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    ,pi:~-tI;l;;~F:i~_'_"-'

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    • _.

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    C!Hl;50[tlum on. L!I!rr1IddrcliGs, was ,~n.a'l]:.l:'l,u:rlllkdon ,21 2{1[fl. [p.i,gIlI~ :~.4~5.8, group' IPl:u:rt,oof i:ih;1!; p:utidp::III:ts.

    J:a.nus:ry

    :m:t],o:n, wlli~c'm.. wiH ,lIic-t as a lPari:mtr


    dO!J],IIi! and :natio:nal, ..j!.

    in varIous

    i!r.l.tlllriJ],!I!-

    projects;

    ancl,

    GooA~":'~i:ft;~;QRilo~a Demo V,:a[,siOD ".. ' ··~.n~itlor.g~,n~~' &~ '..' ~.,e istn?r"n
    :LOn~wlJ~h~s:=n
    b,egunlliill,g by' th,e United ~lnd. Culhllf.,ilIl (!irg-ilin.L2;iUioili
    mlD,gical

    Th~

    In~er.l"'J.3:tion~~. Cm:U:o(j.rt~l!:m(In

    Laudslides ~ICL),'

    promote a giob;j1J,m,ulttdlisciIP1Lnary [illl)gr:::un 011 land,

    .su,pp~e'~(lft Nations mil.l1ieiltiO!i;);ill~, $eientilffi,e

    centM~~l'Y'H\iMcL ;er.tl~h,o-,::r[ 1100,gr~m ~~.'e Landslides (~:iPl). Tb,e :tlie~ssi:t:Y'of establish(lfli


    tho!! i:na.'llg!IJI:l:'a~:rne'j;;t;n,g ,[]If th.!!! ret LJIli J 1 JO!LHiI,iI,aI!"Y2002. Jh~ 1l'~W lle~~i!L![-ci1 Ce:r.ttl"e Oil] iL~r.i,dslides (ReL) w(t.S establlshed oI),n 1 Apri~. 2(103 h~ the D.i[Jil
    '~¥aB p,:rop,(l\!led in ,5'IIi:s:t~r P:n!'I!"ol!:r:lltio;n R;j;;s.j;;aTCh

    (UN:ESCG).. i11e 'Wo(t',~d Meteetho!!'Poocl, '1I!!J],d gl'l.!:uU'llreA O·rg~.r[dz~:UI,}r.ig;f the' Ur.d~e;d,N3Itig'Dt;: ~FA,O)~ th,~ 'United. .
    ()lI];a:l'li2'.::a:~iol1i (WMO}~

    ment oJ

    8.

    m:'I!i :RG:;E:srch Cl!"n.tr'i!: O'II! :b:ncl.sHde8. tID ,suppart

    Nations,
    tion

    li:'iJ~:t:~rftiltiofiilJ.~ S~:r~'tegy tor :Oi~ilIS:.i:::,r Risk: R~dllPl>


    i'ntergo1,l')21':nm.@'ntal pmgr,lIiml.liliil!"!i,

    fUNll's,!D:r.nl and

    I1U:~:utut@~,

    ~!L!l!ch as th~ Ill!teJ;':r1i~:tlO'!!13J1

    Hydl'olg',gk;d

    'h'ii;li~J'i'!IT1,l1ime' of

    UN'JYSGO; the IIIJ:tG!['r,i.~I.'~ional UlliiQII1 iG·I;!{I~.{iliJic;;1!1Sciences, {If UUGS}. Ihit Mini$try of Edult"aHc.n" Oji~hir'c:~ SipCid!Sl Sd,-

    iliTice -il!n..cll (:chnt!lngy (MEX,I) of iib.~ Go·¥~[,milILetl!t, ,of J B,T

    (l)'il'llIlKU)Tille ~!l!";:~i!;!t~:!;"i rof the i)~ iiS Hro'\-\" heated at the he~.dqlj]:ilI['ters [HJiildii:t1i~ CiflL;rNESO)~s UNITWJN {UIl-Ll1\(~rsi,t:y II:w i:riining ~_I'Jrj i'J,~twQd',-ing} C oti'p,oi.'"irat i(J,riI !I? ru'g~.;tm.lflfl!!t "Landallde rUsk RJt-di c HO!ll, !fo.r' SOd!t~.ylllill,d u ~he
    'C(l;Iii$~i'I)I!~t~,d by

    mt

    iK}'"CibJ UI1i:i:~'"E'r"Si:t.y

    p~n, the US. GeoJ'Slcil

    iKyoto 'L111l~V"1 riJ.o.tht-s. The let W,~S :r~gi.5W!"t(las :a le,g~i bodiy 'll.I'J(J..~t t'h~' .sHy nI'J,tl the Intcl:t'iii1lti,'I):t'iiFil onsortium {Mil Landslides Oti C JBpEllt.LC:;~law f!l.r nt!':rii-p,["Dlfit Dq';8:ni~H!l.rriI:5: 1n August WQ2 thlli Uji t:lllmiPtiJ.~. Dif Kyo,to Unl.'i;'cts,ity in 2000:11·,The rcla!by i:1:L!J: Go~crrnffiJl!"n.t of: K~'CitD f:!:r[:f!l!"-dllre", lapan. ~~ombip' of liC:l1IPt, aad [~CL it;. ilh~stt'~:tl!!d.in f;S- [;.5, '["he 11lie objectives of the eonsortium :i"!!~' to: lCL ''!If;a.~, Ibr'ieitlly introduced in ""'1 andslides" by S·",.s:S:iI! (1O®o:I:); the full hiswry of i:CL was i11JI:rod,l,ili;;;ed ith~ peWin
    S'U.f~Y; ;!il1ld.other

    g;Q'!!~nuIleill't~il. BlIl'vi[-Q'11meuf"'i' 1!Iihidlt ~~,

    1" prom:olil!" ~and::;HdG research fo[" thli! bif!"!!ic~.t of se dGty and tlre elwlril)nm-e~l1It; ?!11d ..;:apadty 'buuiMh\~, lncluding ed.l],ciltio~I, i1(1;t~,IJ.ly in d e-v~l,o-pi~'i;g: ";:'~)l1.ntr.ies.~

    GGllldiny;

    of: ~h@fir-st Gif!"micral

    A!i;sIll:mbl:y'

    of: '~hG ~:CL hil!"M

    at

    the u.s. National Acaderwy {if Sciences in W~:ihil.'L{I:~il)n D.C.


    on ~.3-14!October 200:S.

    FQa. ~ .s,

    C oow oJJ:alth"lJ' ~. [1Il'(; t ure oJf tb 0 :~ L, c IP,t lli111d ,RCn.(orr ,g~U hmcldi,dr:

    ,E',i;s.k II"OOlllGtioo

    http://www .e
    Go
    " .. "." ' !III'"

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    htt·I p ·/IWWW 200U~Rreiron;:Oli:=,:=mCI:- - n,=~e;;~iim(~·~:Ed:;:~:;;~,~l'~;: 0> I .• .....t K. 1f},~.I.. "ftIiJ;,; ,. , .


    1h :
    ,Ag;r1<cul.tute OtgiJ[J,iZ8,-

    [lieve 0I1!'1Ii1I ent 0< . t II!! ntd!!!lili1atlolll~ !!!.anioll~~I_ e i(Dmm~IiI'itt, :rllhe' 21001,5Le'tm-:~ Ili1teltt~ IQf Itth lJ00' "ik .. _Adi . PI ' '.- d 1

    !O---II"'~Jl'.:i.lll!liillllf'~h""IIIoiIIII"--1""'.~#-14~1~-I.lII-J'"I.d~:IIfIiiII!''' _~v~ oprng ~Il,a

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    discussion wen:- tn(:

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    if

    (j;~

    l:n~l('-[tilFl.tjl!'ti!EiI,Consortium

    on, [.!;]:riI d-

    MI~

    1-

    G __ _ __R".j;"

    Tnii!' Wodd, CO!l1:fGr~[J;[;~ D iSEIIstl]'['Raduction (WCDfR} Dill, ''i/fas ih:i!Jd,on. 1.8-2.1 D':aIJ.U;!Ii['Y K{];b€~apan" At t'fud<5onferIn l c enee, a session titled ~~WewInrematloaal Irdti~:tive~ ~Ob"

    oql\rc!.t~,(I',n~m!e·lh:'
    (UNESCO},th~

    ·'WMiliJlt~

    of.F .- _ ._ _ ._ (IFI)

    l~:ur~l ..

    'Wor~d M;~teI)MlogIelli Orgail:iUl!t~l).tliI( W',MO)" the' FOQd Lifi!d Ag:rh::u:LtUTt: Otgillni.zLi'ti,l)ll, 0(: Ute UrI!i.t:e'di !N18itkm.s fFAD)J,'~ih~ M~ini5:t:rY"D'f,r::dlLl!ca.t~(il1!~ CuHuJ:'~~ :SpCiI'it5 , 5d'~i!1c~ :and. leoi;_hJJio~,i,}gy g f th e G,i,}VoIi! rnmenr of J;!IiiP'i;!J;l (M,EXT)t, the Ufiiitt:.dI Nations U[J,.i'l,l\~!f.s.ity (UNtJ), '!Kyoto
    i[JIniVE!J:'8i.t.y' (KU}; and
    i[]ith,~nl.'W:ithin

    -r.g~~Un9,t~Q~~;n.e"ti,rs,W~~~,It:m'Rn
    CI/J[~tl1l:~',,; SPoir.i:S,S~ie",~ and T'l}chn(ll{1;gy. Iapan (MIEXT), MIrli;Mry of ,A;g;rl,ellli~tlLr..:::'". Perestry and Hshe:dt-s ,I)f J apan (M'ArF)~,fi,,;Hmd~tlry(if Landi I!IJ:fT2it;huctlil!['iI!'9i!IJ.,dj T,[,;llin~pi[]\f:'t~

    "'<1. LOr-

    han 'D.r- t'hill!' Unu~cl! N ations (FAO)~ i1],I!Il:b<ld N'aHD.rri:S::nr~:tlT'] naticnal Sira:~~gl" fu,;r !Di~8~t~['Rlsk R€d:llctkm (UNnSlDR)~ Uniilie.d N'~,t~.{I1U: En'lfironIM .. j1!t rograllline (UNEr), U'[ji~~d. eP

    N.;

    __ _- osi!)'(Utili), KWw".,,,,,tyIKU):_11

    "'.,

    Ja:pa~ (M Ul)
    i[)(f' Mil'lll~itl!'r'5!).l

    M~:!1ii)~!fY'of FQ;pe~gnAffuir.!'l, Ita~y, ]t:;!!HilITL


    (P,tt:~~t1:eitey of the Couaeil on~:nviJ:'on:O!l!e:rIi~: of th€ Slovak :~I!;-

    cu'!!,u.i roteetion Department P


    Mirlil:5!hy

    t'h]~.5;(!,.5:5!io!IJ.1;IIi [~ti:e'~'

    ,S~:;;~U

    of Intent t.O p~'Omo~ fl)l!f'lhef j.:;d.1l!t g:lob8i1 :3!~tivhi~J'l i~ d]reduetion '~IIJ,.(:I! risk p:t'e'l,i\~l1It~Ql1 thW'll,gh ~~St[lellgtlll~ ~n~ng f!!'~<fr.ilIircl-L and l~iliI['ning On, ·,E:LLrih S~"St:e:tmIRi:51~ .A:nnl:y:
    :SU-:;,~IIj_n.iI!blG

    pl!:.lblkl ,MIi~i~tlFy of r'n!'irl~'O!!lrn~'l1lOf the Cz~",.h 'I~~puibHc~ ' N:iJJHCiHru Ern,~rgen,e:f Milfii~ge.:i1"Lem A.,g;~H.eyor Korea, Sci{~nlt(: CO!i..iin"tE~ of ~':LLp':;1n,SCJ). J:apUIi'J 1[J:t~tn;;1Hc.n~t.l { Coopcrntlo:n ,A\!;GtLGy UlCA)" lnh~ttLllitionil;~ Union of GGolo!!:':l-., cit SdeillQ1i!ij; WJGS}; Ac~d~J1tY' of FOn:!t)~·;WQQd :and Jj.llIvi:r{t·1.liIitrflIi..-:t'lt~~'~:pan,(A.FWE)~,t1n~ Iapan Landslide SOIi:~t:~r OLS). The HD.F!lot.iJry CnauqJct-li<o:m, .fOIr t'tiiJ4!' to!lJln:clI-tllb~c di::;.·, ";:1ll5~ii,Ji.nW'oli!'~i!! :$ljIlVi;!;no iH~leE-NO ([}iret.;;tOf 'iJf ,[}NI]SJ)]tJ~ Hcsny m~L"br.i.Y-~A~s:ts:lffi,n:t Dieeeter-Gen .. ral of :f.AO), e 'W~jM~rERDEiLEN {Ass::L!:tmlt J:r.ee~mI.iGe.nera~,ofUN.iESCO), D Mii~H!,i ],A,RRA.TJlD (SlI!'crll!!,!Ii:rY'-,G€'rilu81 o,f W,MOh BInd ,K~·lI,!!!O OIK]} (PH!:sidellt 'lJf K1J )1. "jj',ne Ch~ir]~en:Q1U ''Were

    ,:;,U$alfl:di

    KH;5UtGt M.a.tLl!I;g,~m,Gnt'iN ithi:n '

    th.;;:

    fr~J:Dl!i!wll;i:t'.Ik Q'I'~h,~~Ulli~~d

    Nati{l<1l1~'inw.n'latiQ'lnl Stlr.aU!:g,y fOf Disas t,{:f Risk Redueticn' {[S,:D:R}ii lUy ,gll)'btij, p':a.!"1n{:f.s~ TJN:E:SCO~ WM.o~, PAo." UNU~ :l<CS,U~ 'w-rEO. Ih~ :L!];ttliit oJ'
    [nt~llt carl! be ;,m urn hr!iUIa. :f-or IliU,l:nl.t:l!lii:~ws of Ellirth-sy:s-

    f~m rhk N,do~ti.j}ll. It 'Wm!~, approved and ,g;t.l)ba~, takeholders, as sh ..)wn in :~:~g, s l 1..6.
    B8<!ili!d on tih.u!i, Letber
    ,S.:L0 111, was

    si.g;ned. $ev.;;!~n by
    discus-

    'Univ.;;!,t's,ity in 'El)kyoDiOn .Hh20 J:i'-mu~~ry2.00>6, itl order to E!Xa1:1'll1111e the glebal plan l't{!',i~~(Ihtlgesearch and leariiluH,g on landslides r

    (I,rgtllITuzed'~t~ ,tllt ljni~~,d~ atiens

    of In:bm!,

    00 und-table

    Hans van GINKEL (R~;c~'(I1'of UN'U), Y(lsn.1aki :OCAWirTA


    (D:L[Il'"ctor of: D isaster: :P'["I:c'!lll!'ntlDn ,R~su["Gn
    IrristH:uiJl!' of

    £1.c'ifJ.!'lop:s. :Such hEisFil c'rus~f!:tli, s,t;lj!llJlrln,g down tooa common herlzon ln manj, dof;l$~ly' i:!!dji;;!IO~[it or
    as t]llie m;u,d.:;Ud!l.!"

    ~bt.;;:h
    ~C:ili[,r.

    htt~~::~::~b~,:trin;iHE~m.:~~:!:·~~~~~l~~
    !1J:nd. the illit.[llietic

    superimposed mudslides, might b~ the reason for the (i,oc!iJJ['renCli!' o£ h~d:dI~ng-;;:;oill.ttolltd l,an:d:s.:lid,{".G wliu.!'r.C·flillr-

    Qf' '~he t;:e.;;::ti'OH tlli~.Red, 'em=[ bndt;:lide. In {!if the Up,re,t part of ~he' .r(gliJ:~!IO:'. b eth ~he' 1'fi1ain laadslide
    CIBi,}.9~

    Th~:5 :!.i:lhJln~.it1:tli :l:;. inu:5t:rn~.c-d ,un. Fl,g. ,2" 11 ~ w'Etu.;:;h is

    ,ill

    :5C!ii.[',p'breiJI,k

    (Ju.t.

    ~n ,ffi]ut ~tDljJJlicli

    .... i.lIldI:V]i'l .. ".~,


    di,p
    :5iJ.il:rfIllCC,

    . W~d.

    - ..

    eVy',. .,

    cA

    [ndG~d!~ iItI.!lI!di1>hdlG cascades

    appear

    c.ap,uible

    prcasion

    ,of decrease

    In IGlIGi

    ]1:i

    GOCMIic ei-, :;r~ Jlnlislk§ lijlownl~;a!·t;M.'}""~liQiAA " ' ~~;: .. z.s~~~:,a'~~mMt.n"


    c

    of cutting down '~l1.wliLgh. ~ll'tucany any ,s,eolo,,sy 'uf th,e-y v ;'!,~~ active enough,
    ~~m;e.~ '. ..'

    th<i1'main slide JJJIiO-V<ii! ment ls the breakout P;j}SitLOfJ. of tlile ~11f.ifhedc sc;'!,rp m;ay b~' in
    ( ~Ig~

    -5h~~. ~I ~re. All. i!:';:iiiliGd, 'h:rrwG'I/'~['~ wh.t::n dewn-dlp. P&~~lI"n~ti'V~~y;


    ~.

    un

    '. :i M:~:rDmigjCaprnCK

    landslide), 'Ih..e :g,~:a'ben:Uil such a ease, if it In'LlIf still he

    http~iiWitWi6=iiifin,~1iet3!.Om:l~:!t:,~·{ .''. [~~ UtI i'i"i;!J.·.;lmeel'V:J~f,Slon . G oon


    ever, the bulk of the s:Hdlemass 1:[',ilIVeh In a d.Lf{e['~:i.'1!t have
    @xt-~n,dl!l!d thi:s: ,co[',r~~.:aluoill or coastal f

    BI!}d1d.in.g,~,!xl',ntt0ned ;s.li_ps<ui'f,;1;;::~s,espeeially

    wh.,ere ,di.ps,

    called

    :;1

    graben,

    is a s<eIHij[,iJjt-e,~ya~k·,(ilted mass of -S(l',il h

    d:U!l"i!ct~Ci;n,;p.lo!!1g; t~ e '~~T!!e IDf t~ e 'lb~dld:u!!1g;1 1lI1l1d,tin eifii!: h;[!L!i, to Ibe an accorn modation dfsplaceme n~ b,eitwe.en.'~lli~~e'

    S;()ILl!thea!i:~ R;d'~';[!Li!ll"

    A lim

    ited,

    1lI1l11011.~tof e1<;,ped~r.!a

    tW(i

    :m],- ,r P'lUI;I' ... fth,e.!!,,1~~it1.e.

    , .' ~.n~I:II_·I~~ca~p.. -'rH~n~;tt at'M I)


    f!).~.e' mo:rphology~

    rI!'t

    T.l)'tmn tlli.~,~!!hi .' d.il' ,_09 :' .@'II""0:6.···


    a,ppe=

    g,e-~'tG: that t'ne he;ad-'t)l)-'~:Q e dist.;!:!ilii;:~U:

    i'l lIe

    6;(W[- '~.

    d. c pu.~I· .he ,oourir'~sc~rp'~'i~~[-dfJ :tt"'oe;. ' il'W'?I.y [lI'utli any fl!~.tg:r.aoil.liIJ.-r] t t'~~,~ a h~iild of the slope, G['.;];bc-:ns in landslides tBlkc th,!::ir ~'hil![',ilct.cltistk ,DiIiIQrpholo gy (iF:L!!:'l:5" 2;,,12 ,B!:mi 2.13) from. the ;c'Iru,s,iIl.ge-s in d

    .Ior·· (se ..... <ltT wh." iI\i ;"1<>Ih.

    ~:an,d!slidil!'.s, imi til!l!glonger wher-c the

    ~na,'heJ:l~It':r'

    .!I!'S.... _ iBp ~A
    gG DrrLif!'try

    o"~'Pit~.\I':1L~ .• \.tlWb.UII ~

    In.'.

    ~1td ~!:mi!:I)f.Il,41'.sS th.-e 'he mo did £'(1![' g':[!1J.'bt:n 8:~, (1991)


    dntlil d

    dill n~,opl(!'d. iby Cr'll.duJ Iil t

    :L:J~~:-:::1I::=~is=:I~ri...os1 tioJ GOOl.' []1@rtiftB-M~~W Iq.···.• ,,3.:.


    '. '. ii.'!~1' fi!jl, 2.'11" Ske~elh C!i'O~~ ~e..:=~ijOi1. ,of tH-ilT! ~~'iib~i1.-I.yPI! ~omp(j"iH~d 'I1:!Ii1.d~Uid~ :8~::l«! d. CUiff;, Dorset

    fha.t i:~:wa.s P'(i;S s,ible 'W ~~tilJJ'IIt;E!.!}e the ,d~pth of dliili!' ::iIip .surface, from the or.igi.tli~l ,gr.lDund surface, using the :~IIU·

    gi"OI~'
    '0 'ihe

    'r~,n'Mtw.n;'! ~

    .••.

    l!Iiiml·~·:~.

    b••• iI, on

    O'ij'~'

    tiens G{ U!:t1i small 'eftS'IBn:·· y S,Il!!r.~ceW:i1is, ~.pr~~xJ.m;a',~

    L 1 times the o!i:'igin(!l~. 'bell width, Ibsen and ,B-:rQimhead gt<-'l (19!l~) have @x.t!l!'!Ildiif!'dI, tMs f~iI!:M r~l::ituoI1l:s:'ili.up b €:h'!lif!'@:mi
    gra.ben \,!,1'~d:th and dil!:,pt'h t(J· slip' s:urfaci!!jwHh a.ddituon'lIil

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    lPas·iitiofil of evel'1itlJ~~ slide'


    ..

    .;::on.tr'!Jol t"xA:::rtdd. ~y bClilclling On :s~ip :5Utllatc l!')..::nticn 'i!1, el)" ~'~~a:t'ly ~~~n v l!!ilil!!;!l'e '~ihe <5lip ~iJ,iIl'i&Lce!1' [p~'ri;'h~d ~p~ in the ~~olPofr. Perehed ,s,y:s.!i'.t:cms: b!l1dsJ.[d~~ are rel.:ili('!];di to 1)( thl: of! GCWI['r,t,nce of .a '\'!I'!:::llIk 'fu,>i.,clI 0.[' 'bc,d:i {tiA:iiilHy ,days} in The

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    weak b~d; cnnd.~,!5in.gl~ p~(t'cllled. ~Hd~ appeers itl 'tb41' ~1{j!p<i;!'S. Even wh,er.-e the elevatieu ef the weak 'bed. is '(ii,nl), ;j! little

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    '.' ~_e~noli!i!lth '_.,~·~X,~~I~J m~,y'b~~CCUP'l@ ~,'bra,_ ~~ r~]!r~,P'Oft Z:O 1"1. Ii!' wh~fe fUiJlI,jl~~i.din;goeeurs, iPf,edo:mifi;'l:tlil[Y ri!li'~
    .;i;Ur:::l.to the ~~lttlilin :5il-Ij!,pC~ iiilflilliltl! ~c.~r;i:m.till~tilLm' ztJt.f,ti(. The :slld:~!i, m.O!' also 'DCGIIH \'!lith b8~::ldiIl:g dil.ppi[J,g i!llto iQ,r'[)!ll!i of -

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    data and refir.dn,g '~he re~:i'!;t-uon~tdp lI!!~al11,gfurther ~,g res-

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    :mc!!!~ w~ik beds, ~_hi3jy :may be

    (If the ,~~nth~i,J,e_m:::l,1f be fQu,nd. A~t~r;,n:lte.Oy, dll:r

    wid~ly $:rJ<?!~~,d;:hl which case :S~]??!l'il!~e Ibe[j:clli~IJk~s.y';l;~~m:]; Hl;)), be d th.",' dO. ~,-.~.-, :ri'{Il~~.t1~u~~~~~·.m0~t "s,

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    da,y ib i:!as outcrop

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    'urp~,r s-y.stem. This is moot Hk~~ywh:e~ the slope is not

    ;SiJ.iIbj'!!'Gttn 8dF~1'Jl! Ii!IO!i:UOn. at. its toe, because thl]! P!rDC€:;S of alb D"i!'e the o'L"eTaH to;J!' of a. ;!ii~ope~, 11l1idrail1i@;d! :~oa.d!i:ng {Huk.hi:nl.'io'l1i ::m.d!Hna:miB!!rB ~,9TI)leach 'to hli~roli!,a!'i,e;d;;I,clivity ~h~ IQw)!;!:t' 5hlpet;; :and! J[--e'-e:__)1;PQt;:~:r~ LJr.iiJi!'g.];, r.r.H,Jir~ [poli!'rdloli!'d1t!:atigJr;!l.pt:dcany'-c!')li!tro~[e;d! 'biJi!'.!:l~'h~~ ! (Fig • .2.1.2) m.iIy <'I,p,pe(J:~ ,Un. th~ slope, T.he- control exerted {If the IIp'p'~r slide break-out p-1).S.itUOI~. ~"naoma cases, it i8. i!l1:f'€J'!re-d! that ~h@:r~ a:r~ tt'i!lO ''i-c'i€a.k by t'he be-dld:i,mi£mli ih€ .5~ilPsurface '~ocati.D'n iti VHf de~ ...r l l;aryrll;!:L',!'j '~!!1 '-'l'i:ng'~1l;! g;f;!il;iliJ;l<gka~ l!.II[Lit,~ ti,O t'll!;P:~:'~he li'~;P a !i:urf~il;~' it;; !1>e'e!!1n thi~ case ''IIihe'o !be ~!!'itkal bedding; ~l)I!lff~~ i are wideUy sp;;.:Lced, the nI:tili! of erosion is s,l)Lcn as to !p·re~ iSterp-~d.'Wh.g~ehon:hQ~.t:,data is: used, and the bereheles and it ,litrfIuy'I.pr{~ilit tnnt th~b!'lsi.'d dicll~ $u_d-i10~ ! "i,1'(::nl: the' !:'''CC!i.iim.i:i;~F1:ljfDn 'Oor de'Ir,;[,~s.In these 'C~$!!!S .• th.'~ ].<lJIl:d- -ililt~ w,(dely spaeed, :iE anrelatnd 00, '!b.td.dumJ!!:,:" Thi:., ~$ plll['~k:uJiI!rly marked wh,(:t,~ ,:.hcll.t: mo!["phO:~o!l;Yf~nows th.t: :g.~[JoID,gic!Jl :a~ud!J.rt-~ofllt.rii dll~ b~·ddi[j,g dip-~ into '~h41'$:~o:pe. PiJ.~eKilmiplili!,;!!It the R{I'U~S; d!li!:p~cth\g.~ .;;t(!~p'ped p;;:l:t.t~:rJl,; :1Iyt'Im.ri:'~. ,lttg[o.ni:11 dips h~:V(: !'I. eomponeer iti!LilJll.d. the A'~lhough, hmslopc8 are low ,iJI!Jjgtofrd in ,litrfIootI')f B:rittl.LIl" 'lilolp'~ [1~I.I~i~bt::> of.3l0 rn <D.F' :mo!["t:.are ,;::llJmm.'[Jo,mJ~nd ~[hi1!::ijt!" B.'ltiii a !j,uffid€T.I:t kJ· gl.¥!!' :dS.8 ilc, d-~€IP-:S:!Z2ilt1!'dl :~l!incllsl:L-d!€:; where rn<ast

    erosion anacks 'the (4)0t (j,f those elopes, Hmli~Ore:s r.i~Ir:),g to over WO' rn ~nh~:~~JIit be the 1©,eiJJIjon (Inai1!:~t~Cil~e m;ty 18nd:~J~,d:~sl' parhc;ul:uly "iII:ne',rill t'ne' ;[:l.B!Yb eds !JIut,c;~'Op tow<U'd~ the foot (j.f the ~~op~. A~f.en']j~!t~.'l,ilely; where cdtLctl!~ day beds outcrop ,h:i;ghe!i:' in the slope, one or iIi.G~ p-e~h:ed .striltigr.,a[,h~c",l1Y·i!XI'.i:1ftmU~db enehes m(J-Y' :a,Pp,g\j], r,

    SHp :S:!lI!['f13iC-I!'J.> 'o.f ,s·o.mif!' coaatallandslides break out in the beach (1b1i1!~,e fitilu,re or "over-ridden" toe :rJ<o~itiQld 01' at thii'.!junction of '~h.~, erosion plL1i~l(iinl'i.;litd, slope ~t<(iief~:nu1le
    or 4i!f.lI.IiniOlU~;We

    p-oo~.tion). Classie examples

    are the m"'JQ1t

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    IDfIj,!II!'r

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    The 'Hr!!rll~ :~s.y lBiill.dI:;,Hdil!'S~ !I1mmhl!!ad (l~n)~show ;EL1Tii~h~re8t~n_g facet of ib·e·~;jL 'fin e fffl'e!l! '~;ajo!f ·~;;i]~d..... Wr:

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    .'. . ul!''Cl -,-, .. ." ... '. _ '...

    ruid~rof;!:Lnlll?!J:.1i~ij: elliCoulIlteJ.led.

    m,or"

    by ~~op;e· ~t?!bmz~:ti{illi works dea.1'! -,., :e(ldin,g~'''r!(.iU~}r] . '~.'cl!''e the ;UtLiiJtiO

    _. '.. _' __ ., .. - " - __ .. :P~I1i~'$

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    "'. .."

    > ~'.~~;llid~ I. $'~ wh~J:@ fh~ J~l1~_IOU 1~~'"..'$·~rri,~~'$ bI41~~' tIi~£ ~~:~~-~: ;I~~ ~;r:i:;iD~' 1l~.~12~~~i~~ ~ .:;l~ep't.~l,1)Wsea ~t:·vcl (Boll·.;jJ;;:;on, am,I~[n(bli.d.'@). nl.'~ ,Mi[,.;jJfi],jlHr 'F.Ift' 'tb;; ~lli;;km.i!~~~, ~~-.f'ijill.lJ; ~It¢.~~· hl ~h.~~;I..;h ~n landslide w:;i;S a flt!:t ~_Ultl:!:: !I";.ai~11.iI:rr. in i953" iiltLdIamtcmpo-

    ~t~[jM~;g~

    M'11)1 of t~ smallar I.Ild.s:1id'c! .• R.. p,im"Uy .M., of ...

    . . t6,,,, t.,~a t'l»(:~5;


    able
    liD 11:1~b

    tU¥Lll\we~'W~

    • !I.~I: 11)1;["ITIi'kWJl~hIs'iIJblr,

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    ". .' .~.

    wns a !S~,glllific<lnt imp:i!iCt ©lliwhat passive restraint th:,ite'W' , , u.nti- . ", I' site ,W~~fi~~bill~(:~~.96'9.. " ,,-11e ciltf s ~.p:s~rkce p(lsl.ti(l~ !;ow' sea level, and lhe rapid coastal retreat there ,has. left
    ,~ltli_

    SG8,lsvel, ilM'l:O!lJ!g'h ~hGiI d:l2"pt'h OW,HiS. !IJil!"vcr' suff1dGnt t.o ate ol major :p~ssiv~ ,li'eG:isti1r.i:~. II1l?!Xhlie erosion aad

    ,c;~ili-

    C'XCl~p'~. ,un h~ooks. This GOI1lJt[':a!its wlth thiE" lEllrgt!":r' :i8:nd:s'ildGIi-~ w:hc:rG m'IIiS;5:i ~ ib~ooo ,D.;f~a:ndiil:ippl::d m.9i~u~2I1 m.B.o/ iriI!t2Iln h'3, ,o:r~gi.....

    s.~,~ce~~i(),~

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    :!ojJ.

    "1[",",,,,' ,,~O . ',•..~U:OUIA ,..... '


    !I~' . '. s;t~p as ,~~ a
    ,f .. ' , .••

    nal ap~li1Ii'~1:toe:illlldlsuecession, 'Wher,e the slid~s are of diei" the di\dj'

    I[](f "~p:~8n€ld. 'Dff"·lEIIlldiilicil!E".5 in the fD:li~s~h(m~~ whl!"!OO" t'liU!]" a:l'e dearlY''!l5t;ible at ~I[]'!.\" tids (Fig. 2., lA·}.. ding--.CQI~trnll;e-d basal

    scars

    ~ d~r,~ ~l'~',i'M©r~!f'<lIfiI,.eH ,'f,~tmi?~, oaF,peait'Sf.ito.~, tilllie to t~m~],~ild. 'will ib e recognised in. l!b.'@ field! or in terrestrial phl)wgi!'<'I.pi~ (r-,ig. ,2.:15 - i.l Ib~d!~
    reiil.tI::!i~

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    •• 001 'h~' •.i'J3~~
    21- ~., ." '.'

    ~1lrJ!a!"" f o

    ::II

    compoundl Iandellde in

    the Ill,pidly-~roding cliff$ i;!!~ F,air'light iii! SI;l!!'i~e;.;JIt is :r;alr~ly if ,g~:r L:iJ!f.g,e' enough, to hI]! identifa,fr.d In an ailf. iPhCit'!}g;r<'lph 2.1'1 Hutchinson (19&.~) discusses the problems :t1!5;g{id~~dI 'with. 10'Cjl&llflg sUp ~utfu,"(~ in pH"t;~boreholes MJd sed samples,
    it .ciJlIll!MIbf: 'uf ,II! shadow 1.\'"8;.5 cast] ~i~;(:f;! !;:l,(lffki>e'li!t fOf1i!/,31Ir-d projeclio!!1 to b,e ~1!;!~1i! '~Ilould re.s'ult in tili@ coU~p~e of ~he We of the s1idl~11111!~S whieh Ibe~
    (aH~(]ugh colTic:e+'1";3ibly
    jiD;g.

    ~(im,po~~d. iQ.f ,r,le'bt,[.sis w~~.k !i1il,dttl

    !il

    '''~duiill.

    extent

    H'm·,.j'C''j,f(:t~ 'fu;!J:\t,lIilltOWIt !IJ(f a ll-!:dd.[IfIi\;-cOtLtt!lUcd ~lip. :5:!IIIr- ll!lcb ctlhcs:ioitl_. th~ fu~ m~b'e ,~.... l~,fu: fl~O'llili'~hili!' m'l,}'rphdogy of the slope '~11,}'1lie. A ruIi'~jQ:r 'pr{ilbl~m. with !)'ltudl~.of;!~ these ~Q;;:L.St~l of landFor example.the leeauon {l'fbrb.fidillg~Qo:ntruJH.c::tl. 8lid~itI.g,.sTIt~ .sHd!t:~ ls tn:;1~:it is ,d!iffi.<:uU ~il) '!.?l&"W' thern from ~ suitable fatt!-s :p~rc:hcd. ~1fI,,iIJ t:l'D!.P'~ EiI!Ii EiI.ctiw laffild:5.1k~D t";r'li-tcm. can in IitLgl:~ te iJ.!II'liclcFSi:alflil tih,~it morphology. Sm.cctcot(;o,pic' 'i/li."rbe!" jdil!':nm±fled, '!li~uall:r; CJ'c!a.r:~yj'fo:r ;!i~O_P€S, covsred in '~1);lget8,- IUG8~, :[1:p'hDi:c1!:';:r8.ph~.11:a:~ h€~,pj''but. of!:~m :~r!!'l!"d iii tra.u!I1dl 8 " .!I d·,!! '1-.." ,._' non, or gr~!l'~If d.e,gt'?!f;,!!e'<lIO;!'!, .' coverec .JI' lill d. eons, tms ,I~ not eye to il1lterpret them, B;jJ;we-veli", low-aagle oblique il!!i_1i' posslble, Furthermore, S(~nt:e '~h,e outcrop ,1):[ the Iine of tn~ ph.;!)t0graphs d,~~r.lr r.~ve~l th.e details {jor the (llI,!'eraU morphl[],Jo,gy ,Bind! in m8:nr)t ;[".:tIi!iiJ!"~l' ~hG 10 C;lIit~O!l1, of the ib!r~8kc!u:t, dip' surface is. O\n or near 8, ¥!!d~G8~, filil1:'e'" 1m:m8Y be id'!mti,fled most ,e~~il:Y''vhl1!l~Uy in tlli@ :~,~M; or on pho~og;Ii'~,p,hG;" pcsition 'Of thii!' beddh1l.ii!>cooltroll@ciI. dip surfaces can be id.e,ntifued. Th.e d(l!pth of ~dip t";;m~r~~ the s.~~,de ass nMly in m Obllque ,"~l' b.'o'~\i)g:r~ are b~st: vell.'tic~l ,ph(ltJOgraplu! p phs are of lin~e use 1.:t1l .show~i1gthe detail on vertieal filC~8. llilso hl2" '~li-m:lm,!I!k'cl! from tliG g[':a'bcn ,g'l2"om:l31lry~

    Gc~r~' an Elnrbo.ru MiE (1977) La!llldsUidlin~ nla-1I(g 'bood:in;g pill!l1l~. Eil.t1.~~ ,A:ssoc ~'nt :811-$ GGoU 16:t1'-1 Hnroo:rn ,ME (l9M) ',['hI:. :[ll'!e.r~ !p~~h of L'.lIn'cl:;[jd~'shear :S!AFf~~:; ilil.

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    Bromibiiflld ,EN (1~7!l' LI![§:e ]!JjDd&I~dcs :in lonilon
    c~~ ,ilt ,H~m~' il!iI1Y; :Kell!t.Q ~',b~ Giool. 1. ~,:2g;1-~D4 Dro:lMh.ead KN, IllM:en M-,L, (2(lQ4lIl.) B(!ddlin.~-ooortro:i~ed eoos~al.iaruildbde;s. :in 300thii;lQ:;t Dritrun AN:rnoIllJlfu! E!1llidl ~.Il£Thames

    CH: {Ui4ol!} !l]im. ~~j~'I'I"".r C~JttlliiiWi' and OOi1bankm!J'nlt.s~ with ~hp~.in tha wodoll C1I1i¥,.O[IJ ilJi.e ~illGi of 11h:~ London !JJIJI1J Crtl)idolli R::I!ul'l.\llJ!Y. MimI!~;:':; .Pr·Q'; .hLSt ci'!l .l::ngn ~; I ::1i~-,14~· HI.l~ctui!l1t!?orJ :~N(HiG9) A D<\roD~id!iil'8~ioll D~ til€; coastal ~9:rii~00i€';5. :ill: Fol~.:;tQIil.e V41F~n, 1Ke.1li~.,G~h!;:dImiqu(! 19:i5-lS
    :OGGO(J1iI~ of SOaT.I~

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    :~:tggi.fli§. KG (oos.). A.riI~.(j!lut!~in :gt!o~)2~hl1~eal.:!n8i!1,eIJ!t'~Ei~ . t:b!? :3b\m:ptOFl. Cooooroo-Ge. Thomas ThMurd, :n.ml1doo, 2, pp i'89~!102 Elro:liI1Ib~d EN,. Chiond~i?'J' :El" Hutt:Mllison IN 0:1)91) '['.b~ [iNiIlll!t hisM ro.rv 3M, 8)?Ct.t:!M[~i~~,I10f .a!il:d~~itJI!1, GOill!' CI.!iit~:h~1! ef 'Wi,~bj'_ at

    bctWollC:ru

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    ac,cu.r-

    post-faileee sh1,ge, the mobilised $C\iI ,~'i1~·scan !~ye:t'lii:iLiIO'I.ny move over the slip surface Ev:en, if ,imrn,~(h·, ;O!~:€!~J" :!lJrte-r fau!u:r;i! thi! ~;ELI1id!;H,d!e mill.!" ~l(,pe:l;5e'nce ::Ii .5:t:I:'DlITig

    rim!s in me [pTe-bil'l,J:r'E;!~~3lge~Wh05'i! fulal ,effer:;t ~$ th~ formarten Cif (I, shear SUf.-:f(l,og, (11%,,) called slip or ,slldlng surf'!;l,.::;e, ~tLti::rlijjl, tr) thii: :5h(:!il:1t wlie. Ur-d!l.!iI;iH (2QiD:2) :3ina~~e~ thlfi!' f'(i'['m~,dO'!rJ .of the 8he~:!;" ZOI'.i.~:~I'.i. th.-e case of i:tl;[L1~,'te slope, ;S:hovdng tha,t is a.';;:!i;::QJ1t~ p:;:lIfd~d by :rotilil:h.:mvf tnt, p,riIilCip!il stresses !i'L1il{], .f'OIr,AfI-ilitiOIl, of minor Shdi!J:r:o. (S~Gm.:pll!Jo:n :~96J~ MD.~:gd:ri;5t~lr,mr !lllid!

    ;g;c;:ce'~eu~ionib,e~a:l,J;se''tif brittle

    '-'lgil

    b~h;a¥li,Jr~'eventl,l,al[y i~
    of b oth slop
    I]!

    prog,~Ms,i~l'Y slows down due te change

    :mcH:":P;holog~t and G!l!'nr!!J:"allsr!!,dI BlritHr!!:ne;5s I:rIiclJ!!':x of aoil ([tRH'3i ili!'tt @L199~1~''''iM~ethe !ihe~J.' ~nll;!T]g~h~lg,ng the slip

    'Echalenk,1,) 1967}. As the- direction


    (\';lulut~ pla.nc'"
    tl!"mit sUp
    :L't,

    Fll'ill1dp:;1!~, st[le.~~iIi!"'=: b~o)mes Ol)l1lS;u~te1:tl with the direction of 'ftiheth,eo~ticil1~


    {I<:ff'
    :5iUlrr';3.'G~

    surface '~~pl'oad1e5. t:n;{! residual ¥'~IIVI;{!'.At rssidual, tl:l!!i! re~istiiJj;g. f!Oir-.;:~~~!l):n,g tttu::' s'~ip' surC'<1ee dk::p,en,ru only (in the normal c:f!lj"~(;ti.v,~::;tr8~ amrd. :p'o5:5:ilbly~on ''i!;,u~roliS,c:ff8C t:i. . ;g;~~O,d:;1!lt~d, the d~$placeme[lt :r~f,e." III the flnel $~~ge; with
    .L·It, onee 1l11~[t.L~~ioil1 angle :lli!1iSattained a
    :S:~op'c' mo'!ltmc:I:'I!!,]S g01,l',i!"F'tlidd. ~'.i:tcS tant Yt'Ii,ne, iby~h~ GY'DHt; blllhi:r1i';::c 'b1li'tllldllin and msi,s,tl:ng ,1f'olJr'G~~ bildmi~ i:h€ rl!'..-s'I1H: !i~id:-, of

    P'!IIr.wUi!l to the :groulid ~urf'!;i,t~~ EiI, pnrsis~v'~IIl.tu8I~y :furms <Lilia sJ'{)P~ :flldhH'Il!takes

    d[",u.... .imi~ f)[]!rG[:

    place. This occurs simuh~,ne(i;!.1~~,Y' @Up;r,.]l1IftS oi}:rthe :r;d~: in ure p'l:iJin,~ b~CiJ:Il!ISleof llnir\i)l'nt~ty of the state of stress, It-I.e
    iliicknlil~s, of:

    ing along 'QJhe surface and '(iii Illte[[,r:J.al~;tr~im; ~l~ig_,:'li.2). sUr .slipp~n\g oeeu Its: ~ry time th~ residual st:llength is: mobilized '1I;~on;g: sheer nill(!"
    ;5

    till!!!" shear :;,:;o:nlil ll!pEnaS, d

    on.

    i:h€ :LnlItLIIII,.::;t8.tG of
    'va:I:ILI!~

    urface , for

    :LrilStlliiI'JiDI!" Wh@IlI

    iP{]!;r€ iPn~!>--

    stress and on, il1:r,~ shear strength

    i[)(f,!'i,C(i~: f'O,:ra, crifical

    of the coefficient of. ~i1r"~h p[l.'o~.sSIiJ['I~at rest, it is lliil; ~I),b' hugh values of OCR it is q ulte small; [Cit. &m.:ilJU "IfalljJi~8,,it is rela-

    a,critical V ...b_l~" Internal strains '~I[I~ caused hy ch;i1r.r,g~sof th~ ,e:tfe;;;ti,v:estress field. and by y,h·H:ll)'nS, ,p&lr~., nomena, hut .Ln,the 'Vl!},,~ylOii~g-t,er,m additional strains can
    sure
    tf;{!:S~I)"!!SSi!l!$

    Ivwso[t !ITh'[. D~dUD~)!'T ItP {mOl) I1krw of~rillb1,Y' flll.lidi:ood. grOllllillbr masses across three-dimensional ibIliln~lIIi, ~GlIlophys ~i]"~ : 106(.l3 ~J~}7'-:5:;;2

    Jonoson

    AM (196~) A

    mD&~

    ('Of'

    i1€"hr.i:s. flow,

    iPh,D, mS~!Nt8~iDn
    FRe:m.1rll,

    Ps,

    htt'I... P' """"_'.' '. " ',' I. ,.Ur


    "r

    S~at~ II! i,'If.:" .st:8~B col Ii!~~ U liJ'htIil~lJo"AM09].1)) ,f!hfsi.;vj~ (.Iro;;esres ln ,~lJt'l)gy, ~

    G oogle~~..
    1 1

    tienal GaOIN."eI](:(! 1Jrl! Debri~-pl(1,~.,., ~2.!I<rd:; 1:¥l:iJtLg_.wtL'Qm H ,Meilri!!.;ruics, Pr~d:icti\on, and A~.!1rnenrt,. N~w ¥1b.~k,,,ASCE. pp 150-:li~ ]{~,i1!.ge~ f~9j',1.) Itlr.eal'ogr atm.o:l}adti:s.ret'~'lartth:~A~'~.!1',c~ IS oiJ:/Cfl.f-

    ',,-LEi"~

    o~~Lu.m

    eon
    t'-:JI:'N fur:k

    T~bb!!iruu T ;(:NI{I'iJ M~olt<iJl1iit;.:; and C'OUD~iZ'J:m!l'E!Eln~::; ~Dr ikb:ri5. Row, iK:illlimurfiilirulL:, W~O¥.tI, (:illl J:ilJlfln{lse') lli!bhll!:>bi r; a~k,,§IJ!WlJ..~i (199'4.) ~[.!,t!!r,11 d~1Ut,rorlilJi~tL'l:',(Jj]II!n0r3 thlo:: disaster-a pm;.slb.lIii ~JanSlti.o:llI oJ o:riiG,;n:1NJnI!"iI!"'"ilD~', 10: iFrolOOed·U SJi In te![m,'II!U GJNI.~ War il:show- oa Ploe Chi,a ad ~'!Rllnd atiens fill tiIl.mII n ~IJ' ,n.!lirge Enrth ,Mo'ii(!liIJ;::rut:;,UI.I-M, U. i

    ''t!.jn.wfI',~'(:pe~d.thoorya.f~OOJ1:r':(IlIItd.tIllIVb&In~.F.j,,:"'''''I.h'~i(SJlmod€il.I~~EC~!!l~(:~'): 3J.-42 (ie, ~!1p!lilil~l' Thli;])ibaca'h.ur, Th!Jji.rrillDta, .~ (lSlIn} .M~nD.ni..::s oJ :g.l.'anu'j2l~ flaw ill! inclil1E!d. ..::ti1I1.'bi!'" J ~~)ldli'arIJU :oos't R~\firon Eng ISCE~~5,i-j' I, ~ill C
    ~~P!:Ul.c~e:}

    JQ~JIrJ~\rJfo!>e'~ierJci.l :.It:,III-I:J6

    Phillip' i'''"_''~'G'''~bQt]R

    30-40 30Jbo ThGh.nit;Eill Coooor (.1~9a;) :Rmll~,Y oJ

    ,.

    ~l\xa~~&:M;PWI~nO,' ._
    ;W',di[IJO:I!i~' d~s~€""n;.:in 19!n'.

    ~J Thi'i;iN""'O,"""
    r'
    .It _

    :i~..

    .1011'
    N~t!ll!ri3!.l

    ~"idmodcl

    [Il'roOllediJli~~ InrOOrn.:il~~Dmii~ 'Co~fu,oom,C[l'. iIIiJl1lJ.~, T Hi:Iol1loomo., :lrotbllr-

    htt· n ..bUVI ... ".CUUO '.'~uu~a,"l.~VII[~1 ~""~ ...• " 4,"~RJ"~~"k·,::.!1jtW:~n··"~~N'" .


    :~lEl"a'LIb:5, f:i'!OO 1) &S~QI.\d !i'l!'!.'i~i:t..:!d:~in)~li£atktll;~ ~i:JD' .lIu! !fSJ,pid. :i~Q. . ~la.tLi!l!:"i~i

    pp 1$-17

    (~n hp'~r1,G~e)

    Thbbac&ruu T, ~b,~w~. ~i, SII!1:a-fuko. "1[" Ko.wn:iu K f~OOH lmooo and ~~i:rnmt dli.:s.a6t!ns t~~I:lld. bY' 19!F1l' rili~fall un 'Vi?'.n;n;IiIi?lo.;; 8 :r:,iV!n' :O~i.:s.SI.!1tiN· SdGlrK~"

    &~.IID,pp 255-,2.'00.2

    GooifiJfao&_msm··drl'~<iJ....
    l,m~r of Bducation, Sde<llC8;, $'pot'lra, and CL!lLItL!lt'e,. I8~fli1, pp 64-3~: Talmh.8~ti"ii T (.2DOI))J.r~itia;tLan ar~d! UG'!!f at wt'.i.oml ~.yjpi:!!1 ,af d~~:!l!flW. h~; '~Vl~~'~'~ ;tiF; l\"tJ~!t N[) {~} D~bd$ RI,'f!N ~-g.z:i!,,(!1~!'!i!~i~ gartiom ![lli2(;M.!1iC5:, Pl'i!di..cllQii1, SJEid :)~!lI?S!3n1~r;)~'_ :l'iSlQ~!Jl(!dj!itg.&; In-

    T (lSI}:!;,) 'M~c~ar..!i!':)U.c]~iI!i:'i!Ie:teD'i~tilc!'l'flff ~b7i!l ~.©\it J~~i:' En.:s: m..,.-MCH IMd ~tloJ-11@ Til'iffilr.s;:ohi T ~.:l~9:~.) :[t;e'Orig {jjo:w, ]lalt;i?'Jn(j~ ~btt~!tl. Thk: ..... i2l!l'It!~T (lS!~) .Ml(!j!haJi~!l ;t(f ,![~!li!fli2i5 dr:ihr.l!J: ~lto\it If~: T:!I~iiilfla:shi.

    Thkaba~'h.u T. S~toflllh '~ KooiJn.Dta S' (2(103) .Mialian d ,i3!lld&l~d.lliUll00(;OO ~'bfi~ li'l'Cil,'f,In: Ri~ke[lnl8.llIl1 D. Chi!m! CL (eds.) iDeb:r.i:!i. Iil'm'i ilNiz:a~ds, 1T.1illgilJtia-n: med'ral1:il!".5!, p:oodi(;il:ia-n.:Iln:d. at!lee~.!1Ei'.imt:, [!'ro('.(!ediJl~g Ir~t!!"mil!ha-:mt1. Ca!1hft!m~'. D:lNOS" MuUp[e;ss. Retter-

    da•• ,<lO

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    :!!rimsiaa

    http ~"vntvff.~ebnDlt!:.Ct) nverter :t:ont<3


    l

    Gn. N"a.i!!I!!l' NIJi (-i!d)o !)~ra, :f.lffi!f h~!ru~d.;5.. .Initi,ga~ia[l;: ~eM!iI!i..::!l" m ~l'l!"di;;:~ia!1, and ila~~:affii(!!1L Pro(;et!dl!1~ :~11!1~t'!1.lltiaEil1lUCoofel'~j~~ T~j~~ ~;"IJ}~I!!;!I; ];!'..)tbl,![iI:;iI!'!i; l?,P 6~__g'i' '''hiM t::"~Daido A ,( ~'%5) FIiI!1da.!lThi:!i11:i!1i :!itlildy a!il! Hmd!-IIDw, Bull ,m-

    G···· ·•·•.•. I',e.··.· B'····,····.•0·•.oks D·········1·····d D···.m· o·.·• V,:· .' oo·•. g·· .. ..0·..·••· ·••·..• ···,s····...o··.·:'n·' o,a····.· .•• ••. ,·,e.··.·.r,s,lo· ••.w ·• ..··[e ·
    ...

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    ,'e,·'rt' r .com e,,'


    ~

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    IUJrn,d'r,ailli1ed 'Stre'~~rnit)\\ol
    tD'

    lin IMIII:~I'II ~

    " "nbl_t"'"on"'e''''~'~ ~:nrn ., M\Dill)o~IteIIr.; _Itwfaf Mitiel"llllis


    1m r,aimedR:ing

    :S(hli'ililJI3~eIrn.iti\lidion amd [PD5,t""lfailure Nte'~h~n'io~ [~andsU.de\i, [ :S!he.!r' Tell's

    ,eill [Dynami(-h~:adilli1g fI~ng·sheir 'ilfe,s;t

    ',.!Ir.~~.

    Un drain,ed Stre,ss ..centrelled D'yna mlc ..11oadin g RJng..shear' lest to S,imu ate In'iti.tion and P'ost~fanUllrelM,otion ,of lLandslides

    .... GO······
    • •....•

    Q·· ... .:·~·

    ". .' "'," ,':SUd, ,avJ I' ss . rmi!t:>,. . ..,' '. PI!!T is! il!u box,,', ,Iii ~3! 'Ilrf!' IS [par b rls Q F ~.jJJt h ,Sh£'o:lF d i2tlJllrrurt iIlllii i'n IiJJii d :slidi2S b i2ell Fi;l' fa i Iu Fi2' c OONJ rm~ the if.'iJ:1g:.sh~~if.' :lllpp;:trMIl1S es we.ll
    to 'ii~idl o[ :;t;;'jtic~,EkI~: OO.jJ~di2'llfmil'tio;n during ~~i:.;mk iOildililig ~ and pDs~-falllJre motion of 1a:n!i~ldes coofQrnls to d'Je 'field i[j~ dy~ MIni;: .1J'r!'" s~ud::."' f the ~nitii'J - , 'Of i2~rthqlJ'-lI .iliid'uccd ~-lIliid:o

    •....••.

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    [....

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    R"g····"....g····,,:···js··,·&··· Jl·:···g···".....
    • •....•.•.... ' .. ,.:: '". • •....

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    I1···JO··":··,~··:·d· ..... W" PJ.e, ..


    ••... ,I .. ' . .. '". [ ',"

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    .' [....

    .:.~. (S" .
    ;&II",:Y

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    ••....

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    too

    apparates, because H: ensures


    r

    ,.Hl

    as for the dI~l'ectshear aeeurate detef.l~h~aho.r.

    http:~n"
    pirtlOO

    of thE!

    GO(tgte~Bimlti:~:
    . .~ .. . .. ...
    .

    of ol!)1C~SS POFE!'w-lIitE!r IPlI'HSJl.ne dllllrmgl mnUIJI!li, Me1,,, ,develop' Iilil.enlts, in scie-;m:ecan be f.a.'CilitatedlJb:r new tediTm0 l!l'9icali ad .... ilince;~ ihls 'study almed to de ... IGiP',21 new te;:;dng methiDdi that. can gelJie iN!chliiiC3[ly '!1imulat,e '~betbnmtioo of the SM.3J zooe and '~e fcl-

    " "r

    ""

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    '«t_G~::n;tLm~ad
    r.

    total Il!oll'"ffiI1ia'~ !ih'~8_.s,lI!ctingm1i t'h;(!' .s.o:ii~!i:p~ci:r:m!'n dur: film. 1986),

    ,!.O<~' i~,

    htt"I n~d(I"WWW'.,eDOOK,-con~~~' 'r: ., "~~_~!.~~I.du~oo'lid" ·r~·"d'lId."lg> _'..' fuo, '~~"i:b~t.~ufu_.ljp. I


    .. i~, ~
    'rr-I!.'

    ... lo;p ~n ul!)dr,3~ned stresa-controlled d~a:ffilIC-iI!J9dl~ e Irmg-she'-31r i;!PJt'~r~~!!J~o!ind Its't}e~tlfl'£l m~41)"!1~.~H~li'ifihl$pl,!rlP:o~ ..ThI:;l p.;!per,d~ scribes the de'ieliJpment,a,f this, ies<1ing me~l!Kid;'i!lnd i!t:>, ap;plica~ion

    liJ:b:~::aiiftij~ffifliiii .
    half and, ~.Qwe[' h?M) ~11!lllip'~ehOi!{J;!1l_ ?!ccOmI!11;Od~iW.,!lhe~r; to
    sam eles throueh the
    . _""_~'_'I" .'.,
    D,. '._

    .;~!Ul'!i1W~(: .,1 it:' d l ........ !i11!11iJ1, ,ilIppuratus m,'!)!JII~ 'I. ~ .,;,. ';1,anlJl I!.. S ~]ili.J iJ,.;lrr-e 'll:;-!J':iI:r. 'LUe f.i iii! d b ";";jI:r,ga '9J1'!, S!l!n.Q.31no I .oi" dSendane \ [JO net h 3i..."e t'!N'Ci ( .11 _ ...,. . ,20012, .iI.iI,pp!r:f'

    tak.~~, ,P.~EI!DI! br:: LWcc,n tn!!! ~.pp!:'['lol1ltll!l]~pli1t,!::',I'iI_" ,bonum ![!,.f


    rn.~,~Ib~~:~;,m~d. ~Gl:U'

    ,;? ,[".. _ '


    ';1

    "";'1';0;

    ~}@Iw,e'::::ntwo :rin;(Jl~" Sh:~~ti:'.lit.,:;

    "', ,.'._}iJ.

    u . __ ,

    ~.,

    ... ' .. '

    I:~WiJ;r,d~. Fiil'lgt-:mei!lr"[est.lan.ch.lI:cie d~i!lmlcs" earthquake-lrtd!Kedl lsndslldes, 1,3ladslde'"<1lrlggeireddebrls 'IilO'i.vS" 'urKlrall1ledlloa>dlnQI

    m~s; hov.'Ill'li~r~ t];rls

    Goog ledBOok:s Down Iq"""cs :a!&Ve~1!f;';n •..


    -e.:v:~op-e.,dy .'.;as,srJl ,t " \11. ru:s-e.!d ;a ~{I'lW~ 1,(iina.r;'b.'e'H~ n The ,b'ing-.she(!l:r :~ppLu'ilitns; was. d;g~]g:t1ieil.in~,t]il.Uy to iil,v,e,s... speed control ,mQ;t)i)r~ it could not provide ,ey-cl,ucshearHg(l:te the res,~du;;lJ~hear reslstanee motMlzeptj, .jjJ~ong,tho:::, stress lo,lI!cilj:ng. flrst stress-confrclled d'y.mla:m:[.(;-load!s Th~
    I .. • •

    h _1_ d for tlie stU;i,!.1( 'iJ.n .,l ] ,niii! ['m~' snear tj!,pp;;:l,r~:tllS it1l'1eaiso usee or t fu'Lll~ under mueh ~I~~lhe.~ rf.@SlSl!~ and mlUdl smaller speei-

    p~m'lba.hlyPo:SG:S:,milDp~'Oib1l!-Ilt ,f'olJ:r

    ~p... ..'. " ',' ..~!lnrfOr ,

    ~_~JJ:.~ze~, c'~,nLlg~u~~~
    sElndJymateridsy,s,

    :sil,icil:i,ng.sur:f2ic'e' at: la:t'g~ shear dlisp'~a.::~m,i!:nt5, :i,mIa'nd.slid~5, l he;cajl,il~@ h 3iUQ'L!"~ l,JJ,lIi_mit~d. clol;!iorm;atioli! nf th~ specimen, The '~:C;::St iOOflt.LgnruHl).ili, for the ring-shear device 'W~:S ,Un,~ tmd!ucE!d 'wy HVQni~€'Ii' (l93'~'kH '!,I'm~l.~v';s ,d€vk'e' 'roll'"udi t'lhie' ~a:r1tplll;!' ~i;II ibe,gii!1 ~hll!jjL~i~g '91 :prol;!ldefm~dl :~;~;;I,'!l!l! located 010 at th@ s-e.:pat'~:ti{i'lli of '~h,e'I)I!rp,e;r 11!J.1dQW~l' confining ril1lg5<" ~ This. ';:(iilt~pt W!'l~ ul:uli:M'dJ ,ililta imp't,oved. 'by Bishop et ru., (:u 9'11)~ R~Dirt.lh(:acll (19j'9 J~ .sa'';'E!I\!;~ nd S:iI,f't'di {1934,) • Sassa a (]':;i',M); H'l;Lngl' ~ud, MQ<:t',gen$~r,1il,t] 9',a~J;"fib (1 9:8'9'h ~J;ld, G!:'I:rgtl arn!l Seil1ili:1nCi (2iOiD2)" The mnat ',i'(!~~,-kfiDW~n widI~ly.ado,ptcd type ot dn,g,and :shull:' 1II[p[pars!ti.!I!s, '~'!l:as dl!':v"i~o,p€ciI,Jo<:l'nUy b;r sd~IlH15ts, and €iI1ginee.~$ at the iiDpe['it\~ CQI.lege{if sden~ and Tecllil1jo!Qgy {United KingdomJ :lllnJ tni!: NOir.W.e:gian Geot~~hll~et1ll hmi· lutI!- (I3.:Ls'til,c!p 'i!'t. 'II!'~. 1'911). Th€ m;flli!l1.a&vanma.G,1Il IDf iil1~ ~i~St:I,(!P trlPiii!'of dl1lg~&Lliel;u' tll!pl?~nt~~!:];c{lllJlIpar-ed with other p,r-evb ;OU8 liTiCid,eL: W;iS iP"wvidie(l. hy its, iilihility flO, m~~unu~ th~ :rl'i~..
    t~!O:t1! bemeefL

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