Fascism in Colour

Aims

Ashley LEE

Catholics

Jew policies

Economy

Tried to rebuild the Roman empire of Italy in 1920s totalitarian state 1925 Government demands that the schools be inspired by fascism By the age of 4, children had to join youth organisations Indoctrination: patriot=fascist=Love Mussolini Police state: surveillance and spying Abolish socialists 99% of Italians were Catholics church lost its stance, property after reunification Feb 1929 Lateran treaty --> gave church what it wanted reinstated Catholicism (balance of power between church and state) communism < fascism Batican city as sovereign state 1 and 3/4 billion lira compensation for historic losses government bonds committed to Fascism 1929, Jewish war leaders came to meet Mussolini Resurgence of Risorgimento Jews welcomed fascism blind eyes towards Nazis eliminate Jews Anti-Semitic laws introduced in Italy (voluntary) Mussolini thought Hitler's ruthless policy resulted in military strength 47000 Italian Jews forbidden to join the party, army or inter-marry Modernization was essential self-sufficiency (autarky) public programs to transform marshes into roads main aim: war 1933 Hitler: Junior partner (jealous of military power) At first, ridiculed Hitler's race policies Clashed over Austria (Italy wanted it to be independent) vs. Mein Kampf (Austria must return to its mother country) Embrace with Hitler due to imperialism Ciano Foreign secretary (more he feared for Itlay's future) --> secret diary 1937 visit to Berlin Alliance was inevitable to challenge the power of Britain and France Tried to please Hitler by declaring that Italians are Aryans

Relationship with Hitler

Libya Abyssinian crisis Spanish civil war Galeazzo ciano Ettore ovazza

Libya (Italy's colony) violence mass rapes, starvation, concentration 1935 Abyssinian crisis (last independent nation) --> ruthless Chemical weapons Bomb 19 red cross over quarter Ethiopians killed Taking on international order (LON) Popular at home Spanish civil war: 80000 troops to fight for Franco against left wing government Practice techniques (bombing civilians) --> 500 dead in hour and a half Son-in-law at the age of 27 (1934) imitated Mussolini Mussolini sacked Ciano during the war loyal fascist Jew: Very loyal to Mussolini Gestapo officers captured him for smuggling foreign currency led to school's basement all three family members executed

Fascism in Colour

Ashley LEE

Road to war

Personality End of Mussolini

Italy after Mussolini

chopped into pieces and burnt AT THE SCHOOL March 1938 6 pm Austria is no longer independent (buffer state disappeared) Czechoslovakia Hitler told Mussolini that he would take Sudentenland Munch conference Mussolini presented this as his idea Last territorial demand --> appeasement Mussolini won great popularity as peacemaker/ Mussolini unhappy (wanted to be a man of war) Harsher anti-Semitic laws march 1939 German troops marched into Czechoslovakia (Hitler did not warn Mussolini) seized Albania in 1939 (rivalry with Hitler) Poland --> war (Italy not ready: lack of ammunition, artillery outmoded, gold reserves reduced to nothing) Pact of Steel: Italy goes to war whenever Germany does Invasion of Poland returned to Rome feeling betrayed Hitlers Non-aggression pact with Soviet carves up Poland 1 sep 1939 5:25 am attack on Poland, 11am Britain declared war 10th Jun 1940, Italy declared war on France and Britain We need few thousand dead to sit at the conference table north of the Alps -> Hitler Mediterranean --> him Wanted the Suez canal got it Mussolini decided to seize Greece without informing Hitler Tried to invade Greece by bribing Greek generals very little planning and bad weather Greek army punched Italians out of Greece furious with soldiers (human material useless) Hitler had to put his soldiers in Germans occupy Greece and Yugoslavia Italians are not capable of a modern war 400/ 500 prisoners taken by Britain Mussolini in Hitler's hand and defeat 22nd June 1941 German attack on Soviet Union without informing humiliation If England wins, we lose. If Germany wins, we are lost Food shortage in Itlay no sympathy 230 000 ill equipped troops to join the Soviet Invasion anger in military disasters (0ct 1940 Greece Libya 1942) Dec 1942 Soviets defeated Italians 1943 Stalingrad, mass surrenders in north Africa Sicily: 12000 surrendered without resistance wanted to be ruthless (bombing of Barcelona was ordered by Mussolini) pleased to horrify people July 23rd 1943 toppled by group fascist rebellions leader Ciano (family tragedy) New prime minister arrested Ciano Mussolini is killed by communists Italy changed sides September 8th Germans took control of Italy Germans occupied Rome 5700 to extermination camps 650 000 forced labout in Germany Civil war? 1944, axis lost the war 40 000 joined a black brigades group to fight anti-fascist partisans war with partisan led by communists women and children killed war to restore fascism Hitler rescued Mussolini and made him head of a new government in German-occupied Northern Italy Mussolini under German control Killed Ciano

Fascism in Colour
Harsher new fascism

Ashley LEE