M.D. (Pead), Ph.D.

(Yoga Science)

- Yahurveda

He, who takes food in proper measure lives a long life and lives without disease, gets strength and alertness of mind. However, his children are born healthy and without any deformity or disease. - Mahabharata

- Bhagavad Gita :VI - 16

Yoga is a science of mind Helps to control mind, desire & reaction to stress Skilful rather than brutal - Maharshi Patanjali

Ensuring adequate nutrition to our expectant and nursing mothers and to our infants and children should receive the highest priority in any public health programme. Wide prevalence of malnutrition in mothers and children. Faulty dietary habits, arising from ignorance and superstition. Nutrition Advisory Committee of the Indian Council of Medical Research recognized the need. Women in the reproductive age group and growing children continue to be the most vulnerable groups to malnutrition.

Body needs certain essential nutrients for its well-being. Nutrients that are derived from food.

1. Energy-yielding, 2. Body-building, and 3. Protective foodstuffs according to predominant role they play in sustaining life.

Food provides energy to keep the body warm, the muscles active for work and play and the various organs alert to carry out the daily activities. Food supplies body building nutrients needed for growth, while the fetus develops in the mothers womb, new tissues are being continuously built. This proceeds right through infancy, childhood and adolescence. During these stages of life, there is a tremendous demand for body building nutrients that are essential everyday to replace the daily wear and tear.

Protective function. Required in minute quantities. Variety of these nutrients, each responsible for a specific task in the body. If the diet is deficient or lacking in one or more of these vital substances, it leads to derangement of the normal functioning of the different parts of the body, resulting in ill-health, stunted growth and imperfect development.

Foodstuffs form the great bulk of the ordinary diet. They supply energy to keep the body warm and are hence known as fuel-food. A few examples of energy-yielding foodstuffs are cereals starchy vegetables, pulses, nuts, sugars, and oils.

Contain a satisfactory amount of the nutrientes needs to build the body and replace the worn-out tissues. Milk and its products, meat, fish, and eggs are the best representatives of this group of foodstuffs. The other examples are legumes, dals, dried beans, peas and nuts. Cereals also contain some body-building nutrients.

Provide large number of the protective substances needed by the body. Almost all natural foodstuffs contain one or more of these protective nutrients. There is no single foodstuff in which all the different protective substances are present in quantities sufficient to meet the daily needs of the body. This is why a combination of different kinds of foodstuffs is essential in a diet.

Best examples of this group of foodstuffs are green vegetables, fresh fruits, milk, meat, fish, and eggs. Protective foodstuffs contain sufficient amounts of one or more of the protective nutrients so that a combination of them yields enough to maintain life.

In order to obtain adequate amounts of each of the different nutrients, our daily diet should include appropriate quantities of a variety of different foodstuffs. An un-varied diet is not only distasteful but may have serious consequences on health and recovery from disease. A diet in which various foodstuffs are mixed in suitable proportions to carry out adequately the three functions described above, is known as a balance diet. Balance diet provides all nutrients in required amounts and proper proportions.

Food groups

g/ portion

Type of work Sedentary

Man Woman

Moderate
Man Woman

Heavy
Man Woman

Cereals & Millets Pulses Milk Roots & Tubers Green leafy vegs Other vegs Fruits Sugar Fats & Oils (visible)

30 30 100 mL 100 100 100 100 5 5

14 2 3 2 1 1 1 5 4

10 2 3 1 1 1 1 4 4

16 3 3 2 1 1 1 8 7

12 2.5 3 1 1 1 1 5 6

23 3 3 2 1 1 1 11 11

16 3 3 2 1 1 1 9 8

Food groups serves as a general guide to chose a Balance Diet. It also provides information as to which of the different foodstuffs can be substitute for one that may be temporarily unavailable.

The most commonly consumed food is called Staple food. Varies from region to region. In order to meet their nutrient needs, every one should eat daily at least one food item in sufficient quantity from each of the several Sub-Groups

Major Nutritions Carbohydrates and fats Whole grain cereals, millets

Other Nutritions

Protein, fibre, minerals, calcium, iron, B-complex, vitamins Vegetable oils, ghee, butter Fat soluble vitamins, essential fatty acids Nuts and oilseeds Proteins, vitamins / minerals Sugars Nil

Major Nutritions Proteins Pulses, nuts, & oilseeds Milk and milk products

Other Nutritions

Meat, fish, poultry

B-complex, vitamins, invisible fat, fibre Calcium, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B12 B-complex, vitamins, iron, iodine, fat

Major Nutritions Vitamins and minerals Green leafy vegetables Other vegetables/fruits

Other Nutritions

Eggs, milk and milk products and flesh foods

Antioxidants, fibre and other carotenoids Fibre, sugar, and antioxidants Protein and fat

Vary according to age, sex, and activity of the individual. Special demands are made during stress periods, such as pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood, since during these periods, the individual needs increased amounts of Body-Building and Protective nutrients.

Protect the body from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals. This damage is a factor in the development of blood vessel disease (atherosclerosis), cancer, and other conditions. Through by-products of normal processes. Breaks down certain medications. Through pollutants. Antioxidants include some vitamins (such as vitamins C & E), some minerals (such as selenium), and flavonoids (in fruits, red wine, and some teas), which are found in plants.

Free radicals are formed as Part of our natural metabolism Environmental factors smoking, pesticides, pollution and radiation. Free radicals are unstable molecules which react easily with essential molecules of our body, including DNA, fat and proteins. Free radicals are molecules with have one electron too much or to less in order to be stable. Free radicals try to steal or give electrons to other molecules, thereby changing their chemical structure.

People use antioxidants to help treat or prevent some medical conditions, such as coronary artery disease (CAD), some cancers, macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, and some arthritis-related conditions.

Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin E Riboflavin Folic Acid Zinc Manganese Copper Selenium

Skin, eye, bone, reproduction, growth. Stress (spares Vit. E), bone, cartilage. Stress, eye integrity, muscle integrity, reproduction, prevents oxidation of fat. Stress, eye function, skin integrity, muscle strength of hind quarters. Prevents birth defects associated with the nervous system. Stress, immune response, wound healing. Bone, tendon, muscle, birth weight. Immune response, hair color, reproduction. Stress, muscle integrity, reproduction.

Vitamin C Important sources include citrus fruits, green peppers, broccoli, green leafy vegetables, strawberries, raw cabbage and potatoes. Vitamin E Important sources include wheat germ, nuts, seeds, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, vegetable oil and fish-liver oil.

Beta-carotene Carrots, squash, broccoli, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, kale, collards, cantaloupe, peaches and apricots are particularly rich sources of beta-carotene.

Selenium Good food sources include fish, shellfish, red meat, grains, eggs, chicken and garlic. Vegetables can also be a good source if grown in selenium-rich soils.

Play an essential role in the metabolic processes of the human body, but are only required in small quantities.

Because of their essential role, when micronutrients are not sufficient from food in the diet, significant health problems can result.

The food that we eat is assimilated in the body is used for the growth and maintenance of tissues. Plants can manufacture the food they need from simple chemicals derived from the soil, from water, and from the carbon-dioxide of the air. Higher organisms, on the other hand, do not possess the capacity to manufacture food from simple chemicals, and hence they depend on plant life or on other animals for obtaining the food they need.

Foodstuffs may be broadly classified as cereals, pulses, nuts and oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, milk and milk products, and flesh foods. These foods contain substances known as nutrients, and it is for obtaining these nutrients which perform various functions in the body that food is consumed daily by any living organism. The nutrients include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts.

They are present in almost all foods in varying proportions and depending on the relative concentrations of the nutrients contained, foods are classified sometimes as protein-rich foods, carbohydrate-rich food, etc., Oils, ghee, etc., provide mostly fat, while sugar is purely a source of carbohydrate. Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are also sometimes called proximate principles. They are oxidized (burnt) in the body to provide the energy required for the various activities of life.

Together with water, which is also a necessary dietary element, proximate principles form the main bulk of foods. Vitamins and mineral salts do not supply energy, but they play an important role in the regulation of several essential metabolic processes in the body. Some minerals are also important components of the body structures like bones and teeth.

The chief substances in the cells of the body. They form the important constituents of muscles and other tissues and of vital fluids like blood. Proteins supply the building material for the body and make good the wear and tear of tissues, which is a constant feature of the process of life, and it is for tis reason that foods rich in protein are often called body building foods.

Several substances concerned with vital life processes eg. enzymes, which help in the digestion of food, antibodies, which are body defences against infections are also mainly protein in nature. Proteins are one of the most important nutrients and the sufficiency of protein in a diet is an important measure of the adequacy and quality of the diet.

Proteins are also oxidized in the body to provide energy, but such use of protein is costly and wasteful. It is better that most of the calorie requirement is met from carbohydrates and fats so that proteins are spared to fulfill other functions essential to life. Most foodstuffs contain protein, but in widely varying amounts. Animal foods such as meat, fish, eggs are rich in protein, and milk can also be considered to be rich in protein if due allowance is made for the large amount of water preset in it.

Among the vegetable foods, pulses and nuts are the richest sources of protein with amounts often exceeding those present in animal foods. Soya bean is unique in this respect in that it contains over 40 percent protein. The common cereals such as rich and wheat are relatively poor sources of proteins. Considering the amounts of these foods that are normally consumed daily, their contribution to the total protein intake by an individual is considerable. Rice contains less protein than wheat does, but the protein of rice is of better quality.

The outer layers of cereals are richer in protein than the inner starchy kernel, and hence when wheat or rice is highly milled, there is some loss of protein as well as of other valuable nutrients such as vitamins and mineral salts. Leafy and root vegetables and fruits are very poor sources of protein. Defatted oilseed cakes which are very rich sources of protein were hitherto considered only as cattle feeds and manures. As a result of improvement in food processing techniques in recent years, these foods are being made available for human consumption also.

In addition to the quantity of protein in a diet, the nutritional quality of the protein also matters in judging the protein value of a diet. Proteins present in various foods differ in their nutritive value on account of the differences in the amnio-acid composition. Amino-acids are the bricks with which tissue protein is built and replaced and the more closely the amnio-acid make up of a protein resembles that of the tissues, the greater is its value.

There are about twenty amino-acids commonly found in dietary proteins. It is possible for the body itself to obtain in requirements of some of these amino-acids by mutual inter-conversion among the amino-acids and from non protein sources. Ten amino-acids cannot be synthesized by the body, and hence have to be supplied through the diet. These amino-acids are called essential amino-acids.

It is the extent of the presence of these essential aminoacids that largely determines the quality of a protein. The proteins of whole egg and human milk are considered the best amount food proteins and the pattern of essential amino-acids in these foods is usually taken as a standard against which the amounts of essential amino-acids present in other foods can be compared.

The proteins of animal foods such as milk, meat, fish, etc., generally compare well with egg protein in the distribution of essential amino acids, and hence such foods are considered to contain good quality proteins. The proteins in foods of plant origin are not so wellbalanced in their amino-acid pattern. For instance, it will be found that in comparison with egg protein, the cereal proteins are poor in the amino-acid lysine, while pulse proteins are poor in methionine although they are rich in lysine.

Such proteins individually are incomplete proteins. The relative insufficiency in amino-acids of particular vegetable foods can be overcome by a judicious combination of vegetable foods to provide a mixture having the desirable pattern of essential amino-acids. The proteins of cereals and pulses have a mutual supplementary effect, and deficiency of one amino-acid in one foodstuff can be made good by an excess in another, if both foods are consumed at about the same time.

Another factor to be considered in assessing the value of the proteins of foodstuff is their digestibility. In general proteins of uncooked vegetable foods (especially pulses) are less digestible than those of animal foods. Cooking improves the digestibility of several foods.

B2-complex vitamins Riboflavin Nicotinic acid Vitamin B6 Pantothenic acid Folic acid Vitamin B12 Vitamin C Vitamin D

Calcium Phosphorus Iron Sodium and potassium Magnesium Copper Zinc Iodine Fluorine

Protein-calorie malnutrition is particularly acute in the age period 1 to 5 years. Vitamin A deficiency The problem of blindness arise. Anemia megaloblastic anemia.

Minerals

Cereal grains and products Maize, dry Zea mays 11.1 3.6 1.5
Ragi, Eleusine caracana Rice, parboiled, handpounded Wheet (whole), Triticum aestivum 7.3 1.3 2.7 8.5 0.6 0.9

66.2 72.0 77.4

2.0 6.4 2.8

11.8 1.5 1.5

71.2

4.9

Iron

Fat

Name of the foodstuff

Carbo hydrates

Protein

Minerals

Pulses and legumes Begal gram (whole), Cicer 17.1 5.3 3.0 arietinum Soya bean, Glycine max 43.2 19.5 4.6 Merr

60.9 10.2

20.9 11.5

Iron

Fat

Name of the foodstuff

Carbo hydrates

Protein

Minerals

Vegetables & Fruits Tomato, ripe 0.9 Sapota

Pineapple Mango, ripe

0.2 0.5 0.8

3.6

0.4

0.7
0.4 0.6

1.1 0.5 2.6

0.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.7

21.4
10.8 16.9

2.0
1.2 1.3

Apple

0.2

0.5 0.3 1.0

13.4

1.0

Iron

Fat

Name of the foodstuff

Carbo hydrates

Protein

Fibre

Nutrition is a basic human need and a prerequisite for healthy life. A proper diet is essential from the very early stages of life for growth, development and active life. Food consumption, which depends on its production and distribution, determines health and nutrition of the population. Apart from supplying nutritions, foods provide a host of other components, (non-nutrient phytochemicals) which have a positive impact on health.

Among the Indian population, about 40% in the rural and 30% in the urban areas are estimated to be below the poverty line, which is defined as the expenditure needed to obtain, on the average, 2400 Kcal per capita per day in the rural areas and 2100 Kcal in the urban areas. Long-term malnutrition leads to short adult stature, increased risk of morbidity and mortality and reduced work output.

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM), micronutrient deficiencies such as vitamin A deficiency (VDA), iron deficiency anemia (IDA), iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and vitamin Bcomplex deficiencies are the nutrition problems frequently encountered, particularly among the poor. Under-nutrition starts even at the time of conception.

Because of extensive maternal under-nutrition (under-weight, poor weight gain during pregnancy, and nutritional anemia, and vitamin deficiencies), about 30% of the infants are born with low birth-weights (<2500 g), as compared to less than 10% in the developed countries. Both clinical and subclinical undernutrition are widely prevalent even during early childhood. About 1-2% of preschool children suffer from severe and florid forms of PEM like kwashiorkor and marasmus. This is only the tip of the iceberg.

Countrywide surveys indicate that more than a half of the Indian preschool children (1-5 years) suffer from subclinical under-nutrition as indicated by low weight for age. About 65% of them are stunted (low height for age), which indicates that under-nutrition is of long duration. Persistent under-nutrition throughout the growing phase of childhood leads to short stature in adults. About a half of the adults have a Body Mass Index (BMI) (Weight in kg/Height in meatres2) below 18.5, which indicates chronic energy deficiency (CED).

In the case of vitamin A deficiency, up to 3% of preschool children show Bitots spots and night blindness, and about 30-40 thousand children become blind every year. Vitamin A deficiency also increases the risk of disease and death. A large segment of the population suffers from nutritional anemia. It is more prevalent irr pregnant women. More than 50% of preschool children also suffer from anemia.

It is estimated that nutritional anemia contributes to about 85,000 maternal deaths every year and is one of the important causes of low birth weight. It adversely affects work output among adults and learning ability in children. Iron deficiency disorders (IDD) are very common in large sections of population in several parts of the country. About 200 million are estimated to be living in such regions.

Iodine deficiency causes goitre (enlargement of thyroid gland in the neck), neonatal hypothyroidism among newborns, mental retardation, delayed motor development, stunting, deaf-mutism and neuromuscular disorders. The most important consequence of iodine deficiency in mothers is cretinism in which the children suffer from mental and growth retardation since birth.

About 90,000 stillbirths and neonatal deaths occur every year due to maternal iodine deficiency. Around 40 million persons are estimated to have goitre, 2.2 million have cretinism and 6.6 million suffer from mild psychomotor handicaps.

With increasing urbanization, energy-rich diets containing higher amounts of fat and sugar, which also provide less dietary fibre and complex carbohydrates, are being consumed, particularly in high-income groups. The urban population is tending to be more sedentary with little physical activity. Consumption of alcohol, providing empty calories, and of tobacco is also common. Prevalence of disorders like obesity, heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes, is on the increase.

Maintain a state of positive health and optimal performance in populations at large. Ensure adequate nutritional status for pregnant women and lactating mothers. Improve birth weights and promote growth of infants, children, and adolescents to achieve their full genetic potential. Achieve adequacy in all nutrients and prevent deficiency diseases. Prevent chronic diet-related disorders. Maintain the health of the elderly and increase the life expectancy.

A nutritionally adequate diet should be consumed through a wise choice from a variety of foods. Additional food and extra care are required during pregnancy and lactation. Exclusive breast-feeding should be practised for 4-6 months. Breast-feeding can be continued up to 2 years. Food supplements should be introduced to infants by 4-6 months.

Adequate and appropriate diet should be taken by children and adolescents, both in health and disease. Green leafy vegetables, other vegetables and fruits should be used in plenty. Cooking oils and animal foods should be used in moderation, and vanaspati/ghee/butter should be used only sparingly. Over-eating should be avoided to prevent overweight and obesity. Proper physical activity is essential to maintain desirable body weight. Salt should be used in moderation.

Foods consumed should be safe and clean. Healthy and positive food concepts and cooking practices should be adopted. Water should be taken in adequate amounts and beverages should be consumed in moderation. Processed and ready-to-eat foods should be used judiciously. Sugar should be used sparingly. The elderly should eat a nutrient-rich diet to keep fit and active.

Nutrition is a basic prerequisite to sustain life. Variety in food is not only the spice of life but also the essence of nutrition and health. A diet consisting of several food groups provides all the required nutrients in proper amounts. Cereals, millets and pulses are major sources of most nutrients.

Milk which provides good quality proteins and calcium must be an essential item of the diet, particularly for infants, children, and women Oils and nuts are calorie-rich foods, and are useful for increasing the energy density. Inclusion of eggs, flesh foods and fish enhances the quality of diet. However, vegetarians can derive almost all the nutrients on cereal/pulse/milk-based diets. Vegetables and fruits provide protective substances such as vitamins/minerals.

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are macronutrients, which are needed in large amounts. Vitamins and minerals constitute the micronutrients and are required in small amounts. These nutrients are necessary for physiological and biochemical processes by which the human body acquires, assimilates and utilizes food to maintain health and activity.

Are either simple or complex, and are major sources of energy in all human diets. They provide energy of 4 Kcal/g. The simple carbohydrates, glucose, and fructose, are found in fruits, vegetables, and honey, sucrose in sugar and lactose in milk, while the complex polysaccharides are starches in cereals, millets, pulses, and root vegetables and glycogen in animal foods.

The other complex carbohydrates which are resistant to digestion in the human digestive tract are cellulose in vegetables and whole grains, and gums and pectins in vegetables, fruits and cereals, which constitute the dietary fibre component. In India, 70-80% of total dietary calories are derived from carbohydrates present in plant foods such as cereals, millets, and pulses.

Dietary fibers delay and retard absorption of carbohydrates and fats and increase satiety value. Diets rich in fiber reduce glucose and lipids in blood and increase the bulk of the stools. Diets rich in complex carbohydrates are healthier than low-fiber diets based on refined and processed foods.

Are primary structural and functional components of every living cell. Almost half the protein in our body is in the form of muscles and the rest of it is in bone, cartilage and skin. Proteins are complex molecules composed of different amino acids. Certain amino acids which are termed essential since they are not synthesized in the human body and have to be obtained from proteins in the diet.

Other non-essential amino acids can be synthesized in the body to build proteins. Proteins perform a wide range of functions and also provide energy (4 Kcal/g) Protein requirements vary with age, physiological status and stress. More proteins are required by growing infants and children, pregnant women and individuals during infections and illness or stress. Animal foods like milk, meat, fish, eggs and plant foods such as legumes are rich sources of proteins.

Animal proteins are of high quality as they provide all the essential amino acids in right proportions, while plant or vegetable proteins are now of the same quality because of their low content of some of the essential amino acids. A combination of cereals, millets, and pulses provides most of the amino acids, which complement each other to provide better quality proteins.

legumes

Oils and fats such as butter and ghee constitute dietary facts. Fats are a concentrated source of energy providing 9 Kcal/g, and are made up of fatty acids in different proportions. Dietary fats are derived from two sources viz. the invisible fat present in plant and animal foods, and the visible or added fats and oils (cooking oil). Fats serve as a vehicle for fat-soluble vitamins like vitamins A and E and carotenes and promote their absorption.

They are also sources of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is necessary to have adequate and good quality fat in the diet with sufficient polyunsaturated fatty acids in proper proportions for meeting the requirements of essential fatty acids. The type and quantity of fat in the daily diet influence the level of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.

Diets should include adequate amounts of fat particularly in the case of infants and children, to provide concentrated energy since their energy needs per kg body weight are nearly twice those of adults per kg body weight. Adults need to be cautioned to restrict intake of saturated fat (butter, ghee, hydrogenated fats) and cholesterol (eggs, organ meat). Excess of these substances could lead to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Vitamins are chemical compounds required by the body in small amounts. They must be present in the diet as they cannot by synthesized in the body. Vitamins are essential for numerous body processes and for maintenance of the structure of skin, bone, nerves, eye, brain, blood and mucous membrane. They are either water-soluble or fat-soluble.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble, while vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins such as thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin, pyridoxine (B6), folic acid and cyanocobalamin (B12) are water soluble. Provitamins like beta-carotene are converted to vitamins in the body into vitamin A. Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body while water-soluble vitamins are not and get easily excreted in urine. Vitamins B-complex and C are labile vitamins are easily destroyed by heat, air or during drying, cooking and food processing.

Minerals are inorganic elements found in body fluids and tissues. The important macrominerals are sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulphur, while zinc, copper, selenium, molybdenum, fluorine, cobalt, chromium, and iodine are microminerals. They are required for maintenance and integrity of skin, hair, nails, blood and soft tissues. They also govern nerve cell transmission, acid/base and fluid balance, enzyme and hormone activity as well as blood-clotting processes.

A balance diet is one which provides all the nutrients in required amounts and proper proportions. It can easily be achieved through a blend of four basic food groups. The quantities of foods needed to meet the nutrient requirements vary with age, gender, physical activity and physiological status. A balanced diet should provide around 60-70% of total calories from carbohydrates, preferably starch, about 10-12% from proteins and 20-25% from fat.

In addition, a balanced diet should provide other non-nutrients such as dietary fiber, antioxidants and phytochemicals which bestow positive health benefits. Antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, riboflavin and selenium protect the human body from free radical damage. Other phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavones, etc., also afford protection against oxidant damage. Species like turmeric, ginger, garlic, cumin and cloves are rich in antioxidants.

Foods are conventionally grouped as: Cereals, millets and pulses Vegetables and fruits Milk and milk products, egg, meat, and fish Oils and fats and nuts and oilseeds. Foods may also classified according to their functions.

MAJOR NUTRIENTS Carbohydrates & fats Whole grain cereals, millets

Vegetable oils, ghee, butter Nuts and oilseeds

OTHER NUTRIENTS
Protein, fibre, minerals, calcium, iron and Bcomplex vitamins Fat soluble vitamins, essential fatty acids Proteins, vitamins/minerals

Sugars

Nil

MAJOR NUTRIENTS Proteins

OTHER NUTRIENTS

Pulses, nuts, oilseeds

Milk and milk products Meat, fish, poultry

B-complex vitamins, invisible fat, fibre Calcium, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B12 B-complex vitamins, iron, iodine, fat

MAJOR NUTRIENTS Vitamins & Minerals

OTHER NUTRIENTS

Green leafy vegetables

Other vegetables/fruits Eggs, milk, and milk products and flesh foods

Antioxidants, fibre and other carotenoids Fibre, sugar and antioxidants

Protein and fat

Choose a variety of foods in amounts appropriate for age, gender, physiological status and physical activity. Use a combination of grains, grams, and greens. Include jaggery or sugar and cooking oils to bridge the calorie or energy gap. Prefer fresh vegetables and fruits in plenty. Include in the diets, foods of animal origin such as milk, eggs and meat, particularly for pregnant and lactating women and children. Adults should choose low-fat, protein-rich foods such as lean meat, fish, pulses and low-fat milk. Develop healthy eating habits and exercise regularly.

For being physically active and healthy.

Nutrient dense low fat foods. For maintaining health productivity and prevention of diet-related disease and to support pregnancy/lactation. Nutritionally adequate diet with extra food for child bearing/rearing. For growth spurt, maturation and bone development

Body building and protective foods.

For growth, development and to fight infections. Energy, body building and protective food (milk, vegetables, and fruits. For growth and appropriate milestones.

Breast-milk, energy rich foods (fats, sugar)

FATS/OILS *5 g x 4** MILK & MILK PRODUCTS *100 g x 3** VEGETABLES *100 g x 4**

SUGAR *5 g x 5** PULSES *30 g x 2** FRUITS *100 g x 1**

CEREALS AND MILLETS *30 g x 14**

* Portion Size **No. of portions Elderly man: Reduce 3 portions of cereals and millets and add an extra serving of fruit.

FATS/OILS *5 g x 4** MILK & MILK PRODUCTS *100 g x 3** VEGETABLES *100 g x 3**

SUGAR *5 g x 4** PULSES *30 g x 2** FRUITS *100 g x 1**

CEREALS AND MILLETS *30 g x 10**

* Portion Size **No. of portions Elderly man: Reduce 3 portions of cereals and millets and add an extra serving of fruit.

Food Preparations
Cereal preparations

Qty.

Wt. gm

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm 94 2.0 0.1

0.2 0.1 1.8 0.6

CBH gm 21.2
26.3 12.3 17.6 28.1

Corn flakes
Beaten rice Puffed rice Oat meal Wheat flakes

1 cup 25
1 cup 30 1 cup 14 1 cup 25 1 cup 35

114 1.8 54 0.8 101 3.6 133 3.8

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams

Food Preparations
Baked products Bread, toasted

Qty.

Wt. gm

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm

120 4.0 1.0

CBH gm
23.6

2 slic 46

Bun
Biscuits Cake, plain

1 no. 31
2 nos 19 1 no. 55

100 2.3
64 1.6 180 3.4

2.3
2.0 4.5

17.5
9.9 31.4

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams Slic Slices

Food Preparations
Pulse preparations

Qty.

Wt. gm

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm 1.5

0.4

CBH gm 16.7
18.0

Bengal gram, puffed Peas, puffed

-----

1 oz. 106 6.4

1 oz. 102 6.5

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams 1 oz. (ounces) 28.35 gm.

Food Preparations Nuts

Qty.

Wt. gm

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm

CBH gm

Almonds 12-15 nos.

1 oz 186 5.9

16.7
13.3 11.8 11.3 18.3

3.0
6.3 3.7 5.8 3.1

Cashewnuts roasted 15 no 1 oz 169 6.0 Coconut, fresh Groundnut roasted Walnuts 1 oz 127 1.4 1 oz 155 7.6 1 oz 195 4.4

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams 1 oz. (ounces) 28.35 gm.

Food Preparations Fruits

Qty.

Wt. gm

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm

CBH gm

Apple (medium)
Banana (big) Dates, dried Grapes (bunch) Guava (medium) Mango (medium) Tomato, ripe

1
1 ---

66
100 28.5 140 100 100 150

42
99 80 44 66 39 30

0.2
1.2 0.9 0.8 1.5 0.6 1.5

0.3
0.2 0.1 --0.2 0.1 0.4

9.9
23 19.1 10.2 14.5 8.8 6.0

1 1 1 1

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams

Food Preparations Fruit products

Qty.

Wt. gm

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm

CBH gm

Jam (tablespoon)
Jelly (tablespoon) Marmalade (tbsp) Orange squash (glass) Lemon squash (glass) Pineapple (glass) Mango (glass)

1
1 1 1 1 1 1

20
20 20 6 oz 6 oz 6 oz 6 oz

58
52 60 69 69 69 72

0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.1
0.1 0.1 ---------

14.2
13.0 14.7 17.1 17.2 17.2 17.8

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams

Food Preparations

Wt. gm Preparations containing milk

Coffee Tea Cocoa Suji payasam

Qty.

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm

1.9 0.7 1.7 0.8 7.0 4.3

CBH gm
13.8 13.5 20.2 31.5

1 cup 6 oz 78 1 cup 6 oz 64

1 cup 6 oz 174 7.5 1 cup 154 178 3.4

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams 1 oz. (ounces) 28.35 gm.

Food Preparations
Snacks Savory Potato bonda Pakoda Masala vadai Dahi vadai

Qty.

Wt. gm
28

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm

61 1.1 2.04 8.0 6.2 102

CBH gm
9.6 18.0 17.0 14.8

1 no

4 nos 47 2 nos 45 2 nos 99

176 8.0 150 6.4 177 6.5

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams no/nos number/numbers.

Food Preparations
Dairy products Butter (1 tbsp) Cheese (1 cube)

Qty.

Wt. gm

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm

11.3 9.1

CBH gm
0.1 0.6

oz 103 0.1 1 oz 112 7.1

Cream (1 tbsp) Ghee (1 tbsp)

oz 50 0.3 oz 127 ---

5.2 14.2

0.5 ---

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams no/nos number/numbers.

Food Preparations

Qty.

Wt. gm
21

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm

67 0.1 -------

CBH gm
16.7 27.0 28.4

Carbohydrate foods Honey (1 tbsp) Jaggery (1 tbsp) Sugar (1 tbsp)

1 oz 108 0.1 1 oz 114 ---

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams no/nos number/numbers.

Food Preparations

Wt. Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm gm Cereal and millet preparations

Qty.

CBH gm

Rice plain (3 plates)

Sambhar bath (1/2 plate) Curd bath (1 plate) Sweet rice (1 plate) Pulao with peas (1 plate) Pulao with potatoes Pulao with cauliflower

504
485 253 177 252 263 252

595 11.9 0.9

405 13.5 5.1 221 432 400 405 369 6.0 3.6 8.0 5.5 6.5 7.0 12.0 14.4 14.7 14.7

14.8
76.2 33.3 77.4 59.5 62.7 52.7

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams

Food Preparations

Wt. Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm gm Cereal and millet preparations

Qty.

CBH gm

Idli (2 nos)
Rice uppuma (1 plate) Plain dosai (2 nos) Onion dosai (1 no) Masala dosai (1 no) Khicheri (1 plate) Jaggery dosai (2 nos)

136
260 100 132 1.1 266 114

130 4.6
397 7.0 216 337 212 445 441 4.1 7.3 4.6 11.5 4.4

0.2
16.8 9.7 13.0 8.4 15.3 18.4

27.6
54.4 28.2 47.8 29.4 65.4 64.5

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams

Food Preparations

Qty.

Wt. gm

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm

CBH gm

Maize and Jowar Maize roti (2 nos)

Mixed floor roti (1 no) Maize vegetable paratha (1 no) Jowar roti (2 nos)

142
49 71

314 9.6
215 10 155 5.5

5.5
2.7 1.6

56.4
37.7 29.6

150

252 7.5

1.3

52.5

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams

Food Preparations Wheat

Qty.

Wt. gm

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm

CBH gm

Wheat Uppuma (1 plate)

Chapaties (2 nos) Puris (2 nos) Plain Parathas (1 no) Parathas stuffed with peas Parathas stuff with potato Ravai Iddli (2 nos)

128
57 32 56 97 80 144

163 3.8
193 5.0 136 304 322 307 212 2.2 4.5 6.5 5.12 5.0

5.4
5.5 8.4 19.6 18.0 17.0 8.5

24.7
30.8 13.0 27.3 33.4 33.6 28.7

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams

Food Preparations Pulse preparations

Qty.

Wt. gm

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm

CBH gm

Bengal gram dal

Green gram dal Red gram dal Dal rasam Green gram dal and spinach

1 cup 151
1 cup 142 1 cup 192 1 cup 130 120 cup

284 9.0
171 7.0

16.4
7.7

25.2
18.4 32.8 2.5 18.6

220 12.8 4.0 19 1.0 0.6 137 7.9 3.5

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams

Food Preparations Pulse preparations

Qty.

Wt. gm

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm

CBH gm

Dal + vegetables cup

Brinjal Samber cup

119
196

127 5.6
103 4.1 271 9.1 196 5.2

4.3
3.6

16.5
13.4

Besan curry 1 cup 56 Dal potato kachori 2 nos 34

15.5 23.8 11.2 18.6

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams

Food Preparations

Qty.

Wt. gm 142 142 57 84 127

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm 175 3.2 195 2.3 126 1.2 160 1.8 134 4.3 7.5 10.7 8.6 8.6 6.0

CBH gm 23.8 22.5 11.0 19.0 15.6

Vegetable preparations Potato + Methi Potato + tomato curry Vegetable cutlets Potato curry Mixed vegetable 1 pl 1 pl 1 no pl pl

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams Pl Plate

Food Preparations

Qty.

Wt. gm 56 112

Cal Prot Fat gm gm gm 81 1.5 5.6 5.0 0.6

CBH gm 6.1 14.0 5.8

Vegetable preparations Cabbage + carrot curry Drumstick leaves curry Tomato rasam pl 1 pl

126 6.2 35 1.5

1 185 cup

Qty. Quantity Prot gm Protein in grams Wt gm Weight in grams CBH gm carbohydrates in grams Cal gm Calories in grams Pl Plate

Food Preparations Sweets Barfi Halwa Gulab Jamun Jalebi Mysore Pak Rasogolla Ladoo Petha

Quantity
1 pc 1 pc 1 pc 1 pc 1 pc 1 pc 40 gms 40 gms

Calories
100 570 100 200 357 150 250 250

Food Preparations Sweets Baln shah Imarti Patisa Mesu Rasmalai Sohan Halwa Malpuri

Quantity
40 gms 40 gms 40 gms 40 gms 40 gms 40 gms 40 gms

Calories
250 250 250 250 250 250 250

Food Preparations

Quantity

Calories

Alcoholic Drinks Beer Brandy Dry Wines Champagne Whisky Rum Gin

1 glass 1 peg 1 wine glass 1 glass 1 peg 1 peg 1 peg

100 70 75 115 75 75 105

The number of calories you need to attain or maintain a desired weight would depend on your level of physical activities. Gauging from your typical lifestyle, as described, you can decide the number of calories you should be consuming based on your long term weight goals. If you are gaining weight over time this means that you should be exercising more and/or eating less.

Basal or Resting Metabolic Rate measures the calories the body needs to keep it in being. 1654 calories per day is the number of calories to keep the circulatory system and other vital bodily functions in operation. Sedentary Lifestyle means you are very inactive physically; you only walk when absolutely necessary. This approximates most closely to your basal metabolic rate. If you are happy with your weight and general health then consuming approximately 2067 calories per day will maintain your current weight.

Light Activity means you are engaged in activities such as light house keeping. To maintain your current weight you could consume approx 2150 calories per day.

Moderate Activity means you walk a couple miles per week on a regular basis. To maintain your current weight you could consume approx 2480 calories per day.

Heavy Activity means you run at least 10 miles a week. To maintain your current weight you could consume approx 2811 calories per day. Very Heavy Activity means you are training for marathons running at least 30 miles a week. To maintain your current weight you could consume approx 3307 calories per day.

One pound of fat is approximately equal to 3500 calories. To loose one pound in a week would mean cutting calorie intake by 500 calories a day (3500/7). To loose a pound in two weeks would mean cutting consumption by only 250 calories a day. This could represent a food reduction of no more than 2 ounces of carbohydrates and fat, and half an ounce of protein. Remember, maintaining an optimal weight can have beneficial effects on your outlook on life and on your over-all general health prospects in terms of avoiding heart attacks and strokes.

The best source of water is plain, pure drinking water. Sodas have a lot of sugar in them and aren't a good source. Herbal teas that aren't diuretic are fine. Sports drinks contain electrolytes and may be beneficial.

Body Mass Index

Weight in Kilogram
== Height in meters2

Defined as excess accumulation of body fat. Has several adverse health effects and can even lead to premature death. It increases the risk of high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol and triglycerides, heart disease, diabetes, gallstones and certain cancers. Obesity is not a simple consequence of overeating. Its psychosocial consequences are significant.

Adult man may not normally regulate his daily energy intake to balance his daily energy expenditure. If he maintains constant body weight, it indicates that he is in energy balance. Overweight and obesity are due to positive energy balance. Overeating and reduced physical activity together lead to obesity. Genetic predisposition cannot be ruled out as a contributing factor. Prevention and control of obesity are directly related to dietary management and physical activity.

Obesity is based on the degree of excess fat. Normal (ideal) BMI ranges between 18.5 and 25. An average BMI of a population should be 21 or 22. Less than 18.5 denotes chronic under-nutrition. Between 25-30 considered as overweight. Above 30 indicate obesity.

More than a general accumulation, the distribution of fat around the abdomen (male type obesity) is now considered to be more harmful than fat around the hips (female type obesity). Ratio of waist to hip circumference is an important predictor of risk of chronic degenerative diseases. Ratio of more than 0.9 in males are more than 0.85 in females is associated with increased risk of several chronic diseases.

There are several health consequences of obesity. Excessive body weight increases the risk of heart diseases, hypertension, diabetes, gallstones, cancer and arthritis. Obesity invariably predisposes to reduced levels of high density lipoproteins (good cholesterol) and to increased levels of low density lipoproteins (bad cholesterol), and triglycerides, besides an abnormal increase in glucose and insulin in blood following an oral glucose load (insulin resistance).

Considering the increasing prevalence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and diabetes in urban India, it is important to maintain desirable body weight for height and avoid obesity.

Lbs Kgs 34.1

45.5

56.8

68.2 79.5 WEIGHT

90.9

102.3

113.6

125

Weight reduction diets should contain at least 800 Kcal/day and provide all nutrient requirement, except energy. Loss of half a kilogram per week is generally considered safe. Extreme approaches should be avoided and use of drugs may be dangerous. In children, obesity should be controlled by increasing physical activity rather than restricting food intake.

Modifications in dietary habits have to be incorporated into ones lifestyle along with adequate exercise to keep the body weight within the normal limits. As fat contains more than twice the calories per gram of either protein or carbohydrate, weight reduction diets should limit the fat intake. Refined sugars and alcohol provide empty calories and should be avoided. Plant foods that provide complex carbohydrates and fibre may need preferred as they reduce blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides.

Weight-reducing diets must be rich in proteins and low in carbohydrates and fats. Consumption of plenty of fruits and vegetables would not only result in satiety but could also help to maintain adequate micronutrient intake. Frequent fasting/semi-fasting followed by adequate or excess food consumption will also aggravate the problem of weight gain. All reducing regimens should be monitored by a doctor and a dietitian.

Slow and steady reduction in body weight is advised. Severe fasting may lead to health hazards. Enjoy a variety of foods in amounts needed to balance your physical activity. Eat small meals regularly at frequent intervals. Cut down on sugar, fatty foods, and alcohol. Use low fat milk.

Sodium is the major electrolyte in the extracellular fluid. Sodium plays an important role in nerve conduction and fluid balance in the body. Maintenance of sodium balance depends on kidney function. High intake of salt is associated with high blood pressure and stomach cancer. All foods contain sodium. The sodium requirements can be met with moderate salt intake. Sodium intake needs to be balanced by potassium intake.

Salt is an essential ingredient of diets and enhances its taste and flavor. From time immemorial, it has been used as a preservative. All food substances contain sodium, but added salt is the major source of sodium in our diet. Sodium is primarily involved in the maintenance of water balance and equilibrium. It also plays an important role in electro-physiological functions of the cell. Humans have powerful inbuilt mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure even on mineral sodium intake.

Sodium is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and a positive balance is achieved on intakes just above minimal requirements. Sodium requirements depend on its losses through urine, faces, and sweat. The sweat loss varies according to climatic conditions.

High ambient temperatures and vigorous physical exercise increase sodium loss through sweat.

Even after 6 hours of hard physical labor, which may generate 3 liters of sweat, the requirement of sodium chloride may not be more than 8 g/day.

Sodium content in natural diets, in general, will be about 300-400 mg a day. Cereals, pulses, vegetables, milk, animal, and sea foods are the major sources of sodium. Indian data indicate that daily salt consumption rages from less than 5g to 30g in different States with almost 40% of families consuming about 10g. Since the taste for salt is an acquired habit, salt consumption should be restricted from an early age. Preserved foods such as pickles, sun dried foods, and cannot foods contribute to higher intakes of salt.

There is strong association between salt intake and blood pressure. Prevalence of hypertension is low in populations consuming less than 3g salt per day. The usual increase in bp with age is also not seen with such intakes. The amount of salt consumed is reflected in urinary sodium. Drastic restriction of dietary salt decreases the risk of hypertension.

This effect is not uniform as only 20-30% of population are salt sensitive. Potassium-rich foods such as fresh vegetables and fruits decrease blood pressure. In fact, it is the ratio of sodium to potassium in the diet which is important. Salt intakes higher than 10g have been identified as a risk factor for hypertension. Besides increasing blood pressure, excessive salt may also affect stomach mucosa and result in atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer.

Higher sodium intake leads to greater calcium excretion which may result in reduction in bone density. Existing evidence reveals a deleterious impact of high salt intake on blood vessels, blood pressure, bones, and gastrointestinal tract. Salt intake in our population generally exceeds the requirement. It should not be more than 8g per day. In India, salt has been identified as a vehicle for food fortification since it is the only commodity which is universally consumed.

Restrict the intake of added salt from an early age. Develop a taste for food/diets low in salt. Restrict intake of preserved and processed foods like papads, pickles, sauces, ketchup, salted biscuits, chips, cheese and fish. Eat plenty of vegetables and fruits to provide adequate potassium. Use always iodized salt.

Iodine is required for formation of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are necessary for growth and development. Iodine deficiency leads to goiter. Lack of iodine in water and diet is the main cause of iodine deficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy results in still births, abortions, and cretinism. Use of iodized salt ensures adequate iodine intake.

The body is made of millions of cells that need energy to function. The food you eat is turned into sugar, called glucose. Sugar is carried to the cells through the blood stream. It is one of many substances needed by cells to make energy. Without energy, all cells die. For glucose to enter the cells, 2 conditions must be present. First, the cells must have enough "doors," called receptors. Second, a substance called insulin is needed to "unlock the receptors." Once these two conditions are met, glucose enters the cell and is used by the cell to make energy.

Can Lead To:

Heart Attack Kidney Diseases Nerve Damage Eye Disease

Diabetes management consists of:

Following a diet plan Testing blood sugar Exercising Taking any prescribed medication on time Ensuring good hygiene Learning about diabetes

A healthy diet may include changing what one eats, in what quantities, and how often.

Exercise helps diabetic patients in many ways. It lowers glucose levels, helps weight loss, and maintains a healthy heart and healthy circulation. In addition, exercising helps relieve stress and strengthens muscles.

Blood/urine sugar testing is important in order to find out if the sugar level is where it should be. If the blood/urine sugar is too low or too high, a change in the diabetes medication, diet, or exercise plan may be needed. Blood sugar or urine sugar should be checked at every visit of the diabetic patient.

In cases of very high blood sugar levels that do not respond to diet and exercise plans, medications may be needed. If insulin is needed, it can only be injected. Insulin is needed for all patients with Type 1 diabetes and for some patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Controlling body weight Keeping the level of blood-sugar at a normal level Reducing fat in the body

Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia

When controlling diabetes, blood sugar can become too high or too low. These conditions should be taken seriously. Fortunately, one can easily reestablish control of blood sugar. When there is too much sugar in the blood, this condition is called hyperglycemia. Hyper is Latin and means "more." Glycemia is also Latin and means "sugar in the blood." Hyperglycemia is caused by eating too much food, eating sugary foods, or by not taking ones medication. It can also occur when one is sick. If not treated, hyperglycemia can lead to a coma.

Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia occurs when too little sugar is present in the blood. Hypo is Latin and means "less." Hypoglycemia usually occurs with patients who take insulin or other medications. Taking too much insulin can cause it. That is why it is also known as insulin shock. Hypoglycemia can also be caused when the food intake is reduced or a meal is skipped. . Signs of low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia .

Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia

If not treated, low blood sugar can lead to fainting or seizures. Diabetics experience different signs when their blood sugar is low and they learn to recognize these signs. Some patients do not experience any signs when their blood sugar is low. These patients must depend on blood sugar testing to find out if they have hypoglycemia..

Weight control Blood glucose control Prevention and management of short-term and long-term complications of diabetes and heart disease

Eat starchy foods regularly Eat more fruit and vegetables Reduce animal or saturated fat Cut down on sugar Reduce salt

Balancing food choices

Bread Potatoes Rice Pasta Cereals Plantain Chapatis

Eat more fruit and vegetables.

Five a day

Fresh Frozen Tinned Dried Juice

To help maintain blood glucose levels and cholesterol levels

Helps to maintain a healthy gut

Fruit Vegetables Pulses Oats

Wholegrain cereals Wholemeal bread Wholewheat pasta Brown rice, barley

Use low fat milk Use low fat spread instead of butter Use oil high in unsaturated fat, eg olive oil, rapeseed oil

Grill Dry-roast Microwave Steam

SATURATED
Full fat dairy produce (eg cheese, butter, full cream milk)

MONOUNSATURATED
Olive oil Rapeseed oil

POLYUNSATURATED
Sunflower oil (products) Oily fish

Pies
Biscuits Savoury snacks Lard Hard vegetable fat

Groundnut oil

Cut out sweets Cut out sugary drinks

Cut down on added salt Use alternative seasonings

Warm water (Cu)

CBH breakfast

Food Chapattis

Advice Use medium brown or wholemeal flour Avoid spreading fat or use margarine high in monounsaturated fat but sparingly Keep fried breads for special occasions, eg: poori, parathas Choose basmati as lower GI Best to have plain boiled rather than pilau, buriyani which are high fat Remove all visible fat on meats , avoid frying use minimal vegetable oil or try baking Encourage all varieties of pulses Aim to include 2 to 3 portions daily of any vegetables cooked or raw Beware of portion sizes especially for tropical fruits, but no fruit is taboo All spices , chillies, herbs are allowed Avoid full cream milk Keep to a minimum: Chevra (Bombay mix), samosas, pakoras, rusks (Pakistani salted biscuit) Suggest: Fruit , fruit yoghurt, rich tea biscuit. Use margarine high in monounsaturated fat or poly unsaturated fat

Rice Meat, fish, paneer (curd cheese), eggs Vegetables Fruit Spices Milk Snacks Fats and oil

For cooking choose vegetable oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil but use sparingly Butter, ghee for special occasions
Dispel myths regarding spices and avoiding particular fruits

Onion Garlic fenugreek Turmeric Amalaki

Be realistic about your target weight Aim to lose weight gradually Eat regular meals Make small changes you can stick to

PRANAYAMA SILENT SITTING / MEDITATION

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

6.

SALT: You get enough salt from vegetables in inorganic form, so reduce the intake of extra salt. SUGAR: Sucrose, a table sugar, provides nothing but calories and carbohydrates. Substitute sucrose with natural sugar, like honey, jaggery (gur), etc. FAT: Excessive fat intake is definitely not a good habit. Try and exclude fried items from the diet But, remember, a small quantity of oil is needed to absorb fat-soluble vitamins, especially vitamin E. WHOLE MILK AND PRODUCTS: Try to switch to low fat milk and its products like yogurt (curd). WHITE FLOUR (MAIDA) AND ITS PRODUCTS: Replace these with whole grains, whole wheat (ATTA) or soya breads and unpolished rice. FOODS WITH A HIGH CARBOHYDRATE (SUGAR) CONTENT: Avoid white rice, potatoes, carrots, breads and banana they increase the blood-sugar levels.

Smoking Alcohol Sleeping after meals Sedentary lifestyle Stress and worry

Bitter gourd (karela)

This vegetable contains a high dosage of 'plant insulin'. It lowers the blood sugar levels effectively. Have the juice of three to four karelas early morning on an empty stomach. As a vegetable, too, it can be taken on a regular basis. Powder the seeds of karela (measuring 1 teaspoon), mix with water and drink it.

Fenugreek (methi)
It is the most common food used to control diabetes. Gulp a teaspoonful of these seeds with a glass of water daily. Soak the seeds overnight. Have the water in which the seeds were soaked. You can make a chutney with methi seeds. You can also eat them sprouted, dried and powdered, or mix them in wheat flour to make chapattis.

Indian blackberry (jamun)

This fruit is very effective in preventing and controlling diabetes. Powder the stone of the fruit and eat it -- it contains glucoside, which prevents the conversion of starch into sugars.

Garlic

This is used to lower blood-sugar levels. Garlic is rich in potassium and replaces the potassium which gets lost in urine. It also contains zinc and sulphur, which are components of insulin. Take about three to four flakes of freshly crushed garlic daily.
Because of its diuretic and digestive properties, onion works against diabetes. Raw onion is more useful.

Onion

Flaxseed This is the richest source of Omega 3 fatty acids. It helps control diabetes because it maintains the sensitivity of the cell membrane, facilitates insulin, and thereby the uptake of glucose by the cells. Fibre Soluble fibre, found in apples, kidney beans (rajma), oatmeal, soyabean, etc, help control diabetes. These aid slow digestion and absorption of nutrients, resulting in a slow and steady release of glucose. They soak up excess bile acids found in the intestinal tract, the same acids that are converted to blood cholesterol. They also help empty the stomach and bring about a feeling of satisfaction that can help Type 2 diabetics to achieve weight loss goals.

Cinnamon solution Water extracts of cinnamon have been found to promote glucose metabolism and reduce cholesterol. You can boil cinnamon sticks in water and drink this water. Antioxidants Diabetes is often associated with conditions like heart disease, diabetic retinopathy, immune deficiency and kidney disease. Many are caused by free radical damage. Therefore, make sure you include foods containing antioxidants, like amla, fresh seasonal fruits, pomegranates and green/black tea in your diet.