Instructor: Madam Tehmida Kausar Course: Introduction to Social Sciences

Presented By: Group 5 (MSc MCM-II)

Iffat Masood 11040716-010 Ali Raza 11040716-014 Moazma Fayyaz 11040716-017 Haseeb Aslam 11040716-028 Waqas Mahmood 11040716-038 Hira Yaqoob 11040716-052

1. What is State. 2. The Elements of a State.

3. Pillars of State.
4. Rights and Duties

What is State.
Aristottle Says:
The State is the Union of families and villages having for its end a perfect and sufficient life

Woodrow Wilson Says:

The State is a people for law within a definite territory

Cole Says:
The State is a group of people living as an organized social unit

Laski Says:
A Territorial divided into government and subject and claiming within its allotted physical area, supremacy over all other institutions

The Elements of a State.

According to Professor Garner, There are Four Basic Elements of a State. 1. Population 2. Territory

3. Government

4. Sovereignty

The Elements of a State.

1. Population
The State is a human institution. There is no value of state without Population It is however, difficult to fix the size of the population of a state. For the Greek Philosopher Plato, the ideal state should not contain more than 5040 people. But Rousseau the French Philosopher would treat 10,000 inhabitants as the ideal population.

Shah Wali-Allah Said:

Population should be enough if people from all the professions are the part of Population so that Society will be Independent

The Elements of a State.

1. Population
Modern states greatly vary in population. While some modern states (e.g. the USA, Russia and Canada) are still under populated relating to area, resources and similar factors, others (e.g., China, India, Egypt) are confronted by the problem of population which is expanding too rapidly for their natural and technological resources. There is no such hard and first rule as to the number of people required to make a state. The population of a state must be large enough to preserve the political independence and to exploit its natural resources and small enough to be well governed. The smallest State of the World is San-Marino, which population is 21 Thousand and Largest one is Chine. Which Population is 1.3 Billion.

The Elements of a State.

1. Population
But it is the kind of people that matters more than their numbers. What kind of people comprises a particular state? Are they literate, well educated, culturally advanced? Aristotle rightly has said that a good citizen makes a good state. So what is important is the quality of people, their character, their culture and their sense of belonging to the state.

The Elements of a State.

2. Territory
People cannot constitute a state, unless they inhabit in a definite territory When they reside permanently in a fixed place, they develop a community of interests and a sense of unity. It becomes easy to organise them into a political unit and control them. So the state requires a fixed territory, with clearly demarcated boundaries over which it exercises undisputed authority. Territory is its "material basis". The territory of a state comprises: I. Land, mountains, rivers and lakes within its frontiers. II. Territorial water, extending six miles into the sea from the coast. III. Air space, lying above its territory.

The Elements of a State.

2. Territory
The state has full rights of control and use over its territory. Any interference with the rights of one state by others may lead to war. A defined geographical area the existence of MicroState with minimum land territory such as Monaco (1.95 square kilometer), and the Vatican City (0.44 square kilometer) leads to the conclusion that no minimum size is required for the territory, as this element was never a reason for denying statehood. But how much territory is necessary for the maintenance of state? There is no accepted rule as to the size of a state's territory. In the modern world, we find states of all sizes and shapes. More important than the size are the nature resources and the location of the state. A geographically contiguous territory is an asset; otherwise it creates problems of administration and control.

The Elements of a State.

3. Government
Government is the important- indeed, indispensable machinery by mean of which the state maintains its existence, carries on its functions and realize its policies and objectives. A community of persons does not form a state unless it is organized by an established government. Government usually consists of three branches: The Legislature The Executive The Judiciary. Their respective functions are legislation, administration and adjudication. The particular form of government depends upon the nature of the state which in turn depends upon the political habits and character of the people.

The Elements of a State.

4. Sovereignty
The fourth essential element of the state is sovereignty. It is that important element which distinguishes the state from all other associations.

Jean Bodin Says:

Sovereignty is the Supreme over citizens and subject unrestrained by law

Burges Says:
Sovereignty is original, absolute unlimited power over the individual subjects and all associations of subject.

Rousseau Says:
Sovereignty is an absolute and inalienable power

Jean Bodin Says:

Sovereignty is the supreme power of state

The Elements of a State.

4. Sovereignty
Sovereignty has two aspects: I- Internal sovereignty II- External sovereignty I- Internal sovereignty: Internal sovereignty is the supreme authority of the state over all individuals and associations within its geographical limits. the state makes- and enforces laws on persons and associations. Any violation of these laws will lead to punishment. II- External sovereignty: External sovereignty implies the freedom of the state from foreign control. No external authority can limit its power. Pakistan before 1947 was not a state because though it had the other three elements, i.e., population, territory and government, the fourth and the most important one i.e., Sovereignty was missing.

The Elements of a State.

4. Sovereignty
Characteristics of Sovereignty

Absoluteness
Invisibility All Comprehensiveness Inalienability Exclusiveness

The Elements of a State.

4. Sovereignty
Concepts of Sovereignty

Austins Concept of Sovereignty

Islamic Concept of Sovereignty Austins Concept of Sovereignty:
if a determinate superior not in the habit of obedience to like superior, receives habitual obedience from bulk that determine superior is Sovereign in that society, and the society (including the superior) is political and independent

The Elements of a State.

4. Sovereignty
Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
The basic tenet of Islam is the sovereignty of Allah. Islam teaches that sovereignty or supreme power belongs to

Allah and Allah alone. Quran says:

To Allah belongs the sovereignty of the heavens and the earth. (42: 48) It is He who gives life and death and he has power over all things. (42: 48)

The Elements of a State.

4. Sovereignty
Attributes of Allahs sovereignty
Absolute

Indivisible

Inalienable
Unlimited Universal Comprehensive Eternal

Original

The Elements of a State.

4. Sovereignty
A state's sovereignty extends to its territory. The sovereignty of the state over its territory and its people must be accepted as undisputed. A state also requires recognition by other sovereign states. Such recognition is provided by the community of states; international organizations like the United Nations, which grant membership to sovereign states. The UN membership is a means of recognizing state's sovereignty whenever a new state comes into existence, its recognition by other states and by UN is extremely important.

Pillars of State.
There are Four Pillars of a State. 1. Elected Legislature

2. Executive Power

3. Independent Judiciary

4. Free Media

Pillars of State.
1. Elected Legislature
The legislature or parliament serves to introduce, debate and pass laws. Legislators are involved in national budgets, approval of executive appointees to Federal positions, and they check the actions of government agencies through investigation. These legislators are charged with representing the area that they are from as well as the greater good of the whole nation.

Pillars of State.
2. Executive Power
In a constitutional democracy like the United States or Great Britain, the executive branch of government is represented by a presidential or parliamentary system of government. In the parliamentary system, the national leader is drawn from the parliament and is called the prime minister. The parliament is formed by the majority party and those willing to work with it. The prime minister and the parliament function more closely together than the president and legislature in the presidential system. In the presidential system, the president is elected in a separate election from the legislature. The president and the legislature may have different parties drawing on their own political power bases separate from one another.

Pillars of State.
3. Independent Judiciary
An independent judiciary is necessary for the court system to function. The ability to function without fear of reproach is key to unbiased decisions based solely on the law in question. This independence ensures equal protection under the law for all citizens. Judges may only be removed from the bench through impeachment. The tenure associated with their positions allows them to operate without fear of losing their jobs based on making an unpopular decision.

Pillars of State.
4. Free Media
A free media is imperative for a democratic state to function. The media serves as a watchdog for its people providing information they may not otherwise have access to or seek out themselves. A free media allows individual citizens to question those in power and use that information to make decisions about their future.

Rights and Duties of State

Rights Duties
The state is Known by the Rights that it The Nations is Known by the Duties that it Maintain Performs Moral Rights Political Rights Right to Liberty Legal Rights Right to life Right to Free Move Allegiance of the State Payment of Taxes Maintenance of Law and Order

Right to Work
Right to Contract

Right to Property
Right to Education

Rule of Law
Duty to Vote

Freedom of Speech and Press

Right to Religion Right to Equality

Right to Assembly and Association

Right to Culture Right to Family

Education
Work

Question & Answers.