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MC LC
MC LC.......................................................................................................................1
CHNG 1. NHP MN MNG MY TNH...........................................................5
1.1. M U..............................................................................................................5
1.2. CC KHI NIM C BN...............................................................................5
1.2.1. Lch s pht trin .........................................................................................5
1.2.2. Cc yu t ca mng my tnh......................................................................7
1.2.2.1. ng truyn vt l...............................................................................8
1.2.2.2. Kin trc mng my tnh .......................................................................9
1.2.3. Phn loi mng my tnh ............................................................................11
1.2.3.1. Theo khong cch a l......................................................................11
1.2.3.2. Da theo k thut chuyn mch ..........................................................11
1.2.3.3. Phn loi theo kin trc mng.............................................................14
1.3. KIN TRC PHN TNG V M HNH OSI..............................................14
1.3.1. Kin trc phn tng.....................................................................................14
1.3.2. Mt s khi nim c bn.............................................................................15
1.3.3. M hnh OSI ...............................................................................................16
1.3.3.1. Gii thiu.............................................................................................16
1.3.3.2. Chc nng cc tng trong m hnh OSI..............................................17
1.3.3.3. Cc dch v v hm.............................................................................19
1.3.4. Cc m hnh chun ho khc ......................................................................22
1.3.4.1. M hnh TCP/IP...................................................................................22
1.3.4.2. M hnh SNA........................................................................................23
1.4. H IU HNH MNG..................................................................................25
1.4.1. c im quy nh chc nng ca mt h iu hnh mng. ......................25
1.4.2. Cc tip cn thit k v ci t ...................................................................26
1.4.3. Cc kiu h iu hng mng.......................................................................27
1.4.3.1. Kiu ngang hng (peer-to-peer)..........................................................28
1.4.3.2. Kiu h iu hnh mng c my ch (server based network).............28
1.4.3.3. M hnh khch/ch (client/server).......................................................29
1.4.4. Cc chc nng ca mt h iu hnh mng................................................31
1.5. KT NI LIN MNG.........................................................................................32
1.5.1. Cc tip cn.................................................................................................32
1.5.2. Giao din kt ni.........................................................................................33
1.6. CU HI V BI TP....................................................................................33
CHNG 2. KIN TRC PHN TNG OSI ............................................................34
2.1. TNG VT L (PHYSICAL)..........................................................................34
2.1.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng vt l. .........................................................34
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2.1.2. Cc chun cho giao din vt l...................................................................35
2.2. TNG LIN KT D LIU (DATA LINK) ...................................................36
2.2.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng lin kt d liu ...........................................36
2.2.2. Cc giao thc ca tng lin kt d liu.......................................................37
2.2.3. Cc giao thc hng k t..........................................................................37
2.2.4. Cc giao thc hng bit..............................................................................41
2.3. TNG MNG (NETWORK)............................................................................43
2.3.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng mng...........................................................43
2.3.2. Cc k thut chn ng trong mng my tnh..........................................44
2.3.2.1. Tng quan............................................................................................44
2.3.2.2. Cc gii thut tm ng ti u ..........................................................45
2.3.3. Tc nghn trong mng ................................................................................47
2.3.4. Giao thc X25 PLP.....................................................................................48
2.3.5. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhanh..................................................................50
2.3.5.1. Mng chuyn mch khung Frame Relay (FR)..................................50
2.3.5.2. K thut ATM.......................................................................................51
2.3.6. Dch v OSI cho tng mng........................................................................52
2.4. TNG GIAO VN (TRANSPORTATION) ....................................................52
2.4.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng Giao vn.....................................................52
2.4.2. Giao thc chun cho tng Giao vn............................................................52
2.4.3. Dch v OSI cho tng Giao vn..................................................................53
2.5. TNG PHIN (SESSION) ................................................................................53
2.5.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng Phin ..........................................................53
2.5.2. Dch v OSI cho tng Phin .......................................................................54
2.5.3. Giao thc chun cho tng Phin .................................................................54
2.6. TNG TRNH DIN (PRESENTATION) .......................................................54
2.6.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng Trnh din...................................................54
2.6.2. Dch v OSI cho tng Trnh din................................................................54
2.6.3. Giao thc chun cho tng Trnh din..........................................................54
2.7. TNG NG DNG (APPLICATION) ............................................................55
2.7.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng ng dng ...................................................55
2.7.2. Chun ho tng ng dng ...........................................................................55
2.8. CU HI V BI TP....................................................................................55
CHNG 3. MNG CC B MNG LAN..........................................................56
3.1. C TRNG MNG CC B.......................................................................56
3.2. KIN TRC MNG CC B.........................................................................56
3.2.1. Topology.....................................................................................................56
3.2.1.1. Hnh sao (star).....................................................................................56
3.2.1.2. Hnh vng (ring) ..................................................................................57
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3.2.1.3. Dng ng thng (Bus) .....................................................................57
3.3.2. ng truyn vt l....................................................................................59
3.3. CC PHNG PHP TRUY NHP NG TRUYN VT L..............60
3.3.1. Gii thiu ....................................................................................................60
3.3.2. Phng php CSMA/CD............................................................................61
3.3.3. Phng php Token Bus.............................................................................62
3.3.4. Phng php Token Ring ...........................................................................63
3.3.5. So snh cc phng php ...........................................................................64
3.4. PHN CNG V CC THIT B MNG .....................................................65
3.4.1. Thit b cu thnh mng my tnh ..............................................................65
3.4.2. Cc thit b ghp ni mng .........................................................................66
3.5. CC CHUN LAN..........................................................................................67
3.5.1. Chun Ethernet............................................................................................67
3.5.1.1. 10BASE-5.............................................................................................68
3.5.1.2. 10BASE-2.............................................................................................69
3.5.1.3. 10BASE-T ...........................................................................................70
3.5.2. Token Ring..................................................................................................72
3.5.3. FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) ....................................................73
3.5. CU HI V BI TP....................................................................................73
CHNG 4. NHNG VN C BN CA MNG MY TNH......................74
4.1. KIM SOT LI ..............................................................................................74
4.1.1. Phng php pht hin li vi bt chn l ..................................................74
4.1.2. Phng php m sa sai Hamming ............................................................74
4.1.3. Phng php m d vng (CRC) ...............................................................75
4.2. IU KHIN LU LNG V IU KHIN TC NGHN.....................76
4.2.1. Cc khi nim............................................................................................76
4.2.2. iu khin lu lng theo c ch ca s trt...........................................77
4.2.3. iu khin tc nghn ..................................................................................79
4.2.3.1. Hin tng tc nghn ..........................................................................79
4.2.3.2. Cc gii php iu khin tc nghn ....................................................80
4.3. AN TON THNG TIN TRN MNG ..........................................................81
4.3.1. Gii thiu.........................................................................................................81
4.3.2. Cc lp bo mt trong mng.......................................................................82
4.3.3. Bo v d liu bng mt m............................................................................83
4.3.3.1. Quy trnh mt m.................................................................................84
4.3.3.2. Phng php i ch ..........................................................................85
4.3.3.3. Phng php thay th..........................................................................86
4.3.3.4. Phng php s dng chun mt m (DES).......................................87
4.3.3.4. Phng php s dng kha cng khai (Public key)............................89
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4.3.3.5. So snh cc phng php mt m.......................................................93
4.5. nh gi hiu nng mng...................................................................................94
4.5.1. Khi nim hiu nng v cc o hiu nng mng ...................................94
4.5.2. Tm quan trng ca vic nh gi hiu nng mng my tnh ....................95
4.5.3. Cc phng php nh gi hiu nng mng...............................................95
4.6. CU HI V BI TP....................................................................................97
CHNG 5. TCP/IP V INTERNET .........................................................................98
5.1. GII THIU CHUNG V INTERNET............................................................98
5.1.1. Lch s pht trin ca mng Internet v b giao thc TCP/IP ...................98
5.1.2. S tng trng ca Internet ........................................................................99
5.2. KIN TRC MNG INTERNET...................................................................100
5.2.1. M hnh TCP/IP........................................................................................100
5.2.2. H giao thc TCP/IP.................................................................................102
5.3. GIAO THC TCP ...........................................................................................103
5.3.1. Gii thiu ..................................................................................................103
5.3.2. Cu trc gi s liu TCP...........................................................................103
5.3.3. Thit lp v kt thc kt ni TCP.............................................................105
5.3.3. iu khin lu lng trong TCP ..............................................................105
5.3.3.1. Khi ng chm.................................................................................105
5.3.3.2. Tnh thi gian kh hi mt cch thng minh ....................................107
5.3.3.3. Trnh tc nghn.................................................................................108
5.3.4. Giao thc UDP (User Datagram protocol) ...............................................111
5.4. GIAO THC LIN MNG IP........................................................................112
5.4.1. Gii thiu ..................................................................................................112
5.4.2. Cu trc gi s liu IP..............................................................................112
5.4.3. Cc lp a ch IP......................................................................................114
5.4.4. Cc bc thc hin ca giao thc IP........................................................115
5.5. PHN CHIA MNG CON .............................................................................116
5.6. A CH IPV6 .................................................................................................117
5.7. INTRANET V INTERNET ..........................................................................117
5.8. MT S NG DNG TRN INTERNET....................................................117
5.9. CU HI V BI TP..................................................................................117
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................118
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CHNG 1. NHP MN MNG MY TNH
1.1. M U
Mng my tnh pht sinh t nhu cu mun chia s, dng chung ti nguyn v cho
php giao tip trc tuyn (online) cng nh cc ng dng a phng tin trn mng.
Ti nguyn gm c ti nguyn phn mm (d liu, chng trnh ng dng, ...) v ti
nguyn phn cng (my in, my qut, CD ROM,.). Giao tip trc tuyn bao gm gi
v nhn thng ip, th in t. Cc ng dng a phng tin c th l pht thanh,
truyn hnh, in thoi qua mng, hi tho trc tuyn, nghe nhc, xem phim trn
mng.
Trc khi mng my tnh c s dng, ngi ta thng phi t trang b my in,
my v v cc thit b ngoi vi khc cho ring mnh. c th dng chung my in th
mi ngi phi thay phin nhau ngi trc my tnh c ni vi my in. Khi c
ni mng th tt c mi ngi ngi ti cc v tr khc nhau u c quyn s dng my
in .
S kt hp ca my tnh vi cc h thng truyn thng, c bit l vin thng,
to ra cuc cch mng trong vn t chc khai thc v s dng h thng my tnh.
M hnh tp trung da trn my tnh ln c thay th m hnh cc my tnh n l
c kt ni li cng thc hin cng vic, hnh thnh mi trng lm vic nhiu
ngi s dng phn tn, cho php nng cao hiu qu khai thc ti nguyn chung t
nhng v tr a l khc nhau. Cc h thng nh th c gi l mng my tnh.
Mng my tnh ngy nay tr thnh mt lnh vc nghin cu pht trin v ng
dng ct li ca Cng ngh thng tin. Cc lnh vc nghin cu pht trin v ng dng
ca mng: kin trc mng, nguyn l thit k, ci t v cc ng dng trn mng.
1.2. CC KHI NIM C BN
1.2.1. Lch s pht trin
Cui nhng nm 60 xut hin cc mng x l gm cc trm cui (terminal)
th ng c ni vo mt my x l trung tm. My tnh trung tm hu nh m
nhim tt c mi vic t x l thng tin, qun l cc th tc truyn d liu, qun l s
ng b ca cc trm cui, qun l cc hng i, x l cc ngt t cc trm cui,... M
hnh ny bc l cc yu im nh: tn qu nhiu vt liu (ng truyn) ni cc
trm vi trung tm, my tnh trung tm phi lm vic qu nhiu dn n qu ti.
gim nh nhim v ca my tnh trung tm ngi ta gom cc trm cui vo
b gi l b tp trung (hoc b dn knh) trc khi chuyn v trung tm. Cc b ny
c chc nng tp trung cc tn hiu do trm cui gi n vo trn cng mt ng
truyn. S khc nhau gia hai thit b ny th hin ch:
B dn knh (multiplexor): c kh nng truyn song song cc thng tin do trm
cui gi v trung tm.
B tp trung (concentrator): khng c kh nng ny, phi dng b m lu tr
tm thi d liu
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Trong h thng ny, mi s lin lc gia cc trm cui vi nhau phi i qua my
tnh trung tm, khng c ni trc tip vi nhau h thng trn khng c gi l
mng my tnh m ch c gi l mng x l (hnh 1.1).














T cui nhng nm 70, cc my tnh c ni trc tip vi nhau to thnh
mng my tnh nhm phn tn ti ca h thng v tng tin cy.















B tp trung
B tin x l B tp trung/
b dn knh
My tnh trung tm
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
Hnh 1.1. Mng x l vi cc b tin x l
B tin x l
B tin x l
B tin x
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
Hnh 1.2. Mng my tnh- ni trc tip cc b tin x l
PC
B tp trung
PC
PC PC
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Cng nhng nm 70 xut hin khi nim mng truyn thng (communication
network), trong cc thnh phn chnh ca n l cc nt mng (Node), c gi l
b chuyn mch (switching unit) dng hng thng tin ti ch.
Cc nt mng c ni vi nhau bng ng truyn gi l khung ca mng. Cc
my tnh x l thng tin ca ngi s dng (host) hoc cc trm cui (terminal) c
ni trc tip vo cc nt mng khi cn th trao i thng tin qua mng. Bn thn cc
nt mng thng cng l my tnh nn c th ng thi ng c vai tr my ca ngi
s dng. V vy chng ta khng phn bit khi nim mng my tnh v mng truyn
thng. (Xem hnh 1.3).
















Cc my tnh c kt ni thnh mng nhm t cc mc ch sau:
- Chia s cc ti nguyn c gi tr cao (thit b, chng trnh, d liu,..) khng ph
thuc vo khong cch a l ca ti nguyn v ngi s dng.
- Tng tin cy ca h thng: do c kh nng thay th khi xy ra s c i vi
mt my tnh no .
1.2.2. Cc yu t ca mng my tnh
Mng my tnh c th c nh ngha: mng my tnh l tp hp cc my tnh
c ni vi nhau bi cc ng truyn vt l theo mt kin trc no . Nh vy c
hai khi nim m chng ta cn phi lm r, l ng truyn vt l v kin trc ca
mt mng my tnh.
T
H
H
T
H
T T
T
Nt mng
Hnh 1.3. Mt mng truyn thng
Ch thch:
T (Terminal):
thit b u cui
H (Host): my
ch, my trm
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1.2.2.1. ng truyn vt l
ng truyn vt l dng chuyn cc tn hiu gia cc my tnh. Cc tn hiu
biu th cc gi tr d liu di dng cc xung nh phn (on - off). Tt c cc tn
hiu u thuc dng sng in t (tri t tn s sng radio, sng ngn, tia hng
ngoi). ng vi mi loi tn s ca sng in t c cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau
truyn tn hiu.
Hin nay c hai loi ng truyn:
+ ng truyn hu tuyn: cp ng trc, cp i dy xon (c bc kim, khng bc
kim), cp si quang.
+ ng truyn v tuyn: radio, sng cc ngn, tia hng ngoi.
Cp ng trc dng truyn cc tn hiu s trong mng cc b hoc lm mng
in thoi ng di. Cu to gm c mt si kim loi trung tm c bc bi mt
lp cch in v mt li kim loi chng nhiu. ngoi cng l v bc cch in. Si
kim loi trung tm v li kim loi lm thnh hai si dn in ng trc






C hai loi cp ng trc khc nhau vi nhng ch nh khc nhau v k thut
v thit b ghp ni i km: cp ng trc mng (gi thnh r, dng ph bin), cp
ng trc bo (t hn, c kh nng chng nhiu tt hn, thng c dung lin kt
mng trong mi trng cng nghip).
Cp i dy xon: c s dng rng ri trong cc mng in thoi c th ko
di hng cy s m khng cn b khuych i. Cu to gm nhiu si kim loi cch
in vi nhau. Cc si ny tng i mt xon li vi nhau nhm hn ch nhiu in t.
C hai loi cp xon i c s dng hin nay: cp c bc kim loi (STP), cp khng
bc kim loi (UTP).
Cp si quang: l cp truyn dn sng nh sng, c cu trc tng t nh cp
ng trc vi cht liu l thu tinh. Tc l gm mt dy dn trung tm (mt hoc mt
b si thu tinh hoc plastic c th truyn dn tn hiu quang) c bc mt lp o c
tc dng phn x cc tn hiu tr li gim s mt mt tn hiu. C hai loi cp si
quang l: single-mode (ch c mt ng dn quang duy nht), multi-mode (c nhiu
ng dn quang). Cp si quang c suy hao tn hiu thp, khng b nh hng ca
nhiu in t v cc hiu ng in khc, khng b pht hin v thu trm, an ton
thng tin trn mng c bo m. Tuy nhin cp si quang kh lp t, gi thnh
cao.
Sng cc ngn thng c dng truyn gia cc trm mt t v cc v tinh.
Chng truyn cc tn hiu qung b t mt trm pht ti nhiu trm thu.
Hnh 1.4. Cp ng trc
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Sng hng ngoi: Mi trng truyn dn sng hng ngoi l mt mi trng
nh hng, trong din hp v vy n ch thch hp cho mt mng din hp bn knh t
0.5m n 20 m, vi cc thit b t b di chuyn. Tc truyn d liu xung quanh
10Mbps
Sng radio: mi trng truyn dn sng radio l mt mi trng nh hng
trong mng din rng vi bn knh 30 km. Tc truyn d liu hng chc Mbps.
Lin quan n ng truyn vt l chng ta c cc khi nim sau:
- Bng thng (cn gi l di thng - bandwidth): Bng thng l mt khi nim
cc k quan trng trong cc h thng truyn thng. Hai phng php xem xt bng
thng c tm quan trng trong nghin cu cc mng l bng thng tng t (analog)
v bng thng s (digital). Bng thng tng t l o phm vi tn s m ng
truyn c th p ng c trong mt h thng in t dng k thut tng t. n v
o lng cho bng thng tng t l Hz, hay s chu k trn giy. V d, bng thng
ca cp in thoi l 400-4000Hz, c ngha l n c th truyn cc tn hiu vi cc tn
s nm trong phm vi t 400 n 4000Hz. Bng thng s o lng lng thng tin ti
a t ni ny n ni khc trong mt thi gian cho trc. n v c bn o lng
bng thng s l bt/giy (bps) v cc bi ca n l Kilbit/giy (kbps), Megabit/giy
(Mbps), Gigabit/giy (Gbps), Terabit/giy (Tbps).. Bng thng ca cp truyn ph
thuc vo di cp. Cp cng di th bng thng cng gim. Do vy khi thit k
mng phi ch r di chy cp ti a, bi v ngoi gii hn d th cht lng truyn
tn hiu khng cn c bo m.
- Thng lng (throughput): thng lng l lng thng tin thc s c truyn
qua trong mt n v thi gian. Cng nh bng thng, n v ca thng lng l bps
v cc bi ca n: Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Gbps, Tbps. Trong mt mng LAN bng thng
c th cho php 100Mbps, nhng iu ny khng c ngha l mi ngi dng trn
mng u c th di chuyn thc s 100 Megabit d liu trong mt giy. iu ny ch
ng trong nhng iu kin v cng l tng. Do nhiu l do, thng lng thng nh
hn rt nhiu so vi bng thng s ti a ca mi trng mng.
- Hiu sut s dng ng truyn (utilization): i lng ny c trng cho hiu
sut phc v ca ng truyn trong mng. N c o bng t l % gia thng lng
v bng thng ca ng truyn.
- tr (delay): tr l thi gian cn thit truyn mt gi tin t ngun n
ch. tr thng c o bng miligiy (ms), giy (s). tr ph thuc vo bng
thng ca mng. Bng thng cng ln th tr cng nh.
- suy hao l o s yu i ca tn hiu trn ng truyn. N cng ph
thuc vo di cp. Cn nhiu t gy ra bi tin n in t bn ngoi lm nh
hng n tn hiu trn ng truyn.
1.2.2.2. Kin trc mng my tnh
Kin trc mng my tnh (network architecture) th hin cch ni cc my tnh
vi nhau ra sao v tp hp cc quy tc, quy c m tt c cc thc th tham gia truyn
thng trn mng phi tun theo m bo cho mng hot ng tt.
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Cch ni cc my tnh c gi l hnh trng (topolopy) ca mng hay ni cho
gn l topo mng. Cn tp hp cc quy tc, quy c truyn thng c gi l giao
thc (protocol) ca mng. Topo v giao thc l hai khi nim rt c bn ca mng my
tnh, v th chng s c trnh by c th hn trong nhng phn sau:
y Topo mng
C hai kiu kt ni mng ch yu l im - im (point-to-point) v qung b
(broadcast hay point-to-multipoint).
Theo kiu kt ni im - im, cc ng truyn ni tng cp nt vi nhau v
mi nt u c trch nhim lu tr tm thi sau chuyn tip d liu i ti ch. Do
cch lm vic nh th nn mng kiu ny cn c gi l mng lu v chuyn tip
(store and forward). Ni chung cc mng din rng u s dng nguyn tc ny. Hnh
2 cho mt s dng topo ca mng loi ny.
Theo kiu qung b, tt c cc nt mng dng chung mt ng truyn vt l.
D liu gi i t mt nt mng c th c tt c cc nt mng cn li tip nhn
ch cn ch ra a ch ch ca d liu mi nt kim tra xem c phi l gi cho mnh
hay khng. Hnh 3 cho mt s dng topo ca mng loi ny.

















Trong cc topo dng vng hoc dng tuyn tnh cn c mt c ch trng ti
gii quyt xung t khi nhiu nt mun truyn tin cng mt lc. Vic cp pht ng
truyn c th l ng hoc tnh. Cp pht tnh thng dung c ch quay vng
phn chia ng truyn theo cc khong thi gian nh trc. Cp pht ng l cp
pht theo yu cu hn ch thi gian cht v ch ca ng truyn.
Hnh 1.5. Mt s topo mng im-im
Hnh 1.6. Mt s topo mng qung b
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y Giao thc mng
Vic trao i thng tin cho d l n gin nht, cng u phi tun theo nhng
quy tc nht nh. Hai ngi ni chuyn vi nhau mun cho cuc ni chuyn c kt
qu th t nht c hai cng phi ngm nh tun theo quy tc: khi ngi ny ni th
ngi kia phi nghe v ngc li. Vic truyn tn hiu trn mng cng vy, cn phi c
nhng quy tc, quy c v nhiu mt:
+ Khun dng ca d liu: c php v ng ngha
+ Th tc gi v nhn d liu
+ Kim sot cht lng truyn
+ X l cc li, s c
Tp hp tt c cc quy tc, quy c trn gi l giao thc mng. Yu cu v x l
v trao i thng tin ca ngi s dng ngy cng cao th giao thc mng cng phc
tp. Cc mng c th c giao thc khc nhau tu thuc vo s la chn ca nh thit
k.
1.2.3. Phn loi mng my tnh
C nhiu cch phn loi mng my tnh tu thuc vo yu t chnh c chn
lm ch tiu phn loi: khong cch a l, k thut chuyn mch, kin trc ca
mng.
1.2.3.1. Theo khong cch a l
Nu ly khong cch a l lm yu t chnh phn loi th mng my tnh
c phn thnh 4 loi: mng cc b, mng th, mng din rng, mng ton cu.
- Mng cc b (Local Area Networks - LAN): ci t trong phm vi tng
i hp (v d nh trong mt ta nh, mt c quan, mt trng hc,..), khong cch
ln nht gia cc my tnh ni mng l vi chc km tr li.
- Mng th (Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN): ci t trong phm vi
mt th, mt trung tm kinh t x hi, c bn knh nh hn 100 km.
- Mng din rng (Wide Area Networks - WAN): phm vi ca mng c th
vt qua bin gii quc gia v thm ch c lc a.
- Mng ton cu (Global Area Networks - GAN): phm vi rng khp ton
cu. Mng Internet l mt v d cho loi ny.
Chng ta cng cn lu rng: khong cch a l c dng lm mc ch
mang tnh tng i. Cng vi s pht trin ca cc cng ngh truyn dn v qun tr
mng th nhng ranh gii ngy cng m nht i.
1.2.3.2. Da theo k thut chuyn mch
Nu ly k thut chuyn mch lm yu t chnh phn ploi th ta c 3 loi:
mng chuyn mch knh, mng chuyn mch thng bo v mng chuyn mch gi.
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a. Mng chuyn mch knh
Khi c hai thc th cn trao i thng tin vi nhau th gia chng s thit lp mt
knh c nh v c duy tr cho n khi mt trong hai bn ngt lin lc. Cc d liu
ch c truyn theo con ng c nh .








Nhc im:
+ Tn thi gian thit lp knh c nh gia hai thc th
+ Hiu sut s dng ng truyn thp v s c lc knh b b khng do c hai bn
u ht thng tin cn truyn trong khi cc thc th khc khng c php s
dng knh truyn ny.
b. Mng chuyn mch thng bo
Thng bo (message) l mt n v thng tin ca ngi s dng c khun dng
c qui nh trc. Mi thng bo u c cha vng thng tin iu khin trong
ch nh r ch n ca thng bo. Cn c vo thng tin ny m mi nt trung gian c
th chuyn thng bo ti nt k tip theo ng dn ti ch ca n.
Mi nt cn phi lu tr tm thi c thng tin iu khin trn thng bo
sau chuyn tip thng bo i. Tu thuc vo iu kin ca mng, cc thng bo
khc nhau c th truyn theo ng truyn khc nhau.











Hnh 1.7. Mng chuyn mch knh
Hnh 1.8. Mng chuyn mch thng bo
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u im so vi mng chuyn mch knh:
- Hiu sut s dng ng truyn cao v khng b chim dng c quyn m c
phn chia gia nhiu thc th.
- Mi nt mng c th lu tr thng bo cho ti khi knh truyn ri mi gi thng
bo i, v vy gim c tnh trng tc nghn mch.
- C th iu khin vic truyn tin bng cch sp xp u tin cho cc thng bo.
- C th tng hiu sut s dng di thng bng cch gn a ch qung b gi
thng bo ng thi ti nhiu ch.
Nhc im:
- Khng hn ch kch thc ca cc thng bo, dn n ph tn lu tr tm thi
cao v nh hng ti thi gian p (respone time) v cht lng truyn tin.
- Thch hp cho cc dch v th tn in t hn l cc p dng c tnh thi gian
thc v tn ti tr do lu tr v x l thng tin iu khin ti mi nt.
c. Mng chuyn mch gi
Mi thng bo c chia lm nhiu phn nh hn c gi l cc gi tin c
khun dng quy nh trc. Mi gi tin cng cha cc thng tin iu khin, trong
c a ch ngun (ngi gi) v ch (ngi nhn) ca gi tin. Cc gi tin ca mt
thng bo c th i qua mng ti ch bng nhiu con ng khc nhau. bn nhn,
th t nhn c c th khng ng th t c gi i.








So snh mng chuyn mch thng bo v mng chuyn mch gi:
Ging nhau: phng php ging nhau
Khc nhau: Cc gi tin c gii hn kch thc ti a sao cho cc nt mng c
th x l ton b gi tin trong b nh m khng cn phi lu tr tm thi trn a. V
th mng chuyn mch gi truyn cc gi tin qua mng nhanh chng v hiu qu hn
so vi mng chuyn mch thng bo. Nhng vn kh khn ca mng loi ny l
vic tp hp cc gi tin to li thng bo ban u ca ngi s dng, c bit trong
trng hp cc gi c truyn theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Cn phi ci t c ch
nh du gi tin v phc hi gi tin b tht lc hoc truyn b li cho cc nt mng.
Do c u im mm do v hiu sut cao hn nn hin nay mng chuyn mch
gi c s dng ph bin hn cc mng chuyn mch thng bo. Vic tch hp c hai
Hnh 1.9. Mng chuyn mch gi
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k thut chuyn mch (knh v gi) trong mt mng thng nht (c gi l mng
dch v tch hp s- Intergrated Services Digital Networks, vit tt l ISDN) ang l
mt xu hng pht trin ca mng ngy nay.
1.2.3.3. Phn loi theo kin trc mng
Ngi ta cn phn loi mng theo kin trc mng (topo v giao thc s dng).
Cc mng thng hay c nhc n nh: mng SNA ca IBM, mng ISO, mng
TCP/IP.
1.3. KIN TRC PHN TNG V M HNH OSI
1.3.1. Kin trc phn tng
gim phc tp ca vic thit k v ci t mng, hu ht cc my tnh u
c phn tch thit k theo quan im phn tng. Mi h thng thnh phn ca mng
c xem nh mt cu trc a tng, trong mi tng c xy dng trn tng trc
n. S lng cc tng cng nh tn v chc nng ca mi tng tu thuc vo nh thit
k. Trong hu ht cc mng, mc ch ca mi tng l cung cp mt s dch v nht
nh cho tng cao hn. Mi tng khi s dng khng cn quan tm n cc thao tc chi
tit m cc dch v phi thc hin.
















Nguyn tc ca kin trc mng phn tng:
- Mi h thng trong mt mng u c cu trc tng nh nhau (s lng tng,
chc nng ca mi tng).
Giao thc tng N
Giao thc tng i + 1
Giao thc tng i
Giao thc tng i -1
Giao thc tng 1
Tng N


Tng i +1
Tng i
Tng i -1


Tng 1
Tng N


Tng i +1
Tng i
Tng i -1


Tng 1
ng truyn vt l
Hnh 1.10. Minh ho kin trc phn tng tng qut
H thng A H thng B
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- D liu khng c truyn trc tip t tng i ca h thng ny sang tng th i
ca h thng kia (ngoi tr i vi tng thp nht). Bn gi d liu cng vi cc
thng tin iu khin chuyn n tng ngay di n v c th cho n tng thp
nht. Bn di tng ny l ng truyn vt l, y s truyn tin mi thc s
din ra. i vi bn nhn th cc thng tin c chuyn t tng di ln trn cho
ti tng i ca h thng nhn.
- Gia hai h thng kt ni ch tng thp nht mi c lin kt vt l cn tng
cao hn ch l lin kt logic hay lin kt o c a vo hnh thc ha cc
hot ng ca mng, thun tin cho vic thit k v ci t cc phn mm truyn
thng.
Cc vn cn phi gii quyt khi thit k cc tng
- C ch ni, tch: mi mt tng cn c mt c ch thit lp kt ni, v c mt
c ch kt thc kt ni khi m s kt ni l khng cn thit na.
- Cc quy tc truyn d liu: Trong cc h thng khc nhau d liu c th truyn
theo mt s cch khc nhau:
+ Truyn mt hng (simplex)
+ Truyn hai hng ng thi (full-duplex)
+ Truyn theo c hai hng lun phin (half-duplex)
- Kim sot li: ng truyn vt l ni chung l khng hon ho, cn phi tho
thun dng mt loi m pht hin, kim tra li v sa li. Pha nhn phi c
kh nng thng bo cho bn gi bit cc gi tin no thu ng, gi tin no pht
li.
- di bn tin: Khng phi mi qu trnh u chp nhn di gi tin l tu ,
cn phi c c ch chia bn tin thnh cc gi tin nh.
- Th t cc gi tin: Cc knh truyn c th gi khng ng th t cc gi tin, do
cn c c ch bn thu ghp ng th t ban u.
- Tc pht v thu d liu: Bn pht c tc cao c th lm lt bn thu c tc
thp. Cn phi c c ch bn thu bo cho bn pht bit tnh trng
iu khin lu lng hp l.
1.3.2. Mt s khi nim c bn
Tng (layer)
- Mi qu trnh trao i thng tin gia hai i tng u thc hin qua nhiu bc,
cc bc ny c lp tng i vi nhau. Thng tin c trao i gia hai i
tng A, B qua 3 bc:
- Pht tin: Thng tin chuyn t tng cao tng thp
- Nhn tin: Thng tin chuyn t tng thp tng cao
- Qu trnh trao i thng tin trc tip qua ng truyn vt l (thc hin tng
cui cng)

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 16
Giao din, dch v, n v d liu
- Mi quan h gia hai tng k nhau gi l giao din
- Mi quan h gia hai tng ng mc ca hai h thng khc nhau gi l giao thc
- Thc th (entity): l thnh phn tch cc trong mi tng, n c th l mt tin
trnh trong h a x l hay l mt trnh con cc thc th trong cng 1 tng cc
h thng khc nhau (gi l thc th ngang hng hay thc th ng mc). Mi
thc th c th truyn thng ln tng trn hoc tng di n thng qua mt giao
din (interface). Giao din gm mt hoc nhiu im truy nhp dch v (Service
Access Point - SAP). Ti cc im truy nhp dch v tng trn ch c th s dng
dch v do tng di cung cp. Thc th c chia lm hai loi: thc th cung
cp dch v v s dng dch v:
+ Thc th cung cp dch v (service provide): l cc thc th tng N cung cp
dch v cho tng N +1.
+ Thc th s dng dch v (service user): l cc thc th tng N s dng
dch v do tng N - 1 cung cp.
- n v d liu s dng giao thc (Protocol Data Unit - PDU)
- n v d liu dch v (Service Data Unit - SDU)
- Thng tin iu khin (Protocol Control Information - PCI)
Mt n v d liu m 1 thc th tng N ca h thng A gi sang thc th
tng N mt h thng B khng bng ng truyn trc tip m phi truyn xung
di truyn bng tng thp nht thng qua ng truyn vt l.
+ D liu tng N-1 nhn c do tng N truyn xung gi l SDU.
+ Phn thng tin iu khin ca mi tng gi l PCI.
+ tng N-1 phn thng tin iu khin PCI thm vo u ca SDU to thnh
PDU. Nu SDU qu di th ct nh thnh nhiu on, mi on b sung phn
PCI, to thnh nhiu PDU.
Bn h thng nhn trnh t din ra theo chiu ngc li. Qua mi tng PCI tng
ng s c phn tch v ct b khi PDU trc khi gi ln tng trn.
1.3.3. M hnh OSI
1.3.3.1. Gii thiu
Khi thit k cc nh thit k t do la chn kin trc mng ring ca mnh. T
dn n tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng: phng php truy nhp ng
truyn khc nhau, s dng h giao thc khc nhau,... S khng tng thch lm cho
ngi s dng cc mng khc nhau khng th trao i thng tin vi nhau c. S
thc bch ca khch hng khin cho cc nh sn xut v nhng nh nghin cu, thng
qua t chc chun ho quc t v quc gia tm ra mt gii php chung dn n s
hi t ca cc sn phm mng. Trn c s nhng nh thit k v cc nghin cu ly
lm khung chun cho sn phm ca mnh.
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V l do , nm 1977, T chc tiu chun ho quc t (International
Organization for Standardization - ISO) lp ra mt tiu ban nhm a ra mt khung
chun nh th. Kt qu l vo nm 1984 ISO xy dng m hnh 7 tng gi l m
hnh tham chiu cho vic ni kt cc h thng m (Reference Model for Open Systems
Interconnection - OSI Reference Model) gi tt l m hnh OSI. M hnh ny c
dng lm c s ni kt cc h thng m phc v cho cc ng dng phn tn Mi
h thng tun theo m hnh tham chiu OSI u c th truyn thng tin vi nhau.















1.3.3.2. Chc nng cc tng trong m hnh OSI
a. Tng vt l (Physical)
- Tng vt l lin quan n truyn dng cc bit gia cc my vi nhau bng ng
truyn vt l. Tng ny lin kt cc giao din hm c, quang v in vi cp. Ngoi
ra n cng chuyn ti nhng tn hiu truyn d liu do cc tng trn to ra.
- Vic thit k phi bo m nu bn pht gi bt 1 th bn thu cng phi nhn bt 1
ch khng phi bt 0
- Tng ny phi quy nh r mc in p biu din d liu 1 v 0 l bao nhiu von
trong vng bao nhiu giy
- Chiu truyn tin l 1 hay 2 chiu, cch thc kt ni v hu b kt ni
- nh ngha cch kt ni cp vi card mng: b ni c bao nhiu chn, chc nng
ca mi chn
Tm li: Thit k tng vt l phi gii quyt cc vn ghp ni c, in, to ra cc
hm, th tc truy nhp ng truyn, ng truyn cc bt.
NG DNG 7
TRNH DIN
6
PHIN
5
GIAO VN
4
MNG
3
LIN KT D LIU
2
VT L
1
7
APPLICATION
6
PRESENTATION
5
SESSION
4
TRANSPORT
3
NETWORK
2
DATA LINK
1
PHYSICAL
Giao thc tng 7
Giao thc tng 6
Giao thc tng 5
Giao thc tng 4
Giao thc tng 3
Giao thc tng 2
Giao thc tng 1
ng truyn vt l
Hnh 1.11. M hnh OSI 7 tng
H thng A H thng B
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 18
b. Tng lin kt d liu (data link)
- Cung cp phng tin truyn thng tin qua lin kt vt l m bo tin cy: gi
cc khi d liu vi c ch ng b ho, kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu
cn thit
- Cc bc tng lin kt d liu thc hin:
+ Chia nh thnh cc khi d liu frame (vi trm bytes), ghi thm vo u v
cui ca cc frame nhng nhm bt c bit lm ranh gii gia cc frame
+ Trn cc ng truyn vt l lun c li nn tng ny phi gii quyt vn
sa li (do bn tin b hng, mt v truyn li)
+ Gi cho s ng b tc gia bn pht v bn thu
Tm li: tng lin kt d liu chu trch nhim chuyn khung d liu khng li t
my tnh ny sang my tnh khc thng qua tng vt l. Tng ny cho php tng mng
truyn d liu gn nh khng phm li qua lin kt mng
c. Tng mng (Network)
- Lp a ch cc thng ip, din dch a ch v tn logic thnh a ch vt l
- Kim sot v iu khin ng truyn: nh r cc b tin c truyn i theo con
ng no t ngun ti ch. Cc con ng c th l c nh i vi nhng
mng t thay i, cng c th l ng ngha l cc con ng ch c xc nh
trc khi bt u cuc ni chuyn. Cc con ng c th thay i tu theo trng
thi ti tc thi.
- Qun l lu lng trn mng: chuyn i gi, nh tuyn, kim sot s tc nghn
d liu (nu c nhiu gi tin cng c gi i trn ng truyn th c th xy ra
tc nghn )
- Kim sot lung d liu v ct hp d liu (nu cn)
d. Tng giao vn (Transport)
- Thc hin vic truyn d liu gia hai u nt (end - to - end).
- Thc hin kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu t my my. m bo gi tin
truyn khng phm li, theo ng trnh t, khng b mt mt hay sao chp.
- Thc hin vic ghp knh, phn knh ct hp d liu (nu cn). ng gi thng
ip, chia thng ip di thnh nhiu gi tin v gp cc gi nh thnh mt b.
- Tng ny to ra mt kt ni cho mi yu cu ca tng trn n. Khi c nhiu yu cu
t tng trn vi thng lng cao th n c th to ra nhiu kt ni v cng mt lc
c th gi i nhiu b tin trn ng truyn.
e. Tng phin (Session)
- Cung cp phng tin truyn thng gia cc ng dng: cho php ngi s dng
trn cc my khc nhau c th thit lp, duy tr, hu b v ng b ho cc phin
truyn thng gia h vi nhau.
- Nhim v chnh:
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 19
+ Qun l th bi i vi nhng nghi thc: hai bn kt ni truyn thng tin
khng ng thi thc hin mt s thao tc. gii quyt vn ny tng phin
cung cp 1 th bi, th bi c th c trao i v ch bn no gi th bi mi c
th thc hin mt s thao tc quan trng
+ Vn ng b: khi cn truyn i nhng tp tin di tng ny chn thm cc im
kim tra (check point) vo lung d liu. Nu pht hin thy li th ch c d liu
sau im kim tra cui cng mi phi truyn li
f. Tng trnh din (Presentation)
- Quyt nh dng thc trao i d liu gia cc my tnh mng. Ngi ta c th gi
y l b dch mng. bn gi, tng ny chuyn i c php d liu t dng thc
do tng ng dng gi xung sang dng thc trung gian m ng dng no cng c
th nhn bit. bn nhn, tng ny chuyn cc dng thc trung gian thnh dng
thc thch hp cho tng ng dng ca my nhn.
- Tng trnh din chu trch nhim chuyn i giao thc, bin dch d liu, m ho d
liu, thay i hay chuyn i k t v m rng lnh ho.
- Nn d liu nhm lm gim bt s bt cn truyn
- tng ny c b i hng hot ng i hng cc hot ng nhp/xut gi
n cc ti nguyn trn my phc v
g. Tng ng dng (Application)
- Cung cp cc phng tin ngi s dng c th truy nhp c vo mi trng
OSI, ng thi cung cp cc dch v thng tin phn tn.
- Tng ny ng vai tr nh ca s dnh cho hot ng x l cc trnh ng dng
nhm truy nhp cc dch v mng. N biu din nhng dch v h tr trc tip cc
ng dng ngi dng, chng hn nh phn mm chuyn tin, truy nhp c s d liu
v email.
- X l truy nhp mng chung, kim sot li v phc hi li.
1.3.3.3. Cc dch v v hm
Dch v l mt dy, mt tp cc thao tc s cp hay l cc hm nguyn thy m mt
tng cung cp cho tng trn n. Dch v lin quan n 2 tng k nhau
a. Dch v nh hng lin kt v dch v khng lin kt
mi tng trong m hnh OSI c hai loi dch v: dch v nh hng lin kt
(connection - oriented service) v dch v khng nh hng lin kt (connectionless
service)
- Dch v nh hng lin kt: l dch v theo m hnh in thoi, trc khi truyn d
liu cn thit lp mt lin kt logic gia cc thc th ng mc
- Dch v khng lin kt: khng cn phi thit lp lin kt logic v mt n v d liu
c truyn l c lp vi cc n v d liu trc hoc sau n. Loi dch v ny
theo m hnh bu in: mi bn tin hay mi bc th cn c mt a ch c th bn
nhn

L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
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Trong phng php lin kt qu trnh truyn thng gm c 3 giai on:
- Thit lp lin kt (logic): hai thc th ng mc hai h thng s thng lng vi
nhau v tp cc tham s s s dng trong giai on truyn sau (th hin bng hm
CONNECT).
- Truyn d liu: d liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot v qun l km theo
(kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu, ct/hp d liu,...) tng tin cy v hiu
qu ca vic truyn d liu (hm DATA).
- Hu b lin kt (logic): gii phng cc ti nguyn h thng c cp pht cho
lin kt dng cho cc lin kt khc (hm DISCONNECT).
Trong mi loi dch v c c trng bng cht lng dch v. C dch v i hi
bn nhn tin gi thng bo xc nhn khi tin cy c bo m.
C nhng ng dng khng chp nhn s chm tr do phi xc nhn s truyn tin
(VD h thng truyn tin). Nhng c nhiu ng dng nh th tn in t ngi gi ch
cn c mt dch v vi tin cy cao, chp nhn s chm tr.
b. Cc hm nguyn thu ca dch v
Mt dch v gm 1 s thao tc s cp hay cc hm nguyn thu. Mt thc th cung
cp dch v cho mt thc th tng trn n thng qua vic gi cc hm nguyn thu. Cc
hm nguyn thu ch r chc nng cn phi thc hin v dng chuyn d liu vo
thng tin iu khin. C 4 hm nguyn thu c dng xc nh tng tc gia cc
tng k nhau (hnh 1.12).
- Request (yu cu): ngi s dng dch v dng gi chc nng hoc yu cu thc
th khc thc hin mt cng vic no .
- Indication (ch bo): ngi cung cp dch v dung gi mt chc nng no , ch
bo mt chc nng c gi mt im truy nhp dch v.
- Response (tr li): ngi s dng dch v dng hon tt mt chc nng c
gi t trc bi mt hm nguyn thu Indication im truy nhp dch v .
- Confirm (xc nhn): ngi cung cp dch v dng hon tt mt chc nng
c gi t trc bi mt hm nguyn thu Response ti im truy nhp dch v.
Quy trnh thc hin mt giao tc gia hai h thng A v B :
- Tng N+1 ca A gi xung tng N k di n mt hm Request
- Tng N ca A cu to mt n v d liu gi yu cu sang tng N ca B theo
giao thc tng N xc nh
- Nhn c yu cu, tng N ca B ch bo ln tng N+1 k trn n bng hm
Indication
- Tng N ca B tr li bng hm Response gi xung tng N k di n
- Tng N ca B cu to mt n v d liu gi tr li v tng N ca A theo
giao thc tng N xc nh
- Nhn c tr li, tng N ca A xc nhn vi tng N+1 k trn n bng hm
Confirm, kt thc mt giao tc gia hai h thng.

L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
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Cc thao tc s cp ni chung l c tham s (VD Connect.Request). Cc tham s gm:
- a ch my gi
- a ch my nhn
- Loi dch v
- Kch thc cc i ca bn tin
Nu thc th b gi khng chp nhn kch thc cc i m bn tin a ra n c th
yu cu kch thc mi trong thao tc ca hm Response. Cc chi tit ca qu trnh tho
thun l mt phn ca nghi thc. Cc dch v c th xc nhn hoc khng xc nhn.
- Cc dch v xc nhn c th c cc hm nguyn thu: Request, Indication,
Response, Confirm
- Dch v khng xc nhn c hai hm nguyn thu: Resquest, Indication
Trong thc t loi dch v connect lun lun l c xc nhn, cn cc loi dch v
DATA l khng xc nhn hoc c xc nhn.
STT Hm nguyn thu ngha
1. CONNECT.Request Yu cu thit lp lin kt
2. CONNECT.Indication Bo cho thc th b gi
3. CONNECT.Response ng hay khng ng
4. CONNECT.Confirm Xc nhn vi bn gi vic kt ni c c chp
nhn hay khng
5. DATA.Request Bn gi yu cu truyn d liu
6. DATA.Indication Bo cho bn nhn bit l d liu n
7. DISCONNECT.Request Yu cu hu b lin kt
8. DISCONNECT.Indication Bo cho bn nhn


(N+1) Layer (N+1) Layer
System A System B
(N) Layer (N) Layer
Confirm
Request
SAP
Reponse Indication
Interface
SAP
t
Protocol (N)
Sevice user
Hnh 1.12. S hot ng ca cc hm nguyn thu
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V d:
1. CONNECT.Request Bn quay s in thoi ca c Lan
2. CONNECT.Indication Chung reo
3. CONNECT.Response C Lan nhc my
4. CONNECT.Confirm Chung ngng reo
5. DATA.Request Bn ni chuyn vi c Lan
6. DATA.Indication C Lan nghe thy bn ni
7. DATA.Response C tr li bn
8. DATA.Confirm Bn nghe thy cu tr li
9. DISCONNECT.Request Bn cp my
10. DISCONNECT.Indication C Lan nghe thy bn cp my.
1.3.4. Cc m hnh chun ho khc
1.3.4.1. M hnh TCP/IP
Mc d m hnh tham chiu OSI c chp nhn rng ri khp ni, nhng chun
m v k thut mang tnh lch s ca Internet li l TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol). M hnh tham chiu TCP/IP v chng giao thc TCP/IP to
kh nng truyn d liu gia hai my tnh t bt k ni no trn th gii, vi tc gn
bng tc nh sng. M hnh TCP/IP c tm quan trng trong lch s, gn ging nh
cc chun cho php in thoi, nng lng in, ng st, truyn hnh v cng ngh
bng hnh pht trin cc thnh.
Hnh 1.13 trnh by hai m hnh tham chiu TCP/IP v OSI tin so snh.







Cc tng ca m hnh tham chiu TCP/IP
B quc phng M gi tt l DoD (Department of Defense) to ra m hnh tham
chiu TCP/IP v mun mt mng c th tn ti trong bt c iu kin no, ngay c khi c
chin tranh ht nhn. DoD mun cc gi d liu xuyn sut mng vo mi lc, di bt
c iu kin no, t bt c mt im n mt im khc. y l mt bi ton thit k cc
k kh khn m t lm ny sinh ra m hnh TCP/IP, v vy tr thnh chun Internet
pht trin.
Hnh 1.13. Tng ng cc tng cc kin trc TCP/IP v OSI
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Tng ng dng (Application)
Cc nh thit k TCP/IP cm thy rng cc giao thc mc cao nn bao gm cc
tng trnh by v tng phin. n gin, h to ra mt tng ng dng kim sot cc
giao thc mc cao, cc vn ca tng trnh by, m ho v iu khin hi thoi. TCP/IP
tp hp tt c cc vn lin quan n ng dng vo trong mt tng, v m bo d liu
c ng gi mt cch thch hp cho tng k tip.
Tng vn chuyn (Transportation)
Tng vn chuyn cp n cc vn cht lng dch v nh tin cy, iu
khin lung v sa li. Mt trong cc giao thc ca n la TCP, TCP cung cp cc phng
thc linh hot v hiu qu thc hin cc hot ng truyn d liu tin cy, hiu xut
cao v t li. TCP l giao thc c to cu ni (connection-oriented). N tin hnh hi
thoi gia ngun v ch trong khi bc thng tin tng ng dng thnh cc n v gi l
segment.To cu ni khng c ngha l tn ti mt mch thc s gia hai my tnh, thay
v vy n c ngha l cc segment ca tng 4 di chuyn ti v lui gia hai host cng
nhn kt ni tn ti mt cch lun l trong mt khong thi gian no . iu ny coi
nh chuyn mch gi (packet switching).
Tng Internet
Mc tiu ca tng Internet l truyn cc gi tin bt ngun t bt k mng no trn
lin mng v n c ch trong iu kin c lp vi ng dn v cc mng m
chng tri qua. Giao thc c trng khng ch tng ny c gi l IP. Cng vic xc
nh ng dn tt nht v hot ng chuyn mch gi din ra ti tng ny.
Tng truy xut mng (Host to network)
Tn ca tng ny c ngha kh rng v c phn hi ri rm. N cng c gi l
tng host-to-network. N l tng lin quan n tt c cc vn m mt gi IP yu cu
to mt lin kt vt l thc s, v sau to mt lin kt vt l khc. N bao gm cc
chi tit k thut LAN v WAN, v tt c cc chi tit trong tng lin kt d liu cng nh
tng vt l ca m hnh OSI.
M hnh TCP/IP hng n ti a linh hot ti tng ng dng cho ngi pht
trin phn mm. Tng vn chuyn lin quan n hai giao thc TCP v UDP (User
Datagram Protocol). Tng cui cng, tng truy xut mng lin kt n cc k thut LAN
hay WAN ang c dng.
Trong m hnh TCP/IP khng cn quan tm n ng dng no yu cu cc dch v
mng, v khng cn quan tm n giao thc vn chuyn no ang c dng, ch c mt
giao thc mng IP. y l mt quyt nh thit k c cn nhc k. IP phc v nh mt
giao thc a nng cho php bt k my tnh no, bt c u, truyn d liu vo bt c
thi im no.
1.3.4.2. M hnh SNA
Thng 9/1973, Hng IBM gii thiu mt kin trc mng my tnh SNA (System
Network Architecture). n nm 1977 c 300 trm SNA c ci t. Cui nm
1978, s lng tng ln n 1250, ri c theo cho n nay c 20.000 trm
SNA ang c hot ng. Qua con s ny chng ta c th hnh dung c mc quan
trng v tm nh hng ca SNA trn ton th gii.
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Cn lu rng SNA khng l mt chun quc t chnh thc nh OSI nhng do vai
tr to ln ca hng IBM trn th trng CNTT nn SNA tr thnh mt loi chun thc t
v kh ph bin. SNA l mt c t gm rt nhiu ti liu m t kin trc ca mng x l
d liu phn tn. N nh ngha cc quy tc v cc giao thc cho s tng tc gia cc
thnh phn (my tnh, trm cui, phn mm) trong mng.
SNA c t chc xung quanh khi nim min (domain). Mt SNA domain l mt
im iu khin cc dch v h thng (Systems Services control point - SSCP) v n s
iu khin tt c cc ti nguyn . Cc ti nguyn y c th l cc n v vt l, cc
n v logic, cc lin kt d liu v cc thit b. C th v SSCP nh l "tri tim v khi
c" ca SNA. N iu khin SNA domain bng cch gi cc lnh ti mt n v vt l,
n v vt l ny sau khi nhn c lnh s qun l tt c cc ti nguyn trc tip vi n.
n v vt l thc s l mt "i tc" ca SSCP v cha mt tp con cc kh nng ca
SSCP. Cc n v vt l m nhim vic qun l ca mi nt SNA.
SNA phn bit gia cc nt min con (Subarea node) v cc nt ngoi vi (peripheral
node).
Mt nt min con c th dn ng cho d liu ca ngi s dng qua ton b mng.
N dng a ch mng v mt s hiu ng (router suember) xc nh ng
truyn i ti nt k tip trong mng.
Mt nt ngoi vi c tnh cc b hn. N khng dn ng gia cc nt min con. Cc
nt c ni v iu khin theo giao thc SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control).
Mi nt ngoi vi ch lin lc c vi nt min con m n ni vo.
Mng SNA da trn c ch phn tng, trc y th 2 h thng ngang hng khng
c trao i trc tip. Sau ny pht trin thnh SNA m rng: Lc ny hai tng ngang
hng nhau c th trao i trc tip. Vi 6 tng c tn gi v chc nng tt nh sau:











Tng qun tr chc nng SNA (SNA Function Manegement): Tng ny tht
ra c th chia tng ny lm hai tng nh sau:
Hnh 1.14. Tng ng cc tng cc kin trc SNA v OSI
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Tng dch v giao tc (Transaction): cung cp cc dch v ng dng n
ngi dng mt mng SNA. Nhng dch v nh : DIA cung cp cc ti liu
phn b gia cc h thng vn phng, SNA DS (vn phng dch v phn phi)
cho vic truyn thng bt ng b gia cc ng dng phn tn v h thng vn
phng. Tng dch v giao tc cng cung cp cc dch v v cu hnh, cc dch
v qun l iu khin cc hot ng mng.
Tng dch v trnh din (Presentation Services): tng ny th lin quan vi
s hin th cc ng dng, ngi s dng u cui v cc d liu h thng.
Tng ny cng nh ngha cc giao thc cho vic truyn thng gia cc chng
trnh v iu khin truyn thng mc hi thoi.
Tng kim sot lung d liu (Data flow control) tng ny cung cp cc dch
v iu khinlung lu thng cho cc phin t logic ny n n v logic khc
(LU - LU). N thc hin iu ny bng cch gn cc s trnh t, cc yu cu v
p ng, thc hin cc giao thc yu cu v p ng phin v hp tc gia cc
phin gi v nhn. Ni chung n ym tr phng thc khai thc hai chiu
ng thi (Full duplex).
Tng kim sot truyn (Transmission control): Tng ny cung cp cc iu
khin c bn ca cc phn ti nguyn truyn trong mng, bng cch xc nh
s trnh t nhn c, v qun l vic theo di mc phin. Tng ny cng h
tr cho vic m ha d liu v cung cp h thng h tr cho cc nt ngoi vi.
Tng kim sot ng dn (Path control): Tng ny cung cp cc giao thc
tm ng cho mt gi tin qua mng SNA v kt ni vi cc mng SNA
khc, ng thi n cng kim sot cc ng truyn ny.
Tng kim sot lin kt d liu (Data Link Control): Tng ny cung cp cc
giao thc cho vic truyn cc gi tin thng qua ng truyn vt l gia hai
node v cng cung cp cc iu khin lu thng v phc hi li, cc h tr cho
tng ny l cc giao thc SDLC, System/370, X25, IEEE 802.2 v 802.5.
Tng kim sot vt l (Physical control): Tng ny cung cp mt giao din
vt l cho bt c mi trng truyn thng no m gn vi n. Tng no nh
ngha cc c trng ca tn hiu cn thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc ng
ni vt l cho vic h tr kt ni.
1.4. H IU HNH MNG
1.4.1. c im quy nh chc nng ca mt h iu hnh mng.
Mi trng mng c nhng c im ring, khc vi mi trng ch dng my tnh c
nhn (PC), th hin cc c trng sau:
Trc ht l mi trng nhiu ngi dng. c im ny dn n cc nhu cu lin lc
gia nhng ngi s dng, nhu cu bo v d liu v ni chung l bo v tnh ring t
ca ngi s dng.
Mng cn l mi trng a nhim, c nhiu cng vic thc hin trn mng. c im
ny s pht sinh cc nhu nhu cu chia s ti nguyn, nhu cu lin lc gia cc tin trnh
nh trao i d liu, ng b ho.
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L mi trng phn tn, ti nguyn (thng tin, thit b) nm cc v tr khc nhau, ch kt
ni thng qua cc ng truyn vt l. iu ny pht sinh cc nhu cu chia s ti nguyn
trn ton mng nhng s phn tn cn c trong sut i n khng gy kh khn cho
ngi s dng.
C nhiu quan nim cng nh cc gii php mng khc nhau. iu ny sinh nhu cu
giao tip gia cc mng khc nhau.
Lm vic trn mi trng mng chc chn s phc tp hn mi trng my n l. V
th rt cn c cc tin ch gip cho vic s dng v qun tr mng d dng v hiu qu.
Tt c cc nhu cu trn phi c tnh ti trong h iu hnh mng.
1.4.2. Cc tip cn thit k v ci t
thit k v ci t mt h iu hnh mng c hai cch tip cn khc nhau:
(1) Tn trng tnh c lp ca cc h iu hnh cc b c trn cc my tnh ca
mng. Khi h iu hnh mng c ci t nh mt tp cc chng trnh tin ch chy
trn cc my khc nhau ca mng. Gii php ny tuy khng c p nhng d ci t
v khng v hiu ha c cc phn mm c.
(2) B qua cc h iu hnh c trn cc my v ci t mi hon ton mt h
iu hnh thun nht trn ton mng, gi l h iu hnh phn tn. Gii php ny p hn
v phng din h thng so vi gii php trn, nhng b li phc tp trong cng vic
th ln hn rt nhiu. Mt khc, vic tn trng tnh c lp v chp nhn s tn ti ca
cc sn phm h thng c l mt im hp dn ca cc tip cn th nht. Bi vy ty
theo iu kin c th m ta p dng gii php no cho ph hp. Sau y ta xem xt c th
hn v tng gii php ni trn
H iu hnh theo gii php (1)
T tng ch o ca gii php ny l cung cp cho mi ngi t tng ch o
ca gii php ny l cung cp cho mi ngi s dng mi tin trnh ng nht m ta gi
l Agent lm nhim v cung cp mt giao din ng nht v tt c cc h thng cc b
c Agent qun l mt c s d liu cha cc thng tin v cc h thng cc b v chng
trnh d liu ca ngi s dng trong trng hp n gin nht Agent ch hot ng nh
mt b x l lnh, dch cc lnh ca ngi s dng thnh ngn ng lnh ca h thng
cc b ri gi chng thc hin trc khi mi chng trnh thc hin, Agent phi m
bo rng tt c cc tp cn thit s dng. Vic ci t mng nh vy s chng li hai
cng vic chnh: thit k ngn ng lnh ca mng v ci t Agent.
Cch tip nhn ny n gin v khng gy nh hng n h thng cc b c
sn. Thm ch cc h thng cc b khng cn thit n s tn ti ca mng. Nhng gii
php ny ch c th kh thi khi m tt c cc tp tin cn thit u bit trc Agent c
th gi chng ti mt h thng cc b trc khi chng trnh bt u hot ng. Ngoi ra
rt kh thc hin cc tng tc vo ra m chng trnh li khng bit ti s tn ti ca
mng. Mt gii php tng qut hn nhm b tin trnh ang chy li bng cch tm tt tt
c cc li gi h thng System Call ca n chng c th thc hin trong bi cnh ca
h thng qun l tp ca mng (NetWork file System).
H iu hnh theo gii php (2)
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Trong trng hp ny ngi ta gi l h iu hnh phn tn v c th c thit k
mt trong hai m hnh: M hnh tin trnh hoc m hnh i tng.
Trong m hnh tin trnh mi ti nguyn (tp, a, thit b ngoi vi, ) c qun l
theo mt tin trnh no v h iu hnh mng iu khin s tng tc gia cc tin
trnh . Cc dch v ca h iu hnh mng tp trung truyn thng nh qun l tp, ln
lch cho b x l, iu khin terminal,... c qun l bi cc Server c bit c kh
nng tip nhn cc yu cu thc hin dch v tng ng trong nhiu trng hp cc
Server c th chy nh tin trnh ca ngi s dng thng thng.
Trong m hnh i tng, th gii bao gm cc i tng khc nhau, mi i tng
c mt kiu (type), mt biu din, v mt tp cc thao tc c th thc hin trn n.
thc hin mt thao tc trn mt i tng, chng hn c mt tp tin trn mt tin trnh
ngi s dng phi c giy php i vi i tng. Nhim v c bn ca h iu hnh
y l qun l cc giy php v cp pht cc giy php cho cc tin trnh thc
hin cho cc thao tc cn thit. Trong mt h tp trung, bn thn h iu hnh nm gi
cc giy php bn trong ngn nga nhng ngi s dng c gi mo chng. Trong
mt h phn tn cc giy php c lun chuyn theo mt cch no mi tin
trnh u c c hi nhn c giy php v sao cho ngi s dng khng th t to ra
c chng.
Vic thit k h iu hnh phn tn theo mi hnh i tng l mt hng i rt
trin vng v tn ti nhiu vn cn gii quyt trn vn hn. Cn i vi tin trnh th
chng ta c th thy r nhim v then cht chnh l xy dng c ch lin lc gia cc tin
trnh (Interprocess Communication - IPC). lm iu ngi ta s dng mt trong
hai cch: dng li gi hm (Function/procedure Calls) hoc chuyn thng bo (message
passing).
Khi cc li gi hm hoc th tc c dng lm c ch IPC, h thng y bao
gm tp v cc hm (hoc th tc) c vit tt theo ngn ng no . M ca cc hm
no c phn tn cho cc b vi x l. thc hin vic truyn thng gia cc my, mt
hm trn my ny c th gi mt hm trn my khc. Ng ngha ca cc li gi hm y
cng ging nh i vi cc li gi hm thng thng: hm gi b treo cho n khi hm
gi c kt thc, tham s c truyn t hm gi cho n hm c gi, cn kt qu
c chuyn theo chiu ngc li. Cch tip cn ny dn n mt h iu hnh c vit
nh mt chng trnh ln, u im l cht ch v nht qun, tuy nhin thiu mm do.
Nu dng phng php chuyn thng bo ca c ch IPC th cc tin trnh s lin
tc vi nhau bng cch chuyn thng bo. M ca cc tin trnh c tch bit v c th
vit bng cc ngn ng khc. Cch tip cn ny i hi nhiu vn hn cch tip cn
gi hm, chng hn vn a ch ha thit lp cc lin kt o, ct, hp thng bo, kim
sot lung d liu truyn thng bo (broad casting).
1.4.3. Cc kiu h iu hng mng
Trn mng cc b c hai kiu h iu hnh mng: kiu ngang hng v kiu da trn
am ch:
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1.4.3.1. Kiu ngang hng (peer-to-peer)
Mi trm u c quyn bnh ng nh nhau v u c th cung cp ti nguyn cho
cc trm khc. Cc ti nguyn cung cp c c th l tp (tng ng vi thit b l a),
my in. Ni chung trong cc mng ngang hng khng c vic bin mt my tnh thnh
mt trm lm vic ca mt my tnh khc. Trong mng ngang hng, thng thng cc
my s dng chung mt h iu hnh.
Win 3.1, Win 95, NT Workstation, AppleShare, Lanstic v Novell Lite l cc h iu
hnh mng ngang hng .
Cc c im ca mng ngang hng:
- Thch hp vi cc mng cc b quy m nh, n l, cc giao thc ring l, mc
thp v gi thnh r.
- Cc mng ngang hng c thit k ch yu cho cc mng ni b va v nh v s h
tr tt cc mng dng mt nn v mt giao thc. Cc mng trn nhiu nn, nhiu giao
thc s thch hp hn vi h iu hnh c my ch dch v.
- Yu cu chia s file v my in mt cch hn ch cn n gii php ngang hng.
- Ngi dng c php chia s file v ti nguyn nm trn my ca h v truy nhp n
cc ti nguyn c chia s trn my ngi khc, nhng khng c ngun qun l tp
trung.
- V mng ngang hng khng cn my c th lm my ch. Chng thng l mt phn
ca h iu hnh nn hay l phn b sung cho h iu hnh v thng r hn so vi cc
h iu hnh da trn my ch.
- Trong mt mng ngang hng, tt c cc my tnh c coi l bnh ng, bi v chng
c cng kh nng s dng cc ti nguyn c sn trn mng.
Nhng thun li:
- Chi ph ban u t - khng cn my ch chuyn dng.
- Ci t - Mt h iu hnh c sn (v d Win 95) c th ch cn cu hnh li hot
ng ngang hng.
Nhng bt li:
- Khng qun l tp trung c
- Bo mt km
- C th tn rt nhiu thi gian bo tr
1.4.3.2. Kiu h iu hnh mng c my ch (server based network)
Trong h iu hnh kiu ny, c mt s my c vai tr cung cp dch v cho my
khc gi l my ch (ng hn phi gi l my cung cp dch v m khi th phi
xem l my t).
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Cc dch v c nhiu loi, t dch v tp (cho php s dng tp trn my ch) ,
dch v in (do mt my ch iu khin nhng my in chung ca mng) ti cc dch v
nh th tn, WEB, DNS ...
Trong mng c my ch, h iu hnh trn my ch v my trm c th khc nhau.
Ngay trong trng hp my ch v my trm s dng cng mt h iu hnh th chc
nng ca bn trn my ch cng c th khc vi chc nng ci t trn my trm.
Sau y l mt s h iu hnh c dng my ch: Novell Netware 4.1 Microsoft
NT V4.0, Server, OS/2 LAN Server v Banyan Vines V6.0.
c im ca cc h iu hnh c my ch:
- H iu hnh cho cc mng an ton, hiu sut cao, chy trn nhiu nn khc nhau (k
c phn cng, h iu hnh v giao thc mng)
- Mt my ch l mt my tnh trong mng c chia s bi nhiu ngi dng, nh cc
my dch v file, my dch v in, my dch v truyn tin. Ni cch khc, n c thit
k cung cp mt dch v c th - khc vi cc h my tnh nhiu ngi dng, tp
trung v a mc ch - mc d my dch v file kt hp vi cc h thng nh h iu
hnh mng Novell's NetWare 3.xx hay 4.xx thng hot ng theo cch .
- Kim sot quyn s dng trn tan mng ti my ch.
- Cung cp cc dch v th mc trn tan mng.
- Cc gii php da trn my ch c coi l s qun tr mng tp trung v thng l
my qun l mng ni b chuyn dng.
- Bn thn my ch c th ch l my ch chuyn dng nh Novell Netware 4.1, my
ny khng th hot ng nh mt my trm. Cng c nhng h iu hnh m my ch
NT cng c th c s dng nh mt my trm.
1.4.3.3. M hnh khch/ch (client/server)
u thp nin 60, vic s dng my tnh thc hin theo m hnh tp trung. Cc
trm thc s ch lm vic giao tip cn vic x l thc s tin hnh mt my tnh no
. Nh vy vi m hnh ny hon ton khng c x l cng tc. Mt pht trin tip theo
l m hnh x l ch t (master/slaver) vi vic mt my x l v chuyn giao mt s
cng vic cho cc my cp thp hn, hon ton khng c vic my cp thp hn lin lc
hoc giao vic theo chiu ngc li. Nh vy qu trnh cng tc ch l mt chiu.
Mt bc t ph trong m hnh tnh ton cng tc l m hnh chia s thit b
(shared device) theo mt my c th cho my khc s dng thit b ca mnh (ch yu
l a v my in). H iu hnh mng theo kiu ngang hng hay c s dng my ch dch
v u c th dng cho m hnh ny. Tuy nhin ch mc ny thi th chnh CPU cha
b chia s ngha l cha c s phn tn trong x l m ch yu l phn tn thng tin.
Ngay c vic s dng my in t xa cng khng mang ngha ca x l phn tn v thc
cht ch l gi ni dung in ti hng i ca mt my in do mt my tnh no qun l
m thi. My ch cung cp dch v in khng to ra gi tr mi cho cng vic ca my u
thc dch v in.
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Trong nhng nm gn y xut hin m hnh khch ch trong mt s my
ch ng vai tr cung ng dch v theo yu cu ca cc my trm. My trm trong m
hnh ny gi l my khch (client) l ni gi cc yu cu x l v my ch. My ch
(server) x l v gi kt qu v my khch. My khch c th tip tc x l cc kt qu
ny phc v cho cng vic. Nh vy my khch chu trch nhim ch yu v giao din
v ch m nhn mt phn x l. Trong m hnh khch/ch x l thc s phn tn.
Ta ni n m hnh khch ch ch khng ni n h iu hnh khch ch v trn
thc t m hnh khch ch yu cu phi c mt h iu hnh da trn my ch d my
ch ny trong mng cc b hay my ch cung cp dch v t mt mng khc. Hu ht
cc ng dng trn Internet l ng dng khch ch s dng t xa.
Lu rng cc tin trnh khch v ch i khi c th thc hin trn cng mt my
tnh
- Client process v server process c th hot ng trn cng mt b x l, trn cc b
s l khc nhau cng mt my (cc b x l song song), hoc trn cc b x l
khc nhau trn cc my khc nhau (x l phn tn).
- Mt iu quan trng cn nhn thy l c h iu hnh ngang hng v h iu hnh
da trn my ch u c th tha mn m hnh khch/ch. Trn thc t, hu ht cc
h iu hnh hin i u cung cp t nht mt vi chc nng khch-ch.
H iu hnh khch/ch
Cc h iu hnh cho cu trc khch/ch bao gm: Sun Solaris NFS, UnixWare NFS,
Novell Netware v Windows NT Server.
- H iu hnh khch/ch cho php mng tp trung cc chc nng v cc ng dng ti mt
hay nhiu my dch v file chuyn dng. Theo cch ny, chng c th hot ng nh
trng hp c bit ca h iu hnh da trn my ch.
- Cc my dch v file tr thnh trung tm c h thng, cung cp s truy cp ti cc ti
nguyn v cung cp s bo mt. Cc my trm ring l (my khch) c truy nhp ti
cc ti nguyn c sn trn my dch v file.
- OS cung cp c ch tch hp tt c cc b phn ca mng v cho php nhiu ngi dng
ng thi chia s cng mt ti nguyn bt k v tr vt l
- Cc h iu hnh ngang hng cng c th hot ng nh h iu hnh khch/ch nh vi
Unix/NFS v Windows 95.
Cc im thun li ca mt mng khch/ch:
- Cho php c iu khin tp trung v khng tp trung: Cc ti nguyn v bo mt d liu
c th c iu khin qua mt my ch chuyn dng hay ri rc trn tan mng.
- Chng qu ti mng
- Cho php s dng cc my, cc mng chy trn cc nn khc nhau
- m bo ton vn d liu
- Gim chi ph pht trin h thng
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
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1.4.4. Cc chc nng ca mt h iu hnh mng
Sau y l cc chc nng c th m mt h iu hnh mng.
Cung cp phng tin lin lc gia cc tin trnh, gia nhng ngi s dng v gia cc
ti nguyn ni chung ca ton mng. C th k dn cc kha cnh sau:
+ Chuyn d liu gia cc tin trnh
+ ng b ho cc tin trnh
+ Cung cp phng tin lin lc gia ngi s dng. mc thp c th l to, lu
chuyn v hin th cc thng bo nng trc tuyn, mc cao c th l nhn tin
(paging) hoc th tn in t (Email)
H tr cho cc h iu hnh ca my trm - cho php truy nhp ti my ch t cc my
trm. Cc h iu hnh mng hin i u cung cp cc h tr cho cc h iu hnh khc
nhau chy trn cc my trm khch. Sau y l mt s v d minh ho vn ny:
Cc h iu hnh UNIX cung cp cc chng trnh chy trn DOS c tn l NFS
(Network File System) khi ng trn DOS cc my PC c th s dng h thng tp
ca cc my ch UNIX.
Mt s h iu hnh nh Windows NT v Windows 95 cung cp h tr cho cc
dch v th mc Novell (NDS) cho php chng truy nhp trc tip ti ti nguyn trn
my ch Novell Netware.
Dch v nh tuyn v cng ni - cho php truyn thng gia cc giao thc mng khc
nhau. V d mt my chy trn Novell NetWare vi giao thc IPX/SPX khng th chy
trc tip cc ng dng trn TCP/IP nh mt s cc ng dng Internet. Tuy vy nu c
cc modun chuyn i giao thc bin cc gi tin IPX/SPX thnh gi tin TCP/IP khi cn
gi t mng Netware ra ngoi v ngc li th mt my chy Netware c th giao tip
c vi Internet. Kin trc ca Netware c ODI (Open Datalink Interface ) l phn
chuyn i v chng (bao gi) cc giao thc khc nhau.
Dch v danh mc v tn. (Name /Directory Services)
+ c th khai thc tt ti nguyn trn mng, NSD cn nhn thy mt cch d dng
cc tn ti nguyn (thit b, tp) ca ton mng mt cch tng th. V th mt dch
v cung cp danh mc ti nguyn l v cng quan trng.
+ ng nhin vic NSD nhn thy cc ti nguyn no cn ph thuc vo thm quyn
ca ngi . Mi khi vo mng, khi NSD c mng nhn din, h c th nhn
thy nhng ti nguyn c php s dng.
+ Trong NOVELL dch v chnh l NDS (Netware Directory Services). Trong
Windows NT hay Windows95 chnh l chc nng browser m ta thy c ci
t trong explorer. Trong UNIX vi lnh mount ta c th kt ni tn ti nguyn ca
mt h thng con vo h thng ti nguyn chung.
Bo mt Chc nng ny m bo vic kim sot cc quyn truy cp mng, quyn s
dng ti nguyn ca mng. Cc phng php c p dng bao gm :
Dng cc dch v a iu khin bo mt:
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
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+ Chia a cng ca my ch thnh cc phn c gi l volume hay partition sau
gn volume c php cho ngi dng
+ nh cc thm quyn trn tp v th mc. C nhiu loi thm quyn. It nht th cc
thm quyn c c, c ghi v c thc hin c p dng cho a s cc h
iu hnh mng. Mt s h iu hnh quy nh thm quyn kh chi tit nh quyn
c xo, quyn c sao chp, quyn xem th mc, quyn to th mc. Cc quyn
ny li c xem xt cho n tng nhm i tng nh c nhn, nhm l vic hay
tt c mi ngui.
+ Thm quyn vo mng hay thc hin mt s dch v c nhn din qua tn ngui
s dng v mt khu.
+ M ho cc gi tin trn mng.
+ Mt s h iu hnh cn cho php m ho phn cng kim sot vic s dng thit
b.
Cung cp phng tin chia s ti nguyn. Nhng ti nguyn trn mng c th cho php
nhiu ngi uc s dng. ng k nht l a (thc cht l tp v th mc) v my in
(thc cht l my tnh qun l hng i ca my in). h iu hnh M phi c cc cng c
cho php to ra cc ti nguyn c th chia s uc. Cc ti nguyn chia s c phi l
cc ti nguyn c lp vi mi ng dng. Chnh v vy n phi c cung cp cc trnh
iu khin (driver) ph hp vi mng. My in, modem .... l cc ti nguyn nh vy.
Trn mng cng cn c cc cng c can thip vo hot ng ca cc ti nguyn mng v
d: nh ch mt tin trnh truy nhp mng t xa, thay i th t hng trn my in
mng...
To tnh trong sut ngi s dng khng nhn thy kh khn trong khi s dng cc ti
nguyn mng cng nh ti nguyn ti ch. Chnh dch v th mc v tn ni trn l mt
v d v chc nng ny. Trong Windows 95/NT ngi ta c th duyt th mc trn ton
mng khng c g khc vi vic duyt th mc trong a cc b
Sao lu d phng - i vi bt k h thng no, chy trn mi trng no, vn sao
lu d phng cng quan trng c th hi phc thng tin ca h thng sau mt s c
gy mt d liu. Tuy nhin trong mi trng mng th vic sao lu c th thc hin c
vic sao lu mt cch t ng qua mng. Chnh v th cc cc h iu hnh mng u
cung cp cng c sao lu nh mt chc nng c bn. C nhiu phng php sao lu.
Trn Novell cho php soi gng (mirroring) cc a m ta c th t trong khi ci t
h thng. Novell c c mt dch v tn l SMS (Storage Management Services) cung cp
cc cng c sao chp, hi phc khng ch d liu ca NSD m c d liu ca h thng v
d NDS. NT c chc nng replicate khng nhng i vi a m cn mc th mc v
nh k. iu rt cn thit khng ch trn mng cc b m ngay c trn mng rng.
1.5. KT NI LIN MNG
1.5.1. Cc tip cn
Lin mng (Internetwork) l mt tp hp ca nhiu mng ring l c ni kt li
bi cc thit b ni mng trung gian v chng vn hnh nh ch l mt mng ln. kt
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
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ni cc mng ang tn ti li vi nhau, ngi ta thng xut pht t mt trong hai quan
im sau:
1) Xem mi nt ca mng con nh l mt h thng m
2) Xem mi mng con nh l mt h thng m.
Quan im 1 cho php mi nt ca mng con c truyn thng trc tip vi mt nt
ca mt mng con bt k khc. Nh vy ton b cc mng con cng s l nt mt mng
ln hn v tun th mt kin trc chung.
Trong khi vi quan im 2, hai nt thuc hai mng con khc nhau khng th bt
tay trc tip vi nhau c m phi thng qua mt phn t trung gia, gi l giao din
kt ni t gia hai mng con . C ngha l cng hnh thnh mt mng mng ln hn
gm cc giao din kt ni v cc my tnh (host) c ni vi nhau bi cc mng con .
Tng ng vi hai quan im c hai chin lc kt ni mng khc nhau. Mt
chin lc (tng ng vi quan im 1) tm cch xy dng cc chun chung cho cc
mng (cc chun ca ISO, CCITT theo quan im ny). Mt chin lc khc (tngn
vi quan im 2) c gng xy dng cc giao din kt ni tn trng tnh c lp ca
cc cc mng hin c. R rng s hi t v mt chun chung l mt iu l tng, nhng
r rng l khng th ngay tc khc loi b hng vn mng ang tn ti trn th gii c,
m phi tm cch tn dng chng. Trn th trng hin nay c rt nhiu cc sn phm
giao din cho php chuyn i gia cc mng khc nhau, l mt minh chng sng
ng cho sc sng ca quan im 2.
1.5.2. Giao din kt ni
Kt ni lin mng c th c thc hin nhng tng khc nhau, ty thuc vo
mc ch m ta dng cc thit b kt ni khc nhau. Bng di y lit k mt s thit b
kt ni tng ng vi cc tng khc nhau:










1.6. CU HI V BI TP
(ang tip tc b sung)


L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
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CHNG 2. KIN TRC PHN TNG OSI
2.1. TNG VT L (PHYSICAL)
2.1.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng vt l.
Theo nh ngha ca ISO, tng vt l cung cp cc phng tin in, c, chc nng,
th tc kch hot, duy tr v nh ch cc lin kt vt l gia cc h thng.
Trong , thuc tnh in lin quan n s biu din cc bt (cc mc tn hiu) v
tc truyn cc bit, thuc tnh c lin quan n cc tnh cht vt l ca giao din vt l
vi mt ng truyn (kch thc, cu hnh). Thuc tnh chc nng ch ra cc chc nng
c thc hin bi cc phn t ca giao din vt l gi mt h thng v ng truyn vt
l, v thuc tnh th tc lin quan n cc giao thc iu khin vic truyn cc xu boit
qua ng truyn vt l.
Khc vi cc tng khc, tng vt l l khng c gi tin ring v do vy khng c
phn u (header) cha thng tin iu khin, d liu c truyn i theo dng bit.
Trong hnh 2.1 a), A v B l hai h thng m c ni vi nhau bng mt on cp
ng trc v mt on cp quang. Modem C chuyn i tn hiu t tn hiu s sang tn
hiu tng t truyn trn cp ng, v modem D li chuyn i tn hiu t tn hiu
tng t sang tn hiu s. Transducer E chuyn i t xung in thnh xung nh sng
truyn qua cc quang. Cui cng Transducer F chuyn i thnh xung in i vo B.
Hnh 2.1 b) l mi trng logic ca tng vt l. y, mt thc th vt l l mt
cu trc logic giao din vi ng truyn vt l. Cc thc th c mt trong cc h
H thng A C D E F H thng B
Cp ng trc Cp quang
a) Mi trng thc
Thc th
tng vt
l
Thc th
tng vt
l
Thc th
tng vt
l
Giao thc tng vt l Giao thc tng vt l
ng truyn vt l ng truyn vt l
SAP cho tng vt l SAP cho tng vt l
b) Mi trng logic
Hnh 2.1 Quan h ca tng vt l vi mi trng thc
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thng A, B v cng c th c thc th vtt l giao din gia D v E. Thc th trung
gian ny l mt b chuyn tip hot ng tng vt l giao din vi cc ng truyn
vy l khc nhau.
Mt giao thc tng vt l gia cc thc th vt l quy nh pgng thc truyn
(ng b, d b) v tc truyn,.. iu mong mun l giao thc pi c lp ti a
vi ng truyn vt l cho mt h thng c th giao din vi nhiu ng truyn
khc nhau. Do vy, cc chun vt l s phi bao gm khng ch cc thc th m cn c
c t ca giao di vi n truyn. Di y ta s xem st cc chun .
2.1.2. Cc chun cho giao din vt l
Trc khi vo phn ny chng ta hy lm quen vi hai thut ng mi, l thit b
cui d liu (Data Terminal Equipment DTE) v thit b cui knh d liu (Data Circuit
Terminal Equipment DCE).
DTE l mt thut ng chung ch cc my ca ngi s dng cui (end-user), c
th l my tnh hoc mt trm cui (terrminal). Tt c cc ng dng ca ngi dng u
nm DTE. Mc ch ca vic ni mng chnh l ni cc DTE li vi nhau chia s
ti nguyn, lu tr thng tin chung v trao i d liu.
DCE l thut ng chung ch cc thit b lm nhim v kt ni cc DTE vi ng
truyn. N c th l mt Modem, Transducer, Multiplexing. DCE c th c ci t
ngay bn trong DTE hoc ng ring nh mt thit b c lp. Chc nng ch yu ca n
l chuyn i tn hiu biu din d liu ca ngi dng thnh tn hiu chp nhn c
bi ng truyn v ngc li.
Trong hnh 2.1 trn, cc h thng m A, B chnh l cc DTE, cn cc Modem C,
D v Tranducer E, F ng vai tr l cc DCE.
a s cc trng hp kt ni mng my tnh s dng cng mt kiu giao din vt l
thun tin cho vic truyn thng trc tip gia cc sn phm khc loi, khi phi thc
hin vic chuyn i rc ri. Cc c t v hot ng ca cc DTE v DCE c a ra
bi nhiu t chc chun ha nh CCITT, EIA v IEEE. ISO cng cng b cc c t
v cc u ni c hc kt ni gia cc DCE v DTE.
Vic truyn d liu ch yu c thc hin thng qua mng in thoi, bi th cc
t chc trn a ra nhiu khuyn ngh v vn ny. Cc khuyn ngh loi V v loi
X ca CCITT l mt v d in hnh. Chng l cc c t tng vt l c s dng ph
bin nht trn th gii, c bit l Ty u. Bn cnh cc chun thuc h RS- (nay
i thnh EIA-) ca EIA cng c s dng rt ph bin, c bit l Bc M. Di
y ta s xem xt mt s chun thng dng nht.
V24/RS-232-C:
L hai h chun tng ng ca CCITT v EIA nhm nh ngha giao din vt l
gia DTE v DCE (gia my tnh v Modem chng hn). V phng din c, cc sn
phm ny s dng cc u ni 25 chn (25- pin connector). V in, cc chun ny quy
nh cc tn hiu s nh phn 0 v 1 tng ng vi cc th hiu nh hn -3V v ln hn
+3V. Tc tn hiu khng vt qu 20 Kbps vi khong cch ti a l 15m.
Trong trng hp c bit, khi khong cch gia cc thit b qu gn n mc cho
php hai DTE c th truyn trc tip tn hiu vi nhau, lc cc mch RS-232-C vn c
th c dng nhng khng cn c mt DCE na.
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
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T nm 1987, RS-232-C c sa v dt tn li l EIA-232-D.
RS-449/422-A/423-A:
Nhc im chnh ca V24/RS-232-C l s hn ch v tc i v khong cch.
ci thin yu im , EIA a ra mootj tp cc chun mi thay th, l RS-449,
RS-422-A v RS-423-A. Mc d chun RS-232-C vn c s dng nhiu nht cho giao
din DET/DCE, nhng cc chun mi ni trn cng ang ngy cng c s dng nhiu
hn. RS-449 nh ngha cc dc trng c, chc nng, cn RS-422-A v RS-4232-A nh
ngha cc c trng v in ca chun mi.
RS-449 tng t nh RS-232-C v c th lin tc vi chun c,. V phng din
chc nng, RS-449 gi li ton b cc mch ca RS-232-C (tr mch AA), v thm vo
10 mch mi, trong c cc mch quan trng l: IS, NS, SF, LL, RL, TM.
V phng din c, RS-449 dng u ni 37-chn cho giao din c bn v dng
mt u ni 9 chn ring bit cho knh ph. Song trong nhiu trng hp, ch c mt s
chn c s dng.
V phng din th tc, RS-449 tng t nh RS-232-C. Mi mch c chc nng
ring v vic truyn tin da trn cc cp tc ng-phn ng. V d DTE thc hin
Request to Send th sau n s ik DCE tr li vi Clear to Send.
Ci tin ch yu ca RS-449 so vi RS-232-C l cc dc trng v in, v cc
chun RS-422-A, RS-423-A nh ngha cc c trng . Trog khi RS-232-C c thit
k thi i ca cc linh kin in t ri rc th cc chun mi c tip nhn cc u
vit ca cng ngh mc t hp (IC). RS-423-A s dng phng thc truyn thng khng
cn bng, t tc 3Kbps khong cch 1000m v 300 Kbps khong cch 10m.
Ttrong khi , RS-422-A s dng phng thc truyn thng cn bng, t tc
100Kbps khong cch 1200m v ti 10 Mbps khong cch 12m.
Ngoi cc chun trn EIA cn hpt trin cc chun khc nh EIA-530 thay th
cho EIA-232 trong trng hp cc giao i hi tc cao hn 20Kbps, hau EIA-366
nh ngha giao din cho cc thit b t ng, mt modem v mt DTE.
2.2. TNG LIN KT D LIU (DATA LINK)
2.2.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng lin kt d liu
Tng lin kt d liu cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng tin qua lin kt vt
l m bo tin cy thng qua cc c ch ng b ha, kim sat li v kim sot lung
d liu.
Tng lin kt d liu (data link layer) l tng m ngha c gn cho cc bt
c truyn trn mng. Tng lin kt d liu phi quy nh c cc dng thc, kch
thc, a ch my gi v nhn ca mi gi tin c gi i. N phi xc nh c ch truy
nhp thng tin trn mng v phng tin gi mi gi tin sao cho n c a n cho
ngi nhn nh.
Tng lin kt d liu cng cung cp cch pht hin v sa li c bn m bo
cho d liu nhn c ging hon ton vi d liu gi i. Nu mt gi tin c li khng
sa c, tng lin kt d liu phi ch ra c cch thng bo cho ni gi bit gi tin
c li n gi li.
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
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2.2.2. Cc giao thc ca tng lin kt d liu
Cng ging nh tng Vt l, c rt nhiu giao thc c xy dng cho tng ny, gi
chung l cc giao thc lin kt d liu (Data Link Protcol- DLP). C DLP c phn chia
thnh hai loi: ng b v d b. Trong , loi ng b li c chia thnh 2 nhm l
hng k t v hng bit (xem s hnh 2.2).
DLP d b:
Cc DLP d b s dng phng thc truyn d b, tc l khng cn c s ng b
lin tc gia ngi gi v ngi nhn, N cho php mt n v d liu c truyn i bt
k lc no m khng cn quan tm n cc tn hiu ng b trc . giao thc loi
ny, cc bt c bit START v STOP c dng tch cc xu bit biu din cc k t
trong dng d liu c truyn i. Cc giao thc loi ny thng c dng trong cc
my in bo hoc cc my tnh trm cui tc thp. Phn ln cc my PC s dng
phng thc truyn d b v tnh n gin ca n.
DLP ng b:
Phng thc truyn thng ng b s dng cc k t c bit SYN, EOT hay n
gin l cc c (flag) gia c kd liu cangi dng bo cho ngi nhn bit rng d
liu ang n hay n.










Cc giao thc tng lin kt d liu ng b gm cc giao thc hng k t v cc
giao thc hng bit. Cc giao thc hng k t c xy dng da trn cc k t c
bit ca mt b m chun no (nh ASCII hay EBCDIC), trong khi cc giao thc
hng bit li dng cc cu trc nh phn (xu bit) xy dng cc phn t ca giao thc
(n v d liu, cc th tc) v khi nhn, d liu s c tip nhn ln lt tng bit mt.
Di y chng ta s xem xt k hn hai loi giao thc ny.
2.2.3. Cc giao thc hng k t
Cc giao thc loi ny xut hin t nhng nm 60 v n nay n vn c s dng.
Chng c dng cho c hai phng thc truyn da trn cch kt ni cc my tnh,
l phng thc "mt im - mt im" v phng thc "mt im - nhiu im". Vi
phng thc "mt im - mt im" cc ng truyn ring bit c thit lp ni cc
cp my tnh li vi nhau. Phng thc "mt im - nhiu im " tt c cc my phn
chia chung mt ng truyn vt l.

Giao thc lin kt d liu
Giao thc ng b
Giao thc d b
Giao thc hng k t Giao thc hng bit
Hnh 2.2. Phn loi cc giao thc lin kt d liu
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Cc giao thc loi ny c th p ng cho cc phng thc khai thc ng truyn
khc nhau: mt chiu (simplex), hai chiu lun phin (half-duplex) v hai chiu ng
thi (full-duplex).
i vi phng thc mt chiu, giao thc hng k t c dng rng ri nht l
giao thc truyn tp Kermit do i hc Columbia (M) ch tc. Kermit c nhiu phin
bn cho php truyn tp gia 2 my PC, hoc mt PC v mt my ch (file server) hoc
mt my tnh ln (maiframe).
i vi phng thc hai chiu lun phin, giao thc hng k t ni ting nht l
giao thc BSC (Binary Synchronous Control) hay cn gi l Bisync- mt sn phm ca
IBM. Giao thc ny c ly Iso ly lm c s xy dng giao thc hng k t
chun quc t vi tn gi l Basic Mode. Bi vy ta s trnh by chi tit v giao thc ny.
C rt t giao thc hng k t cho phng thc hai chiu ng thi. V d cho loi
ny l giao thc gia cc nt chuyn mch (IMP Interface Message Protcol) trong
mng ARPANET ca b quc phng M.
Giao thc BSC/Basic mode
H giao thc ny p dng cho trng hp im-im, hoc im-nhiu im v hai
chiu lun phin; s dng cc k t c bit ca b m EBCDIC (i vi BSC) v ASCII
(i vi Basic Mode).
Cc k t c bit gm:
SOH (Start Of Header): ch bt u ca phn header
STX (Start Of Text): ch phn bt u ca phn d liu (vn bn)
ETX (End Of Text): ch phn kt thc ca phn d liu
EOT (End Of Transmission): ch s kt thc ca mt hoc nhiu n v d liu v
gii phng lin kt).
ETB (End Of Transmission Block): ch s kt thc ca mt khi d liu trong
trng hp d liu c chia thnh nhiu khi.
ENQ (Enquiry): yu cu phc p t mt trm xa.
DLE (Data Link Escape): thay i ngha ca cc k t iu khin khc
ACK (Acknowledge): bo cho ngi gi bit nhn tt d liu
NAK (Negative Acknowledge): bo cho ngi gi bit nhn khng tt d liu
SYN (Synchronous Idle): k t ng b, dng duy tr s ng b gia ngi gi
v ngi nhn.
Hnh 2.3. Cc ng truyn kt ni kiu "mt im - mt im" v
"mt im - nhiu im".
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
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n v d liu (frame) ca n c khun dng nh sau:
SOH Header STX Text ETX BCC
Trong BCC(block Check Character): l 8 bit kim tra li theo kiu bit chn l
theo khi cho cc k t thuc vng Text (trong trng hp Basic Mode), hoc 16 bit
kim tra li theo phng php CRC-16 cho vng Text (trong trng hp BSC). Cc
phng php kim tra li s c cp trong chng 4. Kch thc vng Text c
gii hn m bo c kim sot li khi truyn. Trong trng hp d liu ln th c
th chia thnh nhiu khi nh (block). Gi s Text c chia lm 3 khi, khi khun
dng cc khi d liu nh sau:
Khi 1: SOH Id Header STX Text1 ETB BCC

Khi 2: SOH Id STX Text2 ETB BCC

Khi 3: SOH Id STX Text3 ETB BCC

Cc th tc chnh ca BSC/Basic Mode:
Mi truyn tin:
Gi s trm A mun mi trm B truyn tin, A s gi lnh sau ti B:
EOT B ENQ
Trong : B l a ch ca trm c mi truyn tin,
EOT chuyn lin kt sang trng thi iu khin.
Khi B nhn c lnh ny, c th xy ra hai trng hp,:
- Nu c tin truyn th trm B s cu to mt n v d liu v gi cho A.
- Nu khng c tin gi, B s gi EOT tr li.
pha A, sau khi gi lnh i qu mt thi gian xc nh trc m khng nhn c
tr li ca B, hoc l nhn c tr li sai th A s chuyn sang trng thi phc hi.
Trng thai ny s c ni n ngay sau y.
Mi nhn tin:
Gi s trm A mun mi trm B nhn tin, A s gi lnh tng t nh trn ti B:
EOT B ENQ
y EOT c th vng mt.
Khi B nhn c lnh ny, nu B sn sng nhn tin th trm B s gi ACK v A,
ngc li n s gi NAK.
pha A, sau khi gi lnh i qu mt thi gian xc nh trc m khng nhn c
tr li ca B, hoc l nhn c tr li sai th A s chuyn sang trng thi phc hi.
Yu cu tr li:
Khi mt trm cn trm khc tr li mt yu cu no gi i trc, n ch cn
gi lnh ENQ cho trm kia.
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Ngng truyn tin (tm thi): gi lnh EOT
Gii phng lin kt: gi lnh DLE EOT
Tring thi phc hi: Khi mt trm no i vo trm thi phc h n s thc in
mt trong cc hnh ng sau:
Lp li lnh gi n ln (n l mt soos nguyn chn trc)
Gi yu cu tr li n ln
Kt thc truyn bng cch gi lnh EOT
thy r hn phng thc trao i thng tin ca giao thc BSC/Basic Mode ta
dng s minh ha hnh ... di y, trong c hai trng hp: thng thng v hi
thoi.

























Trm A Trm B
ENQ
ACK
STX...ETX BCC
ACK
STX...ETX BCC
ACK
EOT
ENQ
ACK
STX...ETX BCC
ACK
EOT
Trm A Trm B
ENQ
ACK
STX...ETX BCC
STX...ETX BCC
ACK
STX...ETX BCC
EOT
Hnh 2.4. S minh ha hot ng ca giao thc BSC/Basic Mode
(dng thng thng) (dng hi thoi)
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2.2.4. Cc giao thc hng bit
Giao thc HDLC
HDLC h tr 3 ch trao i s liu
NRM (Normal Response Mode) = ch tr li bnh thng: c s dng cu hnh
khng cn i, S ch pht khi c yu cu ca P.
ARM (Asynchronous Response Mode) = ch tr li khng ng b: c s dng
cu hnh khng cn i, cho php S pht khng cn nhn c yu cu ca P.
ABM (Asynchronous Balanced Mode) = ch tr li khng ng b cu hnh cn
i; hu nh ch c s dng trong mng kt ni point-to-point + full-duplex. Hai thit
b trao i vi nhau l bnh ng v chc nng (P v S)
Khun dng gi s liu (HDLC Frame Format)






Flag - trng ng b = 7EH = 0111.1110
Address - trng a ch, cha /c thit b ch
+ Group address
+ Broadcast address













L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
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Control - trng iu khin: kt ni, truyn v kt thc kt ni
Gi s liu I-Frame:
N(S), N(R) c s dng iu khin lu lng thu/pht. Ngoi ra N(S), N(R) cn
xc nh ln ca ca s c s dng trao i s liu bng HDLC.
P/F= Poll/Final
P/F = 1 = P: yu cu S phi thc hin lnh v tr li kt qu thc hin; S bo
co thc hin lnh
P/F = 0 = F: Ht thng tin cn gi
Gi iu khin S-Frame:
bit P/F ging nh trn
S = 00: RR (Receive Ready) - sn sng nhn, nhn ti gi tin th N(R)-1
S = 01: REJ (Reject) - yu cu pht li t N(R)
S = 10: RNR(Receive Not Ready) - cha sn sng, nhn ti N(R)-1
S = 11: SREJ (Selative REJ) - yu cu pht li c chn lc, ch ring N(R)
Gi iu khin U-Frame: Bo ni/tch h thng
SARM (1 1 1 1 P 0 0 0): yu cu ni c phn bit Master/Slave, tuy vy Slave c th
hi.
SNRM (1 1 0 0 P 0 0 1): yu cu ni mode bnh thng, c Master/Slave, Slave
khng c hi, ch c php tr li.
SABM (1 1 1 1 P 1 0 0): khng phn bit my chnh, my ph, c hai my coi nh
nhau; nu P=1 th yu cu tr li.
DISC (1 1 0 0 P 0 1 0): yu cu tch h thng, nu tr li UA tc l ng . UA (1 1
0 0 F 1 1 0): thng bo tr li. (Control frame cng c th b mt, ging nh cc
frame s liu, v th cng cn bin nhn (ACK). Frame c bit dnh cho mc ch
ny l UA).
Nguyn tc hot ng ca HDLC
Qun tr thit lp v gii phng kt ni (V(x) = seq. #):
a) NRM multidrop link, truyn 1 hng
A: SNRM(B,P=1) (Polling B station)
B: UA(B,F=1)
A: DISC(B,P=1)
B: UA(B,F=1)
b) ABM point-to-point link, truyn 2 hng
A: SABM(B,P=1)
B: UA(B,F=1)
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B: DISC(A,P=1)
A: UA(A,F=1)
























2.3. TNG MNG (NETWORK)
2.3.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng mng
Tng mng (network layer) nhm n vic kt ni cc mng vi nhau bng cch tm
ng (routing) cho cc gi tin t mt mng ny n mt mng khc. N xc nh vic
chuyn hng, vch ng cc gi tin trong mng, cc gi ny c th phi i qua nhiu
chng trc khi n c ch cui cng. N lun tm cc tuyn truyn thng khng tc
nghn a cc gi tin n ch.
Hnh 2.5. Lu thi gian thc hin giao thc HDLC
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Tng mng cung cp cc phng tin truyn cc gi tin qua mng, thm ch qua
mt mng ca mng (network of network). Bi vy n cn phi p ng vi nhiu kiu
mng v nhiu kiu dch v cung cp bi cc mng khc nhau. Hai chc nng ch yu
ca tng mng l chn ng (routing) v chuyn tip (relaying). Tng mng l quan
trng nht khi lin kt hai loi mng khc nhau nh mng Ethernet vi mng Token Ring
khi phi dng mt b tm ng (quy nh bi tng mng) chuyn cc gi tin t
mng ny sang mng khc v ngc li.
i vi mt mng chuyn mch gi (packet - switched network) - gm tp hp cc
nt chuyn mch gi ni vi nhau bi cc lin kt d liu. Cc gi d liu c truyn t
mt h thng m ti mt h thng m khc trn mng phi c chuyn qua mt chui
cc nt. Mi nt nhn gi d liu t mt ng vo (incoming link) ri chuyn tip n
ti mt ng ra (outgoing link) hng n ch ca d liu. Nh vy mi nt trung
gian n phi thc hin cc chc nng chn ng v chuyn tip.
Ngoi 2 chc nng quan trng ni trn, tng mng cng thc hin mt s chc nng
khc, l: thit lp, duy tr v gii phng cc lin kt logic (cho tng mng), kim sot
li, kim sot lung d liu, dn/tch knh, ct/hp d liu,..
2.3.2. Cc k thut chn ng trong mng my tnh
2.3.2.1. Tng quan
Vic chn ng l s la chn mt con ng truyn mt n v d liu (mt
gi tin chng hn) t trm ngun ti trm ch ca n. Mt k thut chn ng phi
thc hin hai chc nng chnh sau y:
Quyt nh chn ng ti u da trn cc thng tin c v mng ti thi im
thng qua nhng tiu chun ti u nht nh.
Cp nht cc thng tin v mng, tc l thng tin dng cho vic chn ng, trn
mng lun c s thay i thng xuyn nn vic cp nht l vic cn thit.







Hnh 2.6. M hnh chuyn vn cc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch
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Ngi ta c hai phng thc p ng cho vic chn ng l phng thc x l tp
trung v x l ti ch.
Phng thc chn ng x l tp trung c c trng bi s tn ti ca mt
(hoc vi) trung tm iu khin mng, chng thc hin vic lp ra cc bng ng i
ti tng thi im cho cc nt v sau gi cc bng chn ng ti tng nt dc theo
con ng c chn . Thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn
ng ch cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti trung tm iu khin mng.
Phng thc chn ng x l phn tn c c trng bi vic chn ng c
thc hin ti mi nt ca mng. Trong tng thi im, mi nt phi duy tr cc thng
tin ca mng v t xy dng bng chn ng cho mnh. Nh vy cc thng tin tng
th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn ng cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti mi nt.
Thng thng cc thng tin c o lng v s dng cho vic chn ng bao
gm:
Trng thi ca ng truyn.
Thi gian tr khi truyn trn mi ng dn.
Mc lu thng trn mi ng.
Cc ti nguyn kh dng ca mng.
Khi c s thay i trn mng (v d thay i v cu trc ca mng do s c ti mt
vi nt, phc hi ca mt nt mng, ni thm mt nt mi... hoc thay i v mc lu
thng) cc thng tin trn cn c cp nht vo cc c s d liu v trng thi ca mng.
Hin nay khi nhu cu truyn thng a phng tin (tch hp d liu vn bn,
ho, hnh nh, m thanh) ngy cng pht trin i hi cc cng ngh truyn dn tc
cao nn vic pht trin cc h thng chn ng tc cao ang rt c quan tm.
2.3.2.2. Cc gii thut tm ng ti u
y Gii thut Dijkstra cho k thut chn ng tp trung.
Bi ton t ra l: tm ng i c di (mt i lng c dng lm thc
o, v d tr, cc ph truyn tin) cc tiu, t mt nt (ngun) cho trc n mi nut
cn li ca mng (ch). y ta coi mng nh l mt th c hng G(V,E), V l tp
nh vi n nh tng ng vi n nt mng, E l tp cung ca th. Ma trn trng s l
a[u,v], u,v V.
Thut ton c xy dng da trn c s gn cho cc nh cc nhn tm thi. Nhn
ca mi nh cho bit cn ca di ng i ngn nht t s n n. Cc nhn ny s
c bin i theo mt th tc lp, m mi bc lp c mt nhn tm thi tr thnh
nhn c nh. Nu nhn ca mt nh no tr thnh mt nhn c nh th n s cho ta
khng phi l cn trn m l di ca ng i ngn nht t nh s n n. Thut ton
c m t c th nh sau.
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Th d. Tm ng i ngn nht t C n cc nh cn li ca th hnh di y.







A
B
C
D
E
H F
G
1 4
6
5
3 1
4 3
8
7
2
9
Hnh 2.7. Minh ha thut ton Dijkstra
Procedure Dijstra;
(* u vo:
th c hng G=(V,E) vi n nh,
s V l nh xut pht, a[u,v], u,v V l ma trn trng s;
Gi thit: a[u,v]0, u,v V.
u ra:
Khong cch t nh s n tt c cc nh cn li d[v], v V.
Truoc[v], v V, ghi nhn nh i trc v trong ng i ngn nht t s
n v *)
Begin
(* Khi to *)
for v V do
begin
d[v]:=a[s,v];
Truoc[v]:=s;
end;
d[s]:=0; T:=V\ {s} ; (* T l tp cc nh c nhn tm thi *)
(* Bc lp *)
while T <> do

begin
tm nh u T tho mn d[u]=min {d[z]: z T} ;
T:=T\ {u} ; (* C nh nhn ca nh u*)
For v T do
If d[v]>d[u]+a[u,v] then
Begin
d[v]:=d[u]+a[u,v];
Truoc[v]:=u;
End;
end;
End;
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
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T ta thit k c cy chn ng v bng chn ng nh cc hnh v sau:











2.3.3. Tc nghn trong mng
Cc khi nim
Hin tng tc nghn (congestion): lu lng n mng tng ln, thng lng vn
chuyn ca mng li gim i.
Deadlock: tnh trng tc nghn trm trng n mc mng b nght hon ton, thng
lng vn chuyn ca mng tt xung bng khng.








Nguyn nhn dn n tc nghn:
Lu lng i n trn nhiu li vo u cn cng mt ng i ra.
Tc x l ti cc router chm
Cc ng truyn c bandwidth thp, dn n hin tng tht c chai.
Biu hin ca tc nghn: Thi gian kh hi (RTT) tng cao bt thng
Cc bin php khc phc
Cung cp b m u vo v ra ca cc ng truyn
ch Nt k tip
A A
B B
D D
E E
F E
G E
H A
1 4
5
3
3
7
2
C(0) D(4)
E(3)
F(10) G(5) H(8)
A(5)
B(1)
Hnh 2.8. Lc tc nghn trong mng
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Qun l b m hp l, c th loi b sm (RED)
Hn ch lu lng n ngay u vo ca ton b h thng
iu khin lu lng (th d dng Sliding Window)
Vn ny s c nghin su hn trong chng 4 v chng 5.
2.3.4. Giao thc X25 PLP
c CCITT cng b ln u tin vo 1970 lc lnh vc vin thng ln u tin
tham gia vo th gii truyn d liu vi cc c tnh:
X25 cung cp quy trnh kim sot lung gia cc u cui em li cht
lng ng truyn cao cho d cht lng ng dy truyn khng cao.
X25 c thit k cho c truyn thng chuyn mch ln truyn thng
kiu im ni im.
c quan tm v tham gia nhanh chng trn ton cu.
Trong X25 c chc nng dn knh (multiplexing) i vi lin kt logic (virtual
circuits) ch lm nhim v kim sot li cho cc frame i qua. iu ny lm tng phc
tp trong vic phi hp cc th tc gia hai tng k nhau, dn n thng lng b hn ch
do tng ph x l mi gi tin tng ln. X25 kim tra li ti mi nt trc khi truyn tip,
iu ny lm cho ng truyn c cht lng rt cao gn nh phi li. Tuy nhin do vy
khi lng tch ton ti mi nt kh ln, i vi nhng ng truyn ca nhng nm
1970 th iu l cn thit nhng hin nay khi k thut truyn dn t c nhng
tin b rt cao th vic tr nn lng ph.
c im:
L mng truyn d liu cng cng u tin.
Vn chuyn d liu hng kt ni
s dng X.25, my tnh u tin phi thit lp kt ni ti mt my tnh xa,
ngha l phi thit lp mt cuc gi (telephone call)
Kt ni ny c gn 1 connection number s dng cho cc gi (packet) s liu
vn chuyn:
+ Nhiu kt ni c th c s dng ng thi gia 2 my tnh.
+ Kt ni trong X.25 l kt ni o (Virtual Circuit)
Nguyn tc hot ng
X.25 l mt dch v truyn thng my tnh cng cng, da trn h thng vin
thng din rng (PSTN).
X.25 c CCITT v sau ny l ITU chun ho (1976).
X.25 ch c t giao din gia DTE v DCE:
+ DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)- thit b u cui d liu
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+ DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) - thit b mch u cui d liu,
hay l thit b kt ni mng.
X.25 khng quy nh c th kin trc v t chc hot ng ni b ca mng.
T chc v thc hin h thng mng cung cp dch v X.25 ti giao din
vi NSD l nhim v ca nh cung cp dch v X.25 - thng l nh cung cp
dch v vin thng cng cng.
y Cc giao thc chun: X.25 qui nh s dng cc giao thc chun cc mc nh sau:
Mc vt l:
X.21 cho truyn s liu s (Digital) gia DTE v DCE
X.21 bis cho truyn s liu tng t (Analog) gia DTE v DCE
Mc lin kt:
LAPB (Link Access Protocol Balanced), l mt phn ca HDLC, trao
i s liu tin cy gia DTE v DCE
Mc mng:
PLP (Packet Level Protocol): giao thc chuyn mch gi + hng kt ni,
cc subscriber s dng thit lp VC v truyn thng vi nhau.
l giao thc c c t mi trong X.25
Ba mc trn tng ng vi 3 mc thp nht ca m hnh ISO/OSI








Cc c im quan trng nht ca X.25:
Cc gi tin iu khin cuc gi, c dng thit lp v hu b cc knh o,
c gi trn cng knh v mch o nh cc gi in d liu.
Vic dn knh ca cc knh o xy ra tng 3
C tng 2 v tng 3 u p dng c ch iu khin lu lng v kim sot li.
X.25 c s dng rng ri trong khong 10 nm.
Khong 1980s, X.25 c thay th bi mt mng mi Frame Relay.
Hnh 2.9. c t giao din mng X25
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2.3.5. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhanh
2.3.5.1. Mng chuyn mch khung Frame Relay (FR)
Mi gi tin trong mng gi l Frame, do vy mng gi l Frame relay. c im
khc bit gia mng Frame Relay v mng X25 mng Frame Relay l ch kim tra li ti
hai trm gi v trm nhn cn trong qu trnh chuyn vn qua cc nt trung gian gi tin
s khng c kim li na. Do vy thi gian x l trn mi nt nhanh hn, tuy nhin
khi c li th gi tin phi c pht li t trm u. Vi an ton cao ca ng truyn
hin nay th chi ph vic pht li ch chim mt t l nh nu so vi khi lng tnh
ton c gim i ti cc nt nn mng Frame Relay tit kim c ti nguyn ca mng
hn so vi mng X25.
Frame relay khng ch l mt k thut m cn l th hin mt phng php t chc
mi. Vi nguyn l l truyn mch gi nhng cc thao tc kim sot gia cc u cui
gim ng k K thut Frame Relay cho php thng lung ti a t ti 2Mbps v hin
nay n ang cung cp cc gii php tng ni cc mng cc b LAN trong mt kin
trc xng sng to nn mi trng cho ng dng multimedia.
Khc nhau cn bn gia FR v X.25:
Tn hiu iu khin cuc gi c vn chuyn trn mt kt ni logic ring; v vy, cc
node trung gian khng cn phi duy tr cc bng trng thi v x l cc message ny cho
tng kt ni.
Multiplexing v switching i vi cc kt ni logic c thc hin layer 2 (ch
khng phi layer 3), do loi b c chi ph x l 1 layer.
iu khin lu lng v kim sot li: Khng p dng cc c ch iu khin theo
chng. FR cng khng cung cp cc c ch iu khin End-to-end, nhim v ny cc
tng trn phi gii quyt
u im ca FR vi X.25:
Lm cho qu trnh truyn thng hp l hn
Chc nng giao thc ti giao din user-network c gim bt
Chi ph x l bn trong mng cng gim
Lower delay & Higher throughput (c 1 bc)
ng dng quan trng nht ca Frame Relay: kt ni cc mng LAN cc vn
phng ca mt cng ty.
Frame Relay t c mc thnh cng va phi, hin vn ang c s dng.
Tm tt cc c trng cng ngh:
FR thc hin cc chc nng c bn ca mc Data link: to v x l frame, a ch
ho, qun l cc knh o.
S dng k thut dn/tch knh khng ng b mc Data link: S dng hiu
qu hn ng truyn. Tc trao i s liu: 56 Kbps 2,048 Mbps.
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Thit lp v gii phng knh theo giao thc bo hiu chun Q.931 ca mng
ISDN.
Khng c chc nng x l giao thc mc mng.
No Link-by-link Flow Control and Error Control; Cc ES kim tra pht hin li v
khc phc (end-to-end).
H chuyn mch giao din gia mng v h thng cui kim tra CRC v khng
forward cc frame b li.
Giao din qun tr ni ti LMI (Local Management Interface) ca FR h tr vic
qun tr trao i s liu trn cc knh o trong mng.
2.3.5.2. K thut ATM
Hin nay k thut Cell Relay da trn phng thc truyn thng khng ng b
(ATM) c th cho php thng lng hng trm Mbps. n v d liu dng trong ATM
c gi l t bo (cell). Cc t bo trong ATM c di c nh l 53 bytes, trong 5
bytes dnh cho phn cha thng tin iu khin (cell header) v 48 bytes cha d liu ca
tng trn.
Trong k thut ATM, cc t bo cha cc kiu d liu khc nhau c ghp knh
ti mt ng dn chung c gi l ng dn o (virtual path). Trong ng dn o
c th gm nhiu knh o (virtual channel) khc nhau, mi knh o c s dng bi
mt ng dung no ti mt thi im.
ATM kt hp nhng c tnh tt nht ca dng chuyn mch lin tc v dng
chuyn mch gi, n c th kt hp di thng linh hot v kh nng chuyn tip cao tc
v c kh nng qun l ng thi d liu s, ting ni, hnh nh v multimedia tng tc.
Mc tiu ca k thut ATM l nhm cung cp mt mng dn knh, v chuyn mch
tc cao, tr nh dp ng cho cc dng truyn thng a phng tin (multimecdia)
Chuyn mch cell cn thit cho vic cung cp cc kt ni i hi bng thng cao,
tnh trng tt nghn thp, h tr cho lp dch v tch hp lu thng d liu m thanh hnh
nh. c tnh tc cao l c tnh ni bt nht ca ATM.
ATM s dng c cu chuyn mch c bit: ma trn nh phn cc phn t chuyn
mch (a matrix of binary switching elements) vn hnh lu thng. Kh nng m rng
(scalability) l mt c tnh ca c cu chuyn mch ATM. c tnh ny tng phn trc
tip vi nhng g din ra khi cc trm cui c thm vo mt thit b lin mng nh
router. Cc router c nng sut tng c nh c chia cho cc trm cui c kt ni vi
chng. Khi s lng trm cui gia tng, nng sut ca router tng thch cho trm cui
thu nh li. Khi c cu ATM m rng, mi thit b thu trm cui, bng con ng ca
chnh n i qua b chuyn mch bng cch cho mi trm cui bng thng ch nh. Bng
thng rng c ch nh ca ATM vi c tnh c th xc nhn khin n tr thnh mt
k thut tuyt ho dng cho bt k ni no trong mng cc b ca doanh nghip.
Nh tn gi ca n ch r, k thut ATM s dng phng php truyn khng ng
b (asynchronouns) cc t bo t ngun ti ch ca chng. Trong khi , tng vt l
ngi ta c th s dng cc k thut truyn thng ng b nh SDH (hoc SONET).
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Nhn thc c v tr cha th thay th c (t nht cho n nhng nm u ca
th k 21) ca k thut ATM, hu ht cc hng khng l v my tnh v truyn thng nh
IBM, ATT, Digital, Hewlett - Packard, Cisco Systems, Cabletron, Bay Network,... u
ang quan tm c bit n dng sn phm hng n ATM ca mnh tung ra th
trng. C th k ra y mt s sn phm nh DEC 900 Multiwitch, IBM 8250 hub,
Cisco 7000 rounter, Cablectron, ATM module for MMAC hub.
Nhn chung th trng ATM si ng do nhu cu thc s ca cc ng dng a
phng tin. S nhp cuc ngy mt ng ca cc hng sn xut lm gim ng k
gi bn ca cc sn phm loi ny, t cng m rng thm th trng. Ngay Vit
Nam, cc d n ln v mng tin hc u c thit k vi h tng chp nhn c vi
cng ngh ATM trong tng lai.
2.3.6. Dch v OSI cho tng mng
(Tham kho phn II.3.5, tr 71, 72) ca gio trnh [1]).
2.4. TNG GIAO VN (TRANSPORTATION)
2.4.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng Giao vn
Tng vn chuyn cung cp cc chc nng cn thit gia tng mng v cc tng trn.
n l tng cao nht c lin quan n cc giao thc trao i d liu gia cc h thng m.
N cng cc tng di cung cp cho ngi s dng cc phc v vn chuyn.
Tng vn chuyn (transport layer) l tng c s m mt my tnh ca mng
chia s thng tin vi mt my khc. Tng vn chuyn ng nht mi trm bng mt a
ch duy nht v qun l s kt ni gia cc trm. Tng vn chuyn cng chia cc gi tin
ln thnh cc gi tin nh hn trc khi gi i. Thng thng tng vn chuyn nh s
cc gi tin v m bo chng chuyn theo ng th t.
Tng vn chuyn l tng cui cng chu trch nhim v mc an ton trong truyn
d liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ca tng mng.
Ngi ta chia giao thc tng mng thnh cc loi sau:
Mng loi A: C t sut li v s c c bo hiu chp nhn c (tc l cht lng
chp nhn c). Cc gi tin c gi thit l khng b mt. Tng vn chuyn khng
cn cung cp cc dch v phc hi hoc sp xp th t li.
Mng loi B: C t sut li chp nhn c nhng t sut s c c bo hiu li khng
chp nhn c. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra s c.
Mng loi C: C t sut li khng chp nhn c (khng tin cy) hay l giao thc
khng lin kt. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra li v sp xp
li th t cc gi tin.

2.4.2. Giao thc chun cho tng Giao vn
Trn c s loi giao thc tng mng chng ta c 5 lp giao thc tng vn chuyn
l:
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Giao thc lp 0 (Simple Class - lp n gin): cung cp cc kh nng rt n gin
thit lp lin kt, truyn d liu v hy b lin kt trn mng "c lin kt" loi A. N
c kh nng pht hin v bo hiu cc li nhng khng c kh nng phc hi.
Giao thc lp 1 (Basic Error Recovery Class - Lp phc hi li c bn) dng vi
cc loi mng B, y cc gi tin (TPDU) c nh s. Ngoi ra giao thc cn c
kh nng bo nhn cho ni gi v truyn d liu khn. So vi giao thc lp 0 giao thc
lp 1 c thm kh nng phc hi li.
Giao thc lp 2 (Multiplexing Class - lp dn knh) l mt ci tin ca lp 0 cho
php dn mt s lin kt chuyn vn vo mt lin kt mng duy nht, ng thi c th
kim sot lung d liu trnh tc nghn. Giao thc lp 2 khng c kh nng pht
hin v phc hi li. Do vy n cn t trn mt tng mng loi A.
Giao thc lp 3 (Error Recovery and Multiplexing Class - lp phc hi li c bn
v dn knh) l s m rng giao thc lp 2 vi kh nng pht hin v phc hi li, n
cn t trn mt tng mng loi B.
Giao thc lp 4 (Error Detection and Recovery Class - Lp pht hin v phc hi
li) l lp c hu ht cc chc nng ca cc lp trc v cn b sung thm mt s kh
nng khc kim sot vic truyn d liu.
2.4.3. Dch v OSI cho tng Giao vn
(Tham kho phn II.4.3, tr 92-93 ca gio trnh [1]).
2.5. TNG PHIN (SESSION)
2.5.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng Phin
Tng giao Phin (session layer) thit lp "cc giao dch" gia cc trm trn mng,
n t tn nht qun cho mi thnh phn mun i thoi vi nhau v lp nh xa gia cc
tn vi a ch ca chng. Mt giao dch phi c thit lp trc khi d liu c truyn
trn mng, tng giao dch m bo cho cc giao dch c thit lp v duy tr theo ng
qui nh.
Tng giao dch cn cung cp cho ngi s dng cc chc nng cn thit qun tr
cc giao dnh ng dng ca h, c th l:
iu phi vic trao i d liu gia cc ng dng bng cch thit lp v gii
phng (mt cch lgic) cc phin (hay cn gi l cc hi thoi - dialogues)
Cung cp cc im ng b kim sot vic trao i d liu.
p t cc qui tc cho cc tng tc gia cc ng dng ca ngi s dng.
Cung cp c ch "ly lt" (nm quyn) trong qu trnh trao i d liu.
Trong trng hp mng l hai chiu lun phin th ny sinh vn : hai ngi s
dng lun phin phi "ly lt" truyn d liu. Tng giao dch duy tr tng tc lun
phin bng cch bo cho mi ngi s dng khi n lt h c truyn d liu. Vn
ng b ha trong tng giao dch cng c thc hin nh c ch kim tra/phc hi, dch
v ny cho php ngi s dng xc nh cc im ng b ha trong dng d liu ang
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chuyn vn v khi cn thit c th khi phc vic hi thoi bt u t mt trong cc im
.
mt thi im ch c mt ngi s dng quyn c bit c gi cc dch v
nht nh ca tng giao dch, vic phn b cc quyn ny thng qua trao i th bi
(token). V d: Ai c c token s c quyn truyn d liu, v khi ngi gi token trao
token cho ngi khc thi cng c ngha trao quyn truyn d liu cho ngi .
Tng giao dch c cc hm c bn sau:
Give Token cho php ngi s dng chuyn mt token cho mt ngi s dng
khc ca mt lin kt giao dch.
Please Token cho php mt ngi s dng cha c token c th yu cu token .
Give Control dng chuyn tt c cc token t mt ngi s dng sang mt
ngi s dng khc.
2.5.2. Dch v OSI cho tng Phin
(Tham kho phn II.5.2, tr 96-103 ca gio trnh [1]).
2.5.3. Giao thc chun cho tng Phin
(Tham kho phn II.5.3, tr 104-106 ca gio trnh [1]).
2.6. TNG TRNH DIN (PRESENTATION)
2.6.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng Trnh din
Trong giao tip gia cc ng dng thng qua mng vi cng mt d liu c th c
nhiu cch biu din khc nhau. Thng thng dng biu din dng bi ng dng ngun
v dng biu din dng bi ng dng ch c th khc nhau do cc ng dng c chy
trn cc h thng hon ton khc nhau (nh h my Intel v h my Motorola). Tng
trnh by (Presentation layer) phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i trn mng
t mt loi biu din ny sang mt loi khc. t c iu n cung cp mt dng
biu din chung dng truyn thng v cho php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b
sang biu din chung v ngc li.
Tng trnh by cng c th c dng k thut m ha xo trn cc d liu trc
khi c truyn i v gii m u n bo mt. Ngoi ra tng biu din cng c th
dng cc k thut nn sao cho ch cn mt t byte d liu th hin thng tin khi n
c truyn trn mng, u nhn, tng trnh by bung tr li c d liu ban u.
2.6.2. Dch v OSI cho tng Trnh din
(Tham kho phn II.6.2, tr 110-114 ca gio trnh [1]).
2.6.3. Giao thc chun cho tng Trnh din
(Tham kho phn II.6.3, tr 115-118 ca gio trnh [1]).
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2.7. TNG NG DNG (APPLICATION)
2.7.1. Vai tr v chc nng ca tng ng dng
Tng ng dng (Application layer) l tng cao nht ca m hnh OSI, n xc nh
giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI v gii quyt cc k thut m cc
chng trnh ng dng dng giao tip vi mng.
cung cp phng tin truy nhp mi trng OSI cho cc tin trnh ng dng,
Ngi ta thit lp cc thc th ng dng (AE), cc thc th ng dng s gi n cc phn
t dch v ng dng (Application Service Element - vit tt l ASE) ca chng. Mi thc
th ng dng c th gm mt hoc nhiu cc phn t dch v ng dng. Cc phn t dch
v ng dng c phi hp trong mi trng ca thc th ng dng thng qua cc lin
kt (association) gi l i tng lin kt n (Single Association Object - vit tt l
SAO). SAO iu khin vic truyn thng trong sut vng i ca lin kt cho php
tun t ha cc s kin n t cc ASE thnh t ca n.
2.7.2. Chun ho tng ng dng
(Tham kho phn II.7.2, tr 121-129 ca gio trnh [1]).
2.8. CU HI V BI TP
(ang tip tc b sung)



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CHNG 3. MNG CC B MNG LAN
3.1. C TRNG MNG CC B
Do nhu cu thc t ca cc c quan, trng hc, doanh nghip, t chc cn kt ni
cc my tnh n l thnh mt mng ni b to kh nng trao i thng tin, s dng
chung ti nguyn (phn cng, phn mm). V d trong mt vn phng c mt my in,
tt c mi ngi c th s dng chung my in th gii php ni mng c th khc phc
c hn ch ny.
Mc ch ca vic s dng mng ngy nay c nhiu thay i so vi trc kia. Mc
d mng my tnh pht sinh t nhu cu chia s v dng chung ti nguyn, nhng mc
ch ch yu vn l s dng chung ti nguyn phn cng. Ngy nay mc ch chnh ca
mng l trao i thng tin v CSDL dng chung cng ngh mng cc b pht trin v
cng nhanh chng
phn bit mng LAN vi cc loi mng khc ngi ta cn c theo cc c trng
sau:
c trng a l: ci t trong phm vi nh (to nh, mt cn c qun s,..) c
ng knh t vi chc mt n vi chc km c ngha tng i.
c trng v tc truyn: cao hn mng din rng, khong 100 Mb/s, c th n
1000 Mbps vi cng ngh Gigabit.
c trng tin cy: t sut li thp, c th t 10
-8
n 10
-11
.
c trng qun l: thng l s hu ring ca mt t chc vic qun l khai
thc tp trung, thng nht.
Tuy nhin s phn bit mng LAN theo cc c trng trn ch mang tnh tng i,
cng vi cng ngh ngy cng cao th ranh gii gia LAN, MAN, WAN ngy cng m
i.
3.2. KIN TRC MNG CC B
3.2.1. Topology
V nguyn tc mi topology ca mng my tnh ni chung u c th dng cho
mng cc b. Song do c th ca mng cc b nn ch c 3 topology thng c s
dng: hnh sao (star), hnh vng (ring), tuyn tnh (bus)
3.2.1.1. Hnh sao (star)
- Tt c cc trm c ni vo mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t
cc trm v chuyn n trm ch ca tn hiu.
- Thit b trung tm c th l Hub, Switch, router
Vai tr ca thit b trung tm l thc hin vic bt tay gia cc trm cn trao i
thng tin vi nhau, thit lp cc lin kt im - im gia chng.



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3.2.1.2. Hnh vng (ring)
- Tn hiu c lu chuyn theo mt chiu duy nht
- Mi trm lm vic c ni vi vng qua mt b chuyn tip (repeater), c nhim
v nhn tn hiu ri chuyn n trm k tip trn vng
tng tin cy ca mng, phi lp vng d phng, khi ng truyn trn vng
chnh b s c th vng ph c s dng vi chiu i ca tn hiu ngc vi chiu i
ca mng chnh.












3.2.1.3. Dng ng thng (Bus)
- Tt c cc trm u dng chung mt ng truyn chnh (Bus) c gii hn bi
hai u ni (terminator).
- Mi trm c ni vo Bus qua mt u ni ch T (T-connector).
Hnh 3.1. S kt ni hnh sao
SO KIU KT NI HNH SAO VI HUB O TRUNG TM
My 1 My 2
My 3 My 4

My 5 My 6

Hnh 3.2. S kt ni vng (ring)
SO KIU KT NI DANG VNG
My 3 My 4
My 2
My 5
My 1
My 6
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- Khi mt trm truyn d liu th tn hiu c qung b trn 2 chiu ca Bus (tt c
cc trm khc u c th nhn tn hiu)












* So snh gia cc cch kt ni v u nhc im ca chng:
- Khc nhau: kiu hnh sao l kt ni im - im trc tip gia hai my tnh thng
qua mt thit b trung tm. Kiu vng th tn hiu lu chuyn trn vng l mt chui
cc kt ni im - im. Kiu tuyn tnh th d liu truyn da trn im - nhiu im
hoc qung b.
- u im: C ba cch kt ni u n gin, d lp t, d thay i cu hnh
Hnh sao:
- u im: D kim sot. Do s dng lin kt im - im nn tn dng c ti a
tc ca ng truyn vt l
- Nhc im: di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch
(trong vng 100 m vi cng ngh hin ti)
Dng vng:
Nhc im: Nu xy ra s c trn ng truyn, tt c cc my trong mng khng
th giao tip vi nhau. i hi giao thc truy nhp ng truyn kh phc tp (Tuy
nhin ton b cng vic ny c h phn mm gii quyt)
Dng ng thng:
- Nhc im: nu xy ra s c trn ng truyn, ton b cc my trong mng
khng th giao tip vi nhau c na. Giao thc qun l truy nhp ng truyn phc
tp
Do u nhc im ca tng loi m trong thc t ngi ta thng chn kiu kt ni
lai - l t hp ca cc kiu kt ni trn.
Hnh 3.3. S kt ni ng thng (bus))
SO KIU KT NI DANG TUYN TNH (BUS)
My B
Terminator Bus Terminator
My A
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3.3.2. ng truyn vt l
Mng cc b thng s dng 3 loi ng truyn vt l v cp i xon, cp ng
trc, v cp si quang. Ngoi ra gn y ngi ta cng bt u s dng nhiu cc
mng cc b khng dy nh radio hoc viba.
Cp ng trc ng s dng nhiu trong cc mng dng tuyn tnh, hot ng
truyn dn theo di c s (baseband) hoc di rng (broadband). Vi di c s, ton b
kh nng ca ng truyn c dnh cho mt knh truyn thng duy nht, trong khi
vi di rng th hai hoc nhiu knh truyn thng cng phn chia di thng ca knh
truyn
Hu ht cc mng cc b u s dng phng thc di rng. Vi phng thc ny
tn hiu c th truyn i di c hai dng: tng t (analog)v s (digital) khng cn iu
ch.
Cp ng trc c hai loi l cp gy (thin cable) v cp bo (thick cable). C hai
loi cp ny u c tc lm vic 10Mb/s nhng cp gy c suy hao tn hiu ln
hn, c di cp ti a cho php gia hai repeater nh hn cp bo Cp gy thng
dng ni cc trm trong cng mt vn phng, phng th nghim, cn cp bo dng
ni dc theo hnh lang, ln cc tng lu,..
Phng thc truyn thng theo di rng c th dng c cp i xon, nhng cp i
xon ch thch hp vi mng nh hiu nng thp v chi ph u t t.
Phng thc truyn theo di rng chia di thng (tn s) ca ng truyn thnh
nhiu di tn con (knh), mi di tn con cung cp mt knh truyn d liu tch bit
nh s dng mt cp modem c bit. Phng thc ny vn l mt phng tin truyn
mt chiu: cc tn hiu a vo ng truyn ch c th truyn i theo mt hng
khng ci t c cc b khuych i chuyn tn hiu ca mt tn s theo c hai
chiu. V th xy ra tnh trng ch c trm nm di trm truyn l c th nhn c tn
hiu. Vy lm th no c hai ng dn d liu trn mng. im gp nhau ca hai
ng dn gi l im u cui. V d, trong topo dng bus th im u cui n
gin chnh l u mt ca bus (terminator), cn vi topo dng cy (tree) th chnh l gc
ca cy (root). Cc trm khi truyn u truyn v hng im u cui (gi l ng dn
v), sau cc tn hiu nhn c im u cui s truyn theo ng dn th hai xut
pht t im u cui (gi l ng dn i). Tt c cc trm u nhn d liu trn ng
dn i. ci t ng dn v v i, c th s dng cu hnh vt l nh trn hnh 3.4.
Trong cu hnh cp i (dual cable), cc ng dn v v i chy trn cc cp
ring bit v im u cui n gin ch l mt u ni th ng ca chng. Trm gi v
nhn cng mt tn s
Trong cu hnh tch (split), c hai ng dn u trn cng mt cp nhng tn s khc
nhau: ng dn v c tn s thp v ng dn i c tn s cao hn. im u cui l
b chuyn i tn s.
- Ch : vic la chn ng truyn v thit k s i cp (trong trng hp
hu tuyn) l mt trong nhng cng vic quan trng nht khi thit k v ci t mt
mng my tnh ni chung v mng cc b ni ring. Gii php la chn php p ng
c nhu cu s dng mng thc t khng ch cho hin ti m cho c tng lai.
- VD: mun truyn d liu a phng tin th khng th chn loi cp ch cho
php thng lng ti a l vi Mb/s , m phi ngh n loi cp cho php thng lng
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trn 100 Mb/s. Vic lp t h thng trong cp trong nhiu trng hp (to nh nhiu
tng) l tn rt nhiu cng ca phi la chn cn thn, khng th xy ra trng
hp sau 1 -2 nm g b, lp h thng mi.
















3.3. CC PHNG PHP TRUY NHP NG TRUYN VT L
3.3.1. Gii thiu
i vi topo dng hnh sao, khi mt lin kt c thit lp gia hai trm th thit b
trung tm s m bo ng truyn c dnh ring trong sut cuc truyn. Tuy nhin
i vi topo dng vng v tuyn tnh th ch c mt ng truyn duy nht ni tt c cc
trm vi nhau bi vy cn phi c mt quy tc chung cho tt c cc trm ni vo mng
bo m rng ng truyn c truy nhp v s dng mt cch tt p
C nhiu phng php khc nhau truy nhp ng truyn vt l, c phn lm
hai loi: phng php truy nhp ngu nhin, v phng php truy nhp c iu kin.







Hnh 3.4. Cu hnh vt l cho Broadband
Truy nhp c iu khin Truy nhp ngu nhin
CSMA CSMA/CD Slotted Ring Token Ring Token Bus Collision Avoidance
Cc phng php truy nhp
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Trong c 3 phng php hay dng nht trong cc mng cc b hin nay: phng
php CSMA/CD, Token Bus, Token Ring
3.3.2. Phng php CSMA/CD
Phng php a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t - CSMA/CD
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection). Phng php ny s dng cho
topo dng bus, trong tt c cc trm ca mng u c ni trc tip vo bus. Mi
trm u c th truy nhp vo bus chung (a truy nhp) mt cch ngu nhin v do vy
rt c th dn n xung t (hai hoc nhiu trm ng thi truyn d liu). D liu c
truyn trn mng theo mt khun dng nh sn trong c mt vng thng tin iu
khin cha a ch trm ch.
Phng php CSMA/CD l phng php ci tin t phng php CSMA hay cn
gi l LBT (Listen Before Talk - Nghe trc khi ni). T tng ca n: mt trm cn
truyn d liu trc ht phi nghe xem ng truyn ang ri hay bn. Nu ri th
truyn d liu i theo khun dng quy nh trc. Ngc lai, nu bn (tc l c d
liu khc) th trm phi thc hin mt trong 3 gii thut sau (gi l gii thut kin
nhn)
1. Tm rt lui ch i trong mt thi gian ngu nhin no ri li bt u nghe
ng truyn (Non- persistent)
2. Tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri th truyn d liu i vi xc sut bng
1 (1- persistent)
3. Tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri th truyn i vi xc sut p xc nh
trc (0 < p <1) (p- persistent)
Vi gii thut 1 c hiu qu trong vic trnh xung t v hai trm cn truyn khi
thy ng truyn bn s cng rt lui ch i trong cc thi on ngu nhin khc.
Nhc im c th c thi gian cht sau mi cuc truyn
Gii thut 2 khc phc nhc im c thi gian cht bng cch cho php mt trm
c th truyn ngay sau khi mt cuc truyn kt thc. Nhc im: Nu lc c hn
mt trm ang i th kh nng xy ra xung t l rt cao
Gii thut 3 trung ho gia hai gii thut trn. Vi gi tr p la chn hp l c th
ti thiu ho c c kh nng xung t ln thi gian cht ca ng truyn. Xy ra xung
t l do tr ca ng truyn dn: mt trm truyn d liu i ri nhng do tr
ng truyn nn mt trm khc lc ang nghe ng truyn s tng l ri v c th
truyn d liu i xung t. Nguyn nhn xy ra xung t ca phng php ny l cc
trm ch nghe trc khi ni m khng nghe trong khi ni do vy trong thc t c xy
ra xung t m khng bit, vn c tip tc truyn d liu i gy ra chim dng ng
truyn mt cch v ch
c th pht hin xung t, ci tin thnh phng php CSMA/CD (LWT -
Listen While Talk - nghe trong khi ni) tc l b xung thm cc quy tc:
Khi mt trm ang truyn, n vn tip tc nghe ng truyn. Nu pht hin
thy xung t th n ngng ngay vic truyn nhng vn tip tc gi sng mang thm mt
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thi gian na m bo rng tt c cc trm trn mng u c th nghe c s kin
xung t .
Sau trm ch i mt thi gian ngu nhin no ri th truyn li theo cc
quy tc ca CSMA
R rng vi CSMA/CD thi gian chim dng ng truyn v ch gim xung bng
thi gian pht hin xung t. CSMA/CD cng s dng mt trong 3 gii thut kin
nhn trn, trong gii thut 2 c a dng hn c.
3.3.3. Phng php Token Bus
Phng php truy nhp c iu khin dng k thut chuyn th bi cp pht
quyn truy nhp ng truyn. Th bi (Token) l mt n v d liu c bit, c kch
thc v c cha cc thng tin iu khin trong cc khun dng
Nguyn l: cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn cho cc trm ang c nhu
cu truyn d liu,mt th bi c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic thit lp bi cc trm
. Khi mt trm nhn c th bi th n c quyn s dng ng truyn trong mt thi
gian nh trc. Trong thi gian n c th truyn mt hoc nhiu n v d liu. Khi
ht d liu hay ht thi on cho php, trm phi chuyn th bi n trm tip theo
trong vng logic. Nh vy cng vic phi lm u tin l thit lp vng logic (hay cn
gi l vng o) bao gm cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu c xc nh v tr
theo mt chui th t m trm cui cng ca chui s tip lin sau bi trm u tin. Mi
trm c bit a ch ca cc trm k trc v sau n. Th t ca cc trm trn vng
logic c th c lp vi th t vt l. Cc trm khng hoc cha c nhu cu truyn d
liu th khng c a vo vng logic v chng ch c th tip nhn d liu.










Trong hnh v, cc trm A, E nm ngoi vng logic, ch c th tip nhn d liu
dnh cho chng.
Vn quan trng l phi duy tr c vng logic tu theo trng thi thc t ca
mng ti thi im no . C th cn phi thc hin cc chc nng sau:
B sung mt trm vo vng logic: cc trm nm ngoi vng logic cn c xem
xt nh k nu c nhu cu truyn d liu th b sung vo vng logic.
Hnh 3.5. Token Bus
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Loi b mt trm khi vng logic: Khi mt trm khng cn nhu cu truyn d
liu cn loi n ra khi vng logic ti u ho vic iu khin truy nhp bng th bi
Qun l li: mt s li c th xy ra, chng hn trng a ch (hai trm u ngh
rng n lt mnh) hoc t vng (khng trm no ngh n lt mnh)
Khi to vng logic: Khi ci t mng hoc sau khi t vng, cn phi khi
to li vng.
- Cc gii thut cho cc chc nng trn c th lm nh sau:
B sung mt trm vo vng logic, mi trm trong vng c trch nhim nh k
to c hi cho cc trm mi nhp vo vng. Khi chuyn th bi i, trm s gi thng bo
tm trm ng sau mi cc trm (c a ch gia n v trm k tip nu c) gi yu
cu nhp vng. Nu sau mt thi gian xc nh trc m khng c yu cu no th trm
s chuyn th bi ti trm k sau n nh thng l. Nu c yu cu th trm gi th bi s
ghi nhn trm yu cu tr thnh trm ng k sau n v chuyn th bi ti trm mi ny.
Nu c hn mt trm yu cu nhp vng th trm gi th bi s phi la chn theo gii
thut no .
Loi mt trm khi vng logic: Mt trm mun ra khi vng logic s i n
khi nhn c th bi s gi thng bo ni trm ng sau ti trm k trc n yu cu
trm ny ni trc tip vi trm k sau n
Qun l li: gii quyt cc tnh hung bt ng. Chng hn, trm nhn
c tn hiu cho thy c cc trm khc c th bi. Lp tc n phi chuyn sang trng
thi nghe (b ng, ch d liu hoc th bi). Hoc sau khi kt thc truyn d liu, trm
phi chuyn th bi ti trm k sau n v tip tc nghe xem trm k sau c hot ng
hay b h hng. Nu trm k sau b hng th phi tm cch gi cc thng bo vt
qua trm hng , tm trm hot ng gi th bi.
Khi to vng logic: Khi mt trm hay nhiu trm pht hin thy ng truyn
khng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian vt qu mt gi tr ngng (time out) cho
trc - th bi b mt (c th do mng b mt ngun hoc trm gi th bi b hng). Lc
trm pht hin s gi i thng bo yu cu th bi ti mt trm c ch nh trc
c trch nhim sinh th bi mi v chuyn i theo vng logic.
3.3.4. Phng php Token Ring
Phng php ny da trn nguyn l dng th bi cp pht quyn truy nhp
ng truyn. Th bi lu chuyn theo vng vt l ch khng cn thit lp vng logic
nh phng php trn
Th bi l mt n v d liu c bit trong c mt bt biu din trng thi s
dng ca n (bn hoc r). Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c
mt th bi ri. Khi n s i bt trng thi thnh bn v truyn mt n v d liu
cng vi th bi i theo chiu ca vng. Gi y khng cn th bi ri trn vng na, do
cc trm c d liu cn truyn buc phi i. D liu n trm ch s c sao li,
sau cng vi th bi i tip cho n khi quay v trm ngun. Trm ngun s xo b d
liu, i bt trng thi thnh ri cho lu chuyn tip trn vng cc trm khc c th
nhn c quyn truyn d liu.
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S quay v trm ngun ca d liu v th bi nhm to mt c ch nhn t nhin:
trm ch c th gi vo n v d liu cc thng tin v kt qu tip nhn d liu ca
mnh.
+ Trm ch khng tn ti hoc khng hot ng
+ Trm ch tn ti nhng d liu khng sao chp c
+ D liu c tip nhn
- Phng php ny cn phi gii quyt hai vn c th gy ph v h thng:
+ Mt th bi: trn vng khng cn th bi lu chuyn na
+ Mt th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng











Gii quyt:
i vi vn mt th bi, c th quy nh trc mt trm iu khin ch ng.
Trm ny s pht hin tnh trng mt th bi bng cch dng c ch ngng thi gian
(time out) v phc hi bng cch pht i mt th bi ri mi.
i vi vn th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng, trm monitor s dng mt bit
trn th bi (gi l monitor bit) nh du t gi tr 1 khi gp th bi bn i qua n.
Nu n gp li mt th bi bn vi bt nh du th c ngha l trm ngun
khng nhn li c n v d liu ca mnh v th bi bn c quay vng mi. Lc
trm monitor s i bit trng thi ca th thnh ri v chuyn tip trn vng. Cc trm
cn li trn trm s c vai tr b ng: chng theo di pht hin tnh trng s c ca trm
monitor ch ng v thay th vai tr . Cn c mt gii thut chn trm thay th cho
trm monitor hng.
3.3.5. So snh cc phng php
- phc tp ca phng php dng th bi u ln hn nhiu so vi CSMA/CD.
- Nhng cng vic m mt trm phi lm trong phng php CSMA/CD n gin
hn nhiu so vi hai phng php dng th bi.
Hnh 3.6. S hot ng ca phng php Token Ring
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- Hiu qu ca phng php dng th bi khng cao trong iu kin ti nh: mt trm
phi i kh lu mi n lt
- Tuy nhin phng php dng th bi cng c nhng u im: Kh nng iu ho
lu thng trong mng, hoc bng cch cho php cc trm truyn s lng n v d
liu khc nhau khi nhn c th bi, hoc bng cch lp ch u tin cp pht th
bi cho cc trm cho trc. c bit phng php dng th bi c hiu qu cao hn
CSMA/CD trong trng hp ti nng.
3.4. PHN CNG V CC THIT B MNG
3.4.1. Thit b cu thnh mng my tnh
My ch (file server - FS), cc trm lm vic (Workstation - WS), cc thit b ngoi
vi dng chung (my in, a cng,...), card mng, cc u ni, ng truyn, v mt s
thit b khc nh HUB, Switch.
a. My ch
- Hot ng nh mt my chnh ca mng, qun l cc hot ng ca mng (nh
phn chia ti nguyn chung, trao i thng tin gia cc trm,..). Thng thng my ch
cn t c s d liu dng chung. Thng th my ch c cu hnh mnh.
- Trong dng mng ngang quyn (Peer to Peer) th khng c my ch.
b. Cc trm lm vic
- L cc my tnh c nhn kt ni vi nhau v ni vi my ch.
- Cc my trm c th s dng ti nguyn chung ca ton b h thng mng.
c. Card mng (NIC)
- L thit b iu khin vic truyn thng v chuyn i d liu sang dng tn hiu
in hay quang.
- Gm cc b iu khin v thu pht thng tin.
+ B iu khin thc hin cc chc nng iu khin truyn thng, m bo d liu
c truyn chnh xc ti cc nt mng.
+ B thu pht thng tin lm nhim v chuyn d liu sang dng tn hiu in hay quang
v ngc li.
- c lp vo khe cm ca mi my tnh ca mng.
- Tu theo yu cu s dng la chn card mng cho ph hp vi my tnh, ng
truyn dn, nhu cu pht trin trong tng lai.
d. ng truyn
- L mi trng truyn dn, lin kt cc nt mng, truyn dn cc tn hiu in hay
quang.
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- Mng cc b s dng ch yu l cc loi cp, trong c hai loi cp thng c
s dng: cp ng trc, cp i dy xon.
3.4.2. Cc thit b ghp ni mng
a. B khuych i tn hiu - Repeater
- Lm vic vi tng th nht ca m hnh OSI - tng vt l.
- Repeater c hai cng. N thc hin vic chuyn tip tt c cc tn hiu vt l n t
cng ny ra cng khc sau khi khuych i tt c cc Lan lin kt vi nhau qua
repeater tr thnh mt LAN.
- N ch c kh nng lin kt cc LAN c cng mt chun cng ngh.
b. B tp trung - HUB
- L tn gi ca Repeater nhiu cng. N thc hin vic chuyn tip tt c cc tn
hiu vt l n t mt cng ti tt c cc cng cn li sau khi khuych i
- Tt c cc LAN lin kt vi nhau qua HUB s tr thnh mt LAN
- HUB khng c kh nng lin kt cc LAN khc nhau v giao thc truyn thng
tng lin kt d liu.
c. Cu ni - Bridge
- Lm vic vi tng th hai ca m hnh OSI: tng lin kt d liu.
- N c thit k c kh nng nhn tn hiu vt l, chuyn i v dng d liu v
chuyn tip d liu.
- Bridge c hai cng: sau khi nhn tn hiu vt l v chuyn i v dng d liu t
mt cng, bridge kim tra a ch ch, nu a ch ny l ca mt node lin kt vi
chnh cng nhn tn hiu, n b qua vic x l. Trong trng hp ngc li d liu
c chuyn ti cng cn li, ti cng ny d liu c chuyn i thnh tn hiu vt
l v gi i. kim tra mt node c lin kt vi cng no ca n, bridge dng mt
bng a ch cp nht ng tc ng truyn chm hn so vi repeater.
- Dng lin kt cc LAN c cung giao thc tng lin kt d liu, c th khc nhau
v mi trng truyn dn vt l. Khng hn ch v s lng bridge s dng. Cng c
th c dng chia mt LAN thnh nhiu LAN con gim dung lng thng tin
truyn trn ton LAN.
d. B chuyn mch - Switch
- Lm vic nh mt Bridge nhiu cng. Khc vi HUB nhn tn hiu t mt cng ri
chuyn tip ti tt c cc cng cn li, switch nhn tn hiu vt l, chuyn i thnh d
liu, t mt cng, kim tra a ch ch ri gi ti mt cng tng ng.
- Nhiu node mng c th gi thng tin n cng mt node khc ti cng mt thi
im m rng di thng ca LAN. Switch c thit k lin kt cc cng ca n
vi di thng rt ln (vi trm Mbps n hng Gbps)
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- Dng vt qua hn ch v bn knh hot ng ca mng gy ra bi s lng
repeater c php s dng gia hai node bt k ca mt LAN
- L thit b l tng dng chia LAN thnh nhiu LAN con lm gim dung
lng thng tin truyn trn ton LAN
- H tr cng ngh Full Duplex dng m rng bng thng ca ng truyn m
khng c repeater hoc Hub no dng c
- H tr mng a dch v (m thanh, video, d liu)
d. B dn ng -Router
- Lm vic trn tng network ca m hnh OSI.
- Thng c nhiu hn 2 cng. N tip nhn tn hiu vt l t mt cng, chuyn i
v dng d liu, kim tra a ch mng ri chuyn d liu n cng tng ng.
- Dng lin kt cc LAN c th khc nhau v chun LAN nhng cng giao thc
mng tng network.
- C th lin kt hai mng rt xa nhau
e. Cng giao tip - Gateway
- L thit b mng hot ng tng trn cng ca m hnh OSI.
- Dng lin kt cc mng c kin trc hon ton khc nhau
- C th hiu v chuyn i giao thc tng bt k ca m hnh OSI
3.5. CC CHUN LAN
Cc chun LAN l cc chun cng ngh cho LAN c ph chun bi cc t chc
chun ho quc t, nhm hng dn cc nh sn xut thit b mng i n s thng nht
kh nng s dng chung cc sn phm ca h v li ch ca ngi s dng v to iu
kin cho cc nghin cu pht trin.
3.5.1. Chun Ethernet
Cc chun Ethernet LAN hin ng s dng ph bin nht, n mc i khi hiu
ng ngha vi LAN. S pht trin ca n tri qua cc giai on vi tn gi l DIX
standard Ethernet v IEEE802.3 standard.
Nm 1972 cng ty Xerox trin khai nghin cu v chun LAN. 1980 chun ny
c 3 cng ty DEC (Digital), Intel, Xerox chp nhn pht trin v gi l chun DIX
Ethernet. N m bo tc truyn thng 10 Mpbs, dng mi trng truyn dn l cp
ng trucj bo, c ch truyn tin CSMA/CD.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electrionics Engineers) - mt t chc chun ho
ca M a ra chun IEEE802.3 v giao thc LAN da trn DIX Ethernet vi cc mi
trng truyn dn khc nhau, gi l IEEE802.3 10BASE-5, IEEE802.3 10BASE-2 v
IEEE802.3 10BASE-T. m bo tc truyn thng 10Mbps.
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3.5.1.1. 10BASE-5
M hnh phn cng ca mng
- Topo dng BUS
- Dng cp ng trc bo 50 cn gi l cp vng, AUI connector (Attachement
Unit Interface)
- Hai u cp c hai Terminator 50 , chng phn hi sng mang tn hiu. D liu
truyn thng s khng c m bo ng n nu mt trong hai Terminator ny b
thiu hoc b li.
- Trn mi on cp c th lin kt ti a 100 AUI Transceiver Connector ci.
Khong cch ti a gia hai AUI l 2,5 m, khong cch ti a l 500m trn cp c
nh cc du hiu theo tng on bi s ca 2,5m v m bo truyn thng ngi
ta thng chn khong cch ti thiu gia hai AUI l 5 m.
- Vic lin kt cc my tnh vo mng c thc hin bi cc on cp ni t cc
AUI connector n NIC trong my tnh, gi l cp AUI. Hai u cp AUI lin kt vi
hai AUI connector c. Chiu di ti a ca mt cp AUI l 50 m.
- S 5 trong tn gi 10BASE-5 l bt ngun t iu kin khong cch ti a gia hai
AUI trn cp l 500 m.
Quy tc 5- 4-3
- Repeater: Nh trnh by trn, trong mi on mng dng cp ng trc bo
khng c c qu 100 AUI, khong cch ti a gia hai AUI khng c vt qu
500m. Trong trng hp mun m rng mng vi nhau bng mt thit b chuyn tip
tn hiu gi l Repeater. Repeater c hai cng, tn hiu c nhn vo cng ny th s
c pht tip ra sau cng kia sau khi c khuych i. Tuy nhin c nhng hn
ch bt buc v s lng cc on mng v nt mng c th c trn mt Ethernet LAN
- Quy tc 5-4-3 l quy tc tiu chun ca Ethernet c p dng trong trng hp
mun m rng mng, ngha l mun xy dng mt LAN c bn knh hot ng rng
hoc c nhiu trm lm vic vt qu nhng hn ch trn mt on cp mng
(segment).
- Quy tc 5-4-3 c p dng cho chun 10BASE-5 dng repeater nh sau:
+ Khng c c qu 5 on mng
+ Khng c c qu 4 repeater gia hai trm lm vic bt k
+ Khng c c qu 3 on mng c trm lm vic. Cc on mng khng c
trm lm vic gi l cc on lin kt.





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3.5.1.2. 10BASE-2
M hnh phn cng
- Topo dng BUS
- Dng cp ng trc mng 50 , ng knh xp x 5mm, T-connector, BNC
connector
- Hai u cp c hai Terminator 50 , chng phn hi sng mang d liu. D liu
truyn thng s khng c m bo ng n nu mt trong hai Terminator ny b
thiu hoc b li.
- Trn mi on cp c th lin kt ti a 30 trm lm vic. Khong cch ti thiu
gia hai trm l 0.5 m. Khong cch ti a gia hai trm l 185m. bo m cht
lng truyn thng ngi ta thng chn khong cch ti thiu gia hai trm l 5 m.
- Vic lin kt cc my tnh vo mng c thc hin bi cc T - connector v BNC
connector.
Hnh 3.8. M rng chun 10 Base 5 bng repeater
Hnh 3.9. Lut 5-4-3
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- S 2 trong tn gi 10BASE-2 l bt ngun t iu kin khong cch ti a gia hai
trm trn on cp l 185m 200m
Quy tc 5 - 4 -3
- Quy tc 5-4-3 c p dng cho chun 10BASE-2 dng repeater cng tng t
nh i vi trng hp cho chun 10BASE-5
+ Khng c c qu 5 on mng
+ Khng c c qu 4 repeater gia hai trm lm vic bt k
+ Khng c c qu 3 on mng c trm lm vic. Cc on mng khng c trm
lm vic gi l cc on lin kt.





















3.5.1.3. 10BASE-T
M hnh phn cng ca mng
- Dng cp i xon UTP, RJ 45 connector, v mt thit b ghp ni trung tm gi l
HUB
Hnh 3.10. Chun 10 Base-2
Hnh 3.11. M rng chun 10 Base-5 bng repeater
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- Mi HUB c th ni t 4 ti 24 cng RJ45, cc trm lm vic c kt ni t NIC
ti cng HUB bng cp UTP vi hai u RJ45. Khong cch ti a t HUB n NIC
l 100m
- V mt vt l (hnh thc) topo ca mng c dng hnh sao
- Tuy nhin v bn cht HUB l mt loi Repeater nhiu cng v vy v mt logic,
mng theo chun 10BASE-T vn l mng dng BUS
- Ch T trong tn gi 10BASE-T bt ngun t ch Twisted pair cable (cp i dy
xon)











Quy tc m rng mng
- V HUB l mt loi Repeater nhiu cng nn m rng mng c th lin kt ni
tip cc HUB vi nhau v cng khng c c qu 4 HUB gia hai trm lm vic bt
k ca mng (hnh 3.13.)
- HUB c kh nng xp chng: l loi HUB c cng ring lin kt cc chng li
vi nhau bng cp ring thnh nh mt HUB. Nh vy dng loi HUB ny ngi dng
c th d dng m rng s cng ca HUB trong tng lai khi cn thit. Tuy nhin s
lng HUB c th xp chng cng c gii hn v ph thuv vo tng nh sn xut,
thng thng khng vt qu 5 HUB (hnh 3.14).
- 10BASE-2 vi HUB: D HUB c kh nng xp chng, ngi s dng c th tng
s lng my kt ni trong mng nhng bn knh hot ng ca mng vn khng thay
i v khong cch t cng HUB n NIC khng th vt qu 100m. Mt gii php
c th m rng c bn knh hot ng ca mng l dng HUB c h tr mt cng
AUI lin kt cc HUB bng cp ng trc bo theo chun 10BASE-2 (hoc 10
Base-5). Mt cp ng trc bo theo chun 10BASE-5 c chiu di ti a l 500m
(hnh 3.15).


Hnh 3.12. Chun 10 Base- T
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3.5.2. Token Ring
Chun Token Ring hay cn c gi r hn l IBM Token Ring c pht trin bi
IBM, m bo tc truyn thng qua 4 Mbps hoc 16 Mbps. Chun ny c IEEE
chun ho vi m IEEE802,5 v c ISO cng nhn vi m ISO 8802,5.
M hnh phn cng
- Topo hnh vng trn
- Dng cc MAU (multistation Access Unit) nhiu cng MAU v cp STP lin kt
cc MAU thnh mt vng trn khp kn.
- Cc trm lm vic c lin kt vo mng bng cc on cp STP ni t cng
MAU ti cng ca NIC. Chiu di on cp ny c quy nh di 100m. S lng
Hnh 3.15. M rng mng 10 Base T vi mng10 Base-2 lm trc chnh
Hnh 3.14. M rng mng 10 Base T khi s Hub nhiu hn 4
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ti a cc trm lm vic trn mt Ring l 72(4Mbps)v 260(16Mbps)khong cch ti
a gia hai trm l 770m(4Mbps)v 346(16Mbps).
- Hin ti chun mng ny cng h tr s dng cp UTP vi connector RJ45 v
cp si quang vi connector SC.
C ch thm nhp: Thm nhp theo c ch phn ph ln lt theo th bi (Token)
3.5.3. FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
c chun ho bi ANSI, m bo tc ng truyn 100Mbps.
M hnh phn cng.
- Topo dng vng kp
- Dng i cp si quang multimode lin kt cc cp ni DAS, SAS, DAC v
SAC thnh mt vng kp khp kn. Chiu di ti a ca vng l 100 km (200km khi
vng kp chuyn thnh vng n)
- DAS (Dual Attachment Station)-B kt ni kp; SAS (Single Attachment Station)-
B kt ni n; DAC (Dual Attachment Concentrator )-B tp trung kt ni; SAC
(Single Attachment Concentrator)-B tp trung kt ni n.
- Mi trm lm vic kt ni vi cc b kt ni qua FDDI NIC bng mt hoc hai i
cp si quang vi u ni SC. S trm lm vic ti a c th ni vo mt vng l 500.
Khong cch ti a gia hai trm l 2 km.
- Nh s dng vng kp nn chun FDDI xy dng c mt c ch qun l v t
khc phc s c trn ng truyn mt cch kh hon ho. Bnh thng, mi trm lm
vic trao i thng tin vi mng ch dual vi mt ng gi v mt ng nhn
thng tin ng thi. Nu mt trong hai vng b s c, thng tin s c gi v nhn ti
mi trm trn cng mt ng truyn mt cch lun phin. Nu c hai vng cng b s
c ti mt im vng kp cng s c khi phc t ng thnh mt vng n do tn
hiu c phn x ti hai b kt ni hai v tr gn nht hai bn im xy ra s c.
C ch thm nhp: dng c ch th bi
3.5. CU HI V BI TP
(ang tip tc b sung)







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CHNG 4. NHNG VN C BN CA MNG MY TNH
4.1. KIM SOT LI
4.1.1. Phng php pht hin li vi bt chn l
Phng php pht hin n gin nht l VRC. Theo phng php ny, mi xu bit
biu din k t truyn i c thm vo mt bit, gi l (parity bit) hay l bit chn l. Bit
ny c gi tr (tu theo quy c) l 0 nu s lng cc bit 1 trong xu l chn, 1 nu s
cc bit 1 l l. Bn nhn s cn c vo pht hin li.
Tuy nhin phng php ny khng nh v c bit li nn khng t sa c li m
ch yu cu pht li, mt khc n cng khng pht hin c li kp (tc l c 2n bit li).
khc phc ngi ta dng thm phng php LRC. LRC kim tra bit chn l theo
tng khi cc k t. Kt hp c hai phng php s cho php kim sot li theo c hai
chiu, cho hiu qu cao hn so vi vic dng ring tng phng php.
V d: Lp bng chn cc bit cn thit khi truyn xu NETWORK (cho N = 78, E=
69, T = 84, W = 87, O = 79, R = 82 v K = 75)
i cc gi tr m ASCII ca cc k t trong xu: N = 78 = 1001110, E = 69 =
1000101, T = 84 = 1010100, W = 87 = 1010111, O = 79 = 1001111, R = 82 = 1010010,
K = 75 = 1001011.
Ta c bng tnh VRC, LRC nh sau:

Khi k t truyn i V tr bt
trong k t
N E T W O R K
LRC

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
4 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
6 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
7 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
VRC 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
4.1.2. Phng php m sa sai Hamming
Ta ri u cc bit chn l ln vo cc bit d liu theo nguyn l cn bng chn l
ch ra v tr li. Nu ta dng r bit chn l th s kim tra c 2
r
1 bit d liu. Cc v tr
bit cn chn l cc lu tha ca c s 2 nh: 1, 2, 4, 8,... 2
r-1
. Tng s bit truyn i l r+n.
Phng php ny ch cho php pht hin v sa c ng 1 bit li, ngha l nu c
t 2 bit li tr ln th phng php ny khng p dng c.
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Th d: Cho chui bit gc M = 1101100111, hy chn cc bit cn thit vo teho
phng php m sa sai Hamming.
Chui bit gc 1101100111. Cc bc thc hin:
Chui bit c 10 bit cn 4 bit chn l, gi l c
8
, c
4
, c
2
, c
1
chn vo cc v tr 8, 4,
2, 1.
1 1 0 1 1 0 c
8
0 1 1 c
4
1 c
2
c
1
- Cng modulo 2 tt c cc v tr khc khng trong chui va thu c, l cc v
tr: 14, 13, 11,10, 6, 5, 3:
14 = 1110
13 = 1101
11 = 1011
10 = 1010
6 = 0110
5 = 0101
3 = 0011
0010 = c
8
c
4
c
2
c
1
- Kt qu: c
8
= 0, c
4
= 0, c2 = 1, c
1
= 0.
Ri cc bit va tnh c vo trong xu gc ta c xu cn truyn l:
1 1 0 1 1 0 0

0 1 1 0 1 1

0

- Gi s trn ng truyn bit th 7 b li, tc l gi tr ca n b i t 0 thnh 1.
Ti trm thu ta s tin hnh li thao tc cng modul 2 tt c cc v tr khc 0 trong
chui bit va nhn c, l 14, 13, 11,10, 7, 6, 5, 3
14 = 1110
13 = 1101
11 = 1011
10 = 1010
7 = 0111
6 = 0110
5 = 0101
3 = 0011
2 = 0010
0111 = 7

Kt qu thu c bit th 7 l bt li.
4.1.3. Phng php m d vng (CRC)
T tng ca phng php CRC:
- Chn trc mt a thc (gi l a thc sinh) G(x) vi h s bc cao nht v thp
nhp u bng 1.
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- Tm tp bit kim tra Checksum tho mn iu kin: a thc tng ng vi xu ghp
(xu gc v checksum) phi chia ht (theo modulo 2) cho G(x).
- Khi nhn tin, bn nhn kim tra li bng cch ly xau bit nhn c chia (modulo 2)
cho G(x). Nu khng chia ht th c ngha l c li (ngc li th cng cha th
khng nh l khng c li).
Gi s G(x) c bc l r, xu bit gc tng ng vi da thc M(x) c bc m. Cc bc
tnh checksum nh sau:
(1) Thm r bit 0 vo cui xu bit cn truyn: xu ghp s gm c m+r bit tng ng vi
a thc x
r
M(x).

(2) Chia (modulo 2) xu bit tng ng cho xu bit tng ng vi G(x)

(3) Ly xu bit b chia tr (modulo2) cho s d. Kt qu l xu bit c truyn i (xu
gc+checksum). K hiu a thc tng ng vi n l T(x), r rng T(x) chia ht
(modulo 2) cho G(x).

Th d p dng: Cho xu bit 1101010111, a thc sinh G(x) = x
4
+ x
3
+ x + 1, hy tnh
xu bit c truyn i trn mng.
Xu bit gc 1101010111 tng ng vi a thc M(x) = x
9
+ x
8
+ x
6
+ x
4
+ x
2
+ x + 1.
a thc sinh G(x) = x
4
+ x
3
+ x + 1 tng ng vi xu bit 11011.
x
r
M(x) = 11010101110000.
Ta tnh checksum nh sau:








Kt qu:
Checksum = 0011.
Xu bit c truyn i trn mng l: T(x) = 11010101110011.
4.2. IU KHIN LU LNG V IU KHIN TC NGHN
4.2.1. Cc khi nim
iu khin lu lng lin quan n vic vn chuyn gia mt ngi gi bit
no v mt ngi nhn. Nhim v ca n l m bo rng bn gi c tc nhanh
khng th tip tc truyn d liu nhanh hn mc m bn nhn c th tip thu c. iu
1000100001
11011 11010101110000
11011
11011
11011
010000
10011
0011

Checksum
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khin lu lng lun lun lin quan n mt s phn hi trc tip t pha ngi nhn n
ngi gi bo cho bn gi v kh nng nhn s liu thc ca bn nhn.
iu khin tc nghn thc hin nhim v m bo cho mng c kh nng vn
chuyn lu lng a vo, l mt vn ton cc, lin quan n hnh vi ca mi nt
mng, qu trnh cha v chuyn tip trong mi nt mng v cc yu t khc c khuynh
hng lm gim thng lng ca mng.
iu khin lu lng v iu khin tc nghn l hai khi nim khc nhau, nhng
lin quan cht ch vi nhau. iu khin lu lng l trnh tc nghn, cn iu khin
tc nghn l gii quyt vn tc nghn khi n xut hin hoc c du hiu sp xy ra.
Trong thc t trin khai thc hin cc thut ton iu khin lu lng v iu khin tc
nghn, nhiu khi c hai thut ton ny cng c ci t trong mt giao thc, th hin ra
nh l mt thut ton duy nht, th d trong giao thc TCP.
Cc tng c th thc hin iu khin lu lng
C th thc hin iu khin lu lng mt vi tng trong mng, th d:
iu khin lu lng tng Giao vn: thng c gi l iu khin lu lng u
cui - u cui: nhm trnh cho b m ca qu trnh nhn ti ch khi b trn.
iu khin lu lng trn tng chng: nhm trnh cho tng ng truyn khi b
tc nghn. Tuy nhin, vic iu khin lu lng trn tng chng s c nh hng n cc
chng khc, do n cng c tc dng trnh tc nghn cho cc ng truyn c nhiu
chng. Trong m hnh tham chiu OSI, iu khin lu lng theo tng chng c thc
hin tng Lin kt d liu v tng Mng.
4.2.2. iu khin lu lng theo c ch ca s trt
y l mt trong cc c ch iu khin lu lng c s dng rng ri nht, c
th p dng ti mt hay nhiu tng ca mng, thng l tng Lin kt d liu, tng Mng
hay tng Giao vn.
C ch iu khin lu lng bng ca s trt cho php bn gi pht i lin tip
mt s gi s liu nht nh ri mi phi dng li ch thng bo v kt qu nhn, gi l
bin nhn, trc khi tip tc pht. Bn nhn iu khin lu lng bng cch km li hay
gi ngay bin nhn, l mt gi s liu iu khin, hoc mt gi s liu c cha thng
tin iu khin, m bn nhn dng bo cho bn gi bit v vic nhn mt hay mt s
gi s liu nh th no. Ti mi thi im, bn gi phi ghi nh mt danh sch cha s
th t lin tip cc gi s liu m n c php gi i, cc gi s liu ny c gi l
nm trong ca s gi. Tng t nh vy, bn nhn cng duy tr mt danh sch gi l ca
s nhn, tng ng vi cc gi s liu m n c php nhn. Hai ca s gi v nhn
khng nht thit phi c ln bng nhau.
Ngi ta xut v s dng mt s phng thc qun l ca s khc nhau, th
d: bin nhn ring r cho mi gi s liu nhn c, bin nhn cui ca s, bin nhn
u ca s v.v. Di y s trnh by hai cch c s dng ph bin trong s cc
cch c nu.
Bin nhn tng gi s liu
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Theo cch qun l ny, mi khi nhn c mt gi s liu, bn nhn s gi mt
bin nhn cho bn gi. Ca s gi tng ng vi cc gi s liu gi i nhng cha
c bin nhn (hnh 4.1.a). Khi c mt gi s liu mi t tng trn chuyn xung gi
i, n s c gn s th t ln nht tip theo, do mp trn ca ca s gi s tng
thm 1. Nu ca s tng ti cc i th tin trnh truyn tng trn b chn li, khng th
truyn cc gi s liu xung na, cho n khi c ch trng trong vng nh m. Mi gi
s liu sau khi n ch s c bn nhn bin nhn mt cch ring r. Khi bin nhn v
n bn gi, mp di ca ca s gi s c tng thm 1, lm cho danh sch cc gi s
liu truyn nhng cn ch bin nhn gim i mt phn t, ng thi vng nh tng
ng vi phn t cng c gii phng cp pht cho mt gi s liu mi (hnh
4.1.b, c). Bng cch ny, ca s gi lun ghi nh c danh sch cc gi s liu cn
cha c bin nhn. V cc gi s liu trong ca s gi c th b hng hoc mt trn
ng truyn, nn bn gi phi gi li bn sao ca chng trong b nh m pht li
nu sau mt khong thi gian nht nh vn khng nhn c bin nhn.











Cc gi s liu nm ngoi ca s nhn nu n s b loi b. Khi nhn c mt gi
s liu c s th t bng mp di ca ca s, n s c truyn cho tng trn, bn nhn
sinh ra mt bin nhn gi ti ngi gi v tng ca s ln mt . Nu kch thc ca s
nhn bng 1, c ngha l n ch chp nhn cc gi s liu n theo ng th t. Nu khc
1 th khng phi nh vy, trong trng hp ny, bn nhn s gi gi s liu n khng
ng th t trong b m, ch nhn cc gi s liu trong ca s ri mi chuyn cc
gi s liu ln tng trn theo th t m bn gi gi i. Khong thi gian ch ny lun
c gii hn.
Bin nhn cui ca s
y l cch n gin nht, bn nhn s pht ra mt bin nhn sau khi nhn c tt
c cc gi s liu trong ca s nhn. Hnh 4.2 minh ho cho phng php ny, trong
nt A truyn thng vi nt B, s dng mt giao thc ta nh giao thc HDLC, kch
thc ca s gi v ca s nhn ban u bng 3. Cc gi s liu i trn mng c biu
din bng cc mi tn, kiu ca gi s liu c ghi bn cnh mi tn, ngha nh sau:
y I n.m: l gi s liu, vi trng s th t gi s liu N(S) = n, trng bin nhn N(R)
= m. Bn B cho gi s liu ca n cng (piggyback) bin nhn ti bn A, vic ny
gip nng cao hiu qu s dng ng truyn. Tt nhin, bn A cng c th bin nhn
cc gi s liu m B gi cho n bng cch trn.
y RNR 4: l gi s liu iu khin, B bo cho A rng, lc ny n khng th nhn tip
cc gi s liu ca A, ng thi bin nhn cho cc gi s liu c s th t nh hn hoc
Hnh 4.1. iu khin lu lng bng ca s trt, bin nhn tng gi s liu.
a) Trng thi ban u. b) Gi s 0 c bin nhn. c) Gi s 1 c bin nhn
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bng 3. Khi nhn c tn hiu ny, A s phi ngng gi, ch cho n khi nhn c tn
hiu cho php gi tip ca B.
y RR 4: l gi s liu iu khin, B bo cho A rng, lc ny n sn sng nhn tip cc
gi s liu ca A, bt u t gi s 4.













4.2.3. iu khin tc nghn
4.2.3.1. Hin tng tc nghn
Trong mng my tnh, tc nghn xy ra khi s lng gi s liu n nt mng vt
qu kh nng x l ca n hoc vt qu kh nng vn ti ca cc ng truyn ra, iu
dn n vic thng lng ca mng b gim i khi lu lng n mng tng ln. Hin
tng tc nghn c th xy ra mt hoc mt s nt mng, hay trn ton mng v c
miu t trn hnh 4.3.








Khi s lng gi s liu n mng cn tng i nh, nm trong kh nng vn ti
ca n, chng s c phn pht i ht, s lng gi s liu c chuyn i t l thun
vi s lng gi s liu n mng. Do lun c mt t l gi s liu phi pht li do b li
trong qu trnh vn chuyn, lu lng m mng thc s phi vn chuyn nhn chung ln
hn lu lng i qua mng (thng lng).
Hnh 4.2. iu khin lu lng bng ca s trt, bin nhn cui
ca s. Kch thc ca s nhn v gi ban u bng 3.
Hnh 4.3. Hin tng tc nghn
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Khi lu lng n cao qu mt mc no , cc nt mng khng cn kh nng
cha v chuyn tip cc gi s liu, do cc nt mng bt u phi loi b cc gi s
liu. Bn gi s pht li cc gi s liu khng c bin nhn sau mt khong thi gian
nht nh, gi l thi gian ht gi. Nu lu lng n mng tip tc tng ln na, t l gi
s liu pht li trn tng s gi s liu trong mng c th tng n 100%, ngha l khng
c gi s liu no c phn pht i c, thng lng ca mng gim xung bng khng,
mng b nght hon ton.
Mt s yu t c th dn n tc nghn, ngay c khi lu lng i vo mng thp
hn kh nng vn ti ca mng. Chng hn, khi s lng gi s liu n trn hai hoc ba
li vo ca mt nt mng u cn i ra trn cng mt ng truyn n ch, chng s
phi xp hng i c truyn i. Nu tnh trng trn ko di, hng i s di dn ra v
y, khng cn ch cho cc gi s liu mi n, chng b loi b v s c pht li, lm
tng t l gi s liu pht li trong mng. Bin php khc phc bng cch tng kch thc
hng i (b nh) ti cc nt mng trong mt chng mc no l c ch, tuy nhin,
ngi ta chng minh c rng, tng kch thc hng i qu mt gii hn no s
khng mang li li ch g, thm ch cn c th lm cho vn tc nghn ti t hn. l
v cc gi s liu s b ht gi ngay trong qu trnh xp hng, bn sao ca chng c
bn gi pht li ri, lm tng s lng gi s liu pht li trong mng.
Tc x l chm ca cc nt mng cng l mt nguyn nhn quan trng gy nn
tc nghn, bi v chng c th s lm hng i b trn ngay c khi lu lng gi s liu
n nt mng nh hn nng lc vn ti ca ng truyn i ra. Cc ng truyn dung
lng thp cng c th gy ra tc nghn. Vic tng dung lng ng truyn nhng
khng nng cp b x l ti nt mng, hoc ch nng cp tng phn ca mng i khi
cng ci thin c tnh hnh i cht, nhng thng ch lm ci c chai, ni xy ra tc
nghn, di i ch khc m thi. Gii quyt vn tc nghn ni chung, cn n cc gii
php ng b.
Tc nghn c khuynh hng t lm cho n trm trng thm. Nu mt nt mng no
b trn b m, gi s liu n s b loi b, trong khi nt mng bn trn, pha
ngi gi, vn phi gi bn sao ca gi s liu gi trong hng i, cho n khi ht gi
pht li. Vic phi gi bn sao gi s liu trong hng i ch bin nhn, cng thm
vic c th phi pht li gi s liu mt s ln c th lm cho hng i ti chnh nt trn
cng c th b trn. S tc nghn lan truyn ngc tr li pha ngun pht sinh ra gi s
liu.
4.2.3.2. Cc gii php iu khin tc nghn
Vn iu khin tc nghn c th c gii quyt theo quan im ca L thuyt
iu khin. Theo cch tip cn ny, c th chia cc gii php thnh hai nhm: cc gii
php Vng lp m (Open loop) v cc gii php Vng lp ng (Closed loop). Theo cc
gii php vng lp m, tc nghn s c gii quyt bng vic thit k tt, m bo sao
cho tc nghn khng xy ra. Mt h thng nh vy phi c kh nng quyt nh khi no
th nhn thm cc lu lng mi vo, khi no th loi b cc gi s liu v loi cc gi s
liu no. Cc quyt nh ny phi theo lch trnh v phi c tng nt mng, chng c
h thng a ra m khng xem xt n trng thi hin thi ca mng.
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Tri li, cc gii php vng lp ng li da trn khi nim v vng phn hi
(feedback loop), chng gm c ba phn, hay ba bc nh sau:
Bc mt: theo di h thng pht hin tc nghn xy ra khi no v u.
Vic pht hin tc nghn c th da trn mt s o khc nhau. Cc o thng
c s dng l t l gi s liu b loi b do thiu b m, chiu di trung bnh ca hng
i, s gi s liu phi pht li do b ht gi, thi gian tr trung bnh ca gi s liu khi i
qua mng v.v. S tng ln ca cc s o ny ni ln rng tc nghn ang tng ln trong
mng.
Bc hai: ni pht hin ra tc nghn cn phi chuyn thng tin v s tc nghn n
nhng ni c th phn ng li. Mt cch thc hin rt n gin l nt mng pht hin ra
tc nghn s gi gi s liu n cc ngun sinh lu lng trn mng, bo tin v s c. Tt
nhin, vic ny s lm tng thm lu lng a vo mng ng lc l ra phi gim i.
Ngi ta cng xut v thc hin mt s cch khc na. Chng hn, nt mng pht
hin ra tc nghn s nh du vo mt bit hay mt trng nh trc ca mi gi s liu
trc khi gi s liu c nt mng chuyn tip i, nhm loan bo cho cc nt mng
khc v trng thi tc nghn. C th nu ra mt cch thc hin khc na, l lm cho
cc nt mng u n gi i cc gi s liu thm d bit tnh trng ca mng.
Bc ba: iu chnh li h thng sa cha s c. Cc c ch thc hin phn hi
u nhm mc ch l cc my tnh trn mng c nhng phn ng ph hp nhm lm
gim tc nghn. Nu phn ng xy ra qu nhanh, lu lng trong h thng s thng ging
mnh v khng bao gi hi t. Nu phn ng qu chm, vic iu khin tc nghn c th
khng c ngha thc t g na. Chnh v vy, c ch phn hi c hiu qu, cn phi
s dng mt s cch tnh trung bnh.
Cc thut ton iu khin tc nghn s c trnh by c th trong chng 5, phn
giao thc TCP.
4.3. AN TON THNG TIN TRN MNG
4.3.1. Gii thiu
c im ca mi trng mng l nhiu ngi s dng v phn tn v a l. S
lng users tng ln dn ti mc quan trng ca thng tin ngy cng ln nh thng tin
v ti chnh, ngn hng, chng khon, chnh ph,..lin quan n an ninh quc gia, li ch
quc t, cc c quan doanh nghip ln. Cc thng tin ny c trao i tng gi tng
pht trn mng, do vy phi c cc bin php bo m an ton thng tin trn mng.
Nhm ngi xm hi mng gm nhiu loi vi hnh vi ngy mt tinh vi hn, cc
i tng gm: sinh vin, doanh nhn, ngi mi gii chng khon, hacker, khng
b,..
Mc ch ca mi i tng:
- Sinh vin: t m, nghch ngm, mun chng t kh nng.
- Doanh nhn: thm d chin lc kinh doanh ca i th cnh tranh ph hoi i
phng.
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- Ngi mi gii chng khon: tc ng tm l ngi chi chng khon, thuyt phc
ngi chi mua/bn c phiu, lm o ln th trng.
- Hacker: tn cng vo l hng phn mm n cp bn quyn hoc ph hu h
thng
- Khng b: t chc cc v khng b nhm mc ch kinh t, chnh tr,..
bo v thng tin t hiu qu cao chng ta cn phi lng trc c tt cc kh
nng xm phm, cc s c ri ro i vi cc thit b v d liu trn mng. Xc nh cng
chnh xc cc nguy c th vic tm ra cc gii php s chnh xc v gim thiu cc thit
hi. ATTT trn mng cp n nhng bin php bo v thng tin trnh khi nhng xm
phm tri php.
Cc loi vi phm c th c chia lm hai loi: vi phm ch ng v vi phm th
ng. Ch ng v th ng y c hiu theo ngha c can thip vo ni dung v
lung thng tin trao i hay khng? Vi phm th ng ch nhm mc tiu cui cng l
nm bt thng tin, c th khng bit c ni dung, nhng vn c th d ra c thng
tin v ngi gi, ngi nhn nh vo thng thng tin iu khin nm trong header ca
gi tin. Hn na, k ph hoi cn c th kim tra c s lng, di, lu lng, tn
sut trao i d liu trao i. Tm li, vi phm loi ny khng lm sai lch hoc hy hoi
thng tin. Trong khi , cc vi phm ch ng c th lm bin i, xa b, lm tr, sp
xp li th t, hoc chn vo mt s cc thng tin ngoi lai vo lm sai lch thng tin
gc. Mt hnh thc vi phm ch ng na l c th lm v hiu cc chc nng phc v
ngi dng tm thi hoc lu di.
Vi phm th ng thng kh pht hin nhng d ngn chn, ngc li, vi phm
ch ng d pht hin nhng rt kh ngn chn.
K ph hoi c th xm nhp bt c u c thng tin m h quan tm. C th l
trn ng truyn, cc my ch nhiu ngi dng, cc my trm, hay cc thit b kt
ni (bridge, router, gateway,..), cc thit b ngoi vi, bn phm, mn hnh chnh l nhng
ca ng thut li cho cc loi xm nhp tri php.
4.3.2. Cc lp bo mt trong mng
Cc h thng an ninh mng thng bao gm nhiu lp chng li cc kiu xp
phm khc nhau. S cc lp bo mt thng dng hin nay c trnh by di y:
Lp Quyn truy nhp: Lp bo v trong cng nhm kim tra, gii hn quyn truy
cp ca cc i tng s dng ti nguyn mng. Quyn truy cp quy nh ngi s dng
c th truy cp vo ti nguyn g v c php thc hin nhng thao tc g trn .
Lp ng nhp: yu cu mi c nhn khi bc vo mng phi xut trnh Tn (User
name) v Mt khu (Password). y l mt c ch n gin, t tn km nhng rt hiu
qu, gp phn hn ch ngay t ngoi nhng truy xut tri php. Mi ngi s dng hp
l u phi c tn v mt khu, da vo h thng nhn bit c anh ta c th c s
dng ti nguyn no v thao tc g trn nhng ti nguyn .
Cc phng php m ho ch yu dnh cho nhng thng tin truyn trn mng
trnh b nghe trm, nhng chng cng c p dng cho vic bo mt ti ch. D liu
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c bin i t dng t nhin sang dng m ho gi i, cn ti bn nhn li din ra
qu trnh ngc li gii m. Chng ta s xem xt k vn ny trong mc sau.












Tng la: bo v mng ni b, thng thng hin nay cc h thng mng
thng s dng cc phn mm FireWall (tng la). Chc nng ca Tng la l ngn
chn nhng truy nhp tri php t mi trng mng bn ngoi vo h thng mng ni b,
lc b nhng gi tin m ta khng mun gi i hoc nhn vo, cm nhng truy nhp tri
php theo mt danh sch c quy nh trc. Mt s phn mm Tng la c th thy
nh Tch hp ngay trong Windows (Windows Firewall), Tch hp trong cc phn mm
dit virut, Phn mm ISA Server 2004... Phng thc ny c s dng rng ri trong
mi trng lin mng Internet.
Lp bo v vt l nhm ngn chn nhng thao tc s dng tri php trn h thng.
l cc bin php nh: kim sot ngi ra vo phng iu hnh trung tm, lp kho
trn my tnh, s dng cc my trm khng c a trnh sao chp thng tin, lp t
cc thit b nhn dng (vn tay, mt ngi, video) kim sot ra vo...
4.3.3. Bo v d liu bng mt m
C hai cch tip cn bo v thng tin bng mt m: so l theo ng truyn
(link-oriented security) v t nt-n-nt (end-to-end).
Theo cch th nht, vic m ha ch thc hin i vi thng tin trn ng truyn
m khng quan tm n ngun v ch ca thng tin (hnh 4.5 a). u im: c th b
mt c lung thng tin gia ngun v ch v c th ngn chn c ton b cc vi
phm nhm phn tch lu thng trn mng. Nhc im ca n l i hi cc nt phi
c bo v tt.
Theo cch th hai, thng tin c m ha trn ton b ng i t ngun n ch
(hnh 4.5 b). Thng tin c m ha ngay khi c to ra v ch c gii m trm
ch. u im chnh l: ngi dng c th s dng n m khng cn quan tm n ngi
ng nhp
M ho d liu
Tng la
Bo v vt l
Quyn truy nhp
Thng tin
Xm
nhp
Hnh 4.4. Cc lp bo mt d liu trong mng
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 84
dng khc. Nhc im: ch c d liu ngi dng c m ha, cn cc thng tin iu
khin th phi c gi nguyn c th x l ti cc nt trn ng i.



















4.3.3.1. Quy trnh mt m







Trong :
- Vn bn gc: l vn bn cha c m ha
- Kha: gm mt xu hu hn cc bit thng c biu din di dng cc xu k t
ch s.
M ha
Vn bn
mt m
Gii m
Kha K
E

Qun l kha
Kha K
D

Vn bn gc
Vn bn gc
Hnh 4.6. S mt m d liu
Thng tin gc
Ek
Thng tin nhn
Dn
Mng
M ho vi kho K
Hnh 4.5 b) Tip cn nt ti nt (End - to - End)
Nt ngun
Thng tin gc
E
1

Nt ch
Thng tin nhn
D
1
E
2

Hnh 4. 5 a) Tip cn theo ng truyn (Link Oriented)
D
N

M ho
vi
kho 1
M ho
vi
kho N
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 85
Gi M l vn bn gc, C l vn bn mt m, E l hm m ha, D l hm gii m ta
c: C = E
KE
(M) (/v m ha) M = D
KD
(C) = D
KD
(E
KE
(M)) (/v gii m).
Kha K
E
c dng m ha, kha K
D
c dng gii m.
C hai phng php m ha (phn loi theo cch thc dng kha): phng php c
in (hay kha i xng, hay mt kha): s dng mt kha duy nht cho vic m ha v
gii m. Do , kha phi c gi b mt.
Phng php th hai l s dng kha cng khai. Trong h thng s dng hai
kha, mt m ha v mt gii m. Kha m ha c th cng khai, cn kha gii m
phi gi b mt.
Di y chng ta s xem xt 4 phng php mt m ch yu, l:
- Phng php i ch (Transportation Ciphers)
- Phng php thay th (Subsstitution Ciphers)
- Phng php s dng chun mt m (DES)
- Phng php s dng kha cng khai (Public key)
4.3.3.2. Phng php i ch
Phng php sp xp li cc k t trong vn bn gc c vn bn mt m. Cc
k thut dng trong phng php ny gm:
y o ngc ton b vn bn gc: vn bn gc c vit heo thc t ngc li
to ra vn bn mt m. n gin v khng an tn.
y M ha theo dng hnh hc: Vn bn gc c sp xp theo mt dng hnh hc
no , thng l mt ma trn 2 chiu:
V d: Ta s m ho xu KHOA KTCN HUONG TOI TUONG LAI theo phng
php ny. u tin xu cho c vit di dng ma trn 4x6 nh sau:
Ct 1 2 3 4 5 6
K H O A K T
C N H U O N
G T O I T U
O N G L A I
Sau , nu vit cc k t ra theo th t cc ct l 2, 3, 5, 1, 4, 6 th ta c vn bn
m ho l:
HOKKAT NHOCUN TOTGIU NGAOLI

y i ch ct: Trc ht i ch trong xu vn bn gc thnh dng ch nht theo
cc ct, sao sp xp li cc ct v ly ra theo chiu ngang.
V d: Ta s m ho xu GIA CA THI TRUONG CO CHIEU HUONG TANG
NHANH theo phng php i ch ct. u tin xu cho c vit di dng ma
trn 7x5 nh sau:
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 86
Ct 1 2 3 4 5
G I C H N
I T O U G
A R C O N
C U H N H
A O I G A
T N E T N
Vn
bn
H G U A H
Sau , nu chuyn v cc ct theo th t: 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 th ta c vn bn m ho l:
CNIGH OGTIU CNRAO HHUCN IAOAG ENNTT UHGHA
y Phng php hon v theo mt chu k c nh:
Gi s vn bn gc M = m
1
m
2..
m
n
c chia thnh cc khi, mi khi gm d k t.
Cho f l mt hm hon v trn d k t, khi kho m ho c biu din bi K(d,f).
Vn bn gc c vit thnh: M = m
1
m
2..
m
d
m
d+1
m
d+2..
m
2d,..
s c m ho thnh: E
k
(M) = m
f(1)
m
f(2)..
m
f(d)
m
f(d+1)
m
f(d+2)..
m
f(2d),...

trong m
f(1)
m
f(2)..
m
f(d)
l mt hon v ca m
1
m
2..
m
d
.
V d: Ta s m ho xu AN TOAN BAO MAT THONG TIN TREN MANG, vi chu
ky d = 6, v hm f hon v dy i = 123456 thnh f
i
= 352164:
Ta vit xu cho di dng: ANTOAN BAOMAT THONGT INTREN MANG
Xu m ho tr thnh: TANANO OAABTM OGHTTN TENINR NAMG
4.3.3.3. Phng php thay th
Phng php ny m ho bng cch thay th mi k t trong vn bn gc bng mt
k t khc no (mt chc ci, mt s, hay mt k hiu).
C nhiu k thut thay th: thay th n gin, thay th ng m, thay th a mu t,
thay th a s .
Thay th n gin (simple substitution): mi k t trong vn bn gc c thay th
bi mt k t tng ng trong vn bn mt m. Hm m ho l mt nh x 1-1 t vn
bn gc n vn bn mt m c s dng trong ton b vn bn.
Thay th ng m (homophonic substitution): mi k t trong vn bn gc c
thay bng mt s k t trong vn bn mt m, s nh x l 1-n (one-to-many).
Thay th a mu t (polyalphabetic substitution): Nhiu ch ci mt m c dng
chuyn i t vn bn gc sang vn bn mt m. nh x 1-1 nh trong trng hp
thay th n gin, nhng c th thay i trong phm v 1 thng ip.
Thay th a s (polygram substitution): y l mt m ttng qut nht, cho php
thay th tu cc nhm k t ca vn bn gc.
V khun kh gio trnh, y ta ch trnh by phng php thay th n gin.
Gi s A l b ch ci gc c n k t: {a
0
,a
1
,a
2
,...,a
n-1
}. Ta thay th mi k t ca A
bng mt k t tng ng trong b ch ci mt m C c sp xp th t, k hiu l
{f(a
0
), f(a
1
),f(a
2
),...,f(a
n-1
)}. F l mt hm nh x 1-1 t 1 k t ca A sang 1 k t ca C.
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 87
Lc , mt thng ip gc M = m
1
m
2
... s c vit di dng nh sau: E
k
(M) = f(m
1
)
f(m
2
),.. Thng th C l mt sp xp li ca A.
V d v cc dng m ha thay th n gin: b m ASCII
Mt trong nhng dng mt m thay th n gin ph dng khc l bng ch ci
chuyn dch. y cc ch ci trong bng c chuyn dch sang phi k v tr (modul
theo kch thc ca bng ch). Ngha l nu a l 1 k t ca bng ch A th f(a) = (a+k)
mod n. Nu A l bng ch ci ting Anh chun th n = 26 . y cng chnh l phng
php mt m Caesar, vi k =3.
V d: vi k=3, bng ch ci gc l:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Bng ch ci mt m s l:
D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C
Khi , dng ch: KHOA KTCN tr thnh NKRD NWFQ.
4.3.3.4. Phng php s dng chun mt m (DES)
Gii thiu chung v DES
Chun m ho d liu DES c Vn phng tiu chun ca M (U.S National
Bureau for Standards) cng b nm 1971 s dng trong cc c quan chnh ph lin
bang. Gii thut c pht trin ti Cng ty IBM da trn h m ho LUCIFER ca
Feistel.
DES l thut ton m ho khi (block algorithm), vi c ca mt khi l 64 bt.
Mt khi 64 bt bn r c a vo, sau khi m ho d liu a ra l mt khi bn m
64 bt. C m ho v gii m u s dng cng mt thut ton v kho.
Kho m ho c di 64 bt, trong c 8 bt chn l c s dng kim sot
li. Cc bt chn l nm cc v tr 8, 16, 24,... , 64. Tc l c 8 bt kho th trong c 1
bt kim sot li, bt ny qui nh s bt c gi tr 1 ca khi 8 bt theo tnh b chn.
Nn tng xy dng khi ca DES l s kt hp n gin ca cc k thut thay
th v hon v bn r (bn gc) da trn kho, l cc vng lp. DES s dng 16 vng
lp, n p dng cng mt kiu kt hp ca cc k thut trn khi bn r 16 ln (hnh
4.7).
Thut ton ch s dng cc php ton s hc v lgc trn cc s 64 bt, v vy n
d dng thc hin vo nhng nm 1970 trong iu kin v cng ngh phn cng lc by
gi. Ban u, s thc hin cc phn mm kiu ny rt th s, nhng hin ti th vic
tt hn, v vi c tnh lp i lp li ca thut ton to nn tng s dng chp
vi mc ch c bit ny.
Tm li DES c mt s c im sau:
S dng kho 56 bt.
X l khi vo 64 bt, bin i khi vo thnh khi ra 64 bt.
M ho v gii m c s dng cng mt kho.
DES c thit k chy trn phn cng.
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 88
DES thng c s dng m ho cc dng d liu mng v m ho d liu
c lu tr trn a.
M t thut ton
DES thc hin trn tng khi 64 bt bn r. Sau khi thc hin hon v khi u,
khi d liu c chia lm hai na tri v phi, mi na 32 bt. Tip , c 16 vng lp
ging ht nhau c thc hin, c gi l cc hm , trong d liu c kt hp vi
kho. Sau 16 vng lp, hai na tri v phi c kt hp li v hon v cui cng (hon
v ngc) s kt thc thut ton.


L
15
=R
14
R
15
=L
14
(R
14
,K
15
)
Vn bn gc
IP
L
0
R
0

L
1
=R
0
R
1
=L
0
(R
0
,K
1
)

L
2
=R
1
R
2
=L
1
(R
1
,K
2
)

R
16
=L
15
(R
15
,K
16
) L
16
=R
15

K
1

K
2

Vn bn mt m
IP
-1

K
16

Hnh 4.7. Thut ton DES
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 89
Trong mi vng lp, cc bt ca kho c dch i v c 48 bt c chn ra t 56
bt ca kho. Na phi ca d liu c m rng thnh 48 bt bng mt php hon v m
rng, tip khi 48 bt ny c kt hp vi khi 48 bt c thay i v hon v
ca kho bng ton t XOR. Khi kt qu ca php tnh XOR c la chn ra 32 bt
bng cch s dng thut ton thay th v hon v ln na. l bn thao tc to nn hm
. Tip , u ra ca hm c kt hp vi na tri bng mt ton t XOR. Kt qu
ca cc bc thc hin ny tr thnh na phi mi; na phi c tr thnh na tri mi.
S thc hin ny c lp li 16 ln, to thnh 16 vng ca DES (hnh 4.7).
Nu B
i
l kt qu ca vng th i, L
i
v R
i
l hai na tri v phi ca B
i
, K
i
l kho
48 bt ca vng th i, v l hm thc hin thay th, hon v v XOR vi kho, ta c
biu din ca mt vng s nh sau:
L
i
=R
i-1

R
i
=L
i-1
XOR (R
i-1
,K
i
)
















Chi tit v thut ton DES c trnh by trong cc ti liu v L thuyt mt m,
ngh bn c t tm ti liu nghin cu thm.
4.3.3.4. Phng php s dng kha cng khai (Public key)
i vi cc h m ho c in th nu bit kho m E
k
th cng bit c kho gii
D
k
. Ni mt cch c th th kho gii c th suy ra trc tip t kho m hoc c th tnh
ton t kho m khng my kh khn, v ngc li.
Kho
28 bt 28 bt

Dch
28 bt
Dch
28 bt
56 bt
Hon v La chn
48 bt
R
i-1

32 bt
M rng
Hon v
48 bt
Hp S
Thay th
La chn
32 bit
Hp P
Hon v
R
i
L
i

L
i-1

32 bt
Hnh 4.8. Mt vng lp DES
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 90
Trong cc lnh vc ng dng thng mi nh chuyn ngn in t v th in t th
bi ton phn phi kho l mt vn ln i vi cc h m ho c in. Khuynh hng
cung cp cc kho di m n phi c thay i thng xuyn, trong khi vn tip tc duy
tr c tnh an ton ln hiu qu chi ph s cn tr rt nhiu n vic pht trin cc h
thng nh vy. Tuy nhin cc phng php gn y c pht trin s ha hn vic loi
b hon ton bi ton phn phi kho. Nhng h thng m ho nh vy c gi l cc
h m ho cng khai.
tng v m ho cng khai (m ho phi i xng - i lp vi cc h m ho c
in) thuc v Whitfield Diffie v Martin Hellman. Diffie v Hellman ln u tin a
ra tng ny vo nm 1976.
Thut ton m ho cng khai s dng kho m ha v kho gii m l khc
nhau. Cc kho ny to thnh mt cp chuyn i ngc nhau. Vic bit kho m E
k

khng nht thit lm l D
k
. C th hn ngi thm m c th bit E
k
v do c th tnh
c D
k
, tuy nhin vic tnh D
k
t E
k
l khng kh thi vi hu ht cc kho k, bi v vic
phi mt n hng t nm. Do vy trn thc t bn m C vn c gia an ton mc
d kho m E
k
c cng b rng di. Kho m c th cng khai nhng kho gii phi
c gi b mt.
















D
K2
E
K1

P
(Bn r)
Ngi gi
A
Knh khng
an ton
Ngi nhn
B
C
(Bn m)
P
(Bn r)
My sinh
kho
iu kin
khi u
Thm m
K
1

(Kho cng khai)
K
2

(Kho b mt)
Hnh 4.9. M ho cng khai
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 91
Mc d kho m (kho cng khai) v kho gii (kho b mt) thc hin cc thao tc
ngc nhau v do c lin quan n nhau nhng phi lm sao khng th suy ra kho
ring t kho cng khai. Yu cu c th t c nh cc hm ton hc c bit gi l
cc hm sp by mt chiu (trapdoor one-way function). Cc hm ny c c im l
khng th ch da vo m t c hm m cn phi bit c cch xy dng hm th mi
c th suy ra c nghch o ca n.
Mt s h m ho cng khai:
1. H Merkle-Hellman Knapsack
2. H Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA)
3. H EL Gamal v Digital Signature Algrithms
Cc h m ho cng khai ny u da trn c s nhng vn phc tp thuc lnh
vc l thuyt s, l cc thut ton s hc c thc hin trn cc s nguyn t rt ln.
Thut ton m ho RSA
RSA l tn vit tt t tn cc tc gi ca n Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, Leonard
Adleman - nhng ngi u tin gii thiu thut ton ny nm 1978.
B mt ca m RSA l vic rt kh khn khi phn tch ra tha s nguyn t ca
cc s ln. Kho cng cng v kho ring l cc hm s ca mt cp s nguyn t rt ln
no (c t 100 n 200 ch s, thm ch c th ln hn). Vic gii m t mt kho v
thng ip m ho l tng ng vi vic phn tch mt s rt ln ra tha s nguyn
t.
tng hp hai kho, ta phi chn hai s nguyn t ln p v q. Sau tnh: n = p*q
(p, q c gi b mt).
Chn ngu nhin mt kho m, e, sao cho e v (p-1)(q-1) l nguyn t cng nhau.
Sau dng thut ton Euclid tnh kho gii m d tho mn:
e*d = 1 (mod (p-1)(q-1)) hay ni cch khc d = e
-1
(mod (p-1)(q-1))
Ta cn ch rng d v n cng nguyn t cng nhau. S e v n chnh l kho cng
cng cn d l kho b mt. S p v q khng cn cn thit na, chng c th b i nhng
khng bao gi c l ra.
m ho mt bn r m, trc tin ta phi chuyn cc ch ci thnh cc s tng
ng v chia nh m thnh cc khi vi di ca mi khi u nh hn n. Vi d liu
nh phn, chn lu tha ca 2 s ln nht m vn nh hn n. Nh vy nu p v q l s
nguyn t 100 ch s th n c khong 200 ch s, v mi khi bn r, m
i
, phi nh hn
200 ch s.
Thng ip m ho c s c to ra t cc khi m ho c
i
c kch c hay
di tng t.
Cng thc m ho n gin l:
c
i
= m
i
e
(mod n)
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 92
Qu trnh gii m lm ngc li. gii m mt thng ip, ta ly mi khi m
ho c
i
v tnh:
m
i
= c
i
d
(mod n)
Tht vy:
c
i
d
= (m
i
e
)
d
= m
i
ed

= m
i
k(p-1)(q-1)+1
= m
i
.m
i
k(p-1)(q-1)
= m
i
.1 = m
i
(tt c ly theo mod n).
Ta c th tng kt theo bng sau:
KHO M HO (PUBLIC KEY):
n: l tch ca 2 s nguyn t, p v q (p v q l b mt chnh)
e: l s nguyn t cng nhau vi (p-1)(q-1)
KHO GII M (PRIVATE KEY):
d: e
-1
(mod (p-1)(q-1))
M HO (ENCRYTING):
c = m
e
(mod n)
GII M (DECRYPTING)
m = c
d
(mod n)
Sau y l mt v d ngn minh ho r thut ton m ho RSA. Gi s ta chn p
= 47 v q = 71 th:
n = p.q = 3337
S e phi nguyn t cng nhau vi gi tr:
(p-1)(q-1) = 46.70 = 3220
Chn e (mt cch ngu nhin) l 79. T ta suy ra d:
d = 79
-1
(mod 3220) = 1019
S ny tnh c nh thut ton Euclid m rng. e v n l kho cng cng v d l
kho ring, p v q c b i.
m ho mt bn r no , v d:
m = 6882326879666683
u tin ta chia bn r thnh cc khi nh. Ta chn cch chia thnh cc khi nh
c 3 ch s l tt nht. Nh vy ta c tt c 6 khi bn r:
m
1
= 688
m
2
= 232
m
3
= 687
m
4
= 966
m
5
= 668
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 93
m
6
= 3
Khi u tin c m ho thnh:
688
79
(mod 3337) = 1570 = c
1

Tng t thc hin trn cc khi khc, sau tng hp li ta s c bn r hon
chnh:
c = 1570 2756 2714 2276 2423 158
Vic gii m tin hnh tng t vi kho gii m d =1019.
V d:
1570
1019
(mod 3337) = 688 = m
1
4.3.3.5. So snh cc phng php mt m
nh gi mt gii thut m ho cn da vo cc yu t nh phc tp, thi
gian m ho v vn phn phi kho trong mi trng nhiu ngi s dng.
Cc phng php m ho c in nh phng php i ch v thay th l n gin
v c s dng sm nht. Nhc im ca chng l an ton khng cao do thng
khng t c phc tp cn thit ng thi rt d b l kho do c ngi gi ln
ngi nhn u phi bit kho.
Cn cc phng php m ho s dng kho cng khai (nh RSA) mc d khc phc
c vn phn phi kho song li c chi ph cao v kh chm chp. Trong khi thi
gian m ho ca phng php DES ch i hi vi micro giy th phng php RSA li
i hi ti vi mili giy, do hn ch thng lng mc 50 Kb/s.
Hin nay nhn chung phng php m ho DES c s dng rng ri nht, tuy
ngi ta vn cn bn ci xem di ca kho 48 bt cha v cc php thay th
phc tp cha t c an ton thng tin mong mun.
Mt s bi tp
1. Cho xu k t: KINH TE THI TRUONG, hy dng phng php i ch theo mu
hnh hc m ho vi ma trn c kch thc 3x5, v hon v ct l 1,3,5,4,2.
2. Cho xu k t: HOI NHAP VAO WTO DE PHAT TRIEN, hy dng phng php
i ch ct m ho vi ma trn c kch thc 4x6, v hon v ct l 3,1,2,5,4,6.
3. Cho xu k t: KINH TE NUOC TA DANG TANG TRUONG MANH, hy dng
phng php hon v theo chu k c nh m ho, cho chu k d = 6, hon v trong mi
chu k l 1,5,2,4,6,3.
4. Ci t cc thut ton m ho, vit hm gii m cho cc phng php m ho trn.



L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 94
4.5. nh gi hiu nng mng
4.5.1. Khi nim hiu nng v cc o hiu nng mng
Khi nim hiu nng mng
Theo ngha chung, hiu nng l mt o cng vic m mt h thng thc hin
c. Hiu nng ch yu c xc nh bi s kt hp ca cc nhn t: tnh sn sng
dng (availability), thng lng (throughput) v thi gian p ng (response time). i
vi mng my tnh, hiu nng cng cn c xc nh da trn cc nhn t khc na, th
d: thi gian tr (delay), tin cy (reliability), t sut li (error rate), hiu nng ca ng
dng v.v.
Tu theo mc ch nghin cu c th, hiu nng c th ch bao gm mt nhn t no
hoc l s kt hp mt s trong cc nhn t nu trn.
Cc o hiu nng mng
C th phn cc o hiu nng thnh hai loi: cc o hng ti ngi s dng
v cc o hng ti h thng. Trong cc o hng ti ngi s dng, thi gian p
ng (response time) thng c s dng trong cc h thi gian thc hoc cc mi
trng h thng tng tc. l khong thi gian t khi c mt yu cu (request) n h
thng cho n khi n c h thng thc hin xong. Trong cc h thng tng tc, i
khi ngi ta s dng o thi gian phn ng ca h thng (system reaction time) thay
cho thi gian p ng. l khong thi gian tnh t khi input n h thng cho n khi
yu cu cha trong input nhn c khe thi gian (slice time) phc v u tin. o
ny o mc hiu dng ca b lp lch ca h thng trong vic nhanh chng cung cp
dch v cho mt yu cu mi n. Trong cc h thng mng my tnh, cc i lng thi
gian p ng, thi gian phn ng ca h thng u c xem l cc bin ngu nhin, v
vy ngi ta thng ni v phn b, k vng, phng sai... ca chng.
Cc o hng ti h thng in hnh l thng lng (throughput) v thi gian tr
(delay time, delay). Thng lng c nh ngha l s n v thng tin tnh trung bnh
c vn chuyn qua mng trong mt n v thi gian. n v thng tin y c th l
bit, byte hay gi s liu... Nu cc n v thng tin i vo mng theo mt c ch c lp
vi trng thi ca mng, th thng lng cng chnh bng tc n trung bnh nu
mng vn cn c kh nng vn chuyn, khng dn n trng thi b tc nghn. Mt s
trng hp ngi ta s dng i lng khng th nguyn H s s dng ng truyn
(Line Utilization) hay cn gi thng lng chun ho, l t s ca thng lng trn
nng lc vn chuyn ca ng truyn (line capacity). Thi gian tr l thi gian trung
bnh vn chuyn mt gi s liu qua mng, t ngun ti ch. Cng c trng hp
ngi ta s dng i lng thi gian tr chun ho, l t s ca thi gian tr trn mt
tham s thi gian no , th d thi gian cn thit truyn mt gi tin (packet
transmition time).
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4.5.2. Tm quan trng ca vic nh gi hiu nng mng my tnh
Trong sut lch s tin ho ca mng my tnh, vn nh gi v d on hiu
nng mng lun thu ht s quan tm ca nhng ngi nghin cu v thit k mng; mc
ch chnh l nm c v ci thin c trng gi - hiu nng (cost-performance).
Yu cu nh gi v d on hiu nng mng t ra ngay t khi ngi ta thit k kin
trc ca h thng cho n khi mng c lp t v a vo hot ng. Trong giai
on u ca qu trnh thit k, ngi ta thng phi d on hai iu. Th nht l bn
cht ca cc ng dng s chy trn mng v cc yu cu dch v m cc ng dng ny
i hi h thng mng phi p ng. iu d on th hai lin quan ti vic la chn
mt trong cc thit k kin trc, da trn cc cng ngh phn cng v phn mm s c
pht trin v a ra th trng trong tng lai, khi h thng mng bc vo giai on
trin khai thc hin.
Sau khi la chn kin trc v bt u thit k, trin khai h thng mng, vic d
on v nh gi hiu nng s tr nn c th hn. Th d s chn ng truyn vt l nh
th no, cc c tnh ca ng truyn c chn s nh hng th no n hiu nng
ca mng. Cc k thut c dng d on v nh gi hiu nng mng trong giai
on thit k v trin khai thc hin c khi ch l cc tnh ton bng tay, nhng cng c
khi l cc m phng rt tinh vi. Vic so snh hiu nng d on vi hiu nng thc t t
c thng gip cho nh nghin cu thy c cc khim khuyt chnh trong thit k
hoc cc li trong vic lp trnh h thng. Ngy nay, vic d on v nh gi hiu nng
thng c ngi ta coi l mt phn khng th thiu c ca cng vic thit k v
trin khai thc hin h thng.
nh cu hnh mng: Sau khi mng c trin khai thc hin, vic d on v
nh gi hiu nng mng i vi cc ng dng c th cng c ngha quan trng. Nhm
t c s ti u ho, nh sn xut phi ch ra c cc cch kt hp v t chc phn
cng v phn mm mng em li mt gii php tt nht cho cc yu cu ca khch
hng, vic ny thng c gi l nh cu hnh mng. Mc d c th vn s dng cc
cng c v phng php c s dng trong giai on pht trin h thng, nhng cn
phi b sung thm mt s yu t na. c im mi trng ca ngi s dng sn phm
mng cn c biu din bng cc tham s nh lng v a vo m hnh m phng
hiu nng.
Tinh chnh h thng: Sau khi h thng sn phm c lp t ti a im ca
khch hng, nh cung cp sn phm cn phi lm sao cho h thng m h bn cho khch
hng t c hiu nng hot ng nh h ha hn khi cho hng, vic ny c gi
l tinh chnh h thng. i vi cc h thng mng, vic tm ra c im lm vic ti u
v n nh trn ton mng l rt kh.
4.5.3. Cc phng php nh gi hiu nng mng
C nhiu phng php nh gi hiu nng mng my tnh, c th chia chng lm ba
loi: m hnh Gii tch (Analytic Models), m hnh M phng (Simulation Models) v
o hiu nng (Measurement).
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M hnh Gii tch
Trong cc mng chuyn mch gi, gi s liu l cc khi d liu c chiu di thay
i c, c truyn qua mng t ngun ti ch theo mt con ng no do h
thng mng quyt nh. Cc ti nguyn mng s c chia s gia cc gi s liu khi
chng i qua mng. S lng v chiu di cc gi s liu i vo hoc i qua mng ti mi
thi im, thi gian ko di cc cuc kt ni v.v., tt c cc tham s ny ni chung, thay
i mt cch thng k. V vy, nu ra cc tiu chun o lng nh lng v hiu
nng, cn phi s dng cc khi nim v xc sut nghin cu s tng tc ca chng
vi mng. L thuyt Hng i ng vai tr mu cht trong vic phn tch mng, bi v
l cng c Ton hc thch hp nht pht biu v gii cc bi ton v hiu nng. Theo
phng php ny, chng ta vit ra cc mi quan h hm gia cc tiu chun hiu nng
cn quan tm v cc tham s ca h thng mng bng cc phng trnh c th gii c
bng gii tch.
M phng
Theo ngha chung nht, m phng l s bt chc mt hay nhiu kha cnh ca s
vt c thc, bng mt cch no cng ging cng tt. Trong cc lnh vc nghin cu
hin i, nh lnh vc nh gi hiu nng mng, m phng c hiu l mt k thut s
dng my tnh in t s lm cc th nghim v mng c lin quan n thi gian. M
hnh M phng m t hnh vi ng ca mng, ngay c khi ngi nghin cu ch quan
tm n gi tr trung bnh ca mt s o trong trng thi dng. Cu trc v phc
tp ca b m phng ph thuc vo phm vi ca th nghim m phng. N thng c
xy dng c cu trc, cho php m-un ho chng trnh m phng thnh tp cc
chng trnh con, sao cho vic sa i, b sung cc chng trnh con c d dng.
Ngoi ra, chng trnh m phng cng phi c xy dng sao cho t c tc cao
nhm lm gim thi gian chy m phng cng nhiu cng tt.
o
l phng php xc nh hiu nng da trn vic o trn mng thc cc tham s
mng cu thnh o hiu nng cn quan tm. Vic o hiu nng nhm thc hin mt
trong cc nhim v sau. Mt l, gim st hiu nng ca mng . Hai l, thu thp s liu
lp m hnh d liu vo cho cc phng php nh gi hiu nng bng gii tch hoc m
phng. Nhim v th ba l kim chng cc m hnh khc da trn cc s liu o c.
o hiu nng khng ch quan trng trong cc giai on trin khai thc hin v tch hp
h thng m cn c trong cc giai on lp t v vn hnh h thng. Bi v sau khi lp
t v a vo s dng, mi mt h thng c th s c mt ti h thng v cc o hiu
nng c quan tm ring ca n, cho nn sau khi lp t, ngi ta thng phi iu
chnh cu hnh cho ph hp. Cc tham s cu hnh s c chn sau khi cc php o hiu
nng cho thy cc tham s cu hnh ny lm cho h thng t c hiu nng tt nht.
Trong thc t, mi ngi u tha nhn tm quan trng ca vic o v nh gi hiu
nng. Chng ta c th thy r iu ny qua vic, hu nh tt c cc h thng mng u
tch hp bn trong n cc cng c o v nh gi hiu nng; nh c th o hiu nng
bt c lc no trong sut vng i ca h thng.
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So snh cc phng php nh gi hiu nng
M hnh Gii tch: Nu c th s dng m hnh Gii tch th l iu tt nht, bi
v chng ta c th thay i cc tham s h thng v cu hnh mng trong mt min rng
vi chi ph thp m vn c th t c cc kt qu mong mun. Tuy nhin, cc m hnh
Gii tch m chng ta xy dng thng l khng th gii c nu khng c n gin
ho nh cc gi thit, hoc c phn r thnh cc m hnh nhiu cp. Cc m hnh gii
c thng rt n gin hoc khc xa thc t, cho nn phng php ny thng ch
c s dng ngay trong giai on u ca vic thit k mng, gip cho ngi thit k d
on c cc gi tr gii hn ca hiu nng. Ngoi ra, cc kt qu ca phng php ny
bt buc phi c kim nghim bng kt qu ca cc phng php khc, nh m phng
hoc o.
M phng: Trong nhng trng hp m hnh Gii tch m chng ta nhn c, d
c n gin ho, hoc phn r nhng vn khng th gii c bng Ton hc, khi
, ni chung, chng ta s ch cn mt phng php l m phng. Phng php m
phng c th c s dng ngay trong giai on u ca vic thit k h thng mng, cho
n giai on trin khai thc hin v tch hp h thng. Phng php ny ni chung, i
hi mt chi ph rt cao cho vic xy dng b m phng cng nh kim chng tnh ng
n ca n. Tuy nhin, sau khi xy dng xong b m phng, ngi nghin cu c th
tin hnh chy chng trnh m phng bao nhiu ln tu , vi chnh xc theo yu cu
v chi ph cho mi ln chy thng l rt thp. Cc kt qu m phng ni chung vn cn
c kim chng, bng phng php gii tch hoc o, nht l bng phng php o.
Phng php m hnh Gii tch v m hnh M phng ng vai tr rt quan trng trong
vic thit k v trin khai thc hin h thng, c bit l giai on u.
o: Phng php o ch c th thc hin c trn mng thc, ang hot ng, n
cng i hi chi ph cho cc cng c o v cho vic tin hnh o. Vic o cn c tin
hnh ti nhiu im trn mng thc, nhng thi im khc nhau v cn lp i lp li
trong mt khong thi gian di, thm ch c th di n hng thng. Ngoi ra, ngi
nghin cu phi c kin thc v L thuyt thng k th mi c th rt ra c cc kt
lun hu ch t cc s liu thu thp c. Mc du vy, bng phng php o c th vn
khng pht hin ra c hoc d on c cc hnh vi c bit ca mng.
4.6. CU HI V BI TP
(ang tip tc b sung)


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CHNG 5. TCP/IP V INTERNET
5.1. GII THIU CHUNG V INTERNET
5.1.1. Lch s pht trin ca mng Internet v b giao thc TCP/IP
Tin thn ca mng Internet l ARPANET, xut pht t mt mng th nghim c
Robert L.G xut vo nm 1967. C quan qun l d n nghin cu pht trin ARPA
thuc B Quc phng M lin kt mng ti 4 a im u tin vo thng 7 nm 1968
bao gm: Vin nghin cu Stanford, i hc tng hp California Los Angeles, i hc
tng hp Utah v i hc tng hp California Santa Barbara (UCSB). chnh l
mng lin khu vc (WAN) u tin c xy dng.
Nm 1983, giao thc TCP/IP chnh thc c coi nh mt chun i vi ngnh
qun s M v tt c cc my tnh ni vi ARPANET phi s dng chun mi ny.
ARPANET pht trin rt nhanh, mi trng i hc u mun gia nhp, vic qun l
mng tr nn kh khn. V vy, nm 1984, ARPANET c chia ra thnh hai phn: phn
th nht cho cc a im qun s, c gi l MILNET; phn th hai l mt ARPANET
mi, cho cc a im phi qun s, dnh cho vic nghin cu v pht trin. Tuy nhin hai
mng ny vn c lin kt vi nhau nh giao thc lin mng IP.













Giao thc TCP/IP ngy cng th hin r cc im mnh ca n, quan trng nht l
kh nng lin kt cc mng khc vi nhau mt cch d dng. Chnh iu ny cng vi
cc chnh sch m ca cho php cc mng dng cho nghin cu v thng mi kt ni
c vi ARPANET, thc y vic to ra mt siu mng (SuperNetwork).
Hnh 5.1. Mng Internet tri rng ton cu
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Mc lch s quan trng ca Internet c xc lp vo gia thp k 80 khi Hi ng
Khoa hc Quc gia M NSF (National Science Foundation) thnh lp mng lin kt cc
trung tm my tnh ln vi nhau gi l NSFNET. Nhiu doanh nghip chuyn t
ARPANET sang NSFNET v do sau gn 20 nm hot ng, ARPANET khng cn
hiu qu ngng hot ng vo khong nm 1990.
S pht trin ca mng xng sng NSFNET v nhng mng vng khc to ra
mt mi trng thun li cho s pht trin ca Internet. n nm 1995, NSFNET thu li
thnh mt mng nghin cu cn Internet th vn tip tc pht trin.
Vi kh nng kt ni m, Internet tr thnh mt mng ln nht trn th gii,
mng ca cc mng, xut hin trong mi lnh vc thng mi, chnh tr, qun s, nghin
cu, gio dc, vn ho, x hi... Cng t cc dch v trn Internet khng ngng pht
trin. Ngy nay khi c s h tng ca mng Internet c nng cao (c bit l v bng
thng) lm cho nhu cu ca cc ng dng a phng tin qua mng tng ln nhanh
chng.
5.1.2. S tng trng ca Internet
Cc biu di y (hnh 5.2 v 5.3) cho ta thy c tc tng trng m ca
s lng my (hosts) v mng (networks) kt ni vo Internet.



















Hnh 5.2. S tng trng thu bao Internet t 1995-2001
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5.1.3. Cc yu t thc y s tng trng ca Internet
S dng TCP/IP trong Unix, h iu hnh c s dng ph bin t 1983.
PC ra i nm 1980, sc mnh tnh ton ngy cng cao, trong khi gi ngy cng
r.
NSFNET - mng xng sng ca M, tc cao, ra i nm 1986.
H thng tn min ra i lm cho vic truy nhp Internet tr nn n gin v
thun tin.
Kin trc n gin ca b giao thc v tnh linh hot ca Internet.
Cc ng dng trn Internet khng ngng pht trin, p ng nhu cu a dng ca
ngi dng
5.2. KIN TRC MNG INTERNET
5.2.1. M hnh TCP/IP
Giao thc TCP/IP c pht trin t mng ARPANET v Internet v c dng
nh giao thc mng v giao vn trn mng Internet. TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng giao vn v IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc thuc
tng mng ca m hnh OSI. H giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l giao thc c s dng
rng ri nht lin kt cc my tnh v cc mng.
Hin nay cc my tnh ca hu ht cc mng c th s dng giao thc TCP/IP
lin kt vi nhau thng qua nhiu h thng mng vi k thut khc nhau. Giao thc
TCP/IP thc cht l mt h giao thc cho php cc h thng mng cng lm vic vi
nhau thng qua vic cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng.


Hnh 5.3. S tng ln ca cc mng kt ni vo Internet t 1989-1997
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Cc tng ca m hnh tham chiu TCP/IP
B quc phng M gi tt l DoD (Department of Defense) to ra m hnh tham
chiu TCP/IP v mun mt mng c th tn ti trong bt c iu kin no, ngay c khi c
chin tranh ht nhn. DoD mun cc gi d liu xuyn sut mng vo mi lc, di bt
c iu kin no, t bt c mt im n mt im khc. y l mt bi ton thit k cc
k kh khn m t lm ny sinh ra m hnh TCP/IP, v vy tr thnh chun Internet
pht trin.









Tng ng dng
Cc nh thit k TCP/IP cm thy rng cc giao thc mc cao nn bao gm cc
tng trnh by v tng phin. n gin, h to ra mt tng ng dng kim sot cc
giao thc mc cao, cc vn ca tng Trnh din, m ho v iu khin hi thoi.
TCP/IP tp hp tt c cc vn lin quan n ng dng vo trong mt tng, v m bo
d liu c ng gi mt cch thch hp cho tng k tip.
Tng Giao vn
Tng vn chuyn cp n cc vn cht lng dch v nh tin cy, iu
khin lung v sa li. Mt trong cc giao thc ca n l TCP, TCP cung cp cc phng
thc linh hot v hiu qu thc hin cc hot ng truyn d liu tin cy, hiu xut
cao v t li. TCP l giao thc c to cu ni (connection-oriented). N tin hnh hi
thoi gia ngun v ch trong khi bc thng tin tng ng dng thnh cc n v gi l
segment.To cu ni khng c ngha l tn ti mt mch thc s gia hai my tnh, thay
v vy n c ngha l cc segment ca tng 4 di chuyn ti v lui gia hai host cng
nhn kt ni tn ti mt cch lun l trong mt khong thi gian no . iu ny coi
nh chuyn mch gi (packet switching).
Tng Internet
Mc tiu ca tng Internet l truyn cc gi tin bt ngun t bt k mng no trn
lin mng v n c ch trong iu kin c lp vi ng dn v cc mng m
chng tri qua. Giao thc c trng khng ch tng ny c gi l IP. Cng vic xc
nh ng dn tt nht v hot ng chuyn mch gi din ra ti tng ny.

Tng truy xut mng
Tn ca tng ny c ngha kh rng v c phn hi ri rm. N cng c gi l
tng host-to-network. N l tng lin quan n tt c cc vn m mt gi IP yu cu
Hnh 5.4. So snh m hnh OSI v m hnh TCP/IP
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to mt lin kt vt l thc s, v sau to mt lin kt vt l khc. N bao gm cc
chi tit k thut LAN v WAN, v tt c cc chi tit trong tng lin kt d liu cng nh
tng vt l ca m hnh OSI.
M hnh TCP/IP hng n ti a linh hot ti tng ng dng cho ngi pht
trin phn mm. Tng vn chuyn lin quan n hai giao thc TCP v UDP (User
Datagram Protocol). Tng cui cng, tng truy xut mng lin kt n cc k thut LAN
hay WAN ang c dng.
Trong m hnh TCP/IP khng cn quan tm n ng dng no yu cu cc dch v
mng, v khng cn quan tm n giao thc vn chuyn no ang c dng, ch c mt
giao thc mng IP. y l mt quyt nh thit k c cn nhc k. IP phc v nh mt
giao thc a nng cho php bt k my tnh no, bt c u, truyn d liu vo bt c
thi im no.
So snh m hnh OSI v m hnh TCP/IP
Cc im ging nhau:
C hai u theo kin trc phn tng.
C hai u c tng ng dng, qua chng c nhiu dch v khc nhau.
C hai c cc tng mng v tng vn chuyn c th so snh c.
K thut chuyn mch gi c chp nhn.
Cc im khc nhau:
TCP/IP tp hp cc tng trnh by v tng phin vo trong tng ng dng ca n.
TCP/IP tp hp tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu trong OSI vo mt tng.
TCP/IP biu hin n gin hn v c t tng hn.
Cc giao thc TCP/IP l cc chun c s cho Internet pht trin, nh vy m hnh
TCP/IP chim c nim tin ch v cc giao thc ca n. Ngc li, cc mng thng
thng khng c xy dng da trn OSI, ngay c khi OSI dng nh mt hng dn.
5.2.2. H giao thc TCP/IP
Bao gm 2 phn chnh (hnh 5.3):
Cc giao thc to thnh h thng truyn dn
Cc giao thc h tr ng dng
Tng lin mng (Internet)
S dng giao thc connectionless IP, l ht nhn hot ng ca h thng truyn
dn Internet.
Cc thut ton nh tuyn RIP, OSFD, BGP
Cho php kt ni mt cch mm do v linh hot cc loi mng vt l khc nhau;
nh: Ethernet, Token Ring, X25 v.v. da trn a ch IP.
Tng giao vn (Transport)
TCP L giao thc hng ni (connection-oriented)
UDP L giao thc khng hng ni (connectionless)
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5.3. GIAO THC TCP
5.3.1. Gii thiu
c trng cng ngh: TCP l mt giao thc hng ni (connection-eoriented),
tin cy (reliable):
Vn chuyn end-to-end, tin cy, ng th t, thng qua cc phng tin:
Dng c ch bo nhn (ACK)
Dng s th t cc gi tin (Sequence number)
Dng phng php kim sot li m d vng (CRC)
iu khin lu lng (flow control + congestion control) bng ca s trt c
kch thc thay i.
Do vy TCP l mt giao thc tng i phc tp.
5.3.2. Cu trc gi s liu TCP
Gm 2 phn:
Tiu gi (Pseudo Header TCP), cn thit
xy dng IP packet. Bao gm:
IP Source - a ch ngun (32 bit)
IP Destination - a ch ch (32 bit)
Protocol = 0x06 (thuc giao thc TCP)
Length: di ca TCP segment.
Gi s liu TCP thc (TCP Segment)

Cu trc TCP segment:
Source/Destination port number: 2 im cui ca kt ni TCP. Port number + IP
add socket (48 bit)
Hnh 5.5. B giao thc TCP/IP
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Seq. number = s th t byte u tin ca data so vi byte u ca dng d liu
ca thc th gi. Gi tr ban u = ISN+1 (Initial Sequence Number)
ACK: Byte tip theo c th nhn (stt byte cui cng nhn ng + 1)
TCP header length: n v 32 bit; cng chnh l data offset.
Resered = 0: dng trong tng lai.
Flags (6):
URG =1: c s dng trng Urgent pointer.
ACK =1: trng Ack ng.
PSH =1: thc th nhn c y/c chuyn ngay segment ny
RST =1: Reset kt ni; t chi kt ni v.v.
SYN =1: ng b trng Seq. , dng thit lp kt ni TCP
FIN =1: thng bo thc th gi kt thc vic gi s liu.
Window size: ln ca s nhn, cho bn sender bit c th gi tip bao nhiu
byte, tnh t byte c bin nhn (ack).
Checksum: checksum ca c TCP segment + Pseudo header. Trc khi tnh,
trng ny = 0. (Tng cc word 16 bit kiu b 1, kt qu thu c li tnh b 1 -
XOR).
Urgent pointer: byte trong trng data ca TCP segment cn c x l u tin.
Options: Cc tu chn. Hin nay tu chn duy nht c dng l MSS (Maximum
Segment Size). Gi tr default = 536 byte payload + 20 byte header = 556 byte.
Pad ( hnh trn slide trc khng v): chn thm chiu di trng Options l
bi ca 32 bit.
Data: s liu ca ng dng TCP















Hnh 5.6. Cu trc gi tin TCP segment
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5.3.3. Thit lp v kt thc kt ni TCP
Thit lp kt ni
Bt tay 3 bc (Three-way Handshake):
A yu cu kt ni, gi CONNECTION REQUEST
TPDU:
SYN=1, Seq = x (ISN)
Source port number, Destination port number
B nhn c, gi li ACK TPDU
ACK (x+1), SYN=1, Seq = y (ISN)
A bin nhn ACK TPDU ca B
ACK (y+1), Seq = x
Lu v ISN:
Mi thc th kt ni TCP s dng 1 ISN (32 bit)
ring
ISN tng theo thi gian, nhm trnh cc kt ni
dng nhm cc segment b i
Kt thc kt ni
n gin hn vic thit lp kt ni
C hai kiu kt thc kt ni:
Asymmetric release: ging trong h thng in
thoi.
Symmetric release: x l kt ni nh l 2 kt ni 1 hng ring bit, mi kt
ni ny c th c gii phng ring bit.
5.3.3. iu khin lu lng trong TCP
Giao thc TCP c xy dng da trn cc khi nim c Cerf v Kahn a ra
u tin. l giao thc hng kt ni, kiu u cui - u cui, tin cy, c thit k
ph hp vi kin trc phn lp cc giao thc. Giao thc TCP cung cp struyn thng tin
cy gia hai tin trnh chy trn hai my tnh cc mng khc nhau nhng kt ni vi
nhau. Giao thc TCP c kh nng gi v nhn lin tip cc n v d liu chiu di c
th thay i, c gi l phn on (segment), mi phn on c ng gi trong mt
phong b v to nn mt gi s liu IP. Khi thit k TCP ngi ta gi thit rng TCP s
nhn c cc dch v vn chuyn gi s liu khng tin cy (khng c s bin nhn cho
cc gi s liu) do cc giao thc cc tng bn di cung cp. V nguyn tc, TCP phi
c kh nng hot ng bn trn mt min rt rng cc h thng truyn thng, t cc
mng c cc ng truyn c nh, ti cc mng chuyn mch gi v cc mng chuyn
mch cng.
Di y, chng ti trnh by tm tt cc thut ton c ngi ta xut
khc phc cc nguyn nhn dn n s vi phm nguyn l Bo ton cc gi s liu.

5.3.3.1. Khi ng chm
Thut ton khi ng chm (SS, Slow Start) (hnh 4.6) khc phc nguyn nhn th
nht dn ti vic vi phm nguyn l Bo ton cc gi s liu: Tng dn lng d liu
ang c vn chuyn trong mng t ti s cn bng. Thut ton c trnh by c
th hn nh sau:
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B sung thm tham s ca s tc nghn cwnd (congestion window) vo tp trng
thi ca mi kt ni.
Khi bt u pht hoc bt u li vic pht sau khi c gi s liu b mt, t cwnd
bng mt gi s liu.
Mi khi nhn c mt bin nhn mi, tng cwnd ln mt gi s liu.
Khi gi, gi s lng gi s liu l min ca kch thc ca s m hai bn tho
thun v cwnd.
Thc ra, theo c ch khi ng chm, ca s tng ln theo hm m, n t ti kch
thc W sau thi gian bng RTT.log2W, trong RTT l thi gian kh hi v W tnh
bng n v gi s liu. iu ny c ngha l ca s m nhanh nh hng khng
ng k n hiu nng, ngay c trn cc ng truyn c tch s di thng x tr ln.
Theo thut ton ny, ngi gi s truyn d liu vi tc khi cao nht l gp i gi tr
cc i c th ca ng truyn. Chnh v vy, giai on khi ng chm cn phi c
kt thc khi ca s W t ti mt ngng nht nh.
Hnh 5.7 minh ho s tng ca ca s trong c ch khi ng chm. Trc thi gian
c ct thnh cc on c chiu di bng khong thi gian kh hi RTT, cc on ny
c chng ln nhau theo chiu ng, hng trn-di ng vi chiu tng ca thi gian.
Cc gi s liu c biu din bng cc hnh ch nht mu xm, bn trong l s th t
ca gi s liu. Cc hnh vung nh, khng t mu, c nh s, biu din cho cc gi s
liu bin nhn tng ng. Trn hnh v c th thy r, mi khi c mt bin nhn tr v,
hai gi s liu s c pht ra: mt gi tng ng vi bin nhn (v mi bin nhn cho
bit rng c mt gi s liu ri khi mng, do cn gi i mt gi th ch cho n),
cn gi th hai l do bin nhn lm tng ca s ln mt n v gi s liu. Hai gi s
liu ny c v chng ln nhau, th hin rng chng cn c pht i ng thi, tuy
nhin, trong thc t ch c th pht chng i ln lt, do trong khi mt gi s liu
ang c pht i, gi s liu cn li trong ca s s phi nm ch trong hng i. Khi
ca s m rng n kch thc W, th trong hng i c th c n 2xW gi s liu ang
xp hng ch c gi i.











Hnh 5.7. S tng ca ca s trong c ch khi ng chm
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5.3.3.2. Tnh thi gian kh hi mt cch thng minh
Tnh thi gian kh hi mt cch thng minh l cch khc phc nguyn nhn th hai
dn ti vic vi phm nguyn l Bo ton cc gi s liu, l vic a vo mng mt
gi tin mi trc khi c mt gi tin c ra khi mng. Nh c trnh by ti tiu mc
1.3.2.2, c hai sai lm dn n nguyn nhn th hai ny, cch gii quyt chng c trnh
by di y.
Cch gii quyt sai lm th nht: tnh c lng thi gian kh hi bng mt b
lc di thng thp trnh cho i lng ny khi thng ging qu mnh nhm duy
tr s cn bng. c t cho giao thc TCP, RFC-793 gi tnh c lng thi gian kh
hi nh sau:
RTT .RTT+(1-).M (1)
Trong RTT l c lng thi gian kh hi trung bnh, M l s o thi gian kh
hi nhn c t gi s liu c bin nhn gn nht v l h s lm trn ca b
lc, gi tr m ngi ta gi nn s dng l =0.9.
Sau khi c lng v RTT c cp nht, th thi gian ht gi pht li gi s
liu tip theo, RTO (retransmit timeout) c tnh nh sau:
RTO = .RTT (2)
Cn phi chn sao cho vic pht li do ht gi khng b sai lm do thng ging
ca thi gian kh hi; ngha l lm cho xc sut thi gian kh hi ca mt gi tin ln hn
RTO l rt nh. Chnh v vy, cn c chn khng qu nh, c th s dn n vic
pht li vi vng, khi gi tin vn ang trong mng; cng khng c chn qu ln, c
th s dn n vic pht li qu chm tr, gi tin b mt t lu, m bn gi vn ch cho
ht gi ri mi pht li.
Trong cc phin bn TCP c ci t u tin, ngi ta thng chn l mt s
c nh bng 2. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu thc nghim sau ny cho thy rng, RTT
thng ging trong mt min tng i rng, v vy khng nn chn theo cch n gin
nh trn. Cng trnh u tin xut vic ci tin thut ton tnh RTO ca Jacobson c
cng b nm 1988. ng xut cch lm cho xp x t l vi lch chun ca hm
mt xc sut thi gian n ca bin nhn. C th l, s dng lch trung bnh nh
mt c lng r (cheap estimator) ca lch chun. Thut ton ny i hi phi tnh
mt bin na l lch c lm trn D, nh sau:
D = .D + (1-).|RTT-M| (3)
Trong , cc tham s RTT v M hon ton tng t nh trong biu thc (1), cn
y khng nht thit phi c cng gi tr nh tham s trong biu thc . Jacobson
ch ra rng, mc d D khng hon ton ging lch chun, nhng n cng l mt xp x
tt. Cch tnh D nh trn nhm t c tc cao nht, ch s dng cc php tnh
cng, tr v dch trn cc s nguyn. Ngy nay, cc phin bn TCP u s dng thut
ton ny v tnh thi gian ht gi pht li nh sau:
RTO = RTT + 4.D (4)
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S dng h s 4 c hai u im, th nht l vic nhn vi 4 s c thc hin bi
php dch, c tc thc hin cao; th hai l, xc sut mt gi tin c bin nhn chm
hn RTO l rt nh, c th b qua.
Cch gii quyt sai lm th hai: rt lui theo hm m. y l cch gii quyt duy
nht ng n, bi v theo c ch khi ng chm, ca s gi tng ln theo hm m, cho
nn cng cn phi rt lui theo cch ny cho nhanh khi c du hiu ca tc nghn.
TCP s t ng h pht li bng khong thi gian rt lui v khong s c tng gp
i c mi ln b ht gi lin tip.












5.3.3.3. Trnh tc nghn
Thut ton trnh tc nghn (CA, Congestion Avoidance) (hnh 4.7) nhm khc phc
nguyn nhn th ba dn ti vic vi phm nguyn l Bo ton cc gi s liu. Mt chin
lc rnh tc nghn c xut bao gm hai thnh phn: th nht l cc chnh sch
ca mng: mng phi c kh nng gi tn hiu n cho cc thc th cui ca cc kt ni
(endpoint), bo cho chng bit l tc nghn ang xy ra hoc sp xy ra; th hai l cc
chnh sch ca endpoint: cc endpoint phi c chnh sch gim lu lng a vo mng
nu nhn c cc tn hiu bo v tng thm lu lng a vo mng nu khng nhn
c tn hiu bo ny.
Chnh sch ca endpoint i vi tc nghn: thch ng vi ng truyn
chnh l chnh sch tng theo cp s cng, gim theo cp s nhn, chnh sch
c gii thch nh sau:
Mi khi xy ra s kin ht gi, t gi tr ca s tc nghn cwnd bng mt phn hai
gi tr ca s hin thi. l s gim theo cp s nhn.
Mi khi nhn c mt bin nhn cho gi s liu mi, tng cwnd thm mt lng
bng 1/cwnd, y l s tng theo cp s cng. (Trong giao thc TCP, kch thc
ca s v kch thc gi s liu c tnh bng byte, v th s tng ni trn c
Thut ton Slow Start (SS):
Thc th pht s dng thm bin:
+ cwnd (congestion window) - kch thc ca s pht
+ ssthresh (ss threshhold) - gii hn trn ca cwnd, nu vt qua
tc nghn.
Bt u pht, cwnd := 1, l tc an ton nht
Nhn c mi ack, tng cwnd ln 1 thm d (Additive Increase)
+ Khng tng cwnd qu Window Size m bn nhn thng bo.
+ Thc cht, cwnd tng ln theo hm m (theo thi gian).
Khi cwnd ssthresh, chuyn sang CA
Hnh 5.8. Thut ton Slow Start (SS)
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chuyn thnh maxseg*maxseg/cwnd, trong maxseg l kch thc gi s liu cc
i v cwnd l ca s tc nghn, c tnh bng bytes).
Khi gi, s gi i s gi s liu bng s b hn trong hai s: kch thc ca s m
bn nhn ngh v cwnd.
Trong thc t, cc thut ton Khi ng chm (SS) v Trnh tc nghn (CA)
c trin khai thc hin cng vi nhau nh l mt thut ton, thut ton ny c ci
t trong Tahoe TCP - mt phin bn ca TCP.
Chnh sch ca mng i vi tc nghn
l cc chnh sch lm cho mng, c th l cc gateways gi tn hiu bo tc
nghn ti cc my tnh trn mng cng sm cng tt, nhng ng qu sm, trnh cho
mng khi b thiu lu lng vn chuyn. Gateway ch phi lm cng vic loi b cc
gi s liu bo cho cc thc th gi cc gi s liu rng: chng s dng qu
phn ti nguyn mng dnh cho chng. Chnh v th, cc thut ton ti gateway s lm
gim tc nghn ngay c khi khng phi sa i giao thc giao vn cc my tnh trn
mng, thc hin vic trnh tc nghn. ng thi cc my tnh trn mng c trin khai
thc hin trnh tc nghn s nhn c phn di thng hp l dnh cho n v ch b mt
mt s lng ti thiu cc gi s liu.
Bi v tc nghn tng ln theo hm m, cho nn vic pht hin sm l quan trng.
Nu tc nghn c pht hin sm, th ch cn mt vi iu chnh nh i vi ca s ca
ngi gi cng c th gii quyt c vn ; ngc li, s phi iu chnh rt nhiu
mng c th chuyn ht ng gi s liu tc nghn trong mng ra ngoi. Tuy nhin, do
bn cht lun thng ging mnh ca lu lng, pht hin tcnghn sm mt cch tin cy
l mt vic kh.
















Thut ton Congestion Avoidance (CA):
y Du hiu tc nghn:
1. RTT tng qu Timeout, l mt gi tr m thc th gi s dng phn on l
gi tin b mt.
2. Nhn c nhiu (3) Dup Ack (bin nhn lp), iu cho bit c nhiu gi
tin khng ng th t n ch, ngha l c gi tin b mt.
y cwnd := cwnd + 1/cwnd vi mi ack.
y Khi pht hin du hiu tc nghn:
+ ssthresh := cwnd/2, cwnd := 1
+ RTO = RTO * 2 (Exponential backoff)
+ SS
Hnh 5.9. Thut ton Congestion Avoidance
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Nhn xt:
1. Trong giai on CA, cwnd tng tuyn tnh:
+ m bo tn dng bng thng c th s dng c
+ Vn thm d tip kh nng s dng bng thng nhiu hn
2. cwnd b gim theo cp s nhn (Multiplicative Decreased)













Thut ton Fast Retransmit (FRTX):
Sau khi nhn c Dupack (>=3), TCP thc hin pht li nhanh, khng ch b
Timeout, sau chuyn ngay v SS.
y l mt cch d on thng minh rng, gi tin b mt.












Hnh 5.10. Minh ho thut ton SS v CA
Hnh 5.11. Giao thc Tahoe TCP
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Thut ton Fast Recovery (FRCV):
Ci tin FRTX: thc hin FRTX xong v CA ch khng v SS:
ssthresh := cwnd/2, nhng khng nh hn 2 (gi tin)
cwnd := cwnd + 3. Bn gi on: 3 dupack ng vi 3 gi tin c nhn
ng.
Vi mi dupack nhn c thm, tng cwnd := cwnd + 1












5.3.4. Giao thc UDP (User Datagram protocol)
Khng hng ni (connectionless)
Khng bo m (unreliable): khng c c ch kim tra STT pht, thu v kim sot
li.
u im: n gin.
Dnh cho cc ng dng:
+ Trong vic phn pht tin nhanh chng l quan trng hn vic phn phi tin
chnh xc: Email, v.v.
+ Mun t cung cp cc chc nng flow control v error control
Thng k thc t cho thy: 99% cc gi tin UDP c vn chuyn n ch khng
b li.
Cu trc gi s liu UDP
Tng t cu trc TCP segment
Header gi gip thc th IP xy dng IP
packet.
Lenght trong Pseudo header: di ton b
gi s liu UDP, k c Pseudo header
Lenght trong UDP segment: di UDP
segment, min = 8.
Checksum: tnh cho ton b gi s liu
UDP.
Hnh 5.12. Giao thc Reno TCP
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5.4. GIAO THC LIN MNG IP
5.4.1. Gii thiu
c trng cng ngh:
Connectionless = Datagram
Khng phi thit lp; gii phng kt ni
Packets c th i theo cc con ng khc nhau
Khng c c ch pht hin/khc phc li truyn
Giao thc n gin, tin cy khng cao.
Cc chc nng chnh:
nh ngha khun dng gi d liu (IP packet)
nh ngha phng thc nh a ch IP
Chon ng (Routing)
Ct/hp d liu (Fragmentation/ Reassembly)
5.4.2. Cu trc gi s liu IP















Version (4 bit): IPv4 hoc IPv6
IHL (IP packet Header Length) (4 bit): n v word 32 bit.
Min = 5 (khng c thm trng tu chn)
Max = 15 (trng tu chn l 40 byte)
i vi mt s tu chn, th d ghi con ng m packet i qua, 40 byte l
qu nh, khng th dng c.
Trng Type of service (8 bits): Dch v v mc u tin.
ngha ca n c ngi ta thay i cht t trong cc nm qua.
C th c nhiu cch kt hp khc nhau gia tin cy v tc . i vi ting
ni c s ho, vic phn pht nhanh quan trng hn phn pht chnh xc. i
vi FTP, vic truyn khng c li quan trng hn vic truyn nhanh.
Bn thn chnh trng ny li bao gm mt s trng, tnh t tri qua phi nh
sau:
Hnh 5.13. Cu trc gi tin IPv4
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+ Precedence (3 bit u tin): quyn u tin; 0 = normal, ... , 7 = network control
packet.
+ C D, T v R (3 bit tip theo): cho php host ch ra l n quan tm (cn) n g
nht trong tp hp {Delay, Throughput v Reliability}.
Trong thc t, cc router hin nay l ton b trng Type of service
+ 2 bit cn li hin nay cha dng n.

Trng Total Length (16 bits): Tng chiu di packet, k c header ln data, n v =
byte.
Max = 65535 byte
Hin nay gii hn trn l c th chp nhn c
Vi cc mng Gigabit trong tng lai s cn n cc datagram ln hn.
Trng Identification (16 bit): t nh danh ca datagram (IP packet)
Dng cho host ch xc nh c mnh (fragment) thuc v datagram no.
Tt c cc mnh ca mt datagram c cng mt gi tr ca trng
Identification.
Trng Flags (2 bits): dng cho qu trnh Fragmentation/ Reassembly
Sau trng Identification l mt bit khng dng n. Flags gm 2 trng 1 bit
l DF v MF.
DF (Don't Fragment): lnh cho cc router ng c phn mnh datagram.
Datagram phi trnh mng c kch thc packet nh.
Tt c cc my c yu cu chp nhn vic phn mnh n 576 byte
hoc nh hn.
MF (More Fragments): Tt c cc mnh ca datagram, tr mnh cui cng
phi c bit MF=1 bit c khi no tt c cc mnh ca mt datagram
n ch.
Trng Fragment offset (13 bits): cho bit khong cch tng i ca gi tin IP trong
gi tin b phn mnh.
Tt c cc mnh ca mt datagram, tr mnh cui cng phi c chiu di l bi
s ca 8 bytes - n v c s ca mnh.
13 bit nn s mnh ln nht ca mt datagram l 8192
Trng Time to live TTL (8 bits): con m thi gian sng ca mt packet
Khi TTL= 0, packet b loi b v mt packet cnh bo c gi cho bn ngun
Ngn chn cc datagram i lang thang mi (nu bng chn ng c lc b
hng)
Gi thit n v l giy max = 255s; thng c t = 30s
Phi c gim i mt ti mi chng (hop) v c gim nhiu ln khi ng
xp hng mt thi gian di trong mi router.
Thc t, n ch m cc chng.
Trng Protocol (8 bits): Ch loi s liu giao thc mc trn nm trong trng Data.
Cho bit cn trao datagram cho qu trnh no ca tng transport.
+ Mt kh nng l TCP
+ Nhng cng c th l UDP v cc qu trnh khc.
Vic nh s cc giao thc l trn phm vi ton cu, trn ton b Internet, c
nh ngha trong chun RFC 1700.
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Trng Header checksum (16 bits):
Tnh ring cho header, gip pht hin cc li pht sinh trong b nh ca router.
c tnh li ti mi chng (hop), bi v sau mi chng c t nht l mt
trng b thay i (trng TTL).
Cch tnh: cng tt c cc 16-bit halfwords s dng s dng b 1; sau ly b
1 ca kt qu (php ton XOR tc cao).
Trng Source address, Destination address (32 bit):
a ch IP ca bn gi v nhn
Mi a ch bao gm: a ch mng v a ch host trong mng
Trng Options: To ra li thot cho cc version sau:
B sung thm cc thng tin khng c trong version u tin
Th nghim th cc tng mi v trnh vic phi dnh (allocate) cc bit
ca header cho cc thng tin him khi cn n.
Chiu di c th thay i: 0..(15 5) x 32 bits
Mi Option bt u bng mt m 1 byte ch ra tu chn
Hin thi c 5 tu chn (option) c nh ngha
+ Security (an ning): Ch ra mc b mt ca datagram
+ Strict source routing: Ch ra con ng y i theo
+ Loose source routing: Ch ra danh sch cc router khng c b qua
+ Record route: Buc mi router gn a ch IP ca n vo
+ Timestamp: Buc mi router gn a ch IP v timestamp ca n vo
Tuy nhin khng phi mi router u h tr tt c cc tu chn ny.
Padding: c chn thm sao cho chiu di Header = bi ca 32 bits
Trng Data (32 bits): S liu ca giao thc tng trn.
5.4.3. Cc lp a ch IP












Mi a ch IP (IPv4) gm 32 bits, c chia thnh 3 vng, l Class + Netid +
Hostid, mi my ni mng phi c a ch IP duy nht trn Internet
Nhng my ni vi nhiu mng c cc a ch IP khc nhau trn tng mng.
Hnh 5.14. Cu trc a ch IP
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c chia thnh 4 lp: A, B, C, D v E (d tr), cu trc cc lp a ch c ch r
trong hnh trn.
Cch vit a ch Internet: s thp phn c chm (Dotted Decimal Notation), tc l
c dng x.y.z.t, trong x, y, z, t c gi tr t 0-255 (mi s tng ng vi 8 bits).
trnh ng , cc a ch mng c NIC (Network Information Center) gn.
Theo cu trc trn:
y Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng, vi s my ti a ti hn 16 triu my trn
mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho nhng mng c s my cc ln.
y Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng, mi mng c th cho php ti a 65535.
y Lp C cho php nh danh ti hn 2 triu mng, vi ti a 254 host mi mng. Lp
ny c dng cho nhng mng nh.
y Lp D dng gi mt nhm cc host trn mt mng (a ch broadcast).
y Lp E l lp d phng cho tng lai.
nhn dng cc lp a ch ch cn nhn vo octet u tin ca a ch IP (gi tr ca x
trong cu trc x.y.z.t). Tht vy, lp A c x 1126, lp B c x 128191, lp C c x
192223, lp D c x 224239, lp E c x 240255.
Mt s a ch IP c bit
Di y l mt s cc a ch c bit, khng c dng cp pht cho cc host:
0.0.0.0: Dng cho cc host khi mi khi ng
Netid = 0: dng cho cc host khi khng bit a ch mng ca n
Hostid = 1: l a ch qung b trn mng cc b c nh danh bi phn Netid,
ngha l nu mt my no gi mt gi tin n a ch c dng ny, th tt c cc
my trong mng u nhn c.
127.xx.yy.zz: packet gi ti a ch ny khng c a ln ng truyn, m c
x l cc b ging nh packet n. Cho php gi packet n mng cc b m ngi
gi khng cn bit a ch ca n.







5.4.4. Cc bc thc hin ca giao thc IP
(ang tip tc b sung)

Hnh 5.15. Cc a ch IP c bit
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5.5. PHN CHIA MNG CON
Nhng ch li ca vic phn chia mng con
- D qun l hn (v s trm t hn).
- Hn ch min qung b, tng hiu qu truyn thng trong mng. V d: mt mng
LAN c 10 my, nu dng mng lp C s c min qung b ti 254 host, nu
dng subnet mask th min qung b s gim xung, hiu qu mng s tng ln.
- Tng cng mc bo mt mc thp cho LAN: mi mng c mt danh sch truy
cp, theo danh sch ny mng c th cho php hay t chi truy cp vo n.
- C th bn hoc cho thu cc i ch khng c dng n: cc cng ty c s
hu cc mng ln lp A, B c th khng dng ht s a ch ca h, h c th bn
hoc cho thu chng.
p dng: phn chia mng 132.198.0.0 thnh 14 mng
Subnet mask c xy dng t s bt 1 phn Netid cng vi phn mn t Hostid (s
bit mc ti a l s bit phn Hostid - 2). Tu theo s lng mng con ta s mn s bit
tng ng, mn n bit t Hostid th ta s phn chia c 2
n
mng con.
Ta thy 132.198.0.0 l mt mng thuc lp B.
phn chia thnh 14 mng con, ta cn mn 4 bit phn Hostid, vy subnet mask l:
1111 1111. 1111 1111. 1111 0000. 0000 0000
Hay 255.255.224.0
Sau y l bng cc a ch dng ring khng c cp cho cc host trn mi mng
con khi thc hin vic phn chia nh trn:

Mng
con
a ch mng con a ch broadcast
1 132.198.16.0 132.198.31.255
2 132.198.32.0 132.198.47.255
3 132.198.48.0 132.198.63.255
4 132.198.64.0 132.198.79.255
5 132.198.80.0 132.198.95.255
6 132.198.96.0 132.198.111.255
7 132.198.112.0 132.198.127.255
8 132.198.128.0 132.198.143.255
9 132.198.144.0 132.198.159.255
10 132.198.160.0 132.198.175.255
11 132.198.176.0 132.198.191.255
12 132.198.192.0 132.198.207.255
13 132.198.208.0 132.198.223.255
14 132.198.224.0 132.198.239.255
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 117
5.6. A CH IPV6
(ang tip tc b sung)
5.7. INTRANET V INTERNET
(ang tip tc b sung)
5.8. MT S NG DNG TRN INTERNET
(ang tip tc b sung)
5.9. CU HI V BI TP
(ang tip tc b sung)
L nh Danh - Gio trnh Mng my tnh
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DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn Thc Hi, Mng my tnh v cc h thng m, NXB Gio dc,
1999.
[2]. Nguyn nh Vit, Nghin cu phng php nh gi v ci thin hiu nng
giao thc TCP cho mng my tnh, Lun n tin s, Khoa Cng ngh, i hc
Quc gia H ni, 2003.
[3]. Nguyn Hng Sn, Gio trnh h thng mng my tnh, CCNA Semester 1,
NXB Lao ng- X hi, 2005.
[4]. Nguyn nh Vit, Slides bi ging mn hc Truyn s liu v Mng my
tnh, i hc Cng ngh, i hc Quc gia H ni.
[5]. o kin Quc, Bi ging mng LAN, H Cng ngh, H Quc gia H
ni.
[6]. Cc website:
http://www.coltech.vnu.edu.vn
http://www.quantrimang.com
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
.....
[7]. Mt s ti liu ting Anh na...

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