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TEKNOLOGI PEMROSESAN HIDROKARBON K03 CARA TERDAPATNYA HIDROKARBON

Akumulasi hc, reservoir, migrasi, batuan reservoir, reservoir lapisan penutup, perangkap penutup
Dr. Wahyudi D W h di Dept. Ocean Engineering, ITS Surabaya

1. CARA TERDAPATNYA HIDROCARBON


Di permukaan bumi:
Sebagai rembasan (seeps or seepages), seperti danau atau sumber atau seepages) seperti pasir yang dijenuhi oleh HC
Lapisan yang mengandung HC terpotong karena erosi Berasosiasi dg patahan Berasosiasi dengan mudvolcano

Di dalam kerak bumi (earthcrust):


Sebagai suatu akumulasi: penjenuhan batuan oleh HC (merupakan satu2nya cara terdapatnya HC yg mempunyai arti ekonomi) Dalam jumlah kecil disebut sebagai tanda2 minyak (oil shows) penting g g dalam eksplorasi Dalam jumlah akumulasi komersiil: dalam jumlah cukup besar untuk diproduksi secara umum
Tergantung kualitas dan kuantitas reservoir Faktor ekonomi dan politik Harga minyak dunia

1. CARA TERDAPATNYA HIDROCARBON


di permukaan
Rembasan Lapisan Tanah (permeable) Lapisan Penutup

Lapisan Penutup

Lapisan Reservoir

Lapisan Batugaram Lapisan Reservoir

Basement

Rembasan Rembasan

Lapisan Penutup

Lapisan Reservoir

Lapisan Reservoir

Akumulasi komersiil
Jika lapisan mengandung HC dapat diproduksi secara menguntungkan, yaitu jika jumlah yang dihasilkan dapat diperdagangkan dengan pendapatan yang dapat menutup bi di d k d d t d t t biaya eksplorasi dan produksi serta memberi laba. Faktor yang mempengaruhi: Harga minyak di pasaran bebas Jumlah cadangan yang terdapat dalam akumulasi. Produktivitas reservoir. Biaya eksplorasi, eks[loitasi, produksi. Pajak dan biaya lain.

2. Reservoir, oil field & oil province


Oil pool
HC yang menjenuhi reservoir dan berada dalam sistem tekanan yang sama

Oil Field
Area yang di bawahnya terdapat akumulasi HC dalam beberapa oil pool dan terdapat dalam gejala geologi yang sama. Gejala geologi yang sama g g g y bisa dalam hal struktur geologi atau stratigrafinya.
Giant oil field: lapangan minyak yang mempunyai cadangan > 500 juta barel. E.g.: Ghawar oil field (Arab Saudi), Minas (Sumatera Tengah), Kirkuk (Irak)

Oil Province
Sering juga disebut oil basin (cekungan minyak), biasanya merupakan cekungan sedimen. Tetapi tidak selalu cekungan sedimen mengandung HC. Oil province (d i (daerah minyak) adalah area di mana sejumlah oil pool d h i k) d l h j l h il l dan oil fieldberkelompok dalam lingkungan geologi yang sama.

2. Reservoir
Reservoir HC
Akumulasi HC selalu terdapat di reservoir. Reservoir adalah wadah/container tempat HC berkumpul. Cara terakumulasinya harus memenuhi beberapa syarat yang merupakan unsur pentingreservoir HC, yitu:
Batuan reservoir Lapisan penutup P Perangkanp HC k

Batuan reservoir (reservoir rock)


Lapisan batuan sebagai tempat yang dijenuhi HC. Batuan reservoir harus porous d permeabel. dan b l

Lapisan penutup (cap rock)


Lapisan yang tidak permeabel yang terdapat di atas suatu reservoir menghalangiminyak & gas keluar dari reservoir.

Perangkap reservoir (oil trap)


Unsur pembentuk reservoir y g bentuknya sedemikian rupa sehingga p yang y p gg lapisan dan penutupnya merupakan bentuk konkav ke bawah dan menyebabkan HC berada di bagian atas reservoir.

Reservoir Rocks
Any rock formation, in suitable stratigraphic position, possessing both porosity and permeability necessary both to contain and to yield oil, or gas, or both, in commercial quantities. i l titi Any rock capable of performing these function is a reservoir rock rock.
Lapisan batuan sebagai tempat yang dijenuhi HC. Batuan reservoir harus porous dan p p permeabel. Sandstone reservoir, carbonates reservoir, fractured rocks reservoir

Migration Formation of the Oilfield

Obviously the world s oil is not all Obviously, worlds generated from source rock shales Oil (& gas) migrates from the source, through carrier beds and accumulates in g the reservoir Source bed 1st carrier = primary migration Carrier reservoir = secondary migration

Primary Migration
Hypotheses 1. Migration of hcs in clay compaction water 2. 2 Migration by molecular solution in water Migration in micellar solution Migration in gas charged solution Migration via micro-fracturing of source rocks Diffusion along kerogen network Arguable that all of these process are in operation

Secondary Migration

Oil must b capable of continuous phase t be bl f ti h flow Capillarity


NB the oils capillary pressure must exceed the reservoirs displacement pressure (reservoirs normally fluid filled)

Once in the Reservoir Rock


Availability of continuous p y pore spaces allows p continuous flow Physical requirements for secondary migration are: 1 Adeq ate supply of hydrocarbons 1. Adequate s ppl h drocarbons 2. Adequate continuous migration pathways 3. Adequate pressure gradient to drive migration

Main Mechanisms of Secondary Migration Mi ti

Mi Migration by water drive i b d i Migration by gas flushing Fracture-bound migration

Buoyancy
Difference in densities between H2O and oil = main mechanism of secondary migration All crude oils float on saline water, nearly all on freshwater Thus, oil tends to migrate upwards through the heavier water th h i t Subject to a buoyant force (Pb)

Buoyant Force
Oil displaces equal volume of water Pb = difference between weight of displaced water and emplaced oil: vector force directed vertically upwards Pb = diff difference i pressure b t in between water t phase and oil phase
Pb = Pw - Po

Gas Flushing
2 fluids of different densities try to occupy the same trap Heaviest fluid is displaced as lighter one moves above it

Trapping Mechanisms

Fundamental Types of Trap


Convex trap reservoirs Permeability trap reservoirs Pinc-hout (end of stratum) trap reservoirs Fault trap reservoirs Piercement (diapir) trap reservoirs

Types of Petroleum Traps


(A) A simple fold trap (B) fossilized coral reef (C) fault trap ( ) (D) salt dome

Convex Trap Reservoirs


Formed by folding or differential thicknesses of strata and due to convexity alone:
Porosity extends in all directions beyond the reservoir Reservoir is surrounded by water (edge water)

Permeability Trap Reservoirs


Form due to changes in reservoir power Reservoir partly defined by edge water and partly by a permeability barrier

Pinchout Trap Reservoirs


Formed by lenticular structures (e g reefs) (e.g. Periphery defined by edge water and the pinchout of the reservoir bed

Fault Trap Reservoirs


Periphery is defined partly by edge water and partly by a fault boundary

Piercement Trap Reservoirs


Formed by diapirs or volcanic necks Reservoir defined by edge water and a piercement contact

By Far the Commonest Method of Describing Traps Is Based on Origin

Structural Traps: formed by faulting of folding as the result of structural activity Non-structural traps: stratigraphic pinch outs, p permeability traps y p

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