DESIGN OF A CDMA DOWNLINK CHANNEL WITH DECISION FEEDBACK EQUALIZER USING MATLAB

Introduction

Wireless Communication is the transfer of data from source to destination over free space. The transmission of signals takes place through: Uplink Downlink

 In order to allow many mobile users to share simultaneously a finite amount of radio spectrum, multiple access techniques are needed. The three major techniques used to share the available bandwidth are:

Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA)

CDMA
In CDMA systems, the narrowband message signal is multiplied by a very large bandwidth signal called spreading signal. CDMA uses the Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Techniques. SSMA uses signals which have a transmission bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude greater than minimum required RF bandwidth. Advantages of CDMA:
CDMA has a soft capacity limit. Multipath fading is reduced. Channel data rates are very high.

Fig 1. Signal Transmission System

Problems in downlink

The mobile radio channel places fundamental limitations on the performance of wireless communication systems. These are:

Intersymbol Interference(ISI) Fading Multiple Access Interference(MAI)

Types of Fading
Large Scale Fading: It is predicted by measuring the mean signal strength over large transmitter-receiver separation distances. Small Scale Fading

Fig 2. Large Scale Fading vs. Small-Scale Fading

Small Scale Fading

The rapid fluctuations of the received signal strength over very short distances cause small scale fading. The various factors influencing small-scale fading are:

Multipath Propagation Speed of Mobile Speed of surrounding objects Transmission bandwidth of the signal

Types of Small-Scale Fading

Depending on the relation between the signal parameters and the channel parameters, different transmitted signals will undergo different types of fading. Based on Multipath Time Delay Spread
Flat Fading Frequency Selective Fading

Bs<<Bc

Bs>Bc Based on Doppler Spread

Fast Fading Slow Fading

Ts>Tc

Ts<<Tc

Intersymbol Interference
It is a form of distortion of the signal in which one symbol interferes with the adjacent symbols. The major causes of ISI are: Multipath Propagation Bandlimited Channels

Multiple Access Interference

It is a type of interference caused by multiple cellular users who are using the same frequency allocation at the same time.

Improving the Quality of the Link

Wireless communication systems require signal processing techniques that improve the link performance in hostile radio environments. The three major techniques used are: Equalization Diversity Channel Coding

Diversity:
It is a technique used to compensate for fading channel impairments and is usually implemented using two or more receiving antennas. Diversity improves the quality of a wireless link without altering the common air interface and without increasing the transmitted power or bandwidth. The various diversity techniques can be classified as:

Channel Coding

Channel Coding improves the small-scale link performance by adding redundant data bits in the transmitted message. Channel Coding is also referred to as a post detection technique. There are three general types of channel codes: 1. Block Codes 2. Convolution Codes 3. Turbo Codes

Equalization

ISI caused by multipath in band-limited time dispersive channels distorts the transmitted signal, causing bit errors at the receiver. Equalization is a technique used to combat Inter-symbol Interference. General operating modes of an equalizer are: Training Tracking

nb(t) y(t) e(t) (t) d(t) +

Fig 3. Communication System using an Adaptive Equalizer at the receiver

Fig 4. Classification of Equalizers

Decision Feedback Equalizer

It is a non-linear device A Decision Feedback Equalizer makes use of previous decisions to estimate the current symbols with a symbolby-symbol detector. Any tailing ISI caused by a previous symbol is reconstructed and subtracted

Feedback Filter(FBF)

Fig 5. Decision Feedback Equalizer

SIMULATION RESULTS

Transmitted Signal of User 1

Transmitted Signal of User 2

Combined Signal of both Users

Advantages

Reduces Inter-Symbol Interference Reduces the effects of Fading Reduces Multiple Access Interference Minimum MSE for DFE is smaller than LTE

References
MMSE Equalization of Interference on Fading Diversity Channels by-Peter Monsen Chip-Level Decision Feedback Equalizer for CDMA Downlink Channel by-Agus Santoso Wireless Communication-Principles and Practices by-Theodore S. Rappaport http://cache.freescale.com/files/dsp/doc/app_note/AN2072.p df http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v27/v27-42.pdf http://www.wikipedia.org/

THANK YOU
Compiled by:
1. 2. 3. 4. Garima Singh 0809731028 Ankit Gautam 0809731012 Rachit Verma 0809731063 Vivek Singh Chauhan 0609731098