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n tt nghip

LI M U
Trong thi i ngy nay, cng vi nn khoa hc hin i, cng ngh ha hc
khng ngng pht trin v chim mt v tr v cng quan trng trong nhiu lnh vc.
Cng ngh v hp cht cao phn t l mt trong nhng cng ngh in hnh, rt tiu
biu v tc pht trin v phm vi s dng. Cc ngnh ln ca cng nghip nh cao
su, cht do, si ha hc, mng, sn v keo, vt liu cch in v giy, v.v hon ton
da trn s ch bin cc vt liu cao phn t. C th ni cc vt liu cao phn t hu
nh c s dng trong mi ngnh kinh t quc dn.
Sn phm polyme c nhng tnh cht c bit so vi cc vt liu khc nh t
trng thp, tnh cch in, cch nhit, cch m cao, kh nng chng n mn, d gia
cng, d to hnh v nhum mu tt, v.v Tuy nhin vn cn nhiu nhc im nh
bn nhit thp, h s gin n nhit cao, d chy v phn hy theo thi gian, v.v
Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh mi cng nh s u t cho
lnh vc nghin cu ny, cc nh khoa hc cho thy c th khc phc c nhng nhc
im trn v to ra cc sn phm c tnh cht c bit qu gi. C bn ha hc cao, c tnh
cht c hc tt nhit rt cao v rt thp. Ngoi ra c th to nhng sn phm trong sut i
vi nh sng, trnh tia t ngoi c th s dng lm knh my bay, tu ha.
Mt u im ln tin tng ngnh ny pht trin trong tng lai l ngun
nguyn liu di do nh than , du m, kh thin nhin v ph liu cng nghip. Hin nay
nhng nc c ngnh cng nghip hin i v pht trin nh Anh, Php, M, Nht, Nga,
c, cht do c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc v tr, hng khng v i dng.
Mt trong nhng sn phm ca ngnh cng nghip cht do rt c cc nh sn
xut quan tm l epoxy.
Cui nhng nm 1890, ln u tin epoxy c cp bn quyn sn xut.
Nm 1934, Schlack of I.G. Farbenindustrie AG in Germany tng hp cht phn
ng ca amine v epoxide, bao gm mt epoxy trn c s bisphenol A and
epichlorohydrin. Tuy nhin, vi nm sau DeTrey Fr eres Co. in Switzerland and by the
DeVoe and Raynolds Co. in the United States nhn bit nha epoxy mt cch ng
thi v c lp.
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Nm 1936, Pierre Castan of DeTrey Fr eres Co. to ra nha epoxy t
bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin, bao gm cu trc nhit rn v phthalic anhydride.
Nm 1946, cht kt dnh epoxy u tin c nhn thy ti Swiss Industries Fair,
v nhng mu nha c c bn cho ngnh cng nghip in.
Sau chin tranh th gii th II, Sylvan Greenlee of DeVoe and Raynolds Co.
pht minh ra nha epoxy khi lng phn t cao gia cng lp ph.
Nhng nm cui 1940, hai cng ty ca M Shell Chemical Co. and Union
Carbide Corp. (then Bakelite Co.) bt u nghin cu nha epoxy trn c s bisphenol A.
Nm 1960, nha epoxy a chc c pht trin vi nhit gia cng cao hn.
Ciba Products Co. sn xut v a vo th trng nha epoxy novolac o-cresol, ci
m c pht trin bi Koppers Co.
Vo nhng nm 1970, s pht trin t ph ca cng ngh lp ph h nc trn
c s nha epoxy gip thit lp v tr thng lnh ca epoxies trong cc th trng: sn
tnh in cho cng nghip t v sn ni tht. Trong khi cc loi nha epoxy c
bit n vi c tnh khng ha cht tuyt vi, s pht trin v thng mi ha ca nha
epoxy vinyl ester trong nhng nm 1970 bi Shell v Dow cung cp c tnh chng
li ha cht n mn rt tt nh l: axit, baz, v cc dung mi hu c.
Trong nhng nm 1980, vic pht trin nha epoxy a chc vi cu trc phc
tp amine v phenolic, c ng dng trong cng nghip composit s dng trong
ngnh hng khng v trong qun s. Ngoi ra nha epoxy c tnh cao cn c ng
dng trong cng nghip in t v trong my tnh. Nhng nm 1980 cng chng kin
s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip nha epoxy Nht Bn vi cc sn phm c bit, cc
loi nha c tinh khit cao, c hiu sut cao cho cc ngnh cng nghip in t. Bao
gm vic thng mi ha cc loi nha tinh th nh ether diglycidyl biphenol.
Gn y, thc hin theo quy nh nghim ngt v mi trng hn, thu ht
n s pht trin ca nha epoxy cho hm lng cht rn cao, bt, h nc.
Trong nhng nm 1990, epoxyacrylates and cy-cloaliphatic epoxies Radiation-
curable cho thy s pht trin trong nhng ng dng Radiation-curable. Bao gm nhng
ng dng quan trng v mi ca nha epoxy nh l lp cn quang, mc in bn . Sn
nc epoxy c d on s tng trng ng k. Xu hng tip tc thu nh kch thc
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thit b trong ngnh cng nghip my tnh, v s tng trng bng n ca cc thit b
in t xch tay v cc thit b thng tin lin lc nh in thoi di ng khng dy yu
cu c ci tin, nha c tnh cao cho th trng PCB. iu ny dn n s pht
trin cc epoxies mi v epoxy h thng hybrid c hng s in mi thp hn (D
k
), cao
hn nhit chuyn ha thy tinh (Tg), v nhit phn hy nhit cao hn (T
d
).
Nhng n lc ng k c hng vo vic ci tin c tnh ca cc vt liu
composit cu trc epoxy. Nhng tin b c thc hin trong lnh vc epoxy. Nano
composit Epoxy v h thng ng nano c nghin cu v c yu cu ci thin
tnh cht nhit, ha, c. Tuy nhin, thng mi ha cha c vt cht ha.
Trong nm 1999, Dow Chemical gii thiu mt loi nha nhit do epoxy, cho
nhng ng dng nh cht kt dnh, lp ph
[1]
.
Nha epoxy ngoi vic s dng mt mnh c th c bin tnh vi nhiu nha
khc nh ure fomaldehyt, phenol fomaldehyt, polyamin, polyeste v ng trng hp vi
vinylaxetat.
Nha Epoxy c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh Keo dn, c, khun,
bao bc(ngnh in v in t), k thut dn dng, composites, sn xe hi, sn thng
phuy, dy cun, sn tu bin v sn bo v, lm ra nhng sn phm cho ngnh in t,
in cng nghip, v.v... Vic sn xut nha epoxy vi thit b khng phc tp nhng
nguyn liu sn xut tng i t v him nn gi thnh sn phm cao. Chnh v
vy m nha epoxy cha c s dng rng ri.
K t khi nhng sn phm ny s dng c vi nhiu cht ng rn khc nhau,
cht pha long v cht bin tnh , c tnh trn c ng dng tng i rng ri cho
nhiu lnh vc khc nhau m to nn c s tn ti ca chng.
Hin nay, trn th gii c rt nhiu nh sn xut v phn phi cc loi Epoxy
Resin c uy tn trn th trng Vit Nam nh Dow, Epotec, Kuddo, KumHo.
Cng ty Dow Epoxy Trung Quc (TQ), mt n v kinh doanh ca Cng ty ha
cht Dow cng b k hoch u t hn 200 triu USD sn xut v nghin cu
pht trin (R&D) TQ trong 5 nm ti. Dow Epoxy l nh cung cp nha epoxy v cc
sn phm nguyn liu lin quan hng u th gii vi 10 nh my sn xut trn ton th
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gii, trong c cc nh my Zhangjiagang, tnh Giang T (TQ); Gumi (Hn Quc)
v Kinu Ura (Nht Bn).
m bo pht trin lin tc TQ v khu vc chu , Dow Epoxy d nh xy
dng mt nh my nha epoxy lng (LER) quy m ln, cng sut 100.000 tn/ nm ti
a im Cng ty ang s hu Zhangjiagang v mt nh my epiclohyrin (ECH)
150.000 tn/ nm ti mt a im khc TQ. C 2 nh my ny c th s bt u hot
ng trong thi gian 2009-2010. Trong cng thi gian, Dow Epoxy cng d kin m
rng cng sut nh my nha epoxy chuyn ha (CER) Zhangjiagang t 41.000 tn/
nm ln 75.000 tn/ nm. Trong mt d n lin quan khc, Dow Epoxy s thnh lp mt
trung tm pht trin ng dng ton cu TQ, nhm y mnh hn na vic h tr
khch hng TQ v cc khu vc. TQ l th trng pht trin sn phm nha epoxy
nhanh nht th gii, v cng nh cc th trng chu khc, TQ ng mt vai tr quan
trng i vi Dow v cc khch hng. Dow Epoxy s u t mt nh my ECH mi da
trn cng ngh t ph ca Dow. y l mt trong nhng nh cung cp ECH ln nht
trn th gii. Nh my ECH mi quy m ton cu 150.000 tn/ nm TQ s bt u
hot ng vo nm 2010 s dng cng ngh chuyn ha glyxerin thnh ECH, mt cng
ngh c quyn mi ca Dow. Glyxerin l sn phm ti to sinh hc c to ra trong
qu trnh sn xut iesel sinh hc. S dng glyxerin nh mt nguyn liu chnh trong
sn xut ECH ca Dow cho thy mt s t ph cng ngh ln, cung cp li th v mi
trng v chi ph tt hn so vi cc cng ngh ch bin thng thng.
Nh my LER quy m ln u tin Zhangjiagang (TQ) cng s c Dow
Epoxy xy dng nh my LER u tin ang tn ti TQ h tr nhu cu th trng
v sn phm ang tng nhanh chng nc ny. Nh my LER mi cng sut 100.000
tn/ nm vi cng ngh tin tin, Nh my LER mi TQ ny s bt u hot ng
nm 2009.
Vic m rng cng sut CER ca Dow Epoxy c bt u t nm 2003. Nh
my CER Zhangjiagang cung cp nha epoxy cho cc ngnh cng nghip cui
dng li nhun cao nh in t, hng hi, t v ch to cc thit b. Cng sut m
rng d kin s l thm 34.000 tn/ nm trong nm 2008, v s tng hn na p ng
nhu cu ang tng TQ.
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nhanh chng gip pht trin ng dng tng kh nng h tr cng ngh trong
khu vc, Dow Epoxy s t Trung tm pht trin ng dng TQ. Trung tm pht trin
ng dng mi ny s m ra gii php i mi v hiu qu h tr khch hng cc
th trng sn v vt liu in v s bt u hot ng trong qu I/ 2007
[2]
.(tp ch cng
ngh ha cht s 10-2006)
Sn bo v c ngha rt quan trng i vi vic bo v cc kt cu st thp
trc nhng nh hng mi trng bn ngoi trong thi gian di, c bit l i vi cc
cy cu, cc bn cha, cc kt cu st thp ca cc nh my, cc ng ng dn,.... Tuy
nhin, th trng sn bo v li tng i nh. Theo bo co ca Akzo Nobel v
Euromonitor International, nm 2005 ngnh sn xut sn bo v trn th gii t tng
gi tr 5 t USD, trong khi tng gi tr ton ngnh sn th gii t 86 t USD v ring
lnh vc sn trang tr t n tng gi tr 39 t USD.
Th trng sn bo v ton cu hin ang tng trng tng i tt, vi tc
trung bnh c tnh 5,2%/nm. Nhng tc tng trng ny khc nhau nhiu ty theo
cc khu vc. Th trng Bc M vi tng gi tr 750 triu USD, ang tng trng vi
tc va phi l 4%/nm, v hu ht cc cng trnh c s h tng y c hon
thnh. cc th trng mi ni nh Trung Quc, n , ng u, th trng sn bo
v tng trng vi tc 9-11%/nm, do khi lng xy dng cng trnh c s h tng
mi cn rt ln.
S tng trng nhanh chng ca cc nn kinh t chu trong nhng nm qua
tc ng mnh n cc cng ty sn xut sn trn th gii. Lnh vc xy dng ang pht
trin mnh ti Trung Quc v n , v gn y l ng u, ang nh hng ng
k n nhu cu v sn, nht l sn bo v trn th trng th gii.
Ngay c nhng th trng bo ha nh Bc M cng c nhu cu ln v sn cho
nhu cu bo dng sa cha cc cng trnh. Thng xuyn c khong 15% trong s 600
nghn cy cu ti M c nhu cu bo dng chng n mn.
Cng ty Carboline (M) hin ang pht trin cc loi sn epoxy da trn cc tc
nhn ng rn l phenalkamin. Ngoi thi gian ng rn nhanh hn, cc phenalkamin
cn gip cho sn epoxy chu c m tt hn v cho php chng ng rn nhit
thp (20
o
F)
[3]
.(tp ch cng ngh ha cht s 08-2008)
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Vit Nam trong my nm qua, nhu cu s dng sn bt cng tng ln rt
mnh trong cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut t, xe my sn cc chi tit my, trong
kt cu xy dng dn dng v cng nghip. Tuy nhin, lng sn bt ny trong nc
cha sn xut c m phi nhp khu. Th trng sn Vit Nam dn xut hin nhiu
loi thng hiu sn bt: Dupont, ICI, Jotun... phc v nhu cu tiu dng trong nc.
Trc nhng thch thc v nhu cu sn bt, s thnh cng trong nghin cu cng ngh
sn xut sn bt tnh in (in trng mt chiu c in p t 40 - 120 kV) khng ph
thuc vo nc ngoi m ra kh nng ng dng sn xut sn bt tnh in thng
hiu Vit Nam.
Vit Nam chng ta mt trong nhng kh khn ca vic sn xut nha
ni chung v nha epoxy ni ring l ngun nguyn liu phi nhp t nc ngoi, ngy
nay cng vi vic ra i ca nh my lc du Dung Qut ni s gii quyt phn ln vn
ny, t s m ra mt hng i mi cho vic sn sut nha epoxy, v vy vic xy
dng mt phn xng sn xut nha epoxy l mt nhu cu cp thit.
Sinh vin thc hin
Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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PHN I TNG QUAN L THUYT
CHNG 1 L THUYT TNG HP NHA EPOXY
I. NGUYN LIU
Nguyn liu chnh sn xut nha Epoxy l Epiclohydrin (ECH) v Difenylol
propan. C th dng cc Diol khc nh Rezorcin, Dihydroxylcrezol thay cho
Difenylol Propan m thc t t c dng.
1. Epiclohydrin
Cng thc cu to
O
Cl
CH CH
2
2
CH
Tng hp
Hp cht ny c th tng hp t Glyxerin hoc t Propylen. Trong phng
php c hiu qu nht l i t Propylen.
i t Glyxerin
u tin cho kh HCl khan tc dng vi Glyxerin nhit t 110115
0
C th
chuyn thnh Diclohydrin Glyxerin. y l phn ng este ho glyxerin bng axit v c:
CH
2
CH CH
2
OH OH OH
+ 2HCl CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl OH Cl
+ 2H
2
O
110-115
0
C
hiu sut phn ng cao th Glyxerin phi tht khan hoc cha rt t
nc, ngoi ra c cc cht ht nc nh Anhydric axetic hoc Axit axetic.
Giai on vng ha, dng kim kh HCl to ra Epyclohydrin.
CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl OH Cl
+ CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl
+ NaOH H
2
O
O
+ NaCl
Phn ng vng ha tin hnh nhit thng, nng v tc tc dng vi
Diclohydrin c nh hng rt nhiu n hiu sut phn ng v ngoi phn ng to
thnh Epyclohydrin cn c phn ng x phng ha Epyclohydrin thnh Glyxerin.
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CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl
+ H
2
O
O
+ NaOH
CH
2
CH CH
2
OH OH OH
+ NaCl
C th dng cc loi kim yu hn nh Ca(OH)
2
, Na
2
CO
3
kh HCl.
Phng php ny Lin X, Trung Quc ng dng nhiu. nc ta sn
lng du tho mc (Glyxerin tch ra khi x phng ha du tho mc) kh ln nn n
cng thun li ng k.
i t Propylen
Clo ha Propylen di p sut 18 Kg/cm
2
v nhit 600
0
C to thnh Alkyl
clorua, tip n cho Clohydrin tc dng ln ni i v cui cng dng kim kh HCl
ca Diclohydrin to thnh Epyclohydrin.
CH
2
CH CH
3
+
600
0
C, 18at
Cl
HCl CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl
CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl + HClO CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl OH Cl
CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl OH Cl
+ CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl
+ NaOH H
2
O
O
+ NaCl

Sn phm ph l Triclo Propan, Diclohydrin cha phn ng. Trong hai phng
php trn th phng php ph hp i vi nc ta l phng php i t Glyxerin cn
phng php i t Propylen ch ph hp vi nhng nc c ngnh cng nghip ch
bin du m pht trin mnh.
Tnh cht ca Epyclohydrin
Epyclohydrin l cht lng trong sut, khng mu, khng tan trong nc nhng tan
trong benzen, axeton, ru v cc dung mi khc, c mi mnh, c bit l rt c, si
nhit 116-117
0
C, t trng 20
0
C l 1,175 1,35, nhit nng chy 57,2
0
C.
t tan trong nc nhit 20
0
C ch ha tan 6,58% trng lng, to hn hp
ng ph vi nc nhit si 84,1
0
C v chim 81% trng lng hn hp.
An ton khi s dng Epyclohydrin
Do tnh cht c hi ca Epyclohydrin nn yu cu thng cha, ng dn phi kn
m bo an ton cho cng nhn.
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Khi vn chuyn nn dng Epyclohydrin vo chai thy tinh ln hay s dng thng
bng thp c y kn cn thn cho cng nhn thao tc khi b ng c.
2. Diphenylol propan (4,4-Dioxy Difenylol propan), hay gi tt l Bis phenol A
Diphenylol propan c iu ch bng cch cho Phenol tc dng vi Axeton
trong mi trng axit mnh nhit 1015
0
C.
2
CH
HO
+
O
2
3
C
3
3
+
C
3
CH CH
HO HO OH
CH
to mi trng H
+
c th s dng dung dch H
2
SO
4
, hoc l hi HCl.
Thc nghim chng t rng lng H
2
SO
4
ch nh hng gii hn nht nh n
phn ng, nhng nng axit l yu t quan trng quyt nh hiu sut phn ng.
Hin nay ngi ta dng xc tc l dn xut Mercaptan ca axit no mch thng
nh Tiodiaxetic (HOOCCH
2
SCH
2
COOH) iu ch t Monocloaxetic v
Sunfohydro.
3. Tnh cht ca Difenylol propan
Difenylol propan l loi bt tinh th ng nht c nhit nng chy t
155157
0
C, khng ha tan trong nc, tan d trong Axeton v ru. Bo qun bng bao
lm bng giy khng thm nc hay thng thp c np y kn.
Ngoi ra trong cng nghip ngi ta cn sn xut nha Epoxy t nha Phenol
Formaldehide.
II. L THUYT TO NHA EPOXY
1. Phn ng a t nha Epoxy
Nguyn liu sn xut ete diglyxit v polymer ca chng l phenol a chc v
hp cht cha nhm Epoxy. Nhng hp cht cha nhm hyroxyl c th dng l:
Rezorsin, Hydroquinol, Dioxit diphenol propan, nha Phenolfocmandehit dng
novolac Nhng c s dng rng ri nht l diphenylolpropan v Epyclohydrin.
Phn ng xy ra trong mi trng kim c hai nhm nh chc l Epoxy v Clo.
Diphenylolpropan c hai nhm hydroxyl c hai nguyn t hyr linh ng nn kh nng
tham gia phn ng ln. Ph thuc vo t l hai cht m c th thu c cc sn phm
khc nhau t lng nht n rn.
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Nu tha Epyclohyrin th c th thu c ete diglixit diphenylpropan, phn ng
xy ra trong mi trng NaOH. Trong dung mi tr c 0,20,5% NaOH th thu c ete
diglyxerit c sch cao, c nht si 210230
0
C p sut 0,05mHg v ch s khc
x D
20
=1,57507. 90175
0
C ete diglyxit diphenylpropan trong mi trng kim s
chuyn thnh polymer dng thu tinh do c nhm Epoxy trng hp.
Khi lng phn t ca nha ty thuc vo t l gia Epyclohydrin v
dian. Khi t l Epyclohydrin cng ln th khi lng phn t ca nha Epoxy cng b.
Sn phm thu c trong sut, khng mu, bn kim, d x l v c tnh cht c hc
cao. Do vy nha thu c l mt hn hp ng ng polymer c di mch khc
nhau. T l mol gia Epyclohydrin v Diphenylolpropan cng gim th nhit nng
chy v khi lng phn t ca nha Epoxy cng tng.
Tt nht l iu ch nha trong dung dch nc NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
.
Nu tin hnh phn ng khng c kim m thm cc axit v c hoc xc tc Frien-
Craft th cui phn t vn cn nhm Clohydrin. Do phi kh HCl, tc nhn thng
dng kh HCl l kim nhng tt nht l Alumiat Natri hoc l Canxi trong mi
trng ioxan. Phn ng to nha xy ra 3 giai on nh sau:
Nhm Epoxy trong Epyclohydrin tc dng vi Hydroxyl diphenylpropan
Giai on ny to nhit mnh ( 20
0
C, H = -17,09 Kcal/mol). Sn phm to ra
c nhm OH bc 2 nm v tr so vi nguyn t Clo. v tr nh vy, trong mi
trng kim s xy ra t HCl v to nhm Epoxy mi.
To ra nhm Epoxy mi do tch HCl (kh)
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Diclohydrin
n tt nghip
Cc sn phm ban u tip tc ngng t vi Diphenylol propan, kt qu
to ra nha mch thng
Cng thc tng qutca Epoxy nh sau:
Ta thy nha epoxy trng thi khng ng rn l nhng mch polyete di,
trong nhm hydroxyl t do nm cch nhau mt khong cch tng i xa. Hai u
mch l nhm epoxy. Nhm epoxy v hydroxyl c kh nng phn ng vi nhiu cht v
ph thuc vo nh chc ca cc nhm m c th thu c nha nhit do bin
tnh hoc nha ng rn khng nng chy v khng ha tan.
Sn phm to ra trong sut, khng mu, bn kim, d x l.
Cc phn ng ph c th xy ra trong qu trnh tng hp Epoxy
Thy phn Epyclohydrin thnh Glyxerin
OH
OH
+
OH
+
+
H
2
O NaOH
CH
2
CH CH
2
CH
2
CH CH
2
O Cl
NaCl
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Thy phn nhm Epoxy cui mch to thnh OH
OH
+
OH
H
2
O CH
2
CH
CH CH
2
R
R
O
Trng hp nhm Epoxy vi nhm Hydroxyl gy gel ha
OH
+
CH
2
CH CH
2
CH
2
CH
O
O
CH
2
CH CH
2
O
CH
2
CH CH
2
OH
CH
2
CH CH
2
Trng hp cc nhm Epoxy to cu trc khng gian lm nha keo kt
O
CH
2
CH
CH CH
2 R
R
O
CH
2
CH
O
O
CH
2
CH
O
CH
2
CH
O
CH
2
CH
O
CH CH
2
R
O
CH CH
2
R
n
Khi tng hp nha Epoxy khi lng phn t thp, thng ha tan
Diphenylolpropan vo mt lng tha Epyclohydrin ri thm dn dung dch km nc,
nhit phn ng 60-70
0
C. C th tng hp nha trong mi trng kh tr, un ngt
qung, khuy trong 16 gi, iu chnh lng kim th thm vo mi trng lun
lun trung tnh, lm nh vy trnh trng hp nhm Epoxy. Qu trnh a t nha
Epoxy ht sc phc tp do c nhiu phn ng ph. V vy phi chn iu kin k thut
ch to Ete diglyxerit v ng thi phi ch n cc iu kin nh hng n qu
trnh phn ng.
2. Phn ng to nha Polyepoxy
Nha Epoxy i t Epyclohydrin khng ph thuc vo khi lng phn t trong
mi phn t u c khng qu hai nhm Epoxy, nn vic ng rn nha ny bng
Polyamin v Anhydric ca axit 2 chc th khng th lm tng nhiu bn nhit. Nha
cha trn hai nhm Epoxy trong mi phn t gi l nha Polyepoxy.
Mt s loi nha Polyepoxy
Nha Poly triglyxidil xianuarat i t axit Xianuaric vi Epyclohydrin
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So snh tnh cht ca nha Epoxy ng rn i t Diphenylolpropan v t axit
Xianuaric th thy rng nha Epoxy i t axit Xianuaric c chu nhit cao hn v tn
hao in mi nhit cao b hn nha Epoxy i t Diphenylolpropan. Tuy nhin
nha ny t c sn xut do kh khn v nguyn liu.
Nha polyglyxidil phenol formaldehyt
Nha Phenol formaldehit (Novolac, Rezolic) c th x l bng
Epyclohydrin trong mi trng kim 70100
0
C to nha Polyglyxidil. Ph thuc
vo iu kin phn ng v t l cc cu t m cc nhm Hydroxyl ca Phenol v nhm
metylol c th thay th mt phn hay hon ton.
Cu to nha Polyglyxidil Phenol Fomaldehit
+ T nha Novolac
n
CH
2
HOH
2
C
O
H
2
C
HC
O
O
CH
2
CH
O
H
2
C
CH
2
+ T nha Rezolic
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m
n
HOH
2
C
O
O
O
CH
CH
2
O
O CH CH
2
O
CH
2
H
2
C
H
2
C
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
HC
CH
2
OH
Nha Polyepoxy i t Novolac c dng ph bin hn c. Nhm Epoxy trong
nha ny c gi cht hn do sn phm ng rn rt cng v km n hi. Thng
nha Polyepoxy c bm dnh vo cc vt liu thp hn so vi nha Epoxy thng.
Nhng do khi ng rn tn s ni ngang ln nn lm vt phm c chu nhit cao.
Nha ny c bn dng ph kim loi, lm keo dn v cht do thy tinh. Nha
Polyepoxy bin tnh bng cch un nng vi mono v Diglyxerit ca du kh v du
bn kh, lc nhm Epoxy ca nha tc dng vi nhm Hydroxyl ca Glyxerit v to
ete.
3. Epoxy ha cc hp cht khng no
Trong cc phng php iu ch nha epoxy, phng php epoxy ho cc
hp cht khng no c gi tr hn c v mt l thuyt v thc t. Epoxy ha theo hai cch
sau y:
Epoxy ha cc hp cht khng no bng cc peroxit hu c nh peraxetic,
perbenzoic, perpropionic. Cho HClO tc dng ln ni i sau dng kim kh HCl
to ra vng Epoxy:
OH
+ +
+
+
OH
H
2
O
Cl
NaOH
CH
CH
Cl
HClO
O
CH
CH CH
CH
CH CH NaCl
Epoxy ha thng tin hnh nhit 2526
0
C trong cc dung mi hu c:
benzen, toluen, clorofoc.
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4. Bin tnh nha Epoxy
Nh c nhiu nhm hot ng ha hc, nha Epoxy c th tham gia nhiu phn
ng bin i ha hc v phi hp vi cc polyme khc. Bin tnh nha Epoxy c gi tr
rt quan trng v cho php thay i tnh cht sn phm theo mun v lm gim gi
thnh ca nha Epoxy.
Cc loi bin tnh nha Epoxy ph bin l bin tnh bng axit bo ca du tho
mc, bin tnh bng ru bo cao cp khng no, ng trng hp vi Styren, vi cc hp
cht Vinyl, vi cao su Butadien nitryl, phi hp vi Polyamit, a t vi hp cht Silic
hu c.
4.1. Bin tnh bng axit bo du tho mc
Bin tnh bng axit bo du tho mc l phn ng este ha nha Epoxy. Ty iu
kin c th este ha ring nhm epoxy, hydroxyl hay l este ha ng thi c hai nhm.
Phn ng este ha tin hnh theo hai giai on:
O
CH
2
CH +
RCOOH
CH CH
2
OOCR
OH
CH CH
2
OOCR
OH
+ CH CH
2
OOCR
O
C O
R
RCOOH H
2
O +
ng thi Epiclohydrin c nhm hydroxyl ca nha Epoxy ban u:
CH
OH
RCOOH
+ CH
O
C O
R
H
2
O +
Phn ng gia nhm Epoxy v axit bo xy ra nhit khong 160
0
C, este ha
nhm hydroxyl nhit 170180
0
C v cao hn.
Tuy nhin 180200
0
C phn ng ny xy ra chm v khng trng hp nhit.
Trong cng nghip thng este ha nhit 220260
0
C.
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Tr s axit ca epoxy este phi vo khong 110, cao hn 10 s kh chm, chu
nc v ha cht km. Trong qu trnh este ha c th dng cc xc tc oxit kim loi,
Paratoluensulfo axit, Hydroxit bari,Dng CaO v ZnO th thi gian este ha gim
nhng nht ca sn phm li b. Dng xc tc c nhc im l dung dch nha b
m c khi bo qun.
C th tch axit bo t cc loi du lanh, thu du kh nc, hn hp du thu
du v du tru. Khi la chn axit bo cn ch l s ni i cng nhiu este ha cng
nhanh nhng nhiu qu d b keo t.
Nha Epoxy este thng dng lm mng sn (pha vo hn hp dung mi
Xilen v Xenlulo theo nng 30%). Mng sn c kh nng kh nhit thng nu
thm cht lm kh Coban (ly 1,04% tnh theo Coban kim loi) v kh 150
0
C (khng
cn thm cht lm kh).
4.2. Bin tnh bng ru bo cao phn t khng no
Khi cho nha Epoxy tc dng vi cc ru bo cao phn t khng no s nhn
c hp cht ete. Phn ng ete ha tin hnh c xc tc Friden-Craft (BF
3
) nhit
7090
0
C trong dung dch Dioxan hay Anisol. y ch c nhm Epoxy tham gia vo
phn ng, nh vy c th trng hp nh ni i ca gc Alkyl hay tham gia vo cc
phn ng ng trng hp.
4.3. ng trng hp vi cc hp cht vinyl
Cc hp cht vinyl c th tham gia phn ng ng trng hp vi Epoxy nh
Vinyl clorua, Vinyl axetat, Vinylidencloric, este ca axit Acrilic v meta Acrilic. Nhng
sn phm ng trng hp ny dng tm giy, vi v ch to keo dn. Ngoi ra, sn
phm ng trng hp nha Epoxy vi Acrilo nitryl c th gia cng thnh si v mng.
4.4. ng trng hp vi Styren
Nha Epoxy ng trng hp vi Styren trong dung dch Xylen v trong mi
trng kh tr nhit 145150
0
C c xc tc loi Peoxyt. Hoc cng c th tin hnh
nh sau: Trc tin cho axit bo ca du lanh v Styren ng trng hp nhit
205
0
C c mt xc tc (h thng oxy ha kh gm SO
2
v Benzidin). Sau em hp
cht thu c trn vi nha Epoxy. Sn phm to thnh c th gia cng thnh mng
ng rn bng Naphtenat Coban.
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Ngoi ra cn ng trng hp nha Epoxy vi cc dn xut ca Styren nh Octo,
Meta, Para metyl Styren, 2,5-Dietyl Styren
4.5. ng trng hp vi cao su Butadien nitryl
Sn phm ny c tnh cht gn ging nh cao su nhng c kh nng bo tn cc
tnh cht mm cao trong mt gii hn nhit rng.
4.6. Phi hp vi Polyamid
Nha Epoxy phi hp vi Polyamid c s dng rng ri trong ngnh cng
nghip sn. Thng l dng nha Epoxy vi nha Versamid phn t thp.
4.7. ng a t vi hp cht Silic hu c
Nha Epoxy Silosan c chu nhit v kh hu cao, bm dnh v co gin tt.
Nn c dng lm mng ph vt liu hn kn, thm vo cc nha khc lm tng
tnh chu nhit, lm cht n nh.
5. ng rn nha
5.1. ng rn nhit thng: amin, amit
Cht ng rn ny c c im nht thp, gi thnh r, do n c s dng
rt ph bin. Khi amin tc dng vi nha epoxy th xy ra hin tng m vng epoxy
to thnh mi ni ngang gia cc phn t nha epoxy vi cu ni trung gian l cc
nhm amin.
Cc cht ng rn thng dng l:
DETA (dietylen triamin) hm lng 58%
TETA (trietylen tetramin) hm lng 710%
PETA (polyethylene tetramin) hm lng 1020%
Versamid 125,135 hm lng 4050%
Thi gian ng rn ph thuc vo nhit . Tc ng rn cng nhanh th thi
gian ng cng gim. Nu d amine th phn ng xy ra nhanh ta nhit lm phn hy
amin, to bt.
Qu trnh ng rn nha Epoxy bng amin thng c cc u, khuyt im sau:
u im:
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Qu trnh ng rn khng to ra sn phm ph, do sn phm to thnh
khng b xp, c tnh cht c l cao v co ngt thp.
C th ng rn ngui hoc nhit tng i thp.
C th ng rn vi nhng sn phm ln.
Nhc im:
Hu ht cc amin thp phn t c hi, n mn nn khng th dng cho
cc thit b thc phm.
Lng amin cho vo phi tnh chnh xc sao cho mt nguyn t hydro
hot ng ca nhm amin tng ng vi mt nhm epoxy v nu trong hai thnh phn
d th s to mng li khng gian tha tht.
5.2. ng rn nhit cao bng polyacid, anhydric acid
Chng c thi gian gel ha di, nht thp v hot tnh thp (nu khng c xc
tc).
Thng s dng AM (anhyric maleic), AP (anhyric phtalic). Tuy nhin,
AM cng, dn v bn c l km hn AP.
Phn ng ng rn vi axit hai chc:
Epoxy phn ng ng rn vi nc to ra sn phm ph l nc, nc to ra bay
hi li l xp nn cht ng rn axit t dng.
Phn ng ng rn vi anhydric: V d: anhydric phtalic
Phn ng xy ra nhit cao t 180-220
o
C v qua cc giai on sau:
Trc tin:
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5.3. ng rn bng cc cht ng rn khc
Ngoi cht ng rn loi axit v amin cn dng cc hp cht c hai hay nhiu
nhm nh chc ng rn nha Epoxy. Trong s c cc loi nha nh: phenol
focmandehit, ure focmandehit, melamin focmandehit, nha furan, ... thng dng nht
l phenol focmandehit.
Qu trnh ng rn nha Epoxy bng nha phenol focmandehit xy ra do nhm
Epoxy phn ng vi nhm hydroxyl ca phenol focmaldehit (UF), thng tin hnh
170 205
0
C trong thi gian khong 20 30 pht.
Nu ng rn bng UF, melamin focmandehit, th nhit ng rn c th gim
xung n 150
0
C. Tt nht l dng nha rezolic phenol focmaldehit hoc crezol
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focmaldehit (dng xc tc amin) thm vo nha Epoxy. Lng nha thm vo
khong 25 40 % so vi nha Epoxy.
Nha Epoxy trn vi nha phenol focmaldehit ch yu dng sn ph c
bn axit v kim cao, chu nhit nhng dn.
Ni tm li, nha Epoxy c nhiu tnh cht k thut tt sau khi ng rn do
qu trnh ng rn phi c c bit ch . Dng cht ng rn thch hp c th thay
i hon ton tnh cht ca sn phm, v th cn phi chn cht ng rn. Quan trng
nht l chn ch ng rn cn c vo c im ca cht ng rn v nha Epoxy ban
u.
6. Cht pha long
nht ca nhiu nha epoxy qu cao, v vy cn tng nhit hoc
thm ph gia vo gim nht. Do , trong epoxy ngi ta cp n vn cht
pha long l nhng dung mi hot tnh, c nhm epoxy gim nht. Tuy nhin n
c th thay i tnh cht ca vt liu ty thuc vo cu to phn t ca cht pha long.
S dng cht pha long l nhng epoxy thp phn t n chc.
c im ca cht pha long:
-Khng bay hi
-C kh nng phn ng vi cht ng rn, khng to sn phm ph thp
phn t
-C kh nng tng hp tt vi nh epoxy to hn hp ng nht
-Ngoi ra cht pha long cn ng vai tr l cht ha do
Cc cht pha long thng dng l:
CH CH
2
O
CH
3
(CH
2
)
3
O
CH CH
2
O
O CH
2
H
3
C CH CH
2
O
O CH
2
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+ Glycidyl ete n-butanol: lm cho nha c
bn c l v chu nhit gim. Nhng tng
bn un, mm.
do v va p.
+Glycidyl ete phenol:lm cho nha chu
nhit v tnh cht c l khng. gim
+ Glycidyl ete para cresol: lm cho nha
tng kh nng chu mi trng.
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III. TNH CHT V NG DNG CA EPOXY
nh gi tnh cht ca nha epoxy da vo:
- Mt ni ngang
- Bn cht ca phn t nha v mt lin kt ngang
- Bn cht ca phn t ng rn.
1. Tnh cht ha hc v vt l ca nha epoxy
Nha Epoxy khng ng rn i t difenylol propan l loi nha nhit do, c
mu t vng n nu, dng t cht lng nht n cht rn dn, ha tan tt trong cc
dung mi nh Keton, este, dioxan v clobenzen, trong metyl etyl keton, metyl
xiclohexanol th tt hn. Nha phn t thp tan trong ru v cacbuahydro thm, cn
phn t cao th khng tan trong cc cht . C th bo qun dung dch v hn hp nng
chy trong thi gian lu m khng b thay i.
Nha Epoxy trn c vi nha ure, melamin, phenol-formaldehit, polyamit,
polyeste nhng khng trn c vi este v este xenlulo. Khi lng phn t quyt nh
tnh cht sn phm ng rn. Thc t thy rng nha phn t thp dng lm keo dn,
ch to cc vt liu c v loi tm p, cn nha phn t cao lm sn sau khi bin
tnh.
Nha Epoxy sau khi ng rn c mt lin kt ngang khng cao v cc lin kt
ny li nm cch xa nhau nn mch i phn t vn cn c tnh linh ng cn thit, hay
nha sau khi ng rn vn cn c tnh mm do nht nh. Sn phm sau khi ng rn
khng to bt kh v r. Ngoi ra sn phm sau khi ng rn vn cn tn ti nhm -OH
trong mch i phn t lm cho nha c tnh bm dnh tt vi nhiu loi vt liu. Lin
kt ete cng lm cho nha c bn ho hc cao v c cc, ng thi cng lm tng
bm dnh ca sn phm.
Hu ht cc loi nha Epoxy u hot ng ha hc, bm dnh tt, chu ha cht
tt (nha ng rn chu c kim c, cht ty ra, dung dch mui, dung dch axit:
HCl 20%, H
2
SO
4
70%, HNO
3
10%, CH
3
COOH 1%), chu kh hu, m, cng chc.
Tu thuc vo cu to ca tng loi nha v phng php iu ch m chng c cc
tnh cht khc nhau. i vi nha polyepoxy, khi lng phn t cng tng th hm
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lng Epoxy cng tng, do khi ng rn s to ra mt mng li khng gian dy
c lm cho nha cng hn.
tng co gin cho nha Epoxy th ngi ta cho thm vo cc cht ho do
nh polyamit, ...
Nhng polymer nhn c khi Epoxy ha cc hp cht khng no c cc nhm
Epoxy cui v gia mch phn t. Ngoi nhm Epoxy va hydroxyl trong phn t
cn c nhm axetyl, ni i. Do nha Epoxy ha c hot tnh ha hc cao v c th
ng rn nh nhm Epoxy, hydroxyl v c ni i trong mch i phn t. Mt in
t ca cc nhm Epoxy cui mch phn t cao hn v chng d tham gia phn ng
vi cc cht i in t nh cc anhydric, do c th ng rn loi nha ny bng cc
anhydric nhit thng, trong khi chng ch ng rn vi cc amin bo khi un
nng. Nh c cc ni i cn li trong phn t nn c th ng trng hp vi cc
monomer khng no nh styren, metylmetacrilat, ... vi s c mt ca xc tc peroxit.
Nh vy ng rn nha Epoxy ho c th dng cc cht ng rn l anhydric
monomer; sn phm thu c sau khi ng rn chu nhit tt v bn c hc.
Tuy nha Epoxy c co ngt b nhng khi ng rn th vn c hin tng co:
100
0
C co l 5%, 200
0
C co l 2,3%.
Cc thng s vt l ca nha Epoxy:
T trng:1,2 1,25
Nhit phn hu (
0
C): 340 350
H s gin n: (4,5 6,5)x10
-3
H s dn nhit (C/m.h.
0
C): 0,17
Hng s in mi: 3,5 4,2
Tang gc tn hao in mi
20
0
C: 0,001 0,002
80
0
C:0,03 0,05
Sau 48 gi trong nc 20
0
C: 0,001 0,003
Trong nha Epoxy sau khi ng rn c cc c im sau:
Mt lin kt ngang tng i tha
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Trong mch vn cn tn ti nhm -OH
Trong nha ng rn c lin kt te
Trong phn t nha c vng thm
Cc tnh cht trn phi hp li vi nhau lm cho nha Epoxy sau khi ng rn
c mt s tnh cht sau:
Vn cn tnh mm do
Bm dnh tt vi nhiu loi vt liu
Bn nhit, bn c hc, cng tng i cao
Chnh nhng tnh cht trn lm cho nha Epoxy c nhiu ng dng rng ri
trong cng nghip v i sng nh lm keo dn, lm sn, lm vt liu composite, ...
Bng 1: Nhu cu s dng nha Epoxy trong nm 1990 v 1991 trn th
gii
[4]
:
2. ng dng ca nha Epoxy
2.1. Lm sn
Nha Epoxy c ng dng lm sn c hai loi l lm sn lt v sn ph.
Tuy nhin nha Epoxy c ng dng lm sn lt nhiu hn v c tnh bm dnh tt
vi nhiu loi vt liu. y l yu cu quan trng i vi m nha Epoxy p ng c.
Mng ph t nha Epoxy c tnh bm dnh tt, co gin, ng rn khng thi ra
cht c, bn c hc, chu tc dng ca ho cht.
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Nha
1990 1991
10
3
tn % 10
3
tn %
Mng ph
89 49 84 51
Vt liu cch in
25 14 22 13
Keo dn
13 7,5 12 7,25
Vt liu compozit
13 7,5 12 7,25
Vt liu xy dng
12 6,5 11 6,25
Cc ng dng khc
29 17 25 15,25
Tng
181 100 166 100
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Nguyn liu ban u s dng lm sn l nha Epoxy ng rn i t
Epyclohydrin v diphenylol propan. Ngoi ra cn dng nha polyepoxy nhn c khi
ete ho phenol-focmandehit.
Nha epoxy c th dng lm sn nc, sn bt,...Sn bt epoxy th hin nhng
tnh cht u vit nh: kt dnh tt, chng ma mn, cng, kh nng chng n mn v
ha cht. Kh nng ng dng rt a dng bao gm: bo v kim loi, ct thp, ng
ng, vt gia dng, t bit l sn t.
Vic pht trin kh nng phn ng cao ca h sn bt x l nhit thp
(150
0
C), kh nng kinh t vi cc mng mng 30-40 m lm cho sn bt c th cnh
tranh vi sn nc. Sn bt c th c p dng vi sn phun tnh in
[5]
.

Hnh 1: Sn cng nghip h nc Hnh 2: Sn epoxy

Hnh 3: Sn bt tnh in Hnh 4: Sn epoxy
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2.2. Lm keo dn
Nha Epoxy c dng lm keo v n p ng c nhng tnh cht sau :
+ Kt dnh ni v kt dnh ngoi tt vi cc vt liu khc nh g, kim loi, thu
tinh.
+ Khng tc dng ho hc vi vt liu em dn.
+ Khng to cht bc v co ngt trong qu trnh ng rn.
+ Chu c tc ng ca mi trng.
Hn hp keo dn phi m bo cc thnh phn sau: cht kt dnh, cht ng rn,
ph gia, cht ho do v dung mi. Tu theo yu cu ca sn phm m cc thnh phn
c th thay i cho ph hp.
Di y l loi keo hai thnh phn chuyn dng lm khun cho cc ngnh cng
nghip nh gm s, giy, nha, hp kim. Ngoi ra, loi keo c chng c kh nng
chu nhit, gin n hp l dng c IC v in tr, r le trong cc nghnh cng nhip
in t cao (hnh 5). V va kt dnh nha epoxy hai thnh phn c nht thp v
khng dung mi dng lm lp lt cho mt nn b tng, va trt xi mng v va trt
epoxy, dng cho b mt c thm ht t thp n cao, lp lt cho h thng sn
sikafloor, cht kt dnh cho va t san bng v va trt (hnh 6).
Hnh 5: Keo AB epoxy Hnh 6: Va kt dnh
epoxy
Keo dn c iu ch t nha Epoxy tinh khit hay t hn hp nha th khi
ng rn khng tch sn phm ph, do lm cho mi dn c bn cao, hn na khi
dn khng cn p lc nhiu.
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Keo Epoxy c iu ch hai dng c bn l dng ng rn nng v ng rn
ngui.
+ Keo ng rn nng thng l nha Epoxy tinh khit hoc dung dch nha v
cht ho do cng vi cht ng rn nh dixian diamit, melamin. bn trt ca mi
dn l 350 kG/cm
2
.
+ Keo ng rn ngui l loi nha lng khng c dung mi c trn vi cht
ng rn hoc dung dch nha nhit rn c nhit nng chy di 60
0
C. Keo c cha
cht ho do nh dibutyl phtalat, c tnh chu nhit km hn nhng n hi tt hn.
bn trt ca mi dn nh hn, vo khong 100 kG/cm
2
.
Nha Epoxy khi bin tnh lm keo dn c c tnh qu hn nha Epoxy
nguyn cht. tng chu nhit ca keo dn th c th thm vo nha rezolic phenol
focmanehit. C th keo trn c s nha Epoxy, rezolic phenol focmanehit v
polyvinyl axetat thp phn t th bn ko t l 600 kG/cm
2
.
Keo dn trn c s nha Epoxy vi polysunfit c co ngt thp, ng rn
nhit thp, t tn tht nhit, chu c tc dng ca du m v du m. Nu tng hm
lng sunfit th gim dn ca mi dn nhit phng v lm tng bn nhit
cao. Hn hp cha nhiu polysunfit c dng lm vt liu c.
Keo dn trn c s nha Epoxy vi polyamit th c thi gian ng rn di nhit
thng, t ng rn nhit cao, to nhit t v khng cn thm cc amin vo
ng rn, qu trnh ng rn xy ra trn 100
0
C.
Keo c iu ch t nha Epoxy lng c phi hp vi cht n v c nh bt
nhm hoc aming v cht ng rn l dimetylamin propylamin c bn cao nhit
thp v rt thp, thm ch chu c nhit -250
0
C.
2.3. Cng nghip in v in t
Cng thc cu to ca nha Epoxy rt quan trng trong ngnh cng nghip in
t, c s dng trong ng c, my pht in, my bin p, thit b chuyn mch, ng
lt v cch in
Epoxy l cht cch in tuyt vi v bo v cc thit b in khng b ngn
mch, bi v m.
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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n tt nghip
Trong ngnh cng nghip in nha epoxy l nha u tin c s dng lm,
vt liu bn dn, mch tch hp lai, bng mch in.
Di y l mch tch hp lai c bao bc bi nha epoxy (hnh 7).
Hnh 7: Mch tch hp lai epoxy
Nh c tnh cht c l v cch in tt, bn vi tc nhn ho hc, nc v d gia
cng nn nha Epoxy c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip in nh chi tit ca s
cch in c cp trong hnh 8.
Hnh 8: Chi tit ca s cch in
2.4. Lm vt liu composite
Composite l loi vt liu do s kt hp ca hai hay nhiu thnh phn khc nhau.
Vt liu composite c s dng rng ri nhm to ra vt liu mi c nhng tnh cht
tri hn so vi vt liu ban u.
Nha epoxy c rt nhiu u im v c s dng rt rng ri ch to
composite c tnh c hc cao, bm dnh cao vi nhiu loi ct. Tin li khi x l
cng ngh, to dng cc kt cu v c th gi lu trng thi cha ng rn, tin li cho
vic ch to kt cu composite v cc bn thnh phm.
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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n tt nghip
Vt liu composite trn c s vt liu nn epoxy c ng dng rng ri trong
nhiu ngnh cng nghip, c bit trong vic sn xut cc chi tit trong cc thit b hng
khng nh thn v my bay, thn v ng c tn la nhin liu rn,...
Mt s loi nha epoxy s dng trong cng ngh ch to ng c tn la nhin
liu rn c mc EDT-10, UP61M, EXD-M, EXA-EM, EXT20....
Bng 2: Mt s tnh cht ca vt liu composite trn c s vt liu
nn epoxy
[6]
:
Ct
Si
thy tinh
Si
cacbon
Si
hu c
Si bor Thp Nhm
Khi lng
ring.10
3
(kg/m
3
)
2,1 1,5 1,38 1,9 7,8 2,7
Gii hn bn. GPa
Khi ko dc
+
1

Khi nn

Khi trt
12

1,75
0,65
0,048
1,1
0,45
0,37
1,8
0,28
0,042
1,6
2,4
0,102
3,8
0,29
Modun n hi dc
chiu si.
E
1
10
-3
.GPa
57 180 72 210 200 70
Moun trt
G
12
. GPa
5,2 5,0 2,0 6,2 - -
Ngoi ra vt liu composite trn c s nn nha epoxy cn nhng tnh
nng nh: cng, chu nhit, c bit n c th s dng tt trong mi trng c phng
x cao do c dng lm mt bn trong phng th nghim (hnh 9), bn ra, mt sn dng
trong tut ht,
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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n tt nghip
Hnh 9: Sn phm mt bn lm t Composite
2.5. ng dng ca vt liu nano compoisite trn nn nha epoxy
Nha epoxy l loi nha c nhiu u im tt nh bm dnh cao trn
b mt kim loi, c tnh n nh ha hc, bn ha cht. Vic s dng nha epoxy trn
nn ct si thy tinh lm tng tnh bn c ln ng k v rt thch hp ch to lp
bc lt bo v thit b chng n mn ha cht.
Compoisite si cacbon ni ting v nh v bn, t tc dng ha hc nu thay si
cacbon thnh ng nanocacbon chc chn s lm vt liu nh hn nhiu, c s dng
trn cc phng tin cn gim trng lng nh my bay...
Hin nay, si cacbon v cc b ng cacbon a lp c dng gia cng cho
epoxy iu khin v nng cao tnh dn, dng lm bao b chng tnh in hay lm vt
liu cy vo c th v cacbon d tng hp vi xng, m..., lm cc mng lc cng
nh linh kin phi tuyn.
Hin nay polyme c bit l epoxy gia cng bi t st c ng dng kh
nhiu nh dng trong b phn hm xe hi. Ngoi ra c th s dng ht cacbon en c
kch thc 10100nm gia cng cho v xe hi.
Cc ht nano c s dng trong sn epoxy c th ci thin tnh cht nh lm
cho lp sn mng hn, nh hn, s dng trong my bay nhm gim trng lng my
bay.
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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n tt nghip
Ngoi t st ra th trong vt liu nano compoisite polyme cn s dng cc ht
kch thc nanomet nh ht CuS, CdS, CdSe...c s dng nh nhng vt liu cm
quan trong phim, giy nh, mc in,bt photocopy, mc in mu.
Nhn chung vt liu nanocompoisite c tnh cht tt hn composite thng thng
nn c nhiu ng dng c bit v hiu qu hn. y s l vt liu m ra nhiu hng
nghin cu mi v m ra nhiu tm nng ng dng cao.
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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n tt nghip
CHNG II QUY TRNH CNG NGH
I. QUY TRNH SN XUT
1. Chun b nguyn liu
Nh trnh by trn, nguyn liu thng s dng sn xut nha Epoxy
ED-5 l Epyclohydrin v Bisphenol A, trong qu trnh a t to nha th
Epyclohydrin cng vi nc to thnh mt hn hp ng ph: Epyclohydrin-nc bay
hi.
n phi liu a ra nh sau (n phi liu thc t, cc cu t c chun b
theo t l):
Bng 3: n phi liu thc t, cc cu t c chun b theo t l:
Tn ha cht
Nng (%)
Liu lng
T l mol
T l phn
khi lng
Bisphenol A 100 1 100
Epyclohydrin 100 2 81,14
NaOH 100 2 35,09
Phn ng xy ra nhit tng i cao (<100
0
C ), c mt ca kim, tc
phn ng to thnh nha Epoxy ph thuc vo ch cho kim (cng mt lc hay ri ra
tng t theo thi gian).
iu kin tin hnh phn ng c nh hng ti khi lng phn t v hm lng
nhm Epoxy ca nha, song t l gia cc cu t tham gia phn ng c tc dng hn c,
t l phn t gia Epyclohydrin v Bisphenol A cng cao th nht v khi lng phn
t cng thp, hm lng nhm Epoxy cng tng. Thay i t l cu t ban u ta c th
nhn c nha c khi lng phn t t 370450, tuy nhin do c phn ng ph nn
khi lng phn t c th khc vi l thuyt mt t.
Qu trnh sn xut cn c s dng thm mt s cht nh Toluen lm dung mi
ha tan nha tch nc, CO
2
trung ha lng kim d sau khi ra ln th nht v
nc mm ra nha.Tiu chun ca cc nguyn liu nh sau:
Epyclohydrin:
- L cht khng mu trong sut
- Hm lng Epyclohydrin khng b hn 97%
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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- Phn c nhit si t 88 115
0
C khng c ln hn 16%
- Phn c nhit si t 116 117
0
C khng b hn 80%
- Phn c nhit si cao hn 117
0
C khng c ln hn 4%
Bisphenol A:
- L bt trng ng nht, c th c mu hng nht hay xm, trong
mt m nguyn liu khng c dng Bisphenol A c nhiu mu khc nhau.
- Hm lng tp cht khng qu 3%
- Nhit bt du nng chy khng qu 137
0
C
- Hm lng phenol tnh trong Bisphenol A khng qu 0,5%
- Trung tnh
- Hm lng mui n mn khng qu 0,04%
Lng phenol nhiu qu s lm gim kh nng phn ng ca Bisphenol A v
phenol lm t mch.
NaOH: Hm lng khng nh hn 92%
Toluen:
- L cht lng trong sut, khng mu, bay hi ht khng cn cn
- T trng 20
0
C : 0,850,86
- Nhit chng ct : 109111,2
0
C
CO
2
: l cht kh khng mu, hm lng CO
2
tnh theo th tch khng nh
hn 98%, CO
2
ng trong bnh thp chu p sut n 150 kg/cm
2
, cc bnh thp phi bo
qun cn thn, khng c un nng.
2. Chun b thit b phn ng
Trc khi np liu phi ra ni tht sch, lm lnh xung 35
0
C v ng kn tt c
cc ca trn np thit b. Sau 34 ln phn ng th mi ra ni phn ng bng hi nc.
II. CC PHNG PHP SN XUT NHA EPOXY
C hai phng php sn xut nha Epoxy l lin tc v gin on. Ta xt
nhng u nhc im ca hai phng php ny.
1. Phng php lin tc
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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n tt nghip
u im: Sn phm u, lin tc do c nng sut cao, gim tiu hao v
nng lng. C th t ng ha dy chuyn sn xut gim n mc ti a cho cng
nhn.
Nhc im: Vn u t v k thut cao, i hi trnh khoa hc k thut
v cng ngh pht trin.
2. Phng php gin on
u im: Thit b n gin, thch hp vi nng sut nh, d sa cha, bo
qun, d iu khin, khng ch iu kin phn ng.
Nhc im: Cht lng sn phm khng u, nng sut thit b khng cao,
khng tn dng ht kh nng my mc, kh c kh ha, t ng ha.
III. DY CHUYN SN XUT NHA EPOXY (ED-5)
1. Dy chuyn cng ngh (Bn v).
2. Thuyt minh s
Cho 30% Epyclohydrin t thng lng (2) vo mi ni phn ng v m van trn
ng ng chn khng ht Bisphenol A vo ni phn ng sau cho ht lng
Epyclohydrin cn li vo ni a t, m my khuy vi tc quay 35 40 vng/pht
cho n khi thu c huyn ph ng nht, m van hi nc gia nhit cho hn hp
trong ni n nhit 60 65
0
C th cho 65% dung dch NaOH t thng lng (3) vo,
qu trnh cho NaOH chm ri trong 10 pht v gi nhit ny trong khong 30 pht.
Sau cho tip 22% lng kim vo, v nng nhit ln n 65 70
0
C. Lc ny th
phn ng a t xy ra mnh lit. Sau khi gi c 2 gi ta cho lng kim cn li
(13%) vo ni v gi nhit 7075
0
C, cho kim t t trong 30 pht. Ch rng phi
cho kim vo nh th no mi trng phn ng lun lun trung tnh, c nh vy
mi trnh c nhm Epoxy trng hp. Trong sut qu trnh cho kim vo th phi gi
cho hn hp si u nhit khong 65
0
C, thng dng hi nc p sut khong
12 atm. Trong trng hp hn hp phn ng ngng si v nhit gim xung di
65
0
C th ngng cho kim vo n khi no si li ta li tip tc cho kim vo ng thi
quan st cht lng qua knh bit cht lng c si u hay khng. Nu si ng u th
dng cht lng ngng t qua knh quan st trng u n. Sau khi cho ht kim tip tc
cho a t thm 1,5 gi na.
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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n tt nghip
n y qu trnh iu ch nha Epoxy xem nh kt thc. Ta thu c nha ED-
5 l cht do qunh, mu vng xm hay mu vng nht.
Trong sut qu trnh a t hn hp nc-Epyclohydrin bay ln s c ngng t
thit b ngng t (6) v i v thng phn tng (7). y cht lng c phn thnh
hai lp, lp trn l nc c tch ra cn lp di l Epyclohydrin hi lu hon ton
tr li thit b phn ng tch trit nc, sau khi tch ht nc, Epyclohydin c
a qua thit b cha (8) t thit b ngng t. quan st nc t thng phn tng v
ng ng thi, ngi ta thng nhum mu nc bng Indigocormin.
Khi phn ng a t kt thc, cho nc lnh vo v o, lm lnh hn hp xung
3540
0
C v tin hnh chng ct Epyclohydrin khng tham gia phn ng. Epyclohydrin
khng tham gia phn ng bay ln to hn hp ng ph vi nc.
Qu trnh chng tch c tin hnh di p sut chn khng, chn khng
tng dn ln 600mHg v nhit cng tng dn ln 70
0
C. Gn v cui cho php chng
tch Epyclohydrin nhit khng qu 115
0
C trong thi gian mt gi, p sut hi
khng qu 1 atm. Chuyn Epyclohydrin ngng t qua thng cha chn khng (8)
thc hin qu trnh x l tip theo. Khi Epyclohydrin khng chy hay nh git lu qua
knh quan st th qu trnh kt thc.
Giai on kh khn nht l giai on lm sch NaCl khi nha v qu trnh phn
ng c to ra sn phm ph v cc cht tham gia cn d. Mc ch ca vic ra nha l
tch NaCl ra khi nha. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh chng ct Epyclohydrin, tho nha
sang thit b ra (9), bm 30% hn hp ra (dng ra ln 1) gm Toluen t thng
lng (1) v nc t thng lng (4) vo ni phn ng ra phn nha cn dnh li
trn thit b. Phn hn hp ra cn li c cho trc tip vo thit b ra (9) v khuy
trong khong 45 pht na, lng trong khong 75 pht th tho lp nc mui ra. Np
liu Toluen v nc ln 1 theo thnh phn sau (tnh cho 100 phn khi lng ca
Bisphenol A):
Toluen : 100 phn khi lng.
Nc : 325 phn khi lng.
Nha ti b lng c kh cloruahydro trong trng hp quan st thy clo hu
c theo Bens-Tayin trong dung dch nha Toluen sau khi ra ln mt.
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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n tt nghip
Ngi ta dng NaOH trung ha HCl. tnh ton lng kim cn thit cho
vic kh Cloruahydro trong dung dch nha v Toluen cn xc nh trc hm lng
nhm Epoxy v hm lng ny cho bit lng Clo hu c cha trong nha. Khi tnh
ton lng kim nn cn c vo lng Clo theo bng sau:
Bng 4: Xc nh hm lng Clo theo hamg lng nhm Epoxxy:
Hm lng nhm Epoxy Lng Clo hu c
19 20 1,1 3
18 19 3 4
17 18 4 5
17 v t hn 5
Sau khi kh Cloruahydro trong nha ta tin hnh ra ln hai, ln ny np liu
Toluen v nc (tnh cho 100 phn khi lng ca Bisphenol A): Toluen 100 phn khi
lng, nc 60 phn khi lng.
Ra ln hai cng tin hnh tng t nh ln mt nhng giai on ny cn sc
kh CO
2
vo dung dch nha trung ha lng kim d. Kh CO
2
i t balong gim p
trung gian ri vo ni phn ng. Sau khi ra hn hp nha s i qua b lc (10) lc
tch tp cht v mui cn li sau khi lng tch. C th lc 2 ln tch ht cc tp cht
hu c v mui khng tan trong Toluen c ln trong nha. Hn hp nha sau khi lc s
c cha b cha trung gian (11) trc khi a ln thit b sy tch Toluen (13) qua
bm rng kha (12).
Qu trnh sy tch Toluen ra khi nha tin hnh iu kin chn khng h
nhit si ca Toluen (112
0
C) v trnh hin tng phn hu nha nhit cao.
Trong qu trnh sy Toluen bay hi cun theo hi nc vo thit b ngng t (6) v i
v thng phn tng (7), nc c tho ra, cn Toluen hi lu li thit b sy tch
trit nc, sau khi tch ht nc, Toluen c a qua thit b cha Toluen (14).
Khi hm lng cht bc khng qu 1% th kt thc giai on chng Toluen. Sau khi
chng ct ton b Toluen tho nha qua thit b lc (10) trc khi c a n thit
b cha sn phm (15).
IV. YU CU I VI NHA EPOXY ED5
- T trng: 1,2 1,3
- Hm lng nhm Epoxy: 18%
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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n tt nghip
- Hm lng cht bc khng qu 1%
- nht 25
0
C khng qu 75 giy
nht ca nha vi cht ng rn qua 2 gi sau khi trn 100
0
C khng qu
10 giy.
Khi lng phn t: 370 450.
PHN 2 TNH TON CNG NGH
CHNG I CN BNG VT CHT
I. CC S LIU BAN U
Nng sut: 20.000 tn/nm
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 36
n tt nghip
Cc tn tht cc giai on:
+ Chun b nguyn liu: 0,05%
+ Tng hp: 0,2%
+ Ra nha: 0,3%
+ Chng tch nc v toluen: 0,1%
+ Lc 2 ln: 0,1%/1 ln
+ ng thng: 0,05%
Chn: Hm lng cht bc: 1%
Nng sut lm vic trong mt ngy:
gim cc chi ph vn hnh th phn xng lm vic lin tc theo ca sn xut,
cng nhn lm vic thay i lun phin nhau. Trong mt nm, tr thi gian bo dng
v cc dp ngh l, tt:
S ngy ngh l tt trong nm l: 10 ngy
Bo dng my mc: 15 ngy
Nn thi gian lm vic trong mt nm l 340 ngy.
Vy nng sut trong mt ngy l:
8235 , 58
340
20000
Q
(tn).
II. CN BNG VT LIU CHO QU TRNH SN XUT
1. Cn bng vt liu cho 1 tn sn phm
1.1. Khi lng nha thc t cn to ra thu c 1 tn nha sn phm
T 1 tn sn phm ta tnh ngc li bit c khi lng v t l ca cc cu
t. Gi s hm lng ca cht bc cn li trong nha l 1% nn khi lng ca nha
nguyn cht trong 1 tn sn phm l:

990
100
99 * 1000
G
(kg)
Tn tht trong qu trnh ng thng 0,05% nn khi lng nha trc khi
ng thng l:

4952 , 990
05 , 0 100
990 * 100
1

G
(kg)
Lng nha tn tht trong qu trnh ng thng l:

4952 , 0 990 4952 , 990
1 1
G G G
(kg)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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n tt nghip
Tn tht trong qu trnh lc 0,1% nn khi lng nha trc khi lc ln th hai:

1 , 0 100
4952 , 990 * 100
2
G
991,4867 (kg)
Lng nha tn hao trong qu trnh lc l:
990,4952 991,4867
1 2 2
G G G
0,9915 (kg)
Tn tht trong qu trnh chng tch nc v toluen l 0,1% nn khi lng nha
trc khi chng tch l:

1 , 0 100
991,4867 * 100
3
G
992,4792 (kg)
Lng nha tn hao trong qu trnh chng tch:

0,9925 991,4867 992,4792
2 3 3
G G G

(kg)
Tn tht trong qu trnh lc 0,1% nn khi lng nha trc khi lc ln th nht:

1 , 0 100
992,4792 * 100
4
G
993,4727 (kg)
Lng nha tn tht trong qu trnh lc:
9935 , 0 992,4792 993,4727
3 4 4
G G G
(kg)
Khi lng nha trc khi ra (tn tht 0,3%):

3 , 0 100
993,4727 * 100
5
G
996,4621(kg)
Lng nha tn tht trong qu trnh ra:

993,4727 996,4621
4 5 5
G G G
2,9894 (kg)
Tn tht trong qu trnh tng hp l 0,2% nn lng nha thc t tng hp c
l:

2 , 0 100
996,4621 * 100
6
G
998,459 (kg)
Lng nha tn tht trong qu trnh tng hp:
996,4621 998,459
5 6 6
G G G

1,9969 (kg)
Tng tn tht ca c qu trnh tng hp:
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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n tt nghip

990 998,459
6
G G G
8,459 (kg)
Vy sn xut c 1 tn nha sn phm (cn ln cht bc), theo l thuyt th
cn to ra 998,459 kg nha (coi l nguyn cht) trong thit b phn ng trc khi tin
hnh cc cng on sau. Hay ni cch khc th khi lng nha sinh ra trong qu trnh
phn ng a t phi l 998,459 kg.
1.2. Khi lng cc cu t tham gia phn ng thnh phm
Ta c phng trnh phn ng a t nh sau:
Theo yu cu th phn t lng ca nha Epoxy ED-5 t 370450 (vC), ta chn
khi lng phn t ca nha c sn xut ra l M = 410 (vC)
a t ca nha (gi tr n l thuyt) c tnh nh sau:
- Ta c: 410 340 284 + n
25 , 0
284
340 410

n
Phn khi lng ECH tham gia phn ng a t (tnh theo DPP) l:

Phn khi lng NaOH tham gia phn ng a t (tnh theo DPP) l:

Phn khi lng NaCl sinh ra t phn ng a t l:
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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0263 , 73 100
228 ) 25 , 0 1 (
5 , 92 ) 25 , 0 2 (

+
+
5789 , 31 100
228 ) 25 , 0 1 (
40 ) 25 , 0 2 (

+
+
n tt nghip

Phng trnh a t c vit li nh sau:
2,25 ECH + 1,25 DPP + 2,25 NaOH ED-5 +2,25 NaCl + 2,25 H
2
O
x 1 mol y
x = y =
8 , 1
25 , 1
25 , 2 . 1


Vy theo phng trnh a t th:
tng hp 410 kg nha ED-5 cn lng nguyn liu l:
DDP:
285 25 , 1 . 228
(kg)
ECH:
125 , 208 0263 , 73 .
100
285

(kg)
NaOH:
90 5789 , 31 .
100
285

(kg)
ng thi lng cc sn phm ph sinh ra:
NaCl: 2,25.58,5 =131,6250 (kg)
H
2
O: 2,25.18= 40,5000 (kg)
Nh vy sn xut 998,459 kg nha ED-5 th lng cc cu t cn:
DDP:
0508 , 694
410
459 , 998
285
(kg)
ECH:
8397 , 506
410
459 , 998
125 , 208
(kg)
NaOH:
1739 , 219
410
459 , 998
90
(kg)
V cc sn phm ph l:
NaCl:
4966 , 325
410
459 , 998
625 , 131
(kg)
H
2
O:
6283 , 98
410
459 , 998
5 , 40
(kg)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 40
1842 , 46 100
228 ) 25 , 0 1 (
5 , 58 ) 25 , 0 2 (

+
+
n tt nghip
Chn n phi liu thc t l:
Cu t T l phn mol
T l phn
khi lng (%)
DDP 1 100
ECH 2 81,14
NaOH 2 35,09
Nh vy theo n phi liu th lng cc cu t a vo d so vi tnh ton l:
DDP: Coi nh tham gia phn ng ht.
ECH:
% 1106 , 11 100 .
0263 , 73
0263 , 73 14 , 81

NaOH:
% 1183 , 11 100 .
5789 , 31
5789 , 31 09 , 35

Vy lng cc cu t dng theo n pha ch tng hp 998,459 kg nha


ED-5 l:
DDP: 694,0508 kg
ECH:
1528 , 563 % 1106 , 11 . 8397 , 506 8397 , 506 +

(kg)
NaOH:
243,5424 % 1183 , 11 . 1739 , 219 1739 , 219 +

(kg)
Vy lng cc cu t ban u thc t a vo:
Lng DDP (99,8%)
Lng tp cht c trong DDP: 695,4416 694,0508 = 1,3909 (kg)
Lng ECH (99,8%)
Lng tp cht c trong ECH: 564,2814 563,1528 = 1,1286 (kg)
Lng NaOH (50%):
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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(kg) 695,4416 100 .
8 , 99
0508 , 694
8
G
(kg) 564,2814 100 .
8 , 99
1528 , 563
9
G
(kg) 0848 , 487 100 .
50
5424 , 243
10
G
n tt nghip
Lng nc c trong NaOH: 487,0848 243,5424 = 243,5424 (kg)
Trong cng on chun b nguyn liu tn hao 0,05% nn lng nguyn
liu ban u cn chun b theo n thc t l:
DPP (99,8%)
7895 , 695
05 , 0 100
100 * 695,4416

(kg)
ECH (99,8%)
564,5636
05 , 0 100
100 * 564,2814

(kg)
NaOH (50%)
487,3285
05 , 0 100
100 * 0848 , 487

(kg)
2. Tnh lng nc v lng Toluen ra 1 tn sn phm
2.1. Lng toluen v nc dng ra ln 1
Ta c lng Toluen v nc dng cho ln ra u thng cho theo thnh phn
sau (tnh cho 100 phn trng lng ca DPP):
+ Toluen : 200 phn khi lng.
+ Nc : 325 phn khi lng.
Suy ra n cho lng Toluen v nc cn dng cho qu trnh ra nha tng ng:
+ Nha: 144 phn khi lng
+ Toluen: 200 phn khi lng
+ Nc: 325 phn khi lng
Ta c thnh phn phn trm hn hp ra ln 1:
+ Nha:
% 5247 , 21
669
144
5 % ED
+ Toluen:
% 8954 , 29
669
200
% To
+ Nc:
% 5800 , 48
669
325
% N
Lng Toluen cn dng ra ln 1:
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 42


(kg) 9751 , 1383 8954 , 29 .
5247 , 21
4621 , 996
11
G
n tt nghip
Lng nc cn dng ra ln 1:
2.2. Lng toluen v nc dng ra ln 2
Khi ra ln 2, t l cc cu t Toluen v nc c cho nh sau (tnh cho 100
phn trng lng ca DPP):
+ Toluen 100 phn khi lng
+ Nc 60 phn khi lng
Suy ra n cho lng Toluen v nc cn dng cho qu trnh ra nha
tng ng:
+ Nha: 144 phn khi lng
+ Toluen: 100 phn khi lng
+ Nc: 60 phn khi lng
Thnh phn phn trm ca hn hp nc ra ln 2:
+ Nha:
% 3684 , 47
304
144
5 % ED
+ Toluen:
% 8947 , 32
304
100
% To
+ Nc:
% 7368 , 19
304
60
% N
Lng toluen cn dng ra ln th hai l:

691,9876
3684 , 47
8947 , 32 4621 , 996
5 %
%
5
13


ED
To G
G
ED
(kg)
Lng nc cn dng ra ln th hai l:

415,1925
3684 , 47
8947 , 32 4621 , 996
5 %
%
5
14


ED
N G
G
ED
(kg)
2.3. Lng toluen v nc dng cho c 2 ln ra
Tng lng toluen cn dng ra c hai ln l:
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 43


(kg) 9595 , 2248 5800 , 48 .
5247 , 21
4621 , 996
12
G
n tt nghip

Tng lng nc cn dng ra c hai ln l:

Do chun b nguyn liu tn hao 0,05% nn lng Toluen ban u:
2077,0012
95 , 99
9627 , 2075 100

Tod
G
(kg)
Lng nc ban u :
4848 , 2665
95 , 99
1521 , 2664 100

nd
G
(kg)
Lng toluen tn hao: 2077,0012 202075,9627 = 1,0385 (kg)
Lng nc tn hao: 2665,4848 2664,1521 = 1,3327 (kg)
3. Cn bng vt cht cho 1 tn nha
3.1. Cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh chun b nguyn liu
Bng 5: Cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh chun b nguyn liu
Cu t
Lng vo Lng ra Tn hao
(kg) (kg) (kg)
DDP (98%) 695,7895 695,4416 0,3479
ECH (98%) 564,5636 564,2814 0,2823
NaOH (50%) 487,3285 487,0848 0,2437
Toluen 2077,0012 2075,9627 1,0385
Nc 2665,4848 2664,1521 1,3327
Tng 6490,1676 6486,9225 3,2451
3.2. Cn bng vt cht cho cng on tng hp
30% hn hp ra (Toluen v nc) ln 1 dng trng, ra thit b phn ng sau
khi tho sn phm sang thit b ra.
Lng Toluen dng trng, ra thit b phn ng:
1925 , 415
100
30 9751 , 1383
1

To
G
(kg)
Lng nc cn dng trng, ra thit b phn ng:
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 44
) (
2075,9627
691,9876 1383,9751
13 11
G G G
To
+ +
kg
) ( 415,1925 2248,9595
14 12
kg G G G
n
+ +
2664,1521

n tt nghip
6879 , 674
100
30 9595 , 2248
1

N
G
(kg)
Lng nc ra sau khi trng hp l tng lng nc sinh ra trong qu
trnh tng hp v nc c trong NaOH (50%):
1707 , 342 5424 , 243 6283 , 98 +
Nra
G
(kg)
Bng 6: Cn bng vt cht trong qu trnh tng hp:
Cu t Lng vo (kg) Lng ra (kg) Tn hao (kg)
DDP(98%) 695,4416 - -
ECH(98%) 564,2814 56,3131 -
NaOH(50%) 487,0848 24,3685 -
NaCl - 325,4966 -
Nc - 342,1707 -
Nha - 996,4621 1,9969
Tng 1746,8078 1744,8109 1,9969
3.3. Cn bng vt cht trong cng on ra
Do hao ht trong c 2 ln ra l 0,3% nn lng Toluen sau khi ra l:
2069,7348
100
) 3 , 0 100 (
9627 , 2075
100
) 3 , 0 100 (
15


To
G G (kg)
Lng Toluen tn tht trong qu trnh ra: 2075,9627 2069,7348 = 6,2279 (kg)
Sau khi tng hp, ECH d c tch ra, cn hn hp nha c dn xung thit
b ra.
Hn hp nha vo cng on ra: nha, NaOH d, NaCl, nc sau khi tng hp.
4978 , 1688 1707 , 342 4966 , 325 3685 , 24 4621 , 996 + + +
vo
G
(kg)
Hn hp nha sau khi ra gm: 10% nc ra ln 2, 100% Toluen, 100% nha
9440 , 3113 4621 , 996 9627 , 2075 1925 , 415 1 , 0 + +
ra
G
(kg)
Bng 8: Cn bng vt cht cho mt tn nha thit b ra (tn hao 0,3%):
Cu t Lng vo Lng ra Tn hao
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 45
n tt nghip
(kg) (kg) (kg)
Toluen 2075,9627 - 6,2279
Nc 2664,1521 - 7,9965
Hn hp nc ra - 3295,3827 -
Hn hp nha 1688,4978 3113,9440 5,0506
Tng 6428,6126 6409,3267 19,2858
3.4. Cn bng vt cht cho cng on lc ln 1
Bng 9: Cn bng vt cht cho cng on lc ln 1
Cu t Lng vo (kg) Lng ra (kg) Tn hao (kg)
Hn hp nha 3113,9440 3110,8300 3,1139
3.5. Cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh chng ct Toluen
Cng on lc tn tht 0,1% nn lng Toluen ra khi ni:
6650 , 2067 7348 , 2069
100
9 , 99
100
) 1 , 0 100 (
15 16

G G
(kg)
Do tn hao trong qu trnh sy l 0,1% nn lng Toluen thu hi li l:

100
9 , 99
2067,6650 = 2065,5974 (kg)
Lng toluen tn hao: 2067,6650 2065,5974 = 2,0677 (kg)
Bng 10: Cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh sy toluen (tn hao 0,1%):
Cu t Lng vo Lng ra Tn hao
Hn hp nha 3110,8300 - 3,1108
Toluen - 2065,5974 -
Nc - 40,6201 -
Nha 1% cht bc - 1001,5018 -
Tng 3110,8300 3107,7192 3,1108

3.6. Cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh lc ln 2
Bng 11: Bng cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh lc ln 2
Cu t Lng vo Lng ra Tn hao
Nha 1% cht bc 1001,5018 1000,5003 1,0015
3.7. Cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh ng thng
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 46
n tt nghip
Lng tn hao trong qu trnh ng thng (0,05%) . Lc , lng nha thc t
sau khi ng thng l:
100
) 05 , 0 100 (
1000,5003 = 1000 (kg)
Bng 12: Cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh ng thng:
3.8. Cn bng vt cht cho mt tn nha sn phm
Bng 13: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 tn sn phm:
Cu t Lng vo (kg) Lng ra (kg) Tn hao (kg)
DPP 695,7895 - 1,7388
ECH 564,5636 56,3131 -
NaOH 487,3285 - -
Hn hp nc - 3336,0028 12,3916
Toluen 2077,0012 2065,5974 11,4038
Nc 2665,4848 - -
Nha 1% cht bc - 1000,0000 8,4590
Tng 6490,1676 6457,9133 32,2544
4. Cn bng vt cht cho mt m sn xut
4.1. Cn bng vt cht cho 1 m sn xut
Phn b thi gian cho mt m nh sau:
-Thi gian np liu: 30 pht
-Thi gian gia nhit n nhit 60
0
C: 30 pht
-Thi gian a t gm:
+ Thi gian cho 65% dung dch NaOH vo: 10 pht
+ Thi gian duy tr nhit 6065
0
C: 30 pht
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 47
Cu t Lng vo Lng ra Tn hao
Nha 1% cht bc 1000,5003 1000 0,5003
n tt nghip
+ Thi gian cho 22% dung dch NaOH vo v duy tr nhit 6570
0
C: 2
gi
+ Thi gian cho 13% dung dch NaOH cn li vo v duy tr nhit
7075
0
C, cho t t trong vng: 30 pht
+ Sau khi cho ht kim vo cho a t thm 1,5 gi
Vy tng thi gian a t l: 10pht + 30pht + 120pht + 30pht + 90pht =
280pht
- Thi gian tho sn phm: 30 pht
- Thi gian v sinh thit b sau mi m l: 20 pht
* Vy tng thi gian tng hp mt m l:
T= 390 pht = 6,5 gi
Trung bnh mt ngy sn sut c:
6923 , 3
5 , 6
24

m
Nh vy khi lng cn sn xut trong mt m l:
9314 , 15
340 6923 , 3
20000

(tn).
Nh vy ly s liu cc bng 13 nhn vi h s 15,9314 tn ta c bng cn
bng vt cht cho mt m.
Bng 14: Bng cn bng vt cht cho mt m:
Cu t Lng vo (kg) Lng ra (kg) Tn hao (kg)
DPP 11084,8824 - 27,7011
ECH 8994,2736 897,1448 -
NaOH 7763,8117 - -
Dung dch nc - 53147,1034 197,4149
Toluen 33089,4791 32907,8011 181,6782
Nc 42464,8316 - -
Nha - 15931,3725 134,7633
Tng 103397,2783 102883,4219 513,8564
4.2. Cn bng vt cht cho mt ni phn ng
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 48
n tt nghip
Vi khi lng nha trong mt m l 15,9314 tn, th s dng 2 ni phn
ng. Nh vy, khi lng nha ca mt ni phn ng l:
9657 , 7
2
9314 , 15

(tn)
Ly s liu trong bng 13 chia cho 7,9657 ta c bng cn bng vt cht
cho mt ni phn ng:
Bng 15: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 ni phn ng:
Cu t Lng vo (kg) Lng ra (kg) Tn hao (kg)
DPP 5542,4412 - 13,8506
ECH 4497,1368 448,5724 -
NaOH 3881,9059 - -
Dung dch nc - 26573,5517 98,7075
Toluen 16544,7396 16453,9006 90,8391
Nc 21232,4158 - -
Nha - 7965,6863 67,3817
Tng 51698,6392 51441,7109 256,9282
5. Cn bng vt cht cho mt nm sn xut
S m sn xut trong mt nm:
3846 , 1255 6923 , 3 340

m
Cn bng vt cht cho qu trnh sn xut trong mt nm i vi c phn xng:
Ly s liu bng 13 nhn vi h s 1255,3846 ta c bng cn bng vt cht
cho c phn xng trong mt nm.
Bng 16: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 nm sn xut:
Cu t Lng vo (kg) Lng ra (kg) Tn hao (kg)
DPP(98%) 13915790,7944 - 34775,5612
ECH(98%) 11291272,6506 1126261,7412 -
NaOH(50%) 9746569,7755 - -
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 49
n tt nghip
Mui, tp cht - 66720056,0000 247831,6600
Toluen 41540023,0313 41311947,2649 228076,0000
Nc 53309696,2235 - -
Nha - 20000000,0000 169179,8091
Tng 129803352,4753 129158265,0062 645087,3703
Vi hm lng cht bc 1% th khi lng cht bc c trong 20000 tn nha l:
200 20000
100
1

tn.
CHNG II TNH TON C KH THIT B CHNH
I. TNH KT CU THIT B CHNH
Trong dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut nha Epoxy ED-5 th thit b chnh l ni
a t. Thit b ny khng ch lm nhim v thc hin qu trnh a t to nha m cn l
thit b khuy. V trng thi ca nguyn liu tham gia phn ng khng ng nht nn
phi s dng loi thit b phn ng cnh khuy. qu trnh khuy trn t hiu qu
cao v qu trnh a t xy ra ng u ngi ta thng s dng loi thit b phn ng c
thn hnh tr, y hnh elp v cnh khuy m neo.
T l gia chiu cao H v ng knh thit b D l 4:3. Do nguyn liu tham gia
phn ng v cc sn phm ph sinh ra c tnh n mn nn vt liu gia cng ch to thit
b l loi thp khng g.
Vn tc quay ca cnh khuy khong 35 n 40 vng /pht. Trn thit b c
b tr p k, nhit k, knh quan st, ca v sinh, ca tho sn phm. Phn ngoi bao
quanh thit b l h thng v o gia nhit v lm lnh. Lp ngoi cng l lp bo n
trnh tn tht nhit v to iu kin thun li cho ngi vn hnh.
1. Tnh cc kch thc ca thit b phn ng
1.1. Tnh th tch thit b
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 50
n tt nghip
Tng th tch ca mt m liu:

n
i
i
i
G
V
1

Trong : G
i
l khi lng ca cu t th i trong thit b phn ng (kg).

i
l khi lng ring ca cu t th i (kg/m
3
).
Khi lng ca cc cu t trong thit b phn ng:
+
(kg) 5542,4412
DDP
G
+
(kg) 4497,1368
ECH
G
+
(kg) 3881,9059
NaOH
G
Khi lng ring ca cc cu t:
+ ) / ( 1040
3
m kg
DDP

+
) / ( 1183
3
m kg
ECH

+
) / ( 1216,25
3
m kg
NaOH


Ngoi ra cn mt s tp cht khc nhng vi hm lng khng ng k.
) ( 12,3224
1216,25
3881,9059
1183
4497,1368
1040
55542,4412
3
m V
ml
+ +
Ta ly h s lm y ca thit b l 0,7
Vy th tch cn cho mt ni phn ng l:

) ( 17,6035
7 , 0
12,3224
3
m V
n

1.2. Tnh ng knh v chiu cao thit b
Coi th tch y elp bng mt na th tch y hnh cu, do th tch ca thit b
l:
V
n
= V
thn
+V
y
+ V
np

V
y
= V
np

Vy: V
n
= V
thn
+ 2V
y

Vy V
n
3 2
2
*
3
2 *
2
*
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

D
H
D
t

Loi thit b c chn c t l gia chiu cao v ng knh l H: D = 4:3 nn:


SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 51
n tt nghip

3 2
2
*
3
2
3
4
*
2
*
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

D
D
D
V
n


n
V D *
5
12
3

Vy ng knh thit b: D =
3784 , 2
14 , 3 * 5
6035 , 17 * 12
3
(m)
Quy chun: D = 2,4 (m).
Theo tiu chun ng knh ca thit b [Bng XIII.6, tr359-II]. i vi vt liu
ch to thit b l thp khng g th ng knh ca thit b l 2,4 m.
Chiu cao ca thn hnh tr: H
t
=
2 , 3 4 , 2 *
3
4
*
3
4
D
(m)
Tra bng XIII.10, tr382-II ta chn y v np l elip c g
Chiu cao phn g h = 40 (mm) = 0,04 (m)
Chiu cao phn li h
b
= 600 (mm) = 0,6 (m)
Din tch b mt trong F = 6,56 (m
2
)
Th tch phn y V
d
= 1,991 (m
3
)

Chiu cao ca ton thit b l:
H = H
t
+ 2*h
b
+ 2*h = 3,2 + 2*0,6 + 2*0,04 = 4,4800 (m)
Tnh chiu dy thn hnh tr
Chiu dy ca thn hnh tr hn c xc nh theo cng thc:
S =
[ ]
C
P
P D
h
t
+
* * 2
*
(m) [II-XIII.8, tr360]
D
t
: ng knh trong ca thit b, D
t
= 2,4 m
P: p sut lm vic trong thit b, N/m
2


:
h


h s bn hn ca thn hnh tr,

0,95

[ ]
: ng sut cho php ca thn thit b, N/m
2
1.3. Tnh p sut lm vic bn trong thit b
Tnh p sut lm vic bn trong thit b theo cng thc:
P = P
m
+
g H * *
, N/m
2
Trong :
P
m
: p sut lm vic ca mi trng kh, chn P
m
= 3at

: khi lng ring ca ct cht lng trong thit b, kg/m


3
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 52
n tt nghip
H: chiu cao ca ct cht lng trong thit b, m
g : gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81 m/s
2
Ta c cng thc tnh khi lng ring ca hn hp lng trong thit b:

+ + +
n
i
i
i
n
n
x x x x x
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
1

[I-I.2, tr5]
Trong : x
i
l nng phn khi lng ca cu t th i

i

l khi lng ring ca cu t th i


Nng phn khi lng ca cc cu t c tnh nh sau:
G
m
x
i
i

Vi:
G l tng khi lng ca cc cu t trong thit b:
G = 13921,4838 (kg)

+ + + +
n
i i
i
n
n
x
G
m m m m
G
1 3
3
2
2
1
1
1
) ... (
1 1


0,00088514 )
25 , 1216
3881,9059
1183
4497,1368
1040
5542,4412
(
13921,4838
1 1
+ +

= 1129,7669 (kg/m
3
)
Ta c th tch phn y: V
d
= 1,9910 (m
3
)
Do th tch ca khi hn hp trong thn hnh tr:
V
ml
V
d
= 12,3224 1,9910 = 10,3314 (m
3
)
M din tch y trn: F = ) ( 5216 , 4
2
4 , 2
* 14 , 3
2
D
2
2 2
t
m
1
]
1

1
]
1

Chiu cao ca ct cht lng trong khi hnh tr: h


o
=
2849 , 2
5216 , 4
3314 , 10

(m)
Vy chiu cao ca ct cht lng k t y:
H
1
= h + h
b
+ h
0
= 0,04 + 0,6 + 2,2849 = 2,9249 (m)
Vi P
m
= 3at th p sut lm vic bn trong thit b:
P = P
mt
+
gH
= 0 326716,792 9249 , 2 * 81 , 9 * 7669 , 1129 10 * 81 , 9 * 3
4
+ (N/m
2
)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 53
n tt nghip
Tnh b dy ca thn thit b hnh tr
1.3.1. Tnh ng sut ko cho php
Khi tnh ton sc bn ca vt liu ta phi xc nh ng sut cho php v ng sut
ny xc nh theo cng thc:

[ ]
2
/ , m N
n
b
k
k



[ ]
2
/ , m N
n
c
c
c




:
H s hiu chnh, chn

0,9
: Gii hn bn ko, chy
n
b
, n
c
: H s an ton theo gii hn bn, gii hn chy
H s an ton i vi thp khng g sn xut theo phng php cn dp, tra bng
[XIII.3, tr356-II], ta c: n
b
= 2,6
n
c
= 1,5

[ ] [ ]
c k
,
: ng sut cho php khi ko, ct.
i vi thp X17H13M2T nhit lm vic nh hn 470
0
C, chiu dy c
tnh ca thn thit b nm trong khong 4 20 mm, tra bng [XII.4, tr 309-II], ta c:
k

=
2 6
/ 10 * 540 m N
2 6
/ 10 * 220 m N
c

Suy ra:

[ ] ) / ( 10 * 9231 , 186 9 , 0 *
6 , 2
10 * 540
2 6
6
m N
k


[ ] ) / ( 10 * 132 9 , 0 *
5 , 1
10 * 220
2 6
6
m N
c

Vy chn gi tr ng sut:
[ ] ) / ( 10 * 132
2 6
m N
c

Gi tr bn hn ca thn hnh tr l
h

= 0,95 nn:

[ ]
0754 , 383 95 , 0 *
7256 , 327350
10 * 132
*
6

h
c
P

> 50
Do trong cng thc tnh b dy thn hnh tr ta c th b qua i lng P
mu.
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 54
c k
,
n tt nghip
Vy b dy thn hnh tr:
S =
[ ]
) ( ,
* * 2
*
mm C
P D
h c
t
+

S =
) ( 1265 , 3
95 , 0 * 10 * 132 * 2
7920 , 326716 * 10 * 4 , 2
6
3
mm C C + +
Vi C l i lng b sung, ph thuc vo n mn, bo mn v dung sai
ca chiu dy.
Tnh h s b sung:
C = C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
C
1
: i lng b sung do n mn, C
1
= 1 mm
C
2
: i lng b sung do mi mn, C
2
= 0 mm
C
3
: i lng b sung do dung sai ca chiu dy
Tra bng [XIII.9, tr 364-II], ta c C
3
= 0,8mm
Vy: C = 1+ 0 + 0,8 = 1,8 mm
Suy ra chiu dy ca thn thit b: S = 3,1265 + 1,8 = 4,9265 (mm)
Quy chun, chn S = 5 (mm)
1.3.2. Kim tra ng sut ca thnh thit b
Thnh thit b c kim tra bng p sut th theo cng thc:

( ) [ ]
2 , 1 ) ( 2
0 c
h
t
C S
P C S D

<

[XIII.26, tr365-II]
p sut th tnh ton P
0
= P
th
+ P
1
Trong :
p sut thu lc P
th
= 1,25*P = 1,25*326716,7920 = 408395,9900 (N/m
2
)
p sut thu tnh ca ct cht lng trong thit b:
P
1
= gH = 1129,7669*9,81*2,9249 = 32416,7920 (N/m
2
)
P
0
= 440812,7820 (N/m
2
)
ng sut th:
[ ]
) / ( , 10 * 33 , 183
2 , 1
) / ( , 10 * 2371 , 174
95 , 0 * 10 * ) 8 , 1 5 ( * 2
7820 , 440812 * 10 * 1,8) - (5 2,4
2 6 2 6
3
-3
m N m N
c
<

Vy chiu dy ca thn thit b S = 5mm p ng yu cu ca iu kin lm vic.


SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 55
n tt nghip
2. Tnh b dy ca np v y
y v np lm cng mt loi vt liu v
cng c dng Elip c g nn b dy ca y v
np c tnh theo cng thc:
[ ]
C
h
D
P k
P D
S
b
t
h
t
+

2
*
* * 8 , 3
*

, (mm)
[XIII.47, tr385-II]
Vi:
h
b
= 600 (mm)
h = 40 (mm)
k l h s tng cng ca y v np
k = 1 -
t
D
d
, vi y v np c l tng cng hon ton nn k = 1
Ta c:
[ ]
2
/ , m N
n
b
k
k



[ ]
2
/ , m N
n
c
c
c



n
b
, n
c
: h s an ton theo gii hn bn, gii hn chy
[ ] [ ]
c k
,
: ng sut cho php khi kp, ct.
Vi thp X17H13M2T, tra bng [II-XII.4, tr309], ta c:
k

=
2 6
/ 10 * 540 m N
2 6
/ 10 * 220 m N
c

Suy ra:

[ ] ) / ( 10 * 9231 , 186 9 , 0 *
6 , 2
10 * 540
2 6
6
m N
k


[ ] ) / ( 10 * 132 9 , 0 *
5 , 1
10 * 220
2 6
6
m N
c

Vy chn gi tr ng sut:
[ ] ) / ( 10 * 132
2 6
m N
c

SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 56
n tt nghip
T s
[ ]
30 8187 , 383 95 , 0 * 1 *
0 326716,792
10 * 132
* *
6
>
h
c
k
P

, nn c th b qua
thnh phn P mu. Lc ny:
) ( 2910 , 3 10 *
6 , 0 * 2
4 , 2
*
95 , 0 * 1 * 10 * 132 * 8 , 3
0 326716,792 * 10 * 4 , 2
3
6
3
mm C C S + +
Ta c S - C <10 nn i lng b sung C tnh theo cng thc (XIII.17) c tng
thm 2 mm (STQTTB II - 386).
Vy chiu dy ca y v np thit b l: S = 3,2910 + 3,8 = 7,0910 (mm)
Vy quy chun chn b dy y v np: S = 8 (mm)
Kim tra ng sut thnh ca np theo cng thc:
[ ]
2 , 1 ) ( * * * * 6 , 7
) ( * 2
0
2
c
b h
b t
C S h k
P C S h D

(N/m
2
)

[ ]
6
3
3 2
10 * 33 , 183
2 , 1
0336 , 156997 0 326716,792 *
10 * ) 8 , 3 8 ( * 6 , 0 * 95 , 0 * 1 * 6 , 7
10 * ) 8 , 3 8 ( * 6 , 0 * 2 4 , 2

Vy chiu dy y v np S = 8mm tho mn iu kin lm vic.


3. Tnh khi lng thn, y, np thit b
3.1. Khi lng phn hnh tr thn thit b
Thn thit b c ng knh trong D
t
= 2,4 (m)
ng knh ngoi D
n
= 2,4 + 2* 5*10
-3
= 2,41 (m)
G
t
=
*
2 2
2 2
H
D D
t n
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

Vi:
H: chiu cao ca thn hnh tr, H = 3,2 (m)

l khi lng ring ca thp X17H13M2T,



7900 kg/m
3
G
t
=
7900 * 2 , 3 *
2
4 , 2
2
41 , 2
* 14 , 3
2 2
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

= 954,5349 (kg)
4.2. Khi lng ca y v np
y v np thit b c: D
t
= 2,4 (m)
D
n
= 2,4 + 2*0,008 = 2,4160 (m)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 57
n tt nghip
Tnh gn ng ta xem y v np ca ni a t nh l bn cu.
Th tch: V

= V
n
=
) (
3
) (
3
4
*
4
1
3 3 3 3
t n t n
R R R R

Khi lng: G

= G
n
= V*

=
6745 , 287 7900 *
2
4 , 2
2
4160 , 2
*
3
14 , 3
3 3

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

(kg)
II. TNH KT CU V BC GIA NHIT
1. Tnh chiu dy v bc hnh tr
Chiu cao ca ct cht lng trong thit b l 2,9249 m. Vy cho qu
trnh gia nhit t hiu qu th chiu cao ca v bc gia nhit thng ly cao hn chiu
cao ca ct cht lng l 0,2 (m). Do , chiu cao lp v tnh t y ln:
H
v
= 2,9249 + 0,2 = 3,1249 (m)
V mi trng lm vic ca v bc t b n mn, chu p sut tng i thp nn
chn vt liu lm v bc l thp CT3. Chiu dy ca v bc c tnh theo cng thc:
[ ]
C
P k
P D
S
h
t
+

* * 2
*
, (m)
D
tv
: ng knh trong ca lp v, ta thit k v bc cch thn thit b l 0,1m.
Khi : D
tv
= 2,4 + 2*0,05 + 0,1*2 = 2,61 (m)
P: p sut ca hi t, chn P = 2atm = 2*101325 (N/m
2
) = 0,2027*10
6
(N/m
2
)
Ta c:
[ ]
2
/ , m N
n
b
k
k



[ ]
2
/ , m N
n
c
c
c




:
H s hiu chnh,
Vi vt liu khng c t nng trc tip chn

1
n
b
, n
c
: h s an ton theo gii hn bn, gii hn chy

[ ] [ ]
c k
,
: ng sut bn khi ko, ct.
Vi vt liu l thp CT3, tra bng [II-XII.4, tr309], ta c:
k

=
2 6
/ 10 * 380 m N
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 58
n tt nghip
2 6
/ 10 * 240 m N
c

Suy ra:

[ ] ) / ( 10 * 15 , 146 1 *
6 , 2
10 * 380
2 6
6
m N
k


[ ] ) / ( 10 * 160 1 *
5 , 1
10 * 240
2 6
6
m N
c

Vy chn gi tr ng sut:
[ ] ) / ( 10 * 15 , 146
2 6
m N
k

T s
[ ]
50 1525 , 685 95 , 0 * 1 *
10 * 2027 , 0
10 * 15 , 146
* *
6
6
>
h
k
k
P

, nn c th b qua
i lng P mu. Lc ny, chiu dy ca v bc:


C C S + + 9047 , 1 10 *
95 , 0 * 1 * 10 * 15 , 146 * 2
10 * 2027 , 0 * 61 , 2
3
6
6
, (mm)
Tng t nh trn ta chn C = 1,8
Suy ra S = 1,9047 + 1,8 = 3,7047 (mm)
Quy chun chn S = 5 (mm)
Kim tra ng sut thu lc theo cng thc:

[ ]
2 , 1 * ) ( 2
) (
0 c
h
t
C S
P C S D

, (N/m
2
)
P
0
= P
th
+ P
1
P
0
= 1,5*P+
v
gH
=1,5*0,2027*10
6
+1129,7669*9,81*3,1249 = 338608,3947
(N/m
2
)
( ) [ ]
6
6
6
3
3
10 * 200
2 , 1
10 * 240
10 * 5348 , 145
95 , 0 * 10 * ) 8 , 1 5 ( * 2
3947 , 338608 * 10 * 8 , 1 5 61 , 2
<

Gi tr S = 5 mm tho mn iu kin lm vic.


2. Tnh chiu dy ca y v bc
y lm cng mt loi vt liu v c dng elip c g nn chiu dy ca y c
tnh theo cng thc:
[ ]
) ( ,
* 2
*
* * * 8 , 3
*
mm C
h
D
P k
P D
S
b
t
h k
t
+


SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 59
n tt nghip
Ta c: D
t
= 2,61, tra bng XII.10-trang 382-STQTTB-II ta c:
h
b
= 650 (mm)
h
0
= 40 (mm)
F
d
= 7,67 (m
2
)
T s
[ ]
30 9655 , 684 95 , 0 * 1 *
10 * 2027 , 0
10 * 15 , 146
* *
6
6
>
h
k
k
P

, nn c th b
qua i lng P mu. Lc ny, chiu dy ca v bc:
) ( , 2 , 2 10 *
65 , 0 * 2
61 , 2
*
95 , 0 * 1 * 10 * 15 , 146 * 8 , 3
10 * 2027 , 0 * 10 * 61 , 2
3
6
6 3
mm C C S + +
V (SC) = 2,2 < 10 nn b sung thm cho i lng C
2
(mm)
Do S = 2,2 + 1,8 + 2 = 6 (mm)
Quy chun chn S = 7 (mm)
Kim tra ng sut:
[ ]
2 , 1 ) ( * * * 6 , 7
) ( * 2
0
2
c
b h
b t
C S h k
P C S h D

(N/m
2
)

[ ]
6 6
3
3 2
10 * 200
2 , 1
10 * 4888 , 166 3947 , 338608 *
10 * ) 8 , 3 7 ( * 65 , 0 * 95 , 0 * 1 * 6 , 7
10 * ) 8 , 3 7 ( * 65 , 0 * 2 61 , 2

Gi tr S = 7 (mm) l ph hp.
3. Tnh khi lng v hnh tr v y v
3.1. Khi lng phn v bc hnh tr
V bc ngoi c: D
t
= 2,61 (m)
D
n
= 2,61 + 2*0,005 = 2,62 (m)
Th tch: V = V
tr
=
v t n
H R R * ) (
2 2

[II-XII.II, tr384]
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 60
t
1
t
T1
t
T2
t
T3
t
2
n tt nghip
Khi lng: G
tv
= V*

=
5278 , 1013 7900 * 1249 , 3 *
2
61 , 2
2
62 , 2
* 14 , 3
2 2

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

(kg)
3.2. Khi lng y v
y v c: D
t
= 2,61 (m)
D
n
= 2,61 + 2*0,007 = 2,624 (m)
Th tch: V
v
=
) (
3
) (
3
4
*
4
1
3 3 3 3
t n t n
R R R R

Khi lng: G
v
= V
*
=
3057 , 297 7900 *
2
61 , 2
2
624 , 2
3
14 , 3
3 3

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

(kg)
III. TNH CHIU DY LP BO N
Ni a t nha ED-5 cn nhit phn ng cao, do vy cn c lp bo n
tit kim nhit lng, trnh tn tht ra mi trng. Lp bo n c lm bng bng
thu tinh.
Xem qu trnh truyn nhit t v bc ra ngoi l qu trnh truyn nhit n nh.
Do nhit ti ring cp cho pha trong v bc l q
1
, dn nhit qua v bc v lp cch
nhit l q
2
, cp nhit ra mi trng l q
3
:
q = q
1
= q
2
= q
3
Nhit ti ring trong ni a t:
q
1
=
1
*(t
1
t
T1
) (1)
Nhit ti ring qua lp v:
q
2
=

r
t
T
(2)

3 1 T T T
t t t

2
2
2 1
1
1

+ + +

r r r
(3)

1
: b dy ca thp CT3,
1
= 5 (mm) = 5*10
-3
(m)

1
: h s dn nhit ca thp CT3,
1
= 50,20 (W/m.)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 61
n tt nghip
r
1
: nhit tr cn bn ca hi nc, m
2
./W
r
1
= 0,387*10
-3
(m
2
./W)
r
2
: nhit tr cn bn ca mi trng ngoi, r
2
= 0

2
: b dy ca lp cch nhit (bng thu tinh)

2
: h s dn nhit ca bng thu tinh

2
= 0,0372 (W/m.) [I-hnh I-36, tr130]
Nhit ti ring qua mi trng ngoi:
q
3
=
2
*(t
T3
t
2
) (4)

2
: h s cp nhit ra mi trng ngoi

2
= 9,3 + 0,058*t
T3
(W/m
2
.), [II-VI.136, tr41]
M: q = q
1
= q
2
= q
3
Nhit ca hi nc un nng l: t
1
= 120
0
C
Nhit ca khng kh trung bnh: t
2
= 25
0
C
Gi s nhit tng ca bng thu tinh pha mi trng l: t
T3
= 35
0
C v
chnh lch nhit gia hi nc t nng v thnh v l 3
0
C (t
T1
= 3
0
C)
t
T1
= t
1
t
T1
t
T1
= t
1
- t
T1
= 120 3 = 117
0
C

3 1 T T T
t t t
= 117 35 = 82
0
C
t
T3
= t
T3
t
2
= 35 25 = 10
0
C
T (2) v (4) ta c:

r
t
T
=
2
*( t
T3
t
2
)
M
2
= 9,3 + 0,058*t
T3
= 9,3 + 0,058*35 = 11,33 (W/m
2
.)

7237 , 0
10 * 33 , 11
82
) (
2 3 2

t t
t
r
T
T

(m
2
./W)
Theo cng thc (3) ta c:

7237 , 0
2
2
2 1
1
1
+ + +

r r r
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 62
dM
d
h
b
n tt nghip

0372 , 0 * 10 * 387 , 0
2 , 50
005 , 0
7237 , 0 * 7237 , 0
3
2 1
1
1
2 1
]
1

,
_

+
1
]
1

,
_

r
= 0,0269 m = 26,9 mm
Vy b dy ca lp bo n (bng thu tinh) l 26,9 mm
Khi lng phn thn lp bo n:
Lp bo n c ng knh: D
t
= 2,62 (m)
D
n
= 2,62 + 2*0,0269 = 2,6738 (m)
Th tch: V =
v t n
H R R * ) (
2 2


Khi lng: G = V*, vi = 200 kg/m
3
l khi lng ring ca bng thu tinh
G = V* =
9671 , 139 200 * 1249 , 3 *
2
62 , 2
2
6738 , 2
* 14 , 3
2 2

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

(kg)
Khi lng phn y lp bo n:
Lp bo n phn y c ng knh: D
t
= 2,62 (m)
D
n
= 2,62+ 2*0,0269 = 2,6738 (m)
Th tch: V =
) (
3
) (
3
4
*
4
1
3 3 3 3
t n t n
R R R R

Khi lng: G = V*
=
) ( 6850 , 29 200 *
2
62 , 2
2
6738 , 2
3
14 , 3
3 3
kg
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_


Tng khi lng ca lp bo n:
G
bo
= 139,9671 + 29,6850 = 169,6521 (kg).
TNH CNH KHUY
1. Tnh cc kch thc ca cnh khuy
Trong qu trnh phn ng th yu t khuy trn gp
phn quan trng lm tng vn tc ca qu trnh, gim hin
tng nhit cc b. c bit vi nguyn liu tham gia phn
ng cc trng thi khc nhau th i hi cc cu t phi
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 63
n tt nghip
phn tn ng u trong hn hp. Do , thit b a t c lp thm cnh khuy
tng hiu qu cho qu trnh, ngn cn s sa lng kt ta v s lng cn trn thn. Tu
theo hnh dng thit b m ta chn loi cnh khuy cho thch hp, trong trng hp ny
ta chn cnh khuy m neo do nht ca hn hp tng i ln.
Khe h gia cnh khuy v thnh ni: e = (0,05

0,1)D
t
Chn e = 0,1D
t
= 2,4.0,1= 0,24 (m)
ng knh ngoi ca cnh khuy: d
m
= D
t
-2.e= 2,4 - 2.0,24 = 2,13 (m)
B rng cnh khuy: b = 0,066.d
m
= 0,066.2,13 = 0,1406 (m)
Chn chiu cao cnh khuy: h = D
t
= 2,4 (m)
ng knh trong ca cnh khuy:
d
t
= d
m
2b = 2,13 2*0,1406 = 1,8488 (m).
2. Cng sut lm vic ca cnh khuy
Cng sut ca cnh khuy c tnh theo cng thc sau:
N
p
=
5 3
* * *
m M
d n
[I-IV.2, tr614]
Trong :
: khi lng ring ca cht lng, = 1129,7669 (kg/m
3
)
d
m
: ng knh ca cnh khuy, d
m
= 2,13 (m)

M

: h s th nguyn ph thuc vo R
eM
,
) (
eM M
R f
- biu th tnh ng dng
thu lc di nh hng ca p sut.
Ta c: R
eM
=

2
* *
m
d n
Vi: l nht cht lng, gi thit cnh khuy lm vic trong mi trng
cht lng c nht ln nht l 800*10
-3
(Ns/m
2
)
n l s vng quay ca cnh khuy, chn n = 0,4 (vng/s)
Suy ra:
R
eM
= 100 0231 , 8201
10 * 800
13 , 2 * 4 , 0 * 7669 , 1129
3
2
>


Do , xc nh
M

ta p dng cng thc:



M

= A*(R
e
)
p

SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 64
n tt nghip
Tra bng VI.1 vi loi cnh khuy m neo v Re = 8201,0231 > 100 th A = 6,2; p
= -0,25

M

= 6,2*(8201,0231)
-0,25
= 0,6515
N
p
= 0,6515*1129,7669*(0,4)
3
*(2,13)
5
= 2065,3398 (W)
3. Cng sut m my
Khi m my th cn c cng thng lc qun tnh v lc ma st. V vy ta c
cng thc m my:
N
M
= N
y
+ N
s
[IV.12, tr 620-I]
N
y
: cng sut tin tn khc phc lc
N
y
= K**n
3
*d
5
= K*
M
p
N

[IV.13, tr 620-I]
K: h s thc nghim, chn K = 1,2
N
s
: cng sut tiu tn khc phc lc ma st v cng chnh l cng sut lm
vic ca my N
p
= N
s
Suy ra: N
M
=
4062 , 5869
6515 , 0
6515 , 0 2 , 1
* 3398 , 2065 *
+

+
M
M
p
K
N

(W) = 5,8694 (kW)


4. Cng sut ca ng c
Cng sut ca ng c c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
N
c
=

M
N
[IV.15, tr 620-I]
Vi : hiu sut (kh nng truyn lc t ng c sang cnh khuy)
= 0,6 0,7, chn = 0,65
Vy: N
c
=
0299 , 9
65 , 0
8694 , 5

(kW)
IV. CHN BCH, TAI TREO, M
Tnh bch, m
1.1. Chn bch cho thit b chnh
Mt bch l b phn quan trng dng ni cc phn ca thit b cng nh ni
cc b phn khc nhau ca thit b. Cng ngh ch to mt bch ph thuc vo vt liu
cu to mt bch, phng php ni v p sut ca mi trng.
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 65
n tt nghip
T D
t
= 2,4m, p sut lm vic ca thit b 326716,7920 (N/m
2
) nn chn bch
lin lm bng thp kiu 1 ni thn thit b vi v bc v np.
Da vo bng [XIII.27, tr 424-II]
D
t
D D
b
D
1
D
0
Bu-lng Kiu bch
1(h)
d
b
Z(ci)
2400 2550 2500 2460 2415 M24 56 45
Khi lng ca bch:
G
bch
=

* * ) ( *
4
2
0
2
h D D
=
0520 , 187 7900 * 10 * 45 * ) 415 , 2 55 , 2 ( *
4
14 , 3
3 2 2


(kg)
1.2. Chn m
Chn m cho thit b chnh (tra bng [XIII .31, tr 433-II])
D
t
D
2
D
4
2400 2454 2430
1.3. Chn bch cho v thit b
V thit b lm vic p sut 326716,7920 N/m
2

Chn bch cho v thit b c ng knh 2610 mm v p sut lm vic l
326716,7920 N/m
2
. Tra bng tra bng XIII.27 STQT&TB tp II trang 424 ta c:
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 66
D
h
D
b
D
1
D
0
D
t
d
b
D2
D4
n tt nghip
Chn bch ni v thit b
D
t
D D
b
D
1
D
0
Bulng h(mm)
d z(ci)
2600 2780 2710 2670 2619 M30 60 45
Chn tai treo
Thng ngi ta khng t trc tip thit b ln b m phi c tai treo hoc chn
(tr nhng trng hp ngoi l). Thit b c c nh bng 4 tai treo, ti trng cc
i ca ni l ti trng khi th thu lc bng ton b trng lng ni khi ra ln 1.
Ta c:
G
max
= G
thn
+ G
y
+ G
np
+ G
hn hp
+ G
v bc
+ G
y v bc
+ G
bo n
+ G
y bo n
+ 2*G
bch
+ G
cnh khuy
+ G
bulong
+ G
m-t

Vi:
G
thn
= 954,5349(kg)
G
y
= G
np
= 287,6745(kg)
G
hn hp
= 13921,4838 (kg)
G
v bc
= 1013,5278 (kg)
G
y v bc
= 297,3057 (kg)
G
bo n
= 139,9671 (kg)
G
y bo n
= 29,6850 (kg)
G
bch
= 2*187,052 (kg)
G
cnh khuy
= 120 (kg)
G
m-t v cc linh kin khc
= 300 (kg)
Khi lng ca mi bulong l 0.2 kg v c 116 ci, nh vy khi lng bu lng l:
G
bulong
= 0,2x116 = 23,2 (kg)
Suy ra:
G
max
= 17075,0532 (kg)
Chn 4 tai treo ni, ti trng mi tai treo phi chu l:
41876,5679 81 , 9 *
4
0532 , 17075

(N)
Chn ti trng mi tai treo phi chu l 4*10
4
(N).
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 67
B
L
S
H
a
B
1
l
a
2
0
n tt nghip
L B B
1
H S l a d
190 160 170 280 10 80 25 30
CHNG III TNH CN BNG NHIT LNG
I. CN BNG NHIT CHO THIT B PHN NG
1. Giai on t nng
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 68
n tt nghip
* Cc thng s:
+ Nhit mi trng: 25
0
C
+ un nng thit b bng hi nc bo ha, p sut 2 at, t = 120
0
C
Hn hp cn un nng n 60

65
0
C
Phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
m
Trong :
Q: Nhit lng cn cung cp
Q
1
: Nhit lng cn un nng thit b
Q
2
: Nhit lng cn un nng hn hp phn ng
Q
m
: Nhit lng mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh
1.1. Tnh nhit lng cn un nng thit b Q
1
Xem nhit ban u ca thit b l 25
0
C v duy tr phn ng nhit 65
0
C.
Q
1
= G. t .C
Trong :
C: Nhit dung ring ca thp: C = 0,5 kJ/kg. = 0,1195 (kcal/kg.)
[STQT&TB tp I, trang 162]
G: Khi lng ca thit b:
G = G
t
+ G
d
+ G
n
+ G
ck
+ G
bulng
+ G
bich
= 17075,0532 (kg)
C t
0
40 25 65
Vy: Q
1
= 17075,0532 .0,1195.40 = 81585,6141 (kcal)
1.2. Tnh nhit lng cn un nng hn hp phn ng Q
2
Q
2
= (G
ECH
.C
ECH
+G
DPP
.C
DPP
+ G
NaOH
.C
NaOH
). t
Vi:
(kg) 4412 , 5542 G
ECH

(kg) 4497,1368 G
DPP

kg) 3881,9059( G
NaOH

C
ECH
= 0,5 (kcal/kg.)
C
DPP
= 0,429 (kcal/kg.)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 69
n tt nghip
C
NaOH
= 0,769 (kcal/kg.)
Vy:
Q
2
=(5542,4412.0,5+ 4497,1368.0,429 + 3881,9059.0,769).40 = 307427,1149 (kcal)
1.3. Tnh lng nhit mt mt ra mi trng Q
m
Nhit mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh do hin tng bc x v i lu gy ra
Q
m
= Q
m1
+ Q
m2
Trong :
Q
m2
: nhit mt mt phn khng c bo n
Q
m1
: nhit mt mt phn c bo n
Nhit mt mt phn khng c bo n
Phn khng c bo n gm phn trn ca v bc v np thit b.
Din tch np thit b:
F
n
= F
d
= 6,56 (m
2
)
Din tch phn hnh tr khng c bo n:
F
k
= H
k
..D
H
k
: Chiu cao khng c lp bo n chnh l phn np c g vi chiu cao
0,04 m
F
k
= H
k
..D = 0,04. 3,14 .2,4 = 0,3014 (m
2
)
Vy din tch phn khng c bo n l:
F
1
= 6,56 + 0,3014 = 6,8614 (m
2
)
* Nhit mt mt do phn khng c lp bo n xc nh theo cng thc
Q
m2
=
t F . .
2


Vi: F: Din tch b mt truyn nhit (m
2
)
t = 65 25 = 40
0
C
2

: H s cp nhit ra mi trng ngoi


2 2
. 058 , 0 3 , 9
T
t +
(W/m
2
.)
Chn: t
T2
= t
tb
= 65
0
C
Suy ra:
07 , 13 65 . 058 , 0 3 , 9
2
+
(kcal/m
2
.h.)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 70
n tt nghip
Lng nhit mt mt qua phn khng c lp bo n:
Q
m2
=
952(J) 12913778,9 3600 ). 25 65 .( 8614 , 6 . 07 , 13 . .
2
t F
= 3085,1400 (kcal)
* Lng nhit tn tht qua phn c lp bo n Q
m1
:
Q
m1
=
t F . .
1


Din tch xung quanh phn hnh tr c lp bo n:
F
t
= .D.h
t
2849 , 2
) 4 , 2 (
) 991 , 1 12,3224 ( 4 ) ( 4
2 2


t
n ml
D
V V
H
(m)
h
t
= H + 0,2 + h
b
+ h = 2,2849 + 0,2 + 0,6 + 0,04 = 3,1249 (m)
F
t
= .2,4.3,1249 = 23,5493 (m
2
)
Vy tng din tch phn c lp bo n:
F = F
t
+ F
d
= 23,5493 + 6,56 = 30,1093 (m
2
)
H s cp nhit chung (c i lu v bc x b mt):
3
. 058 , 0 3 , 9
T
t +
(W/m
2
.) (CT V.136-STQT&TB-tp 2-tr41)
Trong : t
T3
: Nhit c lp bo n pha ngoi mi trng, t
T3
= 35
0
C
33 , 11 35 . 058 , 0 3 , 9 +
(W/m
2
.)
Q
m1
=
(J) 12 9605290,58 3600 ). 25 35 .( 1093 , 30 . 33 , 11
= 2294,7323 (kcal)
Vy: Q
m
= Q
m1
+ Q
m2
= 2294,7323 + 3085,1400 = 5881,8932 (kcal)
Q = Q
1
+Q
2
+Q
m
= 81585,6141 + 307427,1149 + 5881,8932 = 394894,6222 (kcal)
Lng hi tiu tn
.
1
r
Q
D
Khi un nng thit b bng hi nng c nhit 120
0
C, gi s chnh lch nhit
qua lp v bc l 2
0
C th nhit thnh trong ni l 118
0
C.
r: n nhit ha hi ca nc: r = 514,6 (kcal/kg)

: Hm m ca nc:
95 , 0
Vy:
) (kg 7702 , 807
514,6.0,95
2 394894,622
.
1

r
Q
D
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 71
n tt nghip
2. Cn bng nhit lng giai on a t
Giai on ny nhit hn hp t nng ln do phn ng ta nhit, ta
khng cung cp hi nc na m cung cp nc lm lnh vo v bc khng ch
nhit theo yu cu. Ta c phng trnh a t nh sau:
2,25ECH + 1,25DPP + 2,25NaOH ED-5 + 2,25NaCl + 2,25H
2
O
M
ED-5
= 410 (vC)
Hiu ng nhit:


d s
q q q
Trong :
q
s
: Nhit to thnh ca sn phm

q
d
: Nhit to thnh ca nguyn liu u
Vy: q = q
nha
+ 2,25q
NaCl
+ 2,25q
H2O
- 2,25 q
ECH
- 1,25q
DPP
- 2,25q
NaOH
Tnh q
nha
S lin kt mi hnh thnh gm:
4 lin kt C-O, E
C-O
= 75 (kcal/g.mol)
1 lin kt O-H, E
O-H
= 110,5160 (kcal/g.mol)
Do :q
nha
= 75*4 + 110,5160 = 410,5160 (kcal/g.mol)
Nhit to thnh DPP
S lin c hnh thnh:
2 lin kt O-H, E
O-H
= 110,5160 (kcal/g.mol)
q
DPP
= 2*110,5160 = 221,0320 (kcal/g.mol)
Nhit to thnh ECH
S lin kt c hnh thnh:
3 lin kt C-Cl, E
C-Cl
= 70 (kcal/g.mol)
1 lin kt C-O, E
C-O
= 75 (kcal/g.mol)
Vy: q
ECH
= 70.3+ 75 = 285 (kcal/g.mol)
Nhit to thnh ca NaCl: q
NaCl
= 98,83 (kcal/g.mol)
Nhit to thnh ca NaOH: q
NaOH
= 101,96 (kcal/g.mol)
Nhit to thnh ca H
2
O: q
H2O
= 68,35 (kcal/g.mol)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 72
n tt nghip
Vy hiu ng nhit ca phn ng:
q = 410,6160 + 2,25.98,83 + 2,25.68,35 - 2,25. 285 - 1,25.221,032 - 2,25.110,516
= -379,5300 (kcal/g.mol)
Nhit phn ng tnh cho 1 mol dian:

228 25 , 1
53 , 379
25 , 1
dian
M
q
-1331,6842 (kcal/kg)
Lng dian phn ng tnh cho mt ni l:
G = 5542,4412 (kg)
Vy nhit lng to ra khi a t l:
q = -1331,6842.5542,4412 = -7380781,4158 (kcal)
Vi quy trnh a t trong thi gian 4,6667 gi th nng sut ta nhit t
phn ng:
177 -1581596,0
6667 , 4
4158 , 7381718

Q
(kcal)
Phng trnh cn bng nhit trong giai on a t:
Q
pu
= Q
H2O
+ Q
m2
Nhit ca nc lm lnh ly i:
Q
H2O
= Q
pu
- Q
m2
= -1581596,0177 3085,1400 = -1585183,1785 (kcal)
Lng nc cn lm lnh l:
t C
q
G
O H
O H

.
2
2
Gi s nc lm mt vo 25
0
C ra 35
0
C: C t
0
10
79 -158518,31
10 . 1
85 1585183,17 -
2

O H
G (kg)
Lng hi tiu tn trong giai on ny
.
2
r
Q
D
Vi:
r: n nhit ha hi ca nc: r =514,6 (kcal/kg)

: Hm m ca nc:
95 , 0
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 73
n tt nghip
Vy:
) (kg 2078 , 3235
514,6.0,95
77 1581596,01
.
2

r
Q
D
II. CN BNG NHIT LNG THIT B RA
1. Cn bng nhit giai on ra ln 1
Khi lng nha trong 1 ni: 7965,6863 (kg)
Bng 17: Bng phi liu cho qu trnh ra nha:
Cu t
Khi lng
tnh cho 1 tn (kg)
Khi lng
tnh cho 1 ni (kg)
Toluen ra ln 1 1383,9751 11024,3115
Nc ra ln 1 2248,9595 17914,5061
Toluen ra ln 2 691,9876 5512,1557
Nc ra ln 2 415,1925 3307,2934
Nha 996,4621 7937,5043
Nc sinh ra 342,1707 2725,6243
NaCl 325,4966 2592,8038
NaOH d 24,3685 194,1117
Cho Toluen vo, khuy trong 30 pht sau cho nc vo.
Sau khi cho Toluen v nc vo th nhit ca h thng gim xung. Vy nhit
lng mt mt i ca h lm cho nhit ca h gim t 65
0
C xung nhit t
x
Q
1
= (G
tb
.C
tb
+ G
hh
.C
hh
).(65-t
x
)
Trong : G
hh
: Khi lng hn hp sau khi a t
C
hh
: Nhit dung ring ca hn hp sau khi a t
Hn hp sau khi a t gm: Nha, nc, NaCl, NaOH d v ECH d.
ECH d c ngng t cn hn hp vo thit b ra gm: Nha, nc,
NaCl, NaOH d.
G
hh
= 7937,5043 + 17914,5061 + 2592,8038 + 194,1117 = 13582,5066
(kg)
Nhit dung ring hn hp:
i i hh
x C C .

x
i
: L nng phn khi lng ca cu t i
C
i
: Nhit dung ring ca cu t i
C
nha
= 0,5 (kcal/kg.)
C
NaCl
= 0,91 (kcal/kg.)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 74
n tt nghip
C
NaOH
= 0,876 (kcal/kg.)
C
H2O
= 1 (kcal/kg.)
C
To
= 0,42 (kcal/kg.)
Vy:
+ + + 1 .
0441 , 13450
6243 , 2725
876 . 0 .
0441 , 13450
1117 , 194
91 . 0 .
0441 , 13450
8038 , 2592
5 , 0 .
0441 , 13450
5043 , 7937
hh
C

= 0,6858 (kcal/kg.)
Nhit ban u ca Toluen v nc l 25
0
C th lng nhit Toluen v nc thu
vo: Q
2
= (G
To
.C
To
+G
H2O
.C
H2O
).(t
x
25)
Ta c: Q
1
= Q
2
Nn: (G
tb
.C
tb
+ G
hh
.C
hh
).(65-t
x
) = (G
To
.C
To
+G
H2O
.C
H2O
).(t
x
25)
Do :
) .C G + .C (G ) .C G + .C (G
) .C G + .C 25.(G ) .C G + .C (G . 65
H2O H2O To To hh hh tb tb
H2O H2O To To hh hh tb tb
+
+

x
t

+
+

.1) 17914,5061 + 5.0,42 (11024,311 .0,6851) 13450,0441 + 2.0,5 (17075,053


.1) 17914,5061 + 3115.0,42 25.(11024, .0,6851) 13450,0441 + .0,5 2 (17075,053 . 65
x
t
= 42,6265
0
C
Quy trnh ra tin hnh 65
0
C nn phi gia nhit t 42,6265
0
C n 65
0
C. Ta s
dng hi nc bo ha 120
0
C un nng hn hp. Nh vy nhit lng cn un nng
cho hi nc:
Q = (G
tb
.C
tb
+ G
hh
.C
hh
+ G
To
.C
To
+G
H2O
.C
H2O
).(65 - 42,6265)
Q = (17075,0532.0,5 + 13450,0441.0,6851 + 11024,3115.0,42 + 17914,5061.1).(65
42,6265) = 901788,6777 (kcal)
Lng nc tiu tn:
(kg) 6390 , 1844
514,6.0,95
7 901788,677
.
3

r
Q
D
2. Cn bng nhit lng cho cng on ra ln 2
Lng nhit gim ca h thng:
Q
1
= (G
tb
.C
tb
+ G
hh
.C
hh
).(42,6265 - t
x
)
Lc ny xem hn hp gm Toluen ra ln 1 v nha:
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 75
n tt nghip
G
hh
= G
To
+ G
nha
= 11024,3115 + 7937,5043 = 18961,8157 (kg)
Nhit dung ring ca hn hp:
C
hh
= x.C
nha
+ (100-x).C
To
Vi x l nng phn trm ca nha trong hn hp Toluen nha
% 8605 , 41
7937,5043) 5 (11034,211
7937,5043

+
x
C
hh
= 0,4186.0,5 + (1 0,4186).0,42 = 0,4535 (kcal/kg.)
Lng nhit Toluen v nc nhn c:
Q
2
= (G
To
.C
To
+G
H2O
.C
H2O
).(t
x
25)
Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit lng:
Q
1
= Q
2
(G
tb
.C
tb
+ G
hh
.C
hh
).(42,6265 - t
x
) = (G
To
.C
To
+ G
H2O
.C
H2O
).(t
x
25)
Vy
) .C G + .C (G ) .C G + .C (G
) .C G + .C 25.(G ) .C G + .C (G . 6265 , 42
H2O H2O To To hh hh tb tb
H2O H2O To To hh hh tb tb
+
+

x
t
C t
x
0
5320 , 36
Nhit lng cung cp cho Toluen v nc:
Q = 18961,8157.0,4672.(65 36,5320) = 244795,5397 (kcal)
Vy lng nc tiu tn:
(kg) 7375 , 500
514,6.0,95
7 244795,539
.
4

r
Q
D
III. CN BNG NHIT LNG CHO THIT B SY
Trong qu trnh ra v lc nhit ca hn hp gim xung do mt mt
nhit ra mi trng. Nn tnh ton ta gi s nhit ca hn hp trc khi vo thit
b sy l 50
0
C. Ta sy hn hp 110
0
C.
Phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Q = Q
e
+ Q
f
+ Q
m
Trong :
Q: Nhit cn cung cp
Q
e
: Nhit cn un nng hn hp t 50 n 110
0
C
Q
f
: Nhit cn un nng ni sy
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 76
n tt nghip
Q
m
: Nhit lng mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh
1. Tnh nhit lng cn un nng thit b Q
e
Q
e
= G. t .C
Trong :
C: Nhit dung ring ca thp: C=0,5 kJ/kg. = 0,1195 (Kcal) (STQT&TB
tp I, trang 162)
G: Khi lng ca thit b:
G= G
t
+G
d
+G
n
+G
v
+G
bon
+G
bch
+G
bulong
+G
ck
= 17075,0532 (kg)
C t
0
60 50 110
Vy: Q
e
=17075,0532 .0,1195.60 = 512251,5955 (kcal)
2. Tnh nhit lng cn un nng hn hp phn ng Q
f
Khi lng hn hp vo thit b sy l: G
hh
= 24473,9714 (kg)
Trong :
Khi lng nha l: G
nha
= 7937,5043 (kg)
Khi lng toluen: G
To
= 16536,4672 (kg)
Nhit dung ring ca Toluen: C = 0,42 (kcal/kg)
Q
f
= (G
nhua
.C
nha
+G
To
.C
To
). t =
= (7937,5043.0,5 + 16536,4672.0,42).60 = 416718,9733 (kcal)
* Nhit mt mt ra mi trng: Q
m
= 5881,8932 (kcal)
Q = Q
e
+Q
f
+Q
m
= 5512251,5955 + 416718,9733 + 5881,8932 = 934852,4619 (kcal)
Lng hi tiu tn
(kg) 2721 , 1912
514,6.0,95
9 934852,461
.
5

r
Q
D
Vi: r: n nhit ha hi ca nc: r = 514,6 (kcal/kg)

: Hm m ca nc:
95 , 0
Vy lng hi tiu tn cho mt m sn xut
D = D
1
+ D
3
+ D
4
+ D
5
= (807,7702 + 1844,6390 + 500,7375 + 1935,3540)*2 = 10130,8377 (kg)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 77
n tt nghip
Lng hi s dng cho mt nm sn xut
D
nm
= 340.(24/6,5).D = 340.(24/6,5).10130,8377 = 12718,097 (kg)
CHNG IV TNH THIT B PH
THIT B SY
Chc nng ca thit b sy l chng ct hn hp nha toluen nhm thu nha
nguyn cht. Qu trnh chng ct din ra p sut chn khng, cui qu trnh tng p
ln 600mmHg nhit t = 110 115
0
C.
Thit b sy c v bc bn ngoi v c cnh khuy.
1. Kch thc ca thit b sy
Lng Toluen vo thit b l: 16536,4672 kg, lng nha l: 7937,5043 kg.
Vy lng hn hp vo thit b sy l: G
hh
= 24473,9714 (kg)

To
= 870 (kg/m
3
)

nha
= 1160 (kg/m
3
)
Vy, th tch nguyn liu l:
V =
+
870
4672 , 16536
1160
7937,5043
25,8501 (m
3
)
Ta ly h s lm y ca thit b l 0,7
Vy th tch cn cho mt ni phn ng l:

) ( 9287 , 36
7 , 0
8501 , 25
3
m V
tb

Coi th tch y elp bng mt na th tch y hnh cu, do th tch ca thit
b l:
V
tb
= V
thn
+V
y
+ V
np

V
y
= V
np

Vy V
tb
3 2
2
*
3
2
*
2
*
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

D
h
D

Loi thit b c chn c t l gia chiu cao v ng knh l H:D = 4:3 nn:
9287 , 36
2
*
3
2
3
4
*
2
*
3 2

1
]
1

+
1
]
1

D
D
D
V
tb


tb
V D *
5
12
3

SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang


Trang 78
n tt nghip
Vy ng knh thit b: D =
3
14 , 3 * 5
9287 , 36 * 12
3,0447 (m)
Quy chun: D = 3,2 (m)
Chiu cao ca thn hnh tr: H =
2 , 3 *
3
4
*
3
4
D
4,2667 (m)
Quy chun: H = 4,3 (m)
Tra bng XIII.10 STQT&TB-tp II-trang 382:
h
b
= 800 (mm)
h = 40 (mm)
F
y
= 11,5 (m
2
)
V
np
= V
y
= 4,611 (m
3
)
Chiu cao ca ton thit b l:
H
tb
= H + 2*h
b
+ 2*h = 4,3 + 2*0,8 + 2*0,04 = 5,98 (m)
Chn chiu dy thn thit b S = 8 mm.
I. TNH THIT B NGNG T
Ta thit k thit b ngng t kiu ng chm do cc u im ca n nh:
+ C cu gn, chc chn
+ B mt truyn nhit ln
+ Tn t kim loi (tnh theo mt n v b mt truyn nhit)
+ D lm sch pha bn trong ng
Thit b ngng t y ch yu c dng cho qu trnh sy nha.
Ta chn:
+ Chiu di ca ng: l = 1,5 m
+ ng knh ng: d = 0,035 m
+ dy ca ng: s = 0,0025 m
+ Nhit ban u ca nc lm lnh: t
d
= 25
0
C
+ Nhit ca hn hp ban u: 84
0
C
+ Nhit nc lm lnh ra khi thit b: t
c
= 35
0
C
+ Nhit hi ngng t: 60
0
C
*Tnh h s cp nhit
1

i vi hi nc ngng t:
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 79
n tt nghip
4
1
*
* * 04 , 2
H t
r
A
T


, (W/m
2
)
Trong :
r: n nhit ngng t ca Toluen, r = 376,427*10
3
(J/kg)
H: Chiu cao b mt truyn nhit, H = 1,5 m
1 T
t
: Hiu s nhit gia hi nc ngng t v nhit thnh
ng, gi s chn:
1 T
t
= 5,2
0
C
Lc nhit thnh ng pha ngng t: t
T1
= 84 5,2 = 78,8
0
C
A: H s ph thuc vo nhit mng nc ngng t:
2
bh T
m
t t
t
+

Vi: t
T
: Nhit tng, t
T
= 60
0
C
t
bh
: Nhit hi bo ha, t
bh
= 84
0
C
C t
m
0
72
2
84 60

Tra STQT&TB-tp II-trang 29 ta c A = 163,4


Suy ra: 5894 , 4940
2 , 5 * 5 , 1
10 * 427 , 376
* 4 , 163 * 04 , 2
4
3
1
(W/m
2
.)
Vy: q
1
=
1 1
*
T
t
= 4940,5894*5,2 = 25691,0648 (W/m
2
)
* Tnh h s cp nhit
2

i vi nc lm lnh
Hiu s nhit gia 2 b mt tng ng:

r q t t T
T T
*
2 1
Vi: 2
1
1
1
r r r + +

l tng nhit tr, (m


2
./W)
Trong :

1
: b dy ca thp CT3,
1
= 2,5 (mm) = 2,5*10
-3
(m)

1
: h s dn nhit ca thp CT3,
1
= 50,2 W/m.
r
1
, r
2
: n nhit ca cn bn 2 pha tng, m
2
./W
r
1
= r
2
= 0,464*10
-3
(m
2
./W)
Vy
3
3
3
10 * 9778 , 0
2 , 50
10 * 5 , 2
10 * 464 , 0 * 2

r
(m
2
/W)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 80
n tt nghip
Suy ra:



1207 , 25 10 * 9778 , 0 * 25691,0648 *
3
1
r q T
0
C
Nhit thnh ng pha nc lnh:
6793 , 53 1207 , 25 8 , 78
1 2
T t t
T T
0
C
M
30
2
35 25
2
2

+

c d
t t
t
0
C
6793 , 23 30 6793 , 53
2 2 2
t t t
T
0
C
H s cp nhit:
d
Nu

*
2

[V.33, tr11-II]
Trong :
d: ng knh ngoi ca ng, d = 0,035 + 0,0025*2 = 0,04 (m)
: h s dn nhit ca nc, tra bng [I.129, tr133-I] ta c:
= 53,1*10
-2
kcal/mh = 0,618 W/m
Nu: chun s Nusselt, c trng cho cng cp nhit trn bin tip xc
gia dng cht ti nhit v b mt cp nhit. Gi s dng chy ca nc lm lnh l
dng chy xoy (Re = 10
4
) th chun s Nu c tnh:
Nu =
25 , 0
43 , 0 8 , 0
Pr
Pr
* Pr * Re * * 021 , 0

,
_

t
[V.4, tr14-II]

: hiu s hiu chnh ph thuc vo t s gia chiu di ng v ng


knh ng, khi
5 , 37
04 , 0
5 , 1

D
l
, ta c

= 1,03
Pr: chun s Prandtl, c trng cho tnh cht vt l ca dng cht ti nhit

*
Pr
p
C
[V.35, tr 12-II]
Vi:
C
p
: nhit dung ring ng p ca nc, C
p
= 4180,5 (J/kg.)

: nht ca nc, ta bng [I-102, tr 94-I], ta c

= 0,8007*10
-3
(Ns/m
2
)
: h s dn nhit ca nc, = 0,618 (W/m)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 81
n tt nghip
Suy ra: Pr =
4164 , 5
618 , 0
10 * 8007 , 0 * 5 , 4180
3


Chn
1
Pr
Pr

t
, vi Pr
t
: chun s Prandtl ca dng nhit tnh theo nhit trung
bnh ca tng.
Vy, Nu = 0,021*1,03*(10
4
)
0,8
*(5,4164)
0,43
*(1)
0,25
= 70,8846
Suy ra:
d
Nu

*
2

=
1095,1664
04 , 0
618 , 0 * 8845 , 70

(W/m
2
)
Do : q
2
=

2 2
* t
1095,1664 *23,6793 = 25932,7267 (W/m
2
)
So snh
05 , 0 0093 , 0
7267 , 25932
0648 , 25691 7267 , 25932
2
1 2
<

q
q q

Vy gi thit
1 T
t
= 5,2
0
C tho mn.
Suy ra
8957 , 25811
2
7267 , 25932 0648 , 25691
2
2 1

q q
q
(W/m
2
)
* Tnh b mt truyn nhit
Cng thc tnh b mt truyn nhit:
q
Q
F
(m
2
)
Trong :
q: nhit ti ring, q = 25811,8957 (W/m
2
)
Q: lng nhit trao i (W)
Trong thit b ngng t kiu ng chm, nc lm lnh c cho i vo di y
qua cc ng, ln trn v ra khi ca thit b. Hi i t ca trn ca v, vo khong trng
gia v v ng ri i ra pha di.
Xem qu trnh truyn nhit t hi cho nc l qu trnh truyn nhit qua
ng ng mt lp trong trng thi nhit n nh.
p dng cng thc [7-16, tr213-I] ta c:

,
_

1
2
2 1
lg * 3 , 2 *
1
) ( * * 2
r
r
t t l
Q
T T

Trong :
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 82
n tt nghip
r
1
: bn knh trong ca ng, r
1
=
0175 , 0
2
035 , 0
2

d
(m)
r
2
: bn knh ngoi ca ng, r
2
=
02 , 0
2
035 , 0 2 * 0025 , 0

+
(m)
l: chiu di ca ng, l = 1,5 (m)
t
T1
: nhit bn trong ca tng, t
T1
= 78,8
0
C
t
T2
: nhit bn ngoi ca tng, t
T2
= 53,6793
0
C
Vy Q =
8240 , 89061
0175 , 0
02 , 0
lg 3 , 2 *
2 , 50
1
) 6793 , 53 8 , 78 ( * 5 , 1 * 14 , 3 * 2

,
_

(W)
Din tch b mt truyn nhit: F =
4504 , 3
8957 , 25811
8240 , 89061

(m
2
)
*Tnh s ng truyn nhit:
l d
F
n
n
* *

F: din tch b mt truyn nhit, (m


2
)
D
n
: ng knh ngoi ca ng truyn nhit, (m)
l: chiu di ng, (m)
Thay s vo biu thc trn ta c:
3143 , 18
5 , 1 * 04 , 0 * 14 , 3
4504 , 3
n
(ng)
Quy chun theo bng [V.11, tr48-II], chn n = 19 ng
* Tnh ng knh thit b ngng t
ng truyn nhit cao 1,5m
ng knh ngoi ca ng truyn nhit: 0,04m
B tr mng ng theo hnh 6 cnh u, trong s ng trn ng cho
ca hnh 6 cnh c tnh theo cng thc: b = 2a 1 [V-139, tr48-II]
a: tng s ng trn cnh ngoi cng ca hnh 6 cnh
n = 3a (a 1) +1 = 19 ng
Suy ra: a = 3
b = 5
ng knh trong thit b ngng t c xc nh theo cng thc:
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 83
n tt nghip
D
t
= t(b 1) + 4d
n
, [V- 140, tr49-II]
d
n
= 0,04 m
t: bc ng, chn t = 1,5d
n
= 0,06 m
D
t
= 0,06*(5 1) + 4*0,04 = 0,4 (m) = 400 (mm).
Vy ng knh thit b ngng t l 400 (mm)
II. TNH THNG CHA
1. Thng cha ECH
Chn thit b hnh tr trn, y phng, np elip.
Ta c:
Lng ECH vo trong mt m: 8994,2736 (kg)

ECH
= 1183 kg/m
3
Ly h s in y l: 0,7
Khi th tch thng cha s l:
8613 , 10
0,7 * 1183
8994k2736
V
(m
3
)
M: V = V
t
+ V
n

V
t
=
3
2 2
3 , 0 2 , 1 *
2
*
2
D D
D
H
D

,
_

,
_

V
n
=
3
3
*
24 2
* *
3
4
*
4
1
D
D

,
_

V =
8613 , 10 * 34 , 0
24
3 , 0
3 3 3
+ D D D

(m
3
)
D = 2,1668 (m), quy chun: D = 2,2 (m).
H = 1,2*D = 2,64 (m), quy chun: H = 2,7 (m).
Cc thng s c bn ca thit b c cho bng sau:
Bng 18: Cc thng s c bn ca thng cha ECH:
Th tch V (m
3
) ng knh D (m) Chiu cao H (m) Chiu dy (mm)
10,8613 2,2 2,7 10
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 84
n tt nghip
2. Thng cha NaOH
Chn thit b hnh tr trn, y phng, np elip.
Ta c:
Lng NaOH vo trong mt m: 7763,8117 (kg)

NaOH
= 1216,25 kg/m
3
Ly h s in y l: 0,7
Khi th tch thng cha s l:
1191 , 9
0,7 * 1216,25
7763,8117
V
(m
3
)
Tng t nh trn, V =
1191 , 9 * 34 , 0
24
3 , 0
3 3 3
+ D D D

(m
3
)
D = 2,0442 (m), quy chun: D = 2,2 (m)
H = 1,2*D = 2,64 (m), quy chun: H = 2,7 (m)
Cc thng s c bn ca thit b c cho bng sau:
Bng 19: Cc thng s c bng ca thng cha NaOH:
Th tch V (m
3
) ng knh D (m) Chiu cao H (m) Chiu dy (mm)
9,1191 2,2 2,7 10
3. Thng cha Toluen
Chn thit b hnh tr trn, y phng, np elip.
Ta c:
Lng Toluen vo trong mt m: 33089,4791 (kg)

toluen
= 870 kg/m
3
Ly h s in y l: 0,7
Khi th tch thng cha s l:
3341 , 54
0,7 * 870
33089,4791
V
(m
3
)
Tng t nh trn, V =
3341 , 54 * 34 , 0
24
3 , 0
3 3 3
+ D D D

D = 3,7059 (m), quy chun: D = 3,8


H = 1,2*D = 4,56 (m), quy chun: H = 4,6 (m).
Cc thng s c bn ca thit b c cho bng sau:
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 85
n tt nghip
Bng 20: Cc thng s c bng ca thng cha Toluen:
Th tch V (m
3
) ng knh D (m) Chiu cao H (m) Chiu dy (mm)
54,3341 3,8 4,6 10
4. Thng cha nc
Chn thit b hnh tr trn, y phng, np elip.
Ta c:
Lng H
2
O vo trong 1 m l: 42464,8316 (kg)

H2O
= 1000 kg/m
3
Ly h s in y l: 0,7
Khi th tch thng cha s l:
6640 , 60
0,7 * 1000
42464,8316
V
(m
3
)
Tng t nh trn, V =
6640 , 60 * 34 , 0
24
3 , 0
3 3 3
+ D D D

D = 3,8445 (m), quy chun: D = 4 (m)


H = 1,2*D = 4,8 (m).
Cc thng s c bn ca thit b c cho bng sau:
Bng 21: Cc thng s c bn ca thng cha nc:
Th tch V (m
3
) ng knh D (m) Chiu cao H (m) Chiu dy (mm)
60,6640 4 4,8 10
III. TNH THIT B RA
Hn hp cc cu t vo thit b ra:
Cu t
Toluen
Nc
Nha
NaCl
NaOH d
Khi lng tnh cho 1 ni (kg)
11024,3115
18144,1793
7937,5043
2592,8038
194,1117
Khi lng ring ca cc cu t:
+
To
= 870 (kg/m
3
)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 86
n tt nghip
+
H2O
= 1000 (kg/m
3
)
+
nha
= 1160 (kg/m
3
)
+
NaCl
= 1120 (kg/m
3
)
+
) / ( 1216,25
3
m kg
NaOH

Tng th tch ca hn hp:

n
i i
i
G
V
1


9034 , 39
25 , 1216
1117 , 194
0389 , 1367
8038 , 2592
1160
5043 , 7937
1000
5061 , 17914
870
3115 , 11024
+ + + + V

(m
3
)
Chn h s lm y: 0,7
Th tch thit b:
0049 , 57
7 , 0
9034 , 39
V

(m
3
)
Chn thit b hnh tr ng c y v np elip.
Tnh tng t thit b chnh ta c:
5188 , 3
14 , 3 * 5
0049 , 57 * 12
3
tb
D
(m)
Quy chun: D
tb
= 3,6 (m)
Chiu cao: H = 1,2* 3,6 = 4,32 (m), quy chun: H = 4,4 (m).
Cc thng s c bn ca thit b c cho bng sau:
Bng 22: Bng cc thng s c bn ca thit b ra:
Th tch V (m
3
) ng knh D (m) Chiu cao H (m) Chiu dy (mm)
57,0049 3,6 4,4 8
IV. TNH BM V CHN BM
1. Bm Toluen v Epiclohydrin
Toluen v Epyclohydrin l cht d chy n v c hi nn s dng bm
pittng vn chuyn.
Lng Toluen cn bm cho mt ni l: 16544,7397 kg, nng sut ca bm c
tnh theo cng thc sau:
*
m
Q
(m
3
/s)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 87
n tt nghip

: thi gian bm, chn

= 30 pht =1800s
3
10 * 6 , 10
1800 * 870
7397 , 16544

Q
(m
3
/s)
ng knh ng: d =
785 , 0
Q
:
vn tc chy,

1,2 (m/s)
d = 0,1059 (m)
p sut ton phn do bm to ra:
m
h H
g
P P
H + +

0
1 2
*
P
1
, P
2
: p sut ht v y, P
1
= P
2
H
0
: Chiu cao nng cht lng, H
0
= 10m
h
m
: p sut tiu tn thng ton b tr lc trn ng ng
Tng h s tr lc:

+ + +
van thu d mo d kh

. .
Trn ng ng c:
+ 3 khuu cong 90
0
, tr lc ca mi khuu:
khuu
= 1
Nn

3 1 * 3
kh

+ 2 t thu: mt ch cho ng ht, ly

=0,5
mt ch cho bm, ly

= 0,2

7 , 0
.thu d

+ 1 t m, ly

= 0,09
+ C 2 van: 1 van ca vo bm v 1 van ca ra (chn
van tiu chun)

8 , 9 9 , 4 * 2
van

Vy,

+ + + 59 , 13 8 , 9 09 , 0 7 , 0 3
h
m
=
9974 , 0
81 , 9 * 2
2 , 1
* 59 , 13
* 2
*
2 2

(m)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 88
n tt nghip
P
1
= P
2
nn
g
P P
*
1 2

= 0
Vy p sut ton phn ca bm:
H = H
0
+ h
m
= 10 + 0,9974 = 10,9974

11
Cng sut ca bm:

* 1000
* * * H g Q
N
(kW)
: hiu sut ca bm, = 0,72
3776 , 1
72 , 0 * 1000
11 * 81 , 9 * 870 * 10 * 6 , 10
3

N
(kW)
Cng sut ca ng c in:
td dc
dc
N
N

*
*

(kW)

dc
: hiu sut ng c,
dc
= 0,9

td
: hiu sut truyn ng,
td
= 0,8
: h s tr lc cng sut, = 1,4
Vy cng sut ng c:
6786 , 2
8 , 0 * 9 , 0
4 , 1 * 3776 , 1

dc
N
(kW)
Quy chun chn N
dc
= 2,7 (kW).
2. Bm ly tm
* Bm vn chuyn NaOH
Lng NaOH cn bm cho 1 ni l 3881,9059 kg, nng sut ca bm
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
*
m
Q
(m
3
/s)

: thi gian bm, chn

= 30 pht = 1800s
3
10 * 8 , 1
1800 * 143
9059 , 3881

1
Q
(m
3
/s)
ng knh ng: d =
785 , 0
Q
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 89
n tt nghip
:
vn tc chy,

1,2 (m/s)
d = 0,0437 (m)
p sut ton phn do bm to ra:
m
h H
g
P P
H + +

0
1 2
*
P
1
, P
2
: p sut ht v y, P
1
= P
2
H
0
: chiu cao nng cht lng, H
0
= 10 m
h
m
: p sut tiu tn thng ton b tr lc trn ng ng
Tng h s tr lc:

+ + +
van thu d mo d kh

. .
Trn ng ng c:
+ 3 khuu cong 90
0
nn

3 1 * 3
kh

+ 2 t thu: mt ch cho ng ht, ly

=0,5
mt ch cho bm, ly

= 0,2

7 , 0
.thu d

+ 1 t m, ly

= 0,09
+ C 2 van: 1 van ca vo bm v 1 van ca ra
(chn van tiu chun)

8 , 9 9 , 4 * 2
van

bm ly tm thng ly tc trong ng ng nh hn ch ni ng
vo v ra. V vy, gia ng bm phi t mt ng chuyn tip thu nh v pha bm. Do
, u vo v u ra c thm mt t thu va mt t m na.
2 , 0
.

thu d

,
16 , 0
.

mo d


+ + + + + 95 , 13 16 , 0 2 , 0 8 , 9 09 , 0 7 , 0 3
h
m
=
0239 , 1
81 , 9 * 2
2 , 1
* 95 , 13
* 2
*
2 2

(m)
Vy p sut ton phn ca bm:
H = H
0
+ h
m
= 10 + 1,0239 = 11,0239

11 (m)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 90
n tt nghip
Cng sut ca bm:

* 1000
* * * H g Q
N
(kW)
: hiu sut ca bm, = 0,72
3232 , 0
72 , 0 * 1000
11 * 81 , 9 * 25 , 1216 * 10 * 8 , 1
3

N
(kW)
Cng sut ca ng c in:
td dc
dc
N
N

*
*

(kW)

dc
: hiu sut ng c,
dc
= 0,9

td
: hiu sut truyn ng,
td
= 0,8
: h s tr lc cng sut, = 1,2
Vy cng sut ng c:
5387 , 0
8 , 0 * 9 , 0
2 , 1 * 3232 , 0

dc
N
(kW)
Quy chun chm N
dc
= 0,6 (kW).
* Bm vn chuyn nc
Lng nc cn bm cho 1 ni l 21232,4158 kg, nng sut ca bm c tnh
theo cng thc sau:
*
m
Q
(m
3
/s)

: thi gian bm, chn

= 30 pht = 1800s
3
10 * 8 , 11
1800 * 000
4158 , 21232

1
Q
(m
3
/s)
ng knh ng: d =
785 , 0
Q
:
vn tc chy,

1,2 (m/s)
d = 0,1119 (m).
Cng sut ca bm:

* 1000
* * * H g Q
N
(kW)
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 91
n tt nghip
: hiu sut ca bm, = 0,72
7679 , 1
72 , 0 * 1000
11 * 81 , 9 * 1000 * 10 * 8 , 11
3

N
(kW)
Cng sut ca ng c in:
td dc
dc
N
N

*
*

(kW)
9465 , 2
8 , 0 * 9 , 0
2 , 1 * 7979 , 1

dc
N
(kW)
Quy chun chm N
dc
= 3 (kW).
3. Bm rng kha
Bm rng kha dng dung dch nha sau khi ra c nht cao t thng cha
trung gian ln thit b sy.
Lng nha cn bm cho 1 ni l 7965,6863 kg, nng sut ca bm c tnh
theo cng thc sau:
*
m
Q
(m
3
)

: thi gian bm, chn

= 30 pht = 1800s
3
10 * 8 , 3
1800 * 1160
7965,6863

Q
(m
3
/s)
ng knh ng: d =
785 , 0
Q
:
vn tc chy,

1,2 (m/s)
d = 0,0636 (m).
Cng sut ca bm:

* 1000
* * * H g Q
N
(kW)
: hiu sut ca bm, = 0,72
6633 , 0
72 , 0 * 1000
11 * 81 , 9 * 1160 * 10 * 8 , 3
3

N
(kW)
Cng sut ca ng c in:
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
Trang 92
n tt nghip
td dc
dc
N
N

*
*

(kW)
1054 , 1
8 , 0 * 9 , 0
2 , 1 * 6633 , 0

dc
N
(kW)
Quy chun chm N
dc
= 1,2 (kW).
4. Thit b lc
Chn thit b lc c vch ngn bng vi n, kn, c y hnh elip v np phng.
ng knh thit b: D = 1 (m)
Chiu cao t li lc n y: 0,5 (m)
Chiu cao tng cng: H = 1,5 (m)
Thit b c lm bng thp CT3, b dy 4 (mm), trn np c van thng vi
khng kh bn ngoi thit b lm vic vi p sut kh quyn.
5. ng knh cc ng dn ni vi cc thit b phn ng
5.1. ng knh ca np liu
Chn ng knh ca np liu: D = 100(mm)
5.2. ng knh ng tho sn phm
Chn ng knh ng tho sn phm: D = 100 (mm)
5.3. ng knh ng dn hi nc
Chn ng knh ng dn hi nc: D = 80 (mm).
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CHNG V TNH TON V B TR XY DNG
I. CHN A IM XY DNG
Vic chn a im ca nh my thun li s lm gim cc chi ph v vn
chuyn t s lm gim gi thnh ca sn phm. Do , la chn a im sao cho
thun li v mt giao thng, c bit l giao thng ng bin.
Qua qu trnh xem xt, nh gi mt s khu cng nghip thuc khu vc
min trung, nhn thy v tr phn xng sn xut nha Epoxy t khu cng nghip
pha ng, thuc khu kinh t Dung Qut l thun li nht bi n c nhng c im
sau:
+ Gn nh my lc du Dung Qut, l ngun cung cp nguyn liu chnh
khi nh my hon thnh v i vo hot ng.
+ Trong thi gian u khi nh my lc du cha i vo hot ng, th
ngun nguyn liu nhp t nc ngoi cng c thun li do c cng bin Dung Qut.
V giao thng ng b, c nhiu tuyn ng lu thng vi quc l 1A nh tuyn
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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cng Dung Qut- Dc si, tuyn nh my lc du-ng ba Bnh Long, ngoi ra cn c
nhiu tuyn ng lu thng vi cc tnh ln cn.
+ Khu cng nghip tp trung nhiu nh my ha cht nh nh my sn
xut nha PP, nh my sn xut cht ty ra... Do c th xy dng mt vnh ai lin
i gia cc nh my ha cht.
+ V mi trng: Khu cng nghip Dung Qut c quy hoch xa khu
dn c nn vn x l mi trng tng i thun li.
+ V nhn cng lao ng: Ngun lao ng a phng cn di do, ngoi
ra cn c trng o to ngh Dung Qut s cung cp cng nhn vi tay ngh k thut
cao.
+ Do y l khu cng nghip cn non tr, v vy chi ph v nguyn liu
xy dng, n b gii ta mt bng cn kh thp.
Ta la chn a in nh sau: Phn xng sn xut ED-5 nm khu cng
nghip pha ng thuc khu kinh t Dung Qut, huyn Bnh Sn, tnh Qung Ngi.
II. GII THIU VIC XY DNG PHN XNG
Phn xng ED-5 nm trong khu cng nghip ho cht, do khu cng nghip m
nhn phn xy dng v c xy dng da trn c tnh k thut ca phn xng ng
thi lin hp ho vi cc phn xng khc trong khu cng nghip.
c im s dng ca phn xng: ho cht c, d bay hi, d chy n.
Do phn xng phi rng ri thong mt, thng gi tt trnh pht sinh tnh in,
trnh ngun la. Ngoi thng gi t nhin, phn xng c mt s b phn cn thng gi
nhn to.
1. Chn hng nh
Do ma h nng, ma ng nh hng rt. V vy chn hng nh ng Nam l
hp l.
2. Thit k nh
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Do c im cng ngh, yu cu v din tch lp t, sa cha thit b, tn dng
kh nng dng chy t nhin, cc yu cu v din tch, lp t, sa cha v thao tc
thun li cho cng nhn, ta thit k phn xng sn xut l nh c 2 sn thao tc.
2.1. Tng trt
Trn c s dy chuyn cng ngh ta b tr cc thit b v phng cha nng
tng trt nh sau:
+ 1 thng cha Toluen nguyn liu
+ 1 thng cha nc
+ 1 thng cha dung dch NaOH
+ 1 thng cha ECH
+ 1 thng cha DDP
+ 1 thng cha Toluen thu hi
+ 1 thng cha ECH thu hi
+ 12 bm nguyn liu
+ 4 thit b ra
+ 2 thng cha trung gian
+ 1 thng cha nha sn phm
+ Mt kho cha nguyn liu
+ Mt kho cha sn phm
+ Khu v sinh
+ Nh qun c
+ Nh ngh gia ca
+ Phng y t
+ Nh sa cha
+ Phng KCS
2.2. Tng hai
+ 2 thit b a t
+ 4 thit b lc
+ 4 thit b ngng t
+ 4 thit b phn tng
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+ 2 thit b sy tch Toluen
+ 4 thit b ngng r
+ 1 thng lng naOH
+ 1 thng lng ECH
+ 1 thng lng DDP
+ 1 thng lng nc
+ 1 thng lng Toluen
Ngoi ra xung quanh cc thit b phi t cch nhau mt khong cch ti
thiu cn cho thao tc v sa cha l 2m.
Cc ng ng dn nguyn liu v sn phm phi b tr cho hp l nhm
gim ti a tr lc cng sut b nht c th nhm gim ti a tiu tn in nng.
2.3. Gii php kt cu nh
Nh cng nghip 2 tng, kt cu khung bng b tng ct thp, kt cu bao che
bng tng gch, trn mi c b tr ca tri thng gi, nh cao ro, chiu sng t
nhin tt.
+ Tng 1 cao 10 m
+ T tng 2 n sn ph l 4m
+ Rng 36m
+ Di 42m
+ Bc ct: B = 6 m
+ Ct b tng ct thp 600*400 mm
+ Dm chnh b tng ct thp 300*400 mm
+ Trong phn xng c phng qun c, phng v sinh, phng sa cha, nh
ngh, kho thnh phm v kho nguyn liu.
+ Dy chuyn sn xut c b tr theo phng thng ng.
Mng: Chim khong 20 30% khi lng b tng ton nh mng bng
b tng ct thp m bo chc chn, trnh nhng ni c mch nc ngm, cc loi mui
khong n mn.
Tng: Tng cch dy 250mm
Dm mng: 300 600mm
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Dm ph b tng ct thp c kch thc: 300*400mm
Dm mi: chiu cao 2 dm u l 800mm, chiu di dm 18m, dc 1/12
Sn
Trong qu trnh vn hnh khng c s rung ng mnh hay va p, tuy nhiu ti
trng thit b cng kh ln nn ta chn:
Sn nh tng 2 bng b tng ct thp
Nn nh tng 1 v khng chu axit, nhit , ti trng cao nn ta dng kt
cu nh sau:
Va xi mng
B tng si
t dm cht
CHNG VI AN TON LAO NG V V SINH MI TRNG
I. GII THIU CHUNG
Trong nn sn xut cng nghip hin i, mt yu t ln khng km phn quan
trong l yu t an ton lao ng.
c gng trnh nhng s c trong lao ng sn xut lm nh hng n nng
sut lm vic, ti sn ca nh my v c im l tnh mng ca con ngi. Chng ta
ra nhng bin php loi tr n mc ti a nhng tai nn c th xy ra. Do , trong
khi thit k, cng nh trong sn xut ta phi tnh n nhng kh nng chy n, nh
hng ca ho cht c, ti nn trong thao tc....lm nh hng n sc kho v tnh
mng ca con ngi. Nhng bin php bo v con ngi trong lao ng sn xut
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c nh nc ta quy nh thnh vn bn v c thi hnh trong cc x nghip, nh
my.
* Tai nn lao ng c phn ra thnh: Chn thng, nhim c ngh nghip
v bnh ngh nghip.
Chn thng: L nhng trng hp tai nn, kt qu gy ra vt thng, dp
thng hoc s hu hoi khc cho c th con ngi. Hu qa ca chn thng c th
gy ra tm thi hay vnh vin mt kh nng lao ng, c th lm cht ngi.
Nhim c ngh nghip: L s hu hoi sc kho do kt qu tc dng ca cc
cht c, khi chng xm nhp vo c th con ngi trong iu kin sn xut. S tc
dng lu di ca mt lng tng nh cc cht c s gy ra nhim c mn tnh.
Nhim c t ngt v s xm nhp vo c th mt lng ln cht c gi l nhim
c cp tnh, coi nh chn thng.
Bnh ngh nghip l s suy yu dn sc kho ca ngi lm vic, do kt qu tc
dng ca nhng iu kin bt li to ra bi tnh trng sn xut hoc do tc dng c tnh
cht thng xuyn ca cc cht c ln c th con ngi trong sn xut.
* Nhng nguyn nhn tai nn c th phn loi thnh: Nguyn nhn k thut,
nguyn nhn t chc v nguyn nhn v sinh.
Nhng nguyn nhn tai nn ph thuc vo tnh trng my mc, thit b, ng
ng, ni lm vic. Nhng nguyn nhn k thut c th xy ra l:
- S hng ca thit b my mc
- S hng ca cc thit b ph tng
- S hng ca cc ng ng
- Cc kt cu thit b ph tng khng hon chnh
- Khong cch cn thit gia cc thit b b tr cha
- Thiu ro chn bao che ngn cch.
Nhng nguyn nhn t chc do pht sinh t kt qu ca cng vic t chc hoc
giao nhn cng vic cha ng. l:
- Vi phm quy tc, quy trnh k thut
- T chc lao ng cng nh ni lm vic cha p ng yu cu
- Thiu hoc gim st cha y
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- Vi phm ch lao ng (lm vic qu gi)
- S dng cng nhn khng ng ngnh ngh, trnh chuyn mn
- Cho cng nhn vo lm vic khi h cha c hun luyn hng dn, cha
nm vng iu l, quy tc k thut an ton.
Nhng nguyn nhn v sinh:
- Mi trng khng kh b nhim
- Chiu sng v thng gi khng y
- Ting n v chn ng mnh
- C cc tia phng x
- Tnh trng v sinh ca cc phng phc v sinh hot km
- Vi phm iu l v sinh c nhn
- Thiu hoc kim tra v sinh ca y t khng y
- iu kin v kh hu (nhit , m, vn tc lu chuyn khng kh, bc x
nhitu...) khng thch nghi.
II. PHN TCH C IM CA NH MY
Trong x nghip sn xut nha Epoxy, nguyn liu dng l Epiclohydrin,
Bisphenol A, NaOH. Trong , Epyclohydrin l cht d chy, c, nhit bt la
26
0
C. Epyclohdrin gy tc hi n mng nim mc mt, mi, gy bun nn chng mt,
nu b nhim vi hm lng cao v nhiu ln s dn n b ngt v c th gy t vong.
Nng cho php l 0,001 mg/lt khng kh.
Bisphenol A dng bt khi tip xc vi chng d gy bng da, l lot.
NaOH khi bn vo mt c th gy m
Toluen l dung mi dng trong qu trnh ra nha, n l cht d bay hi d chy,
c. Toluen to vi khng kh hn hp n theo t l th tch 1,3

1,8%. Toluen c th
gy vim nim mc, nh hng n h thng tun hon, thn kinh. Nng cho php l
0,1 mg/lt khng kh.
Qua nhng c im nu trn th x nghip sn xut nha Epoxy phi c nhng
quy nh v bin php bo m an ton lao ng, vn phng chy cha chy c
ch trng.
II. CC GII PHP AN TON TRONG SN XUT
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1. Xut pht t nhng c im phn tch trn, ta ra nhng bin
php khc phc nh sau:
Ch v vic thng gi t nhin v nhn to.
Thit k xy dng phi ph hp, thit b phn ng kn.
Thit b my mc phi m bo, ng ng kn, ng dn hi phi bo n.
in chiu sng ban m phi m bo, ni cu thang phi bt bng n.
T chc cho cng nhn hc phng chng chy n v ni quy an ton lao ng.
Lun kim tra v nhc nh mi ngi thc hin tt quy nh v bo h lao ng
trong sn xut.
Thit k h thng ng nc cha chy xung quanh nh my.
2. Cc bin php c th nh sau:
Khi thit k xy dng nh my phi b tr ca s, ca ra vo hp l. My mc
thit b phi t cch nhau c ly hp l to c thng gi tt. Nhng ni khng
thng gi tt, khng thng gi t nhin th ta b tr thm qut gi.
Kim tra thit b my mc, in chiu sng, h thng ng dn nh k mi tun
mi ln.
Trang b bo h lao ng cho cng nhn nh khu trang, m bo h, bao tay, o
qun, knh bo h....nhc nh cng nhn phi ch trang b trong qu trnh sn xut.
Nh tm, nh v sinh, nh ngh phi c thong mt v sch s.
3. Mt s quy nh trong phn xng
Cng nhn phi tun theo quy nh, ni quy ca phn xng. Vo phn xng
phi mc qun o bo h lao ng, i ng, mang khu trang, khi cn phi eo knh,
mang gang tay, trong cng vic phi thao tc nh nhng, tun t cn thn khng b v tr
hay lm vic ring trong sn xut. Khi bn giao ca phi bo co y c th, thng
xuyn lm v sinh xng.
IV. CCH GII QUYT KHI S C XY RA
Khi xy ra ha hon th lp tc bo ng ton phn xng bit ngt in
vo phn xng, dng van hi v cc h thng cp nhit khc. Dng cc thit b cha
chy trang b cha chy. Nu thy nguy c chy ln th gi lc lng phng cha
chy thnh ph.
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Trong sn xut, khi b NaOH ri vo da th tin hnh ra bng nc sch trong
10 pht hay tt hn l dng axit hu c nh gim hoc nc chanh.
Khi c ngi b in git th phi lp tc ct cu dao, v em i cp cu
Khi c ngi b ng c th bin php tt nht l tho cht c ra khi c th
bng ng ming v sau em i cp cu.
* T chc hc ni quy, quy nh v an ton lao ng v phng chy cha chy
Mi ngi trc khi vo lm vic, tham quan thc tp trong phn xng phi
hc cc ni quy, quy nh v an ton lao ng v phng chy cha chy trong phn
xng cng nhn phi c hc tp theo nh k, c kim tra c th vic nm vng ni
quy trong phn xng.
* nh k khm sc khe v c ch bi dng thch ng cho ngi lao ng,
hang thng phi c lch i khm sc khe nh k cho cng nhn, cp pht thuc cho
cng nhn, c ch u i, bi dng i vi ngi bnh.
V. V SINH MI TRNG
Trong qu trnh sn xut vic x l mi trng cc k quan trng, vic ny c
cc c quan c chc nng thng xuyn kim tra. Tt c cc nc thi ca phn xng
c cho ra khu x l nc ca khu cng nghip. y nc thi c lm sch c
bn nh i qua cc h thng x l nhiu phn on. Cui cng l kim tra nng cc
cht trong nc di tiu chun cho php mi c thi ra mi trng.
Xung quanh nh xng nn trng cy xanh, thm c mt phn lm sch mi
trng, mt khc lm p cnh quan nh my.
X l nc thi:
Ngun nc b nhim nh hng n mi trng sng ca ng thc vt, nh
hng trc tip n sc kho ca con ngi. Nhiu bnh tt c nguyn nhn t ngun
nc b nhim v ngoi ra cn nhng bnh tim n m con ngi phi ghnh chu.
X l nc thi trong sinh hot ni chung l vic cn lm v phi lm ngay.
i vi phn xng sn xut epoxy, cc loi nc thi: nh nc ra
nha,...c tp trung vo mt ng ng ri em i x l theo s sau :
u tin nc c a qua b lng, lng nhng cht lng c khi
lng ring ln hn nc, sau mi cho qua h sinh hc t nhin.
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H sinh hc t nhin:
H sinh hc t nhin chim mt v tr c bit quan trng trong x l nc thi
v co nhiu thun li:
- Khng i hi nhiu vn u t.
- B tr vn u t n gin .
H sinh hc t nhin x l nc thi bng sinh hc (da vo kh nng sng v
hot ng ca vi sinh vt c tc dng phn ho nhng cht hu c tr thnh nc,
nhng cht v c v cht kh n
gin).
y chn h sinh hc dng
hiu kh, y l dng c x dng
nht hin nay.
Trong h xy ra hai qu trnh
song song: qu trnh oxy ho hiu kh
cht bn hu c v qu trnh phn
hu mtan cn lng.
Ngun oxy cn thit cho qu
trnh phn ng oxy ho cc cht hu c trong h ch yu nh quang hp ca rong to
di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri v khuch tn qua mt nc di tc dng ca sng
gi.
* Kch thc b:
- B cao: 2

2,5 m
- B di: 32 m
- B rng: 16 m
Thi gian lu li trong b l 10 ngy.
* Cc loi cn c em vo cc b t hoi: thun li trong vic x bn cn,
chim t din tch xy dng. Song c nhc im l chiu su ln lm tng gi thnh
xy dng.
ng knh b lng khng qu 10 m
- Cu to b lng gm:
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1
6
2
3
4
5
7
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1. Mng dn nc vo.
2. ng trung tm.
3. ng loe.
4. Tm chn
5. Vng cng tc
6. Mng tp trung nc
7. Vng cn
8. ng x
- Chn ng knh b l 4(m)-chiu cao tng cng ca b l 5.4 (m).
- Tc lng 0.7 (mm/s)
- Thi gian lng 1,5 gi
Cn lng xung v dung tch lu li khng qu hai ngy m.
SV: Trn Nguyt Mai Trang
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