C#.

NET

C# with Network Enabled Technology

 INTRODUCTION
C#.Net is a modern object oriented programming language. Which
introduced by Microsoft Corpration
 Very similar to Java because
 70% Java
 10% C++
 5% Visual Basic
 15% new
 C#.Net version is 2.0
 It’s belong to ‘C’ family
 C#.Net is case sensitive
 C# .Net is architecture by HEZLSIBERG
 C#.Net is highly type safe language

 EXAMPLE

VB:
Dim sal As Integer
msgbox(sal)
Output: zero
 C#

Int sal
Sal=10
MessageBox.Show(sal)
Output : Error

 C#.Net is highly secured

 Every C# program must contain a main() method
 All these statement must be terminated with ;
 C# programs will be executed with the CSC compiler
Structure of C# Program

Program

File F1.cs File F2.cs File F3.cs

Namespace A{…} Namespace B{…} Namespace

C{…}

Class x{…} Class x{…} Class x{…}

 If no namespace is specified => anonymous default namespace

 Namespaces may also contain structs, interfaces, delegates and
enums
 Namespace may be "reopened" in other files
Predefined DataType in C#.Net
 Integral Data type
 Floating Data Type
 Character Data Type
 Other Data Type

 Integral Data type

 Byte(1B)
 SByte(1B)
 Short(2B)
 UShort(2B)
 Int(4B)
 Uint(4B)
 Long(8B)
 ULong(8B)
Floating Point Character Related Other Data Type

 Float (4B) Char (2B) Bool (1B) (True /

False)
 Double (8B) String (16 B to 2 billians) Date(2B)
(DD/MM/YYYY)
(EXAMPLE)
 Button Click Event

 int sal=10;
 MessageBox.Show(sal.ToString());
 float x = 4.0f;
 MessageBox.Show(x.ToString());
 byte b1 = 1, b2 = 0;
 int c = b1 + b2;
 MessageBox.Show(c.ToString())
 Messagebox.show() is capable to print only string
 All the value types must be initialize before using
 While initializing float variable , value must be post fixed either
with f or F
 EX:

float x=4.0; (Error)

float x=4.0f; (ok)
Reason:
By default C# treats a number with decimal value as double.
Type Casting

int i=10; --- 4B Short s=10; --2B

Long l=I; (ok) -- 8B Byte b=s; (Error) - 1B

Type casting is the concept of converting one Data Type into another
datatype.

C# support two type of TypeCasting

8. Implicit TypeCasting(Convert from Lower to higher, It is under
control of CLR)
9. Explicit TypeCasting(Convert from higher to lower, Its under
control of programmer)
 Four Types
1. C++ style
2.Parsing
3.Converting
4.Boxing and UnBoxing

EXAMPLE: (C++ Style of Typecasting)

int i=10;
byte b= (byte) i ;

Note:
Draw back of C++ TypeCasting. There is possibility for lossing
original data
Working With Parsing
 As per DotNet all predefined data types are predefined structures.
 Structures is a collection of methods (function)

Parse()
Max value

Data Type

ToString()
Min value

 Maxvalue return the max capicity and minvalue return min

capacity of a datatype.
 Working with parse() is called as parsing.
 Parsing can be used to convert string into another datatypes only
String-- int.Parse()
String-- byte.Parse()
Ex 1: For printing the Limit of datatype

MessageBox.Show(int.MinValue.ToString());
MessageBox.Show(int.MaxValue.ToString());

Ex 2: On Parsing:

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
MessageBox.Show(txt1.Text + txt2.Text);
int sal = int.Parse(txt1.Text);
int inc = int.Parse(txt2.Text);
int total = sal + inc;
MessageBox.Show(total.ToString());

}
 Working with Converting:

Converting can be used convert from any datatype into any other
datatype.
Methods of Convert Class:
Convert. ToChar(value)
Convert.ToByte(value)
Convert.ToBoolean(value)
Convert.ToString(value)
Convert.ToDateTime(value)
Convert.Toint16(value)
Convert.Toint32(value)
Convert.Toint64(value)

Ex: On_Converting(Button Click Event)

int i = 97;
char c = Convert.ToChar(i);
MessageBox.Show(c.ToString());
Boxing and UnBoxing
 Converting value type into reference type is called as boxing.
 Converting reference type into value type is called as unboxing
 BOXING
int i = 10;
object str = i;
MessageBox.Show(str.ToString());

 UNBOXING

 object str = 10;

 int i = (int)str;
 MessageBox.Show(i.ToString());
Working With Condition Statement
 Sytax for IF Condition
if(condition)
Statement 1;
else
Statement 2;
if (condition)
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
}
else
{
Statement 1;
Statement 1;
}
Example On If Condition:
 A program to compare two number (i,j), If “i” is greater means
display from back color with green otherwise BGcolor with red
color.
 Code for button click event
int i = 10, j = 5;
if (i > j)
this.BackColor = Color.Green;
else
this.BackColor = Color.Red;

 CLR creates one object to form automatically at runtime with the

name “this”.
 This is a keyword.
 C# Contains around 61 keywords.
Working With Switch
 SYNTAX:
Switch(var) int i = int.Parse(textBox1.Text);
switch (i)
{ {
case 1:
Case 1: {
this.BackColor = Color.Red;
---------; break;
break; }
case 2:
Case 2: {
ColorDialog cd = new ColorDialog();
---------; cd.ShowDialog();
break; this.BackColor = cd.Color;
break;
default: }
case 3:
----------; {
Application.Exit();
break; break;
} }
default:
{
MessageBox.Show("Enter 1,2 (or) 3");
break;
}
}
 Application is a predefined class , which is used to terminate a
project or Execute a project.

LOOPS:
Loops are execute a set of statement repeatedly based on a
condition.

LOOPS

For While
Do_While
for(intialization; condition; ++/--;) While(condition) do
{
{
---------;
------;
FOR LOOP (A Program to print from A to Z)
 Ex1:
for (int i = 65; i <= 90; i++)
{
char c = Convert.ToChar(i);
MessageBox.Show(c.ToString());
}

 Ex2:
int x = 10;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
TextBox t = new TextBox();
t.Location = new Point(100, x);
this.Controls.Add(t);
x = x + 30;
FOR EACH
 Suntax
foreach(object in collection)
{
------;
}
Note:
Collection is a group of similar type of objects.
Ex:
place n textboxes and buttons on the form, when clicked on a
button change all textbox backcolor to green.

Code for Button Click Event:

foreach (Control c in this.Controls)
{
string s = c.GetType().Name;
if (s == "TextBox")
c.BackColor = Color.Green;
else
Working With Array:
 Array is a collection of similar DataType
 Array will be stored in continuous memory.

10 20 30 40 50
 x[0] x[1]- - - -

Subscription Index
Operator
 Array says same name with different Index no
- Always index start from zero.
- Arrays are belongs to reference type.
- As per DotNet array are instance of the predefined class
called as System.Array
- C# support three types of Array.
1. One Dimensional Array.
2 Two Dimensional Array.
3. Jagged Array.
Working With One Dimentional Array:
 Syntax:
int[] x = new int[size];
 Ex:
int[] x = new int[5];
 Above statements creates five elements from x[0],x[1],x[2],- - -
x[4];
 Arrays holds default value

 Syntax to Initialize Array:

int x = new int[] {10,20,30};

 Note:
 While initializing array size is not recommended to specifiy
Button Click Event:
 int[] x = new int[3] ;
MessageBox.Show(x.Length.ToString());
for (int i = 0; i < x.Length ; i++)
{
MessageBox.Show(x[i].ToString());
}
Note:
Integral default value is Zero.
Floating Default Value is Zero.
Bool default value is false.
Char default value is Null.
DateTime default value is -1/1/0001 12:00:00AM
 Ex2:( A program to display the spelling of a given number(1 to
999)
Form Design

TextBox 1

TextBox 2

Button 1
Code For Button1_Click()
{
String[] ones = new string[] { "one", "Two", "Three",
"Four", "Five", "Six", "Seven", "Eight", "Nine", "Ten",
"Elevn", "Twelve", "Thirteen", "Fourteen", "Fifteen",
"Sixteen", "Seventeen", "Eighteen", "Nineteen" };

String[] tens = new string[] { "Ten", "Twenty", "Thirty",

"Fourty", "Fifty", "Sixty", "Seventy", "Eighty", "Ninty" };
int n, i;
string result = " ";
n = int.Parse(textBox1.Text);
if (n > 99 && n < 1000)
{
i = n / 100;
result = ones[i - 1] + "hundred";
n = n % 100;
}
if (n > 19 && n < 100)
{
i = n / 10;
result = result + tens[i - 1] + "";
n = n % 10;
}
if (n < 20 && n > 0)
{
result = result + ones[n - 1];
}
textBox2.Text = result;

}
Working With Multi_D Arrays:
x 0 1 2

0 Size : 3x3

x.getlength(0) -- Rows

x.getlength(1) -- Columns
 Arranging a set of values in rows and columns is called as
Multi_D Arrays.
 Every array contains size which will be written as (no.of .rows x
no.of.columns).
 Every rows must contains same no.of .elements.
 Every columns must contain same no.of.elements.
 4. Syntax to declare:
1_D int[] x = new int[5]
2_D int[,] x = new int[5,5]
3_D int[, ,] x = new int[5,5,5 ]

5. In C# There is no limits for no.of.elements, where as VB.Net

support only 32 Dimentions.

6. Syntax to Initialize 2D Arrays:

int[,] x = new int[,]

{
{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8},{9,10,11,12}
};
Ex: 2D Arrays:
Code for Button Click Event:
{
int[,] x = new int[,]
{
{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8},{9,10,11,12}
};
MessageBox.Show("Total: " + x.Length.ToString());
MessageBox.Show("Rows: " + x.GetLength(0).ToString());
MessageBox.Show("Columns: " + x.GetLength(1).ToString());
String s = "";
for (int r = 0; r < x.GetLength(0); r++)
{
for (int c = 0; c < x.GetLength(1); c++)
{
s = s + " " + x[r, c].ToString();
}
s = s + "\n";
}
MessageBox.Show(s);
}
Jagged Array (JA):
 Jagged Array (JA) is also called as dynamic array.
 JA is also called as array of arrays.
 JA array saves memory.
 JA are faster in Data accessing.
 In JA , each and every row may have discreate no.of.elements

 Syntax to declar JA
int[ ] [ ] x = new int[rows] [ ];
x[0] = new [ ] {1,2,3,4};
x[1] = new [ ] {5,6,7};
x[2] = new [ ] {8,9};
Example For Jagged Array
{
int[][] x = new int[3][];
x[0] = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
x[1] = new int[] { 5, 6, 7 };
x[2] = new int[] { 8, 9 };
string s = "";
for (int i = 0; i < x.GetLength(0); i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < x[i].Length; j++)
{
s = s + " " + x[i][j].ToString();
}
s = s + "\n";

}
MessageBox.Show(s);
 ENUMARATOR(ENUM):

Enum is a keyword.
Enum is a collection of integer constant.
Float values are not allowed in Enum.
By using integer constant can be maintain easily.

SYNTAX:
Enum <name>
{
value 1;
value 2;
value 3;
:
:
Value n
}
 Enum must be declare in general Declaration Area.

 Example For Enum:

namespace Enum1
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
enum GPT
{
ne = 21,
rel = 27,
fr = 12
}
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{

int i, j, k;
i = (int)GPT.ne;
j = (int)GPT.rel;
k = (int)GPT.fr;
MessageBox.Show(i.ToString() + " " + j.ToString() + " " +
k.ToString());
}
}
}

Example For Enum Array

OOPS Language:
INTRODUCTION
 In 1983 ANSI (American National Standard Institute) to introduce a
new concept is called as oops concept.
 If a language follow these oops concept ,then it is called as OOPL
(Object Oriented Programming Language

 PROBLEM IN “C” LANGUAGE

 1. Main() PROBLEM:
{ (No boundaries for
Datatype
int sal = 400000; practically)
printf(“%d”,sal);
}
 2. Main( ) PROBLEM:
{ (No proper machanism
for
int I = 500 * 500/500; calculation)
printf(“%d”,i);
}

3. Long sa = 5000; PROBLEM:

Main( ) { } ( No security for data)
f1( ) { }
f2( ) { }
f3 ( )
{
long scale = 500000;
sal = sale+sale;
}
CONCLUTION:
 To overcome above problems, ANSI defined a set of rules called as
OOPS,
 When a Language follows these rules,then it is called as OOPL

 C# USING OOPS CONCEPTS:

 When ever a Language supports following rules then it is called as

OOPL.
 Encapsulation
 Abstraction
 Polymorphism
 Inheritance
 Encapsulation:
It is a concept of data hiding

 Abstraction:
Providing full information about an entity

 Polymorphism:
Writing more then one function .Polymorphism is a concept of
providing many functionality with single name.

 Inheritance:
It is a concept of deriving the features from one class into another
class.

 C++ (It support above 4 concept but partial)

 VB.Net (It support above 4 concept but partial because, “MsgBox”
It is not a class and object)
 C#.Net (It support full concept of oops, so it is a pure OOPL)
 ASP.Net (It is an object oriented serverside specification. To
support above four rules class and object are required)

 What is a Class?
 General:
Class is a logical representation of a physical Entity.
 DotNet:
Class is a collection of fields, properties, methods and
event.

 Primary data of a class is called as fields.

 Properties defined a shape of an objects.
 Methods - what an object can do.
 Event - what user can dowith an object.
 Instance of a class is called an objects.
 SYNTAX TO DECLARE A CLASS:

Default value is zero

 Class <class _Name>
{
private int x,y;
Field (reference variable)
private string s;
public void print ( )
{ No default value
int i;
} Value type
}
 SYNTAX TO CREATE AN OBJECT:

 <class_Name> obj = new < class-Name > ( );

 Example 1:
class sample
{ General declaration
}
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
sample s = new sample();
MessageBox.Show(s.GetType().Name);
MessageBox.Show(s.GetHashCode().ToString());
}
 In C# by default every class with the inherited from system.object
class
 GetType -- It provides meta data of an object.
 GetHashCode -- Starting reference in Heap memory
 Equals -- For comparing two objects.
 ToString -- Convert into tostring
 After property name “{“ is not required.
 After method name “( )” is required.
 Class with method and fields:
Class
{
Private int i;
Private void mint( )
{
----
----
}
Test t = new test( )

 Object can access public data and object can not access private
data, it is called encapsulation.

 Example:
 Code for GD:
Class test
{
Private int i,j;
public void read(int x,int y)
{
i=x;
j=y;
}
public void prin()
{
int k=i+j;

MessageBox.Show(k.ToString());
}
Code for button click:
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
test t1 = new test();
test t2 = new test();
t1.read(5, 6);
t2 = t1; t1.prin(); t2.prin(); }
 Object is also called instance variable
 For every object ,a separate set of instance variable will be
created. And a variable is under control of object , then it is called
object variable.
 One object can be assigned to another object provided both must
be same type.

 Using “THIS” keyword:

 This is a predefined keyword which is under control of CLR.
 This keyword works like an object for current class.
 When instance variable and local variable names are same ,then
by default priority will given local variables.
 If the name are different then this keyword is optional.

 Example

Code for GD:

Class emp
{
public void increment(int sal)
{
MessageBox.Show(sal.ToString());
MessageBox.Show(this.sal.ToString());
this.sal = this.sal + sal;
}
public void print()
{
MessageBox.Show("Total : " + sal.ToString());
}
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
emp t = new emp();
t.increment(3000);
t.print();
}
 Passing Parameter to a Function:
 In C# parameter can be passed in three ways
3. Pass by value [call by value]
4. Pass by ref [call by ref]
5. Pass by out [call by out]
 Example:
class test
{
public void add(int x)
{
x = x + x; Formal Argument
}
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
test t = new test();
int sal = 5000;
t.add(ref sal);
MessageBox.Show(sal.ToString());
}
 When formal args are modified ,if modification are reflected on
actual args then the concept is called as pass by references.
 When formal args are modified , if modifications are not reflected
on actual args then the concept is called as pass by value.
 By default all the variable will be passed by values
 “Ref” is a keyword.
 To pass a variable by reference, “ref” keyword is required.
 “Ref” keyword must be used along with actual and formal args.
 Ref variable must be initialize before passing.

 Example:

class test
{
public void swap(int x, ref int y)
{
int t = x;
x = y;
y = t;
}
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
int a = 10, b = 20;
test t = new test();
t.swap(a, ref b);
MessageBox.Show(a.ToString() + " " + b.ToString());
}

 Pass By Out:
 Out is a keyword .
 Out keyword must be used along with actual and formal args.
 Out is 99% same as ref.
 Out = ref – initialization.
 Summary:
 Call by value : value will be passed not address.
 Call by reference : Address and value will be passed.
 Call by out : only address will be passed.
 Example:

class test
{
public void add(int x, int y, out int z)
{
z = x + y;
}
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
int a = 10, b = 20, c;
test t = new test();
t.add(a, b, out c);
MessageBox.Show(c.ToString());
}

 Note:
 One function can have any number of out parameters as well as
ref parameters.