Horn Fly Stable Fly

Jimenez, Lady Ann G.

Horn Fly

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Diptera Family: Muscidae Genus: Haematobia Species: H. irritans Binomial name

Haematobia irritan

Backgrounds
Haematobia, European genus of bloodsucking flies is a native of Europe but has been introduced to North America and is considered a potentially dangerous livestock pest. There are 3 main species; H. Irritans H. Stimulans H. Exigua

Distributions
Haematobia, Irritans referred as Lyperosia Irritans found in Europe, USA and Australia

Morphology
H. irritans is the smallest of the biting muscids. approximately 316 in (4.0 mm) in length. Both the male and female have slender, black, piercing mouthparts which project forward from the bottom of the head. Dorsal view of an adult Horn flies typically have eyes that are dark reddish-brown gray color. Several dark stripes are present on thorax. Abdomen is dark green in color and shorter than musca.

Lateral view of an adult

Description

The horn fly undergoes complete metamorphosis, and has four major stages of development:

H. Stimulans
Distributions referred as Haemotobosca stimulans found only in Europe

Morphology

Slightly smaller The palps are yellowish in colour

Distributions
H. Exigua referred as subspecies Haematobia, Irritans exigua found throughout Asia and Australia

Life Cycle

Adult
The adult horn flies have brownish-gray or black bodies and are shiny The head has small, brownish-red antennae that point downward.

Larvae

The spiracular plates of a third instar larva (left) and a pupa(right) of the horn fly

The newly hatched maggots are white and about 1.5 mm long with a slender pointed head. The spiracles, or openings for breathing, appear as black indentations at the end of the abdomen.

Eggs
Horn fl y eggs are tan, yellow or white when first laid. and then darken to a reddish-brown color prior to hatching

Egg (bottom) and third instar larva (top - head at left) of a horn fl y

Pupae
The pupae are 3 to 4 mm long and white at first, the The outer pupal covering sclerotizes, or hardens

Life Cycle

Summary
Stage 1 the parasite feeds off the body of the host... stage 2 the eggs hatch into larvae in the manure. stage 3 the larva goes through a metamorphosis and... stage 4 the cycle begins again

Hosts
Cattle

Sheep

Horse

Dog Goat

Pathogenic Effects:
H. Irritans and H. Stimulans cause great irritation and restlessness for animal. This also leads to secondary bacterial Infections. These flies create Great economic losses. It is responsible for transmission of filarial worms. H. Irritans Exigua

Lower weight gain and lower milk production have been measured in heavily infested cattle. Many infested cattle develop sores in the inner corners of their eyes. Some cattle are allergic to buffalo flies and are intensely irritated by as few as 4 or 5 flies.

Buffalo

Management
Chemical control

Forced-use dust bags.

Insecticide-charged back rubbers.

Insecticidal ear tags

Insecticides Spraying

Battery-powered automatic sprayer.

Solar-powered automatics prayer

Pour-on insecticide application.

High-volume, high-pressure insecticide spray application.

Mechanical control

Biological control

Dung Beetles Onthophagous gazella Fabricius, a common scarab beetle in Florida, on a cattle dung pat.

Cow using walkthrough fl y trap to remove horn flies Spalangia sp. wasp parasite probing a fly puparia.

Stable Fly

False Stable Fly

Muscina stabulans
False stable flies do not bite, but have sponging mouthparts. They are similar to house flies, but are about 3/8-inch long have a dull reddish mark on the back. Females lay eggs in tainted foods, excrement, the dead bodies of insects, snails and vertebrates, and are sometimes parasitic on nestling birds. The life cycle may take five to six weeks.

Backgrounds
The stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), is also sometimes called the biting fly or dog fly. These annoying "biting house flies" feed on animals as well as humans, and are a nuisance to farms and along coastal areas.

Morphology
Much like the house fly. However, the bite is what distinguishes it quickly, with its slender beak protruding from the head. The upper part of the abdomen has a number of nearly round dark spots. When at rest, the wings are held at an angle to the body instead of straight back like the house fly

Life Cycle

Description
Adults Adults are 1/4 to 1/3 inch long and resemble house flies

Description

Eggs Stable fly eggs are about 0.04 inch long and are an off-white color.

Description
Larvae The last stage larva is about 2/5 inch long and is a cream white color.

Description
Pupae The chestnut brown pupa is 1/4 inch long.

Hosts
Cattle Human

Horse

Dog

Cat

Pathogenic Effects
It is very painful bite for animal. Habronema (nematodal infection) and Trypnosomiasis (protozoan infection) are transmitted by these flies. Creates restlessness for the animal and human beings It causes production losses of 20-25 %. Prefer strong sunlight to live and present Diseases can the stable fly carry
Bovine anaplasmosis( infectious dz, anemia) Equine infectious anemia(severe viral brain dz)

Management
Three general approaches to reduce problems include: 1) Prevent breeding by making manure unavailable or to dry or wet for the larvae to survive or kill the larvae before they become adults 2) Kill adults before they cause harm or start to produce eggs 3) Exclude adults entrance by using screens or other barriers Chemical control Sanitation around stable or corral Mechanical control Biological Control

Summary
Horn Fly Stable Fly

smaller 5 mm in length have no major patterns on the dorsal (back) side of their abdomen Must lay eggs in undisturbed, fresh manure. Complete metamorphosis

7 to 8 mm long have a checkerboard appearance of the top of the abdomen. seldom lay eggs in fresh manure. Complete metamorphosis

The End!