Do An VoIP

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Li m u
Cc nh qun l mng vin thng ang hng ti mt mng th h sau vi s
tch hp tt c cc mng, dng d liu v dch v trn ton cu vo mt mng duy nht.
Vi mng th h sau (NGN) ny, ngi s dng c th s dng tt c cc dch v vin
thng m ch phi ng k vi mt nh cung cp dch v, tt c cc dng d liu: thoi,
fax, video, d liu my tnh. s dc truyn ti trn mt mng duy nht. C nhiu s
la chn cng ngh mng chun truyn ti ny nhng IP l s la chn tt nht nh
tnh cht n gin v h tr rt tt cho mng Internet ang bng n trn th gii. Tuy
nhin vi xu hng tch hp cc dng d liu li vi nhau, mng in thoi chuyn
mch knh truyn thng bc l mt nhc im ln l s dng lng ph bng tn l ti
nguyn v gi trong cc mng tch hp, cng ngh VoIP ra i gii quyt bi ton
ny. Thay v s dng mt knh logic c nh mang thng tin thoi th VoIP ct
thng tin thoi thnh cc gi tin v chuyn chng qua mng IP, nh vy bng thng ca
knh logic c chia s vi cc dng d liu khc, v cng v vy m gi thnh chi ph
cho mt cuc gi s nh hn nhiu so vi in thoi truyn thng. i vi cc doanh
nghip thng xuyn c nhu cu s dng dch v gi quc t th VoIP l mt gii php
thch hp. Trong qu trnh th nghim dch v ti nhiu quc gia trn th gii trong
c Vit Nam, dch v voIP dnh c s chp nhn ca i a s ngi s dng
dch v. Trong tng lai dch v VoIP c d bo l s rt pht trin v tr thnh mt
dch v c bn trong cc mng th h sau.
Vi xu hng pht trin ca loi hnh dch v VoIP em chn ti nh
gi v cht lng dch v trong mng VoIP lm ti tt nghip ca mnh. Mc
ch ca n l tm hiu chi tit v qu trnh thit lp v gii phng mt cuc gi
VoIP s dng cc giao thc ph bin l SIP v H.323, i su vo cc yu t nh hng
trc tip n cht lng dch v VoIP nh tr, mt gi, jitter ng thi a ra mt s
bin php khc phc.
Ni dung chi tit bao gm:
Chng I: Tng quan v dch v VoIP: cp n cc u im ca VoIP so
vi in thoi chuyn mch knh truyn thng v cc dch v chnh do VoIP cung cp.
Nguyn Vn Thng Lp: 2001VT 1
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Chng II: Cc giao thc trong VoIP: Tm hiu v hai giao thc bo hiu
VoIP c bn l SIP v H.323. Trng tm cp n h thng H.323 l h thng ang
c trin khai ti Vit Nam.
Chng III: Cc phng php nh gi cht lng thoi trong mng
VoIP: nh gi cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng dch v trong mng VoIP bao
gm: tr, jitter, mt gi, bng thng, kh dng...
Chng IV: nh gi cht lng thoi trong mng VoIP bng m hnh-
E: Gii thiu v m hnh E v mt s bin php ci thin cht lng.
Em xin c gi li cm n chn thnh n cc thy gio, c gio trong khoa
vin thng v c bit l thy gio, Ths.Nguyn Xun Hong tn tnh hng dn em
hon thnh n ny. Em cng xin c gi li cm n n gia nh, bn b quan
tm v gip em trong qu trnh hon thnh n ny.
H Ni, ngy 20 thng 10 nm 2005

Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Thng

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Chng I
TNG QUAN V DCH V VoIP
1.1 Gii thiu
C th ni pht minh quan trng nht trong th k 19 ca loi ngi l pht
minh ra chic in thoi ca Alexander Graham Bell. T n nay in thoi tr
thnh mt vt dng khng th thiu i vi th gii. T mt t chc chnh ph n mt
gia nh bnh thng nht u khng th thiu chic my in thoi trong cuc sng v
cng vic hng ngy ca h. Li ch m in thoi mang li cho con ngi l khng th
ph nhn. Chnh v vy nghnh cng nghip vin thng pht trin nh v bo v dch
v truyn m thanh v hnh nh ngy cng c hon thin. Tuy nhin chi ph cho dch
v in thoi khng phi l r khi so snh vi cc chi ph sinh hot thng thng trong
gia nh v chi ph kinh doanh. Cc ph cho cuc gi ni ht cao nhng cho cuc
gi ng di cn cao hn v c bit l cuc gi quc t. i vi cc c quan doanh
nghip thng xuyn phi thc hin cc cuc gi i quc t th y qu thc l mt vn
ln. Tuy nhin khi Internet (cng c th ni l pht minh ln nht trong th k 20) ra
i th c v nh vn c gii quyt. Chnh Internet thay i b mt ca th
gii. Internet thc s l cuc cch mng v cng ngh trong vin thng. Internet thu
hp khong cch v khng gian, thi gian, ngn ng ca cc quc gia trn th gii, thay
v sut ngy phi gi in i quc t th cc c quan c, doanh nghip c th s dng
cc dch v Internet nh Email, Web thc hin cng vic ca mnh. Tuy nhin vi
cc cng vic i hi phi gii quyt ngay lp tc th in thoi vn l mt cng c c
lc.
Cng ngh VoIP ra i gii quyt vn trn. Do c im v mt cng
ngh m chi ph gi thnh ca cuc gi VoIP r hn rt nhiu so vi gi thnh ca in
thoi chuyn mch knh truyn thng. Thay v s dng mt knh logic c nh
truyn cc tn hiu thoi, th cng ngh VoIP ng gi cc tn hiu thoi v gi chng
qua mng nn IP nh mng Internet. Kt qu l chi ph ti nguyn cho cuc gi c
tit kim ng k. Do cc tn hiu thoi c truyn i di dng gi m cuc gi chia
s ti nguyn vi tt c cc cuc gi khc. Mng c th tn dng cc khong thi gian
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thu bao ngng ni chn cc gi tin d liu khc vo knh truyn (nh cc gi tin
ca cuc gi khc hay cc gi tin d liu). Nh vy chi ph gi thnh ti nguyn cho
mng cho mt cuc gi s gim i v ngi dng phi tr t tin hn. Cng do s dng
mng gi nn cc dch v a ra cng phong ph hn.
1.2 Lch s pht trin VoIP
Nm 1995 hng Vocaltec thc hin truyn thoi qua Internet, lc kt ni
ch gm mt PC c nhn vi cc trang thit b ngoi vi thng thng nh card m
thanh, headphone, mic, telephone line, modem... phn mm ny thc hin nn tn hiu
thoi v chuyn i thng tin thnh cc gi tin IP truyn dn qua mi trng
Internet.
Mc d cht lng cha c tt nhng chi ph thp so vi in thng thng
tr thnh yu t cnh tranh v gip n tn ti.
Bt u pht trin ln mnh v ko theo vic ra i ca cc t chc chun ho
lin quan nh ITU c cc chun sau H.250.0, H.245, H.225 (Q.931): cho qun l;
H.261, H.263 cho m ho video; cc chun G cho x l thoiC rt nhiu chun
nhng ang c xu hng hi t thnh hai chun H.323 ca ITU v SIP ca IETF.
Voice over IP: c hiu l cng ngh truyn thoi qua mi trng IP. V c
im ca mng gi l tn dng ti a vic s dng bng thng m t quan tm ti thi
gian tr lan truyn v x l trn mng, trong khi tn hiu thoi li l mt dng thi gian
thc, cho nn ngi ta b sung vo mng cc phn t mi v thit k cc giao thc
ph hp c th m bo cht lng dch v cho ngi dng. N khng ch truyn
thoi m cn truyn cho cc dnh v khc nh truyn hnh v d liu.
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Hnh 1.1 M hnh mng VoIP.
T 1/7/2001 n nay Tng cc Bu in cho php Vietel, VNPT, Saigon Postel v
Cng ty in lc Vit Nam chnh thc khai thc in thoi ng di trong nc v
quc t qua giao thc IP, gi tt l VoIP. S xut hin VoIP Vit Nam cung cp
cho x hi mt dch v in thoi ng di c cc ph thp hn nhiu so vi dch v
in thoi ng di truyn thng vi cht lng m ngi s dng c th chp nhn
c. N cng ph hp vi xu hng pht trin vin thng trn th gii v c bit l
khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng.
1.2.1 u nhc im ca VoIP so vi mng in thoi PSTN truyn thng
Vi kh nng s dng hiu qu v tit kim rng bng tn, VoIP c nhiu u
im so vi PSTN nh sau:
Gim cc dch v in thoi ng di.
Nhiu cuc gi hn, gim rng bng thng cho mi kt ni.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #
Telephone
Mng IP
Media Gateway
Controller
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #
Telephone
Telephone
PSTN
Mng bo
hiu s 7
(SS7)
Signaling Gateway
Controller
PSTN
VoIP
Gateway
VoIP
Gateway
VoIP
Gateway
IP
Telephone
IP
Telephone
IP
Telephone
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H tr thm nhiu dch v b sung khc v gip trin khai cc dch v mi
nhanh chng, d dng, t ng dch v
S dng c hiu qu nht giao thc IP v l giao thc m nn cc thit b
s dng IP c nhiu nh sn xut cung cp vi gi cnh tranh v n l
giao thc ph cp rng ri.
u im chnh ca dch v VoIP i vi khch hng l gi cc rt r so vi
thoi thng thng do cc cuc gi VoIP s dng lng bng thng rt t. Trong khi
thoi thng thng s dng k thut s ho PCM theo cun G.711 vi lng bng
thng c nh cho mt knh thoi l 64kb/s th VoIP s dng kiu s ho ngun nh
CS-CELP theo chun G.729 (8kb/s), G.723 (5.3kb/s hoc 6.3kb/s). Nh vy r rng l
lng bng thng s dng gim mt cch ng k. Hn na trong thc t khi hai
ngi ni chuyn vi nhau th thng l mt ngi ni v ngi kia nghe ch khng
phi hai bn cng ni. V li ngay c i vi ngi ang ni th ngi ny cng c lc
dng do ht cu hoc ly hi khi y khng c thng tin thoi thc s cn phi truyn
i v ngi ta gi l khong lng. VoIP s dng c ch trit khong lng cho nn c
th tit kim thm lng bng thng khong lng ny truyn cc dng thng tin
khc. y l mt u im ln ca VoIP so vi mng in thoi chuyn mch knh
truyn thng. Thng thng bng thng truyn dn cn thit cho mt cuc gi PSTN
c th s dng cho 4-6 thm ch 8 cuc gi VoIP vi cht lng cao.
Nu chi ph cho cuc gi theo tng pht ta s thy lng tin tit kim
c qu l khng nh. Tuy nhin vic tit kim ny cn tu thuc vo vng a l v
khong cch. i vi cc cuc gi ni ht th vic tit kim ny c v khng quan
trng nhng i vi cc cuc gi ng di nht l cc cuc gi quc t th n tht s
l ng k. iu ny c th hin gi cc m cc nh cung cp dch v a ra,
thng thng gim cn 1/10 i vi cc cuc gi quc t.
u im na ca VoIP l kh nng d dng kt hp cc loi dch v thoi, d
liu v video. Mng IP dang pht trin mt cch bng n trn ton th gii v cng
ngy cng c nhiu ng dng v ang c pht trin trn nn IP nh Internet tr
nn gn gi vi cuc sng con ngi. gii quyt vn thi gian thc l vn
chnh cn quan tm trong cc dch v thi gian thc qua mng gi, t chc IETF pht
trin giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc RTP/RTCP l cng c cho vic truyn ti thoi
v video trn mng IP, s dng giao thc ny. S dng giao thc ny cc gi tin s m
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bo c mc tr cho php khi truyn trn mng nh s dng cc c ch u tin v
cc dng format gi tin RTP thch hp. B giao thc H.323, SIP c cc t chc ITU,
IETF pht trin thc hin bo hiu v iu khin cuc gi VoIP, c chn ho
quc t s dng cho vic cung cp dch v thng tin a phng tin trn nn IP. Vic
trin khai VoIP khng i hi nng cp c s h tng mng mt cch phc tp, cc
thit b b sung l Gateway, Gatekeeper v b iu khin a im MCU. Chi ph cho
cc thit b ny tng i r v vic ci t, bo dng cng khng phc tp lm. Hin
nay c nhiu hng vin thng ln trn th gii cung cp thit b cho thoi VoIP nh
Cisco, Acatel, SiemenCc thit b ny c th tng thch vi hu ht cc chun giao
thc hin nay.
Bn cnh cc u im, VoIP cn c nhng nhc im c bit l v cht lng
dch v:
Do da trn nn IP l kiu mng best effort v khng tin cy.
tr khng ng nht gia cc gi tin.
1.2.2 Cc k thut m ho v nn s trong VoIP
K thut s ho cho php truyn thng c tn hiu tng t gia cc a
im cch xa nhau mt cch kh trung thc. Tuy nhin, mt nhc im c bn ca s
ho l n s lm tng rng bng tn cn thit. Trong mng in thoi thng
thng tn hiu c m ho theo lut A hoc lut vi tc 64kbps. Vi cch m
ho ny, cho php khi phc mt cch tng i trung thc cc m thanh trong gii tn
thoi. Tuy nhin trong ng dng thoi trn mng IP yu cu truyn m thanh vi tc
cng thp cng tt. T xut hin mt s k thut m ho v nn tn hiu ting ni
nh G.723.1,G.729A,GSM...
V c bn cc b m ho ting ni c ba loi: m ho dng sng (waveform),
m ho ngun (source) v m ho lai (hybrid) l s kt hp c hai loi m ho dng
trn.
Nguyn l ca m ho dng sng l m ho dng ca tn hiu tung t. Ti pha
pht, b m ha s nhn cc tn hiu tng t lin tc v m ho thnh tn hiu s trc
khi truyn i. Ti pha thu s lm nhim v ngc li khi phc tn hiu tng t t
lung s thu c. Nu khng c li truyn dn th dng sng ca ting ni khi phc
s rt ging vi dng sng ting ni gc. C s ca b m ho dng sng l: nu ngi
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nghe nhn c mt bn sao dng sng ca ting ni gc th cht lng m thanh s rt
tuyt vi. Tuy nhin trong thc t, qa trnh m ho li sinh ra tp m lng t (m
thc cht l mo dng sng ), nhng n thng nh khng nh hng n cht
lng ting ni thu c. u im ca b m ho loi ny l: phc tp, gi thnh
thit k, tr v cng sut tiu th thp. Ngi ta c th p dng chng m cc tn
hiu khc nh: tn hiu bo hiu, tn hiu tng t gii tn m thanh...v c bit vi
nhng thit b mt iu kin nht nh th chng cn c kh nng m ho c c tn
hiu audio. B m ho dng sng n gin nht l iu ch xung m (PCM), iu ch
Delta (DM)...Tuy nhin, nhc im ca b m ho dng sng l khng to c ting
ni cht lng cao ti tc bit thp (di 16 kbps).
Nguyn l b m ho ngun l m ha theo kiu pht m (vocoder), v d nh
b m ho d bo tuyn tnh (LPC). c im ca kiu m ho ny l gi thit rng: tn
hiu ting ni bao gm c m hu thanh v v thanh. i vi m hu thanh th ngun
kch thch b my pht m s l mt dy xung, cn i vi cc m v thanh th n s l
mt ngun nhiu ngu nhin. Trong thc t, c rt nhiu cch kch thch c quan
pht m. Nhng n gin ho, ngi ta gi thit rng ch c mt im kch thch
trong ton b giai on ln ging ca ting ni, d cho l m hu thanh hay v
thanh.
Vo nm 1982, Atal ra mt m hnh mi v kch thch, c gi l kch
thch a xung. Trong m hnh ny, khng cn bit trc m cn to ra l m hu thanh
hay v thanh v c phi l giai on ln ging hay khng. S kch thch c m
hnh ho bi mt s xung (thng thng l 3 xung trn 5ms ) c bin v v tr c
xc nh bng cc tiu ho sai lch, c tnh n trng s th cm, gia ting ni gc v
ting ni tng hp. Phng php ny c kh nng cho ting ni cht lng cao ti tc
bit quanh 10 kbps v thm ch ch 4,8 kbps. Tn hiu kch thch s c ti u ho
mt cch k lng v ngi ta s dng k thut m ho dng sng m ho tn hiu
kch thch ny mt cch c hiu qu.
Bng di y trnh by v mt s chun m ho ang c s dng trong thc
t:
H.323 MCU
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Hnh 1.2 Cc chun m ho thoi.
Trong , cc G.711 l thc hin m ho PCM thng thng cho tc 64
kbps, G.728 l k thut m ho CELP tc 16 kbps vi s thay i tr thp,
G.729 l k thut m ho CELP cho tc 8 kbps, G.723.1 cho tc rt thp 5,3
kbps v 6,3 kbps l cc chun m ho c dng ph bin trong cng ngh VoIP.
H.323 MCU
Hnh 2.1 Cc phn t kt ni mng H.323.

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CHNG II
CC GIAO THC TRONG VoIP
Trong mt vi nm tr li dy, cng ngh VoIP tr thnh mt cng ngh ha
hn mang li cc li ch to ln cho x hi, nhiu t chc tin hnh nghin cu v
pht trin cc giao thc cho VoIP m ng quan tm hn c l hai giao thc H.323 v
SIP ang c tin hnh ti nhiu quc gia trn th gii.
2.1 H thng VoIP H.323
2.1.1 Gii thiu
Chun H.323 cung cp nn tng cho vic truyn thng thoi, video v d liu
qua cc mng da trn IP, bao gm c Internet. H.323 l khuyn ngh ca ITU, ni a
ra cc chun truyn thng a phng tin trn cc mng LANs, cc mng ny khng
m bo cht lng dch v (QoS).
H.323 c th dng cho nhiu c cu mng khc nhau: ch c audio (IP
telephony), audio v video (videotelephony), audio v d liu, tch hp audio, video v
d liu. N cng c th dng cho truyn thng a im a phng tin. H.323 cung cp
rt nhiu loi hnh dch v v c th dng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau.

2.1.2 Lch s pht trin ca H.323
Ban u H.323 l giao thc dnh cho LANs (1996), ch l kt ni thoi trn
mng LAN. Sau l s dng trn mng WAN, mng VoIP ring v sau cng l giao
thc trn Internet. Trc kia n c cc giao thc ca IETF chp nhn nh RTP- cung
cp kh nng truyn thoi v video thi gian thc qua mng IP trn ton th gii nhng
H.323 MCU
H.323
Terminal
H.323
Terminal
H.323
Gateway
H.323
Terminal
H.323
Gatekeeper
IP
Network
H.323 system
PSTN ISDN
V.70
Terminal
H.324
Tminal
Speech
Terminal
H.320
Terminal
Speech
Terminal
Hnh 2.1 Cc phn t kt ni mng H.323.

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thc t H.323 ln hn so vi giao thc ch dnh ring cho mng LAN. Nhn thc c
iu ny, ITU-T lin tc pht trin giao thc ny. H.320 cng tng t nh H.323 v
n cng cung cp truyn thoi, video v d liu song H.323 li c thit k cho truyn
thng qua mng gi nh Internet, LAN doanh nghip hay cc mng da trn IP khc
trong khi H.320 ch thit k dng cho ISDN.
D c nhiu ln b sung song im tp trung cn phi gii quyt vn l tnh
tng thch ngc. Mi version mi c a ra c nhiu c im nhng vn khng
tho mn c tnh phi hp hot ng. H.323 bao gm cc giao thc H.225.0-RAS,
Q.931- H.245, RTP/RTCP v cc b m ho v gii m thoi, video, d liu nh cc b
m ho v gii m thoi (audio) G.711, G.723.1, G.728..., cho video l H.261 v H.263,
cho d liu l T.120. Cc dng thng tin d liu c truyn trn giao thc RTP/RTCP.
RTP mang thng tin thc cn RTCP mang thng tin iu khin v trng thi. Thng tin
bo hiu (ngoi tr RAS) c truyn tin cy trn giao thc TCP. Cc giao thc sau x
l v bo hiu:
RAS: Qun l vic ng k, chp nhn v trng thi dng cho truyn
thng gia mt im cui H.323 vi mt gatekeeper.
Q.931: Qun l vic thit lp v iu khin /kt thc cuc gi.
H.225: iu khin cuc gi.
H.245: tho lun v vic s dng knh v cc kh nng.
H.235: bo mt v nhn thc.
H.450.x: cc dch v b tr.
2.1.3 S mng li
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Hnh 2.2 S mng li mng VoIP.
Hnh trn cho thy v tr cc phn t c bn v kt ni ca chng trong mng
VoIP s dng chun H.323 v kt ni ti cc mng ngoi.
2.1.4 B giao thc H.323
H.323 cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v t thoi n video v d liu, thng tin
a phng tin. Lc sau minh ho cc giao thc H.323 khi so snh vi m hnh
OSI.
Vi dch v Audio c giao thc lp ng dng l cc chun G (G.711, G.723,
G.729) v Video c giao thc lp ng dng l cc chun H (H.261, H.263), chng cng
vi cc giao thc RTCP, RAS, RTP da trn nn giao tc UDP lp vn chuyn.
- Vi dch v d liu/fax: c chun ring, khng da trn UDP, l T.120
cho d liu v T.138 cho fax.
- Vi cc dch v b sung: ch nm trong lp vn chuyn c cc giao thc
bo hiu v iu khin, s dng TCP lp vn chuyn pha di.
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Hnh 2.3 M hnh giao thc H.323 tng quan vi m hnh OSI.
Cc khuyn ngh giao thc H khc ca ITU hot ng cng H.323:
H.235: c t tnh bo mt v m ho cho cc u cui theo H.323 v H.245.
H.450.N: H.450.1 c t khung cng vic cho cc dch v b sung nh cc
dch v chuyn cuc gi, chuyn hng cuc gi, gi cuc gi, dng cuc
gi, i cuc gi, ch dn c tin nhn ch, nhn dng tn, kt thc cuc gi,
yu cu cuc gi v ch dn cuc gi.
H.246: c t lin mng gia cc u cui H vi cc u cui chuyn mch
knh.
RTP (Real Transfer protocol): Giao thc vn chuyn thi gian thc cung cp cc
chc nng vn chuyn ph hp cho cc ng dng truyn d liu thi gian thc nh
audio, video, hay d liu m phng qua cc dch v mng nh unicast hoc multicast.
RTP khng chim gi ngun a ch v khng m bo cht lng dch v cho cc dch
v thi gian thc. N c b sung vo d liu UDP trong H.323.
RTCP: m bo giao thc thi gian thc, n cho php gim st lung lu lng
phn tn trong mng v thc hin cc chc nng iu khin lung, nhn dng lung
cho cc lu lng thi gian thc.
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Cc bn tin iu khin: Bn tin bo hiu Q.931, cc bn tin thay i kh nng
H.245, bn tin giao thc RAS c mang trn lp TCP tin cy.
Hnh 2.4 trnh by cc chc nng giao thc ca h thng VoIP s dng H.323
cho Audio.

Hnh 2.4 Cc chc nng giao thc ca h thng VoIP.
Chc nng iu khin H.245 dng knh iu khin H.245 mang bn tin iu
khin u cui-u cui qun l hot ng thc th H.323.
- Cc bn tin: kh nng trao i, ng v m knh logic, yu cu u tin
mode, bn tin iu khin lung, lnh v ch th chung.
- V tr: thit lp gia hai im cui, im cui vi MCU, im cui v
Gatekeeper. Knh iu khin H.245 c mang trn knh logic 0, knh
logic ny m t khi thit lp knh iu khin H.245 n khi kt thc knh
ny.
- C 4 loi bn tin H.245: Request, Response, Command, Indication. Bn
tin Request v Response c s dng bi cc thc th giao thc, bn
tin Request yu cu mt hnh ng xc nh ca my thu, bao gm c
Nguyn Vn Thng Lp: 2001VT
Audio
In/Out
iu khin
H thng
Chuyn
ti
M
Audio
Chuyn
i IP
Mng IP
(Internet)
14
n tt nghip
nhng p ng ngay lp tc. Bn tin Response p ng li yu cu tng
ng. Bn tin Command yu cu mt hnh ng nhng khng yu cu
p ng. Bn tin Indication ch ra mt thng bo v khng yu cu bt
c mt hnh ng hoc p ng no. u cui H.323 s p ng tt c
yu cu v lnh H.245 v truyn ch th phn nh trng thi ca u cui.
- u cui c kh nng phn tch tt c cc bn tin H.245 multimedia
System Control Message, gi v nhn tt c cc bn tin thc hin cc
chc nng c yu cu v cc chc nng tu chn c h tr bi
u cui. u cui H.323 s gi bn tin Function Not Support p
ng bn tin Request, Response hoc Command m n khng hiu c.
Chc nng bo hiu ca RAS dng bn tin H.225 ng k, tha nhn, thay
i rng bng tn, trng thi v th tc m gi gia im cui v Gatekeeper.
Knh bo hiu RAS c lp vi knh bo hiu cuc gi v iu khin H.245.
Th tc m knh logic H.245 khng c dng thit lp knh bo hiu RAS.
Trong mi trng mng khng c Gatekeeper, knh bo hiu RAS khng c
s dng. Trong mi trng mng c Gatekeeper, knh bo hiu c m gia
im cui v Gatekeeper. Knh bo hiu RAS c m trc thit lp bt k
knh khc gia nhng im cui H.323.
Chc nng bo hiu cuc gi H.225 thit lp kt ni gia hai im cui
H.323 s dng cc bn tin trong khuyn ngh H.225 v cc bn tin c h tr
Q.931. Mt knh iu khin cuc gi tin cy (TCP) c to ra qua mng IP
trn mt cng TCP. Cng ny pht i cc bn tin iu khin cuc gi Q.931
kt ni, gim st v gii phng cuc gi. Knh bo hiu cuc gi c lp vi
knh RAS v knh iu khin H.245. Th tc m knh logic H.245 khng c
dng thit lp knh H.245 v bt k knh logic no khc gia nhiu im
cui H.323. Trong h thng khng c Gatekeeper, knh bo hiu c m gia
hai im cui lin quan ti cuc gi. Trong h thng c Gatekeeper, knh bo
hiu cuc gi c m gia hai im cui v Gatekeeper hoc gia cc im
cui m Gatekeeper chn.
2.1.5 Cc thit b cu thnh h thng H.323
n tt nghip

Hnh 2.5 Cc thit b thnh phn ca h thng VoIP da trn H.323.
Hnh 2.5 cho bit cc thit b thnh phn c bn cu thnh mt mng VoIP da
trn giao thc H.323. Theo khuyn ngh H.323, mng VoIP c th c 4 thit b c bn:
u cui H.323, Gatekeeper, Multipoint Control Unit v Gateway.
2.1.5.1 Thit b u cui H.323
Thit b u cui H.323 l cc im cui pha khch hng, cung cp giao din
trc tip gia ngi dng v mng. Mng VoIP s cung cp cc kh nng truyn thng
thi gian thc hai chiu gia u cui vi u cui khc, vi Gateway hay MCU
trao i cc tn hiu iu khin ch th, audio, hnh nh ng hay d liu gia hai thit
b.
Hnh 2.6 m t mt cch tng qut cc khi chc nng ca mt u cui H.323
bao gm giao din thit b ngi dng, m ho audio, lp H.225, chc nng iu khin
h thng v giao din vi mng gi. Tt c cc u cui thoi H.323 bt buc phi c
mt khi iu khin h thng, lp H.225.0, giao din mng v b m ho audio.
Khi iu khin h thng cung cp bo hiu cho mc ch vn hnh cc u
cui H.323, n cung cp cc chc nng nh iu khin cuc gi, thay i bng tn theo
yu cu, chc nng to cc bn tin thu pht m t v m cc knh logic.
Lp H.225.0 thc hin chc nng nh dng audio, thit lp v m cc knh
logic chuyn i thng tin lung d liu vo cc bn tin iu khin bo hiu.
n tt nghip

Hnh 2.6 Thit b u cui H.323.
Giao din mng c chc nng chuyn i dng bn tin H.323 thnh dng thch
hp trong mng IP s dng cc dch v TCP, UDP.
Nh vy n phi h tr:
Giao thc bo hiu cuc gi H.225.
Giao thc bo hiu knh iu khin H.245.
Cc giao thc RTP/RTCP cho cc gi phng tin.
Cc b m ho/gii m thoi: l phn t bt buc trong thit b
u cui H.323. Cc chun m ho thng gp l G.711, G.728 v
G.723.1. Khng bt buc c cc b m ho/gii m Video. B ny c
chc nng m ho tn hiu Video t ngun truyn i v gii m tn
hiu Video nhn c a ti thit b hin th. Cc chun thng
dng l H.261, v H.263.
2.1.5.2 Gateway H.323
Gateway (GW) l mt im cui trong mng thc hin cc chc nng chuyn
i v bo hiu v d liu, cho php cc mng hot ng da trn cc giao thc khc
n tt nghip
nhau c th phi hp vi nhau. Trong mng VoIP, Gateway H.323 cho php kt ni
mng VoIP vi cc mng khc. N cung cp cc kh nng truyn thng thi gian thc
v song hng gia cc u cui H.323 trong mng gi vi cc u cui trong mng
khc hay vi cc Gateway khc. Trong khuyn ngh H.323, Gateway H.323 l mt
phn t tu chn v c s dng nh l mt cu ni gia cc u cui H.323 vi cc
u cui H.310 (cho B-ISDN), H.320 (ISDN), H.321 (ATM), H.324M (Mobile).
Cc chc nng chnh ca Gateway l:
Cung cp phin dch gia cc thc th trong mng chuyn gi (v
d mng IP) vi mng chuyn mch knh (v d PSTN).
Cc Gateway cng c th phin dch khun dng truyn dn,
phin dch cc tin trnh truyn thng, phin dch gia cc b m ho/gii
m hoc phin dch gia cc u cui theo chun H.323 v cc u cui
khng theo chun ny.
Ngoi ra, n cn tham gia vo vic thit lp v hu b cuc gi.
Cc thnh phn ca mt Gateway c m t trong hnh sau:
Hnh 2.7 Chc nng c bn ca Gateway H.323.
a. Media Gateway: MGW
Media Gateway (MGW) cung cp phng tin thc hin chc nng chuyn
i m ho. N chuyn i gia cc m truyn trong mng IP (truyn trn
RTP/UDP/IP) vi m ho truyn trong mng SCN (PCM, GSM)
MGW bao gm cc chc nng sau:
Chc nng chuyn i a ch knh thng tin: cung cp a ch IP
cho cc knh thng tin truyn v nhn.
n tt nghip
Chc nng chuyn i lung: chuyn i gia cc lung thng tin
gia mng IP v mng SCN bao gm vic chuyn i m ho v trit
ting vng.
Chc nng dch m ho: nh tuyn cc lung thng tin gia
mng IP v mng SCN.
Bo mt thng tin: m bo tnh ring t ca knh thng tin kt
ni vi GW.
Kt cui chuyn mch knh: bao gm tt c cc phn cng v giao
din cn thit kt cui cuc gi chuyn mch knh, n phi bao gm
cc b m ho v gii m PCM lut A v PCM lut .
Kt cui chuyn mch gi: cha tt c cc giao thc lin quan n
vic kt ni knh thng tin trong mng chuyn mch gi bao gm cc b
m ho/gii m c th s dng c. Theo chun H.323 th n bao gm
RTP/RTCP v cc b m ho gii m nh G.711, G.723.1, G.729
Giao din vi mng SCN: Kt cui cc knh mang (v d nh
DSO) t mng SCN v chuyn n sang trng thi c th iu khin bi
chc nng x l knh thng tin.
Chc nng chuyn i knh thng tin gia IP v SCN: chuyn i
gia knh mang thng tin thoi, fax, d liu ca SCN v cc gi d liu
trong mng chuyn mch gi. N cng thc hin chc nng x l tn hiu
thch hp v d nh: nn tn hiu thoi, trit ting vng, trit khong lng,
m ho, chuyn i tn hiu fax v iu tit tc modem tng t.
Thm vo , n cng thc hin chuyn i gia tn hiu DTMF trong
mng SCN v cc tn hiu thch hp trong mng chuyn mch gi khi m
cc b m ho tn hiu thoi khng m ho tn hiu DTMF. Chc nng
chuyn i knh thng tin gia IP v SCN cng c th thu thp thng tin
v lu lng gi v cht lng knh i vi mi cuc gi s dng
trong vic bo co chi tit v iu khin cuc gi.
OA&M: vn hnh, qun l v bo dng, thng qua cc giao din
logic cung cp cc thng tin khng trc tip phc v cho iu khin cuc
gi ti cc phn t qun l h thng.
n tt nghip
Chc nng qun l: giao din vi h thng qun l mng.
Giao din mng chuyn mch gi: kt cui mng chuyn mch gi.
b. Media Gateway Controler: MGC
Mi GW c phn iu khin c gi l Media Gateway Controler (MGC) ng
vai tr phn t kt ni MGW, SGW v GK. N cung cp cc chc nng x l cuc gi
cho GW, iu khin MGW, nhn thng tin bo hiu SCN t SGW v thng tin bo hiu
t IP t GK.
MGWC c th bao gm cc khi chc nng sau:
Chc nng GW H.225.0: truyn v nhn cc bn tin H.225.0.
Chc nng GW H.245: truyn v nhn cc bn tin H.245.
Chc nng xc nhn: thit lp c im nhn dng ca ngi s
dng thit b hoc phn t mng.
Chc nng iu khin GW chp nhn lung d liu: cho php
hoc khng cho php mt lung d liu.
Bo hiu chuyn mch gi: bao gm tt c cc loi bo hiu cuc
gi c th thc hin bi cc u cui trong mng. V d nh theo chun
H.323 th bao gm: H.225.0, Q.931, H.225.0 RAS v H.245. i vi mt
u cui H.323ch nhn th n bao gm H.225.0 RAS m khng bao gm
H.245.
Giao din bo hiu chuyn mch gi: kt cui giao thc bo hiu
chuyn mch gi (v d nh H.323, UNI, PNNI). N ch lu li va
cc thng tin trng thi qun l giao din. V thc cht, giao din bo
hiu chuyn mch gi trong MGWC khng kt ni trc tip vi MGW
nh l cc thng tin truyn t MGWC ti MGW thng qua chc nng
iu khin cuc gi.
iu khin GW: bao gm cc chc nng iu khin kt ni logic,
qun l ti nguyn, chuyn i giao din (v d nh t SS7 sang
H.225.0).
Gim st ti nguyn t xa: bao gm gim st kh dng ca cc
knh trung k ca MGW, gii thng v kh dngca mng IP, t l
nh tuyn thnh cng cuc gi.
n tt nghip
Qun li ti nguyn MGW: cp pht ti nguyn cho MGW.
Chc nng bo hiu: chuyn i gia bo hiu mng IP v bo
hiu mng SCN trong phi hp hot ng vi SGW.
Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng: xc nh v ghi cc bn tin
bo hiu v cc bn thng tin truyn v nhn.
Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin s
dng ra thit b ngoi vi.
OA&M: vn hnh, qun l v bo dng thng qua cc giao din
Giao din mng chuyn mch gi: kt cui mng chuyn mch gi.
MG v MGC khc nhau cc phn t ti nguyn mc thp v mc cao. MGC
chu trch nhim qun l cc ti nguyn mc cao, n c th hiu c tnh sn sang ca
cc ti v quyt nh s dng chng mt cch hp l (v d nh cc b trit ting vng
c t trong GW VoIP chu s qun l ca MGC). MG chu trch nhim qun l cc
ti nguyn mc thp nh l cc thit b phn cng chuyn mch v x l lung
thng tin trong mt GW.
c. Signalling Gateway: SGW
SGW cung cp knh bo hiu gia mng IP v mng SCN. N c th h tr
chc nng knh bo hiu gia mng IP (v d nh H.323) hoc bo hiu trong mng
SCN (v d nh R2, CCS7).
SGW c th bao gm cc khi chc nng sau:
Kt ni cc giao thc iu khin cuc gi SCN.
Kt ni bo hiu t mng SCN: phi hp hot ng vi cc chc
nng bo hiu ca MGWC.
Chc nng bo hiu: chuyn i gia bo hiu mng IP vi bo
hiu mng SCN khi phi hp hot ng vi MGWC.
Bo mt knh bo hiu: bo m tnh bo mt ca knh bo hiu t GW.
Chc nng thng bo: ghi cc bn tin s dng, xc nh v ghi cc
bn tin thng bo ra thit b ngoi vi.
n tt nghip
OA&M: vn hnh, qun l v bo dng thng qua cc giao din
Giao din mng chuyn mch gi: kt ni mng chuyn mch gi.
SG s lm nhim v phn tch v chuyn cc bn tin bo hiu trong mng PSTN
vo mng H.323. Cc bn tin bo hiu nh ISUP, SCCP, TSUP c chuyn i thnh
dng hp l ti GW bo hiu v chuyn vo mng IP.
2.1.5.3 Gatekeeper H.323: GK
Gatekeeper l mt thc th tu chn trong mng H.323 cung cp cc chc
nng bin dch a ch v iu khin truy nhp mng cho cc thit b u cui H.323,
cc Gateway v cc MCU. Ngoi ra, Gatekeepr cng c th cung cp cc dch v khc
cho cc phn t mng trn nh qun l bng thng hay nh v cc Gateway.
Hnh 2.8 Mi GK qun l mt vng mng H.323.
V mt logic, Gatekeeper l mt thit b c lp nhng trong thc t n thng
c tch hp vi cc phn t mng khc trong cng mt thit b vt l. Mi GK qun
l mt vng mng, nu trong mng c mt GK th cc im cui phi ng k v s
dng cc dch v do n cung cp. Mt vng mng H.323 c hiu nh mt tp hp
cc node nh u cui, Gateway hay MCU. Mt vng c qun l bi mt GK v cc
im cui trong mng phi ng k vi GK ny.
Gatekeeper
GW
GW
GW
GW
Zone 1
Gatekeeper
GW
GW
GW
GW
Zone 2
Telephone
Telephone
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.9 M hnh giao thc v chc nng ca GK.
Khi s dng Gatekeeper s ch c duy nht mt Gatekeeper trong mt vng
H.323 ti bt k thi im no cho d c nhiu thit b c th cung cp chc nng ny
trong vng . Nhiu thit b cung cp chc nng bo hiu RAS cho Gatekeeper
c cp n nh l cc Gatekeeper d phng.
Gatekeeper cung cp cc dch v c bn sau y:
Bin dch a ch: GK c th bin dch t a ch nh danh sang
a ch truyn ti. iu c thc hin bng mt bng bin dch. Bng
ny thng xuyn c cp nht bng cc bn tin ng k ca cc im
cui trong vng qun l ca Gatekeeper.
iu khin ng nhp: GK qun l qu trnh truy nhp mng ca
cc im cui bng cc bn tin H.225.0.
iu khin bng thng: GK qun l bng thng ca mng bng
cc bn tin H.225.0.
Qun l vng: GK s cung cp cc chc nng trn cho cc u
cui c ng k vi n.
Ngoi ra, Gatekeeper cn cung cp mt s dch v tu chn khc:
Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi: GK quyt nh c tham gia vo qu
trnh bo hiu cho cuc gi hay khng.
n tt nghip
Cp php cho cuc gi: GK GK quyt nh c cho php cuc gi
c tin hnh hay khng.
Qun l bng tn
Qun l cuc gi
Sa i a ch nh danh
Bin dch s c quay: GK s chuyn cc s c quay sang s
E.164 hay s mng ring.
Qun l cu trc d liu
Hnh 2.10 Gatekeeper thng tin vi cc thnh phn trong mng.
2.1.5.4 Khi iu khin a im H.323: MCU
MCU l mt im cui trong mng cung cp kh nng truyn thng hi ngh
cho ba im hay nhiu thit b u cui v cc Gateway tham gia mt hi ngh a im.
N cng c th kt ni hai thit b u cui trong mt hi ngh im-im m sau c
th pht trin thnh mt hi ngh a im. MCU bao gm hai phn: mt b iu khin
a im (MC) bt buc v mt b x l a im (MP) tu chn.
MC cung cp cc chc nng iu khin h tr cc hi ngh gia ba hay nhiu
im cui tham gia mt hi ngh a im. N thc hin trao i kh nng vi mi im
cui trong mt hi ngh. MC gi mt tp kh nng ti cc im cui ch th m hnh
hot ng m chng c th s dng. MC cng c th sa li tp cc kh nng gi ti
cc thit b u cui khi cc u cui tham gia hay ra khi hi ngh hay v mt l do
no khc.
IP QoS Network
Gatekeeper
Gateway B
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #
Gateway A
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #
H225 (Q931) call Setup (TCP)
H245 Call Control (TCP)
RTP (UDP)
H
2
2
5

R
A
S

(
U
D
P
)
H
2
2
5

R
A
S

(
U
D
P
)
n tt nghip
MP nhn cc dng audio, video v data t cc im cui trong mt hi ngh a
im. N s x l tp trung cc lung phng tin ny v tr li chng cho cc dim
cui. N c th thc hin cc chc nng nh trn, chuyn mch, hay cc x l khc
di s iu khin ca MC. MP c th x l mt lung phng tin n l hay nhiu
lung phng tin ph thuc vo kiu ca hi ngh c h tr.
Hnh 2.11 M hnh giao thc ca MCU.
Thnh phn ca khi iu khin a im gm:
B iu khin a im: cung cp chc nng iu khin.
B x l a im: thu nhn v x l cc dng thoi, video hoc d liu.
2.1.6 Ngn xp giao thc H.323
H.323 l mt tp hp ca nhiu giao thc cn c gi l h giao thc H.323
m t qu trnh truyn multimedia qua mng gi. Nhn chung, cc th tc truyn bo
hiu trong khuyn ngh H.323 u da trn ngn xp giao thc sau:
Cc bn tin iu khin (nh l cc bn tin bo hiu Q931, cc bn tin thay i
kh nng H.245) c mang bi lp TCP tin cy. iu ny m bo rng cc thng tin
quan trng s c truyn li nu cn thit v c th khi phc chnh xc ti u thu.
Bn tin giao thc RAS, lung media c th truyn qua giao thc UDP v y l giao
thc truyn khng tin cy, n khng c cc th tc kim tra cht ch v truyn li thng
tin nh TCP, do n ph hp vi cc lung thng tin media vn khng yu cu tnh
an ton cao nh d liu nhng li yu cu cht ch v tnh thi gian thc
n tt nghip
Cc lung media th c truyn qua lp giao thc UDP khng tin cy v c
qun l da trn 2 giao thc thi gian thc RTP v RTCP. RTP cung cp chc nng
truyn ti mng end-to-end ph hp vi cc ng dng chuyn i thi gian thc nh
audio, video qua cc dch v mng n im hay a im. RTP khng ch ra ngun ti
nguyn dnh ring v khng m bo mc cht lng dch v cho cc dch v thi gian
thc, vic ny c m bo bng giao thc iu khin thi gian thc (RTCP). RTCP
cho php gim st lung lu lng phn tn trong mng v thc hin cc chc nng
iu khin lung v nhn dng lung cho cc lu lng thi gian thc.

Hnh 2.12 Ngn xp giao thc H.323.
2.2 Giao thc khi to phin SIP
2.2.1 Gii thiu
Giao thc khi to phin SIP (Secssion Initiation Protocol) l giao thc iu
khin bo hiu thuc lp ng dng c s dng thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc
phin multimedia hay cc cuc gi qua mng nn IP. SIP c s dng thit lp
iu khin v xo b cuc gi. SIP lin kt vi cc giao thc IETF khc nh SAP (giao
thc thng bo phin), SDP (giao thc m t phin), RSVP (giao thc gi trc ti
nguyn), RTP (giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc), RTSP (giao thc phn phi dng tin
a phng thc) cung cp mt s lng ln cc dch v VoIP. Cu trc SIP tng t
nh cu trc HTTP (Giao thc Client - Server) bao gm tp hp cc yu cu c gi
t SIP client ti SIP server. Server x l cc yu cu ny v tr li client, mt bn tin
tr li cng vi cc bn tin lin kt vi n gi l mt SIP transaction.
n tt nghip
SIP cng c th kt hp vi cc giao thc bo hiu v thit lp cuc gi khc.
Theo cch , mt h thng u cui dng SIP xc nh a ch hp l ca mt h
thng v giao thc t mt a ch gi n l giao thc c lp. V d, SIP c th dng
ch ra rng ngi tham gia c th thng qua H.323, cng H.245, a ch ngi dng
ri dng H.245 thit lp cuc gi.
SIP h tr 5 dch v trong vic thit lp v kt thc cc phin truyn thng:
nh v ngi dng: xc nh v tr ca ngi dng tin hnh hi thoi.
Nng lc ngi dng: xc nh cc phng thc v cc tham s
tng ng trong hi thoi.
Xc nh nhng ngi sn sng tham gia hi thoi.
Thit lp cc tham s cn thit cho cuc gi.
iu khin cuc gi: bao gm c qu trnh truyn v kt thc cuc gi.
SIP l mt giao thc chun do IETF a ra nhm mc ch thc hin mt h
thng c kh nng truyn qua mi trng mng IP. SIP c nh ngha nh mt
Client-Server trong cc yu cu c bn gi (bn Client) a ra v bn b gi
(Server) tr li nhm p ng yu cu ca bn gi. SIP s dng mt s kiu bn tin v
trng mo u ging HTTP, xc nh thng tin theo mo u c th ging nh giao
thc c s dng trn Web.
2.2.2 Cc thnh phn ca h thng SIP
C 3 thnh phn : SIP terminal, SIP servers v SIP Gateway.
Hnh 2.13 Cc thnh phn ca h thng SIP.
2.2.2.1 u cui thng minh SIP
n tt nghip
User Agent (UA): l thit b u cui trong mng SIP, c th l mt my in
thoi SIP, c th l my tnh chy phn mm SIP.
UAC (User Agent Client) l mt ng dng ch gi, n khi u v gi bn
tin yu cu SIP.
UAS (User Agent Server) n nhn v tr li cc yu cu SIP, nhn danh cc
server, chp nhn, chuyn hoc t chi cuc gi.
UAC v UAS u c th kt thc cuc gi.
2.2.2.2 SIP Server
SIP server thc hin cc chc nng ca h thng SIP trong mng nh: iu
khin, qun l cuc gi, trng thi ngi dng.
Proxy Server: l phn mm trung gian hot ng c nh Server v Client
thc hin cc yu cu thay mt cc u cui khc. Tt c cc yu cu c x l ti ch
bi Proxy Server nu c th, hoc c chuyn cho cc my ch khc. Trong trng
hp Proxy Server khng trc tip p ng cc yu cu ny th Proxy Server s thc
hin khu chuyn i hoc dch sang khun dng thch hp trc khi chuyn i.
Location Server: l phn mm nh v thu bao, cung cp thng tin v nhng v
tr c th ca pha b gi cho cc phn mm Proxy Server v Redirect Server.
Redirect Server: l phn mm nhn yu cu SIP v chuyn i a ch SIP
sang mt s a ch khc v gi li cho u cui. Khng ging nh Proxy Server,
Redirect Server khng bao gi hot ng nh mt u cui tc l khng gi i bt c
yu cu no, Redirect Server cng khng nhn hoc hu b cuc gi.
Registrar Server: l phn mm nhn cc yu cu ng k REGISTER. Trong
nhiu trng hp Registrar Server m nhim lun mt s chc nng an ninh nh xc
nhn ngi s dng. Thng thng Registrar Server c ci t cng vi Proxy
Server hoc Redirect Server hoc cung cp dch v nh v thu bao. Mi ln u cui
c bt ln (th d my in thoi hoc phn mm SIP) th u cui li ng k vi
Server. Nu u cui cn thng bo cho Server v a im ca mnh th bn tin
REGISTER cng c gi i. Ni chung, cc u cui u thc hin vic ng k li
mt cch nh k.
2.2.2.3 SIP Gateway
Cc Gateway thc hin chc nng Internetworking gia h thng SIP vi cc
mng khc.
n tt nghip
2.3 So snh gia H.323 v SIP
SIP l mt giao thc tng i mi so vi H.323, do n trnh c mt s
khuyt im v c nhiu u im hn H.323 trong ng dng cho VoIP. Do H.323 c
thit k ngay t u l s dng cho ATM v ISDN, do n khng ph hp iu
khin lu lng thoi qua mng IP. Phin bn gn y nht ca H.323 l Version 3 mi
h tr cho IP. H.323 vn phc tp vi cc mo u rt ln v do khng hiu qu
trong mng IP l ni m yu t bng tn l v cng quan trng.
Mt khc SIP c thit k cho Internet l loi hnh mng best effort nn n c
kh nng nh a ch tt hn v trnh c s phc tp m rng khi phm vi ca cc
mng vin thng ngy cng c m rng. SIP gn nh v ph thng gn ging nh
giao thc HTTP trn Internet. H.323 s dng m ho nh phn cho cc bn tin dng
Binary trn nn tng cu trc ASN.1 cn SIP l giao thc da trn nn tng text nh
HTTP.
H.323 a ra phng php nh a ch, k thut pht hin vng trong vic tm
kim cc tn min phc tp, chc nng ny b gii hn v kh m rng khi phm vi
mng tng nhanh. iu ny gy kh khn trong vic gim st trng thi cc bn tin.
Tuy nhin SIP c chc nng rt hiu qu trong vic s dng tuyn ng lu trong
Header bn tin SIP v do c th x l d dng cc bn tin li. Bng sau ch ra s
khc bit gia H.323 v SIP.
c im H.323 SIP
Cu trc Ngn xp Phn t
phc tp Phc tp n gin
T chc pht trin ITU IETF
M ho Nh phn (ASN.1) Text (HTTP)
Tnh iu khin cuc gi C C
Tnh iu khin c C Khng
Giao thc km theo H.225,H.245,H.450 SDP,HTTP,MIME
Dch v Cung cp bi GK Cung cp bi Server
Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc RTP RTP

2.4 Cc loi hnh dch v thoi qua IP
Truyn thng thoi qua mi trng Internet ch khng qua mi trng PSTN
nh thng thng c Vocaltec hin thc ho ln u tin vo thng 2 nm 1995
khi Vocaltec a ra phn mm in thoi internet. Phn mm ny c thit k cho nn
my tnh c nhn PC 486/33 MHz (hoc cao hn) c trang b card m thanh, loa, micro
n tt nghip
thoi v modem, phn mm thc hin nn tn hiu thoi v chuyn i thnh cc gi tin
IP truyn dn qua mi trng Internet. Tuy nhin, vic truyn thoi qua Internet
gia hai my PC ny ch thc hin c khi cng ang s dng phn mm thoi
Internet.
Sau mt thi gian ngn, in thoi Internet pht trin nhanh chng. Nhiu
nh pht trin phn mm a ra phn mm in thoi PC, nhng quan trng hn l
cc Gateway Server c s dng ng vai tr l giao din gia Internet v PSTN.
Vi trang b cc card x l m thanh, cc Gateway Server ny cho php khch hng c
th truyn thng thng qua cc my in thoi thng thng.
Ban u, ch vi s mi l, in thoi Internet cun ht c ngy cng
nhiu khch hng bi s tit kim rt hiu qu gi thnh cuc gi do n em li so vi
cuc gi thoi truyn thng. Khch hng c th trnh c cc chi ph cho thoi ng
di bng cch thc hin cuc gi qua mng Internet vi chi ph tng ng vi chi ph
truy nhp Internet.
Tt nhin, so vi mng PSTN th in thoi Internet cn phi gii quyt cc vn
nh tin cy, cht lng dch v thoi, l nhng yu cu m khch hng mong
i ging nh cc cuc gi trong PSTN. Tuy nhin, ti thi im hin nay, vn ch
yu vn l gii hn v rng bng tn dn n mt gi. Trong truyn thng thoi,
vic mt mt gi tin s dn n nhng ngt qung, khong lng trong cuc m thoi,
dn n s ct on cuc m thoi, l iu khng mong mun i vi khch hng
v kh c th chp nhn trong thng tin thng mi.
Cc cuc gi thng qua mng PSTN ni ht n Gateway Server gn nht, ti
, tn hiu thoi c s ho (nu cha s ho), nn vo cc gi tin IP v chuyn ln
Internet truyn ti n Gateway pha u cui thu. Vi vic h tr cho c cc cuc
thoi PC-to-telephone, telephone-to-PC v telephone-to-telephone, in thoi Internet
chim c vai tr quan trng trong hng pht trin tin ti tch hp cc mng
thoi v mng d liu. Nh vy, v nguyn tc cc dch v thoi qua giao thc IP bao
gm mt s loi sau y:
My in thoi ti my in thoi (Phone to Phone).
My tnh ti my in thoi (PC to Phone).
My tnh ti my tnh (PC to PC).
n tt nghip
2.4.1 Phone to phone
Trong loi hnh dch v ny, bn ch gi v bn b gi u s dng in thoi
thng thng. Gateway mi pha lm nhim v chuyn tn hiu thoi PCM 64 Kbps
thnh cc gi tin IP v ngc li. Cc gi tin ny c gi t bn ni ti bn nghe
trong mt mng gi hot ng da trn giao thc IP.
Hnh 2.14 Kt ni t my in thoi n my in thoi.
2.4.2 PC to phone
Trong loi hnh dch v ny, ngi gi s dng mt my tnh a phng tin
thc hin mt cuc gi ti mt thu bao c nh PSTN hoc thu bao di ng thng
thng. Tn hiu thoi t pha ngi gi thng qua my tnh c ng gi vo cc gi
tin IP truyn qua mng IP ti Gateway. Ti , cc gi tin IP c chuyn i thnh tn
hiu 64 Kbps thng thng v chuyn ti tng i ni ht ca thu bao b gi. Sau ,
chuyn ti my in thoi ca thu bao b gi.
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.15 Kt ni t my tnh n my in thoi.
2.4.3 PC to PC
Trong loi hnh dch v ny, hai PC c th c kt ni trc tip vi nhau trong
cng mt mng IP hay gia cc mng IP vi nhau thng qua mt mng trung gian khc
(nh ISDN/PSTN). Trong cc kt ni ny, cc PC ng vai tr nh cc u cui VoIP.
N l mt my tnh a phng tin gm sound card, loa, micro...v c phn mm phc
v dch v thoi Internet. Tn hiu thoi t pha ngi gi thng thng qua my tnh
a phng tin c ng vo cc gi IP v truyn qua mng. Hai u cui c th
trong cng mt mng IP hoc thuc cc mng IP khc nhau. Trong trng hop th
hai, cc mng IP c th c kt ni vi nhau qua mt mng trung gian. Mng ny c
th l ISDN, PSTN hay Internet.
Hnh 2.16 Kt ni t my tnh ti my tnh.
n tt nghip
2.5 Gii thiu v mng VoIP Vit Nam
2.5.1 Tng quan v mng VoIP ca Vit Nam
Ho cng xu hng pht trin ca nn vin thng th gii, trong nhng nm gn
y mng vin thng Vit Nam pht trin mt cch nhanh chng c bit l cng
ngh IP. Nm 2000, dch v in thoi qua mng IP c cng ty vin thng qun
i trin khai th nghim. Thng 7/2001, Vietel v VNPT chnh thc c Tng cc
Bu in cp php khai thc loi hnh dch v ny trong phm vi trong nc v quc
t. Hin nay, dch v 171 lin tnh v quc t c mt ti tt c cc tnh trong c nc.
y l mt dch v da trn mng gi IP vi gi cc r v cht lng c th chp
nhn c bn cnh dch v thoi truyn thng PSTN. S ra i ca VoIP cho php
khch hng c nhiu s la chn hn khi s dng cc dch v ca mng vin thng.
Trin khai dch v VoIP l mt bc tin quan trng trong qu trnh nng cp mng
vin thng v xy dng mng th h sau. Phn ny s trnh by mt cch tm lc v
tnh hnh trin khai mng v dch v VoIP nc ta.
2.5.1.1 Phn mm u cui
Phn mm u cui l mt thnh phn c bn mt u cui my tnh kt ni
mng c th tham gia vo mt cuc gi in thoi Internet. Mc d mi ra i cha lu
nhng ngy cng c nhiu chng trnh cho php thc hin cc cuc gi in thoi qua
Internet. Ti Vit Nam, dch v in thoi Internet mi chnh thc c B Bu Chnh
Vin Thng cho php trin khai t ngy 1/7/2003 v mi c php cung cp cc dch
v in thoi Internet quc t. Cc chng trnh phn mm c s dng ph bin hin
nay l cc chng trnh do cc hng sn xut ln v c kinh nghim lu nm trong lnh
vc sn xut phn mm. Trong , in hnh l cc chng trnh nh Personal Edition
V1.01 ca Free Tel, Internet Connection Phone 2.0 ca IBM, Internet Phone vi video
4.5 ca VocalTec, Netscape CoolTalk 3.0 i km vi trnh duyn Netscape Navigator
3.0 v NetMeeting 2.0 i km vi trnh duyt Internet Exploer 4.0 ca Microsoft. a s
nhng chng trnh ny cho php ngi dng m thoi min ph v ch mt cc truy
nhp Internet. Vi mt s chng trnh cn cho php dng chung ti liu trn mn
hnh, truyn nhn file hay iu khin cc cuc in m gia ba ngi cng nh s
dng thm camera c th nhn thy nhau khi m thoi.
Bng di y s a ra mt s phn mm tiu biu v trang Web lin kt vi
chng:
n tt nghip
TT Tn sn phm URL
1 VocalTec Internet Phone http://www.vocaltec.com
2 TeleVox http://www.voxware.com
3 NetMetting http://www.microsoft.com/netmeeting
4 Intel Internet Video Phone http://www.intel.com
5 CU-SeeMe http://www.wpine.com
6 CoolTalk http://www.netscape.com
7 WebPhone http://www.netspeak.com
8 FreeTel http://www.freetel.com
9 VDOPhone http://www.vdo.net
10 Net2Phone http://www.net2phone.com

Bng 3.1 Mt s chng trnh thoi Internet in hnh.
2.5.1.2 Sn phm Gateway
Gateway l mt thit b khng th thiu kt ni mng VoIP vi cc mng
dch v khc, m ph bin hin nay l mng PSTN. Nhn chung, Gateway c xy
dng da trn 5 cu hnh c bn:
Gateway c xy dng da trn server PC s dng card m thanh: y l
cu hnh n gin nht nn gi thnh r. Tuy nhin, card m thanh khng
c kh nng h tr cc ng dng thi gian thc v khng c chc nng
nn v gin cc lung tn hiu m thanh do cht lng thoi khng cao,
c bit l tr ln. Ngoi ra, card m thanh cn kh ci t v khng
c chun ho nn s b ph thuc vo nh cung cp thit b.
Gateway c xy dng da trn server PC s dng card x l tn hiu s
chuyn dng cho Internet: loi Gateway ny c nhiu u im ni bt so
vi loi trn nh cc b x l tn hiu s chuyn dng s c kh nng thay
th CPU thc hin cc chc nng ly mu, nn v truyn tn hiu ting ni
to iu kin cho CPU ch phi thc hin cc chc nng x l thi gian
thc v iu khin cuc gi. Do , cht lng thoi c ci thin, tr
gim v cho php PC c th phc v ng thi nhiu cuc gi hn. Trong
khi , gi thnh cng kh r nn loi ny kh c a chung.
Gateway gn vi mt phn t ca mng ni b (nh router, hub
hayPABX): y l loi Gateway c thit k cho mng ni b, hng
Cisco l mt nh sn xut Gateway hng u b sung thm chc nng
n tt nghip
ca Gateway H.323 vo cc router u cui tc cao ca h. Gii php
ny cho php thc hin c hai chc nng ca mng my tnh v ca dch
v thoi VoIP trong cng mt thit b.
Gateway c xy dng da trn card a dng NIC vi kh nng ghp ni
vi mng in thoi: loi Gateway ny thch hp thc hin cc dch v
thoi Internet cho cc nhm c nhn nh vi gi thnh r hn rt nhiu so
vi cc loi trn trong s dng card NIC l loi card chuyn dng c
thit k cho thoi Internet.
Gateway c lp cho mng thoi Inteternet: y l loi Gateway phc v
cho mng cng cng, n c kt ni trc tip vi cc tng i in thoi
v c s h tng ca mng Internet.
Hin nay trn mng VoIP ca cc nh cung cp dch v ca Vit Nam cng s
dng cc loi cu hnh trn. Trong , mng VoIP th nghim ca VNPT do VDC qun
l c xy dng theo h thng ca Cisco. Cc Gateway thuc h Cisco 3882 thc
hin chc nng kt ni vi mng PSTN. y l loi Gateway c cu hnh theo kiu
s dng card thoi tch hp vi router v c cu trc DSP. Giao din kt ni l tn hiu
tng t, cho php x l 12 cuc gi ng thi. N c thit k tun theo chun
H.323 v s dng chun m ho G.729 cho tc bt sau m ho l 7,9 kbps. N c
kh nng thu pht tn hiu DTMF v khng kim tra mc u tin.
Mng VoIP th nghim ca Vietel s dng Gateway ca hng Lucent. y l
loi Gateway s dng cu hnh tch hp card thoi cho PC server, cu trc DSP, cho
php giao din vi tn hiu tng t hay cc lung s E1/T1, PRI. N c kh nng phc
v 96 cuc gi ng thi cho cc cuc gi thoi hay fax. Gateway ny tun theo chun
H.323 v m ho tn hiu theo chun G.723.1 cho tc bt sau m ho l 5,3 kbps. N
h tr b m trt ng b v c kh nng thu pht DTMF cng nh kim tra mc u
tin.
2.5.1.3 Th trng kinh doanh dch v
Do u im v gi thnh r v cc dch v m rng, dch v VoIP v in thoi
Internet mc d mi c trin khai v ang chim c mt th phn ng k trong
cc cuc gi ng di v quc t. Cc dch v ny thu ht hu ht cc i tng s
n tt nghip
dng nh thu bao gia nh, cc doanh nghip t nhn, cc t chc v c quan nh
nc...
Trn th trng vin thng th gii, lu lng thoi tng mt cch chng mt
theo tng nm: nm 1997 trn th gii ch c xp x 8 triu pht in thoi ng di
VoIP, th nm 1998 tng ln ti 150 triu pht, nm 1999 l 1,7 t pht v nm 2000
ln ti 3,7 t pht. Ti th trng chu c s bng n trong th trng VoIP.
Theo cc hng phn tch vin thng Yankee Group th lu lng VoIP quc t chu
nm 2000 t 969 triu pht, nm 2002 vt qua con s 1 t pht v nm 2003 d tnh
s t khong 4,72 t pht, chim khong 12% lu lng thoi quc t gi i ti khu
vc ny.
Ti Vit Nam, t ngy 1/7/2001 Tng Cc Bu in cho php Vietel v
VNPT chnh thc khai thc dch v in thoi ng di trong nc qua giao thc IP,
gi tt l VoIP v cho php VNPT khai thc dch v VoIP quc t. Ngy 1/7/2003 B
Bu Chnh Vin Thng chnh thc cho php cc nh cung cp dch v khai thc dch
v in thoi qua Internet quc t. Cho n nay, c 4 nh cung cp dch v c
php cung cp dch v VoIP ng di l VNPT vi dch v 171 v 1717, Vietel vi
dch v 178, SPT vi dch v 177 v ETC vi dch v 179. Cc nh cung cp dch v
trin khai mng VoIP trong hu ht cc tnh trong c nc. Mng VoIP 171 ca tng
cng ty bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam ph c tt c 61 tnh trong c nc v
cho php tt c cc tnh thc hin cuc gi 171 quc t. Mc d mi c trin khai,
nhng ti nc ta dch v thoi VoIP cng chim c cc th phn ng k.
2.5.2 Thc trng trin khai VoIP Vit Nam
2.5.2.1 C s h tng mng thoi
Ngnh vin thng Vit Nam tuy c xut pht im rt thp so vi mt bng
chung ca Vin thng th gii. Nhng do chnh sch pht trin ng n ca ngnh vi
chin lc "i tt n u" gip cho nc ta c mt c s h tng mng vng chc
c th snh ngang vi c s h tng mng ca cc nc hng u trn th gii, c bit
l v c s h tng cho mng thoi.
V c bn, mng thoi ca nc ta c phn lm ba cp: cp cng quc t do
VTI qun l, cp tng i Toll quc gia do VTN qun l v cc tng i Host do cc
Bu in tnh v thnh ph qun l. Ngoi ra, cn c h thng cc tng i v tinh,
tng i c lp c ko ti cc cm c mt thu bao ln.
n tt nghip
Tt c cc tng i c s ho v phn ln c h tr phn mm v card giao
din ISDN. Cc tng i ca nc ta hin nay s dng hu ht l cc tng i A100E10
ca Alcatel sn xut ti Php, EWSD ca Siemens c sn xut ti c hay NEC ca
Nht...
Hnh 2.17 Th phn cc dch v thoi ng di.
H thng mng trung k c quang ho hon ton. Tc trung k c t
chc da trn tiu chun chu u vi tc lung c s E1 l 2 Mbps. Mng ng
trc c s ho v quang ha hon ton vi h thng SDH 2,5 Gbps v gn y
a vo th nghim h thng mng ng trc quang tc 20 Gbps.
S ho v quang ho cng ang c trin khai rt mnh trong mng truy nhp.
Mng tch hp s ISDN v ang phc v rt hiu qu cho nhu cu truyn s liu ca
ng o khch hng, c bit l cc doanh nghip trong v ngoi nc.
n tt nghip
Phng thc quay s c xy dng theo chun E.164 ca ITU-T. Mi thit b
u cui c xc nh bng mt t hp duy nht: m nc + m vng + s in thoi
ca thu bao.
Nh vy, mng thoi ca nc ta c mt c s h tng kh vng chc. Tuy
nhin so vi cc nc trn khu vc v trn th gii, nc ta l mt nc c cc ph
vin thng kh cao. Do , i hi ngnh vin thng phi c cc bin php nhm gim
dn cc ph ca cc dch v vin thng hin nay ng thi a ra cc dch v mi c
gi c hp dn hn i vi khch hng. thc hin c cc yu cu ny th mng
gi s l mt s la chn pht trin b sung c nhiu ha hn.
2.5.2.2 C s h tng mng s liu
Bn cnh c s h tng kh tt ca mng chuyn mch knh PSTN, ngnh vin
thng nc ta cng ang ngy cng ch ti vic pht trin c s h tng mng truyn
s liu. Bn cnh cc mng truyn s liu ring va v nh, ngy 19/11/1997 nc ta
chnh thc tham gia h thng mng Internet ton cu vi hai cng quc t t ti H
Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh tng ng i Hng Kng v Singapo vi dung lng
quc t ban u ch l 10 Mbps v dung lng trung k Bc Nam ch t 12 Mbps.
Ngoi ra, ngnh cng thc hin xy dng mng ng trc trn ton quc c gi l
VietNam Net (VNN) do VDC qun l.
Ti nm 2001 mng Internet Vit Nam t tng dung lng l 42 Mbps. Cc
knh i quc t c phn b nh sau: knh 6Mbps i M, knh 16Mbps i Hng
Kng, knh 2Mbps i Nht Bn, knh 16 Mbps i Singapore v knh 2Mbps i c.
Tnh ti thng 9/2003, VDC phi hp vi cc nh cung cp vin thng ca
Hng Kng v Sigapo nng cp tc ti hai cng quc t do t chc ny qun l
ln ti 290 Mbps.
Trn mng VNN, cc nt truy nhp cng c t ti tt c cc tnh v thnh
ph trong c nc. H thng mng ng trc c quang ho hon ton v mi
c nng cp t 2,5 Gbps ln 20 Gbps. Vi c s h tng mng s liu hin nay,
khch hng c th tham gia truy nhp mng mt cch trc tip hoc gian tip qua mng
truy nhp ca PSTN. H c th thu ring knh truy nhp Internet hay truy nhp thng
qua phng thc quay s 1260, 1269...Bn cnh , cng ngh mng truy nhp mi
xDSL c th nghim v ang c trin khai trn mng li s c nhiu ha hn
v trong mt tng lai gn. Nh vy vi s nng cp c h tng mng truy nhp, mng
n tt nghip
ng trc v tc ti cc cng quc t, mng s liu ca nc ta s pht trin nhanh
chng c th p ng c cc nhu cu ang bng n ca mi tng lp nhn dn,
ng thi h tr c lc cho mng thoi truyn thng. Xu hng trong mng th h
sau, mng truyn s liu s dn dn thay th hon ton cho mng chuyn mch knh
truyn thng PSTN trong mt tng lai khng xa.
2.5.2.3 H thng mng truyn dn ng trc
H thng mng truyn dn ca nc ta bao gm mng cp quang ng trc c
cu hnh Ring vu hi, c cu trc t bn vng Ring con:
H Ni - H Tnh (gm c H ng v Ho Bnh).
H Tnh - Nng.
Nng - Quy Nhn (v Nng - Plycu)
Quy Nhn (v Plycu) - TP H Ch Minh.
Bn cnh , cn c cc tuyn lin tnh:
Cc tuyn lin tnh xut pht t H Ni:
H Ni - Hi Dng - Hi Phng - Qung Ninh.
H Ni - Vnh Yn - Vit Tr - Yn Bi - Tuyn Quang - Thi
Nguyn - Bc Cn.
H Ni - Ph L - Nam nh - Thi Bnh - Hng Yn - Hi
Dng.
H Ni - Ph L - Nam nh.
Cc tuyn xut pht t TP H Ch Minh:
HCM - Bin Ho - Vng Tu.
HCN - Sng B - c Lc - Ply cu - Kon Tum.
HCM - Cn Th.
HCM - Ty Ninh.
Tuyn Nng - Tam K.
n tt nghip
Tuyn Quy Nhn - Play cu - Kon Tum - c Lc.
Cc tuyn xut pht t Cn Th:
Cn Th - Cao Lnh - Long Xuyn - Rch Gi.
Cn Th - Sc Trng - Minh Hi.
Cc tuyn xut pht t Tin Giang:
Tin Giang - Bn Tre.
Tin Giang - Tr Vinh.
Tuyn Bnh nh - Gia Lai.
Cc tuyn xut pht t Gia Lai
Tuyn Gia Lai - Kon Tum.
Tuyn Gia Lai - c Lc.
2.5.3 Mng VoIP ca VNPT v ca doanh nghip hin nay
2.5.3.1 Mng VoIP ca VNPT
H thng mng VoIP ca Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng VNPT c trin
khai t ngy 01/7/2001. Ban u h thng c giao cho VDC chu trch nhim qun
l v gn y c chuyn giao cho VTN qun l.
a. Cu hnh mng th nghim
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.18 Cu hnh mng VoIP th nghim ca VNPT.
H thng VoIP th nghim ca VNPT c xy dng da trn h thng VoIP
ca Cisco. Mng c chia thnh hai vng c qun l bi hai Gatekeeper ang t
ln lt ti H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh v Nng. Cc thit b mng l cc thit
b ca Cisco vi cc thit b c bn gm:
Gateway A85300 thc hin cc chc nng chuyn i tn hiu.
Router 3840 thc hin cc chc nng nh tuyn cc gi tin thoi.
Gatekeeper 3882 thc hin cc chc nng qun l min.
B chuyn mch IP 2948 thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch bn tin IP.
Ngoi ra, mng cn cc thit b khc nh cc server m bo cung cp cc
dch v hay kt ni vi mng intranet...
b. Trin khai mng li
n tt nghip
Mng VoIP nc ta bt u c trin khai t ngy 01/7/2001 ti H Ni v
thnh ph H Ch Minh. n cui nm 2001, s lng cc tnh c trin khai nng
ln 10 tnh l:
Ngy 09/7 nm 2001 ti Hi Phng v Cn Th
Ngy 28/8/2001 ti ng Nai v Qung Ninh
Ngy 21/9/2001 ti Nng v Bnh Dng
Ngy12/11/2001 ti c Lk v Khnh Ho.
Qu trnh trin khai mng VoIP c tin hnh theo phng thc m rng, b
sung. Cc tnh c lu lng thoi ng di ln s c u tin trin khai trc ri
mi n cc tnh c lu lng thoi ng di thp hn. Cc i tng c nhu cu gi
ng di ln hn s c u tin cung cp dch v trc. Khi mi c trin khai,
phm vi phc v ca cc cuc gi ng di lin tnh b gii hn ch gia cc khu vc
v cha cho php thc hin cuc gi trong phm vi mt khu vc. Cc i tng tham
gia mi ch l cc thu bao in thoi c nh v cc im dch v bu in c ngi
phc v. Sau nhiu ln trin khai m rng, ti ngy 22/9/2003 mng VoIP c ph
tt c 61 tnh thnh trong c nc. Tt c cc thu bao ca 61 tnh thnh c th lin
lc c vi nhau thng qua dch v 171. ng thi t ngy 01/10/2003 dch v 171
c trin khai cung cp cho c cc my card phone.
V c bn, mng VoIP ca VNPT c trin khai thnh hai giai on da trn
h thng ca hng Siemens. Chc nng ca cc phn t trong mng nh sau:
hiQ 4000 (Open Service Platform): l mt thit b xy dng v trin
khai cc dch v gi tr gia tng thng qua cc giao din lp trnh ng dng
m API.
hiQ 9200 (Softswitch): thc hin chc nng chuyn mch mm. y l
thnh phn trung tm ca h thng, n iu khin cc thit b truy nhp,
cc cng trung k, cc my ch qun l ti nguyn. hiQ 9200 cho php kt
hp cc c im tt nht ca mng TDM hin nay vi cc u im ca
kin trc NGN da trn mng gi trong tng lai. Mt hiQ 9200 c th
iu khin ng thi 10 triu cuc gi vi 1500 lin kt SS7 v 240.000
cng trung k ti cc Gateway phng tin.
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.19 Cu hnh mng c bn ca Siemens.
hiQ 20 (Routing and Registration Server): l my ch ng k v nh
tuyn, c vai tr ging nh mt gatekeeper.
hiQ 30 (LDAP Server Configuration): thc hin cc chc nng cu hnh
my ch LDAP.
hiR 200 (OAM hiR200 IP Resource Server): my ch qun l ti nguyn
IP.
Trong giai on mt, h thng mng VoIP c xy dng da trn nn tng ca
mng truyn dn ng trc quc gia v mng truyn dn lin tnh trong b sung
thm cc thit b VoIP cn thit (bao gm Gateway v router) ti cc bu in tnh
thnh c trin khai nh trong hnh v 2.20. Trong cu hnh ny, ti mi a phng
c trin khai dch v VoIP s c b sung thm cc thit b c bn bao gm: mt
Gateway VoIP (MG) lm nhim v chuyn i tn hiu tng thch gia mng IP v
mng PSTN, mt router (EXR) lm nhim v nh tuyn cc gi tin thoi c ng
gi ti Gateway ngun ti ng Gateway ch tng ng. Thng thng, cc thit b
ny c t gn tng i trung tm tnh.
Ti H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngoi cc thit b c bn (Gateway v
router) cn c trang b thm cc phn t khc thc hin cc chc nng qun l v
iu khin cho ton b mng li bao gm hiQ 4000 vi mt giao din lp trnh m
cho php xy dng dch v mi, hiQ9200 thc hin chc nng chuyn mch mm, hiR
200 thc hin chc nng qun l ti nguyn, hiQ 20/30 ng vai tr ca gatekeeper v
cc firewall kt ni vi cng Internet quc t ti Singapo v Hng Kng. Ngoi ra ti
n tt nghip
H Ni, Nng v thnh ph H Ch Minh c trang b cc b chuyn mch a lp
(Multilayer Switch) cho php nh hng cc bn tin theo hng i ti u nht.
Hnh 2.20 Cu hnh mng VoIP giai on mt ca VNPT do VDC qun l.
Trong cu hnh giai on mt, cc router t ti cc tnh c kt ni vi cc
router t ti cc khu vc trung tm (H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh v Nng) cc
cuc gi ng di gia cc min s phi thc hin thm hai khu nh tuyn ti cc
router t ti khu vc trung tm lm lng ph ti nguyn mng v tng thi gian tr lan
truyn.
Mng VoIP giai on hai c trin khai v ln cu hnh v s c trn
mng li . N c m t trong hnh 2.21. Khi so snh cu hnh kt ni ca hai giai
on trin khai mng VoIP ca VNPT s nhn thy rng s khc nhau c bn ca hai
cu hnh ny l s kt ni gia h thng VoIP ca cc tnh ti h thng mng ng
trc. Trong cu hnh ca giai on hai, cc router ca cc tnh s c kt ni trc tip
n tt nghip
vi cc cng giao tip quang ca h thng mng ng trc, do s khc phc c
cc nhc im ca giai on mt khi cuc gi c thc hin gia cc khu vc khc
nhau, ng thi to ln s linh hot trong cc cuc gi trong cng mt khu vc.
Hnh 2.21 Cu hnh mng VoIP giai on hai ca VNPT do VTN qun l.
c. nh s v nh tuyn
Do hin nay, dch v VoIP mi ch p ng cho cc thu bao in thoi. Do
cc u cui ca mng vn ch l cc u cui ca mng PSTN v vic nh s cc
thit b u cui vn c thc hin nh trong mng PSTN theo chun E.164. thc
hin gi ti mt thu bao khc bng dch v VoIP, khch hng ch cn quay thm mt
m truy nhp dch v trc khi quay s theo cch thng thng.
i vi cc thit b khc ca mng VoIP nh Gateway v Router VoIP hay
gatekeeper, tuy v mt logic l cc thit b c lp v mng VoIP l mt mng c
lp vi mng Internet nhng khi nhn v mt vt l th cc thit b ny cng ng thi
Hnh 2.22 Cu hnh mng VoIP th nghim ca Vietel.
45
n tt nghip
chnh l cc thit b ca h thng cho php truy nhp Internet gin tip thng qua quay
s. Do , cch nh a ch IP cng s ging vi a ch IP ca mng Internet hin
nay.
Vic bo hiu gia cc thit b mng PSTN v cc Gateway c thc hin
bng h thng bo hiu R2 hoc SS7. Bo hiu trong mng VoIP c thc hin theo
chun H.323 ca ITU-T.
Vic nh tuyn trong mng VoIP c thc hin bng phng php nh tuyn
tnh thng qua cc bng nh tuyn c thit lp v c cp nht bi ngi qun l
mng. C th nh sau:
i vi cuc gi 171 trong nc: tu theo tng thi im c th, cn c
vo mng in thoi IP, Ban Vin thng s in iu hnh hng dn cc
n v thc hin vic nh tuyn cuc gi 171 trong nc. V d, ti thi
im nm 2001 Hi Phng, Qung Ninh nh tuyn v POP/VDC ti H
Ni i cc tnh thuc khu vc 2 v 3,... Qung Ninh nh tuyn qua
Hi Phng.
i vi cc cuc gi chiu i quc t:
Vi cc bu in thnh ph H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc
tnh c ng trung k trc tip vi VDC, khng c cc tng i
khng cho php thc hin quay s mt giai on (TDX-1B) s thc
hin nh tuyn cuc gi t cc Host qua VoIP Gateway/VDC sang
VoIP Gateway/VTI.
Vi cc bu in tnh v thnh ph khc, cc cc bu in trung
ng khng c trung k trc tip vi VoIP Gateway/VDC hoc cc
bu in tnh, thnh ph c h thng tng i khng cho php quay
s mt giai on (v d Hi Phng) th cuc gi s c nh tuyn
t cc Host sang Toll/VTN sang VoIP Gateway VTI.
Vi cc bu in tnh, thnh ph c cc h tng i ch cho php
thc hin quay s hai giai on s thc hin lp trnh s ng 1711,
Min/Max =4 digits
46
n tt nghip
Chiu t quc t v: Tt c cc cuc gi t quc t v VTI nh tuyn
qua tng i Toll/VTN v Host ca cc bu in tnh thnh v cc cc bu
in trung ng.
Ngoi ra, cc hng dn nh tuyn khc da theo cu trc c th ca mng
li...
2.5.3.2 Mng VoIP ca doanh nghip mi
Bn cnh VNPT, trn th trng vin thng nc ta cn mt s doanh nghip
mi cng c php trin khai v cung cp dch v VoIP. l cc doanh nghip cng
ty vin thng qun i Vietel, cng ty vin thng Si gn SPT, cng ty vin thng in
lc ETC v cng ty vin thng Hng hi. Gn y c thm mt doanh nghip mi l
H Ni Telecom cng c php tham gia th trng dch v ny. Phn ny s xem xt
mt s vn lin quan n h thng VoIP ca cc doanh nghip mi.
a. Cu hnh mng th nghim
Vietel l mt doanh nghip mi in hnh trn th trng dch v VoIP. Cu
hnh mng VoIP ca Vietel kh n gin, n c m t nh sau:
y l mt h thng ca hng Clarent c Vietel trin khai th nghim.
Trong , ti mi im truy nhp mng ch cn b sung thm mt Gateway ca hng
Clarent v mt router A85300 ca Cisco. Gateway thc hin cc chc nng chuyn i
tn hiu v bo hiu cho php mng VoIP kt ni vi mng PSTN. Router thc hin
cc chc nng nh hng cho cc gi tin thoi gip cho chngc n ng ch ca
cuc gi. H thng bo hiu C7 c s dng thc hin trao i bo hiu vi cc
SD
CABLESPAN 23 tellabs
Clarent
Gateway
SD
CABLESPAN 23 tellabs
Clarent
Gateway
S D
C is co 17 20
B R I S / T
C O NS O LE
A U X W I C 0 O K
OK B2 B1
W I C 1 O K
D S U C P U
LN K 10 0 F D X
S 3
L OO P
LP
Cisco A85300
Router
S D
C i s c o 17 20
B R I S / T
CO NS O L E
A UX WI C 0 O K
OK B2 B1
W I C 1 O K
DS U CP U
LN K 1 00 F DX
S 3
L O O P
LP
Cisco A85300
Router
SD
Cisco AS5800SERIES
P ower
C I S C O Y S T E M S S
AXE
H Ni
SD
Cisco AS5800SER IES
Power
C I S C O Y S T E M S S
AXE
H ChMinh
Bo hiu C7
8xE1
8xE1
Bo hiu C7
Hthng VoIP ca Vietel
1xE1
47
n tt nghip
tng i PSTN. Cc khch hng s dng dch v hin nay l cc thu bao ca mng
PSTN v dch v m mng h tr l kt ni Phone to Phone.
truy nhp vo mng VoIP ca Vietel, ngi dng s dng m truy nhp 178
trc khi bm cc s xc nh thu bao b gi ging nh thng thng. Phm vi
trin khai ca mng VoIP ca Vietel ni ring v cc doanh nghip mi ni chung kh
hp do cc doanh nghip ny phi thu li c s h tng mng ca VNPT.
b. Lin kt mng VoIP ca cc doanh nghip mi v mng ca VNPT
Cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v Bu chnh Vin thng mi (DNM) nh
cng ty Vin thng Qun i (Vietel), cng ty Vin thng in lc (ETC), cng ty
Vin thng Si gn (SPT)... hin nay cha c c s h tng mng ring ca mnh. Do
, c th cung cp dch v ti khch hng h phi tin hnh thu knh ca tng
cng ty Bu Chnh Vin Thng Vit Nam (VNPT) v cc doanh nghip mi phi tin
hnh lin kt mng VoIP ca mnh vi mng truy nhp PSTN ca VNPT c th
cung cp dch v ca h cho cc thu bao in thoi c nh ca VNPT. Khi thc hin
kt ni, cc doanh nghip tham gia phi tun th cc nguyn tc c bn v kt ni k
thut. C th nh sau:
b.1 S kt ni
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.23 S kt ni tng qut mng VoIP gia DNM v VNPT.
b.2 V tr kt ni
V tr kt ni v pha VNPT:
Kt ni mng ni ht: cng trung k ca tng i Tandem/Host ca
bu in tnh, thnh ph.
Kt ni mng ng di: cng trung k ca tng i Toll ca VTN
Kt ni mng di ng: cng trung k Gateway MSC ca mng di
ng.
V tr kt ni v pha doanh nghip mi: l cng trung k ca cc tng i
cng IP
b.3 S lng im kt ni
n tt nghip
S lng im kt ni tu thuc vo cu trc mng c th ti tng thi im.
Dung lng kt ni theo yu cu ca doanh nghip mi v kh nng p ng ca
VNPT. Trong qu trnh khai thc, mt trong hai bn c quyn ngh iu chnh dung
lng kt ni nhng phi bo trc t nht l 3 thng cho pha bn kia.
b.4 Vn hnh bo dng kt ni
Cng tc vn hnh, bo dng do mi bn quy nh v thc hin trong phm vi
mng li v ng truyn dn ca mnh. Khi c s c, hai bn cng phi hp gii
quyt theo quy trnh phi hp x l s c. Khi xut hin s c k thut hoc c khiu
kin ca khch hng, hai bn s thng bo cho nhau v cng xc nh nguyn nhn gy
li trong thi gian sm nht.
b.5 An ton v bo v mng li
Hot ng ca mng li mi bn khng c gy s c cho mng li bn kia.
Trong trng hp mt mng b s c m nguyn nhn l do mng bn kia gy nn, bn
gy hng phi bi thng cho bn b hng.
Khi thc hin nhng thay i trong mng li c th nh hng n dch v hay
hot ng ti im kt ni, mi bn phi thng bo cho pha bn kia t nht l 3 thng
trc khi thc hin. Khi cn thit, mi bn c quyn ngh pha bn kia gii thch v
lm sng t nhng thay i .
b.6 Yu cu o kim
m bo cht lng kt ni v dch v cung cp cho khch hng, thit b ca
doanh nghip mi trc khi a vo kt ni ho mng phi c o kim v bo hiu
v ng b ng theo tiu chun hin hnh ca B Bu chnh Vin thng.
b.7 nh tuyn cuc gi
Dch v VoIP trong nc: T thu bao xut pht -> Tandem/Host BT,
TP -> POP xut pht ca DNM -> POP ni n ca DNM ->
Tandem/Host BT, TP ch -> thu bao ch.
Dch v VoIP quc t chiu i:
Ti cc tnh/thnh ph c t POP ca DNM: T thu bao xut
pht-> Tandem/Host BT,TP -> POP xut pht ca DNM -> POP
cng quc t ca DNM -> Mng VoIP quc t -> thu bao ch.
n tt nghip
Ti cc tnh/thnh ph cha t POP ca DNM: T thu bao xut
pht -> Tandem/Host BT,TP -> Toll khu vc ca VTN -> POP
cng quc t ca DNM -> Mng VoIP quc t -> thu bao ch.
Dch v VoIP quc t chiu v:
Ti cc tnh/thnh ph c t POP ca DNM: t quc t -> POP
cng quc t -> POP ni n ca DNM -> Tandem/Host BT, TP
-> thu bao ch.
Ti cc tnh/thnh ph DNM khng t POP: t quc t-> POP
cng quc t -> Toll VTN -> Tandem/Host BT, TP -> thu bao
ch.
Cuc gi quc t chiu v mng di ng: t quc t -> POP cng
quc t -> Toll VTN -> GMSC mng di ng -> thu bao di ng
ch.
2.5.4 Cc dch v trong mng VoIP ca VNPT
Loi hnh dch v VoIP tuy mi xut hin nc ta nhng nhn c s
hng ng rt nhit tnh ca ng o khch hng. Cc doanh nghip khng ngng
a ra cc dng dch v khc nhau v nng cao cht lng dch v tng kh nng
cnh tranh ca mnh trn th trng. Hin nay, VNPT trin khai hai loi hnh dch v
thoi VoIP l dch v "Gi 171", dch v "Gi 1717" cho php thc hin cc cuc
gi ng di v quc t. Ngoi ra cn c dch v in thoi Internet "Fone VNN" hin
mi ch c php thc hin cc cuc gi phm vi quc t.
2.5.4.1 Dch v "Gi 171"
T ngy 1/7/2001, Tng cng ty Bu Chnh Vin Thng bt u m dch v
VoIP ti cc tnh v thnh ph trong nc vi thng hiu Vit Nam l "Gi 171" v
thng hiu ting Anh l "Call 171". y l mt dch v mi vi gi thnh r hn v
cht lng c th chp nhn c.
Ban u, dch v c trin khai ti mt s tnh thnh ph ln c lu lng
ng di ln. C th nh sau:
T ngy 1/7/2001 trin khai ti H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh.
T ngy 09/7/2001 trin khai Hi Phng v Cn Th.
n tt nghip
T ngy 28/8/2001 trin khai ng Nai v Qung Ninh.
T ngy 21/9/2001 trin khai ti thnh ph Nng v Bnh Dng.
T ngy 12/11/2001 trin khai ti c Lk v Khnh Ho
Bn cnh , t ngy 5/9/2001 VNPT cng bt u trin khai cung cp dch v
"Gi 171" quc t. Qua nhiu ln m rng mng li, cho n ngy 22/9/2003 c hai
dch v ny c trin khai ti tt c cc tnh thnh trong c nc.
i tng c cung cp dch v ny bao gm cc thu bao in thoi c nh
(cc my in thoi, cc my fax c nh c ng k dch v gi ng di lin tnh),
khch hng ti cc bu cc, i l bu in v khch hng ti cc im bu in vn
ho x ti cc a phng c m dch v. Trong thi gian u, cha cung cp dch v
ny ti cc my cardphone v ti cc bn khai thc vin, cc thu bao ca cc mng
ring (mng ca B Quc Phng, B Cng an, B Ngoi Giao) v cha m dch v
VoIP quc t ca cc doanh nghip SPT, Vietel ti cc ghise cng cng c ngi phc
v. Ngy 01/10/2003, dch v "Gi 171" c m rng phm vi cung cp ti cc
my cardphone.
thc hin cc cuc gi VoIP t cc thu bao in thoi PSTN, ngi s dng
quay thm mt m truy nhp truy nhp vo mng VoIP thay v mng PSTN.
V d khi mun s dng dch v VoIP ca VNPT, khch hng s phi quay m
truy nhp ca "Gi 171" l 171 trc khi quay s m vng v s thu bao. Tc l trnh
t quay s s nh sau:
i vi cuc gi trong nc:
171+ 0 + M vng + S thu bao
i vi cuc gi quc t:
Quay mt giai on:
171 + 00 + M nc + M vng + S thu bao
Quay hai giai on :
Bc 1: 171 + 1 + Ch nghe m thng bo
Bc 2: Quay tip: M nc + M vng + S thu bao
Trong cuc gi i quc t, cch quay s mt giai on c p dng cho cc
thu bao ca cc tng i Host v cc tng i v tinh ca Host (tr cc tng i TDX-
n tt nghip
1B v cc v tinh ca n) hoc p dng cho cc thu bao ca tng i c lp khng
u ni vo Host TDX-1B v thuc h DTS, HICOM, HOPOCOM, IMS, SRX, SDE,
DEFINITY v APR. Trong khi , cch quay s hai giai on c p dng cho cc
thu bao ca cc tng i TDX-1B v cc v tinh ca n hay cc thu bao ca cc tng
i c lp u ni vo Host TDX-1B hoc p dng cho cc thu bao ca cc tng i
thuc h VX,SSA v cc h thng Vin thng nng thn IRT.
i vi cc dch v ca cc nh cung cp khc, cch quay s hon ton tng
t. Trong , m s truy nhp ca cc nh cung cp dch v nh sau:
Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng VN-VNPT (171)
Cng ty in t Vin thng qun i-Vietel (178)
Cng ty Vin thng Si gn-SPT (177)
Cng ty Vin thng in lc-ETC (179)
Trong iu kin mng li hin nay, khch hng ca tt c cc tnh thnh trong
c nc c th s dng dch v "Gi 171" ca VNPT thc hin cc cuc gi lin
tnh v quc t, k c cc cuc gi thuc cng mt vng vi nhau.
2.5.4.2 Dch v "Gi 1717"
Bn cnh dch v "Gi 171", gn y VNPT cn a ra mt dch v s dng
cng ngh VoIP mi vi thng hiu "Gi 1717". y l mt dch v in thoi ng
di trong nc v quc t s dng cng ngh VoIP vi hnh thc khch hng mua th
s dng.
Dch v "Gi 1717" c cung cp cho tt c cc i tng khch hng c nhu
cu s dng dch v ti tt c cc my in thoi c nh (nh thu bao, cc im cng
cng c ngi phc v nh bu cc, i l, im Bu in - Vn ha x). Tm thi
cha cung cp dch v cho cc i tng nh thu bao in thoi di ng v cc khch
hng thuc cc mng dng ring (nh mng ca B Quc Phng, B Cng an, B
Ngoi Giao)
Tnh n ngy 22/9/2003, cng ging vi dch v "Gi 171", "Gi 1717" cng
c trin khai trn phm vi c nc. Trong , trc mt cha cung cp cuc gi
vo cc dch v VNN1260, VNN1268, VNN1269. VNN999, 101, 110, 107, 106, 105,
151, 141, 142, 143 v 145.
n tt nghip
Cch s dng dch v "Gi 1717" nh sau:
Bc 1: Quay s truy nhp dch v "1717".
Bc 2: Bm phm 1 s dng thng bo ting Vit, s 2 chn thng
bo hng dn bng ting Anh v s 3 truy nhp n trung tm h tr
dch v.
Bc 3: Nhp m s b mt ca ti khon, kt thc bng phm #.
Bc 4: Nhp s cho cuc gi.
Gi i quc t: 00 + M nc + M vng + s in thoi cn gi.
Gi trong nc: 0 + M vng/M mng di ng + s in thoi cn
gi
Sau khi khch hng bm s in thoi cn gi v nu s in thoi l hp l th
h thng s bo thi gian ti a ca cuc gi v thc hin thit lp cuc gi cho khch
hng. Nu s tin cn li khng thc hin cuc gi th h thng s bo cho khch
hng v kt thc cuc gi.
Nu h thng khng kt ni c vi s in thoi yu cu th h thng s thng
bo li ti khch hng, ngh khch hng th gi li sau v t ng kt thc cuc gi.
Nu h thng kt ni c vi s in thoi cn gi th khch hng s nghe
c tn hiu hi m chung. Khi thu bao b gi nhc my th cuc gi c coi l
thnh cng v khch hng c th m thoi trong khong thi gian ti a theo thng
bo ca h thng hoc cho n khi khch hng ch ng ngt cuc gi. Khi s tin
trong ti khon ch cn 1 pht th h thng s pht thng bo v s t ng ngt cuc
gi khi ht tin trong ti khon.
Sau khi kt thc cuc gi thnh cng, h thng s tnh tin m khch hng s
dng v tr vo ti khon ca th.
Nh vy, dch v "Gi 1717" v c bn cng ging vi dch v "Gi 171", cht
lng dch v cng hon ton tng ng.
2.5.4.3 Dch v "Fone VNN"
Dch v in thoi Internet l mt dch v thoi s dng giao thc IP trn mng
Internet cng cng thit lp cc cuc gi gia cc my in thoi thng thng, cc
my tnh c nhn (PC) v cc thit b u cui khc. Dch v Fone VNN l dch v in
n tt nghip
thoi trn mng Internet ca VNN do tng cng ty Bu Chnh Vin Thng cung cp
cho khch hng. S dng dch v ny khch hng c th thc hin cc cuc gi t my
tnh c nhn ca mnh ti cc my tnh khc c kt ni Internet hay cc my in thoi
c nh hoc di ng quc t.
Fone VNN l tn vit tt ca "Dch v in thoi Internet VNN", c cung cp
trn trang Web "http://fone.vnn.vn" cung cp cho tt c cc i tng c nhu cu
min l h ang kt ni Internet. Hin nay, c hai hnh thc ca cuc gi c Fone
VNN h tr l:
Hnh thc PC to PC: c s dng cho cc cuc gi gia cc my tnh kt
ni Internet trong nc v quc t.
Hnh thc PC to Phone: ch c php cung cp dch v gi quc t chiu
i, tc l gi t Vit Nam ra quc t.
Fone VNN c cc tnh nng sau:
m thoi PC to Phone: Fone VNN cho php m thoi thi gian thc
gia mt my tnh c nhn v mt my in thoi thng thng (bao gm
c c nh v di ng)
m thoi PC to PC: Fone VNN cho php m thoi gia hai s in
thoi Internet Fone VNN.
m thoi Phone to PC: Dch v Fone VNN cho php m thoi thi gian
thc gia mt my in thoi thng thng vi mt s in thoi Internet
VNN.
Nhn fax: Fone VNN cho php nhn bn fax t my fax thng thng. H
thng dch v s t ng phn tch tn hiu gi n. Nu tn hiu n l tn
hiu fax, h thng s ngay lp tc thc hin chc nng nhn fax.
Hp th thoi: Trong trng hp s in thoi Internet Fone VNN khng
sn sng nhn cuc gi hoc ngi s dng khng mun tr li my.
Ngi gi n c th li li nhn qua hp th thoi.
n tt nghip
Chuyn cuc gi: Fone VNN cho php chuyn tip mt cuc gi ti mt
s in thoi thng thng (c nh hoc di ng) hoc ti mt s in
thoi Internet Fone VNN khc.
Chat: Fone VNN cho php khch hng dch v Fone VNN chatting vi
nhau.
Nhn tin (SMS): Fone VNN cho php khch hng ca dch v gi v nhn
cc bn tin nhn vi my in thoi di ng hoc gi/nhn tin nhn vi
nhau.
Email: Fone VNN cho php khch hng gi v nhn th in t.
Ngoi ra, Fone VNN cn cung cp cho khch hng nhng dch v gi tr gia
tng khc: fax thng sut, chuyn tip fax, cuc gi nh, gi li, hin th s gi n,
nhn fax, th thoi, danh b in thoi, thng bo v la chn tr li.
Khi khch hng mun ng k s dng dch v, trc ht h phi ng k s
dng dch v:
Mua th tr trc Fone VNN ti cc im giao dch ca VDC, bu in
a phng hay cc i l bu in...
Co lp trng bc nhn c mt m s thanh ton.
Truy nhp trang Web "http://fone.vnn.vn" ng k user name, PIN v
cc thng tin c nhn khc.
Np m s thanh ton hon tt qu trnh ng k
Sau khi ng k, khch hng c th s dng dch v thc hin cc cuc
gi ca mnh. Trnh t cc bc khi s dng dch v nh sau:
Truy nhp Internet.
Chy phn mm quay s (Dowload t a ch "http://fone.vnn.vn")
Np Account, PIN
Thc hin quay s nh in thoi thng thng ti s my cn gi (00 +
m nc + m vng + s in thoi cn gi).
2.5.5 Tnh cc trong mng VoIP
n tt nghip
2.5.5.1 Quy tc tnh cc hin nay
Hin nay, vic tnh cc cho dch v VoIP ca nc ta ni ring v trn th gii
ni chung vn da trn cc nguyn tc c. Tc l cn c vo khong cch gia hai thu
bao v cn c vo thi gian m thoi. Trong khi , mt tham s quan trng l cht
lng dch v (QoS) li cha c tnh n.
C th, cc mc cc ca cc dch v VoIP ang c s dng nc ta nh
sau:
Dch v tr sau 171
Cc lin tnh
727 ng/pht lin lc gia cc tuyn thuc vng 1
Ring cc tuyn Thi Bnh-Nam nh, Bc Ninh-Bc Giang, Tin
Giang-Bn Tre v ngc li mc cc l 636 ng/pht; tuyn lin
lc H Ni-H Ty v ngc li l 509 ng/pht v khng phn
bit cc gi trong ngy v cc ngy trong tun.
Dch v tr trc 1717
Cc lin tnh s dng ch tnh cc l 01 pht + 01 pht,
khng phn bit pht u v pht tip theo. Phn l thi gian cui
cng ca cuc lin lc cha n 01 pht c tnh l 01 pht.
Vng 1: 750 ng/pht
Vng 2: 1.200 ng/pht
Vng 3: 1500 ng/pht
Cc quc t p dng cho cc cuc gi ti tt c cc nc, cc
vng lnh th l 0,70 USD/pht u v 0.07 USD/6 giy tip theo.
i vi cc cuc lin lc t 23 gi ngy hm trc n 7 gi sng
ngy hm sau cc ngy t th hai n th by, ngy l , ch nht
c gim 20% cc dch v in thoi lin tnh v quc t.
u im ca m hnh tnh cc ny l:
B tng
hp bn ghi
Gateway
Hnh 2.24 M hnh h thng tnh cc mi.
Mng IP
57
n tt nghip
n gin, d trin khai
Thu bao d dng kim sot c tnh hnh ti chnh ca mnh
Cho php p dng m hnh tr trc (dch v 1717), trong mi ti
khon s tng ng vi mt m truy nhp ring.
Nhc im ca h thng tnh cc ny:
Cha mm do
Rt kh p dng cho cc dch v IP
2.5.5.2 Quy tc tnh cc trong tng lai
Khng ging nh mng chuyn mch knh, trong mng chuyn mch gi ti
nguyn mng khng c khch hng chim dng hon ton t khi bt u cuc gi ti
khi kt thc cuc gi m n ch b chim dng khi khch hng c nhu cu trao i
thng tin. Cn ti cc thi im khc, ti nguyn mng s b thu bao khc chim dng.
V vy, m bo li ch cho khch hng tham gia s dng dch v ca mng chuyn
mch gi th mt yu cu c t ra l phi xy dng mt m hnh tn cc mi.
H thng tnh cc mi phi m bo h tr c cho cc dch v gi tr gia tng trn
nn IP nh thng ip thng nht, hi ngh VoIP, video, mng ring o. Ngoi ra, h
thng tnh cc mi cn phi m bo c th d dng thch ng vi cc dch v mi s
xut hin trong tng lai ng thi phi h tr cc phng php ghi cc mm do v
phi c hot ng trn nguyn tc t ng ho.
tnh cc cho nhiu lp dch v nh VoIP, tnh cc da trn mc s
dng (usage-based) l cn thit. N cho php thit lp gi dch v lin quan, v iu
khin ti ca lu lng mng thng qua cc hp ng lu lng.
To ra bn ghi chi tit cho tnh cc trn c s mc s dng l thc s kh
khn trong mng IP, bi v cc gi d liu lin quan n mt cuc gi khng nht thit
phi i qua cng mt tuyn ng n ch, v do chng c th c cc QoS khc
nhau. Cc Gateway IP/PSTN phi gim st cht lng ton b cuc gi m t
c SLA.
Thm vo , d liu tnh cc thu thp c phi tng thch vi cc h thng
tnh cc ca cc mng khc hay ca cc nh cung cp dch v c th trao i thng
tin tnh cc.
B tng
hp bn ghi
Gateway
Mng IP
58
n tt nghip
m bo c cc yu cu trn, h tnh cc s bao gm cc thnh phn nh
trn.
Trong :
B thu thp d liu mc s dng gii quyt vic thu thp d liu
mc s dng t cc phn t mng.
B tng hp bn ghi c nhim v tp hp v chuyn i cc cc thng tin
v cch s dng thnh dng thc m h thng tnh cc hiu c (cn
c gi l XDR - IPDR)
H thng phn loi s s dng cc bn ghi mc s dng ti u vo
(ngha l: IPDR) tnh ton gi tr thnh tin tng ng.
H thng tnh cc bao gm c chm sc khch hng nn m rng nh
ngha cc loi dch v mi v cc d kin phn mc.

B thu
thpcc
B tng
hp bn ghi
H thng
tnh cc Gateway
Mng IP
59
n tt nghip
CHNG III
CC PHNG PHP NH GI CHT LNG DCH V
TRONG VoIP
3.1 Tng quan v cht lng dch v trong VoIP
VoIP s dng mng nn gi (c th l mng IP) truyn cc gi tin thoi qua
mng. Tuy nhin ti ni thu cc gi tin c th b mt hay tr ph thuc vo mi trng
mng c th lc : v d nh mng b li, tc nghn hay gi tin b tr qua cc thnh
phn mngiu ny lm gim cht lng thoi ti u thu, v do truyn dn thoi l
truyn dn thi gian thc nn pha thu khng th yu cu mng truyn li cc gi tin b
mt. Do mng in thoi PSTN truyn thng vi cc c im u vit v cht lng
thoi t lu tr thnh mt phng tin khng th thiu trong cuc sng hng ngy
ca chng ta nn dch v VoIP phi lm sao cung cp trong mng PSTN truyn thng.
Cht lng dch v c hiu mt cch n gin l kh nng ca mng lm th
no m bo v duy tr cc mc thc hin nht nh cho mi ng dng theo nh cc
yu cu c ch r ca mi ngi s dng. Nhn chung, cht lng dch v c
quyt nh bi cc user hai u cui thoi. Do nh cung cp dch v mng m
bo QoS ngi s dng yu cu v thc hin cc bin php duy tr mc QoS khi
iu kin mng b thay i v cc nguyn nhn nh nghn, hng thit b hay s c lin
kt. Cht lng dch v cng c phn cp tin cho cc nh cung cp dch v tnh
ton v m bo QoS trong cc k hoch truyn dn c th ca mnh. i vi cc nh
cung cp dch v truyn thng, cht lng dch v thng c nh gi bng cc
phng php phn hi t pha khch hng. Phng php ny khng mang li hiu qu
cao khi m tnh phc tp v phm vi ca cc mng vin thng hin i ngy mt tng,
i hi mt phng php c tnh tng th nh gi mt cch ton din cho dch v
thoi. Cng nghip vin thng chp nhn mt con s chung m t cht lng dch
v, cht lng cuc gi c gi l im nh gi trung bnh: Mean Opinion Score
(MOS). MOS dao ng t 1 (mc ti) n 5 (mc tt nht). Cc nh cung cp vo mc
MOS ny a ra mc cht lng dch v ph hp cho dch v ca mnh.
Bng 3.1: im nh gia trung bnh MOS.
Mc cht lng Mc (im) MOS
Xut sc 5
1
n tt nghip
Tt 4
Bnh thng 3
Ngho 2
Ti 1
i vi dch v VoIP khi mng truyn dn l mng IP, cc tham s hay cc yu
t nh hng trc tip n cht lng dch v v cn c a ra cc ch s gii hn l
Bng thng.
Tr.
Jitter (Bin ng tr).
Mt thng tin.
Ting di.
tin cy.
T chc ITU pht trin m hnh E trong khuyn ngh G107 nh gi cht
lng dch v ca mng VoIP. M hnh E chng minh c tnh u vit ca n
trong vic thit lp k hoch truyn dn trong thc t. Kt qu ca m hnh E l mt gi
tr truyn dn chung gi l Transmission Rating Factor (R) th hin cht lng m
thoi gia ngi ni v ngi nghe. R dao ng t 1 n 100 tu thuc vo cc s
mng c th. Gi tr R cng ln th mc cht lng dch v cng cao. i vi dch v
thoi qua IP, m hnh E l mt cng c c lc nh gi cht lng dch v. M
hnh E c th c s dng hiu cc c im ca mng v thit b nh hng nh
th no n cht lng thoi trong mng VoIP. M hnh E to ra s suy gim R cho cc
loi mng khc nhau v cc thit b khc. Cc yu t nh hng n s suy gim R l
loi m ho, tr, ting di, mt gi, v thut ton m ho thng tin. Gi tr u ra ca
m hnh E c th chuyn thnh gi tr MOS tng ng nh gi cht lng dch v.
Bng 3.2: nh ngha cc loi cht lng truyn dn thoi.
Gi tr R
Loi cht lng truyn
dn thoi
Mc hi lng ca ngi s dng
90 R < 100
Tt nht Rt hi lng
80 R <90
Mc cao Hi lng
70 R <80
Mc trung bnh Mt s ngi khng hi lng
60 R <70 Mc thp Nhiu ngi khng hi lng
1
n tt nghip
50 R <60
Mc ngho
Hu nh tt c khng hi lng
Ch : Vi gi tr R nh hn 50 khng c khuyn ngh
3.2 Cht lng dch v trong VoIP
3.2.1 Cht lng dch v QoS
QoS c hiu mt cch n gin l kh nng ca mng lm th no m
bo v duy tr cc mc thc hin nht nh cho mi ng dng dch v theo nh yu cu
m ngi s dng ch ra.
QoS l c tnh c th iu khin v hon ton xc nh i vi cc tham s c
kh nng nh lng.
M hnh tham kho cho QoS
Mng A Mng B
u cui u cui

QoS QoS
node I node N
1 N
n tt nghip
QoS Mng A QoS Mng B
QoS end-to-end
Hnh 3.1 M hnh tham kho cho cht lng dch v end-to-end.
M hnh tham kho QoS end-to-end thng c mt hoc vi mng tham gia, mi
mng li c th c nhiu node.
Mi mng tham gia ny c th a vo tr, tn tht hoc li do vic ghp
knh, chuyn mch hoc truyn dn v th n nh hng ti QoS.
Hn na, cc bin ng thng k lu lng xut hin trong mng cng
c th gy tn tht do trn b m hoc do cc lin kt ni cc node
mng b nghn.
Mng c th thc hin nh hnh gia cc node hay gia cc mng ti
thiu ho tch lu trong bin ng tr v tn tht.
V nguyn tc, ngi s dng khng cn bit c tnh k thut ca cc
mng tham gia min l mng chuyn c lu lng m bo QoS end-
to-end.
Cht lng dch v ph thuc vo tnh kt hp ca nhiu yu t: cc thnh phn
mng, c ch x l hai im u cui, c ch iu khin trong mng. i vi cc
thnh phn mng (c s h tng vt l) thng thng c 3 thnh phn quan trng: thit
b u cui, phng tin truyn dn v thit b chuyn mch (cc thit b trung chuyn
trn mng). i vi mi phn c cc yu cu v QoS tng ng. Nhn chung QoS c
cc User hai u cui truyn thng quyt nh. Nh cung cp dch v s nm bt
c nh gi QoS thng qua kin khch hng MOS.
Vi cc loi mng khc nhau th vic x l thng tin v yu cu v cht lng
dch v cng c nhng c im khc nhau: PSTN, ISDN, ATM,...lin quan n truyn
d liu/thoi/video...vi kiu truyn chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi...Vi PSTN
thi gian thc l quan trng (c tr), ting vng v t l BER v ch yu dch v trn
PSTN l thoi, cn i vi cc mng gi th li ch n bng thng, tr,bin ng tr
v cc c ch iu khin trong mng...
VoIP QoS: VoIP l s tch hp truyn thoi ttrn nn IP. Nu ch da trn
Internet l mng best effort th r rng k thut VoIP khng c vn QoS thc s
n tt nghip
no (khng m bo v cht lng cng nh phn bit v cc loi hnh lu lng
truyn qua mng ny). Thc t, VoIP truyn thoi nn phi m bo thi gian thc,
phi cung cp c mc cht lng dch v tng ng vi mc cht lng c
mng truyn thng PSTN cung cp.
3.2.2 Cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng thoi trong VoIP
Cht lng thoi b nh hng trc tip bi nhiu yu t, c th chia lm 6
chiu hng QoS nh hng n u cui s dng sau:
kh dng (Availability): yu t suy hao thit b v n nh.
Bng thng (c loi tho thun v burst).
Ting vng.
Tr (delay or latency): tr x l, gi ho, truyn dn ni tip, b m v
hng i, chuyn mch...
Bin ng tr: gm jitter v Wander.
Tn tht (mt) gi hay t l li bit BER.
3.2.2.1 n nh
n nh cng l mtyu t quan trng nh hng n cht lng dch v.
Ngi s dng quen s dng mng PSTN truyn thng vi n nh rt cao.
Mng PSTN c kh nng truyn cuc gi c ngy ln m v vo tt c cc ngy trong
nm do mng VoIP hin i cng phi p ng c n nh tng t. Mt nm
c 60*60*24*365 hay 31.536.000 giy. Gi thit mt mng kh dng 99% thi gian th
s gi mng khng s dng l 87,6 gi, khong thi gian ny l tng i ln. Nu gi
tr kh dng l 99,99% th thi gian mng khng hot ng ch l 50 pht mt nm.
Tt nhin nh cung cp dch v cn c nhiu c ch d phng v khc phc li m
bo iu ny.Bng sau ch ra tnh sn sng ca mng v thi gian ngng hot ng:
Bng 3.2: Tnh sn sng ca mng.
Tnh sn sng ca mng
Tng thi gian ngng hot ng trong
mt nm
99% 3.65 ngy
99.5% 1.825 ngy
99.9% 8.76 gi
99.95% 4.38 gi
99.99% 52.56 pht
99.995% 26.28 pht
n tt nghip
99.999% 5.25pht

Ngy nay, thng s QoS kh dng ca mng thng vo khong 99,995%, hay
khong 26 pht ngng hot ng trong mt nm, kt ni khi phc nh hn 4 gi.
Cng c s khc nhau gia kh dng v tin cy ca mng t gc nhn ca tng
ngi s dng v t gc nhn mng tng th. Thng s QoS kh dng thng c quy
cho mi v tr hoc lin kt ring l. Mt ngi s dng kh tnh c th than phin rng
mt lin kt ch sn sng 99,7% trong thng s c nhc nh rng mng s p ng
99,99% sn sng nh c qung co v ha hn l p dng cho ton b mng.
3.2.2.2 Bng thng
L tc truyn thng tin (tnh bng KB/giy, MB/giy). Bnh thng trong
mi trng mng LAN, bng thng cng ln cng tt.
Rt nhiu mng s liu khng c thit k cho nhu cu bng tn theo thi gian
thc ca tn hiu thoi. Cc mng ny thng thng khng yu cu cc dng d liu
gi ho phi ti ch trong mt khung thi gian hp (vi tr tng i thp). Khi
dch v thoi c trin khai trn cc h thng mng ny, mt s cc phng php
c thc hin nhm m bo vic truyn dn thoi theo thi gian thc, tuy vy cht
lng thoi vn s b nh hng mt khi cc c ch ny hot ng khng nh mong
mun. Mc d tn hiu thoi ch yu cu mt bng tn tng i thp nhng n i hi
phi c tnh n nh cao v trc tip.
Tuy nhin, trong mt mng tch hp d liu v thoi, ta phi quyt nh xem
mi dch v phi s dng bao nhiu bng thng. Nhng quyt nh ny da trn vic
xem xt cn thn s u tin v bng thng sn c. Nu ta dnh cho dich v thoi qu t
bng thng th cht lng thoi l khng chp nhn c. Hay ni mt cch khc th
cc dch v thoi khng th chp nhn bng thng nh nh lu lng ca Internet.
Nu mng VoIP cng s dng cng mt b m ho nh mng PSTN hin nay
th bng thng dnh cho dch v thoi s cn ln hn c bng thng c s dng trong
mng PSTN. Bi trong mng VoIP, phn mo u trong cc giao thc l rt nhiu. V
d, ta phi cn mt tc STM-4 (622,08 Mbps) hoc cao hn na h tr cho hng
nghn cuc gi.
n tt nghip
Tuy nhin, mng VoIP li thc hin vic nn thoi v trit khong lng gim
bng thng hn so vi mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng. Bng thng ca mng
VoIP c th thay i so vi mng TDM c kch thc knh c nh.
Vic xc nh bng thng cho mng da trn s cuc gi trong gi cao im.
Bt c vic ghp bng thng no u c th lm gim cht lng thoi. Ngi ta phi
dnh ring bng thng cho bo hiu m bo cc cuc gi u c thc hin v
gim vic ngt qung dch v.
Bng thng dnh cho bo hiu thay i tu theo s lng cuc gi v giao thc
bo hiu c s dng. Nu c rt nhiu cuc gi vi thi gian ngn th bng thng
nh cn cho bo hiu phi ln. Bng thng ln nht m mt giao thc bo hiu IP cn
c phi bng 3% ca tt c lu lng ti. v d, bng thng bo hiu cho 2000 cuc
gi trong 1 giy l xp x 4,8 Mbps (3 % x 160 Mbps).
Nh vic tnh ton bng thng cho ti v bo hiu, ngi ta c th p ng c
cho 2000 cuc gi c m ho theo chun G.711 vi bng thng ln nht l 164,8
Mbps. y l gi tr bng thng ln nht theo l thuyt cho trng hp trn. Nu cc
tham s nh phng php m ho thoi, s cuc gi, tc gi tin c to, cch nn
v vic s dng b trit ting vng thay i th yu cu v bng thng cng thay i
theo.
3.2.2.3 Ting vng
Ting vng trong thoi to ra khi ngi ni nghe thy chnh ting ni ca mnh.
Trong mng VoIP thng thng, khi chc nng gi ho s c t gia hai on
truyn dn analog. Giao tip gia phn analog v mng VoIP l cc Gateway VoIP.
Gateway ngun v ch thng tin vi nhau qua mng IP, tr truyn gi qua mng ny
c th ln hn 30 ms. Chnh s pha trn cc thit b s v cc thit b analog trong kt
ni thoi l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra ting vng pha ngi ni.
Ngi s dng A Ting ca A Ngi s dng B
Tx Rx
Ting ca B
Rx Tx
Mng thoi
n tt nghip
Ting vng ca A
Hnh 3.2 Ting vng trong mng thoi.
3.2.2.4 Tr
Tr l thi gian truyn trung bnh ca dch v t im vo n im ra khi
mng. C nhiu dch v c bit l cc dch v thi gian thc nh truyn thng thoi b
nh hng rt ln bi tr qu ln v khng cn thit. Nu tr vt qu 200ms th ngi
s dng s thy s ngt qung v nh gi cht lng thoi mc thp.
Khi thit k bt k mt mng gi no truyn thng tin thoi th x l tr lun
lun l mt khu quan trng. Vic tnh ton tr mt cch chnh xc s gip cc nh
cung cp dch v thoi gim st c cht lng truyn dn trn mng v a ra cc
gii php hp l khc phc.
Tr trong mng thoi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh thut ton m ho, li, mt
khung, thit bITU nghin cu tr mng cho cc ng dng thoi trong khuyn
ngh G114. Khuyn ngh ny nh ngha 3 tng tr mt chiu nh sau:
Bng 3.4: nh ngha cc tng tr mt chiu.
Khong thi gian tr M t c im
0 - 150 ms
Chp nhn cho hu ht cc ng dng
ngi d ng
150 ms- 450 ms
C nh hng n cht l ng truyn
dn i v i cc ng dng. Nh qun
l mang c thcung cp cc mc gi i
hn
> 450 ms
Khng thchp nhn cho cc mc
ch khoch mng chung. Tuy nhin
trong mt s trng h p c thc th
s l nh l mt gi i han tr.
n tt nghip
Cc gii hn ny c khuyn ngh dng cho cc nh qun l mng quc t, do
yu cu nghim ngt hn cc mng thoi ring r. Vi cc mng ring, tr 200ms
l hp l v 250ms l gii hn.
C hai loi tr khc nhau: Tr c nh v tr thay i.
Thnh phn tr c nh bao gm cc thnh phn tr c them vo trc tip trn
mt kt ni tng.
Thnh phn tr thay i bao gm cc thnh phn ny sinh trong cc hng i
trong nhng b m tn hiu trn cc cng ni tip kt ni vi mng WAN. Cc b
m ny to ra nhng thnh phn tr thay i hay chnh l Jitter, tr thay i c x
l bng cc b m loi jitter ti cc Gateway/Router ti u thu.
a. Tr Coder (Tr x l)
Tr Coder hay cn c gi l tr x l l thi gian mt b x l tn hiu s
DSP nn mt mu PCM cng vi thi gian tr thut ton ca Codec. Cng ngh x l
thoi ngy nay c nhiu b m ho khc nhau, mi b m ho li x l theo mt thut
ton nn v m ho khc nhau v tc x l thoi li khc nhau nn tr qua cc b
m ho c th cng khc nhau. V d thut m ho d on tuyn tnh m i s
(ACELP) x l mi khi thoi PCM trong vng 10ms.
B x l thut ton m ho d on tuyn tnh m i s cu trc tch hp (CE-
ACELP) c tr x l khong 2,5 n 10 ms ph thuc vo ti trng ca b x l tn
hiu s DSP. Nu ti trng ca b x l tn hiu s y vi 4 knh thoi th tr
x l c th ln ti 10 ms. Nu ch phi x l mt knh thoi th tr c th ch l 2,5
ms. Tuy nhin trong cc k hoch truyn dn phi s dng mc 10 ms tnh ton tr
cho b x l ny.
n tt nghip
Thi gian gii nn vo khong 10% thi gian nn cho mi khi mu PCM. Do
c nhiu mu trong mi khung nn thi gian gii nn tng ng vi s lng mu
trong khung. Do thi gian tr ca mt khung 3 mu l 3 * thi gian tr mt mu.
Thi gian tr tt nht v ti nht i vi cc b m ho c th:
Bng 3.5: Thi gian tr ca cc b m ho.
Tr thut ton:
Thut ton nn cn c vo c im ca tn hiu thoi x l cc mu thoi
vi mi mu th N s dng thut ton nn c th d on mu tip theo th N+1 nh
th no mt cch kh chnh xc. Vic x l ny cng gy ra tr gi l tr thut ton v
ph thuc vo di ca khi tin cn nn.
Tt nhin vic ny lp li nhiu ln v d nh cc khi N+1, N+2 ...Thng
thng vi mi cuc thoi n thm vo 5 ms i vi tr tng trn lin kt. Vi mi b
m ho khc nhau th s dng mt thut ton nn khc nhau do thi gian tr thut
ton vi tng b m ho c th cng khc nhau:
Tr thut ton i vi G 726 l 0ms
Tr thut ton i vi G 729 l 5ms
Tr thut ton i vi G 723.1 l 7.5ms
Ni chung thi gian tr b m ho c tnh nh sau:
Tr Coder = (Tr thi gian nn trn mi khi +Tr thi gian gii nn trn
n tt nghip
mi khi)* (S khi trn mt khung) + thi gian tr thut ton
Vi b m ho G729 ta c th tnh c thi gian tr codec = 10 +1*3+5 = 18 ms.
b. Tr do m ho
Cc b m ho thoi hin i hot ng da trn vic tp trung cc mu thoi
thnh khung. Mi khung tn hiu thoi u vo (gm cc mu thoi) c x l thnh
cc khung b nn. Khng th to ra cc khung thoi c m ho cho n khi tt c
cc mu thoi ca khung c tp trung y trong b m ho. Do c tr khung
xy ra trc khi vic x l bt u. Ngoi ra, nhiu b m ho cng xem xt cc khung
tip theo ci thin hiu qu nn. Chiu di ca qu trnh xem xt ny gi l thi gian
look ahead ca b m ho, lng tr ny cng l c tnh vo tr ca b m ho.
c. Tr m thit b u cui IP
Card m thanh v card in thoi trong my tnh c nhn PC thng c cc b
m kh ln to ra mt giao din tc c nh vi b bin i A/D- D/A v mt
giao din khng ng b vi lp ng dng.
Ngoi ra, b tng thch (adapter) mng v modem cng s dng b m
tng hiu qu truy cp mng. Cc b tng thch ny c ti u ho cho truyn thng
d liu- l mt ng dng m tr khng phi l vn quan trng. Song vi truyn
thoi, tr c nh hng rt ln n cht lng thoi th s ti u ho ny khng ph
hp.
Thm vo cc tr trn, cn c tr b m phn mm. Cc ng dng c th lu
tr mt lng ln d liu x l chng d dng v hiu qu hoc qun l jitter tr
trong gi tin thu c.
d. Tr m/gi ho H.323
Tr gi ho hnh thnh trong qu trnh to gi, tr m xut hin khi phn r
gi.Tr gi ho l thi gian cn thit thu thp y thng tin ca mt gi. Khi s
dng cc gi c chiu di c nh vi m ho dng khung, th khi gi ho c th c tr
thm vo nu nh chiu di gi khc vi chiu di khung ca b m ho.
Tr m l do qu trnh xp hng trong my thu v thng c s dng n
b jitter mng. Vic to li tn hiu thoi yu cu cc gi phi n cng lc song do tr
mng thay i nn my thu phi c b m lm tr cc gi n sm v ng b
chng vi cc gi n mun.
n tt nghip
e. Tr truyn dn mng
Tr mng l thi gian truyn dn cc gi qua mng n ch. Cc thnh phn
ca tr mng gm:
Tr truyn dn, to ra do vic gi mt gi qua mt lin kt (v d nh gi
mt gi c kch thc 256 byte qua mt lin kt c tc 64kb/s s cn
32ms).
Tr truyn lan to ra do s truyn lan tn hiu qua lin kt vt l. Tr ny
thng c b qua nu lin kt c chiu di nh hn 1000km
Tr node, l tr do b nh tuyn thc hin vic xp hng v x l cc
gi.
Tr giao thc l tr do cc c ch khc nhau ca mi giao thc, v d nh
giao thc TCP c pht li cc gi tin, hay tr truy cp mng (giao thc
Ethernet).
Tr Gateway to ra do vic lin kt gia cc mng phi c thi gian x l
ti Gateway.
Tr truyn dn mng c th c b qua trong mng PSTN, i vi mng IP tr
ny rt ln, do khng th b qua.
f. Tr tng trung bnh
Nhn chung tr tng bao gm tt c cc loi tr trn cng li, trong m hnh E tr
tng trung bnh t ming ngi ni n tai ngi nghe c c trng bi tham s tr
Ta. Hnh sau m t quan h gia tr tng v gi tr R trong m hnh E:
n tt nghip
600
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
T1211140-99
500 400 300 200 100
R
Absolute delay (Ta) in ms
Hnh 3.3 Mi quan h gia tr mt chiu tng v gi tr R trong m hnh E.
Theo th ny th gi tr tr khuyn ngh l t 300 n 350 ms v gii hn l
400 ms.
3.2.2.5 Bin ng tr
Bin ng tr l s khc bit v tr ca cc gi khc nhau cng trong mt dng
lu lng. Bin ng tr c tn s cao c gi l jitter trong khi bin ng tr c tn
s thp c gi l wander. Jitter ch yu do s sai khc v thi gian xp hng ca cc
gi lin tip trong mt lung gy ra v l vn quan trng nht ca QoS. Cc loi lu
lng nht nh c bit l lu lng thi gian thc nh thoi thng chu c jitter.
Khc bit trong thi gian n ca cc gi gy ra s ln xung trong thoi. Tt c cc h
thng truyn thoi u c jitter. Khi jitter nm vo khong dung sai nh ngha trc th
n khng nh hng thi cht lng dch v.
Jitter qu nhiu c th c x l bng b m, song n li lm tng tr nn li
ny sinh cc kh khn khc. Vi cc c cu loi b thng minh, cc h thng IP
Telephony/VoIP s c ng b lung thng tin bng cch loi b gi theo kiu la
chn, nhm trnh hin tng walkie-talkie gy ra khi hai pha hi thoi c tr ng
k. Jitter phi nh hn 60ms (60ms l cht lng trung bnh, 20ms l cht lng trung
k Toll).
3.2.2.6 Tn tht gi
Tn tht, hoc l bit hoc l gi, c nh hng ln vi dch v IP
Telephony/VoIP hn l vi dch v d liu. Trong khi truyn thoi, vic mt nhiu bit
hoc gi ca dng tin c th to ra hin tng nhy thoi gy kh chu cho ngi s
n tt nghip
dng. Trong truyn d liu, vic mt mt bit hay nhiu gi c th to ra hin tng
khng u trn mn hnh nht thi song hnh nh (video) s nhanh chng c x l
nh trc. Tuy nhin, nu vic mt gi xy ra theo dy chuyn, th cht lng ca ton
b vic truyn dn s xung cp. T l mt gi nh hn 5 % cho cht lng ti thiu v
nh hn 1 % cho cht lng lin i.
3.3 Mt s cng ngh o kim cht lng thoi hin nay
Theo phng php truyn thng, o kim cht lng thoi lin quan ti vic so
snh cc dng sng trn mn hnh, o kim t l tn hiu trn tp m v tng mo hi
(THD) gia chng. Nhng phng php ny cng cc phng php o kim tuyn tnh
khc ch thc s hu dng trong mt s trng hp nht nh do chng quan nim rng
nhng bin i trong dng sng tn hiu thoi i din cho nhng tn hiu mo khng
mong mun. Nhng phng php ny cng gi nh rng cc knh in thoi v bn
cht l tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin trong cc mng VoIP cng nh cc mng thoi gi khc,
c bit l khi s dng cc b m ha - gii m (Codec) tc bt thp nh G.729 v
G.723, c vic bo ton dng sng cng nh tnh tuyn tnh ca knh thoi u khng
c gi nh. Cc b Codec ny c gng ti to li m thanh ch quan ca tn hiu
hn l hnh dng ca dng sng m thoi. Nh trnh by, bn cht chui v nhy
cm vi thi gian ca cc mng chuyn mch gi yu cu cn phi c cc phng php
o kim khc thch hp hn. Cui cng do tnh quan trng ngy cng cao ca chng,
cht lng hot ng ca cc b hy ting vng, pht hin s tn ti ca thoi (VAD)
v cc qu trnh khc cn phi c o kim mt cch trc tip.
phn tch xem liu mt mng IP c th h tr VoIP hay khng th phi nh
gi tnh hiu qu QoS ca mng . c bit, nhng vn cn quan tm s nh sau:
- Mng c th phn bit lu lng VoIP vi cc loi lu lng khc nh th
no ?
- Trong trng hp tc nghn mng, t l mt gi ca thoi nh th no so vi d
liu ?
- Thi gian tr trung bnh m cc gi thoi phi chu l bao nhiu ?
- Jitter trung bnh bng bao nhiu ?
- Mng c th c m rng hay khng nu c mt s lng ln cc lung ?
n tt nghip
Hng lot cc php o th sau c thit k nghin cu phm cht ca cc
h thng u tin ho chung trong cc b nh tuyn. Hnh 2-13 trnh by cu hnh o
th.
Hnh 3.4 : Cu hnh o th QoS.
S dng thit b Smartbits, nhiu lung lu lng c xc nh v c
"tim" vo mng IP. Cc lung lu lng ny i din cho cc loi ti khc nhau.
Chng ch khc nhau a ch IP, cc s hiu cng, kch thc cc gi hoc t hp ca
cc yu t ny. Bng vic quan st u ra ca mng IP, ta c th quyt nh phi x l
cc lu lng khc nhau nh th no. Do vy, bng thng ca mt kt ni lin tip
c cu hnh l 500 kbps. Do lu lng i ti t mt ca Ethernet 10 Mbps cho nn
tc nghn bt u xy ra khi ti u vo vt qu khong 6% (im tc nghn thay i
tu thuc vo kch thc gi). Chng hn, bng vic s dng cc gi kch thc 200
byte - bao gm c phn mo u v FCS - tc gi ti a trn mng Ethernet 10
Mbps s l 5682 gi/s. Nu ti l 6%, tc khung s l 341 gi/s. Bng vic s dng
giao thc ng gi PPP trn mt tuyn ni WAN, tc bit s l 573 kbps ch hi vt
ra ngoi dung lng ca tuyn. im tc nghn s xut hin ngay khi cc khung di
hn c s dng). Nu bng thng WAN thay i, im tc nghn cng c th
thay i.
B nh
tuyn
B nh
tuyn
Tuyn ni tip vn hnh PPP
Bng thng = 500 kbps
10 Mbps
Ethernet
10 Mbps
Ethernet
SmartBits chy
ch ng ngi
Mng I P ang c o th
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.5: Cu hnh chng ngi
Trong vic nh gi cht lng sn phm thoi, vic o th bit mi sn phm
x tr nh th no i vi cc chng ngi l iu tng i quan trng. Hnh 2-14
trnh by cu hnh o th cho cc php o th sau. Mt my tnh chy phn mm IP vi
hai NIC Ethernet ng vai tr mt b nh tuyn "khng hon ho". N gi lu lng
t mt on ny ti mt on khc trong iu kin c thi gian tr, c mt khung v c
s bin thin tr, nhng c th iu khin chng. Mt my tnh Abacus c s
dng khi to cc cuc gi, to ra u vo thoi v o cht lng u ra thoi ti
u kia.
Phn mm IP c cu hnh vi mt khung 0%, 1% v 3%. Cc chun
G.711 v G.729 c s dng ti Gateway kho st xem mi thut ton m ha c
th i ph nh th no vi vic mt khung.
Bng 3.6 : Kt qu PSQM vi cc t l mt khung khc nhau.
Thut ton m
ha
Mt
khung
PSQM
Nh nht Trung bnh Ln nht
G.711
0% 0 0 1,6
1% 0 0,4 2,4
3% 0 1,0 2,9
G.729
0% 0,7 0,8 2,3
1% 0,7 1,3 2,9
3% 0,8 1,9 3,0
Vi 0% mt khung, G.711 c mt im PSQM bng 0 biu th mo tn hiu rt t
hoc khng c mo. Vi G.729, do tc bit l 8 kbps, n a vo mt mo tn hiu
Rout er Ro ut er
Phn mm I P
B nh tuyn
v i moun tho i
B nh tuyn
v i moun tho i
PRA PRA
Abacu s
n tt nghip
no ngay c khi khng c mt khung. Tuy nhin, nh hng ca mt khung ti c
hai thut ton m ha l c th so snh c. Mt khung 1% lm cho mt PSQM tng
ln 0,4 i vi G.711 v 0,5 i vi G.729. Tng t nh vy mt khung 3% lm
PSQM tng ln 1 v 1,1 tng ng cho G.711 v G.729.
Cng cc php o th nh vy c lp li mt ln na, ln ny s khng c
mt khung bi v cc chng ngi do tr khc nhau c a vo. u tin, c thi
gian tr 50 ms, v cui cng s dng mt Jitter 100 ms. Bng 3.7 tm lc cc kt qu:
Bng 3.7 : Kt qu o th.
Thut ton
m ha
Mt khung
PSQM
Nh nht Trung bnh Ln nht
G.711
50 ms 0 0,3 1,3
50 ms jitter 0 0,2 2,2
100 ms jitter 0 0,6 2,8
G.729
50 ms 0,7 0,8 2,2
50 ms jitter 0,7 0,9 2,7
100 ms jitter 0,7 1,3 2,8
Cc kt qu o th ny cho thy tr 50 ms v Jitter 50 ms c tc ng nh nht
ti im s PSQM (mc d trong php tnh im PSQM tiu chun khng tnh n tc
ng ca tr). Jitter 100 ms lm tng 0,3 v 0,5 im tng ng cho G.711 v
G.729. Cn gii thch r iu ny ch ra rng cc b nh tuyn buc phi cho
php mt mt s khung cng khng to ra thi gian tr qu ln bi b y cho Jitter.
3.3.1 o kim trung thc
3.3.1.1 MOS
Do bn cht khch quan c hu ca vic o kim cht lng thoi, mt phng
php o kim t nhin dng xc nh cht lng thoi l s dng mt s lng
ln ngi nghe nh gi cht lng thoi nh l mt phn ca qu trnh o kim c
iu khin tt v xc nh r rng. Li ch ca phng php ny l nh gi
trung thc c c trc tip t tng c nhn s dng in thoi. Mt li ch khc
l gi tr thng k c c t rt nhiu cc nh gi vin. Trn thc t c mt phng
php c s dng trong nhiu nm nay l MOS c miu t trong chun P.800
ca ITU-T.
Bng 3.8 : MOS ca cc chun m ha
n tt nghip
Chun m ha MOS
G.711 4,1 (64 kbps)
G.726 3,85 (32 kbps)
G.728 3,61 (15 kbps)
G.729 3,92 (8 kbps)
G.723.1 MP-MLQ 3,9 (6,3 kbps)
G.723.1 ACELP 3,65 (5,3 kbps)
Mc d c nhng li th ht sc r rng, MOS c mt im khc bit v mt bt
li ng quan tm: l n i hi phi tn nhiu thi gian cng nh n lc. Tp hp
hng chc hay thm ch hng trm ngi nghe ti mt phng th nghim o kim cht
lng thoi nh gi cht lng ca mt b sn phm thit b in thoi hay phn
mm dng nh khng phi l mt phng php hiu qu nht. Nhng iu kin ca
cuc th nghim phi c gim st v iu khin mt cch cht ch, kt qu o phi
c phn tch mt cch k lng v ton b qu trnh ny cn phi c lp li khi c
thit b mi hay phng php m ho thoi mi c pht trin. Do , lm sao
trung thc c th c o kim theo mt phng php c th lp li, khch quan, v
vi mt chi ph hp l?
3.3.1.2 PSQM
Mt trong nhng phng php l PSQM, c miu t r trong khuyn ngh
P.861 ca ITU-T. u tin c thit k nh gi cc b m ha - gii m thoi,
thut ton PSQM a ra mt phng php m qua tn hiu thoi trong bng tn t
300-3400 Hz c th c o kim mt cch khch quan cho mo, nh hng ca tp
m, v tnh trung thc ton cc trong nghe hiu. Nh vy hiu mt cch n gin,
PSQM l mt ngi nghe t ng.
PSQM nh gi cht lng ca cc tn hiu thoi theo cng cch m cc b
Codec m ho v gii m tn hiu thoi thc hin. N xc nh xem khi no th mt tn
thoi ring bit b mo da trn quan im ca ngi nghe, khi no th cm thy kh
chu v kh hiu vi mt tn hiu mo. lm c iu ny, PSQM s dng mt tn
hiu thoi r rng v so snh n vi mt phin bn mo t hn hoc nhiu hn vi
phng php trng s phc (complex weighting) quan tm ti yu t quan trng trong
nhn thc m thoi l g, v d nh sinh l ca tai ngi v cc yu t nhn thc lin
quan ti ngi nghe dng nh hay ch ti g. PSQM em li mt ch s tng i,
ch ra s khc bit gia tn hiu mo v tn hiu gc ng trn quan im ca ngi
n tt nghip
nghe thng qua thut ton. PSQM ch ra m thoi mo c cht lng tt hn hay ti
hn tn hiu nguyn thu. Vi PSQM, ch s mo a ra tng ng rt gn vi ch s
thng k ca mt s lng ln ngi phn ng trong cng mt tnh hung o kim (v
d MOS).
PSQM u tin c thit k c bit cho cht lng hiu ca m thoi khi b
nh hng bi cc b Codec nn thoi. Tuy nhin vi mt s tc ng nh mt gi xy
ra trn mng truyn s liu, khng c phn nh mt cch y trong cc ch s
PSQM. Do , mt phin bn tng cng cho PSQM gi l PSQM+ c pht trin
tng quan hn vi cc ch s MOS trong trng hp c nhng trc trc trong qu
trnh hot ng ca mng.
3.3.1.3 PAMS
Mt m hnh quan trng khc trong o kim trung thc trong nghe hiu,
c pht trin trong thi gian gn y l PAMS (H thng o kim phn tch tri
gic). PAMS s dng mt m hnh tri gic tng t nh PSQM v cng nhau chia s
mc tiu cung cp mt phng tin o kim khch quan, kh lp cho cht lng cm
nhn thoi. PAMS s dng mt m hnh x l tn hiu khc vi PSQM nhng hiu qu
hn cng vi cc dng ch s khc vi PSQM. N a ra mt "Ch s cht lng nghe"
v mt "Ch s cht lng n lc nghe", c hai u tng quan vi cc ch s MOS v
u trn mt thang o t 1 ti 5.
3.3.2 o kim tr
Nh cp, tr u cui - u cui c mt nh hng v cng quan trng ti
cht lng mt cuc m thoi. Nn nh rng, tr khng nh hng ti m thanh ca
mt cuc m thoi m nh hng ti nhp iu v cm nhn ca cuc m thoi. C
hai phng php chnh trong o kim tr trong mt mi trng thoi gi l: Acoustic
PING v MLS tng quan cho tiu chun ho.
Theo nh thit k, c hai phng php c s dng m bo vic o kim
tr l chnh xc v nht qun do tr c th thay i trong mt mi trng VoIP ng.
3.3.2.1 Acoustic PING
Acoustic PING s dng mt tn hiu m thanh kim tra cc ngn (narrow audio
spike) c truyn dn t u cui ca mt knh thoi ti u cui bn kia v o
khong thi gian ny. Phng php n gin ny tng i nhy cm vi tp m v
suy hao do tn hiu kim tra tht c th b che bi cc tp m khc trn knh truyn hay
n tt nghip
b suy hao qu nhiu dn ti khng th pht hin ra. Thm vo , do hp tng i
ca tn hiu kim tra khin cho n d b nh hng xu bi tnh trng mt gi (bn thn
mt tn hiu kim tra ch chim t 1 ti 2 gi). Acoustic PING cn phi c h tr t
cc phng php khc m bo chnh xc v n nh.
3.3.2.2. MLS tng quan cho tiu chun ho
MLS s dng mt tn hiu c bit c truyn qua mt h thng cn o kim.
Sau bng cc k thut x l tn hiu s, tn hiu thu c cng vi tn hiu ban u
cng c phn tch xc nh tr t u cui n u cui. Phng php ny c
gi l MLS tng quan cho tiu chun ho, s dng mt tn hiu o kim vi m
thanh rt ging vi nhiu trng, trn thc t n c rt nhiu cc c tnh ging vi
nhiu trng. Tuy nhin khc vi nhiu trng, tp m MLS (dy c chiu di ti a) l
mt mu tp m kh lp v kh on tng cng kh nng tnh ton phn tch.
S dng phng php ny, gi tr tr tnh ton thc ra l mt tp con ca thng
tin thu c. Tr tnh ton theo phng php ny chnh xc hn rt nhiu, em li kt
qu vi phn gii cao hn v kh nng chu tp m cao hn so vi cc phng php
m thanh.
3.3.3 o kim ting vng
Trong o kim ting vng, u tin cn phi xc nh c tnh ca cng
ting vng v tr ting vng. Bn cnh cng cn phi xc nh xem cc b hu ting
vng gii quyt vi ting vng c tt khng. Cui cng, s l rt hu dng nu nh gi
c mc kh chu m ting vng gy ra cho ngi dng ca h thng in thoi.
Cc kha cnh ny s ln lt c lm r di y:
3.3.3.1 Xc nh c tnh ting vng
Xc nh c tnh ting vng hu nh lun lin quan ti o lng cng
ting vng v tr ca ting vng. Nng lng m mt ting vng b suy hao ti tai
ngi nghe thng c gi l suy hao ting vng phn hi ERL. ERL l mt tham s
rt quan trng do rt nhiu cc b trit ting vng khng c kh nng lm vic vi cc
ting vng cha b suy hao mt mc nht nh no . Bn cnh tr ca ting
vng cng phi nm trong mt khung thi gian nht nh cc b trit ting vng c
th x l tn hiu mt cch hiu qu. ERL v tr ting vng l cc tham s cn phi cn
nhc trong thit k mng truy nhp v c mt nh hng su sc ti dng v cu hnh
ca b hu ting vng c s dng. Vic nm vng cc c tnh ting vng gip a
n tt nghip
ra c mt quyt nh ng n trong vic chn b hu ting vng hay thit k li
mng truy nhp gii quyt nhng vn tr c th ca mng.
3.3.3.2 S kh chu trong cm nhn gy ra bi ting vng
Tng t nh trung thc ca m thoi, y yu cu nhng thut ton c
bit c c mt kt qu o khch quan, tin cy v n nh. ITU-T nh ngha
mt s phng php o lng nhng c tnh ca ting vng: G.165 l mt thut ton
s dng nhiu trng, G.168 s dng nhng tn hiu kim tra tn s thoi. Tuy nhin
nhng phng php ny dng nh thch hp nht cho o kim ti phng th nghim
v khng ph hp cho cc b Codec tc bt thp, ti dng sng ca tn hiu thoi
khng phi lun lun c duy tr. Nhng bng vic s dng mt thut ton khch
quan, da trn nhn thc nh PSQM hay PAMS c miu t trn, chng ta hon
ton c kh nng nh gi c nh hng ca ting vng tc ng ln cm nhn v
cht lng thoi trn c mi trng phng th nghim cng nh trn cc mng VoIP
c trin khai.
3.3.3.3 Cc b hu ting vng
nh gi c cht lng hot ng ca mt b hu ting vng, nhn vin
o kim thng phi m phng cc hin tng ca mng truy nhp (tr ting vng,
ERL v p ng tn s) v qua xc nh kh nng khc phc v x l cc hin
tng ny. Cc tham s quan trng khi nh gi mt b trit ting vng l:
- Thi gian hi t (Convergence time): thi gian cn thit mt b trit ting
vng thch ng vi mng truy nhp ni ht v thc hin vic gim ting vng
mt cch thch ng.
- su hy b (Cancellation depth): s thu nh cng ting vng t c
(o lng theo db).
- Double-talk Robustness: o kim kh nng hu ting vng di iu kin c
hai u dy ng thi ni.
n tt nghip
CHNG IV
NH GI CHT LNG THOI TRONG MNG
VoIP BNG M HNH- E.
4.1 Gii thiu m hnh E
M hnh E l mt m hnh nh gi cht lng truyn dn cho in thoi cm
tay bng tn hp (300Hz n 3400Hz). M hnh c hnh thnh v pht trin t nhng
nm 1993-1996 bi mt nhm nghin cu ca t chc ETSI khi nghin cu v "cht
lng truyn thng thoi t ming n tai qua mng i vi my in thoi cm tay,
bng tn 3,1kHz". M hnh E c a ra ln u tin trong bo co ETR 250 [1] ca
ETSI vo nm 1996. Nhm Study Group 12 (SG12) ca ITU-T nghin cu v m
n tt nghip
rng m hnh, n thng 12/1998 ITU-T ph chun m hnh E thnh khuyn ngh
G.107 mang tn: m hnh E, mt m hnh tnh ton s dng trong vic lp k hoch
truyn dn.
Trc khi xut hin m hnh E c 4 m hnh tnh ton khc nhau d on
cht lng truyn dn t cc php o khch quan. Cc m hnh l [4]:
M hnh "Transmission Rating " xut pht t M v Canada
M hnh "CATNAP83" ca Bristish Telecom
M hnh "Information Index" ca Php
M hnh "OPINE" ca nhm NTT, Nht Bn
Bn m hnh ny c tng hp thnh c ch :"Transmission Quality
Index" . Cc m hnh u mang tnh n gin ho v ch c mt s tham s gii hn.
Trong , suy hao v nhiu l nhng yu t quan trng, ngoi ra khng ch ti nh
hng ca b m ho tc thp. Do ra i trc khi xut hin th trng vin thng
khng theo quy tc c, khi m cc nh qun tr vin thng c th iu khin mng ca
h trong tng chi tit mang tnh k thut ln, nn cc m hnh ny khng ph hp vi
cc mng hin i. M hnh E c pht trin hon thin hn. Cng s dng nhng
thut ton v khi nim trong cc m hnh trc, song m hnh E quan tm nhiu ti
tr, ting vng, qu trnh x l tn hiu s thay v suy hao v nhiu nh cc m hnh
trc y, do rt ph hp vi mng vin thng hin i.
M hnh E nh gi cht lng truyn dn thoi theo tham s truyn dn u ra
R. Tham s R c tnh ton da vo tt c cc yu t gy suy hao trn ng truyn.
T gi tr R c th d on mc hi lng ca ngi s dng dch v trong mng
hoc chuyn i sang mt s gi tr tng ng khc c s dng trc nh
MOS, GoB, POW.
Vi thut ton tnh ton da trn cc suy hao trn ton b kt ni, m hnh E
nh gi c mt cch ton din hiu nng ca mng, tng hp tt c cc yu t c
th nh hng n cht lng thoi m khng ch ch ti mt tham s ring l no.
Do m hnh E c bit thch hp cho cng vic lp k hoch truyn dn. Cng vic
ny c tin hnh bi cc nh thit k mng lp ra mt m hnh mng mi hoc
nng cp cc mng c. Khi m hnh E c s dng d on mc hi lng
n tt nghip
ca ngi dng i vi cc dch v do mng cung cp trc khi trin khai dch v
trn th trng. T c th iu chnh thit b cho cht lng truyn dn tt nht.
Cng vi s ra i ca m hnh E trong khuyn ngh ITU-T G.107 l mt lot
cc khuyn ngh khc c lin quan nh G.108: hng dn v m hnh E v vic lp k
hoch mng, G.109: nh ngha cht lng truyn dn thoi, G.113: Chi tit v cc
tham s truyn dn Vic s dng m hnh E l cn thit thit k lp k hoch
mng. Cc phng php nh gi cht lng truyn dn thoi truyn thng nh phng
php nh gi ch quan theo MOS khng xt n nh hng ca cc yu t gy suy
hao chnh trong mng nh tr, tn hao gi M hnh E c nh gi l mt cng c
ph hp nht trong vic tnh ton tham s truyn dn nh gi cht lng truyn dn
thoi.
M hnh E ngy cng c s dng rng ri hn trn th gii, ng thi vic
nghin cu v pht trin m hnh vn ang c tin hnh. Cc phin bn mi ca n
c a ra khc phc mt s nhc im nh phin bn vo thng 5/2000,
phin bn mi nht vo nm 2001. Hin nay, m hnh E vn ang c nghin cu su
hn c th p dng ph bin trong mng.
4.2 Cu trc v thut ton m hnh E
Nguyn tc c bn ca m hnh E da trn mt cu hnh tham kho v kt ni
in thoi t u cui n u cui (end-to-end), trong xut hin tt c cc tham s
truyn dn nh hng n cht lng thoi thu c.
n tt nghip

Hnh 4.1 Cu hnh tham kho ca m hnh E.
Cu hnh tham kho ca m hnh E nh trong hnh 4.1, trong chia kt ni
end-to-end thnh pha gi v pha nhn bng mt trung tm o gi l im 0dBr. M
hnh s nh gi cht lng thoi thu c ti pha nhn, tc l pha ngi nghe trong
mt cuc gi. y cng l pha phi chu nh hng ca cc loi suy hao trong khi ni
nh sidetone, nhiu phng, ting vng. Cu hnh tham kho ny gm mt mch vng 4
dy c th nhn bit c cc suy hao do ting vng b ni, ting vng b nghe.
Tham s ca mch vng gm c WEPL, Tr. Cc tham s SLR, RLR, v Nc c xc
nh ti im 0dBr. Nhiu phng P v h s D c phn bit pha gi v pha nhn.
Do cht lng thoi c nh gi ti pha nhn nn tnh n nh hng ca cc
loi suy hao n pha nhn, mt s tham s lin quan c xem xt ti pha nhn nh
STMR, LSTR v TELR. Tt c cc tham s u vo khc c xc nh gi tr cho
ton b kt ni. Hnh 3.7 ch r cc tham s u vo ny. Phn di y s gii thch
ngha ca tng tham s.
n tt nghip
Cc thut ng v tham s s dng trong m hnh E c nh ngha trong
mt s khuyn ngh loi P v loi G c lin quan n truyn dn ca ITU-T. Trong
[4]:
OLR (Overall Loudness Rating): Trong vic lp k hoch truyn
dn, Loudness Rating l mt php o xc nh suy hao cng , hay
cn gi l suy hao in-m (electro-acoustic loss) gia hai giao din no
trong mng (c tnh bng n v dB). Nu knh truyn dn chia
thnh nhiu on th LR ca ton mch s bng tng cc LR thnh phn.
Trong m hnh E, OLR l suy hao cng gia ming thu bao ni v
tai thu bao nghe trong kt ni.
SLR (Send Loudness Rating): L suy hao cng gia ming
thu bao ni v im 0dBr.
RLR (Receive Loudness Rating): L suy hao cng gia im
0dBr v tai ca thu bao nghe.
TELR (Talker Echo Loudness Rating): L suy hao tn hiu thoi
vng ca ngi ni n chnh tai h sau khi b tr qua mng.
STMR (Talkers Sidetone, Sidetone Masking Rating): L suy hao
cng tn hiu t ming ngi ni n chnh tai h qua ng
sidetone in.
LSTR (Listeners Sidetone Rating): L suy hao cng ca
nhiu phng n ti thu bao thng qua ng sidetone in.
Factor (D ): H s D l s chnh lch nhy (dB) ca
microphone gia m thanh thoi v cc ngun nhiu khc (nhiu phng),
D = STMR - LSTR. Trong m hnh h s D gm Ds v Dr: l h s cho
pha gi v pha nhn.
WEPL (Weighted Echo Pass Loss): S chnh lch tn hao cng
m lng gia tn hiu m thanh thoi trc tip ca ngi ni v tn
hiu thoi vng m ngi nghe nhn c.
n tt nghip
qdu (Quantizing Distortion Unit): L n v nhiu lng t, nhiu
ny sinh ra do qu trnh m ho v gii m PCM v ngc li. Mi ln
m ho y t tng t sang s v ngc li c coi l mt qdu.
Ie (Impairment equipment): L tham s suy hao thit b, tham s
c trng cho suy hao do qu trnh x l s gy ra, nh cc b m ho tc
thp.
A (Advantage factor): L h s tch cc
T (Mean one-way delay): L tr mt chiu gia pha nhn v mt
im trong kt ni m ti xy ra ghp tn hiu gy ra ting vng (nh
ti b hybrid).
Tr (Round-Trip Delay): L tr vng trn ch xut hin trong mch
vng 4 dy, ti xy ra s "phn x kp" gy ra cc suy hao do ting
vng b ni.
Ta (Absolute delay): L tr tuyt i, biu th tng tr mt chiu
gia pha gi v pha nhn.
Ps, Pr (Room Noise) : L nhiu phng ti pha gi v pha nhn.
Nc (Circuit Noise): L nhiu mch c tnh ti im 0dBr.
Mt s khi nim khc c lin quan:
+ dBm: L cng , hay mc ca tn hiu in c tnh theo 20lgP (dBm) vi
R
U
P
, trong U l gi tr hiu dng ca in th tn hiu [n v l V], R l tr
khng u cui [kOhm].
+ dBmp: L gi tr dBm c tnh ph hp vi c tnh tai nghe ca con
ngi cng nh nhy thu ca handset (c gi l yu t psophometrically-gi l
yu t p).
+ dBr, 0 dBr point(im 0dBr): im 0dBr l im m ti mc tn hiu
c coi l chun v c gi tr l 0 dBm. Ti cc im khc trong mng, mc tn hiu
c coi l c gi tr tng i, tnh bng dBr (ch r l relative). Trong cc mng hn
n tt nghip
hp, im 0 dBr c xc nh ti giao din gia hai mng. Nh vy, vi SLR v RLR
c tnh cho im 0 dBr th OLR l tng ca hai gi tr: OLR = SLR + RLR
+ dBm0, dBm0p: L mc tn hiu thc t c tnh n v khng tnh n yu t p
khi i qua im 0dBr.
4.2.1 Tnh ton gi tr truyn dn R
Nguyn tc c bn ca m hnh E da trn khi nim c thit lp hn 20 nm
trc y ca J.Allnatt v c s dng trong m hnh OPINE ca NTT, l [2]:
Cc yu t tm l trn cn cn tm l mang tnh cng
M hnh E l mt m rng ca m hnh "Transmission Rating" ca M v
Canada. N cng nh gi cht lng truyn dn bng tham s R, song c s khc bit
trong cu trc ton hc v bao gm cc c tnh t nhiu m hnh khc nhau.
Kt qu u ra ca qu trnh tnh ton l h s nh gi truyn dn R. y l
tham s kt hp nh hng ca tt c cc tham s truyn dn lin quan trong kt ni.
Gi tr R c tnh theo cng thc sau:
A Ie Id Is Ro R + (4.1)
Trong :
R
0
l t l tn hiu trn nhiu, nhiu bao gm cc ngun nhiu mch v
nhiu phng.
Is (synchronous): bao gm tt c cc suy hao xut hin gn nh ng thi
vi tn hiu thoi.
Id (delay): l suy hao gy ra bi tr.
Ie (equipment): l h s suy hao thit b, chnh l cc suy hao do codec
tc thp gy ra.
A (advantage): l h s tch cc b vo cc suy hao khc khi c nhng
tin b ca thit b truy nhp ca ngi s dng.
Cc gi tr R
0
, Is, Id trong m hnh E c chia nh thnh nhiu gi tr suy hao
khc nhau, c trnh by trong cc phn di y:
4.2.2 T l tn hiu trn nhiu R
0
T l tn hiu trn nhiu R
0
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
n tt nghip

) ( 5 . 1 15
0 0
N SLR R +
(4.2)
+ SLR c tnh ti im 0dBr trn ng truyn dn.
+ N
0
[dBmop] th hin tng cc ngun nhiu khc nhau, c tnh theo cng
thc sau:

1
]
1
+ + +
10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 lg 10
Nfo Nor Nos Nc
No
(4.3)
Trong :
+ Nc

[dBm0p]: l tng ca tt c cc ngun nhiu mch khc nhau c xt ti
im 0dBm.
+ Nos [dBm0p]: l nhiu mch tng ng im 0 dBr, gy ra bi nhiu
phng Ps pha gi v c tnh ton nh sau:

2
) 14 ( 004 , 0 100 + Ds OLR Ps Ds SLR Ps Nos (4.4)
Vi: OLR SLR + RLR.
+ Nor: l nhiu mch tng ng im 0 dBr, gy ra bi nhiu phng Pt
pha thu:

2
) 35 (Pr 008 . 0 Pr 121 + + e e RLR Nor (4.5)
Vi Pre l nhiu phng hiu dng gy ra bi vc nng cp Pr trong ng
sidetone ngi ni.
1
]
1
+ +
10
) 10 (
10 1 lg 10
LSTR
Pr Pre
(4.6)
+ Nfo [dBm0p] l nhiu nn pha nhn:

RLR Nfor Nfo +
(4.7)
Vi Nfor c t bng: 64 dBmp.
4.2.3 Tham s suy hao Is
Tham s Is l tng tt c cc suy hao xut hin gn nh ng thi vi qu trnh
truyn dn tn hiu thoi nh sidetone hoc nhiu lng t trong qu trnh iu ch
xung m. Tham s ny c chia nh thnh 3 tham s suy hao theo cng thc:

Iq Ist Iolr Is + +
(4.8)
n tt nghip
Trong Iolr th hin s gim cht lng do gi tr OLR qu thp v c tnh
theo cng thc sau:

1
1
1
]
1
'
,
_
+
8
8
1 20
8
1
8
X X
Iolr
(4.9)
Vi
X OLR No RLR + + 0 2 64 . ( )
(4.10)
Tham s Ist th hin suy hao do sidetone khng ti u:

Ist
STMRo STMRo
+

_
,
1
]
1
1
+

_
,
1
]
1
1
+ 10 1
12
5
46 1
23
36
6
1
6
10
1
10
(4.11)
Vi:

1
]
1
+

10 4 10
10 10 lg 10
TELR T STMR
e STMRo
(4.12)
Tham s Iq th hin nhng suy hao do mo lng t gy ra:
[ ]
Y
Iq 10 1 lg 15 + (4.13)
Trong
10
46
15
100 G R
Y
o

+
(4.14)

2
0602 . 0 258 . 0 07 . 1 Q Q G + + (4.15)

) qdu lg( 15 37 Q
(4.16)
Trong cng thc ny qdu l s lng qdu trong ton b kt ni gia pha gi v
pha nhn.
4.2.4 Tham s suy hao lin quan n tr Id
H s Id th hin ton b suy hao do tr ca tn hiu thoi, nh ting vng ngi
ni, ting vng ngi nghe hay tr qu ln. Id c to thnh t 3 tham s l Idte, Idle,
Idd:
Id Idte Idle Idd + + (4.17)
Tham s Idte l suy hao do ting vng b ni (Talker Echo) gy ra:

( )
T
Re Roe Re Roe
Idte
2
e 1 1 100
4
) (
2
1
1
]
1
+ +
(4.18)
n tt nghip
Vi:
) ( 5 . 1 RLR No Roe
(4.19)

) 14 ( 5 . 2 80 Re + TERV
(4.20)

2
3 . 0
6
150
1
10
1
lg 40
T
e
T
T
TELR TERV

+
+
+

(4.21)
Khi T < 1 ms, ting vng b ni nn c coi nh sidetone, tc l Idte 0.
Ngoi ra thut ton tnh ton ny cng xt nh hng ca STMR n ting vng b ni.
Nu nh gi tr STMR thp th c th c mt s nh hng khng r rng (b che khut)
n ting vng ngi ni, cn i vi STMR qu cao th ting vng b ni c th ng
ch hn. Cc gi tr TERV v Idte c iu chnh nh sau:
Khi STMR < 9 dB: trong phng trnh (2.21), TERV c thay bng TERVs theo
cng thc:

2
Ist
TERV TERVs +
(4.22)
Khi 9 dB STMR 15 dB s dng cc cng thc t (2.18) n (2.21)
Khi STMR > 15 dB, Idte c thay th bi Idtes, vi:

2 2
Ist Idte Idtes +
(4.23)
Tham s Idle th hin cc suy hao do ting vng b nghe to ra, cng thc tnh
nh sau:
169
4
) (
2
2
+
Rle Ro Rle Ro
Idle (4.24)
Vi: Rle WEPL Tr + + 105 7 1
25
. ( )( )
0.
(4.25)
Tham s Idd th hin suy hao do tr tuyt i Ta qu di gy ra, tn ti ngay c
khi c iu khin ting vng hon ho.
Vi Ta < 100 ms:
0 Idd
Vi Ta > 100 ms:

( )
'
,
_
1
]
1
+ + 2
3
1 3 1 25
6
1
6
6
1
6
X
X Idd
(4.26)
n tt nghip
Trong :
X
Ta
_
,
lg
lg
100
2
(4.27)
4.2.5 Tham s suy hao thit b Ie
Tham s suy hao thit b Ie th hin cc suy hao truyn dn gy ra bi cc thit
b c bit nh b m ho tc bit thp, hay thit b ghp knh s: DCME (Digital
Circuit Multiplication Equipment). Thng thng tham s ny c tnh da vo cht
lng ca cc b m ho tc thp v khng lin quan n cc tham s u vo khc.
Chng ph thuc vo kt qu th nghim ch quan l im s kin bnh qun ca
khch hng (MOS) cng nh kinh nghim mng li. Gi tr Ie c cho trong ph lc
I khuyn ngh G.113.
4.2.6 Tham s tch cc A (Advantage factor)
Tham s A l mt khi nim hon ton mi v cha c s dng trong cc m
hnh tnh ton trc y. N c mt ngha c bit khng lin quan n cc tham s
truyn dn khc. Tham s th hin u im ca vic truy nhp m mt h thng no
c th c c truyn thng. V khi nim "cht lng cao" lin quan n s
mong i ca khch hng c p ng nh th no. Do , cht lng truyn dn ca
ton b kt ni do ngi dng nhn bit c cn chu nh hng bi vic thit lp kt
ni l d hay kh. Trong mt s hon cnh c th, h thng khng dy c u im hn
so vi h thng c dy khi cn thit lp kt ni. V cc u im ny c th n b c
cc nh hng ch quan ca mt s sai st do truyn dn thoi. V d nh cc kt ni
in thoi di ng hay cc kt ni qua v tinh ti cc vng xa m con ngi kh c th
ti c, khi lp t bng h thng c dy s l rt kh khn. Tham s A phn nh
cc u im ny v c tnh vo cht lng thoi ton tuyn. Cc gi tr ca tham s
A c cho trong khuyn ngh G.133 nh bng 4.1.
Ch : Vic s dng tham s A v la chn gi tr ca n trong mt ng dng
no l do nh lp k hoch quyt nh. Tuy nhin cc gi tr trong bng 4.1 nn c
xem xt nh l gii hn trn.

n tt nghip
Bng 4.1: Tham s u tin A.
H thng truyn thng Gi tr cc i ca A
Thng thng (c dy) 0
Di ng trong mt to nh vi mng t bo 5
Di ng trong vng a l hoc ang di chuyn
trong mt phng tin giao thng.
10
Truy nhp ti cc v tr kh t n c v d
nh kt ni v tinh.
20
4.2.7 Cc gi tr mc nh
Tt c cc gi tr u vo s dng trong m hnh E u c lp gi tr mc
nh nh ch ra trong bng 4.2. Cc gi tr mc nh ny c khuyn ngh s dng cho
nhng tham s khng thay i trong qu trnh tnh ton lp k hoch. Nu tt c cc
tham s u c t gi tr mc nh th kt qu tham s R s rt cao, xp x l
94.2.
Bng 4.2: Cc gi tr mc nh v khong cho php ca cc tham s.
Tham s Vit
tt
n
v
Gt
mc
nh
Khong
cho php
Ch
Sending Loudness Rating SLR dB +8 0 ... +18 Ch 1
Receiving Loudness Rating RLR dB +2
5 ... +14
Ch
1
Sidetone Masking Rating STM
R
dB 15 10 ... 20 Ch 2
Listener Sidetone Rating LSTR dB 18 13 ... 23 Ch 2
D-Value of Telephone, Send
Side
Ds 3 3 ... +3 Ch 2
D-Value of Telephone Receive
Side
Dr 3
3 ... +3
Ch 2
Talker Echo Loudness Rating TELR dB 65 5 ... 65
Weighted Echo Path Loss WEP
L
dB 110 5 ... 110
Mean one-way Delay of the T msec 0 0 ... 500
n tt nghip
Echo Path
Round Trip Delay in a 4-wire
Loop
Tr msec 0 0 ... 1000
Absolute Delay in echo-free
Connections
Ta msec 0 0 ... 500
Number of Quantization
Distortion Units
qdu 1 1 ... 14
Equipment Impairment Factor Ie 0 0 ... 40
Circuit Noise referred to 0 dBr-
point
Nc dBm0
p
70 80 ... 40
Noise Floor at the Receive Side Nfor dBmp
64
Ch 3
Room Noise at the Send Side Ps dB(A) 35 35 ... 85
Room Noise at the Receive Side Pr dB(A) 35 35 ... 85
Expectation Factor A 0 0 ... 20
Ch 1: Gi tr tng gia microphone hoc my thu v im 0 dBr
Ch 2: Biu thc lin h : LSTR = STMR + D.
Ch 3: Hin ang c nghin cu.
4.3 Kt qu nh gi cht lng truyn dn theo m hnh E
Tham s u ra m hnh E l tham s R. Theo kt qu tnh ton, gi tr R nm
trong di t 0 n 100. Trong R = 0 th hin cht lng rt thp v R = 100 th hin
cht lng rt tt. Da vo tham s R, ta c th nh gi cht lng truyn dn thoi.
Khuyn ngh ITU-T G.109 [3] nh ngha cc loi cht lng truyn dn thoi ng
vi cc mc hi lng ca ngi s dng (User satisfaction) theo tham s R nh bng
4.3.
Nh vy, ng vi R t 50 n 100 c 5 loi cht lng thoi, vi R nh hn 50
th khng c khuyn ngh s dng trong mng.
Ngoi ra, gi tr R c th chuyn i sang cc thng s nh gi cht lng khc
nh: GoB (Good or Better: tt hoc tt hn), PoW (Poor or Worse: Ti hay ti hn).
Cng thc chuyn i gia cc thng s da vo hm Gauss nh sau:

x t
dt e x E
2
2
2
1
) (
(4.28)
n tt nghip
%
16
60
100

,
_
R
E GoB
(4.29)
%
16
45
100

,
_
R
E PoW
(4.30)
Thng s MOS (Mean Opion Score: im s kin bnh qun khch hng) cng
c th t c t tham s R theo cc cng thc sau:
R<0: MOS = 1
0 < R < 100 : MOS = 1+ 0,035R +R(R-60)(100-R).7.10
-6
(4.31)
R > 100 : MOS = 4,5
Bng 4.3: nh ngha cc loi cht lng truyn dn thoi.
Gi tr R Loi cht lng truyn dn
thoi
Mc hi lng ca ngi s dng
90 R < 100
Best Rt hi lng
80 R < 90 High Hi lng
70 R < 80 Medium Mt s ngi khng hi lng
60 R < 70
Low Nhiu ngi khng hi lng
50 R < 60
Poor Hu nh tt c khng hi lng
Ch : Vi gi tr R nh hn 50 khng c khuyn ngh
Hnh 4.2 th hin hm s ph thuc GoB, PoW vo tham s R. Theo kt qu
trong hnh th khi R tng GoB tng rt nhanh, PoW gim [2].
Hnh 4.3 th hin hm s ph thuc MOS vo tham s R. Bad, poor, fair, good,
excellent l 5 mc ca MOS ng vi cc thang im t 1 n 5.
n tt nghip
T1207870-96
POW
GOB
99
98
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
2
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 R
%
Hnh 4.2 GoB v PoW l mt hm s ca R.
n tt nghip
T1207880-96
0 20 40 60 80 100 R
MOS
Excellent 5
Good 4
Fair 3
Poor 2
Bad 1
Hnh 4.3 MOS l mt hm s ca R.
Trong mt s trng hp, ngi lp k hoch truyn dn c th khng quen s
dng tham s R nh gi cht lng truyn dn. Khi h c th s dng mt trong
cc tham s trn da vo hnh 4.4. Hnh 4.4 nu ra cc mc tng ng ca cc tham s
u ra m hnh E v cc loi cht lng thoi c khuyn ngh. Ch l vi R nh
hn 50 l vng khng c khuyn ngh cho cht lng truyn dn thoi.
n tt nghip
Hnh 4.4 Mi quan h gia tham s u ra ca m hnh E v cc loi cht lng
truyn dn thoi.
4.4 Mt s phong php ci thin QoS trong mng VoIP
Do c im ca loi hnh dch v lu lng thoi IP cn c h tr cc bin
php tng cng mc QoS m bo vic tho mn cho cc yu cu t pha ngi s
dng. C nhiu phng php h ttr cht lng dch v trong mng VoIP.
Ngoi cc bin php t pha ngi s dng nh tng cng thng minh ca
cc thit b u cui, s dng dch v vo nhng thi im hp l th v pha mng
ngi ta khuyn ngh s dng mt s phng php.
4.4.1 Tc truy nhp cam kt (CAR: Committed Access Rate)
Phng php ny l mt chc nng ca b nh tuyn chuyn mch ca
Cisco. Cch tip cn c trng ca nh cung cp thit b c a ra y khng c
nhiu gii hn nh cm gic u tin, bi phn ln cc b nh tuyn trn mng u l
ca Cisco.
Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc b nh tuyn ca Cisco u c th chy trn
CAR. CAR gii hn lng bng thng s dng trn mt lin kt cho bt k ng dng
no. Theo trn mt lin kt T1, CAR c th gii hn truy cp WEB vo 50% ca
lng ny, 50% cho cc ng dng khc nh thoi. CAR khng thm QoS nhiu nh
n tt nghip
gii hn cnh tranh cho bng thng. CAR c th c b sung vo mt b nh tuyn
truy nhp v ci thin ng k hot ng ca mng thm ch trong trng hp cc b
nh tuyn khc khng bit cht g v hot ng ca CAR.
4.4.2 Xp hng trn c s lp (CBQ: Class- Based Queuing)
Phng php ny l mt k hot cng cng- vng c Network Research
Group ti Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory xut. Theo mi ngi c t
do thc hin cng ngh qun l lu lng ny. CBQ nm lp 3 ca b nh tuyn kt
ni truy nhp ca mng LAN v mng WAN. CBQ chia lu lng ca tt c ngi s
dng ra thnh cc loi v n nh bng thng cho tng loi. Cc lp c th l cc lung
ring bit cc gi tin hay i din cho mt lot tng th ca ng dng, ngi s dng
hay my ch. Bn thn cc lp c th c xc nh bng cch kt hp a ch IP, cc
giao thc nh TCP hay UDP v cc cng i din tng ng cho cc ng dng nh
truyn tp tin, truy nhp WEB CBQ c th lm gim bt hiu ng c chai gia LAN
v WAN, iu ny rt linh ng v khng yu cu nhng thay i ln vi h tng
internet.
4.4.3 Lp dch v (CoS: Class of Service)
Trong phn ny, lp dch v c ngha l mt nhm ca mt hay nhiu gi tr
ca cc thng s QoS i din cho mt loi ng dng trn vn. Tuy nhin, CoS cng l
mt khi nim LAN mi c nh ngha trong tiu chun IEEE 802.1p. Tiu chun
ny c s dng to ra mng LAN o c th m rng cc vng kt ni trong mt
WAN song hot ng li nh mt mng LAN n l. CoS s dng 3 bit trong phn tiu
ca mt khung LAN. Cc mc CoS c th nh x vo cc mc iu khin dch v
(ToS) cu IP hay c h tr trong cc b nh tuyn vi mt s c ch khc.
4.4.4 Cc dch v phn bit (Diffserv)
DiffServ (Differentiated Service) c thit k gp tt c cc lung c cng
yu cu dch v vo nhau. V d: RSVP s d tr rng bng thng cho mt cuc gi
VoIP ring trong khi DiffServ li nhm tt c lu lng VoIP vo mt lung. Lung
kt hp ny nhn loi cht lng dch v tu theo u tin ng dng.
Khi c cu QoS nh DiffServ c s dng, n s hon chnh tnh linh hot
trong vic nh ngha loi dch v m c th c cp trong mng hi nhp thoi v d
liu. N c ngha l h thng qun l mng cp truy nhp ti cc c cu cho php
ngi s dng cui to ra cc lp dch v tu chn cho mi ng dng.
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K thut ny l mt k thut gn b cht ch vi VoIP v in thoi Internet v
c cng b rng ri. DiffServ nh ngha li 6 trong s 8 bit trong trng ToS ca
phn mo u trong gi IP cho php cc bit ToS c s dng phn bit cc ng
dng. 6 bit ny t hp ra 64 lp dch v, n i din cho cc loi ng dng khc nhau
v s c chun ho gia tt c cc ISP v c b nh tuyn. Chun DiffServ rt hp
dn, nhng tt nhin l tt c cc b nh tuyn phi hiu v tun theo cc loi QoS ca
DiffServ. DiffServ khng c cc m bo thc hin QoS hon ton. V d, DiffServ tt
nht c th lm cho VoIP l m bo rng cc gi thoi c xp hng u tin ti
cng ra.
4.4.5 Quyn u tin IP
Mt trong nhng vn vi QoS trn Internet l thng xuyn c nhiu ISP ch
quan tm n truyn gi IP t ni ny n ni kia. Mt ISP thng khng c mt cht
nim no rng lu lng no l quan trng khi n n t mt ISP khc. Quyn u
tin IP cho php 3 bit trong trung ToS cu phn mo u IP c t vi gi tr t 0
n 7. Khong ny xc nh quyn u tin ca cc gi tin khi n chuyn t ISP ny ti
ISP khc, vi 7 l quyn u tin cao nht. Theo , ISP tip theo c th x l gi vi
quyn u tin c cho bit. Phng php ny xung t vi phng php Diffserv
do trng ToS khc nhau v i hi tt c cc ISP phi hiu cch s dng cc bit ny.
4.4.6 Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (MPLS: MultiProtocol Label
Switching)
Phng php ny cng l mt chun ca IETF, nhng n c th hot ng d
dng vi cch tip cn DiffServ. DiffServ t ra mt c ch nhn bit CoS ca IP
nhng li mt khong hot ng li cho nh cung cp dch v. MPLS cung cp mt
c ch nh vy bng cch yu cu b nh tuyn tr thnh cc b chuyn mch lp 3.
C nhiu cch bin mt b nh tuyn thnh mt b chuyn mch lp 3, v mt cch
trong s l gn b nh tuyn vo mt mng ATM v bin i mt cch hiu qu b
nh tuyn thnh chuyn mch ATM. Trn c s mt phng php ca Cisco gi l
chuyn mch c, MPLS i hi cc ISP xy dng mt c s h tng MPLS mi x
l cc nhn v do gi c tt c cc c trng ca mt b nh tuyn IP v b
chuyn mch ATM trn thit b. MPLS s gii quyt c vn ring t v kh nng
m rng cng nh s dng knh o v cc b x l gi.
4.4.7 Xp hng theo VC
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Cc b nh tuyn thng c kt ni bi cc mng knh o (VC) nh l
Frame relay hay ATM. Nhiu nh cung cp thit b chuyn mch Frame relay v ATM
s dng mt b m u ra n cho tt c lu lng cho cng mt cng ra. Xp hng
theo VC s dng cc b m ring cho cc knh o. Mi b m c th c cp cho
mt mc u tin, do cc knh thoi v d c th c c quyn u tin hn cc knh
o mang d liu. Phng php ny khng thit lp mt quan h chc chn gia cc lu
lng IP v bn thn cc s lng knh o, do mc u tin lu lng cn phi c
xc nh bi cc c ch khc.
4.4.8 nh tuyn theo chnh sch
y l mt khi nim c cp n trong mt khong thi gian v cng
c xy dng thnh cc giao thc nh tuyn nh giao thc tm ng ngn nht
(OSPF). Ngi qun l mng phi quyt nh chn la mt hoc nhiu chnh sch
p dng khi cc b nh tuyn xy dng cc bng nh tuyn cho chng. Ly mt v d,
bo mt c th l mt chnh sch nh tuyn c th c s dng ch dn b nh
tuyn chn tuyn ng bo mt nht u tin (v d nh l lin kt c s dng m
ho) v t tuyn ng t bo mt nht lm la chn cui cng (nh cc lin kt trn
viba hay cc phng tin qung b khc). Mi mt chnh sch yu cu mt bng nh
tuyn ring v c duy tr bi mi b nh tuyn. Thng th trng ToS trong phn
mo u IP c s dng quyt nh bng nh tuyn c s dng cho mt gi c
th. c hiu qu, cc chnh sch phi c ng dng ph hp trn tt c cc b nh
tuyn v cng s dng mt nguyn tc.
4.4.9 Cc hng QoS
Cng c gi l cc hng lp dch v (CoS Queues), theo phng php ny
cc nh cung cp b nh tuyn v b chuyn mch thit lp mt s lng nh cc hng
i cho mi cng ra v chia lu lng ra vo nhng hng i trn c s QoS cn thit.
y l mt loi Xp hng theo VC khng c cc VC. Khng c VC xc nh QoS
cn thit, QoS yu cu phi c t cho mt lung gi c bit bng mt c ch khc,
v d dng trng ToS. ToS ny c th c s dng nh x gi vo mt lp QoS
ca mt h tng c s mng di. Cc b chuyn mch ATM thng c bn hng
i cho lu lng ra, nhng cp ca nhng hng i QoS dnh cho chuyn giao gi
IP ny l thuc v tin ch b gii hn, bi v tt c cc gi IP c xu hng ri vo cng
mt loi QoS ca ATM.
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4.4.10 Loi b sm ngu nhin (RED)
Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc xc xut ch dn mt b nh tuyn bt
u b qua gi tin khi vt ngng xp hng c thit lp trc. V d, mt b
nh tuyn RED c th bt u ngu nhin b qua cc gi khi mt b m ra t n 80
phn trm dung lng. Mc ch l ngn chn trn b m v kh nng b mt nhiu
gi c mc u tin cao ca cng mt ngun. Theo , khi bt u b nghn, thay v kh
nng b mt nhiu gi thoi, mt b nh tuyn RED c gng lm mt mt vi gi t
nhiu ngun khc nhau, v chng c th c mc u tin thp hn. RED c th kt hp
vi nhiu phng php khc v khng cn bt buc phi c s dng trn tt c cc
b nh tuyn th mi mang li hiu qu cao.
4.4.11 Giao thc d tr ti nguyn (RSVP)
Mc ch chnh ca RSVP (giao thc d tr ti nguyn) l m bo QoS u
cui-u cui (end-to-end) thng sut qua mng bng cch d tr bng thng cho cc
ng dng unicast v multicast trn c s cc lung ring bit.
Mt vi nm trc RSVP l phng php dn u b sung QoS vo mt
mng IP. Mt my ch IP h tr RSVP c th yu cu rt r rng cc gi tr thng s
QoS (64 kb/s, 100 ms tr n nh...) t mng, v cc b nh tuyn RSVP c th cung
cp QoS cn thit. Theo , cc yu cu RSVP thay i khng nhng trong cc b nh
tuyn m cn trong tt c cc my ch, khng ging nh hu ht cc phng php QoS
khc ch cung cp trong b nh tuyn. RSVP thc s d tr trc ta nguyn c yu
cu, do , v d mt lin kt 1,5 Mb/s c th cung cp ti 24 yu cu 64 kb/s v khng
hn. Trong RSVP thng bn nhn (ch) l thit b yu cu QoS, khng phi l bn gi
(khch). Khng c c ch no lm cho my ch tr li ti nguyn cho mng trong bt
k khung thi gian no, iu ny gy ra kh khn khi t t l RSVP vo mt mi
trng c hng ngn my ch ang cn bng thng. Hu ht nhng im quan trng
ca RSVP c chuyn vo DiffServ.
4.4.12 Kiu dch v (ToS: Type of Service)
Tiu IP cha trng 8 bit gi l kiu dch v c s dng ra mc u tin
ca gi trong mt vi phm vi QoS. Cc nh cung cp b nh tuyn thng b qua
ToS bi v phn mm thc hin trn my ch IP khng bao gi thc s t cc bit ny.
IP lun l c gng ti a, cho n khi mt s nh sn xut bt u s dng trng
ny cho mc ch ring ca h. Trng ToS c nh ngha li trong DiffServ.
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4.4.13 nh hnh lu lng (Traffic Shaping)
C nhiu b nh tuyn IP c lin kt vi nhau bng Frame relay v/hoc
ATM. Vi ATM, cc gi IP i vo mng ATM c nh hnh ti thit b truy nhp
ngn chn mt s bng n lu lng do nghn mng xng sng. nh hnh bao gm
chp nhn bng n t thit b vo, m lu lng, v sau san bng lu lng ra
theo kiu l phn b bng n trong mt khong thi gian di, khong thi gian c
t trn c s cc thng s cu hnh. Bng n lu lng qu mt gii hn nht nh th
s b thit b vo b qua, v gi tr gii hn vo ny cng da trn cu hnh. Trong
mng Frame relay, nh hnh lu lng l mt phn ca khi nim t l thng tin cam
kt (CIR: Committed Information Rate) v t l thng tin vt qu (EIR: Excess
Information Rate).
4.4.14 Xp hng hp l theo trng s (WFQ: Weighted Fair Queuing)
Phng php ny cng c th kt hp vi cc cng ngh khc v thng c
cp n trong cc tho lun v MPLS. WFQ gn vo bng thng mt ng dng nhn
trn mt lin kt u ra. Mi lung gi tin m WFQ c gn vo c m ring bit
v nhn bng thng bin i, trn nn tng trng s. V d, 100 gi d liu v 100 gi
thoi c th n ti hai cng trong cng mt khung thi gian v c xp hng vo
cng mt cng ra. Thng thng, cc gi s c xp hng cng nhau v c a ra
lin tip m khng quan tm n mc u tin. Tuy nhin, WFQ s xut cc gi thoi
trc v sau l cc gi d liu. Phng php xp hng ny l trng s trong thin v
cc gi thoi v vn hp l bi v 100 gi d liu vn c gi i trc bt k mt gi
thoi tip theo no.
Mi phng php u c nhng u khuyt im ring v ang tip tc c
hon thin. Phn tip theo y m t chi tit giao thc dnh sn ti nguyn RSVP l
mt phng php ang c s dng rng ri.
OGW TGW
Call Setup Initiated
SETUP

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CALL PROCEEDING OGWTGW
Reservation Initiated
PATH
OGWTGW
Reservation Initiated PATH
RESV
RESV
OGW Originating Gateway
RESV CONFIRMATION TGW Terminating Gateway
H.323 Call Setup Signating
RSVP Reservation initiated by TGW
ALERTING RSVP Reservation initiated by OGW
CONNECT
Call Connected
Normal Call RELEASE COMPLETE
Disconnect initiated
OGWTGW PATHTEAR
Reservation Teardown OGWTGW
Initiated
PATHTEAR
Reservation Teardown
PATHTEAR initiated
PATHTEAR

Hnh 4.5 Thit lp cuc gi cho php RSVP.
Mt phng php thng c s dng trong cc s VoIP bo m cht
lng dch v trong mc yu cu v cht lng dch v phi c m bo. Do
cc u cui in thoi IP hay cc Gateway thoi cn yu cu cc trm chuyn tip tn
hiu thoi trong mng cn m bo mc ti nguyn end-to-end cho cuc gi. Cc trm
cn gim st trng thi cuc gi cung cp ngun ti nguyn cho cc ng dng v
cuc gi khc. V nu ti nguyn d tr cho cuc gi n chp nhn cuc gi v m
bo bng tn yu cu cho cuc gi . Phng php ny gi l m hnh QoS dch v
tch hp. Giao thc s dng cho m hnh ny l giao thc dnh sn ti nguyn (RSVP).
RSVP c mt vi u im nh c th iu khin qun l cuc gi. Tuy nhin, RSVP
cng c mt vi khuyt im. Khi VoIP c trin khai ngay lp tc RSVP tr thnh
mt thnh phn cha kho cung cp s qun l v QoS cho cc lung thng tin cho
VoIP. Tuy nhin s trin khai ban u cho VoIP c hai gii hn. Gii hn u tin l
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chc nng iu khin xc nhn cuc gi (CAC: Call Admission Control) khng th
trin khai cng vi RSVP bi v qu trnh dnh sn ti nguyn khng ng b vi tn
hiu thoi. Mt cuc gi vn c th c thc hin nu qu trnh dnh sn ti nguyn
b li hay khng thc hin c. S dng RSVP cho VoIP yu cu ng b tn hiu
thoi vi tn hiu RSVP. iu ny lm cho qu trnh qun l phc tp thm mt cht.
S ng b ny m bo rng pha b gi ch c thng bo v cuc gi khi ti
nguyn c thit lp. S ng b ny cng m bo cho thng bo khi ti nguyn
d tr khng . Gii hn th hai l s dnh sn ti nguyn c th khng cung cp cht
lng tt nht trong sut thi gian xy ra tc nghn. RSVP to ra mt hng i dnh
sn cho mi lung lu lng trong h thng v m bo mt tr gii hn. Tuy nhin
cc hng i ny trong mt s trng hp khng th cung cp mc cht lng dch v
theo yu cu. Li ch ca vic s dng RSVP gi thnh (qun l mo u v nh hng
hiu nng).
Mt cuc gi phi bt u vi 2 s dnh sn ti nguyn c lp bi RSVP
khng cung cp cc dch v qun l v d tr bng tn song hng. Mi GW thoi chu
trch nhim cung cp thng tin lin quan cho GW kia v gim st trng thi ti nguyn.
Qun l bng tn cuc gi VoIP s khng th thc hin nu t nht mt trong cc qu
trnh dnh sn ti nguyn b hng.
Trong hnh trn mt GW ban u (OGW) thit lp mt cuc gi ti mt GW
cui (TGW). OGW gi mt bn tin SETUP H.323 ti TGW bt u cuc gi. Bn
tin SETUP ny s mang thng tin QoS m OGW chp nhn cho cuc gi n TGW.
TGW tr li vi bn tin H.323 CALL PROCEEDING. C hai GW ny s bt u qu
trnh yu cu dnh sn ngun ti nguyn bng cch gi mt bn tin RSVP PATH...Qu
trnh ny l c lp c hai pha. Cuc gi s khng th thc hin nu khng nhn
c kt qu thng bo qu trnh dnh sn ti nguyn thnh cng (khi TGW nhn
c bn tin RSVP RESV v bn tin RSVP RESV CONFIRMATION). Ti thi im
ny qu trnh thit lp cuc gi c tip tc v TGW gi mt bn tin H.323
ALRLETING ti OGW thng bo rng pha b gi ang trong trng thi Alerting.
Mt qu trnh gii phng kt ni thng thng din ra khi mt bn tin H.323
RELEASE COMPLETE c gi t mt pha no sau khi cuc gi c thit
lp. Ti thi im ny qu trnh gii phng ngun ti nguyn c thc hin bng cc
bn tin PATH TEAR v RESV TEAR.
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OGW TGW

Call Setup Initiated SETUP
CALL PROCEEDING
OGWTGW
PATH OGWTGW
PATH
OGWTGW
PATH
RESV
RESV
OGW Originating Gateway

OGWTGW RESV CONFIRMATION TGW Terminating Gateway
H.323 Call Setup Signating
RSVP Reservation initiated by TGW
Reservation Teardown RSVP Reservation initiated by OGW
Initiated RESV TEAR

Call Disconnect initiated
RELEASE COMPLETE

OGWTGW PATHTEAR
Reservation Teardown
initiated
PATHTEAR
PATHTEAR

Hnh 4.6 X l khi qu trnh thit lp RSVP b hng.
Nu t nht mt qu trnh dnh sn ti nguyn b li, cc GW thoi cn c cu
hnh li theo cc cch sau:
1. GW thoi c th thng bo cho User v cuc gi b hng hay chuyn
mch sang trng thi phn tn cuc gi.
2. Cuc gi c th c nh tuyn thng qua mt tuyn khc.
3. Cuc gi c th c kt ni vi QoS ti thiu.
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Trng hp cui xy ra khi pha b gi nhn c cc thng tin v kh nng
chp nhn mc dch v ti thiu trong bn tin H.323 SETUP.

KT LUN
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Th trng vin thng rng ln ang hng ti s tch hp dch v trong mt
thit b ngi s dng duy nht. lm c iu ny cn thay th mng chuyn mch
knh truyn thng bng mt mng gi linh hot hn trong vic trin khai cc dch v
mi. iu ny s cho php tit kim ti nguyn mng v gi thnh chi ph dch v cho
ngi s dng. Cng vi tc pht trin nh v bo ca cc cng ngh mi, cng
ngh VoIP ra i nh du mt bc quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin ca cng
nghip vin thng, l s kt hp gia tn hiu thoi vo mng nn gi thay cho mng
chuyn mch knh truyn thng. Nhng u im v gi c, dch v dnh c s
chp nhn ca ngi s dng trn ton th gii. Trong nhng nm qua, vic s ngi
s dng dch v Internet Phone trn th gii ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring tng vt
cho thy cng ngh in thoi VoIP s thay th dn cng ngh chuyn mch knh
truyn thng v dch v VoIP s l dch v c bn trong trong mng th h k tip. C
th ni vn c bn trong vic trin khai dch v VoIP vn l QoS, cc t chc vin
thng th gii vn ang tip tc nghin cu cc bin php nng cao cht lng dch v
p ng hon ton cc yu cu ca ngi s dng, v nu gii quyt tt vn ny
trong tng lai c th cc mng PSTN truyn thng c th c thay th hon ton
bng cc mng VoIP.
Mt ln na em xin cm n s gip quan tm ca gia nh, bn b v c bit
l s ch bo ca thy Nguyn Xun Hong em c th hon thnh tt n ny.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] ETSI ETR 250, Transmission and Multiplexing; Speech Communication quality
from mouth to ear for 3.1kHz handset telephony across network, 1996.
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[2] ITU-T Recommendation, G.107- The E-Model, a computational model for use
in transmission planning, 12/1998, 5/2000.
[3] ITU-T Recommendation, G.109 - Definition of categories of speech
transmission quality, 1999.
[4] IEEE Communication Magazine (1/1997).
[5] Tp ch bu chnh vin thng, Cht lng cuc gi trn mng VoIP, Lin kt
mng IP v mng PSTN, 8/2001, 9/2001.
[6] Ts. L Ngc Giao, in thoi IP, 10/2002.
[7] ITU-T, "Recommendation H.323: Packet-based multimedia communications
system".
[8] Prentice Hall, "Voice over IP", 2002.
[9] TS. L Ngc Giao, "C s thoi Internet", 2002
[10] Ks o Nguyn Trung, Ks L Quc Hng,"Cht lng cuc gi trn mng VoIP
- Nhng vn cn quan tm", "Nng cao cht lng dch v VoIP", Tp ch
bu chnh vin thng, 8/2001.
[11] Ths m Thun Trinh, "Nng cao cht lng dch v VoIP", Tp ch bu chnh
vi thng, 8/2001.
[12] Ks Nguyn Xun Lng, Ks Nguyn Thc Kin, "in thoi Internet - Internet
Telephony", Tp ch bu chnh vin thng, 7/2003.
[13] Nguyn Dng, "Lin kt mng IP v mng PSTN", Tp ch bu chnh vin thng,
9/2001.
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THUT NG V T VIT TT
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%GoB Percent Good-or-Better Phn trm s ngi nh gi cht
lng dch v tt hoc tt hn.
%PoW Percent Poor-or-Worse Phn trm s ngi nh gi cht
lng dch v km hoc km hn.
A Expectation (Advantage) Factor H s u tin
ACELP Algebraic Code-Exited Linear
Prediction
D on tuyn tnh kch thch theo
m
ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse
Code Modulation
iu ch xung m vi sai thch
nghi.
ADSL Asynmetric Digital Suscriber
Line
ng dy thu bao s khng i
xng.
ANSI American National Standards
Institute
Vin tiu chun quc gia M.
B-ISDN Broadband ISDN ISDN bng rng.
BRQ Bandwith ReQuest Yu cu bng tn.
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy cp theo m.
CELP Code Excided Linear Prediction M ho d on tuyn tnh.
CTI Computer Telephony
Intergration
Tch hp in thoi my tnh.
D D- factor H s D (D= STMR-LSTR)
DCME Digital Circuit Multiplication
Equipment
Thit b ghp knh s.
ECAN Echo Canceller B trit ting vng
EFR Enhanced Full Rate Codec B m ho tc tin tin
EL Echo Loss Suy hao ting vng
ERL Echo Return Loss Tn hao ting vng ti b hybrid
ETSI European Telecommunications
Standards Institute
T chc tiu chun vin thng
Chu u.
ETC Electrical Telecommunication
Company
Cng ty vin thng in lc.
ETSI European Telecomunication
Standards Institute
Vin tiu chun vin thng chu
u.
FTP File Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn file.
GCF Gatekeeper ConFirm Xc nhn gatekeeper.
GK GateKeeper Gatekeeper.
GQoS Guaranteed Quality of Service Bo m cht lng dch v.
GRJ Gatekeeper ReJect T chi gatekeeper.
GRQ Gatekeeper ReQuest Yu cu gatekeeper.
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet.
ITU International T chc vin thng quc t.
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Telecommunication Union
ITU-T ITU Telecommunication
Standardization Sector
Ngnh chun ho vin thng thuc
t chc vin thng quc t.
ISDN Intergrated Service Digital
Network
Mng s a dch v.
ISP Internet Service Provider Nh cung cp dch v Internet.
LAN Local Area Network Mng cc b.
LD-CELP Low Delay Code-Excited Linear
Prediction
D on tuyn tnh theo m c tr
thp.
LR Loudness Rating Tn tht cng m lng.
LSTR Listenners Sidetone Rating Tham s suy hao cng nhiu
phng qua ng sidetone.
Lu, Ll Electrical Loss (upper), (lower) Suy hao ting vng (ng pha
trn), (pha di).
Mbps Megabit per second Mga bt trn 1 giy.
MC Multipoint Controller B iu khin a im.
MCU Multipoint Control Unit Khi iu khin a im.
MP Multipoint Processor B x l a im.
MPLS Multi Protocol Label Switching Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc.
MTU Maximum Transfer Unit Kch thc ti a ca mt n v
truyn ti.
PCM Pulse Code Modulation iu ch xung m.
PLC Packet Loss Concealment Gii thut khc phc tn hao gi.
Po Room Noise Nhiu phng.
PSTN Public Switched Telephone
Network
Mng in thoi chuyn mch
cng cng.
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v.
qdu
qduu, qdul
Quantization distortion unit
qdu upper, qdu lower
n v nhiu lng t
qdu cho ng truyn v ng
thu.
RAS Register Admission Status Knh ng k, ng nhp, trng
thi
RLR Receive Loudness Rating Tn hao cng m lng gia
ming ngi ni v mt giao din
trong mng.
RTCP Real Time Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin thi gian
thc.
RTP Real Time Protocol Giao thc thi gian thc
SCN Switched Curcuit Network Mng chuyn knh.
SGCP Simple Gateway Control
Protocol
Giao thc iu khin gateway.
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SIP Session Initiation Protocol Giao thc khi u phin.
SPT Saigon PostTel Cng ty Saigon Posttel.
SS7 Signalling System No.7 H thng bo hiu s 7.
T Mean One-way Delay Tr mt chiu trung bnh.
Ta Absolute Delay Tr tuyt i.
Tr Round Trip Delay Tr vng (trong mch vng 4
dy).
Tl lower Mean One-way Delay Tr mt chiu trung bnh ng
pha di (ng v pha A).
Tu upper Mean One-way Delay Tr mt chiu trung bnh ng
pha trn (ng v pha B).
Tul upper=lower Tr trung bnh khi cho c ng
pha trn v pha di.
TCP Transmission Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin truyn ti
TIA Telecommunication Industry
Association
T chc cng nghip vin thng
VNPT Viet Nam Post and Telecom Tng cng ty Bu Chnh Vin
Thng Vit Nam.
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol Thoi truyn qua giao thc
Internet.
VAD Voice Activity Detection B tch thoi tch cc.
VSELP Vector Sum Excited Linear
Prediction
D on tuyn tnh kch thch theo
tng vect.
WEPL Weighted Echo Path Loss Trng s mt ng vng.
WFQ Weighted Fair Queuing Hng i thch ng theo trng s.
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MC LC
LI M U
L i m u ......................................................................... 1
Ch ng I ............................................................................ 3
T NG QUAN V D CH V VoIP ............................................. 3
1.1 Gi i thi u ........................................................................................................ 3
1.2 L ch s pht tri n VoIP ................................................................................... 4
1.2.1 u nh c i m c a VoIP so v i m ng i n tho i PSTN
truy n th ng ...................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Cc k thu t m ho v nn s trong VoIP ................. 7
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CH NG II ....................................................................... 10
CC GIAO TH C TRONG VoIP ............................................. 10
2.1 H th ng VoIP H.323 ..................................................................................... 10
2.1.1 Gi i thi u ................................................................ 10
2.1.2 L ch s pht tri n c a H.323 .................................... 10
2.1.3 S m ng l i ..................................................... 11
2.1.4 B giao th c H.323 .................................................. 12
2.1.5 Cc thi t b c u thnh h th ng H.323
........................................................................................ 15
2.1.5.1 Thit b u cui H.323 ............................................................................. 16
2.1.5.2 Gateway H.323 ............................................................................................... 17
a. Media Gateway: MGW ......................................................... 18
b. Media Gateway Controler: MGC ................................................... 20
c. Signalling Gateway: SGW ............................................................ 21
2.1.5.3 Gatekeeper H.323: GK ................................................................................... 22
2.1.5.4 Khi iu khin a im H.323: MCU .......................................................... 24
2.1.6 Ng n x p giao th c H.323 ....................................... 25
2.2 Giao th c kh i t o phin SIP .......................................................................... 26
2.2.1 Gi i thi u ................................................................ 26
2.2.2 Cc thnh ph n c a h th ng SIP ............................. 27
2.2.2.1 u cui thng minh SIP ............................................................................. 27
2.2.2.2 SIP Server ...................................................................................................... 28
2.2.2.3 SIP Gateway .................................................................................................. 28
2.3 So snh gi a H.323 v SIP ............................................................................. 29
........................................................................................................ 29
2.4 Cc lo i hnh d ch v tho i qua IP .................................................................. 29
2.4.1 Phone to phone ....................................................... 31
2.4.2 PC to phone ............................................................ 31
2.4.3 PC to PC ................................................................. 32
2.5 Gi i thi u v m ng VoIP Vi t Nam ................................................................. 33
2.5.1 T ng quan v m ng VoIP c a Vi t Nam ................... 33
2.5.1.1 Phn mm u cui ........................................................................................ 33
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2.5.1.2 Sn phm Gateway ........................................................................................ 34
2.5.1.3 Th trng kinh doanh dch v ...................................................................... 35
2.5.2 Th c tr ng tri n khai VoIP Vi t Nam ..................... 36
2.5.2.1 C s h tng mng thoi .............................................................................. 36
2.5.2.2 C s h tng mng s liu ............................................................................ 38
2.5.2.3 H thng mng truyn dn ng trc .......................................................... 39
2.5.3 M ng VoIP c a VNPT v c a doanh nghi p hi n nay . 40
2.5.3.1 Mng VoIP ca VNPT .................................................................................. 40
a. C u hnh m ng th nghi m ......................................................... 40
b. Tri n khai m ng l i ................................................................... 41
c. nh s v nh tuy n ................................................................ 45
2.5.3.2 Mng VoIP ca doanh nghip mi ............................................................... 47
a. C u hnh m ng th nghi m ......................................................... 47
b. Lin k t m ng VoIP c a cc doanh nghi p m i v m ng c a VNPT
......................................................................................................... 48
b.1 S k t n i ............................................................................ 48
b.2 V tr k t n i .............................................................................. 49
b.3 S l ng i m k t n i ............................................................... 49
b.4 V n hnh b o d ng k t n i ..................................................... 50
b.5 An ton v b o v m ng l i .................................................... 50
b.6 Yu c u o ki m ........................................................................ 50
b.7 nh tuy n cu c g i .................................................................. 50
2.5.4 Cc d ch v trong m ng VoIP c a VNPT .................... 51
2.5.4.1 Dch v "Gi 171" ......................................................................................... 51
2.5.4.2 Dch v "Gi 1717" ....................................................................................... 53
2.5.4.3 Dch v "Fone VNN" .................................................................................... 54
2.5.5 Tnh c c trong m ng VoIP ...................................... 56
2.5.5.1 Quy tc tnh cc hin nay ............................................................................ 57
2.5.5.2 Quy tc tnh cc trong tng lai ................................................................. 58
CH NG III ...................................................................... 60
CC PH NG PHP NH GI CH T L NG D CH V TRONG
VoIP ................................................................................. 60
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3.1 T ng quan v ch t l ng d ch v trong VoIP ................................................. 60
3.2 Ch t l ng d ch v trong VoIP ....................................................................... 62
3.2.1 Ch t l ng d ch v QoS ........................................... 62
3.2.2 Cc y u t nh h ng t i ch t l ng tho i trong VoIP
........................................................................................ 64
3.2.2.1 n nh ..................................................................................................... 64
3.2.2.2 Bng thng .................................................................................................. 65
3.2.2.3 Ting vng ................................................................................................ 66
3.2.2.4 Tr ................................................................................................................. 67
a. Tr Coder (Tr x l) .................................................................. 68
b. Tr do m ho ............................................................................ 70
c. Tr m thi t b u cu i IP ..................................................... 70
d. Tr m/gi ho H.323 .............................................................. 70
e. Tr truy n d n m ng ................................................................. 71
f. Tr t ng trung bnh ..................................................................... 71
3.2.2.5 Bi n ng tr ...................................................... 72
3.2.2.6 T n th t gi ....................................................... 72
3.3 M t s cng ngh o ki m ch t l ng tho i hi n nay ................................... 73
3.3.1 o ki m trung th c ............................................ 76
3.3.1.1 MOS .............................................................................................................. 76
3.3.1.2 PSQM ........................................................................................................... 77
3.3.1.3 PAMS ............................................................................................................ 78
3.3.2 o ki m tr ....................................................... 78
3.3.2.1 Acoustic PING ............................................................................................... 78
3.3.2.2. MLS tng quan cho tiu chun ho .......................................................... 79
3.3.3 o ki m ti ng v ng ................................................. 79
3.3.3.1 Xc nh c tnh ting vng .......................................................................... 79
3.3.3.2 S kh chu trong cm nhn gy ra bi ting vng ...................................... 80
3.3.3.3 Cc b hu ting vng ................................................................................... 80
CH NG IV ...................................................................... 81
NH GI CH T L NG THO I TRONG M NG .................... 81
VoIP B NG M HNH- E. .................................................... 81
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4.1 Gi i thi u m hnh E ...................................................................................... 81
4.2 C u trc v thu t ton m hnh E ................................................................. 83
4.2.1 Tnh ton gi tr truy n d n R .................................. 87
4.2.2 T l tn hi u trn nhi u R0 ...................................... 87
4.2.3 Tham s suy hao Is .................................................. 88
4.2.4 Tham s suy hao lin quan n tr Id ...................... 89
4.2.5 Tham s suy hao thi t b Ie ...................................... 91
4.2.6 Tham s tch c c A (Advantage factor) ..................... 91
4.2.7 Cc gi tr m c nh ............................................... 92
4.3 K t qu nh gi ch t l ng truy n d n theo m hnh E ............................... 93
4.4 M t s ph ong php c i thi n QoS trong m ng VoIP ..................................... 97
4.4.1 T c truy nh p cam k t (CAR: Committed Access
Rate) ............................................................................... 97
4.4.2 X p hng trn c s l p (CBQ: Class- Based Queuing)
........................................................................................ 98
4.4.3 L p d ch v (CoS: Class of Service) .......................... 98
4.4.4 Cc d ch v phn bi t (Diffserv) ............................... 98
4.4.5 Quy n u tin IP ..................................................... 99
4.4.6 Chuy n m ch nhn a giao th c MPLS (MPLS:
MultiProtocol Label Switching) ......................................... 99
4.4.7 X p hng theo VC ................................................... 99
4.4.8 nh tuy n theo chnh sch ................................... 100
4.4.9 Cc hng QoS ....................................................... 100
4.4.10 Lo i b s m ng u nhin (RED) ............................. 101
4.4.11 Giao th c d tr ti nguyn (RSVP) ...................... 101
4.4.12 Ki u d ch v (ToS: Type of Service) ...................... 101
4.4.13 nh hnh l u l ng (Traffic Shaping) ................... 102
4.4.14 X p hng h p l theo tr ng s (WFQ: Weighted Fair
Queuing) ........................................................................ 102
K T LU N ....................................................................... 106
Ti li u tham kh o .......................................................... 107
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