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TI LIU THAM KHO

1.Phm Thnh H, Sinh hc i cng, NXB H Quc gia Tp.HCM, 2000.

2.Nguyn nh Giu, Sinh hc i cng, NXB H Quc gia Tp.HCM, 1999

3.Philip, Sinh hc (sch dch), NXB GD, 2000

4.Nguyn Nh Hin, Sinh hc t bo, NXB GD, 2008

5.Trn Th ng, Phm Th Trn Chu, Ha sinh hc, NXB GD, 2006

6.Nguyn Ln Dng, Vi sinh vt hc, NXB GQG H Ni, 2008

7.Phm Thnh H, Di truyn hc, NXB H Quc gia Tp.HCM, 2001

8.Nguyn Thnh Tr, Sinh thi hc, NXB HSP H Ni, 2008

TI LIU THAM KHO

9.Trn B Hanh, Hc thuyt tin ha, NXB HQG H Ni, 2006 10.Hang Th Sn, Hnh thi gii phu thc vt, NXBGD, 2003

11.Nguyn Nh Khanh, Sinh l thc vt, NXB HSP H Ni, 2009

12.Thi Trn Bi, ng vt khng xng sng, NXBGD, 2009 13.Nguyn Hng Vit, ng vt c xng sng, NXGD, 2009 14.T Thy Lan, Gii phu sinh l ngi v ng vt, NXB GD, 2010 15.George H. Fried, Biology-The Study of Living Organism, McGraw Hill. 1995. 16. John H. Postlethwait, Modern Biology, Holt RineHart and Winston, 2006.

I. CC NGUYN T CA C TH SNG
-Trong t nhin c 92 nguyn t ha hc

-C 16 nguyn t thng xuyn cu thnh cc hp cht trong c th (C, H, O, N, Ca, P, S, Cl, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, I)
-Thm mt vi nguyn t khc c thy trong c th SV c bit

Cc nguyn t sinh hc

Thnh phn ca cht sng

Thnh phn % 6 nguyn t chim t l 99% khi lng
70 65 60 50

40 30 18 20 10 10 3 2 1

0 Oxy Car bon Hydr o Ni t o Canxi P hospho

Thnh phn ca cht sng

Nguyn t T l %

Cc nguyn t cn li chim 1%
T l %
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 K S Cl Na Mg Fe Cu Mn Zn Iot

Kali Lu hynh Clo Natri Magie St

ng

0.35 0.25 0.16 0.15 0.05 0.004 Vt Vt

Mangan Km Iot

Vt
Vt

II. NC TRONG C TH SNG

Cu to phn t nc

Cc trng thi ca nc

Nc trong c th sng
c tnh Tm quan trng trong c th

T trng
Sc cng Mao dn Chu nn Nhit dung Nhit bay hi Dn in

Lm gi cho c th sng
Vt cht bm vo Vn chuyn cht Nng c th iu ha thn nhit Lm mt c th Dn truyn cc xung thn kinh

III. THNH PHN HU C TRONG C TH SNG

Cc lp Cc nguyn t cu thnh
Lun c C,H,O,N i khi c S, P Lun c C,H,O, i khi c N, P C,H,O,N ,P

n v c bn
Monosaccarit
Axit amin Glycerol, Axit bo ng Nhm photphat Cc gc hu c Cc nucleotid

i phn t
Polysaccarit
Protein Du, m

Hydratcarbon C, H, O
Protein Lipit Axit nucleic

AND, ARN

PROTEIN

II.1.Protein
-L polymer to thnh monomer ca cc acid amin -Chim t l cao trong cc hp cht hu c -Cu to linh hot v c kh nng bit ha cao - m nhn nhiu chc nng quan trng, l nguyn liu d tr

Acid amin n phn ca protein

* Cng thc chung

Acid amin khng phn cc vi mch bn l nhm hydrat cacbon

Acid amin khng phn cc vi mch tch in dng

Acid amin khng phn cc vi mch bn tch in m

Acid amin vi mch bn khng tch in

Acid amin vi mch bn l vng thm

Acid amin c bit

S hnh thnh lin kt peptid trong chui polypeptid

Cu trc phn t protein

* Cu trc bc 1

Cu trc phn t protein

* Cu trc bc 2

Xon

LK mng

Cu trc phn t protein

* Cu trc bc 3

Cu trc phn t protein

* Cu trc bc 4

Cu trc phn t protein

II.2.Hydrat cacbon
- Cc hydrat cacbon n: ngun cung cp nng lng - Cc hydrat cacbon phc: ngun d tr nng lng hoc nguyn liu cu trc

*Cu trc ng n
-Phn t c t 3-10 nguyn t C -L dn xut aldehyt hoc cetol ca ru a chc

-Dng mch thng hoc vng

-u c tnh kh mnh nh cc nhm chc

Cu trc mch thng ng n

Cu trc mch vng ng n

* Cu trc ng phc

Cu trc ng phc
ng i
- C tnh kh

-Khng kh

tnh

Cu trc ng phc
Cc polysaccharit
Tinh bt

Amylose Amylopectin Cellulose

Cu trc cellulose

Cu trc ng phc
Cc polysaccharit
Chitin

Glycogen

LIPID

III.3. Lipid
-L hp cht hu c phc tp

-t ha tan trong nc, tan tt trong cc dung mi khng phn cc

-Gi nhiu vai tr quan trng trong h thng sng

*Thnh phn c bn ca lipid

Alcol Glycerol, cc alcol bc cao Aminoalcol, sterol Lin kt este Acid bo Mch thng, nhnh, vng Acid bo no/khng no

*Lipid n gin
-L nhng este ca alcol v acid bo -Bao gm

+Cc tryglycerid trung tnh

+Cc sp, tc ceride

+Cc steride

Lipid n gin
*M trung tnh (tryglycerid)
-Cht bo l este ca glycerol v acid bo-gi l glycerid

Lipid n gin
*Tryacylglycerol
-Nhit nng chy khc nhau -Nhit tan chy ca mt s loi m +M b 25-300C

+M ln 36-450C
+M g 33-400C

+Du lc -340C

Lipid n gin
*Sp
ch yu l este ca acid bo cao phn t (palmitic, cacraubic, montanic) v ru a chc cao phn t (xerylic)
-Bn, t c kh nng phn ng -ng dng lm nn, mu sp, son mi

Lipid n gin
*Sterid
-Este ru a vng (cholesterol,) v acid bo cao phn t (palmitic, oleic)

-Rn, khng mu, khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c
-Tin cht ca cht iu ha sinh trng (VTM D3, prostaglandin, iu ha hot ng cc hoocmon TV, V)

*Lipid phc tp
-Trong thnh phn clipid phc tp c alcol, acid bo, photpholipid v cc cht khc.

Phospholipid

Glicolipid

*Lipid phc tp

*Lipid phc tp

*Phospholipid

*Lipid phc tp
*Glicolipid

*Lipid phc tp
*Steroid

ACID NUCLEIC

III.4. Acid nucleic

-L yu t mang thng tin di truyn, quy nh c tnh ca sinh vt -Gm 2 loi AND, ARN -Cu to t nhng n phn l nucleotid

Acid nucleic
*Nucleotid
-n v cu trc ca DNA v RNA -Cc baz nit mch vng: cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U), Adenin (A), Guanin (G) -Gc ng 5C: Deoxyribose, ribose

-Nhm phosphat

Cu trc nucleotid

Thnh phn c bn ca nucleotid

Cc loi nucleotid

Lin kt gia cc nucleotid trong phn t DNA