Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Practice
Structure of Scientific
Revolution (Kuhn, 1970)
Quantitative Method
New
Anomalies New Paradigm
Normal Science
Another new
More Anomalies
Paradigm
Qualitative method
Objectivist Paradigm
Theory Focus: Mastery of content/skills
Evaluation
Synthesis
Analysis
Application
Comprehension
Knowledge
Learning Hierarchy
Problem Solving
Rules
Concept
Discrimination
Components of interest
Accumulated
knowledge, Mastery &
rules, & Transfer
facts
Constructivist Paradigm
Theory Focus: reasoning skills & science
process skills
• Evaluation •Creating
• Synthesis •Evaluating
• Analysis •Analysing
• Application •Applying
• Comprehension •Understanding
• Knowledge •Remembering
(Based on Pohl, 2000, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 8)
Lawson’s Taxonomy
Accumulated
knowledge, Real world
rules, & applications
Facts
Types and
levels
of thinking
/reasoning
How to begin a study
Identify through literature review:
• Problems,
• Shortcomings,
• Needs,
• Anomalies, etc
16
22
Performance
in 2003
10
No significant
20
increase
in science
achievement
despite > 5 years
of preparation.
Why?
Solutions
• Simple answers
– Logical, general one dimensional answers
– Black and white thinking
– Quick cure, as in policy formulation
• Scientific answers
– Identification of multiple factors & complex
inter-relationships between them
– Only from research
Quantitative Research
• Sharpen / replace existing practices / tools
• Prescribe, top-down intervention
• Paradigms, theories & models play Critical
Roles
• Justification: “….no study has yet explored
the use of this P / T / M in this context…..”,
• Title: “The effects of an IV on a DV among
an MV…..”
Quantitative Research
Problem or Need
Identify an alternative
Structure to guide
research: Create a structure
Theoretical Framework to guide research:
Conceptual
Framework
Grand theory
Midrange theory
Micro-range theory
Conceptual Definitions
of Study Variables,
Research Questions, Operational Definitions to Instruments
Hypotheses measure the study variables
What is obtained?
• A new cure / remedy
• A more dynamic & productive paradigm
Acute Anomalies
Malaysia:- 5 As + Sc + IS + BSc = killers
• PhD + Datukship + CEO = CBT
• Car + Motorcycle + License = accidents
• Schooling + F in all subjects = millionaire
The US:- Best of everything + Best of
everything + best of everything
= killers
World: Islam + marginalization = terrorists
How to study / solve these problems?
Qualitative Research
• Reassess known paradigms, theories & models
in specific contexts
• Non-invasive data collection
• Justification: “….no adequate P / T / M currently
explains this phenomenon…..”,
• Title: “Violence in the Malaysian Premier
Schools-A case study”
• Or “Social construction of technology in the
Malaysian Smart School-A case study…..”
What is obtained?
• A new mind set / problem situation
• A hidden/grounded theory
Qualitative Research
Problem in a
given context
Theory of True:
Evolution More proofs
That support
•Fossils
•DNA
Is it really •Survival of
•Not consistent with the fittest
true? •Natural selection
Theology
Philosophy Cases that •Adaptation
Some Scientific data do not fit •ET life
•Outer space
proteins/chemicals
Could This happen?
• Creation / Intelligent design becomes the
higher order paradigm and evolution
becomes a lower order paradigm?
Suggest
Cured?
a cure Choose
Identify a Collect the
Problem/ P/T/M/F.
Data &
need Develop the
Analyse
Identify instruments
Grounded
hidden
Theory?
Lit. review causes