You are on page 1of 146

Chuyen e 1:

PHNG TRNH AI SO & BAT PHNG TRNH AI SO


TOM TAT GIAO KHOA
CAC HANG ANG THC C BAN

2. (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 3. a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)

1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

a 2 + b 2 = (a + b) 2 2ab a 2 + b 2 = (a b) 2 + 2ab a 3 + b3 = (a + b)3 3ab(a + b)

4. (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 6. a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2 ) 7. a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) 5. (a b)3 = a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3

Ap dung:
Biet x + y = S va xy = P . Hay tnh cac bieu thc sau theo S va P a) A = x 2 + y 2 b) B = (x - y) 2 c) C = x 3 + y 3 d) D = x4 + y4

A. PHNG TRNH AI SO
I. Giai va bien luan phng trnh bac nhat: 1. Dang : 2. Giai va bien luan: Ta co : Bien luan: (1) ax = -b (2) ax + b = 0 (1)
x : an so a, b : tham so

b a Neu a = 0 th (2) tr thanh 0.x = -b * Neu b 0 th phng trnh (1) vo nghiem * Neu b = 0 th phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi x Tom lai : b a 0 : phng trnh (1) co nghiem duy nhat x = a a = 0 va b 0 : phng trnh (1) vo nghiem a = 0 va b = 0 : phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi x
Neu a 0 th (2) x = 1

Ap dung:
V du : Giai va bien luan cac phng trnh sau: 1) 2 x + 3m = mx + 2 2 2) m x + 2 = x + 2m xm x2 = 3) x +1 x 1 2 x + 3m m 2m 1 4) = + 2 x +1 x 1 x 1 3. ieu kien ve nghiem so cua phng trnh: nh ly: Xet phng trnh ax + b = 0 (1) ta co:

(1) co nghiem duy nhat (1) vo nghiem

(1) nghiem ung vi moi x

a 0 a = 0 b 0 a = 0 b = 0

Ap dung:
V du :

1) Vi gia tr nao cua a, b th phng trnh sau nghiem ung vi moi x a 4 ( x + 1)a 2 + x b = 0 ( a = 1; b = 0 ) 2) Cho phng trnh (2m 1) x + (3 n)( x 2) 2m + n + 2 = 0
Tm m v n phng trnh nghim ng vi mi x

3) Cho phng trnh: (2m + 1) x 3m + 2 = 3 x + m


Tm m phng trnh c nghim x ( 0;3)
4) Cho phng trnh: (3m 2) x m = 4mx + 2m 5 Tm m nguyn phng trnh c nghim nguyn

1 ( m = ;n =1) 2
(m <

1 m >2) 2

( m {3; 13; 1;9} )

5) Cho phng trnh:

2mx 3 x

xm x
(

Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh c nghim duy nht

6) Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co nghiem 2x + m x 2m + 3 4 x 1 = x 1 x 1 7) Cho phng trnh: x 1 (2m 3) x + m + (1 m) x 3 = 0

1 < m < 3) 2

Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit

(2 < m <

5 ) 2

BAI TAP TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN


Thi gian 10 phut

E:
Bai 1: Phng trnh 3(m + 4)x + 1 = 2x + 2(m 3) co nghiem duy nhat vi gia tr cua m la: 4 3 10 4 (B) m = (C) m (D) m (A) m = 3 4 3 3 2 Bai 2: Phng trnh (m 2)(x + 1) = x + 2 vo nghiem vi gia tr cua m la:

(B) m = 1 (C) m = 2 (A) m = 0 2 Bai 3: Phng trnh (m + 3m)x + m + 3 = 0 co tap nghiem la R khi : (A) m = 0 (B) m = 3 (C) m = 0; m = 3 2x + m Bai 4: Phng trnh = m vo nghiem vi gia tr cua m la: x 1 (B) m = 2 (C) m = 2 (A) m = 2 mx + m + 1 = m vo nghiem vi gia tr cua m la: Bai 5: Phng trnh x2 (A) m = 0 (B) m = 1 (C) m = 0; m = 1

(D) m = 3 (D) Mot ap so khac

(D) Khong co m

(D) Mot ap so khac

AP AN: Bai 1: Phng trnh 3(m + 4)x + 1 = 2x + 2(m 3) co nghiem duy nhat vi gia tr cua m la: 4 3 10 4 (B) m = (C) m (D) m (A) m = 3 4 3 3 2 Bai 2: Phng trnh (m 2)(x + 1) = x + 2 vo nghiem vi gia tr cua m la:

(B) m = 1 (C) m = 2 (A) m = 0 2 Bai 3: Phng trnh (m + 3m)x + m + 3 = 0 co tap nghiem la R khi : (A) m = 0 (B) m = 3 (C) m = 0; m = 3 2x + m Bai 4: Phng trnh = m vo nghiem vi gia tr cua m la: x 1 (A) m = 2 (B) m = 2 (C) m = 2 mx + m + 1 = m vo nghiem vi gia tr cua m la: Bai 5: Phng trnh x2 (A) m = 0 (B) m = 1 (C) m = 0; m = 1

(D) m = 3 (D) Mot ap so khac

(D) Khong co m

(D) Mot ap so khac

II.Giai va bien luan phng trnh bac hai: 1. Dang:

ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (1)

x : an so a, b , c : tham so

2. Giai va bien luan phng trnh :

Xet hai trng hp Trng hp 1: Neu a = 0 th (1) la phng trnh bac nhat : bx + c = 0 b 0 : phng trnh (1) co nghiem duy nhat x =

b = 0 va c 0 : phng trnh (1) vo nghiem b = 0 va c = 0 : phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi x Trng hp 2: Neu a 0 th (1) la phng trnh bac hai co Biet so = b 2 4ac
Bien luan: Neu < 0 th pt (1) vo nghiem

c b

( hoac ' = b '2 ac vi b' =

b ) 2

Neu = 0 th pt (1) co nghiem so kep x1 = x2 =

b 2a

( x1 = x2 = ( x1,2 =

b' ) a

Neu > 0 th pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet x1,2 =

b 2a

b' ' ) a

Ap dung:
V du 1: Giai cac phng trnh sau: 5 12 x =x 1) 12 x 8 x2 + 2x 3 2) = 3 ( x 1)2 V du 2: 1) Giai va bien luan phng trnh : x 2 2 x = m( x 1) 2

2) Gii v bin lun phng trnh : (m 1) x 2 + (2m 3) x + m + 1 = 0

3. ieu kien ve nghiem so cua phng trnh bac hai: nh ly : Xet phng trnh : ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (1)
a = 0 a 0 b = 0 hoac < 0 c 0

Pt (1) vo nghiem

Pt (1) co nghiem kep Pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet Pt (1) co hai nghiem

a 0 = 0 a 0 > 0 a 0 0
a = 0 b = 0 c = 0

Pt (1) nghiem ung vi moi x

ac biet Neu pt(1) co he so a,c thoa a.c < 0 th pt(1) luon co hai nghiem phan biet.

Ap dung:
V du 1: Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet: 2x 2 x + 1 = mx x 1 V du 2: 1) Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co ba nghiem phan biet: ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2mx + m + 2) = 0 2) Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co ba nghiem phan biet: ( x 1)(mx 2 4 x + m) = 0 4. nh ly VIET oi vi phng trnh bac hai: nh ly thuan: Neu phng trnh bac hai : ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ( a 0 ) co hai nghiem x1, x2 th

b S = x1 + x 2 = a P = x .x = c 1 2 a
nh ly ao : Neu co hai so , ma + = S va . = P ( S 2 4 P) th , la nghiem cua phng trnh

x2 - Sx + P = 0 5

Y ngha cua nh ly VIET: Cho phep tnh gia tr cac bieu thc oi xng cua cac nghiem ( tc la bieu thc cha x1, x2 va 2 x 2 + x2 1 1 + 2 + 2 ) ma khong thay oi gia tr khi ta thay oi vai tro x1,x2 cho nhau .V du: A = 1 x1 x 2 x1 x 2

khong can giai pt tm x1, x2 , tm hai so khi biet tong va tch cua chung . Chu y: Neu pt (1) co cac he so thoa man a+b+c=0 th pt (1) co hai nghiem la x1 = 1 va x 2 =

c a

Neu pt (1) co cac he so thoa man a-b+c=0 th pt (1) co hai nghiem la x1 = 1 va x 2 =

Ap dung:

c a

V du 1 : Cho phng trnh: x 2 2 x + m 1 = 0 (1) 2 Vi gia tr nao cua m th pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet x1, x2 thoa man x12 + x 2 = 4 V du 2: Cho phng trnh: x 2 2mx + 3m 2 = 0 (1) Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 thoa man 5 x1 + 3 x 2 = 4 V du 3: Cho phng trnh: (3m 1)x 2 + 2(m + 1)x m + 2 = 0 (1)

Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 thoa man x1 x 2 = 2


5. Dau nghiem so cua phng trnh bac hai: Da vao nh ly Viet ta co the suy ra nh ly sau: nh ly: Xet phng trnh bac hai : ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (1) ( a 0 ) > 0 Pt (1) co hai nghiem dng phan biet P > 0 S > 0 > 0 Pt (1) co hai nghiem am phan biet P > 0 S < 0

Pt (1) co hai nghiem trai dau

P<0

Ap dung:
V du :

1) Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co hai nghiem dng phan biet: mx 2 + x + m = 0 2) Cho phng trnh: ( x 2)( x 2 2mx + 3m 2) = 0 Tm m phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit

E SO 1:

BAI TAP TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN Thi gian 10 phut

Bai 1: Phng trnh (m 1)x 2 + 2mx + m = 0 co hai nghiem phan biet khi : (B) m 0 (C) m > 0 va m 1 (D) m 0 va m 1 (A) m > 0 2 Bai 2: Phng trnh : mx + 2(m 3)x + m 5 = 0 vo nghiem khi : (B) m 9 (C) m < 9 (D) m < 9 va m 0 (A) m > 9 2 2 Bai 3: Cho phng trnh bac hai: x 2(m + 2)x + m + 12 = 0 . Gia tr nguyen nho nhat cua tham so m e phng trnh co hai nghiem phan biet la: (A) m = 1 (B) m = 2 (C) m = 3 (D) m = 4 1 1 Bai 4: Gia s x1, x2 la hai nghiem cua phng trnh: x 2 + 3x 10 = 0 . Gia tr cua tong + la x1 x 2 3 3 10 10 (A) (B) (C) (D) 10 10 3 3 2 Bai 5: Phng trnh: x mx + m 1 = 0 co hai nghiem dng phan biet khi (A) m > 1 (B) m 1 (C) m > 1 va m 2 (D) m 1 va m 2

AP AN: Bai 1: Phng trnh (m 1)x 2 + 2mx + m = 0 co hai nghiem phan biet khi : (A) m > 0 (B) m 0 (C) m > 0 va m 1 (D) m 0 va m 1 2 Bai 2: Phng trnh : mx + 2(m 3)x + m 5 = 0 vo nghiem khi : (A) m > 9 (B) m 9 (C) m < 9 (D) m < 9 va m 0 2 2 Bai 3: Cho phng trnh bac hai: x 2(m + 2)x + m + 12 = 0 . Gia tr nguyen nho nhat cua tham so m e phng trnh co hai nghiem phan biet la: (A) m = 1 (B) m = 2 (C) m = 3 (D) m = 4 1 1 + Bai 4: Gia s x1, x2 la hai nghiem cua phng trnh: x 2 + 3x 10 = 0 . Gia tr cua tong la x1 x 2 3 3 10 10 (A) (B) (C) (D) 10 10 3 3 2 Bai 5: Phng trnh: x mx + m 1 = 0 co hai nghiem dng phan biet khi (A) m > 1 (B) m 1 (C) m > 1 va m 2 (D) m 1 va m 2

II. Phng trnh trung phng: 1.Dang : 2.Cach giai:

ax 4 + bx 2 + c = 0

(a 0)

(1)

at an phu : t = x2 ( t 0 ). Ta c phng trnh: at 2 + bt + c = 0 (2) Giai pt (2) tm t. Thay t tm c vao t = x2 e tm x Tuy theo so nghiem cua phng trnh (2) ma ta suy ra c so nghiem cua phng trnh (1)

Ap dung:
V du 1:

Giai phng trnh : 32x3 =

V du 2: 1) Vi gia tr nao cua m th cc phng trnh sau co 4 nghiem phan biet: a) x 4 2 x 2 3 = m b) x 4 (m + 2) x 2 + 4m + 1 = 0

89x2 25 vi x > 0; x 1 2x

2) Cho phng trnh: x 4 (m + 2) x 2 + 4m + 1 = 0 Tm m phng trnh c bn nghim phn bit lp thnh mt cp s cng III . Phng trnh bac ba:
1. Dang:

ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 (1) ( a 0 )

2 .Cach giai: Ap dung khi biet c mot nghiem cua phng trnh (1) Bc 1: Nham mot nghiem cua phng trnh (1). Gia s nghiem la x = x0 Bc 2: S dung phep CHIA A THC hoac s o HOOCNE e phan tch ve trai thanh nhan t va a pt (1) ve dang tch so : (1) (x-x0)(Ax2+Bx+C) = 0 x = x0 2 Ax + Bx + C = 0 (2) Bc 3: Giai phng trnh (2) tm cac nghiem con lai ( neu co).

B sung kin thc: nh l Bezu (B-du) a thc P(x) c nghim x = x0 khi v ch khi P(x) chia ht cho x x0 Ap dung:
V du 1: Giai cac phng trnh sau: a) 2 x 3 9 x 2 + 12 x 4 = 0 b) x 3 + x 2 x + 2 = 4 x 1 c) 2 x 3 + 7 x 2 28 x + 12 = 0

V du 2: Vi gia tr nao cua m th cc phng trnh sau co ba nghiem phan biet a) x 3 3 x 2 + 2 = mx + m 2 b) x 3 (2m + 1) x 2 + mx + m = 0

c) x 3 2(m + 1) x 2 + (7m 2) x + 4 6m = 0 d) mx 3 (m 4) x 2 + (4 + m) x m = 0 e) x 3 + (1 m) x 2 3mx + 2m 2 = 0


V d 3: Cho phng trnh : x 3 + 3mx 2 3 x 3m + 2 = 0 2 2 Tm m phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit x1 , x2 , x3 sao cho A = x12 + x2 + x3 t GTNN.

Chu y
Ta co the ap dung phng phap phan tch a thc thanh nhan t bang ky thuat s dung s o HOOCNE, e giai cac phng trnh a thc bac cao (vi ieu kien nham c mot nghiem cua a thc) V du: Giai cc phng trnh: 1) x 4 5 x 3 + x 2 + 21x 18 = 0 2) x 4 + x 3 7 x 2 x + 6 = 0 3) x 4 + 2 x 3 4 x 2 5 x 6 = 0
IV. PHNG TRNH BAC BON QUY VE BAC HAI BANG PHEP AT AN PHU

1.Dang I:

ax 4 + bx 2 + c = 0

(a 0)

at an phu : t = x2

2. Dang II.

( x + a)( x + b)( x + c)( x + d ) = k

( k 0 ) trong o a+b = c+d

at an phu : t = (x+a)(x+b) V d : Gii phng trnh: ( x + 1)( x + 3)( x + 5)( x + 7 ) = 9

3.Dang III:

( x + a )4 + ( x + b )4 = k

(k 0) a+b 2

at an phu : t = x +
4 4

V d : Gii phng trnh: ( x + 3) + ( x + 5) = 2


9

4.Dang IV:

ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 bx + a = 0

Chia hai ve phng trnh cho x2 1 x 4 3 2 V d : Gii phng trnh: 2 x + 3 x 16 x + 3 x + 2 = 0 at an phu : t = x

10

B. BAT PHNG TRNH AI SO


I. Bat phng trnh bac nhat: 1. Dang : 2. Giai va bien luan:

ax + b > 0 (1)

(hoac

, <, )

Ta co :
Bien luan:

(1) ax > b (2)


b a b Neu a < 0 th (2) x < a Neu a = 0 th (2) tr thanh : 0.x > b * b 0 th bpt vo nghiem * b > 0 th bpt nghiem ung vi moi x
Neu a > 0 th

(2) x >

Ap dung:
V du1: Giai va bien luan bat phng trnh : mx + 1 > x + m 2 2 x + 9 0 V du 2: Giai he bat phng trnh sau: 4 x 0 3 x + 1 0

2x 1 x + 4 V du 3: Vi gia tr nao cua m th he phng trnh sau co nghiem: 5x + 2m 1 < x + m


II. Dau cua nh thc bac nhat: 1. Dang: 2. Bang xet dau cua nh thc:

f ( x) = ax + b (a 0)

x
ax+b

Trai dau vi a

b a
0
Cung dau vi a

Ap dung:
V du : Xet dau cac bieu thc sau: 1) A = ( x 3)( x + 1)(2 3x) x+7 2) B = ( x 2)(2 x 1)

11

III. Dau cua tam thc bac hai: 1. Dang: 2. Bang xet dau cua tam thc bac hai:

f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c

(a 0)

<0 =0

x f(x) x f(x)

Cung dau a

= b 2 4ac

Cung dau a

b 2a 0
Cung dau a

>0

x f(x)

x1

x2

Cung dau a 0 Trai dau a 0 Cung dau a

3. ieu kien khong oi dau cua tam thc: nh ly: Cho tam thc bac hai: f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c

(a 0)

f ( x) > 0 x R f ( x) < 0 x R f ( x) 0 x R f ( x) 0 x R

< 0 a > 0 < 0 a < 0 0 a > 0 0 a < 0

Ap dung:
V du1 : Cho f ( x) = (m 1) x 2 2(m + 1) x + 3(m 2) Tm m e f ( x) > 0 x R

2x 2 x + 3a 3 thoa vi moi x V du 2: Vi gia tr nao cua m th 2 2 x +x+4


IV. Bat phng trnh bac hai: 1. Dang:

ax 2 + bx + c > 0

( hoac 12

, <, )

2. Cach giai: Xet dau tam thc bac hai ve trai roi chon nghiem thch hp.

Ap dung:
V du1 : Giai cac he bat phng trnh: 3 x 11 > 0 a) 2 11x + 10 x + 1 > 0 3x 2 7 x + 2 > 0 b) 2 x 2 + x + 3 > 0 Phng php: Gii tng bt phng trnh ca h ri chn nghim chung (phn giao ca cc tp nghim ca tng bt phng trnh trong h). x + 5 2x 1 + >2 V du 2 : Giai bat phng trnh: 2x 1 x + 5 V du 3: Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet: x 2 (2m + 3) x + 2(m + 3) = 0 2x 3 V du 4: Tm tap xac nh cua ham so: y = 2x 2 + x 6 + x 2 5x + 4 V. So sanh mot so vi cac nghiem cua tam thc bac hai f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c ( a 0 ) nh ly:
Tam thc co hai nghiem x1 , x 2 thoa x1 < < x 2 Tam thc co hai nghiem x1 , x 2 thoa x1 < x 2 <

[ a.f() < 0 ]
> 0 a.f( ) > 0 S < 0 2 > 0 a.f( ) > 0 S > 0 2

Tam thc co hai nghiem x1 , x 2 thoa < x1 < x 2 Tam thc co hai nghiem x1 , x 2 thoa mot nghiem thuoc khoang (;) va nghiem con lai nam ngoai oan [;]

[f( ).f() < 0]

Ap dung:
V du : Cho phng trnh: x 2 2mx + 3m 2 = 0 (1) Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem x1, x2 thoa man 1 < x1 < x 2

13

BAI TAP REN LUYEN: Bai 1: Cho phng trnh:

x 2x + 4 = mx + 2 2m (1) x2 Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem phan biet Bai 2: Cho phng trnh: x 2 (m + 1) x + 3m 5 = 0 (1)

(m>1)
5 ( < m < 3 m > 7 ) 3

Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem dng phan biet

mx 2 + x + m Bai 3: Cho phng trnh: =0 x 1

(1) (
1 < m <0) 2

Tm m e phng trnh (1) co hai nghiem dng phan biet


Bai 4: Cho phng trnh: x 4 mx 2 + m 1 = 0 (1) Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 4 nghiem phan biet Bai 5: Cho phng trnh: ( x 1)( x + mx + m) = 0 (1)
2

(m > 1 m 2)

Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 3 nghiem phan biet


Bai 6: Cho phng trnh : mx 2 + (m 1) x + 3(m 1) = 0

1 (m < 0 m > 4 m ) 2
(1)

Vi gia tr nao cua m th pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet x1, x2 thoa
Bai 7: Cho phng trnh:

1 1 7 + 2 = 2 x1 x 2 9

1 (m = ) 2

1 3 2 x mx 2 x + m + = 0 (1) 3 3 2 2 2 Tm m e phng trnh (1) co ba nghiemphan biet x1, x2, x3 thoa man x1 + x 2 + x3 > 15 (m < 1 m > 1) --------------------Het--------------------

14

E SO 1:
1 (A) ; + 3

TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN


x 1 + xm 2m = co nghiem la x 1 x 1 1 (C) (1; + ) (D) ; + 3
6 3 (D) ; 5 4

Cau 1: Tap hp cac gia tr m e phng trnh:

1 (B) ; 3

Cau 2: Tap xac nh cua ham so y = 4x 3 + x 2 + 5x 6 la 3 3 (A) [1; + ) (B) ; + (C) ;1 4 4

2x 2 3x + 4 Cau 3: Tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh: > 1 la x2 + 2 (A) ( ; 1) ( 2; + ) (B) ( ; 2 ) ( 1; + ) (C) ( ;1) ( 2; + ) (D) ( ;2 ) ( 4; + )
Cau 4: Phng trnh: (m 2 + 1)x 2 x 2m + 3 = 0 co hai nghiem trai dau khi va ch khi 2 3 3 3 (A) m > (B) m < (C) m > (D) m > 3 2 2 2 2x 1 > 0 Cau 5: He bat phng trnh : vo nghiem khi va ch khi x m < 3 5 5 7 5 (B) m (C) m < (D) m (A) m < 2 2 2 2

AP AN:

Cau 1: Tap hp cac gia tr m e phng trnh:

x 1 +

1 (A) ; + 3

1 (B) ; 3

xm 2m = co nghiem la x 1 x 1 1 (C) (1; + ) (D) ; + 3


6 3 (D) ; 5 4

Cau 2: Tap xac nh cua ham so y = 4x 3 + x 2 + 5x 6 la 3 3 (A) [1; + ) (B) ; + (C) ;1 4 4 Cau 3: Tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh:

(A) ( ; 1) ( 2; + ) (C) ( ;1) ( 2; + )

2x 2 3x + 4 > 1 la x2 + 2 (B) ( ; 2 ) ( 1; + ) (D) ( ;2 ) ( 4; + )

Cau 4: Phng trnh: (m 2 + 1)x 2 x 2m + 3 = 0 co hai nghiem trai dau khi va ch khi 2 3 3 3 (B) m < (C) m > (D) m > (A) m > 3 2 2 2 2x 1 > 0 Cau 5: He bat phng trnh : vo nghiem khi va ch khi x m < 3 5 5 7 5 (B) m (C) m < (D) m (A) m < 2 2 2 2

15

E SO 2:
Cau 1:Tap hp cac gia tr m e phng trnh:

x 1 x2

5 2m

(A) ( 2;3)

(B)

co nghiem la 1 x2 (C) [ 2;3] (D) ( 1;1)

Cau 2: Tap xac nh cua ham so y = x 2 + x 2 + 2x 3 la 3 (A) [1; + ) (B) [ 2;1] ; + (C) 2

3 3 (D) ; + 2 ; + 2 2 2 Cau 3: Cac gia tr cua m e phng trnh: 3x + (3m 1)x + m 4 = 0 co hai nghiem trai dau la (B) 2 < m < 2 (C) m < 2 (D) m < 2 hoac m > 2 (A) m < 4 2 Cau 4: Phng trnh: x + x + m = 0 vo nghiem khi va ch khi 3 3 5 (B) m < (C) m > 0 (D) m > (A) m > 4 4 4 x 1 Cau 5: Tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh: > 1 la x3 (A) (B) (C) ( 3; + ) (D) ( ;5)

AP AN:
Cau 1:Tap hp cac gia tr m e phng trnh:

x 1 x2

5 2m

(A) ( 2;3)

(B)

co nghiem la 1 x2 (C) [ 2;3] (D) ( 1;1)

Cau 2: Tap xac nh cua ham so y = x 2 + x 2 + 2x 3 la 3 (A) [1; + ) (B) [ 2;1] ; + (C) 2

3 3 (D) ; + 2 ; + 2 2 2 Cau 3: Cac gia tr cua m e phng trnh: 3x + (3m 1)x + m 4 = 0 co hai nghiem trai dau la (B) 2 < m < 2 (C) m < 2 (D) m < 2 hoac m > 2 (A) m < 4 2 Cau 4: Phng trnh: x + x + m = 0 vo nghiem khi va ch khi 3 3 5 (A) m > (B) m < (C) m > 0 (D) m > 4 4 4 x 1 Cau 5: Tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh: > 1 la x3 (A) (B) (C) ( 3; + ) (D) ( ;5)

16

E SO 3:
Cau 1: Tap xac nh cua ham so y = 4 3x x 2 la 1 1 (A) [ 4;1] (B) ;1 (C) ( ; 4] [1; + ) (D) ; [1; + ) 4 4 (m 1)x (m + 2)x 2m + 1 Cau 2: Tap hp cac gia tr m e phng trnh: co nghiem la = 4 x2 4 x2 7 3 5 7 5 7 (B) ; (C) ; (D) (A) ; 2 2 2 2 2 2 Cau 3: Phng trnh: x 2 2mx + m 2 + 3m 1 = 0 co hai nghiem khi va ch khi 1 1 1 1 (A) m (B) m < (C) m (D) m 3 3 3 3 2 Cau 4: Phng trnh: (m + 3)x 3x + 2m 5 = 0 co hai nghiem trai dau khi va ch khi 5 5 5 (A) m > 3 (B) 3 < m < (C) m < (D) m < 3 hoac m > 2 2 2 3x 1 0 Cau 5: Vi gia tr nao cua m th he bat phng trnh: co nghiem duy nhat ? x + m 2 5 5 7 (B) m = (C) m = (D) khong co gia tr nao cua m (A) m = 3 3 3

AP AN:
Cau 1: Tap xac nh cua ham so y = 4 3x x 2 la 1 1 (A) [ 4;1] (B) ;1 (C) ( ; 4] [1; + ) (D) ; [1; + ) 4 4 (m 1)x (m + 2)x 2m + 1 = Cau 2: Tap hp cac gia tr m e phng trnh: co nghiem la 4 x2 4 x2 7 3 5 7 5 7 (B) ; (C) ; (D) (A) ; 2 2 2 2 2 2 Cau 3: Phng trnh: x 2 2mx + m 2 + 3m 1 = 0 co hai nghiem khi va ch khi 1 1 1 1 (A) m (B) m < (C) m (D) m 3 3 3 3 2 Cau 4: Phng trnh: (m + 3)x 3x + 2m 5 = 0 co hai nghiem trai dau khi va ch khi 5 5 5 (A) m > 3 (B) 3 < m < (C) m < (D) m < 3 hoac m > 2 2 2 3x 1 0 Cau 5: Vi gia tr nao cua m th he bat phng trnh: co nghiem duy nhat ? x + m 2 5 5 7 (B) m = (C) m = (D) khong co gia tr nao cua m (A) m = 3 3 3

17

E SO 4:
Cau 1: Tap xac nh cua ham so y =

(A) ( ; 4 ] [1; + )
2

x2 + 2 la x2 + 3x 4 (B) ( 4;1) (C) ( ; 4 ) (1; + )


2

(D) [ 4;1]

Cau 2: Phng trnh: x + 4mx + 4m 2m 5 = 0 co hai nghiem trai dau khi va ch khi 5 5 5 5 (A) m (B) m > (C) m (D) m 2 2 2 2 2 Cau 3: Phng trnh: x 2(m 1)x + m 3 = 0 co hai nghiem oi nhau khi va ch khi (B) m < 1 (C) m = 1 (D) 1 < m < 3 (A) m < 3 2 Cau 4: Phng trnh: x + x + m = 0 vo nghiem khi va ch khi 3 3 5 (A) m > (B) m < (C) m > 0 (D) m > 4 4 4 1 Cau 5: Tap xac nh cua ham so y = x 2 + x + 2 + la 2x 3 2 2 3 3 (B) ; + (C) ; + (D) ; + (A) ; + 2 3 3 2

AP AN:
x2 + 2 Cau 1: Tap xac nh cua ham so y = la x2 + 3x 4 (B) ( 4;1) (C) ( ; 4 ) (1; + ) (A) ( ; 4 ] [1; + )

(D) [ 4;1]

Cau 2: Phng trnh: x 2 + 4mx + 4m 2 2m 5 = 0 co hai nghiem trai dau khi va ch khi 5 5 5 5 (A) m (B) m > (C) m (D) m 2 2 2 2 2 Cau 3: Phng trnh: x 2(m 1)x + m 3 = 0 co hai nghiem oi nhau khi va ch khi (B) m < 1 (C) m = 1 (D) 1 < m < 3 (A) m < 3 2 Cau 4: Phng trnh: x + x + m = 0 vo nghiem khi va ch khi 3 3 5 (A) m > (B) m < (C) m > 0 (D) m > 4 4 4 1 Cau 5: Tap xac nh cua ham so y = x 2 + x + 2 + la 2x 3 2 2 3 3 (B) ; + (C) ; + (D) ; + (A) ; + 2 3 3 2

18

E SO 5:
Cau 1: Tap xac nh cua ham so y = x 2 + x + 2 +

1 la 2x 3
3 (C) ; + 2 3 (D) ; + 2

2 (A) ; + 3

2 (B) ; + 3

Cau 2: Tap xac nh cua ham so y =

(A) ( ; 1]

x2 1 la 1 x (B) [ 1; + ) \ {1}

(C) ( ; 1] (1; + )

(D) ( ;1)

Cau 3: Phng trnh: x 2 7mx m 6 = 0 co hai nghiem trai dau khi va ch khi (A) m < 6 (B) m > 6 (C) m < 6 (D) m > 6 Cau 4: Gia s x1, x2 la hai nghiem cua phng trnh: x 2 13x 7 = 0 . Gia tr cua tong

(A)

13 7

(B)

Cau 5: Tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh:

11 (A) S = ; + 2

2x + 11 >0 x 1 11 (B) S = ; + (C) 2

13 7

(C)

7 13

(D)

7 13

1 1 + la x1 x 2

la
11 ;1 2

11 (D) ; (1; + ) 2

AP AN:
Cau 1: Tap xac nh cua ham so y = x 2 + x + 2 +

1 la 2x 3
3 (C) ; + 2 3 (D) ; + 2

2 (A) ; + 3

2 (B) ; + 3

Cau 2: Tap xac nh cua ham so y =

(A) ( ; 1]

x2 1 la 1 x (B) [ 1; + ) \ {1}

(C) ( ; 1] (1; + )

(D) ( ;1)

Cau 3: Phng trnh: x 2 7mx m 6 = 0 co hai nghiem trai dau khi va ch khi (A) m < 6 (B) m > 6 (C) m < 6 (D) m > 6 Cau 4: Gia s x1, x2 la hai nghiem cua phng trnh: x 2 13x 7 = 0 . Gia tr cua tong

(A)

13 7

(B)

Cau 5: Tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh:

11 (A) S = ; + 2

2x + 11 >0 x 1 11 (B) S = ; + (C) 2

13 7

(C)

7 13

(D)

7 13

1 1 + la x1 x 2

la
11 ;1 2

11 (D) ; (1; + ) 2

19

E SO 6:
Cau 1: Phng trnh: x 2 4mx + 2m = 0 co hai nghiem am phan biet khi va ch khi 1 1 (B) m < m > 0 (C) m (D) m (A) 0 < m < 2 2 (x 1)(x + 3) Cau 2: Tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh: 0 la 2x 1 1 1 (A) S = 3; [1; + ) (B) S = ;1 (C) ( ; 3) (D) S = (1; + ) 2 2 Cau 3: Phng trnh: x 2 2x m = 0 co hai nghiem x1, x2 thoa man x1 < x 2 < 2 khi va ch khi 1 (A) 1 < m < 0 (B) 1 m < 0 (C) m > 0 (D) m > 4 (2x 1)(x + 3) < 0 Cau 4: He bat phng trnh : 2 co tap nghiem la: x 4

1 (B) S = 2; 2 x2 Cau 5: Tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh: x + 1 la x2 (A) S = ( ; 2 ) ( 2; + ) (B) S = ( ; 2] ( 2; + )

1 (A) S = 3; 2

1 (C) S = 0; 2

(D) S = [ 2;2 ]

(C) ( ; 2 )

(D) S = ( 2; + )

AP AN:
Cau 1: Phng trnh: x 2 4mx + 2m = 0 co hai nghiem am phan biet khi va ch khi 1 1 (A) 0 < m < (B) m < m > 0 (C) m (D) m 2 2 (x 1)(x + 3) Cau 2: Tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh: 0 la 2x 1 1 1 (B) S = ;1 (C) ( ; 3) (D) S = (1; + ) (A) S = 3; [1; + ) 2 2 Cau 3: Phng trnh: x 2 2x m = 0 co hai nghiem x1, x2 thoa man x1 < x 2 < 2 khi va ch khi 1 (A) 1 < m < 0 (B) 1 m < 0 (C) m > 0 (D) m > 4 (2x 1)(x + 3) < 0 Cau 4: He bat phng trnh : 2 co tap nghiem la: x 4 1 1 1 (B) S = 2; (C) S = 0; (D) S = [ 2;2 ] (A) S = 3; 2 2 2 x2 Cau 5: Tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh: x + 1 la x2 (A) S = ( ; 2 ) ( 2; + ) (B) S = ( ; 2] ( 2; + ) (C) ( ; 2 ) (D) S = ( 2; + )

20

Chuyen e 10:

CAC BAI TOAN C BAN CO LIEN QUAN EN KHAO SAT HAM SO O TH CUA HAM SO CO MANG DAU GIA TR TUYET OI
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

1.BAI TOAN 1 :

Phng phap chung: e ve o th cua ham so co mang dau gia tr tuyet oi ta co the thc hien nh sau: Bc 1: Xet dau cac bieu thc cha bien ben trong dau gia tr tuyet oi . Bc 2: S dung nh ngha gia tr tuyet oi e kh dau gia tr tuyet oi Phan tch ham so a cho thanh cac phan khong co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi ( Dang ham so cho bi nhieu cong thc) Bc 3: Ve o th tng phan roi ghep lai( Ve chung tren mot he truc toa o)

* Cac kien thc c ban thng s dung: 1. nh ngha gia tr tuyet oi :

A neu A = A neu
2. nh ly c ban:

A0 A<0

B 0 A =B A = B 3. Mot so tnh chat ve o th: a) o th cua hai ham so y=f(x) va y=-f(x) oi xng nhau qua truc hoanh b) o th ham so chan nhan truc tung lam truc oi xng c) o th ham so le nhan goc toa o lam tam oi xng

* Ba dang c ban:
Bai toan tong quat:

(C1 ) : y = f ( x) T o th (C):y=f(x), hay suy ra o th cac ham so sau: (C 2 ) : y = f ( x ) (C 3 ) : y = f ( x)


54

Dang 1: Cach giai

T o th

(C ) : y = f ( x) (C1 ) : y = f ( x)

f ( x) neu f(x) 0 (1) B1. Ta co : (C1 ) : y = f ( x) = (2) f ( x) neu f(x) < 0 B2. T o th (C) a ve ta co the suy ra o th (C1) nh sau: Gi nguyen phan o th (C) nam pha tren truc Ox ( do (1) ) Lay oi xng qua Ox phan o th (C) nam pha di truc Ox ( do (2) ) Bo phan o th (C) nam pha di truc Ox ta se c (C1)
Minh hoa
y
y
f(x)=x^3-3*x+2
f(x)=x^3-3*x+2 f(x)=abs(x^3-3*x+2)

y=x3-3x+2
y = x3-3x+2

(C1 ) : y = x 3 3 x + 2
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

x
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-2

(C): y = x -3x+2 y=x3-3x+2


3

-2

-4

-4
-6

-6
-8

-8

Dang 2: Cach giai

T o th

(C ) : y = f ( x) (C 2 ) : y = f ( x) ) ( ay la ham so chan)

(1) f ( x) neu x 0 B1. Ta co : (C 2 ) : y = f ( x) ) = (2) f ( x) neu x < 0 B2. T o th (C) a ve ta co the suy ra o th (C2) nh sau: Gi nguyen phan o th (C) nam pha ben phai truc Oy ( do (1) ) Lay oi xng qua Oy phan o th (C) nam pha ben phai truc Oy ( do do tnh chat ham chan ) Bo phan o th (C) nam pha ben trai truc Oy (neu co) ta se (C2)
Minh hoa:
y

x 3 y=x -3x+2

f(x)=x^3-3*x+2

y
3

f(x)=x^3-3*x+2 f(x)=abs(x^3)-abs(3*x)+2

y = x3-3x+2
4
4

(C 2 ) : y = x 3 x + 2

x
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

x
x

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-2

y=x3-3x+2 55

(C): y = x3-3x+2

-2

-4

-4

-6

-6

-8

Dang 3: Cach giai

T o th

(C ) : y = f ( x) (C3 ) : y = f ( x)

f ( x) 0 B1. Ta co : (C 3 ) : y = f ( x) y = f ( x) y = f ( x)

(1) (2)

B2. T o th (C) a ve ta co the suy ra o th (C3) nh sau: ( do (1) ) Gi nguyen phan o th (C) nam pha tren truc Ox Lay oi xng qua Ox phan o th (C) nam pha tren truc Ox ( do (2) ) Bo phan o th (C) nam pha di truc Ox ta se c (C3)

Minh hoa:
y

f(x)=x^3-3*x+2

f(x)=x^3-3*x+2 f(x)=x^3-3*x+2 f(x)=-(x^3-3*x+2)

y=x -3x+2 y = x -3x+2


3

(C3) : y = x3 3x + 2
x
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-2

x
x
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-4

-6

(C): y = x -3x+2 y=x3-3x+2


3

-2

-4
-8

-6

-8

BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Cho ham so : y = x 3 + 3 x (1) 1. Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th (C) cua ham so (1) 2. T o th (C) a ve, hay suy ra o th cac ham so sau: 3 b) y = x + 3 x a) y = x 3 + 3x Bai 2: Cho ham so : y =
x +1 (1) x 1 1. Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th (C) cua ham so (1) 2. T o th (C) a ve, hay suy ra o th cac ham so sau: x +1 x +1 x +1 x +1 b) y = c) y = d) y = a) y = x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

c) y = x 3 + 3x

e) y =

x +1 x 1

56

2.BAI TOAN 2 : Bai toan tong quat:

S TNG GIAO CUA HAI O TH

(C1 ) : y = f(x) Trong mp(Oxy) . Hay xet s tng giao cua o th hai ham so : (C2 ) : y = g(x)

(C1 )

y M 1 y2 y1

(C1 )

y
M0

(C1 )

M2

(C2 )

x
O (C2 )

x
x1 O x2
O (C2 )

(C1) va (C2) khong co iem chung

(C1) va (C2) cat nhau

(C1) va (C2) tiep xuc nhau

Phng phap chung: * Thiet lap phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua o th hai ham so a cho: f(x) = g(x) (1) * Khao sat nghiem so cua phng trnh (1) . So nghiem cua phng trnh (1) chnh la so giao iem cua hai o th (C1) va (C2). Ghi nh: So nghiem cua pt (1) = so giao iem cua hai o th (C1) va (C2).

Chu y 1 : (C1) va (C2) khong co iem iem chung * (1) vo nghiem * (1) co n nghiem (C1) va (C2) co n iem chung Chu y 2 : * Nghiem x0 cua phng trnh (1) chnh la hoanh o iem chung cua (C1) va (C2). Khi o tung o iem chung la y0 = f(x0) hoac y0 = g(x0). y

y0 x0 O
Ap dung: V du: Tm toa o giao iem cua ng cong (C): y =

2x 1 va ng thang ( d ) : y = 3 x 1 x +1

57

Minh hoa:
y
15
f(x)=(2*x-1)/(x+1) f(x)=-3*x-1 x(t)=-1 , y(t)=t f(x)=2

10

-20

-15

-10

-5

(C ) : y =
5 10 -5 -10

2x 1 x +1
15

x
20 25

-15

-20

( d ) : y = 3 x 1

b. ieu kien tiep xuc cua o th hai ham so : nh ly :


f(x) = g(x) (C1) tiep xuc vi (C1) he : ' co nghiem ' f (x) = g (x)
y
M

(C 1 )

x
O

(C 2 )

Ap dung:

x 2 + 2x 3 . Chng minh rang (P) va (C) tiep xuc nhau V du: Cho ( P) : y = x 3 x 1 va (C ) : y = x 1 Minh hoa:
2
y
15
f(x)=x^2-3*x-1 f(x)=(-x^2+2*x-3)/(x-1)

(C )

10

(P )

x
-20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15 20 25

-5

-10

-15

58

BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Cho ham so y = ( x 1)( x + mx + m ) (1) Xac nh m sao cho o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh tai 3 iem phan biet. Bai 2: Cho ham so y = 2 x 3 3 x 2 1 (C) Goi (d) la ngthang i qua iem M(0;-1) va co he so goc bang k. Tm k e ng thang (d) cat (C) tai ba iem phan biet. Bai 3: Cho ham so y = x 3 3x + 2 (C) Goi (d) la ngthang i qua iem A(3;20) va co he so goc bang m. Tm m e ng thang (d) cat (C) tai ba iem phan biet. Bai 4 : Cho ham so y = x 4 mx 2 + m 1 (1) Xac nh m sao cho o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh tai 4 iem phan biet. x2 2x + 4 Bai 5: Cho ham so y = (1) x 2 Tm m e ng thang (d): y = mx+2-2m cat o th ham so (1) tai hai iem phan biet x2 x 1 (1) Bai 6: Cho ham so y = x +1 Tm m e ng thang (d): y = m(x-3)+1 cat o th ham so (1) tai hai iem phan biet x2 + 4x + 1 Bai 7: Cho ham so y = x+2 Tm cac gia tr cua m e ng thang (d):y=mx+2-m cat o th ham so tai hai iem phan biet thuoc cung mot nhanh cua o th. mx 2 + x + m Bai 8: Cho ham so y = (1) x 1 Tm m e o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh ta hai iem phan biet va hai iem o co hoanh o dng . x 2 + mx 1 Bai 9: Cho ham so y = (1) x 1 nh m e ng thang y=m cat o th ham so (1) tai hai iem phan biet A, B sao cho OA OB . x 2 + mx 1 Bai 10: Tm m e tiem can xien cua ham so y = cat cac truc toa o tai hai iem A,B sao cho x 1 dien tch tam giac OAB bang 8. x2 + 3 Bai 11: Cho ham so y = x +1 2 Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) i qua iem M(2; ) sao cho (d) cat o th (C) tai hai iem 5 phan A,B va M la trung iem cua AB. x 2 + 3x 3 Bai 12: Cho ham so y = (1) 2( x 1) Tm m e ng thang y=m cat o th ham so (1) tai hai iem A,B sao cho AB=1 Bai 13: Cho ham so y = ( x 1)( x 2 + mx + m ) (1) Tm m e o th ham so (1) tiep xuc vi truc hoanh. Xac nh toa o tiep iem trong moi trng hp tm c
2

59

Bai 14: Cho ham so y =

ham so

x2 x +1 . Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) qua M(0;1) va tiep xuc vi o th x 1 (C)

x 2 3x + 6 Bai 15: Cho ham so y = x2

1 Tm tren (C) tat ca cac cap iem oi xng nhau qua iem I ( ;1) 2 2 x 2x + 2 (C) va hai ng thang (d1 ) : y = x + m & (d 2 ) : y = x + 3 Bai 16: Cho ham so y = x 1 Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e (C) cat (d1) tai hai iem phan biet A, B oi xng nhau qua (d2) 4 Bai 17: Cho ham so y = x + (1) x Chng minh rang ng thang ( d ) : y = 3 x + m luon cat (C) tai hai iem phan biet A,B. Goi I la trung iem cua oan thang AB, hay tm m e I nam tren ng thang ( ) : y = 2 x + 3

60

TIEP TUYEN VI NG CONG 3.BAI TOAN 3: a. Dang 1: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi o th (C):y = f(x) tai iem M 0 (x 0 ; y 0 ) (C)
y y0 M 0 x0
(C): y=f(x)

Phng phap:

Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) tai M(x0;y0) co dang: y - y0 = k ( x - x0 ) Trong o : x0 : hoanh o tiep iem y0: tung o tiep iem va y0=f(x0) k : he so goc cua tiep tuyen va c tnh bi cong thc : k = f'(x0)

Ap dung: V du: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua o th ham so y = x 3 3 x + 3 tai iem uon cua no `b. Dang 2: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi o th (C): y=f(x) biet tiep tuyen co he so goc k cho trc y (C): y=f(x)

y0 M 0 x0

Phng phap: Ta co the tien hanh theo cac bc sau Bc 1: Goi M ( x0 ; y0 ) (C ) la tiep iem cua tiep tuyen vi (C) Bc 2: Tm x0 bang cach giai phng trnh : f ' ( x0 ) = k , t o suy ra y0 = f ( x0 ) =? Bc 3: Thay cac yeu to tm c vao pt: y - y0 = k ( x - x0 ) ta se c pttt can tm.

61

Chu y : oi vi dang 2 ngi ta co the cho he so goc k di dang gian tiep nh : tiep tuyen song song, tiep tuyen vuong goc vi mot ng thang cho trc .

y
(C): y=f(x)

y k =a y = ax + b

(C): y=f(x)

1 2

x
k = 1 / a

2 : y = ax + b Khi o ta can phai s dung cac kien thc sau: nh ly 1: Neu ng thang ( ) co phng trnh dang : y= ax+b th he so goc cua ( ) la:
k = a nh ly 2: Neu ng thang ( ) i qua hai iem A( x A ; y A ) va B(x B ; yB ) vi x A x B th he so

goc cua ( ) la :
k = yB y A xB x A

nh ly 3: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang (1 ) va ( 2 ) . Khi o:


1 // 2 1 2 k 1 = k 2 k 1 .k 2 = 1

Ap dung: V du1:

1 3 1 2 4 x + x 2x 3 2 3 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen song song vi ng thang (d): y = 4x+2. x2 + 3 V du 2: Cho ng cong (C): y = x +1 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen vuong goc vi ng thang ( ) : y = 3 x

Cho ng cong (C): y =

c. Dang 3:

Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C): y=f(x) biet tiep tuyen i qua iem A(xA;yA) y (C ) : y = f ( x)

A( x A ; y A ) x

: y y A = k(x xA ) y = k(x xA ) + y A
62

Phng phap: Ta co the tien hanh theo cac bc sau Bc 1: Viet phng trnh ng thang ( ) qua A va co he so goc la k bi cong thc: y y A = k ( x x A ) y = k ( x x A ) + y A (*) Bc 2: nh k e ( ) tiep xuc vi (C). Ta co: f(x)=k(x-x A ) + y A tiep xuc (C) he ' co nghiem (1) f ( x ) = k Bc 3: Giai he (1) tm k. Thay k tm c vao (*) ta se c pttt can tm.

Ap dung: V du1: Cho ng cong (C): y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 4 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen i qua iem A(0;-1) 2x 5 V du 2: Cho ng cong (C): y = x 2 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen i qua iem A(-2;0). BAI TAP REN LUYEN 1 Bai 1: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua o th (C) cua ham so y = x 3 2 x 2 + 3 x tai iem uon va 3 chng minh rang la tiep tuyen cua (C) co he so goc nho nhat x2 + x 1 Bai 2: Cho ng cong (C): y = x+2 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen vuong goc vi ng thang ( ) : y = x 2

x 2 + 3x + 6 (C) Bai 3: Cho ham so y = x +1 Tm tren o th (C) cac iem ma tiep tuyen tai o vuong goc vi ng thang ( d ) : y =
Bai 4:
1 x 3

Bai 5:

Bai 6:

Bai 7:

x2 + x + 1 Cho ng cong (C): y = x +1 Tm cac iem tren (C) ma tiep tuyen vi (C) tai o vuong goc vi tiem can xien cua (C). x2 + x 1 (C) Cho ham so y = x 1 Tm cac iem tren o th (C) ma tiep tuyen tai moi iem ay vi o th (C) vuong goc vi ng thang i qua hai iem cc ai, cc tieu cua (C). m 1 1 Cho ham so y = x 3 + x 2 + (Cm) 3 2 3 Goi M la iem thuoc (Cm) co hoanh o bang -1 . Tm m e tiep tuyen cua (Cm) tai iem M song song vi ng thang 5x-y=0 Cho ng cong (C): y = x 3 3x 2 + 2 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen i qua iem M(2;-7)

63

4.BAI TOAN 4: BIEN LUAN SO NGHIEM CUA PHNG TRNH BANG O TH


C s cua phng phap:

Xet phng trnh f(x) = g(x) (1) Nghiem x0 cua phng trnh (1) chnh la hoanh o giao iem cua (C1):y=f(x) va (C2):y=g(x)

(C1 ) (C2 ) x

x0

Dang 1 : Bang o th hay bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh : Phng phap: Bc 1: Xem (*) la phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua hai o th:

f(x) = m (*)

(C ) : y = f ( x ) : (C) la o th co nh () : y = m : () la ng thang di ong cung phng Ox va cat Oy tai M(0;m) Bc 2: Ve (C) va ( ) len cung mot he truc toa o Bc 3: Bien luan theo m so giao iem cua ( ) va (C) T o suy ra so nghiem cua phng trnh (*)
(C ) : y = f ( x )
y

Minh hoa:

m2

x
O m1

(0; m )

y=m

64

Dang 2: Bang o th hay bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh : Phng phap: at k=g(m) Bc 1: Xem (**) la phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua hai o th: (C ) : y = f ( x ) : (C) la o th co nh

f(x) = g(m) (* *)

() : y = k

: () la ng thang di ong cung phng Ox

va cat Oy tai M(0;k) Bc 2: Ve (C) va ( ) len cung mot he truc toa o Bc 3: Bien luan theo k so giao iem cua ( ) va (C) . D a vao he thc k=g(m) e suy ra m T o ket luan ve so nghiem cua phng trnh (**).

y
Minh hoa:

K2 O M1

(0; k )

y=k

Ap dung: V du: 1) Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th ham so y = 2 x 3 9 x 2 + 12 x 4 2) Bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh: 2 x 3 9 x 2 + 12 x 4 m = 0 3 3) Tm m e phng trnh sau co 6 nghiem phan biet: 2 x 9 x 2 + 12 x = m BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Bien luan theo m so nghiem cua cac phng trnh : x2 x2 =m a. b. =m x 1 x 1 Bai 2: Tm k e phng trnh sau co ba nghiem phan biet: x 3 + 3 x 2 + k 3 3k 2 = 0 Bai 3: Tm m e phng trnh sau co nghiem duy nhat: x 3 3mx + 2 = 0 Bai 4 :Tm m e phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet: 2 x 2 4 x 3 + 2m x 1 = 0 Bai 5: Tm m e phng trnh sau co 6 nghiem phan biet: x 3 + 3 x 2 2 log2 m = 0 Bai 6: Bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh : Bai 7: Tm a e phng trnh sau co nghiem:
e3 x 2e2 x + 3e x = m 3

65

91+
5. BAI TOAN 5:

1t 2

(a + 2).31+

1t 2

+ 2a + 1 = 0

HO NG CONG
( m la tham so )

BAI TOAN TONG QUAT: Cho ho ng cong (C m ) : y = f ( x, m) PHNG PHAP GIAI:

Bien luan theo m so ng cong cua ho (C m ) i qua iem M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 ) cho trc.

Ta co : Ho ng cong (C m ) i qua iem M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 )

y 0 = f ( x 0 , m)

(1)

Xem (1) la phng trnh theo an m. Tuy theo so nghiem cua phng trnh (1) ta suy ra so ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua M0 Cu the: Neu phng trnh (1) co n nghiem phan biet th co n ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua M0 Neu phng trnh (1) vo nghiem th moi ng cong cua ho (Cm) eu khong i qua M0 Neu phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi m th moi ng cong cua ho (Cm) eu i qua M0 Trong trng hp nay ta noi rang M0 la iem co nh cua ho ng cong (C m )
Ap dung: V du: Goi (Cm) la o th ham so y = x + m + 1

A(2;0) V du: Cho ham so y = x 3 3mx 2 + 9 x + 1 (1). Tm m e iem uon cua o th ham so (1) thuoc ng thang y=x+1 TM IEM CO NH CUA HO NG CONG BAI TOAN TONG QUAT: Cho ho ng cong (C m ) : y = f ( x, m) ( m la tham so ) Tm iem co nh cua ho ng cong (Cm) PHNG PHAP GIAI
Bc 1: Goi M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 ) la iem co nh (neu co) ma ho (Cm) i qua. Khi o phng trnh:

m2 . Tm m e tiem can xien cua (Cm) i qua iem x+m

y 0 = f ( x0 , m) nghiem ung m
Bc 2: Bien oi phng trnh (1) ve mot trong cac dang sau: Am + B = 0 m Dang 1: Am 2 + Bm + C = 0 m Dang 2: A = 0 Ap dung nh ly: Am + B = 0 m (2) B = 0

(1)

A = 0 Am + Bm + C = 0 m B = 0 (3) C = 0
2

66

Bc 3: Giai he (2) hoac (3) ta se tm c ( x0 ; y 0 ) 6. BAI TOAN 6:

TM CAC IEM AC BIET TREN O TH CUA HAM SO

x 2 + 3x + 6 x+2 Tm tren o th ham so tat ca nhng iem co cac toa o la nguyen . x2 + 2x + 2 Bai 2: Cho ham so y = x +1 Tm iem thuoc o th ham so sao cho khoang cach t o en truc hoanh bang hai lan khoang cach t o en truc tung . 2x + 1 Bai 3: Cho ham so y = x +1 Tm tren o th ham so nhng iem co tong khoang cach en hai tiem can nho nhat x2 + 2x 2 Bai 4: Cho ham so y = x 1 Tm iem M tren o th (C) sao cho khoang cach t M en giao iem cua hai ng tiem can la nho nhat x2 + 4x + 5 Bai 5: Cho ham so y = x+2 Tm iem thuoc o th ham so sao cho khoang cach t iem o en ng thang y+3x+6=0 la nho nhat. Bai 6: Cho ham so y = 2 x 4 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1 Tm tren o th ham so iem M sao cho khoang cach t M en ng thang (d):y=2x-1 la nho nhat. 1 Bai 7: Cho ham so y = x + (C) x 1 Tm hai iem A,B tren hai nhanh khac nhau cua (C) sao cho o dai oan AB nho nhat x2 + x + 2 Bai 8: Cho ham so y = x 1 5 Tm tren o th ham so hai iem oi xng nhau qua iem I (0; ) 2 2 x Bai 9: Cho ham so y = x 1 Tm tren o th ham so hai iem oi xng nhau qua ng thang y=x-1

Bai 1: Cho ham so y =

67

7. BAI TOAN 7: Bai 1: Cho ham so y =


2

CAC BAI TOAN VE S OI XNG

x x +1 (C). Chng minh rang (C) nhan giao iem hai tiem can ng va xien x 1 lam tam oi xng. x 2 + 2m 2 x + m 2 Bai 2: Cho ham so y = (Cm) x +1 Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e o th (Cm) co hai iem phan biet oi xng nhau qua goc toa o Bai 3: Cho ham so y = x 3 3mx 2 + 3(m 2 1) x + 1 m 2 (Cm) Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e o th (Cm) co hai iem phan biet oi xng nhau qua goc toa o x 2 4mx + 5m Bai 4: Cho ham so y = (Cm) x 2 Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e o th (Cm) co hai iem phan biet oi xng nhau qua goc toao

----------------------------------Het-----------------------------------

68

Chuyen e 11:

NG DUNG CUA AO HAM

nh ngha: Cho ham so

y = f (x) xac nh tren khoang (a;b)

TNH N IEU CUA HAM SO Tom tat giao khoa

[f ong bien (tang) tren (a; b) ]


[f nghch
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )

n x , x (a; b ) : x < x f ( x ) < f ( x ) 1 2 1 2 1 2

] ]

n bien (giam) tren (a; b) ] x , x ( a ; b ) : x < x f ( x ) > f ( x ) 1 2 1 2 1 2 y


y (C ) : y = f ( x) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) O

a x1

x2 b

a x1

x2

x
b

1. ieu kien can cua tnh n ieu: nh ly 1: Gia s ham so f co ao ham tren khoang (a;b)

[f ong bien (tang) tren khoang (a; b)] f ' (x) 0 x (a; b) [f nghch bien (giam) tren khoang (a; b)] f ' ( x) 0 x (a; b) [ [ [ ]
]

2. ieu kien u cua tnh n ieu: nh ly 2: Gia s ham so f co ao ham tren khoang (a;b) ' f (x) > 0 x (a; b) f ong bien (tang) tren (a; b) ' f (x) < 0 x (a; b) f nghch bien (giam) tren (a; b) ' f (x) = 0 x (a; b) f khong oi tren (a; b)

a +

x f ' ( x) f (x )

f ' ( x) f (x )

69

nh ly 3: Gia s ham so f co ao ham tren khoang (a;b) ' f (x) 0 x (a; b) ang thc ch xay ra tai mot so f hu han iem cua (a; b) ' f (x) 0 x (a; b) ang thc ch xay ra tai mot so f hu han iem cua (a; b)

ong bien (tang) tren (a; b)

nghch bien (giam) tren (a; b)]

Minh hoa nh ly:


x f ' ( x) f (x ) a
+

x0
0

x f ' ( x) f ( x)

x0
0

nh ly 4: Gia s ham so f co ao ham tren khoang (a;b)

[f ong bien (tang) tren (a; b)] [f nghch bien (giam) tren (a; b)] [f khong oi tren (a; b)]

' f (x) 0 x (a; b) ' f (x) 0 x (a; b) ' f (x) = 0 x (a; b)

3. Phng phap xet chieu bien thien cua ham so: Muon xet chieu bien thien cua ham so y = f (x) ta co the thc hien nh sau: Bc 1: Tm mien xac nh cua ham so : D=? Bc 2: Tnh

f ' ( x)

va xet dau

f ' ( x)

Bc 3: Da vao nh ly ieu kien u e ket luan. BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Khao sat s bien thien cua ham so: 1) y = x 4 x 2 4) y = e x + x
x 7) y = ln x

2) y = 5) y =

x+3 x2 +1 ex
x

3) y = 6) y =

x2 x2 1
1 2 x ln x 2

8) y = x 2 + 4 x 70

9) y = x + 2 x 2

1 Bai 2: Cho ham so y = f ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 + (2a + 1) x 3a + 2 (1). Tm a e ham so nghch bien tren R 3 1 Bai 3: Tm m e ham so y = x 3 + ( m 1) x 2 + ( m + 3) x 4 ong bien tren khoang (0;3) 3 2 1 Bai 4: Cho ham so y = f ( x) = x 3 + (m 1) x 2 + (2m 3) x (1) 3 3 a) Vi gia tr nao cua m, ham so (1) ong bien tren R b) Vi gia tr nao cua m, ham so (1) ong bien tren khoang (1;+) m Bai 5: Cho ham so y = f ( x) = x + 2 + (1) x 1 Tm a e ham so (1) ong bien tren moi khoang xac nh cua no 2 2 x + (m + 2) x 3m + 1 Bai 6: Cho ham so y = f ( x) = (1) x 1 Tm a e ham so (1) nghch bien tren moi khoang xac nh cua no 2 x 2 + (1 m) x + m + 1 Bai 7: Cho ham so : y = . nh m e ham so ong bien trong khoang (1; + ) xm Bai 8: Chng minh rang: 2 sin x + tgx > 3 x vi moi x 0; 2 3 x Bai 9: Chng minh rang: tgx > x + vi moi x 0; 2 3 4 Bai 10: Chng minh rang: tgx x vi moi x 0; 4 1 Bai 11: Cho ham so y = x 3 ax 2 + (2a 1) x a + 2 3 Tm a e ham so nghch bien trong khoang (-2;0) Bai 12: Cho ham so y = x 3 mx 2 + x + 1 (1) Tm cac gia tr cua m e ham so (1) nghch bien trong khoang (1;2) x 2 + mx 1 Bai 13: Cho ham so y = x 1 Tm m e ham so ong bien tren khoang (- ;1) va (1;+ ). x2 2x + m Bai 14: Cho ham so y = x 2 Xac nh m e ham so nghch bien tren [-1;0]. x 2 + 5x + m2 + 6 Bai 15: Cho ham so y = x +3 Tm m e ham so ong bien tren khoang (1;+ ). x 2 + (2m 3) x + m 1 Bai 16: Cho ham so y = x (m 1) Tm m e ham so ong bien tren khoang (0;+ )

71

NG DUNG TNH N IEU CUA HAM SO E


CHNG MINH BAT ANG THC GIAI PHNG TRNH - BAT PHNG TRNH - HE BAT PHNG TRNH ******** C s e giai quyet van e nay la dung ao ham e xet tnh n ieu cua ham so va da vao chieu bien thien cua ham so e ket luan ve nghiem cua phng trnh , bat phng trnh, he phng trnh . CAC KIEN THC C BAN ---------I. nh ngha : Cho ham so y = f(x) xac nh trong khoang (a,b). a) f tang ( hay ong bien ) tren khoang (a,b) x1, x2 (a,b) : x1 < x2 f(x1) < f(x2) b) f giam ( hay nghch bien ) tren khoang (a,b) x1, x2 (a,b) : x1 < x2 f(x1) > f(x2) II. Cac tnh chat : 1) Tnh chat 1: Gia s ham so y = f(x) tang (hoac giam) tren khoang (a,b) ta co : f(u) = f(v) u = v (vi u, v (a,b) )

2) Tnh chat 2: Gia s ham so y = f(x) tang tren khoang (a,b) ta co : f(u) < f(v) u < v (vi u, v (a,b) )

3) Tnh chat 3: Gia s ham so y = f(x) giam tren khoang (a,b) ta co : f(u) < f(v) u > v (vi u, v (a,b) ) 4) Tnh chat 4: Neu y = f(x) tang tren (a,b) va y = g(x) la ham hang hoac la mot ham so giam tren (a,b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem thuoc khoang (a,b) *Da vao tnh chat tren ta suy ra : Neu co x0 (a,b) sao cho f(x0) = g(x0) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nghiem duy nhat tren (a,b) BAI TAP AP DUNG Bai 1 : Giai cac phng trnh sau : 1)

4x 1 + 4x 2 1 = 1

2) ( 2 3 ) x + ( 2 + 3 ) x = 2 x 3) log 2 (1 + 3 x ) = log 7 x Bai 2 : Giai cac phng trnh sau: 1) 2 x 1 2 x


2

= ( x 1) 2
72

2x + 4x + 5 Bai 3 : Giai cac he : cot gx cot gy = x y 1) vi x, y (0, ) 5x + 8y = 2


2

2) log 3 (

x2 + x +3

) = x 2 + 3x + 2

2 x 2 y = ( y x ).( xy + 2) 2) x 2 + y 2 = 2
Bai 4: Giai cac bat phng trnh sau. 1) 5x + 12x > 13x 2) x (x8 + x2 +16 ) > 6 ( 4 - x2 ) Bai 5 : Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau : vi x > 0 1) ex > 1+x 2) ln (1 + x ) < x vi x > 0 3) sinx < x vi x > 0 1 4) 1 - x2 < cosx vi x 0 2 ------Het-------

73

CC TR CUA HAM SO Tom tat giao khoa


I. nh ngha: Cho ham so y=f(x) xac nh tren khoang (a;b) va x0(a;b)

f ( x0 ) f (x)

(C ) : y = f ( x)

(x x ) 0 b

O f (x) f ( x0 )

a ( x x0 )

x
b

(C ) : y = f ( x)

x 0

la iem CC AI

cua ham so f

f(x)

< f(x

x V \ x

x 0

la iem CC TIEU

cua ham so f

f(x)

> f(x

x V \ x

II.ieu kien can cua cc tr: nh ly Fermat : Gia s y=f(x) lien tuc tren khoang (a;b) va
f f

co ao ham tai x at cc tr tai x 0

x (a; b) 0

f '( x ) = 0 0

Y ngha hnh hoc cua nh ly: Neu ham so y = f ( x) co ao ham tai iem x0 va at cc tr tai iem o th tiep tuyen cua ng cong (C): y =

f ( x) tai iem M(x0,f(x0)) phai cung phng vi Ox

III. ieu kien u e ham so co cc tr: 1) nh ly 1: Gia s ham so y=f(x) co ao ham tren mot lan can cua iem x0 ( co the tr tai iem x0) Neu khi x i qua x ma 0
Neu ' f ( x )
f

' ( x ) oi dau t

+ sang

khi x i qua x

ma 0 oi dau t sang +
a
+

f at CC

AI

tai x

at CC TIEU

tai x

Bang tom tat:


x f ' ( x) f ( x) x0
0 CD b

x f ' ( x) f ( x)

x0
0

CT

74

2) nh ly 2: Gia s ham so y=f(x) co ao ham lien tuc ti cap hai tai x0 va f'(x0)=0, f''(x0)0
Neu
Neu

f '' ( x ) < 0 0
f '' ( x 0 ) > 0

f
f

at CC AI
at CC TIEU

tai x

tai x

Bai 1: Tm cc tr cua cac ham so: 1)

BAI TAP REN LUYEN 2)

y = x 4 x
2 y = ex + x

4) 7)

5) 8)

y = x+3 x 2 +1 x y=e x

3)

y=

x2 x 2 1

6)

y= x ln x

y = x2 + 4 x

y = 1 x 2 ln x 2 9) y = x + 2 x 2

y = x3 + 2(m 1) x 2 + (m 2 4m + 1) x 2(m 2 + 1) . Tm m e y at 1 + 1 = 1 (x + x ) cc ai, cc tieu tai hai iem x1, x2 thoa man ieu kien x x 2 1 2 1 2 x 2 + mx 2 . Xac nh m e ham so co cc ai, cc tieu Bai 3: Cho ham so y = mx 1 vi hoanh o thoa man x + x = 4 x x 1 2 1 2 x 2 + mx + 1 at cc ai tai x = 2 Bai 4: Tm m e ham so y = x+m
Bai 2: Cho ham so Bai 5: Gia s ham so

f ( x) =

u ( x) v( x )

at cc tr tai x0. Chng minh rang neu

v'(x ) 0 0

th

u'(x ) 0 f (x ) = 0 v'(x ) 0

Ap dung : Tm gia tr cc tr cua ham so: Bai 6: Cho ham so

2 y = x + 3x + 5 x+2 f ( x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d . Chia f(x) cho f'(x), ta c: f ( x) = f ' ( x).( Ax + B) + x +


f ( x ) = x + 0 0 y = x 3 3x 2 3x + 2
75

Gia s f(x) at cc tr tai x0 Chng minh rang : Ap dung : Tm gia tr cc tr cua ham so:

Bai 7: Goi (Cm) la o th ham so

Tm m e ham so (1) co cc tr va khoang cach t iem cc tieu cua (Cm) en tiem can xien cua (Cm) bang Bai 8: Goi (Cm) la o th ham so

y = mx + 1 x

(1)

Chng minh rang vi m bat ky, o th (Cm) luon luon co iem cc ai, iem cc tieu va khoang cach gia hai iem o bang 20 x 2 + mx + 1 Bai 9: Cho ham so y = . Tm m sao cho ham so at cc ai tai x = -1 x+m 1 Bai 10: Cho ham so y = x 3 mx 2 + ( 2m 1) x m + 2 3 Tm m sao cho ham so co hai cc tr co hoanh o dng x2 + x + m Bai 11: Cho ham so y = (1) x +1 Xac nh m sao cho ham so (1) co hai gia tr cc tr trai dau nhau. Bai 12: Cho ham so y = x 3 3mx 2 + (m 2 + 2m 3) x + 4 (1) Tm m e o th ham so (1) co iem cc ai va cc tieu ve hai pha cua truc tung Bai 13: Cho ham so : y = ( x m )3 3 x Xac nh m e ham so at cc tieu tai iem co hoanh o x = 0. Bai 14: Cho ham so : y = mx 4 + (m 2 9) x 2 + 10 Tm m e ham so co ba iem cc tr. Bai 15: Cho ham so : y = x 3 + 3mx 2 + 3(1 m 2 ) x + m 3 m 2 Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua hai iem cc tr cua o th ham so . x 2 + mx Bai 16: Cho ham so y = 1 x Tm m e ham so co cc ai ,cc tieu . Vi gia tr nao cua m th khoang cach gia hai iem cc tr cua o th ham so bang 10. x 2 + mx 2 Bai 17: Cho ham so y = mx 1 Xac nh m e ham so co cc ai , cc tieu vi hoang o thoa man x1 + x2 = 4 x1.x2

1 2 x 2 + (m + 1) x + m + 1 y= x +1

(1)

76

1. nh ngha:

Cho ham so

y = f (x) xac nh tren D

GTLN VA GTNN CUA HAM SO Tom tat giao khoa

So M c goi la GTLN cua ham so neu: f ( x) M x D Ton tai x 0 D sao cho f(x 0 ) = M Ky hieu: M = Max y So m c goi la GTNN cua ham so neu: f ( x) m x D Ton tai x 0 D sao cho f(x 0 ) = m Ky hieu: m = min y y xD Minh hoa:

xD

M f (x) x0 O (C ) : y = f ( x)

x0 x

2. Cac phng phap tm GTLN & GTNN cua ham so a) Phng phap 1: S dung bat ang thc V du 1: Tm GTLN va nho nhat cua ham so : V du 2: Tm GTNN cua ham so :

y = f (x) tren D

2 vi x > 0 x y = x2 + 4 x y = x+ x2 + 3 y= x2 + x + 2

b) Phng phap 2: S dung ieu kien co nghiem cua pt hoac he phng trnh V du: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so:

b) Phng phap 2: S dung ao ham, lap BBT cua ham so f tren D roi suy ra ket qua V du 1: Tm GTLN cua ham so : V du 2: Tm GTNN cua ham so :

y = 4 x3 3 x 4 2 y = x 2 + vi x > 0 x
77

V du 3: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : V du 4: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : V du 5: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : V du 6: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : V du 7: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : V du 8: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so :

y = x2 + 4 x

y = sin 2x - x
y= sinx 2 + cosx

tren ; 2 2

tren

[0; ]

y = x + 2 x2 1 y = sin x cos2 x + 2

BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so:

1 y = 2(1 + sin 2 x.cos 4 x) (cos 4 x cos 8x) 2


y = x 4 3x 3 2 x 2 + 9 x
vi

x [2;2]

Bai 2: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so :

y = sin 2x x
Bai 3: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so :

tren ; 2 2

y = x 2.e x

tren [3;2]

Bai 4: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : Bai 5: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so: Bai 6: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so: Bai 7: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so: Bai 8: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so:

y = 5cosx cos5x

tren

[ ; ] 4 4

x2 + 3 y= x2 + x + 2
y = x + 12 3x 2 y = ( x + 2) 4 x 2
vi

y = (3 x) x 2 + 1

x [0;2]

Bai 9: Tm gia tr ln nhat va gia tr nho nhat cua ham so : Bai 10: Tm gia tr ln nhat va gia tr nho nhat cua ham so

2cos2 x + cos x + 1 y= cos x + 1

Bai 11: Tm

y = 2sin x 4 sin3 x tren oan 0; 3 1 3 GTNN cua ham so : y = 2 x 2 x 3 tren oan ;3 2


78

Bai 12: Cho phng trnh

x 2 + (2a 6) x + a 13 = 0 vi

a 1 . Tm a e nghiem ln

cua phng trnh at gia tr ln nhat. Bai 13: Cho ham so

y=

Xac nh cac gia tr cua m e ham so co cc tr. Tm m e tch cac gia tr cc ai va cc tieu at gia tr nho nhat Bai 14: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so :

x 2 (m + 1) x m 2 + 4m 2 x 1

(1)

f ( x) = cos 2 2 x + 2(sin x + cos x) 2 3sin 2 x


Bai 15: Tm gia tr ln nhat va be nhat cua ham so sau :

y = 4cos2 x + 3 3 sin x + 7sin2 x sin x + 1 Bai 16: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : y = sin 2 x + sin x + 1
Bai 17: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so:

y = 2(1+ sin2 x cos4 x ) 1 (cos4 x cos8x) 2 Bai 18: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so: y = 2(sin3 x + cos3 x ) + 8sin x.cos x 1 (1 sin x) 4 + sin 4 x 17 x R Bai 19: Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau : 8
--------------------------------Het----------------------------------

79

Chuyen e 13:

I. Bang tnh nguyen ham c ban:

TCH PHAN VA NG DUNG TOM TAT GIAO KHOA


Bang 2
Ham so f(x)
(ax + b)

Bang 1
Ham so f(x) a ( hang so) Ho nguyen ham F(x)+C ax + C x +1 +C +1 ln x + C
ax +C ln a ex + C

Ho nguyen ham F(x)+C


1 (ax + b) +1 +C a +1 1 ln ax + b + C a

x 1 x ax ex
sinx cosx

1 ax + b

eax + b
sin(ax+b) cos(ax+b)
1 cos (ax + b)
2

-cosx + C Sinx + C tgx + C

1 cos2 x
1 sin2 x
u' ( x ) u( x ) tgx cotgx

1 cos(ax + b) + C a 1 sin(ax + b) + C a 1 tg(ax + b) + C a 1 cot g(ax + b) + C a 1 xa +C ln 2a x + a

1 ax + b e +C a

-cotgx + C

1 sin (ax + b)
2

ln u( x ) + C

1 x a2
2

ln cos x + C ln sin x + C

1 x +a
2 2

ln x + x 2 + a2 + C

Phng phap 1: Phan tch tch phan a cho thanh nhng tch phan n gian co cong thc trong bang nguyen ham c ban Cach phan tch : Dung bien oi ai so nh mu, luy tha, cac hang ang thc ... va bien oi lng giac bang cac cong thc lng giac c ban. V du : Tm ho nguyen ham cua cac ham so sau: 1 2x 5 1. f ( x ) = cos3 x + 2. f(x) = 2 x 4x + 3 x +1 x 83

Phng phap 2: S dung cach viet vi phan hoa trong tch phan tgx 1 + ln x V du: Tnh cac tch phan: 1. cos5 x sin xdx 2. 3. dx dx x cos x I. TNH TCH PHAN BANG CACH S DUNG N VA CAC TNH CHAT TCH PHAN 1. nh ngha: Cho ham so y=f(x) lien tuc tren [ a; b] . Gia s F(x) la mot nguyen ham cua ham so f(x) th:

f ( x )dx = [ F ( x )]a = F (b) F (a)


a

( Cong thc NewTon - Leiptnitz)

2. Cac tnh chat cua tch phan: Tnh chat 1: Neu ham so y=f(x) xac nh tai a th : Tnh chat 2:

f ( x )dx = 0
a

f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx
a b b a

Tnh chat 3: Neu f(x) = c khong oi tren [ a; b] th: cdx = c(b a) Tnh chat 4: Neu f(x) lien tuc tren [ a; b] va f ( x ) 0 th

f ( x )dx 0
a

Tnh chat 5: Neu hai ham so f(x) va g(x) lien tuc tren [ a; b] va f ( x ) g( x ) x [ a;b] th

f ( x )dx g( x )dx
a b a

Tnh chat 6: Neu f(x) lien tuc tren [ a; b] va m f ( x ) M ( m,M la hai hang so) th
m(b a) f ( x )dx M (b a)

Tnh chat 7: Neu hai ham so f(x) va g(x) lien tuc tren [ a; b] th

[ f ( x ) g( x )] dx = f ( x )dx g( x )dx
Tnh chat 8: Neu ham so f(x) lien tuc tren [ a; b] va k la mot hang so th
a a a

k. f ( x )dx = k. f ( x )dx
Tnh chat 9: Neu ham so f(x) lien tuc tren [ a; b] va c la mot hang so th
a a

f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx + f ( x )dx


Tnh chat 10: Tch phan cua ham so tren [ a; b] cho trc khong phu thuoc vao bien so , ngha la :
a a c

f ( x )dx = f (t)dt = f (u)du = ...


a a a

84

Bai 1: Tnh cac tch phan sau: 1 x 1) 2) dx (2x + 1)3 0 5)


2x 5 x2 4x + 4dx 0
4
1

0 3

x dx 2x + 1
3

3) x 1 xdx
0

4) 8)

4x + 11 dx x + 5x + 6 0
2

6)

x x2 + 2x + 1dx 0
2 0

7) (sin 6 x + cos6 x)dx


0

4sin3 x 1 + cos xdx 0


1

1 + sin 2x 9) dx cos2 x 0

10) cos4 2xdx

11)
6

1 + sin 2x + cos 2x dx sin x + cos x

12)

1 dx . e +1 0
x

13) (cos 4 x sin 4 x)dx


0

17)
3

Bai 2: 1) 5)
3

4 dx x + 2x 3
2
2

cos 2 x dx 14) 0 1 + 2 sin 2 x 1 dx 18) 2 1 x + 2x + 5


4

sin 3x dx 15) 0 2 cos 3 x + 1


2

16)

cos x dx 0 5 2 sin x
2

1dx

2) 6)

3x + 2dx

3) 7)

( x + 2 x 2 )dx
0

4)

1 2

x2 +

1 2dx x2

2x 4dx

1 + cos 2xdx

1 + sin xdx

8) x 2 x dx
0

Bai 3: 1) Tm cac hang so A,B e ham so f(x) = A sin x + B thoa man ong thi cac ieu kien f (1) = 2
'

va

f(x)dx = 4
0

2) Tm cac gia tr cua hang so a e co ang thc :


b

[a
0

+ (4 4a)x + 4x3 ]dx = 12

II. TNH TCH PHAN BANG PHNG PHAP OI BIEN SO : 1) DANG 1:Tnh I = f[u(x)].u' (x)dx bang cach at t = u(x)
a

Cong thc oi bien so dang 1: Cach thc hien: Bc 1: at

f [u ( x)].u ' ( x)dx = f (t )dt


u (b ) u(a)

t = u ( x) dt = u ' ( x)dx x=b t = u (b) Bc 2: oi can : x=a t = u (a) Bc 3: Chuyen tch phan a cho sang tch phan theo bien t ta c I = f [u ( x)].u ' ( x)dx = f (t )dt (tiep tuc tnh tch phan mi)
b u (b ) a u (a)

85

Tnh cac tch phan sau: 1) cos3 x sin 2 xdx


0

2) cos5 xdx
0

3) 7)

sin 4x dx 1 + cos2 x 0

4) x 3 1 x 2 dx
0

5) sin 2x(1 + sin 2 x)3dx


0

6)

cos
0 1 0

1
4

dx

1 + ln x dx x

8)

cos xdx
0

9)

1 + ln 2 x x dx 1

10) x 5 (1 x3 )6 dx

11)

cos x 6 5sin x + sin2 xdx 0


ln 5

12)

tg4 x dx cos2x

13)

cos x + sin x 3 + sin 2 x dx 0


4

14)

2 2

sin 2 x cos x + 4 sin x


2

dx 15)

dx x x 3 ln 3 e + 2e

16)

sin 2 x dx 2 0 ( 2 + sin x )
2

ln(tgx) dx 17) sin 2 x


3 4

18) (1 tg 8 x)dx
0

19)

sin x cos x 1 + sin 2 x


x 1+ x 1

dx

20)

sin 2 x + sin x 1 + 3 cos x

dx

21)

sin 2 x cos x dx 0 1 + cos x


2

22) (e sin x + cos x) cos xdx 23)


0

dx

24)
1

1 + 3 ln x ln x dx x

25)

1 2 sin 2 x dx 0 1 + sin 2 x
4

2) DANG 2: Tnh I = f(x)dx bang cach at x = (t)


a

Cong thc oi bien so dang 2: Cach thc hien: Bc 1: at

I = f ( x)dx = f [ (t )] ' (t )dt


b a

x = (t ) dx = ' (t )dt x=b t= Bc 2: oi can : x=a t = Bc 3: Chuyen tch phan a cho sang tch phan theo bien t ta c

I = f ( x)dx = f [ (t )] ' (t )dt (tiep tuc tnh tch phan mi)


b a

Tnh cac tch phan sau: 1)

0 1

1 x 2 dx

2)

1 1 + x2 dx 0
2

3)

1 4 x2

dx

4)

1 dx x x +1 0
2

5)

x dx 4 x + x2 + 1 0

6)

1 1 + cos x + sin x dx 0

7) 86

2 2

x2 1 x2

dx

8) x 2 4 x 2 dx
1

9)

x
2

2 3

1 x 1
2

dx

10)

1
1

9 + 3x 2 dx x2

11)

1 x (1 + x )
cos x
5

dx

12)

1 x x2 1

dx

2 3

13)

cos x dx 7 + cos 2 x

1+ x4 14) dx 1+ x6 0

15)

1 + cos x
2

dx

16)

dx 1 x + 2x + 2
2

17)

1 0

dx 1 + 1 + 3x

18)

x x 1 dx 1 x5
2

II. TNH TCH PHAN BANG PHNG PHAP VI PHAN: Tnh cac tch phan sau: 1)

x
3

1
x2 + 1

dx

2)

0
2 0

7 3

x3 1+ x2

dx

3)

x 5 1 + x 2 dx dx x x2 + 4

4)

ln 2

1 ex + 2

dx

5)

7 3

x +1 dx 3 3x + 1

6)

2 3 x x + 1dx

7)

2 3

III. TNH TCH PHAN BANG PHNG PHAP TCH PHAN TNG PHAN: Cong thc tch phan tng phan:
b

u ( x).v' ( x)dx = [u ( x).v( x)]a v( x).u ' ( x)dx


b b a b

Hay: Cach thc hien: Bc 1: at

udv = [u.v ]a vdu


b b a

u = u ( x) du = u ' ( x)dx dv = v' ( x)dx v = v( x)


b b b a a

Bc 2: Thay vao cong thc tch phan tng tng phan : udv = [u.v ]a vdu Bc 3: Tnh [u.v ]a
b

va vdu
a

Tnh cac tch phan sau: ln x 1) 5 dx x 1 4)


2
2

2) x cos2 xdx
0

3) e x sin xdx
0

sin
0

xdx

5) x ln 2 xdx
1

6)

x + sin x dx cos2 x 0

87

7) x sin x cos xdx


2 0

8) x(2 cos x 1)dx


2 0

9)

ln(1 + x) dx x2
2
0

10) (x + 1)2 e2x dx 13)

( x + 1)
1 e

0 e

11) (x ln x)2 dx
1

12) cos x.ln(1 + cos x)dx 15) ( x 2)e 2 x dx


0 1

ln x

dx

14)

xtg xdx
2 0

16) x ln(1 + x 2 )dx


0

17)
1
3 2

ln x x

dx

18) ( x + cos 3 x) sin xdx


0

19) (2 x + 7) ln( x + 1)dx


0

20) ln( x 2 x)dx

MOT SO BAI TOAN TCH PHAN QUAN TRONG VA NG DUNG Bai 1: 1) CMR neu f(x) le va lien tuc tren [-a;a] (a>0) th : 2) CMR neu f(x) chan va lien tuc tren [-a;a] (a>0) th :
2 2
0
a
a

f(x)dx = 0
a 0

f(x)dx = 2 f(x)dx

Bai 2: 1) CMR neu f(t) la mot ham so lien tuc tren oan [0,1] th: a) f(sin x)dx = f(cos x)dx
b) xf(sin x)dx = f(sin x)dx 20 0
0

AP DUNG: Tnh cac tch phan sau: 1)


cos x cosn x + sin n xdx 0
n

vi n Z+

2)

cos x cos4 x + sin 4 xdx 0


4

3)

sin 6 x sin6 x + cos6 xdx 0

4) x sin xdx
5 0

5)
dx

x + cosx dx 4 sin 2 x
4

6)

x 4 + sin x x 2 + 1 dx 1

7)

4 cos
0

x sin x
2

8)

x cos
0

x sin3 xdx f (x) a x + 1 dx = f ( x )dx 0


Bai 3:CMR neu f(x) lien tuc va chan tren R th AP DUNG : Tnh cac tch phan sau: x4 1) x dx 2 +1 1
1

vi R + va a > 0 ; a 1

2)

1 x2 dx 1 + 2x
88

3)

sin 2 x 3x + 1 dx

IV .NG DUNG TCH PHAN TNH DIEN TCH HNH PHANG: Cong thc:

y
(C1 ) : y = f ( x ) (C ) : y = g ( x ) 2 (H ) : 1 : x = a 2 : x = b

x=a
(H )

x=b (C1 ) : y = f ( x) (C2 ) : y = g ( x)

y b

(C2 ) : x = g ( y) y =b (H ) y=a

a
O

( C 1 ) : x = f ( y ) ( C ) : x = g ( y ) (H ) : 2 1 : y = a 2 : y = b

x
b O

x
(C1 ) : x = f ( y)

S = [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx a yC1 y C2
b

S = [ f ( y ) g ( y )]dy a xC1 xC2


b

Tnh dien tch cua cac hnh phang sau:

x2 y = 4 4 1) (H1): 2 y = x 4 2 4)
y = x2 (H4): 2 x = y ln x y = 2 x (H7): y = 0 x = e x = 1
2

2 y = x 4x + 3 2) (H2) : y = x + 3

y = x 5) (H5): 2 y = 2 x y = x 2 2x 8) (H8) : 2 y = x + 4x

3x 1 y = x 1 3) (H3): y = 0 x = 0 y 2 + x 5 = 0 6) (H6): x + y 3 = 0 3 3 2 y = x + x 2 2 9) (H9): y = x


(C ) : y = e x 12) (d ) : y = 2 ( ) : x = 1

7)

y 2y + x = 0 10) (H10): x + y = 0

(C ) : y = x 11) (d ) : y = 2 x (Ox)

V. NG DUNG TCH PHAN TNH THE TCH VAT THE TRON XOAY. Cong thc: 89

y x=a

x=b (C ) : y = f ( x)

y b x=0 y =b (C ) : x = f ( y) y=a

y=0

x
b

a
O

V = [ f ( x)] dx
b a

V = [ f ( y )] dy
b a

Bai 1: Cho mien D gii han bi hai ng : x2 + x - 5 = 0 ; x + y - 3 = 0 Tnh the tch khoi tron xoay c tao nen do D quay quanh truc Ox Bai 2: Cho mien D gii han bi cac ng : y = x; y = 2 x; y = 0 Tnh the tch khoi tron xoay c tao nen do D quay quanh truc Oy Bai 3: Cho mien D gii han bi hai ng : y = (x 2)2 va y = 4 Tnh the tch khoi tron xoay c tao nen do D quay quanh: a) Truc Ox b) Truc Oy Bai 4: Cho mien D gii han bi hai ng : y = 4 x 2 ; y = x 2 + 2 . Tnh the tch khoi tron xoay c tao nen do D quay quanh truc Ox 1 x2 Bai 5: Cho mien D gii han bi cac ng : y = 2 ; y = x +1 2 Tnh the tch khoi tron xoay c tao nen do D quay quanh truc Ox

------------------------------Het-------------------------------

90

Chuyen e 14:

HNH HOC GIAI TCH TRONG MAT PHANG


A. KIEN THC C BAN: PHNG PHAP TOA O TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O IEM - TOA O VEC T

I. He truc toa o E-CAC trong mat phang : x'Ox : truc hoanh y'Oy : truc tung O : goc toa o e1 , e2 : vec t n v ( e1 = e2 = 1 va e1 e2 )

y
e2
x'

e1
O y'

Quy c : Mat phang ma tren o co chon he truc toa o e-Cac vuong goc Oxy c goi la mat phang Oxy va ky hieu la : mp(Oxy) II. Toa o cua mot iem va cua mot vec t: 1. nh ngha 1: Cho M mp(Oxy ) . Khi o vec t OM c bieu dien mot cach duy nhat theo
y
Q e2
x'

e1 , e2 bi he thc co dang : OM = xe1 + ye2


x

vi x,y

e1
O

Cap so (x;y) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua iem M. Ky hieu: M(x;y) ( x: hoanh o cua iem M; y: tung o cua iem M )

P y'

M ( x; y )
Y ngha hnh hoc:
Q

/n

OM = xe1 + ye2

y
M

y
x' O
y'

x
P

x = OP

va y=OQ

2. nh ngha 2: Cho a mp(Oxy ) . Khi o vec t a c bieu dien mot cach duy nhat theo

e1 , e2 bi he thc co dang : a = a1 e1 + a2 e2

vi a1 ,a2

.
y e2 e1 O y' P a

Cap so (a1;a2) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua vec t a . a = (a1; a2 ) Ky hieu:
x'

a=(a1;a2 )
Y ngha hnh hoc:
B2 A2 x' O y' A A1 y K B H

/n

a = a1 e1 + a2 e2

a1 = A1B1
x

va a2 =A2 B2

B1

91

BAI TAP AP DUNG: Trong mat phang Oxy hay ve cac iem sau: A(2;3), B(-1;4), C(-3;-3), D(4;-2), E(2;0), F(0;-4) III. Cac cong thc va nh ly ve toa o iem va toa o vec t : nh ly 1: Neu A( x A ; y A ) va B(x B ; yB ) th

AB = ( xB x A ; yB y A )
nh ly 2: Neu a = (a1; a2 ) va b = (b1; b2 ) th

B( x B ; y B ) A( x A ; y A )
a

a1 = b1 * a=b a2 = b2 * a + b = (a1 + b1; a2 + b2 )


* a b = (a1 b1; a2 b2 ) * k .a = (ka1; ka2 )
(k )

BAI TAP AP DUNG: Bai 1: Cho A(1;3), B(-2;-1), C(3;-4). Tm toa o iem D sao cho t giac ABCD la hnh bnh hanh. Bai 2: Cho A(1;2), B(2;3), C(-1;-2). Tm iem M thoa man MA 2 MB + 2CB = 0 IV. S cung phng cua hai vec t: Nhac lai Hai vec t cung phng la hai vec t nam tren cung mot ng thang hoac nam tren hai ng thang song song . nh ly ve s cung phng cua hai vec t: nh ly 3 : Cho hai vec t a va b vi b 0
a

a cung phng b
b b
a

!k

sao cho a = k .b

Neu a 0 th so k trong trng hp nay c xac nh nh sau: k > 0 khi a cung hng b a b k < 0 khi a ngc hng b a k = 2 5 b a= b , b=- a 5 2 B A
A, B, C thang hang AB cung phng AC

nh ly 4 :

(ieu kien 3 iem thang hang ) nh ly 5: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ) va b = (b1; b2 ) ta co :

a cung phng b

a1.b2 a2 .b1 = 0
92

(ieu kien cung phng cua 2 vec t

a = ( a1 ; a 2 ) b = (b1 ; b2 )
BAI TAP AP DUNG:

VD :

a = (1;2) b = ( 2;4)

1 Bai 1: Cho A(0; 1); B (2;3); C ( ; 0) . Chng minh A, B, C thang hang 2 1+ 3 1 3 Bai 2: Cho A(1;1), B ( 3 2; ) , C ( 2 3 ; ) . Chng minh A, B, C thang hang 4 4 V. Tch vo hng cua hai vec t: y Nhac lai:

b O a

B
b

a.b = a . b .cos(a, b) a =a
2 2

b x' O y'

ab

a.b = 0

x
a

nh ly 6: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ) va b = (b1; b2 ) ta co :

a.b = a1b1 + a2 b2
nh ly 7: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ) ta co :

(Cong thc tnh tch vo hng theo toa o)

a = a12 + a22
nh ly 8: Neu A( x A ; y A ) va B(x B ; yB ) th

(Cong thc tnh o dai vec t )

A( x A ; y A )

B( x B ; y B )

AB = ( x B x A )2 + ( yB y A )2

(Cong thc tnh khoang cach 2 iem)

nh ly 9: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ) va b = (b1; b2 ) ta co :

ab

a1b1 + a2 b2 = 0

(ieu kien vuong goc cua 2 vec t)

nh ly 10: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ) va b = (b1; b2 ) ta co


cos(a, b) = a.b a.b a1b1 + a2 b2 a12 + a22 . b12 + b2 2

(Cong thc tnh goc cua 2 vec t)

BAI TAP AP DUNG: Bai 1: Chng minh rang tam giac vi cac nh A(-3;-3), B(-1;3), C(11;-1) la tam giac vuong Bai 2: Cho A( 2;3), B (8;6 3 + 3), C ( 2 + 4 3;7) . Tnh goc BAC. 93

VI. iem chia oan thang theo ty so k: nh ngha: iem M c goi la chia oan AB theo ty so k ( k 1 ) neu nh : MA = k.MB
A

nh ly 11 : Neu A( x A ; y A ) , B(x B ; yB ) va MA = k.MB ( k 1 ) th x k .x B xM = A 1 k y A k .yB y = M 1 k x A + xB xM = 2 M la trung iem cua AB y = y A + yB M 2

ac biet :

VII. Mot so ieu kien xac nh iem trong tam giac : x A + x B + xC x G = 3 1. G la trong tam tam giac ABC GA + GB + GC = 0 y A + y B + yC y = G 3 AH BC AH .BC = 0 2. H la trc tam tam giac ABC A BH AC BH . AC = 0
AA' BC 3. A la chan ng cao ke t A BA' cung phng BC IA=IB 4. I la tam ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC IA=IC
'
B A' C
A G B A H B C C

I B
A

AB .DC AC AB ' 6. D' la chan ng phan giac ngoai cua goc A cua ABC D ' B = .D C B AC A AB 7. J la tam ng tron noi tiep ABC JA = .JD BD J VIII. Mot so kien thc c ban thng s dung khac: 1. Cong thc tnh dien tch tam giac theo toa o ba nh : D B nh ly 12: Cho tam giac ABC . at AB = (a1; a2 ) va AC = (b1; b2 ) ta co : A 1 SABC = . a1b2 a2 b1 2

5. D la chan ng phan giac trong cua goc A cua ABC DB =

C D

94

2. Cac bat ang thc vec t c ban : nh ly 13: Vi hai vec t u,v bat ky ta luon co : u+v u + v u.v u . v
u u+v

Dau bang xay ra khi va ch khi u, v la hai vec t cung phng cung chieu hoac la co mot trong hai vec t la vec t khong . BAI TAP AP DUNG: Bai 1: Tm dien tch tam giac co cac nh A(-2;-4), B(2;8), C(10;2) Bai 2: Cho tam giac ABC co dien tch bang 3 vi A(3;1), B(1;-3) 1. Tm C biet C tren Oy 2. Tm C biet trong tam G cua tam giac tren Oy Bai 3: Cho A(1;1), B(-3;-2), C(0;1) 1. Tm toa o trong tam G, trc tam H va tam ng tron ngoai tiep I cua tam giac ABC. 2. Chng minh rang G, H, I thang hang va GH = 2GI 3. Ve ng cao AA' cua tam giac ABC. Tm toa o iem A' Bai 4: Cho tam giac ABC biet A(6;4), B(-4;-1), C(2;-4). Tm toa o tam va ban knh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC Bai 5: Tm toa o trc tam cua tam giac ABC, biet toa o cac nh A( 1; 2), B (5; 7), C (4; 3) Bai 6: Cho ba iem A(1;6), B(-4;-4), C(4;0) 1. Ve phan giac trong AD va phan giac ngoai AE. Tm toa o D va E 2. Tm toa o tam ng tron noi tiep tam giac ABC Bai 7: Cho hai iem A(0;2), B ( 3 ;1) . Tm toa o trc tam va toa o tam ng tron ngoai tiep cua tam giac OAB (TS A 2004) Bai 8: Cho tam giac ABC co cac nh A(-1;0), B(4;0), C(0;m) vi m 0 . Tm toa o trong tam G cua tam giac ABC theo m. Xac nh m e tam giac GAB vuong tai G. (TS D 2004). -------------------Het-------------------

95

NG THANG TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN I. Cac nh ngha ve VTCP va PVT cua ng thang: 1. VTCP cua ng thang :
n a 0 a la VTCP cua ng thang ( ) a co gia song song hoac trung vi () n n 0 n la VTPT cua ng thang ( ) n co gia vuong goc vi ()

a a ()

* Chu y: Neu ng thang ( ) co VTCP a = (a1; a2 ) th co VTPT la n = (a2 ; a1 ) Neu ng thang ( ) co VTPT n = ( A; B ) th co VTCP la a = ( B; A)
n

( )

a ()

BAI TAP AP DUNG: Cho ng thang ( ) i qua hai iem A(1;-2), B(-1;3). Tm mot VTCP va mot VTPT cua ( ) II. Phng trnh ng thang : 1. Phng trnh tham so va phng trnh chnh tac cua ng thang : a. nh ly : Trong mat phang (Oxy). ng thang ( ) qua M0(x0;y0) va nhan a = (a1; a2 ) lam VTCP se co :
y a
M ( x; y )

x = x0 + t.a1 (t ) Phng trnh tham so la : () : y = y0 + t.a2

M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 )

Phng trnh chnh tac la : ( ) :

x x 0 y y0 = a1 a2

BAI TAP AP DUNG: Bai 1: Cho hai iem A(-1;3), B(1;2). Viet phng trnh tham so va chnh tac cua ng thang qua A, B Bai 2: Cac iem P(2;3); Q(4;-1); R(-3;5) la cac trung iem cua cac canh cua mot tam giac .Hay lap phng trnh chnh tac cua cac ng thang cha cac canh cua tam giac o. 96

2. Phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang : a. Phng trnh ng thang i qua mot iem M0(x0;y0) va co VTPT n = ( A; B ) la:
y n
M ( x; y )
O

M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 )

() : A( x x0 ) + B( y y0 ) = 0

BAI TAP AP DUNG: Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC biet A( 1; 2), B (5; 7), C (4; 3) 1. Viet phng trnh cac ng cao cua tam giac 2. Viet phng trnh cac ng trung trc cua tam giac Bai 2: Cho tamgiac ABC vi A(1;-1) ; B(-2;1); C(3;5). a) Viet phng trnh ng vuong goc ke t A en trung tuyen BK cua tam giac ABC . b) Tnh dien tch tam giac ABK. b. Phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang : nh ly :Trong mat phang (Oxy). Phng trnh ng thang ( ) co dang :
y n = ( A; B ) M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 )
O

Ax + By + C = 0 vi A 2 + B 2 0

x a = ( B ; A) a = ( B ; A)

Chu y: T phng trnh ( ):Ax + By + C = 0 ta luon suy ra c : 1. VTPT cua ( ) la n = ( A; B ) 2. VTCP cua ( ) la a = ( B; A) hay a = ( B; A) 3. M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ) () Ax0 + By0 + C = 0 Menh e (3) c hieu la : ieu kien can va u e mot iem nam tren ng thang la toa o iem o nghiem ung phng trnh cua ng thang . BAI TAP AP DUNG: Bai 1: Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang biet phng trnh tong quat cua no la 5 x 2 y + 3 = 0 Bai 2: Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang qua M(-1;2) va song song ( ) : 2 x 3 y + 4 = 0 Bai 3: Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang qua N(-1;2) va vuong goc ( ) : 2 x 3 y + 4 = 0 Bai 4: Cho hai iem A(-1;2) va B3;4) . Tm iem C tren ng thang x-2y+1=0 sao cho tam giac ABC vuong C. Bai 5: Cho A(1;1) ; B(-1;3) va ng thang d:x+y+4=0. a) Tm tren d iem C cach eu hai iem A, B. b) Vi C tm c . Tm D sao cho ABCD la hnh bnh hanh .Tnh dien tch hnh bnh hanh.

97

3. Cac dang khac cua phng trnh ng thang : a. Phng trnh ng thang i qua hai iem A(xA;yA) va B(xB;yB) :
( AB ) :
y
M ( x; y )
O

x xA y yA = x B x A yB y A
y

( AB) : x = x A

( AB) : y = y A

B( x B ; y B )
x

yA xA yB

A( x A ; y A ) xB B( x B ; y B )

A( x A ; y A ) x

y
yA yB

B( x B ; y B ) x

A( x A ; y A )

BAI TAP AP DUNG: Cho tam giac ABC biet A(1;-1), B(-2;1), C1;5). Viet phng trnh ba canh cua tam giac b. Phng trnh ng thang i qua mot iem M0(x0;y0) va co he so goc k: nh ngha: Trong mp(Oxy) cho ng thang . Goi = (Ox , ) th k = tg c goi la he so goc y cuang thang

nh ly 1: Phng trnh ng thang qua M0 ( x0 ; y0 ) co he so goc k la :


y
y0
O

M ( x; y )
x0

y - y 0 = k(x - x 0 )

(1)

Chu y 1: Phng trnh (1) khong co cha phng trnh cua ng thang i qua M0 va vuong goc Ox nen khi s dung ta can e y xet them ng thang i qua M0 va vuong goc Ox la Chu y 2: Neu ng thang co phng trnh y = ax + b th he so goc cua ng thang la k = a nh ly 2: Goi k1, k2 lan lt la he so goc cua hai ng thang 1 , 2 ta co : 1 // 2 1 2 k1 = k 2 k1.k2 = 1

x = x0

BAI TAP AP DUNG: Viet phng trnh ng thang qua A(-1;2) va vuong goc vi ng thang x 3 y + 4 = 0 c. Phng trnh t i qua mot iem va song song hoac vuong goc vi mot t cho trc: i. Phng trnh ng thang (1 ) //(): Ax+By+C=0 co dang: Ax+By+m1 =0 ii. Phng trnh ng thang (1 ) (): Ax+By+C=0 co dang: Bx-Ay+m 2 =0 98

Chu y: m1; m2 c xac nh bi mot iem co toa o a biet nam tren 1; 2


y
1 : Ax + By + m1 = 0 : Ax + By + C 1 = 0
M1
O

1 : Bx Ay+ m2 = 0
x0 x

x0

x M1
O

BAI TAP AP DUNG: Bai 1: Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang qua M(-1;2) va song song ( ) : 2 x 3 y + 4 = 0 Bai 2: Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang qua N(-1;2) va vuong goc ( ) : 2 x 3 y + 4 = 0 III. V tr tng oi cua hai ng thang :
y
2
x
O

: Ax+ By+C1 = 0

y
1
x

1 // 2

1 cat 2
(1 ) : A1 x + B1y + C1 = 0 ( 2 ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0

1 2

Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang :

V tr tng oi cua (1 ) va ( 2 ) phu thuoc vao so nghiem cua he phng trnh :

A1 x + B1y + C1 = 0 A1 x + B1y = C1 (1) hay A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0 A2 x + B2 y = C2 Chu y: Nghiem duy nhat (x;y) cua he (1) chnh la toa o giao iem M cua (1 ) va ( 2 )
nh ly 1: i. He (1) vo nghiem iii. He (1) co vo so nghiem (1 ) //( 2 ) (1 ) ( 2 )

ii. He (1) co nghiem duy nhat (1 ) cat ( 2 )

nh ly 2:

Neu A2 ; B2 ; C2 khac 0 th i. (1 ) cat ( 2 ) A1 B1 A 2 B2 A1 B1 C1 = A 2 B2 C2 A1 B1 C1 = = A 2 B2 C2 99

ii. (1 ) // ( 2 ) iii. (1 ) ( 2 )

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

( AB ) : 8 x 3 y + 17 = 0

Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC co phng trnh ba canh la ( AC ) : 3 x 5 y 13 = 0 ( BC ) : 5 x + 2 y 1 = 0 Tm toa o ba nh A, B, C Bai 2: Cho tamgiac ABC co nh A(2;2) .Lap phng trnh cac canh cua tam giac ABC.Biet rang cac ng thang 9x-3y-4=0 va x+y-2=0 lan lt la cac ng cao cua tam giac xuat phat t B va C. Bai 3: Tuy theo m, hay bien luan v tr tng oi cua hai ng thang sau: d1 : mx + y m 1 = 0 d 2 : x + my 2 = 0 IV. Goc gia hai ng thang nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang : (1 ) : A1 x + B1y + C1 = 0 ( 2 ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0
y

Goi ( 0 0 90 0 ) la goc gia (1 ) va ( 2 ) ta co :


cos = A1 A2 + B1B2
2 2 2 2 A1 + B1 . A2 + B2

He qua:

(1 ) ( 2 ) A1 A2 + B1B2 = 0

BAI TAP AP DUNG: Bai 1: Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua iem A(0;1) va tao vi ng thang : x+2y+3=0 mot goc bang 450 Bai 2: Lap phng trnh cac canh cua hnh vuong co nh la (-4;5) va mot ng cheo co phng trnh 7x-y+8=0. V. Khoang cach t mot iem en mot ng thang : nh ly 1: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang ( ) : Ax + By + C = 0 va iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ) Khoang cach t M0 en ng thang () c tnh bi cong thc:
M0

d ( M0 ; ) =

Ax0 + By0 + C A2 + B 2
O

y
H
x

( )

nh ly 2: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang :

(1 ) : A1 x + B1y + C1 = 0 ( 2 ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0
1

Phng trnh phan giac cua goc tao bi (1 ) va ( 2 ) la :

A1 x + B1y + C1
2 2 A1 + B1

A2 x + B2 y + C2
2 2 A2 + B2

100

nh ly 3: Cho ng thang (1 ) : Ax + By + C = 0 va hai iem M(xM;yM), N(xN;yN) khong nam N tren ( ). Khi o: M Hai iem M , N nam cung pha oi vi ( ) khi va ch khi ( Ax M + By M + C )( Ax N + By N + C ) > 0 Hai iem M , N nam khac pha oi vi ( ) khi va ch khi ( Ax M + By M + C )( Ax N + By N + C ) < 0
M
N

BAI TAP AP DUNG: Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC biet A(1;-1) ; B(-2;1); C(3;5). Tnh chieu cao ke t A Bai 2: Cho hai ng thang d1 : 2 x y 2 = 0 & d 2 : 2 x + 4 y 7 = 0 . Viet phng trnh ng phan giac cua goc tao bi d1 va d2 Bai 3: Cho tam giac ABC vi A(-6;-3); B-4;3), C9;2). Lap phng trnh ng phan giac trong cua goc A cua tam giac ABC. Bai 4: Cho hai iem P(2;5) va Q(5;1) .Lap pt ng thang qua P cach Q mot oan co o dai bang 3 Bai 5: Cho ba ng thang (d1 ) : x + y + 3 = 0, (d 2 ) : x y 4 = 0, (d 3 ) : x 2 y = 0 . Tm toa o iem M nam tren ng thang (d3) sao cho khoang cach t M en ng thang (d1) bang hai lan khoang cach t M en ng thang (d2) VI. Chum ng thang :
1

M
I

1. nh ngha: Tap hp cac ng thang cung i qua mot iem I c goi la mot chum ng thang . I goi la nh cua chum Mot chum ng thang hoan toan c xac nh neu biet : i. nh cua chum hoac ii. Hai ng thang cua chum 2. nh ly: Trong Mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang 1 , 2 cat nhau xac nh bi phng trnh : (1 ) : A1 x + B1y + C1 = 0 ( 2 ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0 Khi o : Moi ng thang qua giao iem cua 1 , 2 eu co phng trnh dang:

() : ( A1 x + B1y + C1 ) + ( A2 x + B2 y + C2 ) = 0

( 2 + 2 0)

101

Chu y:

= 0 va 0 th 1 0 va = 0 th 2
ac biet :

Neu 0 va 0 th 1 va 1 trong trng hp nay phng trnh co the viet di dang sau: 1. m(A1 x + B1y + C1 ) + (A 2 x + B2 y + C2 ) = 0 hoac 2. (A1 x + B1y + C1 ) + n(A 2 x + B2 y + C2 ) = 0

BAI TAP AP DUNG: Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua giao iem cua hai ng thang 3 x 5 y + 2 = 0 & 5 x 2 y + 4 = 0 va vuong goc vi ng thang ( d ) : 2 x y + 4 = 0 .

BAI TAP REN LUYEN


Bai 1: Phng trnh hai canh cua tam giac trong mat phang toa o la 5x-2y+6=0 va 4x+7y-21=0 Viet phng trnh canh th ba cua tam giac biet trc tam cua tam giac trung vi goc toa o. Bai 2: Cho tam giac ABC , canh BC co trung iem M(0;4) con hai canh kia co phng trnh 2x+y-11=0 va x+4y-2=0. a) Xac nh nh A. b) Goi C la iem tren ng thang x+4y-2=0, N la trung iem AC . Tm iem N roi tnh toa o B, C. Bai 3: Cho tam giac ABC co M(-2;2) la trung iem cua BC , canh AB co phng trnh x-2y-2=0, canh AC co phng trnh : 2x+5y+3=0.Xac nh toa o cua cac nh cua tam giac ABC. Bai 4: Cho tam giac ABC co nh B(3;5) ng cao ke t A co phng trnh 2x-5y+3=0 va ng trung tuyen ke t C co phng trnh x+y-5=0 . a) Tnh toa o iem A. b) Viet phng trnh cua cac canh cua tam giac ABC. Bai 5: Cho tam giac ABC co trong tam G(-2;-1) va co cac canh AB:4x+y+15=0 vaAC:2x+5y+3=0 a) Tm toa o nh A va toa o trung iem M cua BC . b) Tm toa o iem B va viet phng trnh ng thang BC. Bai 6: Cho tam giac ABC co nh A(-1;-3). a) Biet ng cao BH: 5x+3y-25=0, ng cao CK: 3x+8y-12=0. Tm toa o nh B , C. b) Biet ng trung trc cua AB la 3x+2y-4=0 va trong tam G(4;-2). Tm B, C. Bai 7: Lap phng trnh cac canh cua tam giac ABC biet nh C(4;-1) ng cao va trung tuyen ke t mot nh co phng trnh 2x-3y+12=0 va 2x+3y=0. Bai 8: Lap phng trnh cac canh cua tam giac ABC neu biet A(1;3) va hai ng trung tuyen co phng trnh la x-2y+1=0 va y-1=0. 102

Bai 9: Cho tam giac ABC biet C(4;3) phan giac trong (AD):x+2y-5=0, trung tuyen (AE) 4x+13y-10=0.Lap phng trnh ba canh. Bai 10: Cho tam giac ABC biet A(2;-1) va phng trnh hai ng phan giac trong cua goc B va C lan lt la d: x-2y+1=0 va x+y+3=0 .Tm phng trnh cua ng thang cha canh BC. Bai 11: Cho iem M(-2;3) . Tm phng trnh ng thang qua M va cach eu hai iem A(-1;0) va B(2;1). Bai 12: Cho A(2;-3) , B(3;-2) .Trong tam G cua tam giac nam tren ng thang d: 3x-y-8=0, dien tch tam giac ABC bang 3/2 . Tm C. Bai 13: Viet phng trnh ng thang song song vi d: 3x-4y+1=0 va co khoang cach en ng thang d bang 1. Bai 14: Cho tam giac can ABC biet phng trnh canh ay AB:2x-3y+5=0 canh ben AC:x+y+1=0 Tm phng trnh canh ben BC biet rang no i qua iem D(1;1). Bai 15: Cho tam giac ABC co nh A(-1;3) , ng cao BH nam tren ng thang y=x , phan giac trong goc C nam tren ng thang x+3y+2=0 . Viet phng trnh canh BC . Bai 16: Cho ng thang d: 2x+y-4=0va hai iem M(3;3) , N(-5;19).Ha MK d va goi P la iem oi xng cua M qua d: a) Tm toa o cua K va P. b) Tm iem A tren d sao cho AM + AN co gia tr nho nhat va tnh gia tr o. Bai 17: Cho tam giac ABC vuong A , phng trnh BC la 3x y 3 = 0 , cac nh A va B thuoc truc hoanh va ban knh ng tron noi tiep bang 2. Tm toa o trong tam G cua tam giac ABC. Bai 18: Cho hnh ch nhat ABC co tam I(1/2;0) , phng trnh ng thang AB la x-2y+2=0 va AB=2AD . Tm toa o cac nh A, B, C, D biet rang nh A co hoanh o am. Bai 19: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang d1 : x y = 0 va d 2 : 2 x + y 1 = 0 . Tm toa o cac nh

hnh vuong ABCD biet rang nh A thuoc d1, nh C thuoc d2 va cac nh B,D thuoc truc hoanh ---------------------------Het--------------------------

103

NG TRON TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

I. Phng trnh ng tron: 1. Phng trnh chnh tac: nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh cua ng tron (C) tam I(a;b), ban knh R la :
y
b O

A.KIEN THC C BAN

I ( a; b )

R
a

M ( x; y ) x

(C ) : ( x a)2 + ( y b)2 = R 2

(1)

Phng trnh (1) c goi la phng trnh chnh tac cua ng tron
ac biet:

Khi I O th (C ) : x 2 + y 2 = R 2 (hay: y = R 2 x 2 )

BAI TAP NG DUNG: Bai 1: Viet phng trnh ng tron ng knh AB biet A(1;3), B(3:-5) Bai 2: Viet phng trnh ng tron co tam I(-1;2) va tiep xuc ng thang ( ) : 3 x 4 y + 2 = 0 2. Phng trnh tong quat: nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh :
x 2 + y 2 2ax 2by + c = 0

vi a2 + b2 c > 0

la phng trnh cua ng tron (C) co tam I(a;b), ban knh R = a2 + b2 c BAI TAP NG DUNG: Bai 1: Xac nh tam va ban knh cua ng tron (C ) : x 2 + y 2 + 2 x 4 y 20 = 0
Bai 2: Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) i qua ba iem A(3;3), B(1;1),C(5;1) Bai 3: Cho phng trnh : x 2 + y 2 + 4mx 2my + 2m + 3 = 0 (1) nh m e phng trnh (1) la phng trnh cua ng tron (Cm) II. Phng trnh tiep tuyen cua ng tron: nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi ng tron (C ) : x 2 + y 2 2ax 2by + c = 0 tai iem M ( x0 ; y0 ) (C ) la : M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 )
(C)

() : x0 x + y0 y a( x + x0 ) b( y + y0 ) + c = 0

( )

I(a;b)

BAI TAP NG DUNG: Xet ng tron (C) qua ba iem A(-1;2), B(2;0), C(-3;1). Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) tai A IV. Phng tch cua mot iem oi vi mot ng tron: Nhac lai : nh ngha: Cho ng tron (O;R) va mot iem M co nh . M/(O) la mot so Phng tch cua iem M oi vi ng tron (O) c ky hieu la

104

c xac nh nh sau:
Chu y :
(C) M

M/(O) = d

R2 ( vi d = MO )

M/(O) > 0 M ngoai ng tron (O) M/(O) < 0 M trong ng tron (O) M/(O) = 0 M tren ng tron (O)

nh ly: Trong mp(Oxy) cho iem M ( x0 ; y0 ) va ng tron x 2 + y 2 2ax 2by + c = 0 vi

a2 + b2 c > 0 co tam I(a;b) va ban knh R = a2 + b2 c . Phng tch cua iem M oi vi ng tron (C) la 2 2 M/(O) = x0 + y0 2ax0 2by0 + c

BAI TAP NG DUNG: Cho ng tron (C): x 2 + y 2 + 2 x 4 y 4 = 0 va iem A(3;5). Xet v tr cua iem A oi vi ng tron (C) IV. Truc ang phng cua hai ng tron: Nhac lai: nh ly : Tap hp cac iem co cung phng tch oi vi hai ng tron khac tam la mot ng thang vuong goc vi ng noi hai tam. ng thang nay c goi la truc ang phng cua hai ng tron o. Cach xac nh truc ang phng

( C1 )

( C1 ) (C 2 ) I1

(C 2 ) I2 M

I1

I2

( C1 ) I1 (C 2 )

I2

(C 2 ) I M I1 I2

( C1 ) 1

I3 (C 3 )

105

nh ly :

Cho hai ng tron (C1) va (C2) khong cung tam co phng trnh: (C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 2a1 x 2b1y + c1 = 0
(C2 ) : x 2 + y 2 2a2 x 2b2 y + c2 = 0

Phng trnh truc ang phng cua (C1) va (C2) la : () : 2(a1 a2 ) x + 2(b1 b2 )y + c2 c1 = 0

Cach nh: BAI TAP NG DUNG:

x 2 + y 2 2a1 x 2b1y + c1 = x 2 + y 2 2a2 x 2b2 y + c2


(C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 4 y 5 = 0 (C2 ) : x 2 + y 2 6 x + 8 y + 16 = 0

Xac nh phng trnh truc ang phng cua hai ng tron sau:
VI. Cac van e co lien quan: 1. V tr tng oi cua ng thang va ng tron:
(C ) I R M R M H
( ) (C ) = d(I; ) > R () tiep xuc (C) d(I;) = R () cat (C) d(I;) < R

(C ) I

(C ) I R H M

nh ly:

BAI TAP NG DUNG: Bai 1: Cho ng tron (C): ( x 3) 2 + ( y 1) 2 = 4 . Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet rang tiep tuyen nay i qua iem M(6;3) Bai 2: Cho ng tron (C): x 2 + y 2 6 x + 2 y + 5 = 0 . Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi ng tron biet tiep tuyen song song vi ng thang ( d ) : 2 x + y + 10 = 0 Bai 3: Cho ng tron (C ) : x 2 + y 2 2 x 6 y + 6 = 0 va iem M(-3;1). Goi T1, T2 la cac tiep iem cua cac tiep tuyen ke t M en (C). Viet phng trnh ng thang T1T2. 2. V tr tng oi cua hai ng tron :

C1 I1 R1 R2

C2 I2 I1

C1 R1 R2 I2 C2

C1 C2 I1 R1 R2 I2

C1 I1 I 2

C2
106

(C1 ) va (C2 ) khong cat nhau (C1 ) va (C2 ) cat nhau (C1 ) va (C2 ) tiep xuc trong nhau

I1I2 > R1 + R2 R1 R2 < I1I2 < R1 + R2 I1I2 = R1 R2

(C1 ) va (C2 ) tiep xuc ngoai nhau I1I 2 = R1 + R2

BAI TAP NG DUNG:

Xac nh v tr tng oi cua hai ng tron sau:


VII: Chum ng tron:

(C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 4 y 5 = 0 (C2 ) : x 2 + y 2 6 x + 8 y + 16 = 0

nh ly: Cho hai ng tron cat nhau : (C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 2a1 x 2b1 y + c1 = 0 (C2 ) : x 2 + y 2 2a2 x 2b2 y + c2 = 0

Phng trnh ng tron (C) i qua giao iem cua (C1) va (C2) co dang :

( x 2 + y 2 2a1 x 2b1 y + c1 ) + ( x 2 + y 2 2a2 x 2b2 y + c2 ) = 0


BAI TAP NG DUNG: Viet phng trnh ng tron i qua cac giao iem cua hai ng tron (C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 10 x = 0; (C2 ) : x 2 + y 2 + 4 x 2 y 20 = 0

( 2 + 2 0)

va i qua iem A(1;-1)


BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Lap phng trnh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac co ba nh la A(1;1); B(-1;2); C(0;-1). Bai 2: Lap phng trnh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac co ba canh nam tren ba ng thang x 2 (d1 ) : y = ;(d 2 ) : y = x + 2;(d 3 ) : y = 8 x . 5 5 Bai 3: Lap phng trnh ng tron noi tiep tam giac co ba nh la A(-1;7); B(4;-3); C(-4;1). Bai 4: Lap phng trnh ng tron i qua cac iem A(-1;1) va B(1;-3) co tam nam tren ng thang (d):2x - y + 1 = 0. Bai 5: Lap phng trnh ng tron i qua iem A(-1;-2) va tiep xuc vi ng thang (d): 7x-y-5=0 tai iem M(1;2). Bai 6: Lap phng trnh ng tron co tam nam tren ng thang 2x+y=0 va tiep xuc vi ng thang x-7y+10=0 tai iem A(4;2). Bai 7: Viet phng trnh ng tron co tam nam tren ng thang 4x +3y - 2 = 0 va tiep xuc vi hai ng thang : x + y + 4 = 0 va 7x - y + 4 = 0. Bai 8: Viet phng trnh ng tron i qua iem A(2;-1) va tiep xuc vi hai truc toa o Ox,Oy. Bai 9: Cho ng tron (C):(x-1)2 +(y-2)2=4 va ng thang (d):x-y-1=0. Viet phng trnh ng tron (C') oi xng vi ng tron (C) qua ng thang (d). Tm toa o giao iem cua (C) va (C').

107

Bai 10:Cho hai ng tron: (C1): x 2 + y 2 10 x = 0 va (C2): x 2 + y 2 + 4 x 2 y 20 = 0 1. Viet phng trnh ng tron i qua cac giao iem cua (C1) va (C2) va co tam nam tren ng thang (d): x + 6y - 6 = 0. 2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen chung cua cac ng tron (C1) va (C2) . Bai 11: Cho hai ng tron: (C1): x 2 + y 2 4 y 5 = 0 va (C2): x 2 + y 2 6 x + 8y + 16 = 0 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen chung cua cac ng tron (C1) va (C2) . Bai 12: Cho hai ng tron : (C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 4x + 2y 4 = 0

(C2 ) : x 2 + y 2 10x 6y + 30 = 0
co tam lan lt la I va J. 1) Chng minh (C1) tiep tiep xuc ngoai vi (C2) va tm toa o tiep iem H. 2) Goi (D) la mot tiep tuyen chung khong i qua H cua (C1) va (C2) . Tm toa o giao iem K cua (D) va ng thang IJ.Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) i qua K va tiep xuc vi hai ng tron (C1) va (C2) tai H. Bai 13: Cho iem M(6;2) va ng tron (C): x 2 + y 2 2 x 4 y = 0 . Lap phng trnh ng thang (d) qua M cat (C) tai hai iem phan biet A, B sao cho AB = 10 Bai 14: Cho ng tron (C): x 2 + y 2 = 9 va iem A(1;2). Hay lap phng trnh cua ng thang cha day cung cua (C) i qua A sao cho o dai day cung o ngan nhat. Bai 15: Cho ng tron (C): x 2 + y 2 2 x 6 y + 6 = 9 va iem M(2;4) 1. Chng to rang iem M nam trongng tron. 2. Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua iem M, cat ng tron tai hai iem A va B sao cho M la trung iem cua AB . 3. Viet phng trnh ng tron oi xng vi ng tron a cho qua ng thang AB. Bai 16: Trong mp(Oxy) cho ho ng tron (Cm) co phng trnh : x 2 + y 2 (2m + 5)x + (4m 1)y 2m + 4 = 0 1) Chng to rang (Cm) qua hai iem co nh khi m thay oi. 2) Tm m e (Cm) tiep xuc truc tung. Bai 17: Cho ho ng tron (Cm) co phng trnh : x 2 + y 2 (m 2)x + 2my 1 = 0 1) Tm tap hp tam cac ng tron (Cm) . 2) Cho m = -2 va iem A(0;-1). Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen cua ng tron (C-2) ve t A. Bai 18: Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen cua ng tron (C): x 2 + y 2 2 x 6 y + 9 = 0 1. Tiep tuyen song song vi ng thang x-y=0 2. Tiep tuyen vuong goc vi ng thang 3x-4y=0 Bai 19: Cho tam giac ABC eu noi tiep trong ng tron (C): ( x 1)2 + ( y 2)2 = 9 . Xac nh toa o cac iem B, C biet iem A(-2;2). Bai 20: Trong mp(Oxy) cho ho ng tron (Cm) co phng trnh : x 2 2mx + y 2 + 2(m + 1)y 12 = 0 1) Tm tap hp tam cac ng tron (Cm) . 2) Vi gia tr nao cua m th ban knh cua ho ng tron a cho la nho nhat? Bai 21: Cho hai ho ng tron :

108

(Cm ) : x 2 + y 2 2mx + 2(m + 1)y 1 = 0 (Cm' ) : x 2 + y 2 x + (m 1)y + 3 = 0

Tm truc ang phng cua hai ho ng tron tren. Chng to rang khi m thay oi cac truc ang phng o luon luon i qua mot iem co nh. Bai 22: Cho hai ng tron : (C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 2x 9y 2 = 0

(C2 ) : x 2 + y2 8x 9y + 16 = 0
1) Chng minh rang hai ng tron (C1) va (C2) tiep xuc nhau. 2) Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua hai ng tron (C1) va (C2). Bai 23: Cho hai ng tron : (C1 ) : x 2 + y2 10x = 0

(C2 ) : x 2 + y2 + 4x 2y 20 = 0
Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua hai ng tron (C1) va (C2). Bai 24: Cho hai ng tron : (C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 4x 5 = 0

(C2 ) : x 2 + y2 6x + 8y + 16 = 0
Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua hai ng tron (C1) va (C2). Bai 25: Cho hai iem A(2;0), B(6;4). Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) tiep xuc vi truc hoanh tai iem A va khoang cach t tam cua (C) en iem B bang 5 (TS.K.B2005)

ng dung phng trnh ng tron e giai cac he co cha tham so

Bai 1: Cho he phng trnh :

x 2 + y 2 = 1 x y = a Xac nh cac gia tr cua a e he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat. x 2 + y2 x = 0 Bai 2: Cho he phng trnh : x + ay a = 0
Xac nh cac gia tr cua a e he phng trnh co 2 nghiem phan biet
Bai 3: Tm m e he sau co nghiem duy nhat (x 2)2 + y 2 = m 2 2 x + (y 2) = m

109

NG ELP TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

I.nh ngha: Elp (E) la tap hp cac iem M co tong khoang cach en hai iem co nh F1; F2 bang hang so * Hai iem co nh F1; F2 c goi la cac tieu iem * F1F2 = 2c ( c > 0 ) c goi la tieu c (E)
M

A.KIEN THC C BAN

F1

2c

F2

(E) = {M / MF1 + MF2 = 2a}

( a>0 : hang so va a>c )

II. Phng trnh chnh tac cua Elp va cac yeu to: 1. Phng trnh chnh tac:
(E) : x2 a
2

y2 b
2

= 1 vi b2 = a2 c2 ( a > b) (1)

y
Q

(E)

B2
M

r1
-a -c A1 F1
O

r2

c a F2 A2

B1

2. Cac yeu to cua Elp: * Elp xac nh bi phng trnh (1) co cac ac iem: - Tam oi xng O, truc oi xng Ox; Oy - Tieu iem F1(-c;0); F2(c;0) - Tieu c F1F2 = 2c - Truc ln nam tren Ox; o dai truc ln 2a ( = A1A2 ) - Truc nho nam tren Oy; o dai truc ln 2b ( = B1B2 ) - nh tren truc ln : A1(-a;0); A2(a;0) - nh tren truc nho :B1(0;-b); B2(0;b) - Ban knh qua tieu iem:
B

110

Vi M(x;y) (E) th
c a

c r1 = MF1 = a + a x = a + ex r = MF = a c x = a ex 2 2 a

- Tam sai

: e=

(0 < e < 1) a e

- ng chuan : x =
III. Phng trnh tham so cua Elp: IV. Tiep tuyen cua Elp: nh ly:

x = a cos t (E) : y = b sin t


x2 a2 + y2 b2

t [0;2)

Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (E) : x0x a2 y0y b2

= 1 tai M0(x0;y0) (E) la :


y

() :

=1

M 0 (x0 ; y 0 )
O

(E)

V. ieu kien e ng thang tiep xuc vi Elp: x2 y2 nh ly: Cho Elp (E) : 2 + 2 = 1 va ng thang ( ) : Ax + By + C = 0 ( A2 + B2 > 0 ) a b
y
(E)
O

( ) tiep xuc (E)

A a +B b =C

2 2

2 2

BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Cho (E) co hai tieu iem la F1 ( 3; 0); F2 ( 3;0) va mot ng chuan co phng trnh x =

4 3

1. Viet phng trnh chnh tac cua (E). 2. M la iem thuoc (E). Tnh gia tr cua bieu thc: P = F1M 2 + F2 M 2 3OM 2 F1M .F2 M 3. Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) song song vi truc hoanh va cat (E) tai hai iem A, B sao cho OA OB Bai 2: 1. Lap phng trnh chnh tac cua (E) co tieu iem F1 ( 15; 0) , tiep xuc vi (d): x + 4 y 10 = 0 2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (E) vuong goc vi (d): x + y + 6 = 0 . x 2 y2 + = 1 va ng thang (d): mx y 1 = 0 9 4 1. Chng minh rang vi moi gia tr cua m, ng thang (d) luon cat (E) tai hai iem phan biet 2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (E), biet rang tiep tuyen o i qua iem A(1;-3). Bai 4: 1. Lap phng trnh chnh tac cua (E) co tieu iem F1 ( 10,0); F2 ( 10; 0) , o dai truc ln bang
Bai 3: Cho Elp (E) :

111

2 18 . 2. ng thang (d) tiep xuc (E) tai M cat hai truc toa o tai A va B. Tm M sao cho dien tch OAB nho nhat. x 2 y2 Bai 5: Cho Elp (E) : + = 1 va ng thang (d): x y 2 + 2 = 0 8 4 1. CMR (d) luon cat (E) tai hai iem phan biet A,B . Tnh o dai AB. 2. Tm toa o iem C thuoc (E) sao cho ABC co dien tch ln nhat. x 2 y2 x2 y2 Bai 6: Cho hai Elp : (E1 ) : + = 1 va (E2 ) : + = 1 . Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen chung cua hai 16 9 9 16 elp tren. x 2 y2 Bai 7: Cho Elp (E) : + = 1 . Xet hnh vuong ngoai tiep (E) ( tc la cac canh hnh vuong tiep xuc 24 12 vi (E) . Viet phng trnh cac ng thang cha cac canh hnh vuong o. x 2 y2 Bai 8: Cho Elp (E) : + = 1 . Cho A(-3;0),M(-3;a),B(3;0),N(3;b) trong o a,b la hai so thay oi 9 4 1. Xac nh toa o giao iem I cua ng thang AN va BM. 2. Chng minh rang ieu kien can va u e ng thang MN tiep xuc vi (E) la ab=4 3. Vi a,b thay oi , nhng luon tiep xuc vi (E) . Tm quy tch iem I.

112

NG HYPEBOL TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

I. nh ngha:
M
2c

A.KIEN THC C BAN

(H) = {M / MF1 MF2 = 2a}

( a > 0 : hang so va a < c ) (1)

F1

F2

II. Phng trnh chnh tac cua Hypebol va cac yeu to: 1. Phng trnh chnh tac:
(H) : x2 a
2

y2 b
2

= 1 vi b2 = c2 a2

(1)
b x a

y=

b x a

y
B2 a F1 c A 1 a
O

y=

M
A2

F2 c

B1

2. Cac yeu to cua Hypebol: * Hypebol xac nh bi phng trnh (1) co cac ac iem: - Tam oi xng O, truc oi xng Ox; Oy - Tieu iem F1(-c;0); F2(c;0) - Tieu c F1F2 = 2c - Truc thc nam tren Ox; o dai truc thc 2a ( = A1A2 ) - Truc ao nam tren Oy; o dai truc ao 2b ( = B1B2 ) - nh: A1(-a;0); A2(a;0) b - Phng trnh tiem can : y = x a - Ban knh qua tieu iem: Vi M(x;y) (H) th : r1 = MF1 = a + ex Vi x > 0 r2 = MF2 = a + ex r1 = MF1 = (a + ex) Vi x < 0 r2 = MF2 = (a + ex) 113
B

- Tam sai

: e=

c a

(e > 1) a e x2 a2 y2 b2 = 1 tai M0(x0;y0) (H) la :


y

- ng chuan : x =
IV. Tiep tuyen cua Hypebol: nh ly:

Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H) :

() :

x0x a
2

y0y b
2

=1

M 0

V. ieu kien e ng thang tiep xuc vi Hypebol: x2 y2 nh ly: Cho Hypebol (H) : 2 2 = 1 va ng thang ( ) : Ax + By + C = 0 ( A2 + B2 > 0 ) a b

( ) tiep xuc (H)

A 2a2 B2 b2 = C2

BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Cho Hypebol (H):


x y =1 16 9 1. Tm o dai truc ao, truc thc , tam sai , tieu iem F1,F2 cua (H) 2. Tm tren (H) nhng iem sao cho MF1 MF2
2 2

x 2 y2 Bai 2: Cho Hypebol (H): 2 2 = 1 . a b CMR tch cac khoang cach t mot iem M0 bat ky tren (H) en hai tiem can la mot so khong oi Bai 3: Cho Hypebol (H): x 2 4 y 2 = 4 . 10 4 1. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H) tai A( ; ) 3 3 2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H) biet no vuong goc vi ng thang : : x y 2 = 0 3. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H) ke t M(2;-1) x 2 y2 Bai 4: Cho Hypebol (H): 2 2 = 1 trong mat phang Oxy a b Tm a,b e (H) tiep xuc vi hai ng thang (D1 ) : 5 x 6 y 16 = 0 va (D2 ) :13 x 10 y 48 = 0

114

NG PARABOL TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

I. nh ngha :

A.KIEN THC C BAN

(P) = {M / MF = d(M, }
M

* F la iem co nh goi la tieu iem * ( ) la ng thang co nh goi la ng chuan * HF = p > 0 goi la tham so tieu
II. Phng trnh chnh tac cua parabol: 1) Dang 1: Ptct: y y
M
-p/2 O F(p/2;0)

= 2px

2) Dang 2: Ptct: y
y

= -2px

F(-p/2;0)

p/2

M
( ): x=-p/2

() : x = p / 2

3) Dang 3: Ptct: x
y

= 2py

4) Dang 4: Ptct : x
y

= -2py

p/2

( ) : y = p/2

M O

F(0;p/2)
F(0;-p/2)

x
-p/2 :y = -p/2

III.Tiep tuyen cua parabol: nh ly: Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (P): y2 = 2px tai M0(x0;y0) (P) la :
y

( ) : y0y = p.(x + x0 )
O

M0
x

115

(P)

IV. ieu kien e ng thang tiep xuc vi parabol: nh ly: Trong mp(Oxy) cho (P) : y2 = 2px va ng thang ( ) : Ax + By + C = 0 (A2 + B2 > 0)
y

( ) tiep xuc (P) B2 p = 2AC


o
x

Bai 1: Cho (P): y = 16x 1. Lap phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (P), biet tiep tuyen o vuong goc vi ng thang (d) : 3x-2y+6=0 2. Lap phng trnh cac tiep tuyen vi (P) ke t M(-1;0) en (P) x 2 y2 Bai 2: Lap phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua elp : + = 1 va parabol: y 2 = 12 x . 8 6 2 Bai 3: Cho A(3;0) va (P): y=x 1. Cho M ( P ) va x M = a . Tnh AM . Tm a e AM ngan nhat

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

(P

2. Chng minh neu AM ngan nhat th AM vuong goc tiep tuyen tai M cua (P) Bai 4: Cho (P):y2= 2x va cho A(2;-2); B(8;4). Gia s M la iem di ong tren cung nho AB cua (P). Xac nh toa o cua M sao cho tam diac AMB co dien tch ln nhat. Bai 5: Cho (P): y 2 = x va iem I(0;2). Tm toa o hai iem M, N thuoc (P) sao cho IM = 4 IN

----------------------------------Het-------------------------------

116

Chuyen e 15:

HNH HOC GIAI TCH TRONG KHONG GIAN


A. KIEN THC C BAN:

PHNG PHAP TOA O TRONG KHONG GIAN TOA O IEM - TOA O VEC T
z

I. He truc toa o E-CAC trong khong gian x'Ox : truc hoanh y'Oy : truc tung z'Oz : truc cao O : goc toa o e1 , e2 , e3 : vec t n v

x'

y'

e3
O

y
e2

z' Quy c : Khong gian ma trong o co chon he truc toa o e-Cac vuong goc Oxyz c goi la khong gian Oxyz va ky hieu la : kg(Oxyz) II. Toa o cua mot iem va cua mot vec t: 1. nh ngha 1: Cho M kg(Oxyz) . Khi o vec t OM c bieu dien mot cach duy nhat theo z e , e , e bi he thc co dang : OM = xe + ye + ye vi x,y,z .
1 2 3 1 2 3

e1

M
O

Bo so (x;y;z) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua iem M. y Ky hieu: M(x;y;z)

( x: hoanh o cua iem M; y: tung o cua iem M, z: cao o cua iem M )

M ( x; y; z)
Y ngha hnh hoc:
z

/n

OM = xe1 + ye2 + ze3

R
M3 O z

M2
M y y

x = OP

; y= OQ ; z = OR

x x p M1

117

2. nh ngha 2: Cho a kg(Oxyz) . Khi o vec t a c bieu dien mot cach duy nhat theo

e1 , e2 , e3 bi he thc co dang : a = a1 e1 + a2 e2 + a3 e3 vi a1 ,a2

Bo so (a1;a2;a3) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua vec t a . a = (a1; a2 ) Ky hieu:

a=(a1;a2 ;a3 )

/n

a = a1 e1 + a2 e2 + a3 e3

II. Cac cong thc va nh ly ve toa o iem va toa o vec t : nh ly 1: Neu A( x A ; y A ; zA ) va B(x B ; yB ; zB ) th

AB = ( xB x A ; yB y A ; zB zA )
nh ly 2: Neu a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ) th

a1 = b1 * a = b a2 = b2 a = b 3 3
* a + b = (a1 + b1; a2 + b2 ; a3 + b3 ) * a b = (a1 b1; a2 b2 ; a3 b3 ) * k .a = (ka1; ka2 ; ka3 )
(k )

III. S cung phng cua hai vec t: Nhac lai Hai vec t cung phng la hai vec t nam tren cung mot ng thang hoac nam tren hai ng thang song song . nh ly ve s cung phng cua hai vec t: nh ly 3 : Cho hai vec t a va b vi b 0
a cung phng b !k sao cho a = k .b

Neu a 0 th so k trong trng hp nay c xac nh nh sau: k > 0 khi a cung hng b k < 0 khi a ngc hng b a k = b nh ly 4 :
A, B, C thang hang AB cung phng AC

118

nh ly 5: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ) ta co :

a cung phng b

a1 = kb1 a2 = kb2 a 1 : a2 : a3 = b1 : b2 : b3 a = kb 3 3

IV. Tch vo hng cua hai vec t: Nhac lai:

a.b = a . b .cos(a, b) a =a
2 2

ab

a.b = 0

nh ly 6: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ; a2 ) va b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ) ta co :

a.b = a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3b3


nh ly 7: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) ta co :

a = a12 + a22 + a32


nh ly 8: Neu A( x A ; y A ) va B(x B ; yB ) th

AB = ( xB x A )2 + ( yB y A )2 + (zB zA )2
nh ly 9: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ) ta co :

ab

a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3b3 = 0

nh ly 10: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ) ta co :

cos(a, b) =

a.b a.b

a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3b3 a12 + a22 + a32 . b12 + b22 + b32

V. iem chia oan thang theo ty so k: nh ngha : iem M c goi la chia oan AB theo ty so k ( k 1 ) neu nh : MA = k.MB

A 119

nh ly 11 : Neu A( x A ; y A ; zA ) , B(x B ; yB ; zB ) va MA = k.MB ( k 1 ) th


x A k .x B xM = 1 k y A k .y B yM = 1 k zA k .zB zM = 1 k

ac biet :

x A + xB xM = 2 y +y M la trung iem cua AB yM = A B 2 zA + zB zM = 2

BAI TAP NG DUNG: Bai 1: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ba iem A(3;1;0), B(-1;2;-1), C(2;-1;3) Tm iem D sao cho t giac ABCD la hnh bnh hanh Bai 2: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ba iem A(2;-1;6), B(-3;-1;-4), C(5;-1;0) a.Chng minh rang tam giac ABC vuong . b. Tm toa o trong tam G cua tam giac ABC c. Tnh o dai ng trung tuyen ke t A VI. Tch co hng cua hai vec t: 1. nh ngha: Tch co hng cua hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ) la mot vec t c

ky hieu : a; b co toa o la :
a a; b = 2 b2 a3 a3 ; b3 b3 a1 a1 a2 ; b1 b1 b2

1 2 3

Cach nh:

a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) b = (b1; b2 ; b3 )

2. Tnh chat:

a; b a va a; b b
1 SABC = . AB; AC 2

A B
D A B A C C A' D C B D' B' C'

ABCD

= AB; AD

VABCD. A' B'C ' D' = AB; AD . AA'

120

1 VABCD = . AB; AC . AD 6

D C B

a cung phng b

a; b = 0

a, b, c ong phang a, b .c = 0

BAI TAP NG DUNG: Bai 1: Cho bon iem A(-1;-2;4), B(-4;-2;0), C(3;-2;1), D(1;1;1) a. Chng minh rang bon iem A,B,C,D khong ong phang b. Tnh dien tch tam giac ABC c. Tnh the tch t dien ABCD Bai 2: Tnh the tch t dien ABCD biet A(-1;-2;0), B(2;-6;3), C(3;-3;-1), D(-1;-5;3) NG THANG VA MAT PHANG TRONG KHONG GIAN I. Cac nh ngha: 1. Vec t ch phng cua ng thang: 1. VTCP cua ng thang :
n a 0 a la VTCP cua ng thang ( ) a co gia song song hoac trung vi ()

Chu y: Mot ng thang co vo so VTCP, cac vec t nay cung phng vi nhau. Mot ng thang ( ) hoan toan c xac nh khi biet mot iem thuoc no va mot VTCP cua no. 2. Cap VTCP cua mat phang: a b
a

( )

Cho mat phang xac nh bi hai ng thang cat nhau a va b . Goi a la VTCP cua ng thang a va b la VTVP cua ng thang b. Khi o : Cap (a,b) c goi la cap VTCP cua mat phang
Chu y : Mot mat phang hoan toan c xac nh khi biet mot iem thuoc no va mot cap VTCP cua no.

121

3. Vec t phap tuyen ( VTPT) cua mat phang :

n n 0 n la VTPT cua mat phang n co gia vuong goc vi mp

Chu y: Mot mat phang co vo so VTPT, cac vec t nay cung phng vi nhau. Mot mat phang hoan toan c xac nh khi biet mot iem thuoc no va mot cap VTPT cua no. 4. Cach tm toa o mot VTPT cua mat phang khi biet cap VTCP cua no:

a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) nh ly: Gia s mat phang co cap VTCP la : th mp co mot VTPT la : b = (b1; b2 ; b3 )
a n = a; b = 2 b2

a3 a3 ; b3 b3

a1 a1 ; b1 b1

a2 b2

n = [a , b ]
a

BAI TAP NG DUNG: Tm mot VTPT cua mat phang biet i qua ba iem A(-2;0;1), B(0;10;3), C(2;0;-1) II. Phng trnh cua mat phang : nh ly 1: Trong Kg(Oxyz) . Phng trnh mat phang i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va co mot

VTPT n = ( A; B; C ) la:

n = ( A; B ; C )

M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 ; z 0 )

A( x x0 ) + B( y y0 ) + C ( z z0 ) = 0

nh ly 2: Trong Kg(Oxyz) . Phng trnh dang :


Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 vi A2 + B2 + C 2 0

n = ( A; B ; C )

M0

la phng trnh tong quat cua mot mat phang .

122

Chu y : Neu ( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 th ( ) co mot VTPT la n = ( A; B; C ) M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) ( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 Ax 0 + By0 + Cz0 + D = 0 Cac trng hp ac biet: 1. Phng trnh cac mat phang toa o: (Oxy):z = 0 (Oyz):x = 0 (Oxz):y = 0 2. Phng trnh mat phang theo oan chan:

(Oyz )

z
y

(Oxz )

x
(Oxy )

A(a; 0; 0) Phng trnh mat phang cat cac truc Ox, Oy, Oz tai B(0; b; 0) C (0; 0; c) x y z la: + + =1 a b c

(a,b,c 0)
C

c
BAI TAP AP DUNG: A Bai 1: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ba iem A(3;1;0), B(-1;2;-1), C(2;-1;3) Viet phng trnh mat phang (ABC) Bai 2: Cho iem A(1;3;2), B(1;2;1), C(1;1;3) Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang (d) i qua trong tam tam giac ABC va vuong goc vi mat phang cha tam giac. III. V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang - Chum mat phang : 1. Mot so quy c va ky hieu: a1 = tb1 a = tb 2 2 (a1 , a2 ,..., an ) Hai bo n so : c goi la ty le vi nhau neu co so t 0 sao cho . (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) . an = tbn an a1 a2 Ky hieu: a1 : a2 : ... : an = b1 : b2 : ... : bn hoac = = ... = b1 b2 bn 2. V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang: nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai mat phang , xac nh bi phng trnh :
( ) : A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0 co VTPT n1 = ( A1; B1; C1 ) ( ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 co VTPT n2 = ( A2 ; B2 ; C2 ) n1 n2

O a

b
B

n1

n2

n1

n2

123

( ) cat ( ) A1 : B1 : C1 A2 : B2 : C2 (hay: ( ) // ( ) A1 B1 C1 D1 = = A 2 B2 C2 D2 A1 B1 C1 D1 = = = A 2 B2 C2 D2

A1 B1 B C C A hoac 1 1 hoac 1 1 ) B2 C2 C2 A2 A 2 B2

( ) ( )
ac biet:

A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0

3. Chum mat phang :

a. nh ngha: Tap hp cac mat phang cung i qua mot ng thang c goi la mot chum mat phang . goi la truc cua chum Mot mat phang hoan toan c xac nh neu biet i. Truc cua chum hoac ii. Hai mat phang cua chum b. nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai mat phang , cat nhau xac nh bi phng trnh : ( ) : A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0

( ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 Khi o : Moi mat phang qua giao tuyen cua va eu co phng trnh dang:

( ) : ( A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 ) + ( A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 ) = 0
Chu y:

( 2 + 2 0)

= 0 va 0 th 0 va = 0 th
ac biet :

Neu 0 va 0 th va trong trng hp nay phng trnh co the viet di dang sau: 1. m(A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 ) + (A 2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 ) = 0 hoac 2. (A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 ) + n(A 2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 ) = 0

124

NG THANG TRONG KHONG GIAN


I. Phng trnh cua ng thang: 1.Phng trnh tham so cua ng thang: nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) . Phng trnh tham so cua ng thang ( ) i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )

va nhan a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) lam VTCP la :


z

a ()

M0
O

M ( x, y , z ) y

x = x0 + ta1 () : y = y0 + ta2 z = z + ta 0 3

(t )

2. Phng trnh chnh tac cua ng thang: nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) . Phng trnh chnh tac cua ng thang ( ) i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )

va nhan a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) lam VTCP la :


( ) : x x0 y y0 z z0 = = a1 a2 a3

3. Phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang : Trong khong gian ta co the xem ng thang la giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nao o. ( ) : A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0 Xem ( ) = vi ta co nh ly sau. ( ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) he phng trnh:

A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0 vi A1 : B1 : C1 A2 : B2 : C2 A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 la phng trnh tong quat cua mot ng thang. ( ) : A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0 ( n = ( A1; B1; C1 )) Chu y: Neu (): th ( ) co mot VTCP la : ( ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 ( n = ( A2 ; B2 ; C2 ))
B a = n , n = 1 B2 C1 C1 ; C2 C2 A1 ; A1 B1 B2

A2 A2

125

II. V tr tng oi cua ng thang va mat phang : 1.V tr tng oi cua ng thang va mat phang :

( )
n

( )

a M

a ( )

nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho : x x0 y y0 z z0 co VTCP a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va qua M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) ng thang ( ) : = = a1 a2 a3

co VTPT n = ( A; B; C ) va mat phang ( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 Khi o : () cat ( ) Aa1 + Ba2 + Ca3 0 () // ( ) () ( ) Aa1 + Ba2 + Ca3 = 0 Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D 0 Aa1 + Ba2 + Ca3 = 0 Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D = 0

a
ac biet:

( ) ( )

a1 : a2 : a3 = A : B : C

pt() Chu y: Muon tm giao iem M cua ( ) va ( ) ta giai he phng trnh : tm x,y,z pt( ) Suy ra: M(x,y,z) 2. V tr tng oi cua hai ng thang :
1

' 0

a
b
2

M0
u'

u
2

M0
' 1 M 0 M 0

u
u'

u'

M0

' 0

' M0

nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang : x x0 y y0 z z0 (1 ) : co VTCP u = (a; b; c) va qua M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) = = a b c x x0 y y0 z z0 ' ' ' ( 2 ) : co VTCP u' = (a' ; b' ; c' ) va qua M'0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) = = ' ' ' a b c

126

' (1 ) va ( 2 ) ong phang u, u' .M0 M0 = 0

(1 ) cat ( 2 ) (1 ) // ( 2 ) (1 ) ( 2 ) (1 ) va ( 2 ) cheo nhau

u, u' .M M ' = 0 0 0 a : b : c a' : b' : c '


' ' ' a : b : c = a' : b' : c' ( x0 x0 ) : ( y0 y0 ) : ( z0 z0 ) ' ' ' a : b : c = a' : b' : c' = ( x0 x0 ) : ( y0 y0 ) : ( z0 z0 ) ' u, u ' . M 0 M 0 0

pt(1 ) Chu y: Muon tm giao iem M cua (1 ) va ( 2 ) ta giai he phng trnh : tm x,y,z pt(2 ) Suy ra: M(x,y,z)
III. Goc trong khong gian: 1. Goc gia hai mat phang: nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai mat phang , xac nh bi phng trnh : ( ) : A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0

( ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 Goi la goc gia hai mat phang ( ) & ( ) ta co cong thc:


cos =

n1 = ( A1 ; B1 ; C1 ) n 2 = ( A2 ; B 2 ; C 2 )

A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1C2
2 2 2 A12 + B12 + C12 . A2 + B2 + C2

0 0 90 0

2. Goc gia ng thang va mat phang: nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang ( ) :

( )
a = ( a ; b; c ) n = ( A; B ; C )

va mat phang ( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 Goi la goc gia hai mat phang ( ) & ( ) ta co cong thc:

x x0 y y0 z z0 = = a b c

sin =

Aa + Bb + Cc A2 + B 2 + C 2 . a 2 + b 2 + c 2

0 0 90 0

3.Goc gia hai ng thang : nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang : x x0 y y0 z z0 = = (1 ) : a b c x x0 y y0 z z0 = = ( 2 ) : a' b' c'

127

Goi la goc gia hai mat phang (1 ) & ( 2 ) ta co cong thc:


cos = aa ' + bb ' + cc ' a 2 + b 2 + c 2 . a '2 + b '2 + c '2

a1 = ( a; b; c )

1 2 a 2 = (a ' ; b' ; c' )

0 0 90 0 IV. Khoang cach: 1. Khoang cach t mot iem en mot mat phang: nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho mat phang ( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 va iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )
Khoang cach t iem M0 en mat phang ( ) c tnh bi cong thc:

M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 ; z 0 )
d ( M0 ; ) =

Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D A2 + B2 + C 2

2. Khoang cach t mot iem en mot ng thang: nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang ( ) i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va co VTCP
u = (a; b; c ) . Khi o khoang cach t iem M1 en ( ) c tnh bi cong thc:

M1 u
M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) H

( )

M0 M1; u d ( M1 , ) = u

3. Khoang cach gia hai ng thang cheo nhau: nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang cheo nhau : (1 ) co VTCP u = (a; b; c) va qua M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )
' ' ' ( 2 ) co VTCP u' = (a' ; b' ; c' ) va qua M'0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )

Khi o khoang cach gia (1 ) va ( 2 ) c tnh bi cong thc

u
M0

1
u, u' .M M ' 0 0 d (1 , 2 ) = u, u '

' M0

u'

128

-------------***------------Bai 1: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hnh lap phng ABCD.A'B'C'D' vi A(0;0;0), B(1;0;0), D(0;1;0), A'(0;01). Goi M, N lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD. 1. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang A'C va MN 1 2. Viet phng trnh mat phang cha A'C va tao vi mat phang Oxy mot goc biet cos = 6 Bai 2: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho iem A(0;1;2) va hai ng thang : x = 1 + t x y 1 z +1 d1 : = & d 2 : y = 1 2t = 2 1 1 z = 2 + t 1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) qua A, ong thi song song vi d1 va d2. 2. Tm toa o cac iem M thuoc d1, N thuoc d2 sao cho ba iem A,M,N thang hang Bai 3: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho iem A(1;2;3) va hai ng thang : x2 y +2 z 3 x 1 y 1 z +1 = = = = & d2 : d1 : 1 2 1 1 2 1 1. Tm toa o iem A' oi xng vi iem A qua ng thang d1 2. Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua A, vuong goc vi d1 va cat d2 Bai 4: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho 4 iem A(0;1;0), B(2;3;1), C(-2;2;2), D(1;-1;2) . 1. Chng minh cac tam giac ABC, ABD, ACD la cac tam giac vuong . 2. Tnh the tch t dien ABCD. 3. Goi H la trc tam tam giac BCD, viet phng trnh ng thang AH. Bai 5: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho 3 iem A(1;1;2), B(-2;1;-1), C(2;-2;1). 1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (ABC). 2. Xac nh toa o hnh chieu vuong goc cua iem O tren mat phang (ABC). 3. Tnh the tch t dien OABC. Bai 6: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang: x = 1+ t x 2y + z 4 = 0 1 : va 2 : y = 2 + t x + 2 y 2z + 4 = 0 z = 1 + 2t

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha ng thang 1 va song song vi ng thang 2 2. Cho iem M(2;1;4). Tm toa o iem H thuoc ng thang 2 sao cho oan thang MH co o dai nho nhat. Bai 7: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho mat phang (P) : 2x-y+2=0 va ng thang (2m + 1) x + (1 m)y + m 1 = 0 dm : mx + (2m + 1)z + 4m + 2 = 0 Xac nh m e ng thang dm song song vi mat phang (P) Bai 8: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho mat phang (P) :x-y+z+3=0 va hai iem A(-1;-3;-2), B(-5;7;12) 1. Tm toa o iem A la iem oi xng vi iem A qua mat phang (P) 2. Gia s M la iem chay tren mat phang (P). Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc : MA+MB 2 x + y + z + 1 = 0 Bai 9: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang : va mat phang (P): 4x-2y+z-1=0 x + y + z + 2 = 0
129

Viet phng trnh hnh chieu vuong goc cua ng thang tren mat phang (P). x az a = 0 ax + 3y 3 = 0 Bai 10: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang: d1 : va d 2 : y z + 1 = 0 x 3z 6 = 1. Tm a e hai ng thang d1 va d2 cat nhau 2. Vi a=2, viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha ng thang d2 va songsong vi ng thang d1. Tnh khoang cach gia d1 va d2 khi a=2 Bai 11: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hnh hop ch nhat ABCD.ABCD co A trung vi goc toa o, B(a;0;0).D(0;a;0), A(0;0;b) (a>0,b>0) . Goi M la trung iem cua canh CC . 1. Tnh the tch khoi t dien BDAM theo a va b a 2. Xac nh ty so e hai mat phang (ABD) va (MBD) vuong goc vi nhau. b Bai 12: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho t dien ABCD vi A(2;3;2), B(6;-1;-2), C(-1;-4;3), D(1;6;-5). Tnh goc gia hai ng thang AB va CD . Tm toa o iem M thuoc ng thang CD sao cho tam giac ABM co chu vi nho nhat. Bai 13: 2. Trong khong gian vi he toa do e cac vuong goc Oxyz cho hai ng thang 3 x z + 1 = 0 x y +1 z va d2 : = d1 : = 1 2 1 2 x + y 1 = 0 1. Chng minh rang d1, d2 cheo nhau va vuong goc vi nhau. 2. Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang d cat ca hai ng thang d1, d2 va song song x 4 y 7 z3 vi ng thang : = = 1 4 2 Bai 14: Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz cho t dien OABC vi A(0;0; a 3 ), B(a;0;0), C(0; a 3 ;0) (a>0). Goi M la trung iem cua BC. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang AB va OM. Bai 15: Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz cho hai iem A(2;1;1), 3 x 2 y 11 = 0 B(0;-1;3) va ng thang d : y + 3z 8 = 0 1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua trung iem I cua AB va vuong goc vi AB. Goi K la giao iem cua ng thang d va mat phang (P), chng minh rang d vuong goc vi IK. 2. Viet phng trnh tong quat cua hnh chieu vuong goc cua d tren mat phang co phng trnh x + y z +1 = 0
Bai 16: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang : x + y z + 2 = 0 x 1 y + 2 z (d1 ) : = = va (d 2 ) : 3 1 1 x +1 = 0

Lap phng trnh ng thang qua M(0;1;1) sao cho vuong goc vi (d1) va cat (d2). Bai 17: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang : 3 x 2 y 8 = 0 x +1 y + 3 z 2 (d1 ) : = = va (d 2 ) : 2 1 3 5 x + +2 z 12 = 0 1. Chng minh d1 va d2 cheo nhau. 2. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang tren. 3. Lap phng trnh ng thang qua M(-4;-5;3) sao cho cat ca d1 va d2. Bai 18: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang (d) va mat phang (P) co phng trnh : x +1 y 1 z 2 = = (d ) : va (P):x-y-z-1=0 2 2 3 130

Lap phng trnh ng thang qua A(1;1;-2) sao cho d va //(P) .


Bai 19: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang : x 2y + z 4 = 0 x 1 y +1 z (d1 ) : = = va (d 2 ) : 1 1 2 2 x y + 2 z + 1 = 0

va mat phang ( P ) : x + y + z 1 = 0 . Lap phng trnh ng thang sao cho ( P ) va cat ca hai ng thang d1 va d2.
Bai 20: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang : x 1 y 2 z va iem I(2;-1;3) = = (d ) : 1 2 3 Goi K la iem oi xng cua I qua (d) . Tm toa o iem K. Bai 21: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang : x y 1 z + 3 va iem A(1;2;1) = (d ) : = 3 4 1 Tnh khoang cach t iem A en ng thang (d). Bai 22: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang : 2 x + y + 1 = 0 3 x + y z + 3 = 0 (d1 ) : va (d 2 ) : x-y+z-1=0 2 x y + 1 = 0 1. Chng minh rang d1 va d2 cat nhau. Tm toa o giao iem I cua d1 va d2 . 2. Lap phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua d1 va d2 . 3. Tnh the tch phan khong gian gii han bi (P) va cac mat phang toa o. Bai 23: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(1;2;1) , B(2;1;3) va mat phang (P): x-3y+2z-6 = 0. 1. Lap phng trnh mat phang (Q) i qua A, B va vuong goc vi (P). 2. Viet phng trnh chnh tac cua giao tuyen cua (P) va (Q). 3. Goi K la iem oi xng cua A qua (P). Tm toa o iem K. 2 x + 3 y 4 = 0 Bai 24: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(1;2;-1) va B(7;-2;3) va ng thang (d): y + z 4 = 0

1. Chng minh (d) va AB ong phang . 2. Tm toa o giao iem I0 cua ng thang (d) vi mat phang trung trc cua oan AB. 3. Tm I (d ) sao cho tam giac ABI co chu vi nho nhat.
Bai 25: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(0;0;-3) , B(2;0;-1) va mat phang (P): 3x - 8y + 7z -1 = 0 1. Tm toa o giao iem I cua ng thang AB va mat phang (P). 2. Tm iem C thuoc mat phang (P) sao cho tam giac ABC eu. Bai 26: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(1;2;3) , B(4;4;5) va mat phang (P): z = 0 1. Tm M (P) sao cho MA+MB la nho nhat. 2. Tm N (P) sao cho NA NB la ln nhat. Bai 27: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(3;1;0) , B(-9;4;9) va mat phang (P): 2x - y + z + 1 = 0 Tm M (P) sao cho MA MB la ln nhat. Bai 28: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang (d) va mat phang (P) co phng trnh : x y 4 z +1 = (d ) : = va (P):x-y+3z+8=0 4 3 2 Viet phng trnh hnh chieu cua (d) len (P) Bai 29: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang :

131

(d1 ) :

x + 3z 2 = 0 x 2 y 1 z = = va (d 2 ) : 1 1 2 y 3 = 0

1. Chng minh d1 va d2 cheo nhau. 2. Lap phng trnh ng vuong goc chung cua hai ng thang d1 va d2 . Bai 30: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang : x 1 y z + 5 x y 1 z 5 = = = (d1 ) : va (d 2 ) : = 1 0 1 0 3 2 1. Chng minh d1 va d2 cheo nhau. 2. Tm toa o cac iem A, B cua ng vuong goc chung AB cua d1 va d2 . Bai 31: Cho tam giac ABC co toa o cac nh : A(0;1;0); B(2;2;2); C(-2;3;4) x 1 y + 2 z + 3 . va ng thang (d ) : = = 2 2 1 1. Tm toa o iem M nam tren (d) sao cho AM AB . 2. Tm toa o iem N nam tren (d) sao cho VNABC = 3. Bai 32: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho O(0;0;0), A(6;3;0), B(-2;9;1) va S(0;5;8) 1. Chng minh rang SB OA . 2. Chng minh rang hnh chieu cua canh SB len mat phang (OAB) vuong goc vi OA. Goi K la giao iem cua hnh chieu o vi OA. Tm toa o iem K. 3. Goi P, Q lan lt la trung iem cua cac canh OS va AB.Tm toa o M thuoc SB sao cho PQ va KM cat nhau. Bai 33: Cho hai ng thang : =0 x + 2y z x 1 y 2 z 3 (d1 ) : = = va (d 2 ) : 1 2 3 2 x y + 3z 5 = 0 Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang (d1) va (d2) Bai 34: Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang nam trong mat phang y+2z=0 va cat hai ng thang : x = 1 t x = 2 t (d1 ) : y = t va (d 2 ) : y = 4 + 2t z = 4t z = 1 Bai 35: Cho bon iem A(-4;4;0), B(2;0;4), C(1;2;-1), D(7;-2;3) 1. Chng minh rang bon iem A,B,C,D nam tren cung mot mat phang . 2. Tnh khoang cach t C en ng thang AB. 3. Tm tren ng thang AB iem M sao cho tong MC+MD la nho nhat. Bai 36: Cho hnh t dien ABCD biet toa o cac nh A(2,3,1) ; B(4,1,-2) ; C(6,3,7) ; D(-5,-4,8) Tnh o dai ng cao hnh t dien xuat phat t D. Bai 37: Trong khong gian Oxyz cho iem A(-1,2,3) va hai mat phang (P):x-2 = 0 , (Q):y-z-1=0 Viet phng trnh mat phang (R) i qua A va vuong goc vi hai mat phang (P) , (Q). Bai 38: Trong khong gian Oxyz cho mat phang (P) i qua ba iem A(1,3,2) , B(1,2,1) va C(1,1,3) Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang (d) i qua trong tam cua tam giac ABC va vuong goc vi mat phang cha tam giac o. Bai 39: Lap phng trnh cua ng thang (d) i qua iem A(1,2,3) va vuong goc vi hai ng 2x + y 2 = 0 x y + 4z + 10 = 0 thang (d1 ) : va (d 2 ) : 2x 4y z + 6 = 0 2x + z 3 = 0
Bai 40: Lap phng trnh cua ng thang (d) i qua iem A(3,2,1) song song vi mat phang 132

x + y 1 = 0 (P): x+y+z-2 = 0 va vuong goc vi ng thang (d) : 4y + z + 1 = 0 x 3z 2 = 0 va co khoang cach Bai 41:Lap phng trnh mat phang cha ng thang (d): y + 5z 1 = 0 en iem A(1,-1,0) bang 1. Bai 42: Cho hai ng thang (d1) va (d2) co phng trnh la : x + 8z + 23 = 0 x 2z 3 = 0 va (d 2 ) : (d1 ) : y 4z + 10 = 0 y + 2z + 2 = 0 1. Chng to (d1) va (d2) cheo nhau. 2. Tnh khoang cach gia (d1) va (d2) . 3. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha (d1) , mat phang (Q) cha (d2) sao cho (P)//(Q). 4. Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) song song vi Oz va cat ca (d1) va (d2)

MAT CAU TRONG KHONG GIAN


I. Phng trnh mat cau: 1. Phng trnh chnh tac: nh ly : Trong Kg(Oxyz). Phng trnh cua mat cau (S) tam I(a;b;c), ban knh R la :

z
(S )
I

(S) : ( x a)2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 = R2


R
M ( x; y; z )

(1)

Phng trnh (1) c goi la phng trnh chnh tac cua mat cau
ac biet:

Khi I O th (C ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 = R2

x
2. Phng trnh tong quat: nh ly : Trong Kg(Oxyz). Phng trnh :

x 2 + y 2 + z2 2ax 2by 2cz + d = 0 vi a2 + b2 + c2 d > 0 la phng trnh cua mat cau (S) co tam I(a;b;c), ban knh R = a2 + b2 + c2 d .
BAI TAP NG DUNG: Cho 4 iem A(-1;-2;0), B(2;-6;3), C(3;-3;-1), D(-1;-5;3) Viet phng trnh mat cau i qua bon iem A, B, C, D. Xac nh tam va ban knh cua mat cau II. Giao cua mat cau va mat phang: nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho mat phang ( ) va mat cau (S) co phng trnh : ( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 (S ) : ( x a)2 + ( y b)2 + ( z c)2 = R2

Goi d(I; ) la khoang cach t tam mat cau (S) en mat phang

133

Ta co :

1. ( ) cat mat cau (S) 2. ( ) tiep xuc mat cau (S) 3. ( ) khong cat mat cau (S)

d(I; ) < R d(I; ) =R d(I; ) > R

(S ) (S )
I I R
M
R

(S )
I

M
(C )

R M H

Chu y : Khi ct mt cu (S) th s ct theo mt ng trn (C). ng trn (C) ny c:

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 2 2 2 2 ( x a ) + ( y b ) + ( z c ) = R Tm l hnh chiu vung gc ca tm mt cu trn mt phng Bn knh r = R2 d 2 (I , )


Phng trnh l:

-----------------------------Het------------------------------

134

Chuyen e 18:

GIAI TCH TO HP

I.KHAI NIEM VE GIAI THA: 1.nh ngha: Vi n Nva n > 1 Tch cua n so t nhien lien tiep t 1 en n c goi la n - giai tha. Ky hieu : n! Ta co :

n! = 1.2...n

* Quy c : 0! = 1 va 1! = 1 2. Mot so cong thc: n! n! = (n k + 1)(n k + 2)...n * n! = (n - 1)!.n * = (k+1)(k+2)...n (n k) * (n k)! k! II. CAC QUY TAC C BAN VE PHEP EM: 1. QUY TAC CONG: V du: Co 8 quyen sach khac nhau va 6 quyen v khac nhau. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon mot trong cac quyen o. Quy tac cong cho trng hp hai oi tng : (Ap dung khi ta phan chia trng hp e em) Neu co m cach chon oi tng x n cach chon oi tng y va neu cach chon x khong trung vi bat ky cach chon y nao th co (m+n) cach chon. Tong quat: Neu co m1 cach chon oi tng x1 m2 cach chon oi tng x2 ......................................... mn cach chon oi tng xn va neu cach chon oi tng xi khong trung vi cach chon oi tng xj nao (i j ; i,j=1,2,...,n) th co (m1+m2+...mn) cach chon mot trong cac oi tng a cho. 2. QUY TAC NHAN: (Ap dung khi ta phan tch viec thc hien mot phep chon ra thanh nhieu bc lien tiep ) V du: An muon ru Bnh en chi nha Cng. T nha An en nha Bnh co 3 con ng. T nha Bnh en nha Cng co 4 con ng i. Hoi An co bao nhieu cach i en nha Cng

141

Quy tac nhan: Neu mot phep chon c thc hien qua n bc lien tiep: bc 1 co m1 cach chon bc 2 co m2 cach chon ----------------------------bc n co mn cach chon th co (m1.m2...mn) cach chon. V du: Ngi ta co the ghi nhan cho nhng chiec ghe trong mot giang ng bang mot ch cai va mot so nguyen dng khong vc qua 100. Bang cach nh vay, nhieu nhat co bao nhieu chiec ghe co the c ghi nhan khac nhau. III. HOAN V: V du: T cac ch so 1;2;3 co the lap c bao nhieu so t nhien co 3 ch so khac nhau. 1.nh ngha : Cho tap hp X gom n phan t (n >1). Moi cach sap th t n phan t cua tap hp X c goi la mot hoan v cua n phan t o Hoan v Nhom co th t u mat n phan t cua X

n phan t

2.nh ly : Ky hien so hoan v cua n phan t la Pn , ta co cong thc:

Pn = n! V du: Mot to co 10 hoc sinh. Hoi co bao nhieu cach to nay ng thanh mot hang doc IV.CHNH HP: V du: T cac ch so 1;2;3 co the lap c bao nhieu so t nhien co 2 ch so khac nhau. 1.nh ngha: Cho tap hp X gom n phan t . Moi bo gom k ( 1 k n) phan t sap th t cua tap hp X c goi la mot chnh hp chap k cua n phan t cua X.

n phan t 142

Chnh hp Nhom co th t Gom k phan t c lay t n phan t cua X

2.nh ly: Ky hieu so chnh hp chap k cua n phan t la A k , ta co cong thc: n

Ak = n

n! (n k)!

V du: Co bao nhieu so co 3 ch so gom toan cac ch so le khac nhau ? V. TO HP: 1 V du: Cho tap hp X= { ,2,3} .Viet tat ca cac tap con cua X gom 2 phan t 1.nh ngha: Cho tap hp X gom n phan t .Moi tap con cua gom k phan t ( 0 k n ) cua X c goi la mot to hp chap k cua n phan t a cho.

n phan t

To hp Nhom khong co th t Gom k phan t c lay t n phan t cua X

2. nh ly :

Ky hieu so to hp chap k cua n phan t la Ck , ta co cong thc: n Ck = n

n! k!(n k)! V du 1: Mot lo hang gom 10 san pham. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon ra 3 san pham V du 2: Trong mat phang cho 7 iem, trong o khong co ba iem nao thang hang. Hoi co bao nhieu tam giac c tao thanh . 3.Mot so cong thc ve to hp: To hp co hai tnh chat quan trong sau ay: a) C k = C n k vi moi k = 0,1,...,n n n b) C k + C k +1 = C k +1 n n n +1 vi moi k = 0,1,...,n-1

143

VI. NH THC NIU TN:


2 n k (a + b)n = C0 a n b0 + C1 a n 1b + Cn a n 2 b 2 + ... + Cn a 0 b n = Cn a n k b k n n k =0 n

V du 1 : Khai trien ( x + 2) 6 V du 2 : Chng minh rang :


C0 + C1 + C 2 + ... + C n = 2 n n n n n

LU Y QUAN TRONG: Cac bai toan ve giai tch to hp thng la nhng bai toan ve nhng hanh ong nh : lap cac so t cac so a cho ,sap xep mot so ngi hay o vat vao nhng v tr nhat nh , lap cac nhom ngi hay o vat thoa man mot so ieu kien a cho v.v... 1. Neu nhng hanh ong nay gom nhieu giai oan th can tm so cach chon cho moi giai oan roi ap dung quy tac nhan. 2. Nhng bai toan ma ket qua thay oi neu ta thay oi v tr cua cac phan t , th ay la nhng bai toan lien quan en hoan v va chnh hp. 3. oi vi nhng bai toan ma ket qua c gi nguyen khi ta thay oi v tr cua cac phan t th ay la nhng bai toan ve to hp. Bai 1: T cac ch so 1,2,3,4,5,6 co the lap c bao nhieu so co bon ch so a) Cac ch so khong can khac nhau b) Cac ch so khac nhau c) So au va so cuoi trung nhau, khac vi 3 so gia. Bai 2: T cac ch so 0,1,2,3,4,5 co the lap c bao nhieu a) So co 3 ch so b) So co 3 ch so khac nhau c) So chan co 3 ch so khac nhau d) So nho hn 2005, khac 0 Bai 3: Co bao nhieu cach xep 7 ngi ngoi vao mot day ban co co bay cho ngoi Bai 4: Mot lp hoc co 20 nam, 10 n. Co bao nhieu cach chon 3 ngi trc lp a) Mot cach tuy y. b) Co ung mot n c) Co t nhat mot n d) Co nhieu nhat hai n Bai 5: Mot lp hoc co 20 nam, 10 n. Co bao nhieu cach chon mot ban can s gom 1 lp trng, 1 lp pho hoc tap, 1 lp pho phong trao a) Mot cach tuy y b) Lp trng la n c) Co ung mot n d) Co t nhat mot n Bai 6: Cho n iem A1,A2,...,An thuoc ng thang a va mot iem B khong thuoc ng thang a. Noi B vi A1,A2,...,An. Hoi co bao nhieu tam giac c tao thanh? Bai 7: Tren ng tron cho n iem A1,A2,...,An.Hoi neu lay cac iem nay lam nh th: 144

Luyen tap

a) Xac nh c bao nhieu tam giac b) Xac nh c bao nhieu t giac loi BAI TAP REN LUYEN I. CAC BAI TOAN VE PHEP EM: Bai 1:T 7 ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the thanh lap c bao nhieu so chan , moi so gom 5 ch so khac nhau tng oi. KQ: 1260 Bai 2: Mot to gom 8 nam va 6 n . Can lay mot nhom 5 ngi trong o co 2 n . Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon. KQ: 840 Bai 3: Cho hai ng thang song song (d1) , (d2) . Tren (d1) lay 17 iem phan biet , tren (d2) lay 20 iem phan biet . Tnh so tam giac co cac nh la 3 iem trong so 37 iem a chon tren (d1) va (d2) . KQ:5950 Bai 4: T mot tap the gom 12 hoc sinh u tu , ngi ta can c mot oan i d trai he quoc te trong o co mot trng oan , 1 pho oan va 3 oan vien . Hoi co bao nhieu cach c ? KQ: 15840 Bai 5: Xet day gom 7 ch so , moi ch so c chon t cac so 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 thoa man cac ieu kien sau : - Ch so v tr so 3 la so chan - Ch so cuoi cung khong chia het cho 5 - Cac ch so v tr 4,5,6 oi mot khac nhau Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon . KQ:2.880.000 Bai 6: Ngi ta viet cac so co 6 ch so bang cac ch so 1,2,3,4,5 nh sau: Trong moi so c viet co mot ch so xuat hien hai lan con cac ch so con lai xuat hien mot lan . Hoi co bao nhieu so nh vay. KQ:1800 Bai 7: Cho tap hp A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} a) Co bao nhieu tap hp con X cua tap A thoa ieu kien cha mot va khong cha 2 ? b) Co bao nhieu so t nhien chan gom 5 ch so oi mot khac nhau lay t tap A va khong bat au bi 123? KQ: a) 64 b) 3348 Bai 8: Vi 6 ch so phan biet 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the lap c bao nhieu so co cac ch so phan biet trong o moi so ieu phai co mat so 6. KQ: 1630 Bai 9: Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 5 ch so khac nhau tng oi sao cho tat ca cac ch so eu khac khong va co mat ong thi cac ch so 2, 4, 5. KQ: 1800 Bai 10: Cho cac ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 co the lap c bao nhieu so gom 10 ch so c chon t 8 ch so tren , trong o ch so 6 co mat ung 3 lan , cac ch so khac co mat ung 1 lan . KQ: 544.320 Bai 11: Co 9 vien bi xanh , 5 vien bi o , 5 vien bi vang co kch thc oi mot khac nhau . 1) Co bao nhieu cach chon ra 6 vien bi trong o co ung 2 vien bi o ? KQ:10.010 2) Co bao nhieu cach chon ra 6 vien bi trong o so bi xanh bang so bi o? KQ:4.665 Bai 12: Mot hop ng 4 vien bi o , 5 vien bi trang va 6 vien bi vang . Ngi ta chon ra 4 vien bi t hop o . Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon e trong so bi lay ra khong u ca 3 mau. KQ:645 Bai 13: Cho 8 ch so 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 .T 8 ch so so tren co the lap c bao nhieu so , moi so gom 4 ch so oi mot khac nhau va moi so eu khong chia het cho 10. KQ: 1260 Bai 14:Hoi t 10 ch so 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 co the lap c bao nhieu so gom 6 ch so khac nhau sao cho trong cac ch so o co mat so 0 va so 1. KQ:42000 Bai 15: Co bao nhieu so chan gom 6 ch so khac nhau tng oi mot trong o co ch so au tien la so le? 145

KQ: 42000 Bai 16: Co bao nhieu so gom 6 ch so khac nhau tng oi mot trong o co ung 3 ch so le va 3 ch so chan ( ch so au tien phai khac khong ). KQ:64800 Bai 17: Trong mat phang cho a giac eu H co 20 canh . Xet cac tam giac co ung 3 nh c lay t cac nh cua H . 1) Co bao nhieu tam giac nh vay? Co bao nhieu tam giac ma co ung hai canh la hai canh cua H . KQ:20 2) Co bao nhieu tam giac co ung mot canh la canh cua H? KQ:320 Co bao nhieu tam giac khong co canh nao la canh cua H? KQ:800 Bai 18: Mot lp hoc co 20 hoc sinh , trong o co hai can bo lp . Hoi co bao nhieu cach c 3 ngi i d Hoi ngh sinh vien cua trng sao cho trong 3 ngi o co t nhat mot can bo lp . KQ:324 Bai 19: Co 5 nha toan hoc nam , 3 nha toan hoc n va 4 nha vat ly nam . Lap mot oan cong tac 3 ngi can co ca nam va n , can co ca nha toan hoc va nha vat ly . Hoi co bao nhieu cach. KQ:90 Bai 20: Cho a giac eu A1 A2 ... A2 n (n 2 , n nguyen) noi tiep trong (O). Biet rang so tam giac co nh la 3 trong 2n iem A1 , A2 ,..., A2 n nhieu gap 20 lan so hnh ch nhat co cac nh la 4 trong 2n iem A1 , A2 ,..., A2 n . Tm n.

1 Bai 21: Cho tap hp A = { ;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9} . T tap A co the lap c bao nhieu so co sau ch so khac nhau sao cho cac so nay chia het cho 5 va co ung 3 ch so le? Bai 22: Cho tap hp A = {0;1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9} . T tap A co the lap c bao nhieu so co sau ch so khac nhau sao cho luon co mat hai ch so 0 va 3? 1 Bai 23: Cho tap hp A = { ;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9} . T tap A co the lap c bao nhieu so co sau ch so khac nhau sao cho ch so th ba chia het cho 3 va ch so cuoi chan? 1 Bai 24: Cho tap hp A = { ;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9} . T tap A co the lap c bao nhieu so co sau ch so khac nhau sao cho cac so nay chia het cho 2 va co ung 3 ch so le? Bai 25: Cho tap hp A = {0;1;2;3;4;5;6;7} . T A co the lap c bao nhieu so : a) Co nam ch so khac nhau va ch so 7 luon co mat mot lan b) Co sau ch so sao cho cac so nay luon le; ch so ng v tr th ba luon chia het cho 6? Bai 26: Cho tap hp A = {0;1;2;3;4;5;6;7; ;8;9} . T A co the lap c bao nhieu so : a) Co sau ch so khac nhau sao cho luon co mat hai ch so 0 va 3 b) Co bay ch so khac nhau sao cho luon co mat hai ch so 2 va 5 Bai 27: Mot trng trung hoc co 8 thay day toan, 5 thay day vat ly, va ba thay day hoa hoc. Chon t o ra mot oi co 4 thay d ai hoi. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon e co u ba bo mon? Bai 28: Cho tap hp A gom n phan t (n 4) . Biet rang, so tap con gom 4 phan t cua A bang 20 lan so tap 1 con gom 2 phan t cua A. Tm k { ,2,.., n} sao cho so tap con gom k phan t cua A la ln nhat
Bai 29: oi thanh nhien xung kch cua mot trng pho thong co 12 hoc sinh, gom 5 hoc sinh lp A, 4 hoc sinh lp B, va 3 hoc sinh lp C. Can chon 4 hoc sinh i lam nhiem vu, sao cho 4 hoc sinh nay thuoc khong qua 2 trong 3 lp tren. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon nh vay? Bai 30: Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom hai ch so khac nhau ? Tnh tong cua tat ca cac so o. Bai 31: Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 5 ch so, ch so 0 co mat ung 2 lan, ch so 1 co mat ung mot lan, hai ch so con lai phan biet II. CAC BAI TOAN GIAI PT,BPT,HPT: 146

Bai 1: Giai phng trnh : Bai 2: Giai phng trnh: Bai 3:Giai phng trnh: Bai 4: Giai bat phng trnh: Bai 5: Giai he phng trnh:

Px Ax2 + 72 = 6( Ax2 + 2 Px )
3 C 1 + 6C x2 + 6C x = 9 x 2 14 x x 2 3 x 2 C xx14 = A4 C x 1 xC xx14 5 3 C x41 C x 1 Ax2 2 0 4 y y 2 Ax + 5C x = 90 y 5 Ax + 2C xy = 80

Bai 6: Giai he phng trnh:

a)

C xy++11 = C xy+1 y 3C x +1 = 5C xy+11

( x y)

1 x x C y : C y + 2 = 3 b) C x : A x = 1 y y 24

m m Bai 7: Tm cac so nguyen dng m, n thoa man: C nm++1 : C n +1 : C n +1 = 5 : 5 : 3 1 1

III. CAC BAI TOAN VE NH THC NIU-TN: 1 Bai 1: Tm he so cua so hang cha x trong khai trien x 5 + 3 x2
43
21

1 Bai 2: Biet tong he so cua ba so hang au tien trong khai trien x 3 x + 15 28 x khong cha x
n

bang 79. Tm so hang

3 . Biet tong he so cua ba so hang au tien trong khai trien tren Bai 3: Cho khai trien x 3 + 3 x2 bang 631. Tm he so cua so hang co cha x5.
1 Bai 4: Tm gia tr cua x sao cho trong khai trien cua 2 x + ( n la so nguyen dng ) co so hang x 1 2 th 3 va th 5 co tong bang 135, con cac he so cua ba so hang cuoi cua khai trien o co tong bang 22
1 Bai 5: Tm so hang khong cha x trong khai trien : P ( x) = 1 + 2 x 2 x k k 1 k 2 k 3 k Bai 6: Chng minh rang: C n + 3C n + 3C n + C n = C n +3 vi 3 k n
1 Bai 7: Chng minh rang : C n + 2.
9

2 Cn C3 Ck Cn n(n + 1) + 3. n + ... + k . kn1 + ... + n. nn1 = 1 2 2 Cn Cn Cn Cn

0 1 2 n Bai 8: Chng minh rang : 2 n C n + 2 n 1.71.C n + 2 n 2.7 2.C n + ... + 7 n C n = 9 n


0 1 2 Bai 9: Chng minh rang : n 2 n 1 C n + ( n 1) 2 n 2.3.C n + (n 2) 2 n 3.3 2.C n + ... + 3 n 1 C nn 1 = n.5 n 1

0 Bai 10: Chng minh rang: 2C n +


0 Bai 11: Tnh tong : S = C 2005

22 1 23 2 2 n +1 n 3 n +1 1 C n + C n + ... + Cn = 2 3 n +1 n +1 1 2 2005 + 2C 2005 + 3C 2005 + ... + C 2005


n

1 Bai 12: Tm he so cua so hang cha x26 trong khai trien nh thc Niutn cua 4 + x 7 , biet rang x n 1 2 20 C 2 n +1 + C 2 n +1 + ... + C 2 n +1 = 2 1

147

Bai 13: Tnh tong S =

0 1 2 n 1.C n 2.C n 3.C n (n + 1).C n 0 1 2 + 1 + 1 + ... + , biet rang C n + C n + C n = 211 1 1 A1 A2 A3 An +1

Bai 14: Khai trien bieu thc (1 2 x) n ta c a thc co dang a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n . Tm he so cua x5, biet a 0 + a1 + a 2 = 71 Bai 15: Tm he so cua x 29 y 8 trong khai trien cua x 3 xy

15

0 1 2 2n Bai 16: Tm n N sao cho : C 4 n + 2 + C 4 n + 2 + C 4 n + 2 + ... + C 4 n + 2 = 256 1 1 1 Bai 17: Tm so t nhien n sao cho : n n = n C 4 C5 C6
3 1 n 0 1 Bai 18: Chng minh rang C n 3 n C n 3 n 1 + ... + ( 1) n C n = C n + C n + ...C nn 1 1 Bai 19: Cho A = ( x 2 ) 20 + ( x 3 )10 . Sau khi khai trien va rut gon th bieu thc A se gom bao nhieu so x x hang? Bai 20: Tm so t nhien n thoa man ang thc sau: 0 2 2k 2n 2n C 2 n + C 2 n 3 2 + ... + C 2 n 3 2 k + ... + C 2 n 2 3 2 n 2 + C 2 n 3 2 n = 215 ( 216 + 1)

-----------------Het-------------------

148

Chuyen e 2 :

HE PHNG TRNH AI SO
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. He phng trnh bac nhat nhieu an 1. He phng trnh bac nhat hai an a. Dang :

a1 x + b1 y = c1 a2 x + b2 y = c2

(1)

Cach giai a biet: Phep the, phep cong ... b. Giai va bien luan phng trnh : Quy trnh giai va bien luan Bc 1: Tnh cac nh thc : a1 b1 = a1b2 a 2 b1 D= (goi la nh thc cua he) a 2 b2

Dx = Dy =

c1 c2 a1 a2

b1 = c1b2 c 2 b1 b2 c1 = a1c 2 a 2 c1 c2

(goi la nh thc cua x) (goi la nh thc cua y)

Bc 2: Bien luan


Y ngha hnh hoc:

Dx x = D Neu D 0 th he co nghiem duy nhat y = Dy D Neu D = 0 va D x 0 hoac D y 0 th he vo nghiem


Neu D = Dx = Dy = 0 th he co vo so nghiem hoac vo nghiem

Gia s (d1) la ng thang a1x + b1y = c1 (d2) la ng thang a2x + b2y = c2 Khi o: 1. He (I) co nghiem duy nhat (d1) va (d2) cat nhau (d1) va (d2) song song vi nhau 2. He (I) vo nghiem 3. He (I) co vo so nghiem (d1) va (d2) trung nhau

Ap dung:

5 x 2 y = 9 V du1: Giai he phng trnh: 4 x + 3 y = 2 mx + y = m + 1 V du 2: Giai va bien luan he phng trnh : x + my = 2 mx + 2 y = 3 V du 3: Cho he phng trnh : x + my = 1
9

Xac nh tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e he co nghiem duy nhat (x;y) thoa x >1 va y > 0 ( 2 < m < 0) mx + 4 y = m + 2 V du 4: Vi gia tr nguyen nao cua tham so m he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat x + my = m (x;y) vi x, y la cac so nguyen. II. He phng trnh bac hai hai an: 1. He gom mot phng trnh bac nhat va mot phng trnh bac hai hai an: x + 2 y = 5 V du : Giai he: 2 2 x + 2 y 2 xy = 5 ( m = 1 m = 3 )

Cach giai: Giai bang phep the 2. He phng trnh oi xng : 1. He phng trnh oi xng loai I: a.nh ngha: o la he cha hai an x,y ma khi ta thay oi vai tro x,y cho nhau th he phng trnh khong thay oi. b.Cach giai: Bc 1: at x+y=S va xy=P vi S 2 4 P ta a he ve he mi cha hai an S,P. Bc 2: Giai he mi tm S,P . Chon S,P thoa man S 2 4 P . Bc 3: Vi S,P tm c th x,y la nghiem cua phng trnh : X 2 SX + P = 0 ( nh ly Viet ao ). Chu y: Do tnh oi xng, cho nen neu (x0;y0) la nghiem cua he th (y0;x0) cung la nghiem cua he Ap dung: V du 1: Giai cac he phng trnh sau : x 2 + y 2 = 13 x 2 + xy + y 2 = 4 xy + x + y = 11 x + y + xy = 7 1) 2) 2 3) 2 4) 2 2 x + y 3 x 3y = 16 xy + x + y = 2 x y + xy = 30 3( x + y ) + 2 xy + 9 = 0
x 2 y + xy 2 = 30 5) 3 x + y 3 = 35

1) (0;2); (2;0)

x+ y =4 x 4 + y 4 = 34 7) 8) x + y xy = 4 x + y = 2 3) (1;5),(5;1),(2;3),(3;2) 2) (2; 3),(3;2),(1 + 10;1 10),(1 10;1 + 10)


x y + y x = 6 6) x 2 y + xy 2 = 20
5) (2;3);(3;2) 6) (1;4),(4;1)

4) (3; 2),(2;3),(2 + 7) (4;4)

10 10 10 10 ; 2 ),(2 ; 2 + ) 2 2 2 2 8) (1 2;1 + 2 ),(1 + 2;1 2 )

x + y =1 V du2 : Vi gia tr nao cua m th he phng trnh sau co nghiem: x x + y y = 1 3m

10

2. He phng trnh oi xng loai II: a.nh ngha: o la he cha hai an x,y ma khi ta thay oi vai tro x,y cho nhau th phng trnh nay tr thanh phng trnh kia cua he. b. Cach giai:

Tr ve vi ve hai phng trnh va bien oi ve dang phng trnh tch so. Ket hp mot phng trnh tch so vi mot phng trnh cua he e suy ra nghiem cua he .

Ap dung: V du: Giai cac he phng trnh sau: 2 x 2 + y = 3y 2 2 1) 2 2 2 y + x = 3 x 2

3 x + y = 4) 3y + x =

1 x2 1 y2

2 x 2 + xy = 3 x 2) 2 2 y + xy = 3 y y2 + 2 3y = x2 5) 2 3x = x + 2 y2

y 2 = x 3 3x 2 + 2 x 3) 2 3 2 x = y 3y + 2 y

III. He phng trnh ang cap bac hai: a. Dang :


a1 x 2 + b1 xy + c1 y 2 = d1 2 2 a2 x + b2 xy + c2 y = d2

b. Cach giai:

x x y = t hoac = t . Gia s ta chon cach at = t . y y x Khi o ta co the tien hanh cach giai nh sau: Bc 1: Kiem tra xem (x,0) co phai la nghiem cua he hay khong ? Bc 2: Vi y 0 ta at x = ty. Thay vao he ta c he mi cha 2 an t,y .T 2 phng trnh ta kh y e c 1 phng trnh cha t . Bc 3: Giai phng trnh tm t roi suy ra x,y. at an phu
Ap dung: V du: Giai cac he phng trnh sau: 2 2 3 x + 2 xy + y = 11 1) 2 2 x + 2 xy + 5y = 25

2 2 6 x xy 2 y = 56 2) 2 5 x xy y 2 = 49

2 x 3 + 3 x 2 y = 5 3) 3 2 y + 6 xy = 7

IV. Cac he phng trnh khac: Ta co the s dung cac phng phap sau: a. at an phu: V du : Giai cac he phng trnh : x 2 + y 2 x y = 12 xy x + y = 3 1) 2 2) 2 x + y x + y + xy = 6 x( x 1) y ( y 1) = 36 11

x2 y2 + x y = 5 3) 3 2 2 3 x x y xy + y = 6

b. S dung phep cong va phep the: 2 2 x + y 10x = 0 V du: Giai he phng trnh : 2 2 x + y + 4x 2y 20 = 0 c. Bien oi ve tch so: V du : Giai cac he phng trnh sau:
2 2 x + x = y + y 1) 2 x + y 2 = 3( x + y ) 3 3 x + 7 x = y + 7 y 2) 2 x + y 2 = x + y + 2

1 1 x x = y y 3) 2 y = x 3 + 1

--------------------------Het------------------------

12

Chuyen e 2: PHNG TRNH VA BAT PHNG TRNH CHA GIA TR TUYET OI


TOM TAT GIAO KHOA I. nh ngha va cac tnh chat c ban :
x neu x 0 1. nh ngha: x = x neu x < 0 2. Tnh chat : 2 x 0 , x = x2

( x R)

a+b a + b ab a + b a + b = a + b a.b 0 a b = a + b a.b 0

II. Cac nh ly c ban :


a) nh ly 1 : Vi A 0 va B 0 th : b) nh ly 2 : Vi A 0 va B 0 th : A = B A2 = B2 A > B A2 > B2

III. Cac phng trnh va bat phng trnh cha gia tr tuyet oi c ban & cach giai :
* Dang 1 : A = B A 2 = B 2 ,

A = B A = B
A 0 A = B A =B A < 0 A = B

B 0 * Dang 2 : A = B 2 , 2 A = B

B 0 A =B A = B

* Dang 3 : A > B A 2 > B 2 ,

A > B ( A + B)( A B) > 0


A 0 A < B A<B A < 0 A < B

* Dang 4:

B > 0 A <B 2 , 2 A < B

B > 0 A <B , B < A < B

11

* Dang 5:

B < 0 A > B B 0 A 2 > B 2

B < 0 A > B B 0 A < B A > B

IV. Cac cach giai phng trnh cha gia tr tuyet oi thng s dung : * Phng phap 1 :
V du : Bien oi ve dang c ban

Giai cac phng trnh sau : 2) 2 x 2 3 x 2 + 2 x 2 + 8 x + 3 = 0 3) x 2 4 x + 3 = x + 3 7)

1) x 2 x 2 = x 2 + 2 x 4) 2 x 3 =
1 x

5)

2x + 4 x2 +1

=2

6)

3x + 1 10 x 2 + 1

2 2

x 2 2x + 1 = x 2 2x + 1

* Phng phap 2 :
V du :

S dung phng phap chia khoang

Giai cac phng trnh sau : 1) x 2 + x 3 = 4 2)

3 = x+3 x 4 1

V. Cac cach giai bat phng trnh cha gia tr tuyet oi thng s dung : * Phng phap 1 :
V du : Bien oi ve dang c ban

Giai cac bat phng trnh sau : 1) x 2 5 x < 6 2) x 2 5 x + 9 < x 6 3) x 2 2x + x 2 4 > 0

* Phng phap 2 :
V du :

S dung phng phap chia khoang

Giai bat phng trnh sau :

x 1 + 2 x > 3 x

-------------------Het-----------------

12

Chuyen e 3:

PHNG TRNH VA BAT PHNG TRNH CHA CAN THC


TOM TAT GIAO KHOA
I. Cac ieu kien va tnh chat c ban :
* * * * * *

A co ngha khi A 0 A 0 vi A 0
A2 = A
&

( A)

A neu A 0 A = - A neu A < 0

=A

vi A 0

A.B = A. B khi A , B 0 A.B = A. B khi A , B 0

II. Cac nh ly c ban :


a) nh ly 1 : Vi A 0 va B 0 th : b) nh ly 2 : Vi A 0 va B 0 th : c) nh ly 3 : Vi A, B bat ky th : A=B A>B A=B A>B A2 = B2 A2 > B2 A3 = B3 A3 > B3

III. Cac phng trnh va bat phng trnh can thc c ban & cach giai :
A 0 A= B A = B B 0 A =B 2 A = B A 0 A < B B > 0 2 A < B A 0 B < 0 A >B B 0 2 A > B (hoac B 0 )

* Dang 1 : * Dang 2 :

* Dang 3 :

* Dang 4:

13

IV. Cac cach giai phng trnh can thc thng s dung : * Phng phap 1 : Bien oi ve dang c ban
V du 1 :
Giai phng trnh sau : 1) x 2 = x 4 2)

3x 2 9 x + 1 + x 2 = 0

3) 2 x + 2 + 2 x + 1 x + 1 = 4

V du 2: Tm tap xac nh cua cac ham so sau: 3x 2 x + 1 1) y = x +1 + x 5 x2 x + 1 2) y = 2x 1 + x2 3x + 1 V du 3: Tm m e cac phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet

x 2 + mx + 2 = 2 x + 1

* Phng phap 2 : at ieu kien (neu co) va nang luy tha e kh can thc
V du :
Giai phng trnh sau : 1) 2 x + 9 = 4 x + 3 x + 1 2) 5 x 1 3x 2 x 1 = 0 Giai cac phng trnh sau : 1) ( x + 5)(2 x) = 3 x 2 + 3 x 2) 4) 5)
3

* Phng phap 3 : at an phu chuyen ve phng trnh hoac he pt ai so


V du :

x + 1 + 4 x + ( x + 1)(4 x) = 5
2 x = 1 x 1

x2 3x + 3 + x2 3x + 6 = 3

* Phng phap 4 : Bien oi phng trnh ve dang tch so : A.B = 0


V du : hoac A.B.C = 0 Giai cac phng trnh sau : x2 3x 2 = 1 x 1) 3x 2

2) x + 2 7 x = 2 x 1 + x2 + 8x 7 + 1

V. Cac cach giai bat phng trnh can thc thng s dung : * Phng phap 1 : Bien oi ve dang c ban
V du :
Giai cac bat phng trnh sau : 1)

x 2 4x + 3 < x + 1

2) 4)

x 2 4x + 5 + 2x 3 ( x + 1)(4 x) > x 2

3) x + x 2 + 4 x < 1

* Phng phap 2 : at ieu kien (neu co) va nang luy tha e kh can thc
V du :
Giai bat phng trnh sau : 1) x + 3 > 2x 8 + 7 x 14

2)

x + 11 2x 1 x 4

* Phng phap 3 : at an phu chuyen ve bat phng trnh ai so


V du :
Giai phng trnh sau : 1) x 2 + 2 x + 5 4 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 2) 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 3 2 x x 2 > 1

* Phng phap 4 : Bien oi phng trnh ve dang tch so hoac thng


V du :
Giai cac bat phng trnh sau : 1) ( x 2 3 x) 2 x 2 3 x 2 0 2)
x+5 3 <1 x4

----------------------------------Het--------------------------------------

15

Chuyen e 5:

TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

BAT ANG THC

I. So thc dng, so thc am: Neu x la so thc dng, ta ky hieu x > 0 Neu x la so thc am, ta ky hieu x < 0 Neu x la so thc dng hoac x= 0, ta noi x la so thc khong am, ky hieu x 0 Neu x la so thc am hoac x= 0, ta noi x la so thc khong dng, ky hieu x 0 Chu y: Phu nh cua menh e "a > 0" la menh e " a 0 " Phu nh cua menh e "a < 0" la menh e " a 0 " II. Khai niem bat ang thc: 1. nh ngha 1: So thc a goi la ln hn so thc b, ky hieu a > b neu a-b la mot so dng, tc la a-b > 0. Khi o ta cung ky hieu b < a a > b ab > 0 Ta co: Neu a>b hoac a=b, ta viet a b . Ta co: a b a-b 0 2. nh ngha 2: Gia s A, B la hai bieu thc bang so Menh e : " A ln hn B ", ky hieu : A > B " A nho hn B ", ky hieu :A < B " A ln hn hay bang B " ky hieu A B " A nho hn hay bang B " ky hieu A B c goi la mot bat ang thc Quy c : Khi noi ve mot bat ang thc ma khong ch ro g hn th ta hieu rang o la mot bat ang thc ung. Chng minh mot bat ang thc la chng minh bat ang thc o ung III. Cac tnh chat c ban cua bat ang thc : a > b a>c 1. Tnh chat 1: b > c 2. Tnh chat 2: He qua 1: He qua 2: 3. Tnh chat 3: 4. Tnh chat 4: He qua 3: He qua 4:

a > b a+c > b+c a > b ac > bc a+c > b a > bc a > b a+c > b+d c > d
ac > bc neu c > 0 a>b ac < bc neu c < 0 a > b a < b a b c > c neu c > 0 a>b a < b neu c < 0 c c 19

5. Tnh chat 5: 6. Tnh chat 6: 7. Tnh chat 7: 8. Tnh chat 8: He qua 5:

a > b > 0 ac > bd c > d > 0 1 1 a>b>00< < a b * n a > b > 0, n N a > b n
a > b > 0, n N *
n

a >nb

Neu a va b la hai so dng th : a > b a2 > b2 Neu a va b la hai so khong am th : a b a2 b2 IV. Bat ang thc lien quan en gia tr tuyet oi : x neu x 0 ( x R) 1. nh ngha: x = x neu x < 0 2. Tnh chat : x 0 ,
x = x 2 , x x , -x x
2

3. Vi moi a, b R ta co :

a+b a + b ab a + b a + b = a + b a.b 0 a b = a + b a.b 0

V. Bat ang thc trong tam giac : Neu a, b, c la ba canh cua mot tam giac th : a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 bc < a < b+c

ca < b< c+a ab < c < a+b

a>b>c A> B >C VI. Cac bat ang thc c ban : a. Bat ang thc Cauchy: Cho hai so khong am a; b ta co : Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a=b Cho ba so khong am a; b; c ta co : Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a=b=c

a+b ab 2

a+b+c 3 abc 3

Tong quat :
Cho n so khong am a1,a2,...an ta co :
a1 + a2 + ... + an n a1 .a2 ...an n

20

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a1 = a2 =...= an

Cac phng phap c ban chng minh bat ang thc :


Ta thng s dung cac phng phap sau 1. Phng phap 1: Phng phap bien oi tng ng Bien oi tng ng bat ang thc can chng minh en mot bat ang thc a biet rang ung . V du: Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau: 1. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca vi moi so thc a,b,c 2. a 2 + b 2 + 1 ab + a + b vi moi a,b 2. Phng phap 2: Phng phap tong hp

Xuat phat t cac bat ang thc ung a biet dung suy luan toan hoc e suy ra ieu phai chng minh. 1 V du 1: a) Cho hai so dng a va b thoa man 3a + 2b = 1 . Chng minh: ab 24 b) Cho hai so dng a va b thoa man ab = 1 . Chng minh: 4a + 9b 12 4 1 5 V du 2: Cho x, y la cac so thc dng thoa man ieu kien x + y = . Chng minh rang: + 5 4 x 4x x y y z z x V du 3: Cho x,y,z la cac so dng. Chng minh rang: + + + 8 y z z x x y a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c V du 4: Cho ba so dng a, b, c . Chng minh rang : + + 9 a b c b+c c+a a+b V du 5: Cho a,b,c >0 va abc=1. Chng minh rang : + + a + b + c +3 a b c

NG DUNG BAT ANG THC TM GTLN & GTNN CUA MOT HAM SO
V du 1: Tm gia tr ln nhat cua ham so : y = (x + 2)(3 x) vi 2 x 3 V du 2: Cho ba so dng x, y, z thoa man xyz = 1 . Tm GTNN cua bieu thc P = (x + 1)(y + 1)(z + 1) V du 3: Tm GTNN cua cac ham so a) y = x + 5 + x 3 b) y = x + 1 + x 2 + 2x 5

V du 4: Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc S = 10x 2 + 5y 2 10xy 10x + 14 vi x, y ------------------------------------Het-----------------------------------

21

TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN


E SO 1:
Cau 1: Giatr nho nhat cua ham so y = 2x + (A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 2
1 , x > 0 la x2

(D) 3 3 3

1 , x > 0 la x3 (A) 2 2 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 3 3 4 5 Cau 3: Gia tr nho nhat cua ham so y = x + , x > 2 la x2 (A) 2 + 1 (B) 2 1 (C) 5 2 2 (D) 5 + 2 x+3 Cau 4: Gia tr nho nhat cua ham so y = x + , x > 1 la x +1 (A) 2 2 + 5 (B) 2 2 5 (C) 2 2 (D) 2 2 2 2 Cau 5: Gia tr ln nhat cua bieu thc S = 4 5x 2y + 2xy + 8x + 2y vi x, y la 1 1 (A) 9 (B) (C) (D) 9 9 9

Cau 2: Gia tr nho nhat cua ham so y = 3x +

---------------------------Het-------------------------

22

Chuyen e 6:

HE PHNG TRNH CHA CAN THC-MU VA LOGART

Cac phng phap giai thng s dung


1. Phng phap 1: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng va phep the V du : Giai cac he phng trnh x 1 + 2 y = 1 1) 2 3 3log9 (9x ) log3 y = 3
1 x 2 y x y ( 3 ) = ( ) 6) 3 log 2 ( x y ) + log 2 ( x y ) = 4

1 log 1 ( y x) log 4 y = 1 2) 4 x 2 + y 2 = 25 2 3 x = 5 y 2 4 y 3) 4 x + 2 x +1 =y x 2 +2 y x = x +1 4) x + 2 y = 10

3 4x ( x + 1 1)3y = 7) x y + log x = 1 3

x log8 y + y log8 x = 4 8) log 4 x log 4 y = 1


9)

x 4 y + 3 = 0 log 4 x log2 y = 0
3 x .2 y = 1152 11) log 5 ( x + y ) = 2

log 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 5 5) 2 log 4 x + log 2 y = 4


2. Phng phap 2: at an phu V du : Giai cac he phng trnh x+ y =5 1) x x + y y = 20

2 x .4 y = 64 10) x+ y =3

3 y +1 2 x = 5 2) x y 4 6.3 + 2 = 0

log x y + log y x = 2 3) 2 x 3x y = 20 + log y x

x + y xy = 3 5) x +1 + y +1 = 4

4 2 x 2 2 2 2 x 2 + y + 4 y = 1 4) 2 2 2 y + 2 3.2 2 x + y = 16 log 2 x + 3 5 log 3 y = 5 6) 3 log 2 x 1 log 3 y = 1

-------------------------Het---------------------------

28

Chuyen e 6:

HAM SO MU - HAM SO LOGART


PHNG TRNH VA BAT PHNG TRNH CO CHA MU VA LOGART

TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. KIEN THC C BAN VE HAM SO MU


1. Cac nh ngha: an = a.a...a
1 n tha so

(n Z+ , n 1, a R)

a = a a a0 = 1 a 0 1 a n = n (n Z + , n 1, a R / { 0}) a
m an

= am = 1
m an

( a > 0; m, n N ) = 1
n m

m a n

2. Cac tnh chat : am .an = am+ n


am a
n

= am n

(am )n = (an )m = am.n (a.b)n = an .b n


a an ( )n = n b b

3. Ham so mu: Dang : y = ax ( a > 0 , a 1 ) Tap xac nh : D = R

T = R + ( ax > 0 Tap gia tr : Tnh n ieu:


*a>1

x R )

: y = ax ong bien tren R

* 0 < a < 1 : y = ax nghch bien tren R o th ham so mu : 22

y=ax

y=ax
1

a>1
Minh hoa:
y
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0<a<1
y
y=2x
1 y= 2
x
y
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1

f(x)=2^x

f(x)=(1/2)^x

1
O
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

x
x
-4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1

1
-0.5

0.5

x
x

-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5

-0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

II. KIEN THC C BAN VE HAM SO LOGART


1. nh ngha: Vi a > 0 , a 1 va N > 0
log a N = M
dn

aM = N

ieu kien co ngha: 2. Cac tnh chat :

log a N co ngha khi

a > 0 a 1 N > 0

log a 1 = 0

log a a = 1

log a aM = M
alog a N = N log a (N1 .N 2 ) = log a N1 + log a N 2

log a (

N1 ) = log a N1 log a N 2 N2

23

log a N = . log a N

ac biet : log a N 2 = 2. log a N

3. Cong thc oi c so :

log a N = log a b. log b N

log b N =
* He qua:

log a N log a b

log a b =

1 log b a

va

log

ak

N=

1 log a N k

4. Ham so logart:

Dang y = log a x ( a > 0 , a 1 )

Tap xac nh : D = R + Tap gia tr T=R Tnh n ieu: *a>1

: y = log a x ong bien tren R +

* 0 < a < 1 : y = log a x nghch bien tren R +

o th cua ham so logart:

y=logax
x

y=logax
1
O

Minh hoa:
y
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

a>1

0<a<1

f(x)=ln(x)/ln(2)

y
3.5 3

f(x)=ln(x)/ln(1/2)

y=log2x
x
0.5

2.5 2 1.5 1

y = log 1 x
2

0.5

-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

-0.5 -1 -1.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5
-4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 -0.5 -1 -1.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

-2
-2

-2.5
-2.5

-3
-3

-3.5

24

5. CAC NH LY C BAN: 1. nh ly 1: Vi 0 < a 1 th : 2. nh ly 2: Vi 0 < a <1 th : 3. nh ly 3: Vi a > 1 th : aM = aN

M=N

aM < aN M > N (nghch bien) aM < aN M < N (ong bien )

4. nh ly 4: Vi 0 < a 1 va M > 0;N > 0 th : loga M = loga N M = N 5. nh ly 5: Vi 0 < a <1 th : 6. nh ly 6: Vi a > 1 th : loga M < loga N M >N (nghch bien) loga M < loga N M < N (ong bien)

III. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI PHNG TRNH MU THNG S DUNG: 1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : aM = aN (ong c so) V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau : 1) 9 x + 1 = 27 2 x + 1 2) 2x 3x + 2 = 4 2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve phng trnh ai so V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau : 1) 3 2x+ 8 4.3x+ 5 + 27 = 0 2) 6.9 x 13.6 x + 6.4 x = 0 4) 2 x x 2 2+ x x = 3 5) 3.8 x + 4.12 x 18 x 2.27 x = 0 Bai tap ren luyen: 1) ( 2 + 3 ) x + ( 2 3 ) x = 4 ( x 1) x x x (x=0) 2) 8 + 18 = 2.27 x x 3 x +1 3) 125 + 50 = 2 (x=0) x x 2 x +1 4) 25 + 10 = 2 (x=0) 5) ( 3 + 8 )x + ( 3 8 )x = 6
x x x
2 2

3) ( 2 3 ) x + ( 2 + 3 ) x = 4 6) 2.2 2 x 9.14 x + 7.7 2 x = 0

( x = 2 )

6) 27 + 12 = 2.8 (x=0) IV. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI PHNG TRNH LOGARIT THNG S DUNG: 1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : log a M = log a N (ong c so V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau : 1 1) log2 = log 1 (x 2 x 1) x 2 2) log2 [ x(x 1)] = 1 3) log2 x + log2 (x 1) = 1 2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve phng trnh ai so. V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :

25

1)

6 4 + =3 log2 2x log2 x 2

2 2 2) log 3 x + log 3 x + 1 5 = 0

V. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI BAT PHNG TRNH MU THNG S DUNG: 1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : aM < aN ( , >, ) V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau : 1) 236x > 1
2 1 2) > 2x + 6x +8 2 2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve bat phng trnh ai so. V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau : 1) 9x < 2.3x + 3

4x 11

2) 52x +1 > 5x + 4
VI. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI BAT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT THNG S DUNG: 1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : loga M < loga N ( , >, ) V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau : 1) log2 (x 2 + x 2) > log2 (x + 3)

2) log 0,5 (4x + 11) < log 0,5 (x 2 + 6x + 8) 3) log 1 (x 2 6x + 5) + 2 log3 (2 x) 0


3

2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve bat phng trnh ai so V du : Giai bat phng trnh sau : log2 x + log2 x 2 0 2 VII. HE PHNG TRNH: V du : Giai cac he phng trnh

x 1 + 2 y = 1 1) 2 3 3log9 (9x ) log3 y = 3 1 log 1 ( y x) log 4 y = 1 2) 4 x 2 + y 2 = 25 2 3 x = 5 y 2 4 y 3) 4 x + 2 x +1 =y x 2 +2 y x = x +1 4) x + 2 y = 10

1 x 2 y x y ( 3 ) = ( ) 6) 3 log 2 ( x y ) + log 2 ( x y ) = 4

3 4x ( x + 1 1)3y = 7) x y + log x = 1 3
3 x .2 y = 1152 8) log 5 ( x + y ) = 2

9)

x 4 y + 3 = 0 log 4 x log2 y = 0

log ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 5 5) 2 2 log 4 x + log 2 y = 4

2 x .4 y = 64 10) x+ y =3

------------------------------Het--------------------------26

Chuyen e 9:

HE THC LNG TRONG TAM GIAC


TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. Cac ky hieu: A, B, C: la cac goc nh A, B, C a, b, c : la o dai cac canh oi dien vi cac nh A, B, C ha, hb, hc : la o dai cac ng cao ha t cac nh A, B, C ma, mb, mc : la o dai cac ng trung tuyen ke t A, B, C la, lb, lc : la o dai cac ng phan giac trong ke t A, B, C R : la ban knh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC r : la ban knh ng tron noi tiep tam giac ABC 1 p = (a+b+c) : la na chu vi tam giac ABC 2 S : la dien tch tam giac ABC
A

c ha B H la D ma M

II. Cac he thc lng trong tam giac vuong : Trong tam giac vuong ABC . Goi b', c' la o dai cac hnh chieu cac canh goc vuong len canh huyen ta co cac he thc: & c 2 = a.c ' 1. b 2 = a.b ' 2. 3. 4. 5. a2 = b2 + c2 h 2 = b ' .c ' 1 1 1 = 2 + 2 2 h b c a.h = b.c 6. b = a. sin B = a. cos C c = a. sin C = a. cos B 7. b = c.tgB = c. cot gC c = b.tgC = b. cot gB

46

c h c' B H a

b' C

II. Cac he thc lng trong tam giac thng 1. nh ly ham so COSIN: Trong tam giac ABC ta luon co :
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos B c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C
A

Ghi nh: Trong mot tam giac, bnh phng moi canh bang tong bnh phng hai canh kia tr i hai lan tch hai canh ay vi cosin cua goc xen gia chung. He qua: Trong tam giac ABC ta luon co : b2 + c2 a2 a2 + c2 b2 a2 + b2 c2 cos A = , cos B = , cos C = 2bc 2ac 2ab 2. nh ly ham so SIN: Trong tam giac ABC ta co :
a b c = = = 2R sin A sin B sin C

He qua: Vi moi tam giac ABC, ta co:


a = 2 R sin A, b = 2 R sin B, c = 2 R sin C

47

c O

Ghi nh: Trong mot tam giac, ty so gia mot canh cua tam giac va sin cua goc oi dien vi canh o bang ng knh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac. 3. nh ly ve ng trung tuyen: Trong tam giac ABC ta co :
b2 + c2 a2 2 4 2 2 a +c b2 2 mb = 2 4 2 2 a +b c2 mc2 = 2 4
2 ma =

c ma B M

4. nh ly ve dien tch tam giac: Dien tch tam giac ABC c tnh theo cac cong thc sau:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

S=

1 1 1 aha = bhb = chc 2 2 2 1 1 1 S = ab sin A = ac sin B = bc sin A 2 2 2 abc S= 4R S = pr S= p ( p a )( p b)( p c)


48

ha

5. nh ly ve ng phan giac:

la =

2bc. cos

A B C 2ab cos 2ac. cos 2 2 ;l = 2 ;l = b c b+c a+c a+b

Dang 1: CHNG MINH ANG THC LNG GIAC TRONG TAM GIAC e chng minh ang thc lng giac A=B ta co the thc hien theo mot trong cac phng phap sau Phng phap 1: Bien oi ve nay thanh ve kia Phng phap 2: Xuat phat t mot mot he thc ung a biet e suy ra ang thc can chng minh V DU MINH HOA: V du 1: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh cac ang thc sau: A B C a) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4.cos .cos .cos 2 2 2 2 2 2 b) sin A + sin B + sin C = 2 + 2 cos A.cos B.cos C V du 2: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh cac ang thc sau: a) tgA + tgB + tgC = tgA.tgB.tgC ( ABC khong vuong) A B B C C A b) tg .tg + tg .tg + tg .tg = 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dang 2: CHNG MINH BAT ANG THC LNG GIAC TRONG TAM GIAC

CAC DANG TOAN C BAN

I. Bat ang thc trong tam giac : Neu a, b, c la ba canh cua mot tam giac th : a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 bc < a < b+c

ca < b< c+a ab < c < a+b

a>b>c A> B >C

II. Cac bat ang thc c ban : 1. Bat ang thc Cauchy:

49

Cho hai so khong am a; b ta co : Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a=b

a+b ab 2

Tong quat :
Cho n so khong am a1,a2,...an ta co :
a1 + a2 + ... + an n a1 .a2 ...an n

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a1 = a2 =...= an


2 . Bat ang thc Bunhiacopski : Cho bon so thc a,b,x,y ta co :

(ax + by )2 (a 2 + b2 )( x 2 + y 2 ) Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi ay = bx

Tong quat :
Cho hai bo so (a1 , a2 ,...an ) va (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) ta co :
(a1b1 + a2 b2 + ... + an bn )2 (a12 + a2 2 + ... + an 2 )(b12 + b2 2 + ... + bn 2 )

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi


3) Bat ang thc c ban:

a a1 a2 = = ... = n vi quy c rang neu mau bang 0 th t cung bang b1 b2 bn

a) Cho hai so dng x, y ta luon co: Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x = y

1 1 1 1 ( + ) x+y 4 x y

b) Vi moi so thc x, y ta luon co:

x 2 + y 2 2 xy

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x = y III. Bat ang thc JENSEN : 1) Neu ham so y=f(x) co ao ham cap hai f''(x) < 0 x ( a; b) (f la ham loi) th Vi moi x1 , x 2 ,..., x n (a; b) ta co:

f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 ) + ... + f ( x n ) x + x 2 + ...x n f( 1 ) n n Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x1 = x 2 = ... = x n

( n 2)

2) Neu ham so y=f(x) co ao ham cap hai f''(x) > 0 x ( a; b) (f la ham lom) th Vi moi x1 , x 2 ,..., x n (a; b) ta co: 50

f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 ) + ... + f ( x n ) x + x 2 + ...x n f( 1 ) n n Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x1 = x 2 = ... = x n

( n 2)

e chng minh ang thc lng giac A < B (>, , ) ta co the thc hien theo mot trong cac phng phap sau: Phng phap 1: Bien oi bat ang thc can chng minh en en mot bat ang thc hien nhien ung Phng phap 2: S dung cac bat ang thc c ban a biet (Co si, BCS,...) e suy ra bat ang thc can chng minh V DU MINH HOA: A B C 1 V du 1: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang: sin . sin . sin 2 2 2 8 V du 2: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang: A B C 3 3 a) cos + cos + cos 2 2 2 2 3 3 b) sin A + sin B + sin C 2 A B C c) tg + tg + tg 3 2 2 2 V du 3: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang: A B C 3 3 a) cos . cos . cos 2 2 2 8 b) tgA + tgB + tgC 3 3 A B C 1 c) tg .tg .tg 2 2 2 3 3 Dang 3: KIEU E TOAN 1:
Cho tam giac ABC thoa man " ieu kien cho trc" la tam giac vuong la tam giac vuong can ABCla tam giac can la tam giac eu la tam giac co goc ac biet....

NHAN DANG TAM GIAC

TH

KIEU E TOAN 2:
Cho tam giac ABC thoa man " ieu kien cho trc" la tam giac vuong la tam giac vuong can ABCla tam giac can la tam giac eu la tam giac co goc ac biet....

CAN VA U

51

"ieu kien cho trc" co the la: ang thc lng giac ve goc ang thc lng giac + o dai (canh, trung tuyen, phan giac,...) ang thc o dai He ang thc 1) Nhan dang tam giac vuong Phng phap: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng hoac he qua e bien oi "ieu kien cho trc" en mot ang thc ma t o ta de dang ket luan c tnh chat cua tam giac 2) Nhan dang tam giac can Phng phap: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng hoac he qua e bien oi "ieu kien cho trc" en mot ang thc ma t o ta de dang ket luan c tnh chat cua tam giac 3) Nhan dang tam giac eu Ngoai phng phap a neu tren ta co the giai quyet bai toan theo cach sau Phng phap s dung bat ang thc: Gom 2 bc (ap dung khi "ieu kien cho trc" co dang ang thc A = B Bc 1: CM bat ang thc A B hoac A B (1) Bc 2: Lap luan e ang thc (1) xay ra ma khi ang thc (1) xay ra th tam giac ABC eu V DU MINH HOA: sin A + cos B V du 1: Tam giac ABC co = tgA . Chng minh rang ABC vuong sin B + cos A V du 2: Chng minh rang neu ABC thoa man ieu kien cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2C + 1 = 0 th tam giac o la tam giac vuong V du 3: Chng minh rang neu tam giac ABC thoa man mot trong cac ieu kien sau la tam giac can C sin A + sin B + sin C A C 2) 1) tgA + tgB = 2.cot g = cot g .cot g 2 sin A + sin B sin C 2 2 V du 4: Chng minh rang neu tam giac ABC thoa man mot trong cac ieu kien sau la tam giac eu A B C cos cos cos 1 2 + 2 + 2 = 3 1) cos A.cos B.cos C = 2) 1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cos C 8 A B C 1 1 1 1 1 1 3) cos A + cos B + cos C = sin + sin + sin 4) + + = + + 2 2 2 cos A cos B cos C sin A sin B sin C 2 2 2 V du 5: Xac nh dang cua tam giac ABC biet: C 1) a + b = tg (a.tgA + b.tgB) 2 b c a 2) + = cos B cos C sin B.sin C b+c 3) cos B + cos C = a a.cos A + b.cos B + c.cos C 1 4) = a+b+c 2 V du 6: Hay tnh cac goc cua tam giac ABC neu trong tam giac o ta co : 9 sin2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C = + 3 cos C + cos2 C 4 52

V du 7: Tnh cac goc cua tam giac ABC biet rang 4 p( p a) bc A B C 2 3 3 sin sin sin = 2 2 8 2 a+b+c trong o BC = a, AB = c, p = 2

--------------------------------Het---------------------------

53

Chuyen e 8:
A. KIEN THC C BAN: I. n v o goc va cung: 1. o:

LNG GIAC
TOM TATGIAO KHOA

2. Radian: (rad)

Goc 10 = 1 goc bet 180

180 o
y O

1800 = rad
3. Bang oi o sang rad va ngc lai cua mot so goc (cung ) thong dung: o Radian 00 0 300 450 600 900 1200 2 3 1350 3 4 1500 5 6 1800 3600 2

II. Goc lng giac & cung lng giac: 1. nh ngha: (tia ngn) y
+
(im ngn)

x
A (im gc)

(Ox , Oy ) = + k 2 (k Z)

(tia gc)

AB = + k 2

2. ng tron lng giac: So o cua mot so cung lng giac ac biet:

A B C D A, C B, D

2k 2

y
B

+ 2k
C O

+ x

+ 2k - + 2k + k
2
33

A D

2 k

III. nh ngha ham so lng giac:

y u' B 1

u +
1 A
t'

1. ng tron lng giac: A: iem goc x'Ox : truc cosin ( truc hoanh ) y'Oy : truc sin ( truc tung ) t'At : truc tang u'Bu : truc cotang

x'

1 C

R =1 O

1 D
y'

2. nh ngha cac ham so lng giac: a. nh ngha: Tren ng tron lng giac cho AM= . Goi P, Q lan lt la hnh chieu vuong goc cua M tren x'Ox va y'Oy T, U lan lt la giao iem cua tia OM vi t'At va u'Bu Ta nh ngha: t y t Trc sin Trc cotang
u'

B Q
M

u + x

t
x' O
1

cos = OP sin = OQ tg = AT

Trc cosin b. Cac tnh chat :

cot g = BU

Trc tang
t'

y'

Vi moi ta co : 1 sin 1 hay sin 1


1 cos 1 hay cos 1

tg xac nh

c. Tnh tuan hoan

+ k 2 cotg xac nh k

sin( + k 2 ) = sin cos( + k 2 ) = cos tg( + k ) = tg cot g( + k ) = cot g

(k Z )

34

IV. Gia tr cac ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc ) ac biet: Ta nen s dung ng tron lng giac e ghi nh cac gia tr ac biet
y t
3

- 3

-1

- 3 /3
2/3 3/4

u'

B
1
3 /2 2 /2 1/2

/2

3 /3
/3 /4

u
/6

5/6

3 /3

+
x

x'

- 3 /2 - 2 /2 -1/2

1/2

2 /2

3 /2

-1

1 A (iem goc)

O
-1/2 - 2 /2 - 3 /2 -/4 -/6

- 3 /3

-1
-/2

-/3

-1

y'

t'

- 3

Goc Hslg sin cos tg cotg

00 0 0 1 0 kx

300

450

600 900

6 1 2
3 2 3 3 3

4 2 2 2 2 1
1

3 3 2 1 2
3 3 3

2 1
0 kx 0

1200 2 3 3 2 1 2

3 3 3

1350 3 4 2 2 2 2 -1 -1

1500 5 6 1 2

1800 3600 2 0 -1 0 kx 0 1 0 kx

3 2 3 3 3

35

V. Ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc) co lien quan ac biet: o la cac cung :

1. Cung oi nhau 2. Cung bu nhau

: va - : va -

(tong bang 0) ( tong bang )

(Vd: (Vd:


6 6

& &

,)

5 ,) 6

3. Cung phu nhau

: va

( tong bang

(Vd:

&

,)

4. Cung hn kem

: va

(Vd:

&

2 ,) 3 7 ,) 6

5. Cung hn kem : va +
1. Cung oi nhau:

(Vd:

&

2. Cung bu nhau :

cos( ) = cos sin( ) = sin tg( ) = tg cot g( ) = cot g


oi cos Bu sin

cos( ) = cos sin( ) = sin tg( ) = tg cot g( ) = cot g

3. Cung phu nhau :

4. Cung hn kem

cos( ) = sin 2 sin( ) 2 tg( ) 2

= cos = cotg

Phu cheo

Hn kem

cos( + ) = sin 2 sin( + ) 2 tg( + ) 2

2 sin bang cos cos bang tr sin

= cos = cotg

cot g( ) = t g 2

cot g( + ) = t g 2

5. Cung hn kem :

cos( + ) = cos sin( + ) = sin tg( + ) = tg cot g( + ) = cot g

Hn kem tang , cotang

36

V du 1: Tnh cos(

21 11 ) , tg 4 4

V du 2: Rut gon bieu thc: A = cos( VI. Cong thc lng giac: 1. Cac he thc c ban:

+ x) + cos(2 x) + cos(3 + x)

cos + sin = 1 sin tg = cos cos cotg = sin


V du: Chng minh rang: 1. cos4 x + sin 4 x = 1 2 sin 2 x cos2 x 2. cos 6 x + sin 6 x = 1 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x 2. Cong thc cong :
cos( + ) = cos .cos sin .sin cos( ) = cos .cos + sin .sin sin( + ) = sin .cos + sin .cos sin( ) = sin .cos sin .cos tg( + ) = tg +tg 1 tg .tg tg tg tg( ) = 1 + tg .tg

1 cos2 1 1 + cotg2 = sin 2 tg . cotg = 1 1 + tg2 =

V du: Chng minh rang:

1.cos + sin = 2 cos( ) 4 2.cos sin = 2 cos( + ) 4 3. Cong thc nhan oi:
cos 2 = cos2 sin 2 = 2 cos2 1 = 1 2 sin = cos4 sin 4 sin 2 = 2 sin .cos 2tg tg2 = 1 tg2
2

cos 2 =

1 + cos 2 2 1 cos 2 2

sin 2 =

sin cos =
37

1 sin 2 2

4 Cong thc nhan ba:

cos 3 = 4 cos3 3cos sin 3 = 3sin 4sin 3


5. Cong thc ha bac:

cos 3 =

cos 3 + 3 cos 4 3 sin sin 3 4

sin 3 =

cos 2 =

1 + cos 2 1 cos 2 ; sin 2 = ; 2 2

tg 2 =

1 cos 2 1 + cos 2

6.Cong thc tnh sin ,cos ,tg theo t = tg

2
1 t2 ; 1 + t2 tg = 2t 1 t2

sin =

2t ; 1 + t2

cos =

7. Cong thc bien oi tch thanh tong :


1 [ cos( + ) + cos( )] 2 1 sin .sin = [ cos( ) cos( + )] 2 1 sin .cos = [sin( + ) + sin( )] 2 cos .cos =

V du: 1. Bien oi thanh tong bieu thc: A = cos 5 x. cos 3 x 5 7 sin 2. Tnh gia tr cua bieu thc: B = cos 12 12 8. Cong thc bien oi tong thanh tch :

2 2 + cos cos = 2sin .sin 2 2 + sin + sin = 2sin .cos 2 2 + sin sin = 2 cos .sin 2 2 sin( + ) tg + tg = cos cos sin( ) tg tg = cos cos

cos + cos = 2 cos

.cos

38

V du: Bien oi thanh tch bieu thc: A = sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x 9. Cac cong thc thng dung khac:

cos + sin = 2 cos( ) = 2 sin( + ) 4 4 cos sin = 2 cos( + ) = 2 sin( ) 4 4

3 + cos 4 4 5 + 3 cos 4 cos 6 + sin 6 = 8 cos 4 + sin 4 =

B. PHNG TRNH LNG GIAC

Cac bc giai mot phng trnh lng giac


Bc 1: Tm ieu kien (neu co) cua an so e hai ve cua pt co ngha Bc 2: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng e bien oi pt en mot pt a biet cach giai Bc 3: Giai pt va chon nghiem phu hp ( neu co) Bc 4: Ket luan I. nh ly c ban: ( Quan trong )

sinu=sinv cosu=cosv tgu=tgv cotgu=cotgv

u = v+k2 u = -v+k2 u = v+k2 u = -v+k2 u = v+k u = v+k (u;v + k ) 2 (u;v k )

( u; v la cac bieu thc cha an va k Z )


V du : Giai phng trnh:

1. sin 3 x = sin( 2 x ) 4 3. cos 3 x = sin 2 x

2. cos( x

II. Cac phng trnh lng giac c ban: sinx = m ; cosx = m ; tgx = m ; cotgx = m 1. Dang 1: * Gpt : sinx = m (1)

3 4 4 1 4. sin 4 x + cos4 x = (3 cos 6 x ) 4 ) = cos


( m R )

Neu m > 1 th pt(1) vo nghiem Neu m 1 th ta at m = sin va ta co

x = +k2 (1) sinx=sin x = ( - )+k2 * Gpt : cosx = m (2)


39

Neu m > 1 th pt(2) vo nghiem Neu m 1 th ta at m = cos va ta co

x = +k2 (2) cosx=cos x = +k2 * Gpt: tgx = m (3) ( pt luon co nghiem m R ) at m = tg th (3) tgx = tg x = +k ( pt luon co nghiem m R )

* Gpt: cotgx = m (4)

at m = cotg th (4) cotgx = cotg x = +k

Cac trng hp ac biet:


sin x = 1 x = sinx = 0 sin x = 1 x = k x =

+ k 2

+ k 2 2 cosx = 1 x = + k 2 cosx = 0 cos x = 1 + k 2 x = k 2 x=

V du:

1) Giai cac phng trnh : a) sin 2 x = 1 2

c) 2 sin(2 x ) + 3 = 0 6 e) sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 2) Giai cac phng trnh: a) 1 + cos4 x sin 4 x = 2 cos 2 x b) sin 6 x + cos6 x = cos 4 x
x e) cot gx + sin x(1 + tgx.tg ) = 4 2

2 b) cos( x ) = 4 2
d) 2 cos( x +
) 3 =0 3 f) cos 4 x + sin 4 x = cos 2 x

c) 4(sin 4 x + cos 4 x) + sin 4 x 2 = 0 1 d) sin3 x.cos x cos3 x.sin x = 4

40

2. Dang 2:

a sin 2 x + b sin x + c = 0 a cos2 x + b cos x + c = 0 atg 2 x + btgx + c = 0 a cot g2 x + b cot gx + c = 0

( a 0)

Cach giai:

at an phu : t = sinx ( t = cosx; t = tgx; t = cotgx) Ta c phng trnh : at 2 + bt + c = 0 (1) Giai phng trnh (1) tm t, roi suy ra x Chu y : Phai at ieu kien thch hp cho an phu (neu co)
V du :

a) 2 cos2 x + 5sin x 4 = 0 c) 2 sin 2 x = 4 + 5 cos x e) sin 4 x + cos4 x = sin 2 x g) sin 4 k)


3. Dang 3: Cach giai:

b) cos 2 x 4 cos x +

5 =0 2 d) 2 cos x cos 2 x = 1 + cos 2 x + cos3 x

x x + cos4 = 1 2sin x 2 2 6 2(cos x + sin 6 x) sin x. cos x


2 2 sin x

1 2

f) 2(sin 4 x + cos 4 x) cos(

2 x) = 0

h) sin 4 x + cos 4 x + sin x. cos x = 0


=0

l) 5(sin x +

cos 3x + sin 3x ) = cos 2 x + 3 1 + 2 sin 2 x

a cos x + b sin x = c (1)

( a;b 0)

Chia hai ve cua phng trnh cho a2 + b2 th pt a b c (1) cos x + sin x = a2 + b2 a2 + b2 a2 + b2 at


a a2 + b2

(2)

= cos va

b a2 + b 2

= sin vi [ 0;2 ) th :

(2) cosx.cos + sinx.sin =


cos(x- ) =

c a2 + b 2 (3)

c
2 2

a +b Pt (3) co dang 1. Giai pt (3) tm x.

41

Chu y :

Pt acosx + bsinx = c co nghiem a2 + b2 c2

V du : Giai cac phng trnh : a) cos x + 3 sin x = 1

c) 4(sin 4 x + cos4 x ) + 3 sin 4 x = 2


e)
d. Dang 4:

cos x sin 2 x = 3 2 cos 2 x sin x 1

b) cos x + 3 sin x = 2 1 d) tgx 3 = cos x

a sin 2 x + b sin x.cos x + c cos2 x = 0

(a;c 0)

(1)

Cach giai 1:

Ap dung cong thc ha bac : sin 2 x =

1 cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x va cos2 x = 2 2 1 va cong thc nhan oi : sin x.cos x = sin 2 x thay vao (1) ta se bien oi pt (1) ve dang 3 2

Cach giai 2: ( Quy ve pt theo tang hoac cotang )

Chia hai ve cua pt (1) cho cos2 x ta c pt: atg2 x + btgx + c = 0 ay la pt dang 2 a biet cach giai
Chu y: Trc khi chia phai kiem tra xem x =

V du : Giai phng trnh: 3 sin 2 x + (1 3 ) sin x. cos x cos 2 x + 1 3 = 0 d. Dang 5:

+ k co phai la nghiem cua (1) khong? 2

a(cos x + sin x ) + b sin x.cos x + c = 0


Cach giai :

(1)

at t = cos x + sin x = 2 cos( x ) vi - 2 t 2 4 t2 1 Do (cos x + sin x )2 = 1 + 2sin x.cos x sinx.cosx= 2 Thay vao (1) ta c phng trnh : t2 1 at + b + c = 0 (2) 2

42

Giai (2) tm t . Chon t thoa ieu kien roi giai pt:

2 cos( x ) = t tm x. 4

V du : Giai phng trnh : sin 2 x 2 2(sin x + cos x ) 5 = 0 Chu y :

Ta giai tng t cho pt co dang :

a(cos x sin x ) + b sin x.cos x + c = 0

V du : Giai phng trnh :

sin 2 x + 4(cos x sin x ) = 4

4. Cac phng phap giai phng trnh lng giac thng s dung :

a. Phng phap 1: Bien oi pt a cho ve mot trong cac dang pt lng giac c ban a biet V du: Giai phng trnh: 3 sin 4 x + cos 4 x + sin 2 x = 0 2 b. Phng phap 2: Bien oi pt a cho ve dang tch so C s cua phng phap la da vao cac nh ly sau ay:

A=0 A.B = 0 B=0


V du : Giai cac phng trnh : a. sin 2 x + sin2 2 x + sin2 3 x = 2

hoac

A.B.C = 0

A=0 B=0 C=0

b. sin 2 3 x cos2 4 x = sin 2 5 x cos2 6 x d. sin 2 x + 2 2 cos x + 2 sin( x +

c. 2 sin3 x + cos 2 x cos x = 0

c. Phng phap 3: Bien oi pt ve dang co the at an so phu Mot so dau hieu nhan biet : * Phng trnh cha cung mot mot ham so lng giac ( cung cung khac luy tha) V du : Giai cac phng trnh : a. cos 3 x + cos 2 x cos x 1 = 0 b. 4 cos 3 x cos 2 x 4 cos x + 1 = 0 1 c. 2 cos 2 x 8cos x + 7 = cos x 4 2 d. sin x + cos 2 x = 2 * Phng trnh co cha (cos x sin x ) va sinx.cosx 3 V du : Giai phng trnh : a. 1 + sin3 x + cos3 x = sin 2x 2 3 3 b. sin x + cos x = 2(sin x + cos x) 1

)+3= 0

43

BAI TAP REN LUYEN


DANG 1: Giai phng trnh lng giac S dung 1 trong 3 phng phap sau Bien oi phng trnh ve dang phng trnh lng giac c ban Bien oi phng trnh ve dang phng trnh tch so Bien oi phng trnh ve dang co the at an so phu chuyen ve phng trnh ai so Bai 1: Giai cac phng trnh lng giac sau 7x 3x x 5x 1) sin 2 x + 2 2 cos x + 2 sin( x + ) + 3 = 0 2) sin cos + sin cos + sin 2 x cos 7 x = 0 4 2 2 2 2

2 x x cos 4 sin 4 2 2 = 4) sin 2 x

3) cos 2 ( x +

) + cos 2 (2 x +

) + cos 2 (3x

) = 3. cos

1 + sin 2 x 2 sin ( x +
2

5) cos 7 x + sin 8 x = cos 3 x sin 2 x )

6) 2 sin x + cos x = sin 2 x + 1

Bai 2 : Giai cac phng trnh lng giac sau

1. 2sin3 x + cos 2 x + cos x = 0

x 7 2. sin x.cos 4 x sin 2 2 x = 4sin 2 ( ) 4 2 2


3. 9 sin x + 6 cos x 3sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 8 4. sin 4 x + cos4 x 1 1 = cot g2 x 5sin 2 x 2 8sin 2 x 2 (2 sin 2 x )sin 3 x 5. tg 4 x + 1 = cos4 x

6. 3 tgx (tgx + 2sin x ) + 6 cos x = 0 7. cos 2 x + cos x.(2tg2 x 1) = 2

DANG 2: Phng trnh lng giac co cha tham so S dung phng phap sau Chon an phu thch hp va tm ieu kien ung cho an phu va chon (tuy thuoc vao x) Chuyen phng trnh ve phng trnh ai so Lap luan e chuyen bai toan a cho theo an phu va chon S dung phng phap giai tch hoac ai so e tm tham so theo yeu cau cua e bai Bai 1: Tm m e phng trnh sau co nghiem: 1 sin 4 x + cos 4 x cos 2 x + sin 2 2 x + m = 0 4 1 1 1 Bai 2: nh m e phng trnh : sin x + cos x + 1 + (tgx + cot gx + + )=m 2 sin x cos x

x x 8. sin 2 ( ).tg2 x cos2 = 0 2 4 2 2 cos x (cos x 1) = 2(1 + sin x ) 9. sin x + cos x 1 10. tg2 x tgx = cos x.sin 3 x 3 1 11. 2 cos 2 x 8cos x + 7 = cos x cos 2 x 1 12. cot gx 1 = + sin 2 x sin 2 x 1 + tgx 2 2 13. cot gx tgx + 4sin 2 x = sin 2 x x 14. tgx + cos x cos2 x = sin x.(1 + tgx.tg ) 2

44

co nghiem x 0; 2 4 2 Bai 3: Cho ham so: 2( + cos 2 x) + m( cos x) = 1 2 cos x cos x Tm m e phng trnh co nghiem thuoc (0; ). 2 3 Bai 4: Cho phng trnh : + 3tg 2 x + m(tgx + cot gx) 1 = 0 sin 2 x Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e phng trnh co nghiem. Bai 5: Xac nh m e phng trnh :

Bai 6: Cho phng trnh : sin 2 x 4(cos x sin x) = m (1) Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e phng trnh (1) co nghiem. Bai 7: Tm m e phng trnh : 4(sin 4 x + cos4 x) 4(sin 6 x + cos6 x) sin 2 4x = m co nghiem. Bai 8: Cho phng trnh cos 4 x + 6 sin x cos x m = 0 nh m e phng trnh co nghiem x 0; . 4 Bai 9: Tm m e phng trnh : 2 cos 2 x + (sin x. cos x m)(sin x + cos x) = 0

2(sin 4 x + cos4 x) + cos 4x + 2sin 2x m = 0 co t nhat mot nghiem thuoc oan [0; ] 2

co nghiem tren oan 0; 2 cos 6 x + sin 6 x Bai 10: Cho phng trnh: = mtgx cos 2 x sin 2 x Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh co nghiem Bai 11: Cho phng trnh: sin 4 x + (sin x 1) 4 = m Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh co nghiem

Bai 12: Tm m e phng trnh : 2 + 2sin 2x = m(1 + cos x)2 co nghiem x [ ; ] 2 2 --------------------------Het--------------------------

45

You might also like