-------

---------



(a , b) a
b (a , b) (b , a)
(a , b) = (b , a) a = b (a , b) = (c , d)
a = c b = d

 A B
(a , b) a A
b B A B

A B = {(a , b)/a A b B}

 1 A = {0 , 1} , B = { 2 , 4 , 7}
A B B A

A B = {(0 , 2), (0 , 4), (0 , 7), (1 , 2), (1 , 4), (1 , 7)}

B A = {(2 , 0), (2 , 1), (4 , 0), (4 , 1), (7 , 0), (7 , 1)}

1. A B B A
2. n(A B) = n(B A) = n(A) n(B)

 2 A = {0} , B = { 3 , 5}
AB,BA,AA,BB

A B = {(0 , 3), (0 , 5)} n(A B) = 1 2 = 2

B A = {( 3 , 0), (5 , 0)} n(B A) = 2 1 = 2
A A = {(0 , 0)}
n(A A) = 1 1 = 1
B B = {( 3 , 3 ), ( 3 , 5), (5 , 3), (5 , 5)}
n(B B) = 2 2 = 4

 3 A = {3} , B = {}

A B = {(3 , )} B A = {( , 3)}
A A = {(3 , 3)} B B = {( , )}
4 A = , B = {1 , 4}

AB=
BA=
AA=
B B = {(1 , 1), (1 , 4), (4 , 1), (4 , 4)}

 A B
(a , b) a
A b B
r
r A B
r A A A

 r A B r
A B

1 A = {3 , 4} , B = {6 , 8 , 9}
A B = {(3 , 6), (3 , 8), (3 , 9), (4 , 6), (4 , 8), (4 , 9)}
r1 A B
r1 = {(3 , 6), (3 , 9), (4 , 8)}

r2 A B
r2 = {(3 , 6), (4 , 8)}

 2 A = {2 , 4} , B = {2 , 4 , 6 , 8}
r1 A B
r1 = {(2 , 2), (2 , 4), (2 , 6), (2 , 8), (4 , 4), (4 , 8)}
r2 A A
r2 = {(4 , 2)}

r3 B B
r3 = {(2 , 4), (4 , 8)}

 3 A = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5}
r1 = {(x , y) A A / x + y = 6}
r1 = {(1 , 5), (2 , 4), (3 , 3), (4 , 2), (5 , 1)}
r2 = {(x , y) A A / x > 3 y = 5}
r2 = {(4 , 5), (5 , 5)}
r3 = {(x , y) A A / y = 2x2}
r3 = {(1 , 2)}
r (x , y) r x r y

 r A B
(Domain) r
r Dr Dr = {x / (x , y) r}
(Range) r
r Rr Rr = {y / (x , y) r}

 1 r = {(1 , 2), (2 , 3), (3 , 4), (4 , 5)}

Dr = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4} Rr = {2 , 3 , 4 , 5}
2 r = {(x , y) A A / x < y}, A = {1 , 2 , 3}
Dr = {1 , 2}
Rr = {2 , 3}
3 A = {-3 , -2 , -1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3}
r = {(x , y) A A / y = x2}
= {(-1 , 1), (0 , 0), (1 , 1)}
Dr = {-1 , 0 , 1}
Rr = {0 , 1}

 4 r = {(x , y) A A / x + y = 8}
A = {x/x N , x < 6 } Dr Rr

r = {(2 , 6), (3 , 5), (4 , 4), (5 , 3), (6 , 2)}

Dr = {2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6}
Rr = {2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6}


1. y x
2. x y
3. x y

1. x y
2. y x
3. y x

 5 r = {(x , y) R R / y = x + 3} Dr Rr
Dr
1. y = x + 3
2. x x
y
3. Dr = {x / x R}
Rr
1. y = x + 3
2. x = y 3
3. y y
x
4. Rr = {x / x R}

 6 r = {(x , y) R R / y = x2 + 1} Dr Rr
Dr
1. y = x2 + 1
2. x x
y
3. Dr = {x / x R}
Rr
1. y = x2 + 1 x2 = y 1
2. x y 1
3. y y 1 y 1 > 0
4. Rr = {y / y > 1}

7 r ( x , y ) R R y

x 2

Dr Rr
Dr

x
1. y
x2
2. x x + 2 0 x -2
y x
3. Dr ={x / x -2}

 Rr

x
1. y
x2
xy 2 y x xy x 2 y
2y
x ( y 1) 2 y x
y 1
2. y y 1 0 y 1
x y
3. Rr ={y / y 1}

2
r {( x , y ) / y 16 x }

Dr Rr

2
Dr y 16 x

x 16 x2 > 0 x [-4 , 4]
Dr = [-4 , 4]
2
Rr y 16 x 0
y x2 = 16 y = 0
y x2 = 0 y 16 4
Rr = [0 , 4]

 R r R R
r
r

 1 A = { 1, 0, 1} A A

A A = {(-1,-1),(-1,0),(-1,1),(0,-1),(0,0),(0,1),(1,-1),(1,0),(1,1)}
Y
(-1,1) (0,1) (1,1)
(-1,0) (0,0) (1,0)

(-1,-1) (0,-1) (1,-1)

 2 r {( x , y ) / y x 1} r

x
-2 -1 0
1
y = x + 1 -1 0
1
2
Y

2
3 r {( x , y ) / y x }

x
y = x2

-2
4

-1 0
1
0
Y

1
1

2
4

 r

r r r-1

r = {(x , y) / (x , y) r}
r-1 = {(y , x) / (x , y) r}
Dr Rr 1 Rr Dr 1

 1 r {(1,4), (2,8), ( 3,9)}

1
r , D 1 R 1
r
r

1
r {(4 ,1), (8,2), (9,3)}

Dr 1 {4 ,8,9} Rr
Rr 1 {1,2,3} Dr

r {( x , y ) / y x 2}

1
-1

r , Dr 1 Rr 1

1
r {( x , y ) / x y 2}
Dr 1 Rr { x / x R}
Y

1
r {( x , y ) / y x 2}

Rr 1 Dr { x / x R}
y=x
r-1
X

 3 r {( x , y ) / y x 3 }

1
-1

r , Dr 1 Rr 1

1
r {( x , y ) / x y 3 , x 0}

1
2
r {( x , y ) / x y 3, x 0}

1
2
r {( x , y ) / y x 3, x 0}

Dr 1 Rr { x / x 0}
Rr 1 Dr { x / x 3}

 r r-1
Y
r-1
y=x

r
O

f x ,
y z (x,y) f (x,z) f y = z
x , y z (x,y) f (x,z) f y z
f

 1
1. {(1 , a), (1 , b), (2 , a), (3 , c)}
2. {(1 , b), (5 , b), (10 , b)}
3. {(4 , 10), (8 , -10), (12 , 10), (8 , 10)}

1 (1 , a), (1 , b)

2
3 (8 , -10), (8 , 10)

2
1. {( x , y ) / y x 5}
2
2. {( x , y ) / x y 1}
3. {( x , y ) / y x }

1. (x , y), (x , z) f y = x2 5 z = x2 5
y = z f
2. x = y2 + 1 x = 5 5 = y2 +1
y2 = 4 y = 2 , 2 f
3. (x , y), (x , z) f y x z x
y = z f


Y
1

1
Y

2
1. r {( x , y ) / y x 1}
2
2. r {( x , y ) / y x }
3. r {( x , y ) / x y }
2
1. r {( x , y ) / y x 1}

2
2. r {( x , y ) / y x }

1
X

r
3. r {( x , y ) / x y }

Y
1


r y = f(x)
(x , y) f f(x) f
x
f A B f
A B
f : A B Df = A Rf B
f
R R

 A = {10, 15, 20, 25} , B = {2, 4, 6, 8}

f = {(10,8), (15,4), (20,4), (25,8)}
Df = {10, 15, 20, 25} = A Rf = {4, 8} B
f : A B
g = {(2,10), (4,10), (6,15), (8,25)}
Dg = {2, 4, 6, 8} = B Rg = {10, 15, 25} A

g:BA

 f A B f
A B
f : A
B Df = A Rf = B

A = {10, 15, 20, 25} , B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
f = {(10,2), (15,4), (20,6), (25,8)}

Df = {10, 15, 20, 25} = A Rf = {2, 4, 6, 8} B

f : A
B

 f A B
f A B x1 , x2 A
11
f(x1) = f(x2) x1 = x2 f : A B
A = {10, 15, 20, 25} , B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
f = {(10,2), (15,4), (20,6), (25,8)}
2 B
A 10
15
20
25

4
6
8
10

11

f:AB

 f A B
f A B x1 , x2 A
11
f(x1) = f(x2) x1 = x2 f : A
B
A = {10, 15, 20, 25} , B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
f = {(10,2), (15,4), (20,6), (25,8)}
2 B
A 10
4
15
6
20
8
25
11
B
f : A



1. f(x) = mx + b m 0
2
2. f(x) = x + 2x + 1
1. f(x) = mx + b m 0
x1 , x2
f(x1) = f(x2)
mx1 + b = mx2 + b
mx1 = mx2 m 0
x1 = x2
f

2. f(x) = x2 + 2x + 1
x1 , x2
f(x1) = f(x2)
(x1)2 + 2x1 +1 = (x2)2 + 2x2 +1
(x1)2 - (x2)2 + 2x1 - 2x2 = 0
(x1 - x2)(x1 + x2 + 2) = 0
x1 = x2 x2 = - x1 - 2
x1 x2 f(x1) = f(x2)
x1 = -2 x2 = - (-2) 2 = 0 f(x1) = f(x2)
f


f(x) = mx + b m 0
2
f(x) = x + 2x + 1

X



f(x1) = f(x2) x1 x2

 f(x) = mx + b m 0
Y

y = mx + b
X

 f(x) = x2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)2
Y

 2 (Algebraic
function) (Trancendental function)

1. (Linear function)
f(x) = ax + b a , b R f(x) = 3x 5 , f(x) = 2 4x

2. (Constant function)
f(x) = b b R f(x) = 3 , f(x) = 2

3. (Absolute value function)

f(x) = /3x 5/ , f(x) = /x/ + 4
4. (Step function)

0 x 3

f ( x ) 5 3 x 15
8 x 15

5. (Quadratic function)
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c a,b,c R a 0

f(x) = 2x2 , f(x) = x2 + 3 , f(x) = 2 5x x2

6. (Polynomial function)
f(x) = anxn+an-1xn-1+ ... +a2x2+a1x+a0 an,an-1,...,a2,a1,a0 R

f(x) = x3 + x2 2x +1 , f(x) = x4 2x2 + x 1

7. (Periodic function) f
p f(x + p) = f(x)
x x + p f

x 1 ; 0 x 1
f ( x)
x

1
;
1


1. (Exponential function)
f(x) = ax a > 0 a 1

f(x) = 2x , f(x) = 32x

2. (Logarithm function)
f(x) = logax a > 0 a 1

f(x) = log2x , f(x) = log35x

3. (Trigonometric function)

f(x) = sin x , f(x) = 2cos 3x

4. f(x) = arctan x , f(x) = arcsin x
5. Hyperbolic function


f
A
1. f (increasing function) A
x1 , x2 A x1 < x2 f(x1) < f(x2)
2. f (decreasing function) A
x1 , x2 A x1 < x2 f(x1) > f(x2)
Y
Y
f(x2)
f(x1)

f(x1)
f(x2)
X
X
x
x
x
x
O 1 2
O 1 2


R
1. f(x) = 3x + 2
3
2. g(x) = x +1
1. f(x) = 3x + 2
x1 , x2 x1 < x2
3x1 < 3x2
3x1 + 2 < 3x2 + 2
f(x1) < f(x2)
f

2. g(x) = x3 +1
x1 , x2 x1 < x2

(x1)3 < (x2)3

-(x1)3 > -(x2)3
-(x1)3 +1 > -(x2)3 +1
g(x1) > g(x2)
g

 f g
R (sum) (difference) (product)
(quotient) f g f + g, f g, fg
f

1. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

2. (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
3. (fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)

f ( x)
f
4. ( x )
g(x) 0
g ( x)
g

Df + g= Df g= Dfg= Df Dg D f ( D f D g ) { x / g ( x ) 0}
g

 1 f = {(2,5),(4,10),(6,12),(8,20)}
f
g = {(2,1),(4,2),(5,3),(6,4)} f + g,f g,fg, g
Df = {2, 4, 6, 8} Dg = {2, 4, 5, 6}
Df + g = Df g = Dfg = Df/g = Df Dg = {2, 4, 6}
f + g = {(2,6),(4,12),(6,16)}
f - g = {(2,4),(4,8),(6,8)}
fg = {(2,5),(4,20),(6,48)}
f
{( 2 ,5 ), ( 4 ,5 ), ( 6 , 3 )}
g

2
f(x) = x + 2 , g(x) = x

2
f + g ,
f
f g , fg , g
Df = Dg = R
Df + g = Df g = Dfg = Df Dg = R
Df/g = (Df Dg) {x/g(x) = 0} = R {0}
f + g = {(x , y)/ y = x + 2 + x2}
f - g = {(x , y)/ y = x + 2 - x2}
2
fg = {(x , y)/ y = (x + 2)x }
f
x2

( x , y ) / y 2 , x 0
g

2
f(x) = 2x + 1 , g(x) = x 1

(f + g)(x) , (f g)(x) , (fg)(x) , g ( x )

Df = Dg = R
Df + g = Df g = Dfg = Df Dg = R
Df/g = (Df Dg) {x/g(x) = 0} = R {1 , 1}
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = x2 + 2x
2
2
(f g)(x) = f(x) g(x) = (2x + 1) (x 1) = x + 2x + 2
(fg)(x) = f(x)g(x) = (2x + 1)(x2 1) = 2x3 + x2 2x 1
f ( x) 2 x 1 2
f
2
,x 1 0
( x )
g ( x) x 1
g

g ( x ) x
4
f

(f + g)(x) , (f g)(x) , (fg)(x) , g ( x )

Df = R Dg = [0 , )
Df + g = Df g = Dfg = Df Dg = [0 , )
Df/g = [0 , ) {0} = (0 , )
3
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = x 1 x
3
(f g)(x) = f(x) g(x) = x 1 x
3
(fg)(x) = f(x)g(x) = ( x 1) x
3
f(x) = x + 1 ,

f ( x)
f

( x )
g( x)
g

3
x 1
x

 5 4 (f + g)(1) , (f g)(-2) ,
f
(fg)(2) , g ( 4 )
3
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = x 1 x
3
(f + g)(1) = f(1) + g(1) = (1 + 1) +1 = 3
3
(f g)(x) = f(x) g(x) = x 1 x
(f - g)(-2) -2 [0 , )
3
(fg)(x) = f(x)g(x) = ( x 1) x
3
(fg)(2) = f(2)g(2) = (2 1) 2 9 2
f ( x)
f
( x )

g( x)
g

3
x 1
x

3
f ( 4 ) 4 1 65
f
( 4 )

g (4)
4
2
g

 f g
B
A
C
1

f(1)=a, f(2)=c, f(3)=b, g(a)=p, g(b)=p, g(c)=q

g(f(1)) = p, g(f(2)) = q, g(f(3)) = p

 A C
gof ( )
f g
(gof)(1)=g(f(1))=p, (gof)(2)=g(f(2))=q, (gof)(3)=g(f(3))=p

y=f(x)
gof

z=g(y)=g(f(x))

 f g Rf Dg
f g gof
Dgof = {x Df / f(x) Dg}

gof (x) = g(f(x)) x Dgof

1 f = {(1,3),(2,4),(3,5)} g = {(3,2),(4,3),(5,5)}
gof fog
fog gof
gof Rf Dg = {3,4,5} {3,4,5}
gof gof = {(1,2),(2,3),(3,5)}
fog Rg Df = {2,3,5} {1,2,3}
fog fog = {(3,4),(4,5)}

 2 g(x) = 2x 3 h(x) = x + 1
h(g(2)) g(h(2))

Dg = R , Rg = R
Dh = R , Rh = R
Rg Dh Rh Dg

h(g(2)) = h(4 3) = h(1) = 1 + 1 = 2
g(h(2)) = g(2 + 1) = g(3) = 6 3 = 3

 3 f(x) = 2x g(x) = x2

g(f(x)) f(g(x))

Df = R , Rf = R
Dg = R , Rg = [0 , )
Rf Dg Rg Df

g(f(x)) = g(2x) = (2x)2 = 4x2
Dgof = R Rgof = [0 , )
f(g(x)) = f(x2) = 2x2
Dfog = R Rfog = ( , 0]

 4 f(x) = x + 1

g( x) x

g(f(x)) f(g(x))

Df = R , Rf = R
Dg = [0 , ) , Rg = [0 , )
Rf Dg Rg Df

g(f(x)) = g(x + 1) = x 1
Dgof = [1 , ) Rgof = [0 , )
f(g(x)) = f ( x ) x 1
Dfog = [0 , ) Rfog = [1 , )

 5 g(x) = 2x + 1 h(x) = 4x2 + 4x + 7

f(x) f(g(x)) = h(x)

f(g(x)) = h(x)
f(2x + 1) = 4x2 + 4x + 7
2
= 4x + 4x + 1 + 6

= (2x + 1)2 + 6
f(x) = x2 + 6

 6 f(x) = 3x + 5 h(x) = 3x2 + 3x + 2

g(x) f(g(x)) = h(x)

f(x) = 3x + 5
f(g(x)) = 3g(x) + 5
f(g(x)) = h(x)
(1) = (2) 3g(x) + 5 = 3x2 + 3x + 2
3g(x) = 3x2 + 3x 3
g(x) = x2 + x 1

(1)
(2)

 f
f f 1 1
-1
f
1 f = {(x , y) / y = 2x + 1} f -1
f = {(x , y) / y = 2x + 1}
f -1 = {(y , x) / y = 2x + 1}
-1

f = {(x , y) / x = 2y + 1}

x 1

f
( x , y ) / y

 2 f(x) = x3 f -1(x)
3
3
f(x) = x y = x
x = y3 y 3 x

1
3
f ( x) x
2
-1
3 f(x) = x f (x)
f(x) = x2 y = x2
x = y2 y x

1
f ( x ) x

y = x2 + 1

y = x2
1
O0

2
y=x 2




1. y = f(x) c
y = f(x) + c c > 0
2. y = f(x) c
y = f(x) c c > 0

y = (x + 1)2

y = x2 y = (x 1)2

O0




1. y = f(x) c
y = f(x c ) c > 0
2. y = f(x) c
y = f(x + c) c > 0

 1
1. y = /x/ + 3
2. y = /x/ 2
y = /x/
Y

y = /x/ + 3

y = /x/
y = /x/ 2
O

 2
1. y = /x + 1/
2. y = /x 2/
3. y = /x 3/ + 1
y = /x/
y = /x + 1/

y
=
/x

3/
+
1
Y
y = /x y3/= /x/ y = /x 2/