Gio trnh: Phn tch thit k h thng

Ging vin: L c Nhng G

PHN I: I CNG V XY DNG H THNG THNG TIN Chng 1

Tng quan v phn tch thit k h thng

1.1. Khi nim h thng thng tin

Thng tin (Information) l mt loi ti nguyn ca t chc, phi c qun l chu o ging nh mi ti nguyn khc. Vic x l thng tin i hi chi ph v thi gian, tin bc v nhn lc. Vic x l thng tin phi hng ti khai thc ti a tim nng ca n. H thng thng tin (Information System - IS) trong mt t chc c chc nng thu nhn v qun l d liu cung cp nhng thng tin hu ch nhm h tr cho t chc v cc nhn vin, khch hng, nh cung cp hay i tc ca h thng. Ngy nay, nhiu t chc xem cc h thng thng tin l yu t thit yu gip h c nng lc cnh tranh v t c nhng bc tin ln trong hot ng. Hu ht cc t chc nhn thy rng tt c nhn vin u cn phi tham gia vo qu trnh pht trin cc h thng thng tin. Do vy, pht trin h thng thng tin l mt ch t nhiu c lin quan ti bn cho d bn c nh hc tp tr nn chuyn nghip trong lnh vc ny hay khng. H thng thng tin l mt h thng bao gm con ngi, d liu, cc quy trnh v cng ngh thng tin tng tc vi nhau thu thp, x l, lu tr v cung cp thng tin cn thit u ra nhm h tr cho mt h thng. H thng thng tin hin hu di mi hnh dng v quy m.

1.1.1 Phn loi h thng thng tin

Cc h thng thng tin c th c phn loi theo cc chc nng chng phc v. H thng x l giao dch (Transaction processing system TPS): l h thng thng tin c chc nng thu thp v x l d liu v cc giao dch nghip v. H thng thng tin qun l (Management information system - MIS): l h thng thng tin cung cp thng tin cho vic bo co hng qun l da trn vic x l giao dch v cc hot ng ca t chc. H thng h tr quyt nh (Decision support system DSS): l h thng thng tin va c th tr gip xc nh cc thi c ra quyt nh, va c th cung cp thng tin tr gip vic ra quyt nh. H thng thng tin iu hnh (Excutive information system EIS): l mt h thng thng tin h tr nhu cu lp k hoch v nh gi ca cc nh qun l iu hnh. H thng chuyn gia (Expert System): l h thng thng tin thu thp tri thc chuyn mn ca cc chuyn gia ri m phng tri thc nhm em li li ch cho ngi s dng. H thng truyn thng v cng tc (Communication and collaboration system): l mt h thng thng tin lm tng hiu qu giao tip gia cc nhn vin, i tc, khch hng v nh cung cp cng c kh nng cng tc gia h. H thng t ng vn phng (Office Automation System): l h thng thng tin h tr cc hot ng nghip v vn phng nhm ci thin lung cng vic gia cc nhn vin.
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Gio trnh: Phn tch thit k h thng

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1.1.3 Cc cng ngh mi ng dng trong cc h thng Cc cng ngh mi ang c tch hp vo cc h thng truyn thng:

Thng mi in t (E-Commerce) s dng Web thc hin cc hot ng kinh doanh. Lp k hoch khai thc ngun ti nguyn doanh nghip (ERP-Enterprise Resource Planning) c mc ch tch hp cc h thng thng tin khc nhau trong mt t chc. Cc thit b cm tay v khng dy (PDA), bao gm thng mi di ng (M-Commerce). Phn mm m ngun m (Open Source)

Hnh 1.1 Cc cng ngh mi tc ng ti tt c cc h thng 1.1.4 Nhim v ca phn tch thit k h thng Phn tch v thit k h thng l cch tip cn c h thng ti: Vic xc nh cc vn , c hi v mc tiu Vic phn tch cc lung thng tin trong cc t chc. Vic thit k cc h thng thng tin trn my tnh gii quyt vn Hc phn ny cp ti hai ni dung chnh: Mt l Phn tch (Analysis) nhng yu cu nghip v cho cc h thng thng tin Hai l Thit k (Design) cc h thng thng tin p ng nhng yu cu .

Ni mt cch khc, sn phm ca qu trnh phn tch v thit k h thng chnh l mt h thng thng tin. 1.2. Quy trnh pht trin h thng thng tin Trn y, bn c gii thiu v cc loi hnh h thng thng tin khc nhau, mt s xu hng cng ngh c nh hng ti s pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin. Trong mc ny, bn s hc mt kha cnh na v h thng thng tin, l Quy trnh pht trin mt h thng thng tin s c thc hin nh th no? Hu ht cc quy trnh pht trin h thng ca cc t chc u hng theo cch tip cn gii quyt vn (Problem - Solving). Cch tip cn ny thng kt hp cc bc gii quyt vn ni chung sau: 1. Xc nh vn 2. Phn tch v hiu vn 3. Xc nh cc yu cu gii php
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Gio trnh: Phn tch thit k h thng

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4. Xc nh cc gii php khc nhau v chn cch tt nht 5. Thit k gii php la chn 6. Ci t gii php la chn

7. nh gi kt qu (nu vn vn cha c gii quyt th quay li bc 1 hoc 2) n gin, ti s trnh by cch tip cn gii quyt vn ban u gm bn giai on hoc pha cn phi c hon thnh i vi bt k mt d n pht trin h thng no l: 1. Pha khi u h thng, 2. Pha Phn tch h thng, 3. Pha Thit k h thng 4. Pha Ci t h thng. Bng di y th hin quan h gia cc bc gii quyt vn ni chung v quy trnh m chng ti trnh by. Bng 1-1 Quy trnh pht trin h thng
Quy trnh pht trin h thng n gin ha Khi u h thng Phn tch h thng Thit k h thng Ci t h thng Cc bc gii quyt vn ni chung 1. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. Xc nh vn . (lp k hoch cho gii php ca vn ). Phn tch v hiu vn . Xc nh cc yu cu gii php. Xc nh cc gii php khc nhau v chn cch tt nht Thit k gii php la chn Ci t gii php la chn nh gi kt qu. (Nu vn vn khng c gii quyt th quay li bc 1 hoc 2).

Cn lu l bt c quy trnh pht trin h thng no cng phi c qun l trn c s d n. Phi c t nht mt nhn s nhn trch nhim lm ngi qun l d n m bo rng h thng c pht trin ng thi gian, trong gii hn ngn sch cho php v c cht lng chp nhn c. Hot ng qun l mt d n c gi l qun l d n Qun l d n (Project Management): l hot ng xc nh, lp k hoch, iu khin, kim sot mt d n pht trin mt h thng chp nhn c trong khong thi gian v ngn sch c giao Qun l quy trnh (Process Management): l hot ng lin tc nhm xc nh, ci thin v kt hp vic s dng phng php lun m t chc la chn (quy trnh) vi cc tiu chun i vi mi d n pht trin h thng. 1.2.1. Khi u h thng Cc d n h thng thng tin thng phc tp. Chng i hi s u t, n lc v thi gian ng k. Cc vn cn gii quyt thng c pht biu mt cch m h, c ngha rng gii php c hnh dung ban u c th cn cha hon thin. V vy, cc d n h thng phi c lp k hoch cn thn. Giai on khi u h thng hnh thnh phm vi d n v k hoch gii quyt vn . Do , pha khi u h thng thit lp phm vi d n, mc tiu, lch biu v ngn sch cn thit gii quyt vn . Phm vi d n xc nh lnh vc nghip v c hng n ca d n v cc mc tiu cn t c. Phm vi v mc tiu v c bn u nh hng ti cc m bo v ti nguyn,

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Gio trnh: Phn tch thit k h thng

Ging vin: L c Nhng G

c th l lch biu v ngn sch, nhng nhn t cn c thc hin hon thnh d n. Bng vic thit lp mt ngn sch v lch biu da vo phm vi v mc tiu ban u, bn cng s thit lp c mt ranh gii m da vo tt c cc nhn s u c th chp nhn thc t l bt c thay i no trong tng lai i vi phm vi hoc mc tiu cng s tc ng ti lch biu v ngn sch. Ngi qun l d n, ngi phn tch h thng v ngi s hu h thng l nhng nhn lc ch yu trong pha khi u h thng. Khi u h thng (System Initiation) l vic lp k hoch ban u cho mt d n xc nh phm vi nghip v, mc tiu, lch biu v ngn sch ban u. 1.2.2. Phn tch h thng Bc tip theo trong quy trnh pht trin h thng m chng ti trnh by l giai on phn tch h thng. Pha ny nhm cung cp cho i d n hiu bit thu o hn v vn v nhu cu ca d n. Hiu mt cch n gin, lnh vc nghip v (phm vi ca d n nh xc nh trong pha khi u h thng) c th c nghin cu v phn tch thu c nhng hiu bit chi tit hn. Pha phn tch h thng yu cu lm vic vi ngi s dng h thng xc nh r cc yu cu nghip v i vi h thng s c mua hoc pht trin. S hon thin ca pha phn tch h thng thng th hin kt qu nhu cu cp nht cc kt qu c trc pha khi u h thng. Vic phn tch c th pht hin yu cu phi xt li phm vi hoc mc tiu ca d n v d c th cm thy phm vi ca d n qu ln hoc qu nh. Cui cng, tnh kh thi ca bn thn d n tr nn ng ng. D n c th b hy b hoc c th chuyn sang giai on tip theo. Ngi qun l d n, ngi phn tch h thng v ngi s dng h thng l nhng nhn lc c bn trong pha phn tch h thng. Phn tch h thng (System Analysis) l vic nghin cu lnh vc vn nghip v xut cc ci tin v xc nh cc yu cu nghip v cng nh th t u tin cho gii php. 1.2.3. Thit k h thng Sau khi c hiu bit v cc yu cu nghip v ca mt h thng thng tin, ta c th tin hnh pha thit k h thng. Trong giai on ny, trc tin cn xem xt cc gii php cng ngh khc nhau. Him khi ch c mt gii php cho mt vn . Mt khi mt gii php c la chn v chp nhn, pha thit k h thng pht trin cc bn c t v thit k chi tit c yu cu ci t gii php cui cng. Cc bn c t v thit k chi tit s c dng ci t c s d liu, chng trnh, giao din ngi dng v mng cho h thng thng tin. Trong trng hp ta la chn mua phn mm thay v xy dng n th bn thit k chi tit s xc nh cch thc phn mm c tch hp vo hat ng nghip v v cc h thng thng thng tin khc. Nhc li v cc nh hng cng ngh trnh by trn, cc nh hng s nh hng ch yu ti quy trnh thit k h thng v ra quyt nh. Nhiu t chc xc nh mt kin trc cng ngh thng tin chung da trn cc nh hng cng ngh . Nu vy, tt c cc pha thit k h thng cho h thng thng tin mi u phi tun theo kin trc cng ngh thng tin chun. Ngi qun l d n, ngi phn tch h thng v ngi thit k h thng l nhng nhn lc chnh trong pha thit k h thng. Thit k h thng (System Design) l qu trnh xc nh v xy dng gii php k thut da trn my tnh cho cc yu cu nghip v c xc nh trong pha phn tch h thng.
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1.2.4. Ci t h thng

Bc cui cng trong quy trnh pht trin h thng n gin m chng ti trnh by l ci t h thng. Pha ci t h thng xy dng h thng thng tin mi v a n vo hot ng. Trong giai on ny, cc phn cng v phn mm c ci t v s dng. Cc phn mm ng dng c mua v c s d liu c ci t v cu hnh. Cc phn mm ty bin v c s d liu c xy dng da trn cc bn c t v thit k chi tit c pht trin pha thit k h thng. Khi cc thnh phn h thng c xy dng hoc ci t th chng phi c kim th ring r. Sau , ton b h thng cng phi c kim th m bo rng n hot ng chnh xc v p ng c cc yu cu ca ngi dng. Mt khi h thng c kim th y , n phi c a vo hot ng. D liu t h thng trc c th phi c chuyn i hoc nhp vo c s d liu khi u v ngi s dng h thng phi c o to s dng h thng mt cch chun xc. Cui cng, mt s k hoch chuyn tip t quy trnh nghip v v h thng thng tin c c th phi c tin hnh. Ngi qun l d n, ngi phn tch h thng v ngi xy dng h thng l nhng nhn lc ch yu trong giai on ci t h thng. Ci t h thng (System Implementation) l giai on xy dng, ci t, kim th v trin khai mt h thng. 1.2.5. H tr h thng v ci thin khng ngng S tht thiu xt nu khng khng nh rng vic ci t h thng thng tin s dn ti vic phi i mt vi s tn ti ca giai on h tr v ci thin khng ngng. Cc h thng thng tin c ci t rt him khi hon ho. Nhng ngi s dng s tm thy li v thnh thong bn s tm thy nhng sai st trong thit k v ci t cn c sa cha. Ngoi ra, cc yu cu nghip v v ca ngi dng thay i khng ngng. Do , s c nhu cu ci thin khng ngng bt k h thng thng tin no ti khi n li thi. H tr v ci thin h thng thuc v mt d n khc, thng c gi l d n bo tr v nng cp. Mt d n nh vy cn tun theo cng cch tip cn gii quyt vn nh c xc nh vi bt k d n no khc. im khc bit duy nht l n lc v ngn sch cn hon thnh d n. Nhiu pha s c hon thnh nhanh hn nhiu, c bit l nu nhn lc ban u ti liu ha mt cch ng n h thng ngay t giai on u. L tt nhin, nu h khng lm nh vy th d n ci thin h thng c th tiu tn nhiu thi gian, n lc v tin bc hn.

Hnh 1-2 T l thi gian cho vic bo tr h thng

Hnh 1-3 Mc s dng ti nguyn trong quy trnh pht trin h thng

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1.2.6. Pht trin tun t v pht trin lp

Tt c ni dung trnh by cc mc trn c th khin bn kt lun rng pht trin h thng l mt quy trnh tun t mt cch t nhin. Trc tin, bn khi u d n, ri phn tch, thit k v cui cng l trin khai h thng. iu ny khng phi l lun ng n. C cc chin lc hoc cch tip cn khc nhau thc hin quy trnh pht trin h thng ni chung. R rng cc quy trnh tun t l mt trong cc kh nng. Cch tip cn ny c minh ha trong hnh 1- 4. Ch rng chin lc ny i hi mi pha phi c hon thnh - ci ny tip sau ci kia. S hon thnh tun t s cho kt qu trong s pht trin mt h thng hon ton mi. Hnh thc trc quan ca cch tip cn ny ging nh mt thc nc (Waterfall) nn n thng c gi l quy trnh pht trin thc nc. (Trong thc t, cc giai on c th chng lp ln nhau. V d phn thit k h thng c th c bt u trc khi hon thnh giai on phn tch h thng). Tuy nhin, cch tip cn thc nc khng cn c dng ph bin. V c mt chin lc ph bin hn. th hin trong hnh 1-5, thng c gi l quy trnh pht trin lp. Cch tip cn ny i hi hon thnh vic phn tch, thit k v ci t pht trin y mt phn ca h thng mi v a n vo hot ng sm nht c th. Mt khi phin bn ca h thng c ci t, chin lc tip theo l thc hin thm mt s vic phn tch, thit k v ci t to ra phin bn tip theo ca h thng. Qu trnh lp i lp li ti khi tt c cc phn ca h thng thng tin tng th c ci t. S ph bin ca quy trnh lp ny c th gii thch nh sau: Ngi s hu v s dng h thng phn nn v thi gian qu di cn pht trin v ci t cc h thng thng tin khi s dng cch tip cn thc nc. Trong kh , cch tip cn lp cho php a vo s dng cc phin bn vi thi gian ngn hn. iu ny s tha mn i hi ca khch hng.
Lp k hoch

Lp k hoch

Phn tch Thit k Ci t

Phn tch Thit k Ci t

H thng

Version n H thng

Hnh 1-4 Phng php lun pht trin theo M hnh thc nc

Hnh 1-5 Phng php lun pht trin lp

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