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Akumulasi hc, reservoir, migrasi, batuan reservoir, reservoir lapisan penutup, perangkap penutup
Dr. Wahyudi D W h di Dept. Ocean Engineering, ITS Surabaya
Lapisan Penutup
Lapisan Reservoir
Basement
Rembasan Rembasan
Lapisan Penutup
Lapisan Reservoir
Lapisan Reservoir
Akumulasi komersiil
Jika lapisan mengandung HC dapat diproduksi secara menguntungkan, yaitu jika jumlah yang dihasilkan dapat diperdagangkan dengan pendapatan yang dapat menutup bi di d k d d t d t t biaya eksplorasi dan produksi serta memberi laba. Faktor yang mempengaruhi: Harga minyak di pasaran bebas Jumlah cadangan yang terdapat dalam akumulasi. Produktivitas reservoir. Biaya eksplorasi, eks[loitasi, produksi. Pajak dan biaya lain.
Oil Field
Area yang di bawahnya terdapat akumulasi HC dalam beberapa oil pool dan terdapat dalam gejala geologi yang sama. Gejala geologi yang sama g g g y bisa dalam hal struktur geologi atau stratigrafinya.
Giant oil field: lapangan minyak yang mempunyai cadangan > 500 juta barel. E.g.: Ghawar oil field (Arab Saudi), Minas (Sumatera Tengah), Kirkuk (Irak)
Oil Province
Sering juga disebut oil basin (cekungan minyak), biasanya merupakan cekungan sedimen. Tetapi tidak selalu cekungan sedimen mengandung HC. Oil province (d i (daerah minyak) adalah area di mana sejumlah oil pool d h i k) d l h j l h il l dan oil fieldberkelompok dalam lingkungan geologi yang sama.
2. Reservoir
Reservoir HC
Akumulasi HC selalu terdapat di reservoir. Reservoir adalah wadah/container tempat HC berkumpul. Cara terakumulasinya harus memenuhi beberapa syarat yang merupakan unsur pentingreservoir HC, yitu:
Batuan reservoir Lapisan penutup P Perangkanp HC k
Reservoir Rocks
Any rock formation, in suitable stratigraphic position, possessing both porosity and permeability necessary both to contain and to yield oil, or gas, or both, in commercial quantities. i l titi Any rock capable of performing these function is a reservoir rock rock.
Lapisan batuan sebagai tempat yang dijenuhi HC. Batuan reservoir harus porous dan p p permeabel. Sandstone reservoir, carbonates reservoir, fractured rocks reservoir
Obviously the world s oil is not all Obviously, worlds generated from source rock shales Oil (& gas) migrates from the source, through carrier beds and accumulates in g the reservoir Source bed 1st carrier = primary migration Carrier reservoir = secondary migration
Primary Migration
Hypotheses 1. Migration of hcs in clay compaction water 2. 2 Migration by molecular solution in water Migration in micellar solution Migration in gas charged solution Migration via micro-fracturing of source rocks Diffusion along kerogen network Arguable that all of these process are in operation
Secondary Migration
Buoyancy
Difference in densities between H2O and oil = main mechanism of secondary migration All crude oils float on saline water, nearly all on freshwater Thus, oil tends to migrate upwards through the heavier water th h i t Subject to a buoyant force (Pb)
Buoyant Force
Oil displaces equal volume of water Pb = difference between weight of displaced water and emplaced oil: vector force directed vertically upwards Pb = diff difference i pressure b t in between water t phase and oil phase
Pb = Pw - Po
Gas Flushing
2 fluids of different densities try to occupy the same trap Heaviest fluid is displaced as lighter one moves above it
Trapping Mechanisms
Structural Traps: formed by faulting of folding as the result of structural activity Non-structural traps: stratigraphic pinch outs, p permeability traps y p