
DE DE DE DE
ABC 1 1 1 1 AB
ABC 1 1 1 1
ABC 0 0 0 0
ABC 1 0 0 1
ABC 0 0 0 0
ABC 0 0 0 0
ABC 0 0 0 0
ABC 0 0 0 0
ABCE
Output=AB+ABCE
- 39 -
II. Application Examples for Logical Command. Logical AND Logical OR Logical NAND Logical NOR Logical Exclusive OR 1 Scan-time Oscillator Self-Holding, 0 or 1 Dominant SR/RS Flip-Flop Detect Rising Edge / Falling Edge, Differentiation Dual action Pushbutton Trouble Acknowledge/ Reset
- 40 -

Application Logical AND
1. Ladder Logic example Logical AND
X0 is Input Switch A and X1 Input Switch B. This Logic is equivalent to the next electrical circuit.
Input Switch A
Input Switch B
Pilot Lamp
In this circuit, Pilot Lamp Y10 is ON When Input Switch A and Input Switch B is closed state. We call this circuit AND, the output state according to each input switch is represented as next Truth Table and Boolean Equation.
A * B = C or A x B = C
Input Switch A X0 0(OFF) 0(OFF) 1(ON) 1(ON)
Input Switch B X1 0(OFF) 1(ON) 0(OFF) 1(ON)
Pilot Lamp Y10 0(OFF) 0(OFF) 0(OFF) 1(ON)
- 41 -

Application Logical OR
1. Ladder Logic example Logical OR
Input Switch A
Input Switch B
Pilot Lamp
In this circuit, Pilot Lamp Y10 is ON When Input Switch A or Input Switch B is closed state. We call this circuit OR, the output state according to each input switch is represented as next Truth Table and Boolean Equation.
A+B=C
Pilot Lamp Y10 0(OFF) 1(ON) 1(ON) 1(ON)
- 42 -

Application Logical NAND
1. Ladder Logic example Logical NAND
Input Switch A
Input Switch B
Pilot Lamp
In this circuit, Pilot Lamp Y10 is OFF When Input Switch A and Input Switch B is opened state. But Pilot Lamp Y10 will be not OFF When only one of Input Switch A and Input Switch B is opened state. We call this circuit NAND, the output state according to each input switch is represented as next Truth Table and Boolean Equation.
A+B=C
Pilot Lamp C Y10 1(ON) 1(ON) 1(ON) 0(OFF)
This Logic is equivalent to the next ladder logic.
- 43 -
This logic is also represented as next Boolean Equation. (A
+ B)= A * B = C or A x B = C
- 44 -

Application Logical NOR
1. Ladder Logic example Logical NOR
Input Switch A
Input Switch B
Pilot Lamp
In this circuit, Pilot Lamp Y10 is OFF When Input Switch A or Input Switch B is opened state. But Pilot Lamp Y10 will be ON When both of Input Switch A and Input Switch B is closed state. We call this circuit NOR, the output state according to each input switch is represented as next Truth Table and Boolean Equation.
A * B = C or A x B = C
Pilot Lamp C Y10 1(ON) 0(OFF) 0(OFF) 0(OFF)
- 45 -
This Logic is equivalent to the next ladder logic.
This logic is also represented as next Boolean Equation. (A
+ B)= A * B = C or A x B = C
- 46 -

Application Logical Exclusive OR
1. Ladder Logic example Logical Exclusive OR
Input Switch A
Input Switch B
Pilot Lamp
In this circuit, Pilot Lamp Y10 is ON When only one of Input Switch A or Input Switch B is pressed. But Pilot Lamp Y10 will be OFF When both of Input Switch A and Input Switch B is pressed or not pressed state. We call this circuit Exclusive OR, the output state according to each input switch is represented as next Truth Table and Boolean Equation.
A+B=A*B+A*B=C
Input Switch B X1 0(OFF) 1(ON) 0(OFF) 1(ON) Pilot Lamp C Y10 0(OFF) 1(ON) 1(ON) 0(OFF)
- 47 -

Application 1 Scan-time Oscillator
1. Ladder Logic example 1 Scan Oscillator
Output M100 The total scan time is 2 scan including on duty(1 scan)and off duty(1 scan). 2 Scan Oscillator
Output M100 The total scan time is 4 scan including on duty(2 scan) off duty(2 scan). 2. Explanation. This 1 Scan Oscillator used special characteristic of PLC I/O batch processing that updates I/O device and reference Image and solves logic. 2 scan oscillator also can be made using special characteristic of PLC referring to I/O status table. The order of PLC logic solving proceed from left to right and from top to bottom.
- 48 -
Scan-time 1st Scan 2nd Scan 3rd Scan 4th Scan 5th Scan 6th Scan 7th Scan Contact M100 Pass Disconnect Pass Disconnect Pass Disconnect Pass Solving Off Off Off On Result of On On On Coil M100
In case of 2 Scan Oscillator, I/O status table are as following.
Scan-time 1st Scan 2nd Scan 3rd Scan 4th Scan 5th Scan 6th Scan 7th Scan 8th scan M100 On On Off Off On On Off Off M101 Off On On Off Off On On Off M102 Off On On Off Off On On Off
- 49 -

Application Self-Holding, 0 or 1 Dominant SR/RS Flip-Flop
1. Ladder Logic example
2. Explanation. The self holding circuit is generally used and there are two type of self holding circuit, 0 Dominant Self Holding circuit and 1 Dominant Self Holding circuit. This circuit can be also regarded as SR Flip-Flop and RS Flip-flop and has two inputs and one or two outputs. When two input are 1(truth state), The next truth table are shown that output Y0 becomes 0 in case of 0 Dominant Self Holding and output Y0 becomes 1 in case of 1 Dominant Self Holding.
- 50 -

Application Detect Rising Edge / Falling Edge, Differentiation
1. Ladder Logic example Pulse Detection for Rising / Falling Edge
Time Chart X0 X1
Y10
Y11
The scan times of Y10, Y11 are each 1 scan. The equivalent circuit of PLS Y10.
The equivalent circuit of PLS Y11.
2. Explanation. The scan time of output of PLS command is 1 scan time at the moment when input is ON(at the rising edge). The scan time of output of PLF command is 1 scan time at the moment when input is OFF(at the falling edge). These command is used to detect synchronized task for inputting event. The equivalent circuit can be used in PLC that PLS /PLF command is not supported, M100, M101 is auxiliary contact.
- 51 -

Application Dual action Pushbutton
2. Explanation. In the above ladder logic, SET/RESET command has a function of Flip-Flop, adding it's inverted output to the input of the SET/RESET, total circuit acts as Toggle Flip-Flop by excitation of PLS M30. Whenever input X9 is excited(like pushbutton), Output M31 will repeat ON/OFF action. Generally, Actuator has each ON switch and OFF switch, in this case, this switch can operate ON/OFF action of output by 1 switch.
X9
M31
- 52 -

Application Trouble Acknowledge/ reset
2. Explanation. If Level low-low Trouble occurs, M100 is latched, pilot lamp Y20 blinks slowly. When push-button switch X11 is pressed, M101 is latched, pilot lamp stop flickering action, keep on being ON state. If trouble occurs again, acknowledge state is broken by PLS M102, annunciator returns to initial state. If pushbutton X10 is pressed, trouble annunciating state is re-scanned.
- 53 -
III. Application Example for Sequential Command. On Delay / Off Delay Timer One Shot Multi-vibrator Multi-Vibrator Speed Monitor using OFF Delay Timer Preventing Chattering Noise for Mechanical Contacts Finding Stable Value by TIME Filter from Analog Input Hunting Measuring Time for Continuous Production. Optimizing Surveillance Timer of Speed Monitor Surveillance of Motor Drive System Detecting Value Changed
- 54 -

On Delay / Off Delay Timer
1. Ladder Logic On delay Timer
X0
5 sec
Y10
Off Delay Timer
- 55 -
X1
Y11
5 sec
2. Explanation. Timer function of Mitsubishi Melsec PLC is basically On Delay Timer. After Input X0 is activated, output Y10 of On delay timer T50 will be ON after 5 sec. If T51 Timer is activated by inverted input X1 and output Y11 is activated by inverted timer contact T51, Off Delay Timer T51 is represented. Even X1 is OFF, output Y11 of timer T51 hold ON state during 5 sec.
- 56 -

One Shot Multi-vibrator
1. Ladder Logic One Shot Timer
X0
Y10
5 sec
Re-triggerable One shot Timer
X1
Y11 2. Explanation. One Shot Timer as described above consists of self holding logic and 1 timer. After Input X0 is activated, output Y10 of timer T50 hold ON state during 5 sec. To perform Re-triggerable timer, adding RST T50 Logic makes it possible.
- 57 -

Multi-Vibrator
1. Ladder Logic
2. Explanation. By inverted feedback of activated T51 timer at the initial time, this circuit begins oscillation. T50 Timer determines on duty time, T51 Timer determines off duty time. Real output Y10 uses T51 Flicker Contact, total blinking will be 1 sec.
Y10
0.5S
0.5S
- 58 -

Speed Monitor using OFF Delay Timer
1. Ladder Diagram Example Before Trouble Occurs.(Normal State)
After Trouble Occurred(Trouble State)
- 59 -
Proximity Switch MOTOR
2. Explanation. Using a TOF(Off Delay Timer), we can monitor continuous revolution state of motor or rotator. Whatever motor or rotator have any forms, by installation of proximity switch and actuator at shaft of motor or rotator, continuous surveillance of speed or belt, bearing can be possible. We can adjust the excitation period of proximity switch and actuator at the logic, this can be the setting time of TOF(Off Delay Timer). To prevent happening of trouble, the excitation period time of proximity switch and actuator is within a TOF Preset time so that power flow of trouble logic isn't discontinuous.
- 60 -

Preventing Chattering Noise for Mechanical Contacts
1. Ladder Logic
Chattering Input X0
Filtered Input M100
Chattering Input X0
Considering +Edge Input M101
- 61 -
2. Explanation. For contact of mechanical Switches, if it becomes obsoleted, this will cause electrical transition noise. These chattering noise will cause mal-function of the machine. This can be prevented by PLC logic. Using a TON logic, the noise can be suppressed at the transition of rising edge of electrical signal. Also using a TOF logic, the noise can be suppressed at the transition of falling edge of electrical signal. But programmer should accept the result asynchronous timing signal by delaying of TON and TOF.
- 62 -

Application Finding Stable Value by TIME Filter from Analog Input Hunting
1. Ladder Diagram Example A. Ratio Control Ladder Logic Example
2 Explanation. Sometimes Analog Input value is hunted by noise or process problem to be impossible to find comparing point. In this case this logic make hunting analog input value stable. It is possible to make rapidly changing input value so dull by constant time increasing and decreasing. Time constant should adjust to fit to site situation. D500 : Simulated Input for Hunting D20 : Time Filtered Input
- 63 -

Application Measuring Time for Continuous Production.
1. Ladder Logic example Example 1.
Example 2.
- 64 -
2. Explanation. This program is for measuring of production time, total operation time is stored at D100-D103. At below 60 sec, this will be cut down and not included to total operation time. To prevent this, programmer should use time base of 1 second, not a 1 minute.
- 65 -

Application Optimizing Surveillance Timer of Speed Monitor
2. Explanation. Drive system of AC General Motor has function of surveillance for operation state of magnet switch and feedback signal of speed monitor of motion System. But for more delicate surveillance of speed monitor, this example will be applicable. M300 is Trouble Flag, this can be reset by Pushbutton Switch X0 at any time. T50 Timer is used to maintain time until the motor has the normal speed and torque after overcome inertia. At this time, T150 is OFF Delay timer by excitation of input X9 of proximity switch for surveillance of speed monitoring .
- 66 -
At first, we make Dual Action Switch Logic to measure excitation period from the proximity switch, let timers T151 AND T152 operate by it's A/B contact. T151 is regarded as odd excitation period, T152 is regarded as even excitation period.
- 67 -
Using Falling Edge of M31, we store instant value of odd and even excitation period to D52 register. By using X3 pushbutton, when motor drive system is stable, this value can be reflected to preset value of running surveillance timer.
- 68 -

Application Surveillance of Motor Drive System
2. Explanation. This example is for surveillance and operation of general Motor Drive System. For Manual mode or Auto Mode, the things to have to be monitored and checked is the ON state of magnet switch supplying power to motor and motor system is operated with normal speed within a set time after magnet switch is ON. By this means, normal condition should be also checked whether mechanical power transferring device of motor drive system is in good condition. Driving belt, looseness of chain belt and speed reducer will be included. Seeing ladder logic, after PLC Output Y10 is On, two timer will be operated. Before first timer is done, Return Signal(X30) of magnet switch should be returned and cut the operation of T30
- 69 -
timer. Before second timer is done, Return Signal(X31) of speed monitor should be returned and cut the operation of T31 timer. If it's not, cutoff of trouble flag M300, M301 cause motor trip by timer operation. The trouble flag in trip can be reset by pressing the reset pushbutton Switch. The preset value of surveillance timer should be optimized during test-run.
PLC Output Module
RST
PLC Input Module
Y10
Magnet Return Signal X30 X31
Motor Fan
Speed Monitor Return Signal
- 70 -

Application Detecting Value Changed
2. Explanation. Seeing command Move D100 D101 after M9036, Analog value 01(D100) is transferred to D101 to compare at next scan. At next scan if new Analog value 01(D100)is different with Analog value 01(D101) stored at the previous scan, One shot timer annunciate that the value is changed.
- 71 -
IV. Application Example for Flow Sequential Command. Sequence Control with BSFL Command Sequence Control with SFTP Command Call Subroutines and Return Processing Sorting Data of Table in Maximum Order
- 72 -

Application Sequence Control with BSFL Command
2. Explanation. Sequence Control generally can be performed by consisting of NO/NC Contact Coil and programming of AND/OR/NOT. At this time, the ladder logic example of batch manufacturing process that has constant processing cycle is shown. Bit Shift command is initiated by energizing of X0 Input. After this each process step of Event
- 73 -
are proceeded by sensor or switch from the bit M48 to M54, total process cycle completes by bits Shifting. At the end of ladder logic, [MOV H0 K4M40] is for initial reset and program restart after 1cycle completion.
This sub-routine will be initiated by bit start of M49 from main logic and completed from the bit M80 to M83. After completion of Sub-routine processing, program flow return to main logic by energizing of M84 and all bits related Sub-routine Bit will be initialized.
- 74 -
Finally actuators are driven by M Coil.
- 75 -
3. Sequence Block Diagram
Material Reached
Belt Conveyor Stop
Material Reached
Tool move To 1st Position
Belt Conveyor Start
Drill Advance
Blower Retract
Drilling
Cleaning
Blower Advance
Tool Change
Drill Retract
- 76 -

Application Sequence Control with SFTP Command
2. Explanation. Sequence Control generally can be performed by consisting of NO/NC Contact Coil and programming of AND/OR/NOT. At this time, the ladder logic example of batch manufacturing process that has constant processing cycle is shown. Bit Shift command is initiated by energizing of X0 Input. After this each process step of Event are proceeded by sensor or switch from the bit M48 to M58, total process cycle completes by bits Shifting. At the end of ladder logic, [MOV H0 K4M40] is for initial reset and program restart after 1cycle completion.
- 77 -
All bits will be initialized by energizing of M58 bit.
- 78 -
3. Sequence Block Diagram
Material Reached
Belt Conveyor Stop
Material Reached
Tool move To 1st Position
Belt Conveyor Start
Drill Advance
Blower Retract
Drilling
Cleaning
Blower Advance
Tool Change
Drill Retract
- 79 -

Application Call Subroutines and Return Processing
1. Ladder Logic In case that calling Subroutine 1
2. Explanation. This example is to process sub-routine using a CALL/RET command. Subroutine is generally used to substitute repetition of the same, will prevent to re-edit ladder logic and make logic simple, save the program memory by reduce program step number. X2 and X3 is to SET/RESET Y30 at each Subroutine of P1 and P2. If these two switch are ON and X0 is ON, Y30 will be SET by calling subroutine1. If X1 is On, Y30 will be RESET by calling subroutine2.
- 80 -
In case that calling Subroutine 2
- 81 -

Application Sorting Data of Table in Maximum Order
1. Ladder Logic
- 82 -
2. Explanation. Using a For/Next command, the ladder logic example that sort number in the data table by order of maximum number. The outer loop of For/Next command is to store found maximum value to new table D40-D49, The inner loop of For/Next command is to find maximum value. At this time, Index Register z acts as Pointer of Sorted Table , Index Register v acts as pointer that take out the data from table to sort. Also this Pointer substitute pointer value to D101 register for storing zero value to register of maximum value already found. The first part of his logic is to initialize all register value.
- 83 -
Data Table Before Sorting
Sorted Data Table
- 84 -
V. Application Example for MUX-DEMUX.
Parallel Driving for 7 Segment Display Economic Discrete Input Multiplexing-Demultiplexing
- 85 -

Application Parallel Driving for 7 Segment Display
1. Concept. This Application Note is for simplifying of ladder logic to display BCD value to 7 Segment Display units and minimize hardware to be used, using parallel Data line of 7 Segment Display units and Latch Signal line. 2. Testing Equipments : Autonics 7 Segment Display Unit 3. 7 Segment Jumper setting:
Jumper Item Decimal/ Hexa-decimal Select Latch Active High/Low Select Dynamic(Serial)/ Parallel Select
Settings
Decimal
Active low Parallel
4. Schematic Wiring Diagram. Melsec Discrete Output Transistor DC24V

Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 Y25 Y26 Y27 Y28 4 Data lines
7 Segment Display Units
8 8 8 8
4 Latch lines
5. Used Ladder logics At first, Binary value to display is converted to BCD numeric system, this value is moved to each register as much as 1digit, thrown to 4 data line via output module from Y21 to Y24 and latch strobe signal is thrown to 7segment display. sequentially this action is repeated for 1 digit by 1digit. M9038 , special contact, is ON for only 1scan when PLC start RUN , is used to make Data and Strobe Train. The bit of D0 written by M9038 will be shifted to left side for 1 bit when m100 is ON by SFL command. This bit will be moved from M0 to M15 and used data and strobe(latch) output signal
- 86 -
Output from Y28 to Y2B is used to transfer data to 7 Segment Unit. If Data/ Strobe Train and Move Logic is add, user can add any number of 7 Segment Unit as far as speed limit.
- 87 -
- 88 -

Application Economic Discrete Input Multiplexing-Demultiplexing
1. Concept. This Application Note is for simplifying and saving of digital input module. Each groups of pilot signaler and sensing device with diodes installed is connected to digital input module. and power common line of each group is connected to digital output module and driven with sequential strobe. Synchronizing strobe of digital output, each group of signaler will give their data information to digital input module and this will act as multiplexing with TDM(Time Division Modulation). Otherwise in the PLC, synchronizing strobe of digital output, data information of group of signaler from digital input module is stored in the buffer memory one by one and this will act as de-multiplexing. 2. Schematic Wiring Diagram. Melsec Discrete Input/Output Transistor DC24V
Y2C Y2D Y2E Y2F
Multi-input Group Signaler
X00 X01 X01 X02 X02 X03 X03 X04 X04 :: : :: :: : : : :X16 X0F
: : : : : 16 core
: : : : :
: : : : :
3. Used Ladder Logics The output from Y2C to Y2F is to output strobe for multiplexing sequentially, and 1 strobe is needed per the group of multi-input. Multi-input group should consist of dry contact type signaler like Push-button Switch, Limit Switch, Thumb-wheel Switch, semi-conductor type signaler like proximity switch is not suitable for this application considering fast speed response. The strobe output should be synchronized to data train in the ladder logic. In the practical
- 89 -
example, At first scan of PLC RUN start, Strobe train(MOV H2 K4M0) and DATA Train(MOV H7 K4M16) is synchronized. The meaning of hexa-decimal value H2 and H7 is as next figure;
Strobe train M15
M0
0000 0000 0000 0010
Data train M32
M16
0000 0000 0000 0111 These data/strobe train are shifted by 1 bit when M9036 is scanned and thrown to common power line of multi- input group. In the PLC, the data information of multi input group is accept to internal coil group(M64-M79, M80-M95) by "Safe in time" action. This results simplifying and saving of digital input module.
- 90 -
- 91 -
VI. Application Example for Calculation Command.
Analog Input/Output Module A1S68AD/ A1S68DAV,DAI Analog Input Module Set-up Scaling for Analog Input PV Schmitt Threshold ON-OFF Peak Value Hold On / Off Controller for Analog PV Analog Value Clamping, Limitation Bit Shift by Calculation Command Analog Drive Speed Control Finding Stable Value by SUM from Analog Input Hunting Drive Multi-stage Control by Encoder Feedback Ratio Control for Material Mixing Trickle Control for Truck Loading Rate Sampler for Single Counter Analog Scaling for X 0 Shifted Signal Analog Scaling for Y 0 Shifted Signal Piecewise for Proportional Non-Linear Curve Piecewise for Inverse Proportional Non-Linear Curve Linear Profiler
- 92 -

Application Analog Input/Output Module
1. Analog Input Module. Analog input module is used to convert electrical continuous signal like voltage or current from physical or chemical amount to quantified digital amount. There exists resolution in the conversion processing from analog to digital. According to resolution the quality of analog input module is determined and raw values after conversion are as follows at each output types;
The output type of Analog Input Module

0-20mA (0-5V): without offset, unipolar 4-20mA (1-5V): with offset, unipolar 0-10V: Elevated, unipolar 1-10V: with offset, Elevated, unipolar -10V - +10V: Elevated, bi-polar
210
0~1023 204~1023 -1023~+1023
212
0~4095 817~4095 -4095~+4095
215
0~16383 1638~16383 -16383~+16383
- 93 -
2. The External Circuit of Analog Input Module.

The external circuit of analog input module are consisted of power supply, signal transmitter that make possible to convert physical or chemical amount to electrical continuous signal like voltage or current. The schematic diagram is as follows; (In case of that Power Supply is connected to source of module)
Signal Transmitter
(-) (+)
DC4-20mA (+) (-) Power Supply
(+) Sink (-) Source Shield
Chassis Shield
- 94 -
(In case of that Power Supply is connected to sink of module)
Power Supply (-) Signal Transmitter (+) DC4-20mA (-) (+) A
Chassis Shield
3. Analog Output Module. Analog output module is used to convert PLC internal numeric value to electrical continuous signal like voltage or current. There exists resolution in the conversion processing from digital to analog.
210
0~1023 204~1023 -1023~+1023
212
0~4095 817~4095 -4095~+4095
215
0~16383 1638~16383 -16383~+16383
The output type of Analog Input Module

0-20mA (0-5V): without offset, unipolar 4-20mA (1-5V): with offset, unipolar 0-10V: Elevated, unipolar 1-10V: with offset, Elevated, unipolar -10V - +10V: Elevated, bi-polar
- 95 -
4. The External Circuit of Analog Output Module.
DC4-20mA
(+) (-) Signal Transmitter
Chassis Shield
- 96 -

Application A1S68AD/ A1S68DAV,DAI Analog Input Module Set-up
1. Ladder Logic example A. Analog Input Program.
(1) READ from A1S68AD using FROM Command. N1: The first 2 digit when the head I/O number is allocated to A1S68AD in three digits of hexa-decimal. N2: Head address of buffer memory in which data is stored. D: Head number of the device in which read data is stored. N3: Number of words of read data. (2) WRITE from A1S68AD using TO Command. N1: The first 2 digit when the head I/O number is allocated to A1S68AD in three digits of hexa-decimal. N2: Head address of buffer memory in which data is stored.
- 97 -
S: Number or constant of head device in which data is stored. N3: Number of words of write data. B. Analog Output Program.
(3) READ from A1S68DAV/DAI using FROM Command. N1: The most significant 2 digit when the head I/O number is allocated to A1S68DAV/DAI is expressed as three digits of hexa-decimal. N2: Head address of buffer memory in which date is stored. D: Head number of the device in which read date is stored. N3: Number of words of read data. (4) WRITE from A1S68DAV/DAI using TO Command. N1: The most significant 2 digit when the head I/O number is allocated to A1S68DAV/DAI is expressed as three digits of hexa-decimal. N2: Head address of buffer memory in which date is stored. D: Head number of the device in which read date is stored or constant. N3: Number of words of write data.
- 98 -

Application Scaling for Analog Input PV
2. Explanation. Let Register D1 Raw Value 32767 ~ +32767 from Analog Input Module. When the electric signal has a value between 10V ~ +10V, and Process Variable has a value between 1000rpm ~ +1000rpm, The "Scaling" is expressed as this value make value Register D1 return to process variable. K constant of Long Decimal Format in the Double Precision Multiplication/Division is defined as Scaling ratio. K1000 is defined value to scale raw value to Engineering Unit RPM, dividing by input range after multiplying Engineering Unit is to prevent bad deformity of resolution.
PLC Logic +10 V Analog Input Module +10V~-10V +32767
* 1000 / 32767
+1000 RPM
+1000 RPM
Tacho Generator
-1000 RPM
-10 V
-32767
-1000 RPM
- 99 -

Application Schmitt Threshold ON-OFF
2. Explanation. If analog value 01(D1) is value over than 800, the output Y10 is ON. If analog value 01(D1) is value below than 600, the output Y10 is OFF. As this matter, transit ON-OFF control that overlapped ON point and OFF point is called "Schmitt Circuit".
Y10 ON OFF 600 800 D1
- 100 -

Application Peak Value Hold
2. Explanation. If new value Analog value 01(D100) is bigger than Analog value 01(D101) stored before, new value Analog value 01(D100) is transferred to D101. Therefore, The highest value analog value 01 up to now is stored to D200. Minimum peak Hold function is represented as next:
- 101 -

Application On / Off Controller for Analog PV
2. Explanation. D100 is Scaled PV(Process variable), also temperature value in the tank. By means of comparing command, if D100 is below than 70 , Heating Coil is On. If D100 is value over than 80, heating Coil is Off. Therefore, this system will have dead band of 10.
- 102 -

Application Analog Value Clamping, Limitation
2. Explanation. If new value Analog value 01(D100) is bigger than Analog value 01(D101) stored before and this value is bigger than 1000 and is smaller than 5000, new value Analog value 01(D100) is transferred to D101. Therefore, The analog value 01 smaller than 1000 and bigger than 5000 is clamped. to clamp only lower limit, the logic is as follow:
to clamp only upper limit, the logic is as follow:
- 103 -

Application Bit Shift by Calculation Command
2. Explanation. Bit Shift can be performed by Bit Shift command, also by multiplying or dividing by binary weight. In this example, dividing Hexadecimal value HFF00( Binary 1111 1111 0000 0000) by 32 results bit shifting to right side as 4 bits is shown. Also multiplying Hexadecimal value H00FF(Binary (0000 0000 1111 1111) with 32 results bit shifting to left side as 4bits is shown.
- 104 -

Application Analog Drive Speed Control
2. Explanation. When the slow acceleration and deceleration of motor speed drive is performed, The next logic can be shown. Acceleration is preset at D30, T50 and deceleration is preset at D31, T51 by thumb-wheel switches.
- 105 -

Application Finding Stable Value by SUM from Analog Input Hunting
- 106 -
2. Explanation. Sometimes Analog Input value is hunted by noise or process problem to be impossible to find comparing point. In this case this logic make hunting analog input value stable. It is possible to make rapidly changing input value so dull by sampling data at every constant period and storing to Q buffer and calculating datum . And calculation can be perform by adding all sampled datum and finding its average. D500 : Simulated Input for Hunting D200 D205 : Queue Buffer D400 : Averaged Value for Simulated Input for Hunting
- 107 -

Application Drive Multi-stage Control by Encoder Feedback
2. Explanation. Suppose stacker crane run on the rail in the warehouse. The logic is for this stacker crane is controlled by motor drive of multi-stage speed control with encoder feedback. D1 is corresponding to input Feedback of encoder. D3 is target position that stacker crane is stopped. At that time of start, the position information will be stored to D110-D111 (double precision Format). PLC calculates elapsed value(D120-121) of encoder and remained value to target position(D130-131). This is useful when PLC get flags for multi-stage speed control at the next logic.
- 108 -
After Stacker-Crane start, if the elapsed value of encoder is over than 5000, motor drive is entered to 1st speed stage, if the elapsed value of encoder is over than 10000, motor drive is entered to 2nd speed stage, if the elapsed value of encoder is over than 15000, motor drive is entered to 3rd speed stage. And if the elapsed value of encoder is remained below than 15000, motor drive is entered to 3rd speed stage, if the elapsed value of encoder is remained below than 10000, motor drive is entered to 2nd speed stage, if the elapsed value of encoder is remained below than 5000, motor drive is entered to 1st speed stage.
Speed
Start Point
Stop Point
- 109 -

Application Ratio Control for Material Mixing
- 110 -
B.
Device Data Monitoring
2. Explanation. In case of that blending and mixing control of liquid or powder by ratio should be performed, this logic can be applied. For example, color combination of dyeing line or painting line, ingredients mixing of foods or pharmacies, whatever it is weight or volume, this can be performed to continuous or batch control. At the ladder logic, If 5 component(D100-D104) is entered plasmo-nozzle or analog valve(D200-D204) will be act by each ratio. The 100 percent scaling of analog valve is 4000 of registers value.
FACTOR FACTOR
FACTOR FACTOR FACTOR
- 111 -

Application Trickle Control for Truck Loading
1. Ladder Diagram Example A. Before Trickle Control
B. After Trickle Control
- 112 -
C. When reached to Full
2. Explanation. For the Batch Control, loading of liquid or powder by measuring the volume or weight with scale or encoder pulse signal is often performed. At this time, loading speed should be maximized for job efficiency, but if loading valve is simply opened and closed, when the loading action is about to end, the excessive loading sometimes happens. To avoid this malfunction, Before the loading end, left several percent loading job, by opening valve quite little bit, this can be prevented . This action is called trickle or drizzle control.
Loading speed or valve open state
Trickle Point
Loading End
Weight
- 113 -

Application Rate Sampler for Single Counter
1. Ladder Diagram Example A. Counter Simulation Logic and Preparation for Rate Sample
B. Find Counter Difference For Plus Index Sector
- 114 -
C. Find Counter Difference For Minus Index Sector
D. Sampling Counter Rate
2 Explanation. In case of that the rotator drives incremental encoder of simple counting (Uni-directional Counting) for finding R.P.M.(Revolution Per Minute) of rotator, we can get simple count from only 1 register, this value will be value from 32767 to 32767. To make calculation easier, Adding +32767 to real count value for the minus value. By this way, we find the difference after storing count variation during constant time, calculate sampled counting rate. In case of that, sampling period should be shorter than 32767 counting time at the maximum speed of rotator.
- 115 -
- 116 -

Application Analog Scaling for X 0 Shifted Signal
1. Ladder Diagram Example
2 Explanation. When scaling for zero point shifted analog signal to X axis as figure shown is performed, the formula as next can be applied. (X-A) * C Y= -------------------(B-A)
- 117 -
At this time each section and register allocation of X and Y can be shown as next: X: D500 Y: D510 A: D2000 C: D4000 B: D2010
- 118 -

Application Analog Scaling for Y Axis Shifted Signal
2. Explanation. When scaling for zero point shifted analog signal to Y axis as figure shown is performed, the formula as next can be applied. (C-B) * X Y= -------------------- + B A
- 119 -
At this time each section and register allocation of X and Y can be shown as next: X: D500 Y: D510 B: D2000 A: D4000 C: D2010
- 120 -

Application Piecewise for Proportional Non-Linear Curve
2. Explanation. The simplifying method of non-linear characteristic curve is the way that sectional dividing of non-linear characteristic curve to be indicated piecewise. At any formula curve of non-linear characteristic, if we accept its deviation, we can represent non-linear characteristic curve to sectional linear curve. At this ladder logic example, dividing non-linear characteristic curve into 2 section linear curve and representing to math logic is shown. When a proportional line is shown to mathematic formula, the expression is as next;
(E-D) * (x-A) Y= -------------------- + E (B-A)
- 121 -
At this time each section and register allocation of X and Y can be shown as next:
X: D500 Y: D510 A: D4000 F: D2000 B: D4010 E: D2010 C: D4020 D: D2020
- 122 -

Application Piecewise for Inverse Proportional Non-Linear Curve
2. Explanation. The simplifying method of non-linear characteristic curve is the way that sectional dividing of non-linear characteristic curve to be indicated piecewise. At any formula curve of non-linear characteristic, if we accept its deviation, we can represent non-linear characteristic curve to sectional linear curve. At this ladder logic example, dividing inverse non-linear characteristic curve into 2 section linear curve and representing to math logic is shown. When a inverse proportional line is shown to mathematic formula, the expression is as next;
- 123 -
(F-E) * (x-A) Y=[ (F-E) - -------------------- ] + E (B-A)
At this time each section and register allocation of X and Y can be shown as next: X: D500 Y: D510 A: D4000 F: D2000 B: D4010 E: D2010 C: D4020 D: D2020
- 124 -

Application Linear Profiler
B. Device Data Monitoring
- 125 -
C. Device Data Monitoring
2. Explanation. This example shows linear profiler that Y Analog Output(D3000) varies to X time axis (D1000). There are total 6 section that perform acceleration, constant speed, deceleration.
- 126 -
VII. Application Example Data Manipulation Command.
Clear to 0 Or Set to 1 All Bits Set All Bits to 1 by 2's Complement Binary Counter Assembling/ Disassembling of Bits Acceleration/Deceleration Control With Linearity for Set-point Individual ON/OFF Operation by Thumb-wheel Switch Set Ring Counter Display of Trouble Flag Number Que Buffer and First-in/First-out LIFO(Last In First Out) Using Stack Memory Load/Save Data for 2-3 Dimensional Database Data Save/ Sort/ Search for Optimization
- 127 -

Application Clear to 0 Or Set to 1 All Bits
1. Ladder Logic example Logic Diagram 1
Logic Diagram 2
Logic Diagram 3
2. Explanation. If the exclusive OR is performed for source register with destination register having the same address to source register's, the result cause that all bits in the register makes to 0. Logic diagram 1 is shown before performing Exclusive OR, Logic diagram 2 is shown after performing Exclusive OR, Logic diagram 3 is shown after performing Exclusive NOR, the result cause that all bits in the register makes to 1.
- 128 -

Application Set All Bits to 1 by 2's Complement
1. Ladder Logic
2. Explanation. Generally 2's complement is performed for all the register, this results that makes opposite side of the register, using this, we can makes all bit of the register to set to 1 as the ladder logic example above. There is data of Hex value HFF0000FF in the D100 and D101, by performing 2's complement, inverted data H00FFFF00 is generated to D102, D103 registers. Also by performing AND operation, this result that makes all bit of the register to reset to 0.
- 129 -

Application Binary Counter
2. Explanation. Once X0 is excited, D100 is increased by 1.

12
If we make this value moved to Discrete
Output(K4Y10). This can be regards as binary counter that the output has each binary weight value. If D100 is increase to 2 , by [= HFFF D100] command, D100 is to reset. Therefore, this can be regards as 212binary counter.
- 130 -

Application Assembling/ Disassembling of Bits
1. Ladder Logic Bits Assembling
- 131 -
Bits Disassembling
2. Explanation. Assembly and disassembly of bits is represented as the example using FMOV and BMOV command, there exists numbers from 1 to 4 in D100-D103. When we want these number to output to 7 segment display device, we make these numbers Assemble and disassemble using BMOV command. If we want the number 1234 stored in D130 disassemble and move to each registers, FMOVE command can be used.
- 132 -
Bits Assemble
D100 D101 D102 D103
1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
Bits Disassemble K4Y20 / D120 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
D130 D131 D132 D133
- 133 -

Application Acceleration/Deceleration Control With Linearity for Set-point
1. Ladder Logic
2. Explanation. When we give Analog Set-point to control program and set-point is rapidly changed, the control system can be unstable or damaged. To prevent this, using a ramp function, set-point can be made to linear signal, we can get stable control characteristic D100 is raw analog set-point. is compared to filtered set-point D0. By bigger or smaller, filtered set-point D0 can be increased or decreased by INCP or DECP command. Acceleration Rate and Deceleration Rate can be determined by each timer.
- 134 -

Application Individual ON/OFF Operation by Thumb-wheel Switch Set
: :
- 135 -
: :
2. Explanation. For proper operation, BCD Data of 2digit Thumb wheel Switch from X0 to X8 can be converted to binary data. using DECO command, we can control from M100 to M124. If Thumb wheel switch is set to 12, SET(Valve13 Cylinder). Available M Bit Flag number will be 100sets(Cylinders of 100sets ). corresponding decoded M Bit will be M112 and
- 136 -
Thumbwheel Switch
D100
1 2
M115 0 0 0 1
M112 0 0 0 0 0 M124 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
M100 0 0 M116
Using this M Bit Flags, several actuator can be control to on and off in manual mode. The logic from Step23 to Step58 are dual action pushbutton logic, once X10 pushbutton switch is activated, corresponding cylinder will be repeat on/off operation.
- 137 -

Application Ring Counter
1. Ladder Logic
2. Explanation. At initial scan of M9038, M0, first positioned coil of Ring Counter, will be set. By timer T50 having K10 period, Coil from M0 to M33 will be operated as Ring Counter. M9012 as Carry Flag, this Escape Bit will be returned to set M0 coil.
T50 M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 : : : : : 1sec
- 138 -

Application Display of Trouble Flag Number
1. Ladder Logic
2. Explanation. Trouble Flag of total 64 from M800 to M863 are registered to this logic. Trouble Number from trouble flag will be displayed to 7 Segment Display Unit. Seeing logic at 33Step, this logic has like the function. If M800 Trouble is occurred, The trouble number displayed at 7 Segment Display Unit is 1. Also M804 Trouble is occurred, The trouble number displayed at 7 Segment Display Unit is 5, M860 Trouble is occurred, The trouble number displayed at 7 Segment Display Unit is 61.
- 139 -
Input X10~X13 is for simulation for trouble occurrence. In practical use, this should be replaced to timer contact monitoring trouble, contact element determining defectives. Input X3 is acted as trouble reset switch, set trouble flag.
- 140 -

Application Que Buffer and First-in/First-out
1. Ladder Logic example Logic Diagram 1
There are typical 2 memory Buffer, FIFO(First-in/First-out) and LIFO(Last-in/First-out). The former is called Queue Buffer, the latter is called Stack Buffer. For this example, the program of First-in/First-out is represented. M40 is collective contact for all quality selection Push-Button Switch. If product is entered to buffer area, product quality information is pushed to memory.
Logic Diagram 2
This logic is for drawing out the last saved quality information from Queue Buffer Memory
- 141 -
using a Index Pointer Z. At this time, Physical Buffer Area is located from M1 Roller Conveyor to M2 Roller Conveyor. Logic Diagram 3 This logic is to determining product quality and storing to Starting Memory to Queue Memory.
- 142 -

Application LIFO(Last In First Out) Using Stack Memory
1. Ladder Diagram Example A. Ladder Logic Example
B. Device Data Monitoring
- 143 -
- 144 -
2. Explanation. This PLC ladder logic represents LIFO (Last In First Out) operation of stack memory. By energizing Input X0, the data of D500 Register is pushed to Stack Memory register having starting address D200. By energizing Input X7, The datum 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 pushed continuous are moved to D510 Register with POP operation. This ladder logic can be performed simply by Index Register V, Z. D500 : Source Data Register D200 D205 : Stack Memory D510 : Destination Data Register XO : PUSH Operation X7 : POP Operation
- 145 -

Application Load/Save Data for 2-3 Dimensional Database
1. Ladder Diagram Example A. Load Data for Simulation
B. Calculating Final Pointer for Load/Save from/to Database
- 146 -
- 147 -
C. Load/Save Data from or to Database
Monitoring Database Partially
D10 : Source Register to be input data at Database. D20 : Destination Register to be output data from Database D100 : Page Index Pointer D110 : Row Index Pointer D120 : Column Index Pointer D230 : Final Cell Index Pointer D1000 : Starting address of 1st Page Database D1200 : Starting address of 2nd Page Database D1400 : Starting address of 3rd Page Database D1600 : Starting address of 4th Page Database D1800 : Starting address of 5th Page Database
- 148 -
2. Explanation. When process Data needs to be managed by cell unit, The memory space that data is saved and loaded to or from 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional database is required. When various tags or labels of Data are loaded or saved, this is to say, when the management or distribution of good stock is performed in the PLC logic, we can refer to this logic. If Input X0 is pressed, data is stored to database by final cell index pointer V that calculates PAGE, column, row. In this example, data is stored to cell of database corresponding to page 2, row number 4, column number 11. If Input X1 is pressed, data is loaded from database by final cell index pointer V that calculates PAGE, column, row. In this example, data is loaded to D20 from the cell of database corresponding to page 2, row number 4, column number 11.
- 149 -

Application Data Save/ Sort/ Search for Optimization
This ladder logic example is to entry/save/sort/ load data to the data base memory to search optimized data. Data register of PLC state RAM is used as Data memory space for database that have 2 dimensional assignment. The logic above is that Factor datum from D90 to D99 is entered from MMI is to be saved to PLC memory having starting address D100. At this time, index pointer V is varied by INC command.
- 150 -
Index Register V is the Pointer of 1st assignment element. D30 Register is the Pointer of 2nd assignment element. M80 will be the Save Button after MMI Value Entry.
- 151 -
The Logic above is for discrete control with MMI to sort the saved datum. M81 will be Search Command Button from MMI, initialize for sorting by triggering of this button coil. D51 is interlocking pointer to stop the sorting after counting sorted record up to 20 record from data-base. D55 is interlocking pointer to stop the sorting after counting sorted record up to last record from data-base.
- 152 -
This logic is that move datum to register from D80 to D89 by 1 record( 10 cell register ) with starting address D100 from data-base for sorting.
- 153 -
This logic is that move datum to register from D80 to D89 by 1 record( 10 cell register ) with starting address D100 from data-base for sorting.
- 154 -
At this time, we need to check whether record is within positive and negative tolerance getting from D70 to D79 from the MMI. For this operation, we make threshold value form this by math logic.
- 155 -
The positive threshold is made to register D60-D69, The negative threshold is made to register D40-D49 for comparing with tolerance.
- 156 -
We determine by comparison flag if record placed to buffer from database is within tolerance. The flags from M90 to M99 are by-pass flag to be selected from MMI for sorting.
- 157 -
When the determined Flag(from M200 to M206) are satisfied, this record is moved to sorted data area(with starting address D8000).
- 158 -
This logic is for displaying sorted data table to MMI displaying table has 7 row's cells and 8 column cell. For the reason of space limitation of MMI table, we can't display all sorted datum to MMI table and we should make a Scroll-up(M55), Scroll-down(M59) Key. In this logic, for the saving area of Record is located from D200 to D299(total 20 records), the interlock is needed after grasping the point number by comparison command before these flags. As the same way, the interlock M40 is needed to limit moving operation when the last record saved is moved to MMI buffer table after sorting operation is ended.
- 159 -
8 records, 800 cells will be moved from the data table with D8000 starting address after sorting ended to the table with D300 starting address and end address D379.
- 160 -
This is the last part of the logic.
- 161 -
MMI Design Screen
- 162 -
VIII. Application Example for Computer Link Module.
Non-form Communication for Computer Link Module CPU Direct Access via Computer Link Module CPU Access via Dedicated MODEM and Computer Link Module CPU Access via Dial-up MODEM and Computer Link Module Proface GP577R Touch Screen Access via Computer Link
Module
Fix 32 Access via Computer Link Module Intouch 5.6 Access via Computer Link Module
- 163 -
Mitsubishi Melsec PLC A1SJ71UC24-R2 RS-232C

Application Non-form Communication for Computer Link Module
1. Protocol: IA Robot protocol 2. Module Dip switch setting:
3. Cable interconnection
4. Used message Test Protocol: ?99TST0123456789@@(CR)(LF) 5. ETC. (1) Transmission method: Half Duplex type (DTR/DSR Control: Don't use CD Signal) Cf: DTR/DSR Control or X on/off Control (2) Need to set at the buffer memory address 10BH
- 164 -
6. Used Ladder logics Used ladder logics are as bellows ;
- 165 -
- 166 -

Application CPU Direct Access via Computer Link Module
1. Testing Software :GPPWin 2. Module Dip switch setting:
4. ETC. Transmission Method: Full Duplex (X on/off Control) 5. Used Ladder logics Inserted slot of UC24-R2 : Don't care. There was no ladder logic to be needed for setting up the communication. Located station no. : Station 0 Transmission Setup on Online menu of PC Loader.
- 167 -
PC Side: Com1, 9600 Baud PLC Side: UC24 RS-232 Module 9600bps, odd parity, 1 stop bit. 6. Schematic Diagram.
Melsec A2SH CPU

C P U U C 2 4
GPPWin
- 168 -

Application CPU Access via Dedicated MODEM and Computer Link Module
4. Used MODEM: Dedicated Line MODEM-96-LS-CTS. 5. Used MODEM Setting
- 169 -
6. GPPWin Setting (1) PC Side; COM1, 9600 bps (2) PLC Side; 9600 bps, 1 Stop bit, Odd parity, Using Sum-check, 10 sec Time-out delay. Via UC24, Host Target, Module Unit no. 1. 7. ETC. Inserted slot of UC24-R2 : Don't care. There was no ladder logic to be needed for setting up the communication. Located station no. : Station 0 Melsec A2SH PLC
8. Schematic Diagram
C P U
U C 2 4 GPPWin 4 WIRES MODEM MODEM COM1
- 170 -

Application CPU Access via Dialup MODEM and Computer Link Module
4. Used MODEM: US Robotics 56k FAX MODEM. 5. Used MODEM Command String: AT&F &D0 &K0 Q1 E0 S0=1 &W AT : Instructs modem that command follow &F : Reset modem parameter to factory defaults &D0 : Ignore DTR( Data Terminal Ready) &K0 : Disable data compression 9US Robotics modem only)
- 171 -
Q1 : Suppress results code E0 : Echo off S0=1 : Set auto answer on 1 ring &W : Save Settings to Non volatile RAM 6. Settings of Used Dial-up Software PROCOMM
7. GPPWin Setting (1) PC Side; COM1, 9600 bps (2) PLC Side; 9600 bps, 1 Stop bit, None parity, Using Sum-check, 15 sec Time-out delay. Via UC24, Host Target, Module Unit no. 0. 8. ETC. - Inserted slot of UC24-R2 : Don't care. - There was no ladder logic to be needed for setting up the communication. - Located station no. : Station 0 9. Schematic Diagram Melsec A2SH PLC
P W R S P C P U U C 2 4 GPPWin Phone Lines MODEM MODEM COM1
- 172 -

Application Proface GP577R Touch Screen Access via Computer Link Module
1. Testing Software : Proface GPP 2. Module Dip switch setting:
4. ETC. Transmission method: Full Duplex (DTR/ER) 5. Used Ladder logics Inserted slot of UC24-R2 : Don't care. There was no ladder logic to be needed for setting up the communication. Located station no. : Station 0
- 173 -
Melsec A2SH CPU

C P U U C 2 4 GP577R
- 174 -

Application Fix 32 Access via Computer Link Module
1. Testing Software :Fix 32 MMI Software 2. Module Dip switch setting:
4. ETC. Transmission method: None 5. Used Ladder logics - Inserted slot of UC24-R2 : Don't care. - There was no ladder logic to be needed for setting up the communication. - Located station no. : Station 0
- 175 -
Melsec A2SH CPU

C P U U C 2 4 Fix 32
6. Settings up of Fix MMI Software (1) Set-up installed Mitsubish MelsecA Serial Communication Driver as follows; Invoke SCU by entering to Application> Configuration.
- 176 -
(2) Confirm Mitsubish Melsec A Communication Driver as follows;
(3) Invoke the MIT Driver and Set-up as I/O Server as follows;
- 177 -
(4) Establish the opening COM1 Serial COMM parameter.
- 178 -
(5) Design and draw as what you want and define MACRO and tag names.
- 179 -
(6) Run "View" task if you confirm the performance.
- 180 -

Application Intouch 5.6 Access via Computer Link Module
1. Testing Software :Intouch 5.6 MMI Software 2. Module Dip switch setting:
4. ETC. Transmission method: None 5. Used Ladder logics - Inserted slot of UC24-R2 : Don't care. - There was no ladder logic to be needed for setting up the communication. - Located station no. : Station 0
- 181 -
Melsec A2SH CPU

C P U U C 2 4 Intouch
6. Settings up of Intouch 5.6 MMI Software (1) Invoke Mitsubish MelsecA Serial Communication Driver. (2) Enter Menu Configure> Port Settings>. And set up Serial Communication parameter as follows;
(3) Enter again Configure> Topic definition>. And set up I/O Server as follows;
- 182 -
(4) Invoke Window maker. Enter Menu Specials> DDE Access Name>. And setup parameter as follows;
- 183 -
Appendix
MODICON Concept Version 2.1 PID Simulation Function Block Diagram Bit Division for MMI Analog tag SIMATIC TI545 PLC PID Simulation SIMATIC TI545 PLC vs Intouch 8.0 Modicon E785 PLC vs Intouch 7.1 PID Simulation
- 184 -
MODICON Concept Version 2.1

Application PID Simulation Function Block Diagram Example
1. Function Block example
2. Description. The PID function is actually controlling the process simulated by this logic. The process simulator is comprised of two Lead/Lag function that act as a filter and input to a delay queue that is also a Concept CLC_PRO function block. This arrangement is the equivalent of a second-order process with dead time. The solution interval for the DELAY queue is set at 1000ms with a delay of 5 interval-i.e. 5s. The LLAG Filters each have lead term of 4s and lag terms of 10s. The gain for each is 1.0. In process control terms the transfer function can be expressed as; (4s+1)(4s+1) e^-5s Gp(s)= -------------------(10s+1)(10s+1) 3. PID parameters. The PID controller is tuned to control this process at 20.0 using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method. The resulting controller gain is 2.16 equivalent to a proportional band of 46.3 percents The integral time is set at 12.5 s/repeats/min). The derivative time is initially 3s, then reduced to 0.3s to de-emphasize the derivative effect.
- 185 -
Bit Division for MMI Analog tag by Script Text
Sub Script1() While 1 Val1 = GetTagVal("WORD1") if ( Val1 >= 32768 ) then SetTagVal "PL15", 1 Val1=Val1 - 32768 else SetTagVal "PL15", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 16384 ) then SetTagVal "PL14", 1 Val1=Val1 - 16384 else SetTagVal "PL14", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 8192 ) then SetTagVal "PL13", 1 Val1=Val1 - 8192 else SetTagVal "PL13", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 4096 ) then SetTagVal "PL12", 1 Val1=Val1 - 4096 else SetTagVal "PL12", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 2048 ) then SetTagVal "PL11", 1 Val1=Val1 - 2048 else SetTagVal "PL11", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 1024 ) then SetTagVal "PL10", 1 Val1=Val1 -1024 else SetTagVal "PL10", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 512 ) then SetTagVal "PL9", 1 Val1=Val1 - 512 else SetTagVal "PL9", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 256 ) then SetTagVal "PL8", 1 Val1=Val1 - 256 else
- 186 -
SetTagVal "PL8", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 128 ) then SetTagVal "PL7", 1 Val1=Val1 - 128 else SetTagVal "PL7", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 64 ) then SetTagVal "PL6", 1 Val1=Val1 - 64 else SetTagVal "PL6", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 32 ) then SetTagVal "PL5", 1 Val1=Val1 - 32 else SetTagVal "PL5", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 16 ) then SetTagVal "PL4", 1 Val1=Val1 - 16 else SetTagVal "PL4", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 8 ) then SetTagVal "PL3", 1 Val1=Val1 - 8 else SetTagVal "PL3", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 4 ) then SetTagVal "PL2", 1 Val1=Val1 - 4 else SetTagVal "PL2", 0 End if if ( Val1 >= 2 ) then SetTagVal "PL1", 1 Val1=Val1 - 2 else SetTagVal "PL1", 0 End if if ( Val1 = 1 ) then SetTagVal "PL0", 1 else SetTagVal "PL0", 0 End if Wend End Sub
- 187 -
SIMATIC TI545 PLC

Application
PID Simulation
1. Used Software
- 188 -
2. PLC Configuration
- 189 -
3. PID Configuration Screen
4. System Function Program.
- 190 -
- 191 -
5. PLC Ladder Diagram
- 192 -
- 193 -
6. PID Status Values.
======== Address Comments ======== V100: LEAD/LAG1 Input of PID Simulator V200: LEAD/LAG1 Output & LEAD/LAG2 Input of Simulator V300: LEAD/LAG2 Output of Simulator V301: 1st 0.1ms Delayed Value V302: 2nd 0.1ms Delayed Value V303: 3rd 0.1ms Delayed Value V304: 4th 0.1ms Delayed Value V305: 5th 0.1ms Delayed Value V306: 6th 0.1ms Delayed Value V310: Integer PV at PID Loop Outside V320: Integer SP at PID Loop Outside V340: Integer MV at PID Loop Outside V312: Engineering PV Value at PID Loop Outside V322: Engineering SP Value at PID Loop Outside V342: Engineering MV Value at PID Loop Outside V090: 1st Set-point Move V092: 2nd Set-point Move
- 194 -
SIMATIC TI545 PLC vs Intouch 8.0

Application
Communication setup
1. Testing Software :Intouch 8.0 MMI Software 2. Module Dip switch setting:
4. ETC. Transmission method: None Used Ladder logics - TI545 CPU should be in RUN state. - There was no ladder logic to be needed for setting up the communication. TI545 CPU
I/ O T I 5 4 5 Intouch
- 195 -
5. Settings up of Intouch A. Executes TIDIR .EXE and Invoke Settings>Communication Port Settings.
B. Enter menu New, Define "TIPLC" and Set Topic Definition.
C. Set TIDIR Topic Definition.
- 196 -
D. Set menu Server Settings
E. Invoke InTouch Windows maker and enter Main Menu>Specieals. Define "Access Names".
F. Modify "Access Names". Leave Node Name to blank if system is stand-alone.
- 197 -
G. Make New Tags selecting Access name to "PLC1".
- 198 -
In case of defining Integer Tag, Result is as below.
In case of defining Real Tag, you will add period after following Item number last. Result is as below.
H. Result of communication between TI545 CPU and Intouch 8.0 through serial cable.
- 199 -
- 200 -
Modicon E785 PLC vs Intouch 7.1

Application
PID Simulation and Communication setup

1. Testing Software :Intouch 7.1 MMI Software MODSOFT V2.6. 2. CPU Port1 communication memory setting: Address No.: 19,600 bps, RTU 8data bits, 1stop bit, Even parity, 3. Cable interconnection
4. ETC. Transmission method: None 5. Used Ladder logics - E785 CPU should be in RUN state. - There was used PCFL ladder logic to be needed for PID simulation. Modicon E785 CPU
9 8 4 - E 7 8 5
I/ O Intouch
- 201 -
6. Settings up of Intouch A. Executes MODBUS .EXE and Invoke Settings>Communication Port Settings.
B. Enter menu New, Define "MODBUS" and Set Topic Definition.
- 202 -
C. Set "Server Setting" as belows.
D. Invoke InTouch Windows maker and enter Main Menu>Specials. Define "Access Names". Leave Node Name to blank if system is stand-alone.
- 203 -
E. Make New Tags selecting Access name to belong to "PLC1".
- 204 -
F. Result of communication between E785 CPU and Intouch 7.1 through serial cable.
- 205 -
7.
Setting up PCFL Ladder Logic in E785 for PID Simulation. A. PCFL Ladder Logic1.
B. PCFL Ladder Logic 2.
- 206 -
C. Lead/Lag PCFL Ladder Logic.
D. Delay PCFL Ladder Logic
- 207 -
E. AOUT PCFL Ladder Logic
- 208 -
F. AIN PCFL Ladder Logic
G. Lookup PCFL Ladder Logic
- 209 -
H. Mode PCFL Ladder Logic
I. Ramp PCFL Ladder Logic
- 210 -
J. AOUT PCFL Ladder Logic
K. PID PCFL Ladder Logic.
- 211 -
J. Used PLC Software MODSOFT V2.6.
- 212 -
If you have any question, feel free contact me as belows cmsongkr@yahoo.co.kr M.P.: 82-16-236-6416 REMARK:
- 213 -
REMARK:
- 214 -
REMARK:
- END -
- 215 -

2 Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic Application

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic Application

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic Application

Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic

Output Processing System Processing

102 0 0V 2V 5V Analog DC Voltage

M anagem ent L evel

Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic

P24 Sink Type A Digital Input Module

P24 Source Type Digital Input Module

Sink Type A Digital Input Module N24

P24 Source Type Digital Input Module P24

Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic

P24 A Sink Type Digital Output Module

Source Type Digital Output Module A

AC HOT A Relay Type Digital Output Module

AC HOT A SSR Type Digital Output Module

Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic

2. I/O Address and Instruction A. Device I/O Address

X000, Y1F, M058, D103, N001

X060-Y07F Y040-Y05F Y030-Y03F X010-X02F X000-X00F

Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic

PLC External PLC Circuit

PLC Internal Logic PLC Logic

PLC External PLC Circuit

PLC Internal Logic Logic PLC

Instruction X000 Power Flow X000

corresponding to PLC corresponding to PLC

Possibility to pass the Power Flow No Yes Yes No

PLC Internal Logic PLC Logic

PLC External Circuit

Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic

to begin decimal number 932

233 = 116 5 2 116 = 58 0 2 58 2 29 2 14 2 7 2 3 2 1 2 = 29 0 = 14 5 = 7 = 3 = 1 = 0 0 5 5 5

BYTE MSB LSB

WORD MSB LSB

cf: two 0 numbers exists

Signed Binary Numbers

Carry and Overflow Bits

F 8 A 3 15(163)= 61440 8(16 )= 10(16 )= 3(16 )=

2048 160 3 63651

Conversion of a Hexadecimal Number to a Decimal Number

Conversion from Decimal to Hexadecimal

0001 0010 0110 0011

A BCD Encoded Number

4. Data Characterization. A. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

ASCII Character Table

Odd Parity Even Parity

Parity Bits on a Byte

Gray Code for a Nibble

Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic

MW(=00) SQ(=00) SQ(=01) SQ(=11) SQ(=10)

The Karnaugh Map

M is common. All is in SQ row. W is common.

2. Practical Example. A. Express the following truth table to Karnaugh map.

C. Simplify using next Karnaugh map.

B is true for all section. B =(AD+AD)

Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic

Input Switch B X1 0(OFF) 1(ON) 0(OFF) 1(ON)

Pilot Lamp Y10 0(OFF) 0(OFF) 0(OFF) 1(ON)

Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic

Input Switch B X1 0(OFF) 1(ON) 0(OFF) 1(ON)

Pilot Lamp Y10 0(OFF) 1(ON) 1(ON) 1(ON)

Mitsubishi Melsec PLC Ladder Logic

Input Switch B X1 0(OFF) 1(ON) 0(OFF) 1(ON)