Professional Documents
Culture Documents
APTER
10
Checked
by R.H.Weaver
'-Ne.
of
bot'"
The"',
.",..l d~V\a""i ..... "-\:..o\or.'h"\eW\ .. e ... i'l"\~ 1'n...... N \S" -.If!.''"'j -t:
Y'\1.-'.",«\Oat.Or p,,"O\::)\~W\1
I~O'"~e
-\;h~
c:ond\'\.i.n",,"
~Malt
~ ['2.
of
fi...iS
Vol.
rnQ:}
w..,..i"t.~':
Kt'_
K11/'2..
(K~-1)
F"o,"
t.~ ..
0,"
111:
t'--Q
.n,
~,s
? .... o&.,E'"'~
k
\1-.,/
T\I<.~
'2.. ~
400
s~c.-'
,'f'(
c:~
~~-\
!'GO
2.544-)(
4-1 C3 toad
s~c.
-\ C."'" - \
g,«t
c.-'
10-4
ea\
.. C. -I
2. 0 a
'W to-
°c
vn tl'"j
\hE? '"
i.-\. e.
Not.~ ca\o\o-\<e'
-\:\..:o.~
+et
... '"
""a.~
i""c:..\......&"",,-;.o
-4t'lr-~""'~o""
........
10.B
Yiscostt)
V~""i .. t.ion
Ve\oc":\:1
G ...~",.:.~",~s
In.
Noi'\-
\.~o
FdVVl.
Ci.
w~
d i ~<:
b~~iW'\
"'"' e. p a._
b'j d~
e, 'f
~"'n'\''''~
lc......e
-\:f!'!"""pt..pa';:.u..."_
....,._ ~ \ .."
e.
~
*'"
_
.. cl ~
~-w-
il-t ~\..,\(.\....
ID ~
t"~
i
-
11
a e, +, CI"
c a \ C'! .....
:0\
\ .. ~
0100'\
.c!, .. ~ .....<It.
A-
r--tt - r-~
t--::"
e 01"'\
,....~ = r-/r-o
ru.. ....
tt-/t'-o
S, J
-~
1! ..... f!
calQ.u....\a~-e.J
~OI'W'\
E,\,
l.o.5-i~a..
J. a 1
Co""
.... e, i.
of a.,..
u......
pD$~$.
r-.ltco...'C"
d~
c.alcu...la-l.e..l.
~ .... ~ o
El'
A~
\'\elCt
elCp\
e\if'Y\iY\.2-tC
(~o(To-T:,)T]-(~o(TQ-Ti)~11-1.
~ ""';~'" ~~
'Cl.id
c.~
Et.
10.S-i8".
--1
'"
d" ..r e. .... .. : ..2..-i:.. E' 6 w ~ '" ed -t cle""'i."at.,,,~ E'T,\t'al -\-a ~~ .... o:
0
\rJ
.r
~ AT
CJ
= 0:
To
T"'e.
t.""",,,?f!!\l-a-\:.\A..~~
b. T h ~
Td =
d at.:iIl (i Tel":
'" ~, ..ly
nee oJ e.l.
0
"'-0
C)
'9
\0)
[t"t3} _(~)]1
T
-l,'S<""~f"~~r
\'
T.} +"'-~f'\
T~\
t
co a
let
t"- c. so
+•
in e.
0\
u..t ion
.; .... e:
r-
'C"
O. 3 5? O. '2..
0+
0 0 DC)
T"'...-
e 4oK
e p.
p.
3 '-"3 oK
c:l{sC!.'"
!.
=q
00
C
-t~l.A...'J
t~"""('.P:illt:....._...~
",'")I:,'n"\U-n"\
... p.Q.""c.."j
O<::~Y,",J
\AI ~
~e '" 'j
... ~
s- ~ """. T ~ e. ""
h ....... e
• ,.
1. o,s -1~
c.~\~c....l,t:~
~\..~ ~(q_o·c.)
vt:sc..o<A'-'=...,.
t.~ \:,... ~
t(~
0'"
=
vi'
( 0."357.
0~
0')'"n
S ~ .... 4.....\ v
C .. St. .. ., ,
'a.X'I,"",-u...-..
d.'sc.""~pa.Ioo'\c.,c.s
0,00
-::: o.'"31.~ <l..f. -=:" O,~ 1.7 ,~. ..l vlt I d)( a ""e
bo~
'2
10.c
a. n
Q ~ \ ..... ~
t-lo-a"'<J{!E"r
e- ;..... -lhe
-
as
G <>
\ '"
t\....
e ;)b"!t ~
o~
"\c
p\oo~54!'''''C~
""".ss
f M a5~ -\.ra"S"~I!l'.-.
0
(1..00/\0-)
0-).00 0.2.00
i.ooo
~e
+\...tP\.
.,.~
r.Jh 0 •• 0'
\.\ .... cl ~
'100
......... '\7
2.00
300
4.00
O.'l?S
O.1~"'1
(l.)
v..r... :
1. 0 - S'"
R 0 =-
«]
,.
e e.-'
(+) ( + T\) ( -.1."3 ~ 1 0 --.S-) ==
i 0 -Iii /
We.
t"ek
J:_ :
.f,'''\,d
ioo
u.."""':
'1:.)'
'200 0.4-0+
300
O.i.9
400
Seo ~ ..... o
®....,~
6 ~ 0:
c.
0.070
......... ;"')"
O·9~
0.8'3
0.e9
b.
¢::-
=
-
0.2400
1 -
O. 8?5
O. is 2
10.D
F
1:)",
t "'.
11..0°F
e,
0 '"'
d H:. i 0
'"
0 -{:
t \.,S' i.
t> ....Db' •
t'I\
t"'"' e
Q V ...
_ ~C
~ ~ """~~
oil fu ...
is
0,,"
S" tP
c.. "1.
~ ~
0"",- .,
f .... -i..'2~
,..
..
Jt
10-"3
iO-4
oS. e.
-~ c::"""-\
.. -e-c.~ oK - e.-\
0.'1.56
l(
e.--.-l
C., ..
~=-
a\
~-\
..e,--{
}II(
i/;=--
'3.+0
1.
0-""
(ai:..
.
"-
~1.ouf"')
'\ \0-
F)
T .=SJO~R)
,9
z: 4-
4.4-
°c
10-+)/(6."3"7)(
p~ ':. (0.2+)(1..95><
<;i ...
10-5)
0.7'35
(qso)( ~O)'l('3.<40
lIlio-"1){44.+)/(O.1.5b)"l.
=
13:1 t-h~
LOr;!!",,"
1.64-
l'-
10 a
1.05 ~"\o
~OY_""\4.:
'l.
Q=
!:
10 5 )
B.14-
c.a\
10.E
Cha"'5es
,n
5~ock a. v: =
:=.
Wave.
2",,1 RTo ::'2250
2V 1.4- <5:30)(154S)(32.iC.)/(2C3)'
s«c-t
""1;=-\00
It\.
oft
b.
("1.)
Ve\oc.t-t'j:
'Sei:.:i:.i."'~
\AI
e -\j""tl
rtf v -= a = 0.4,. ~
+-.2::.-'2..+ ~ "'\ x
l(
O. "5 J7 B4-410
vo:>=
<2.)
0."3'15
'2-25"0
::
+t:
fo
Se"c..-'
i
;.
Va?.
)IIC
~t.'W.. / seC.
'L
...
10 ~ c;ec.-"l.
C'Po
vo'W..
To -;::: 2.4co.
+
2.)(
530)(778)('32..'1
)C
c.)
= 3. 2'2.lft~
- ....
CPQ\~ -=
JC
S".?S" i 0 c.
1..0
C.
f-t"l..
lC 1 0
s~c:..-"1. T,
5.
0
"J q
...
~~"\....
S <It c-
(5.
"1 C\ /
"3. 2. 2) ( 5., 0) ~
B 8B
R
vv
P ... 5 S'''''''e: e
.....,~H
~4It
'''E''
V etDe...,·~
.. l ••
n<e~li~n
~l\
d..o'<UV"\S~
\.;U ......
... ~';!.""",
"\:.\...t!
t\....e,,,,,
~-i:.<Q..
~o Vo V<JC) -t "'~
.:
ro
C60
Va? ~
~a
r.co
-1"
-=
(S.0'7-1.'\O)(,c1.0c-)(2Q)/(15
...... 5)(S30)(3"l..i.c-)
t'o
R
/po
..
0·15
~_,
,.c.-\
~
q 5" 0 .po\:
S"
To:::-
11"2.5 /..J"I;'
~c..-' :.
/('l.q
'2.. q
)C
1. 0 """
r, -::: (15)(
=01. ~
t.JTt/8')
~ 10-4-)
q.'1S.:
r-=
o , "37 S
(Q/S)(?..4-)jn/(9"-i.4-)' ~
i.4"3
Ol)
( a)
li < tJ );:.
-x -,c" =
[.t.... ((
i. -
1..('
(.,.)
U~ ~al)"'11
1= ..~ . 1.. 0 .5"-
H_[ (~::t<]
~ \..,. '"'" 0 ""
;9
z:
s-
eu
>
(C,-'M).AT
(0.24
88
a - 530)
-'I..
=~61..4AK=-2:"
,.. i
\ 6 -,
.....
1,0
c.
, ... c.
= - 87
Ib"':'
sse
0 N'\
P "..e S S i. 0 \"\. 0 -t a n
r.J. ear
Gas.
w~
1a.'AJ
.. e....,..,..l'~e... t.""\~
'\-0
e..JC. p"1I!$Sio",
""l't\'"
-\\..,."
a;cl
~~t::-.
T1, -==
'1
(Vi /V1.)O.+
0 \- -:1 0 0) (1 0) o, 40""
":" C
4 6.
:: i+06° R
<1460 F
g,
10.G
Use
Up
o-f
P't'"0 b \ e.m
\t;-l
a",",..I. o",,-lL..e
... ..l..r
S.
a.
Sta ..t
..... \t-\..
13. -t
«'~
-r
..,\e 1..0.'2-2.
-e.s-T ....ic.i:.·o "e..loc.i.(.ie~ ....
"D1Sc..""~
1iLH
.. ,.lit:
·f
.... l .
""~c.2!fl-s'"
t.-
.+~~J.., .~";il.t:<IIl""
"i~c.Oo.J'$
0\00'
dfi'C.4
't--e.-J"
c.o",-4ai"",i~,\
O'r
'~r
.....)'l--tD~
~id~.
o
tJc:o....,
"'.. \o-,-")\...t
-= -
....c.""'e-~~
.l~r\v,·~~ ~; d e -\"
... t\...~\
£.,...
"le
13 ~ ~"
1.~
0..., I
~'r"I.A.
b ec.o ~ ... ~
"" )
~4!.."""J
::l..).~
11. VJ~~
e.le.,_'\--r-'c_ ... \
Y\'_\:
.e. .. ",""'
• ...1~ ....... ~
e-",- -s.
T\....~......c.~o-
s.u..~'"
~"-r ........
Sa -\-.. -.. H
~ ~ t:- :
o ~ _ J;: ~ ( "'"t~) ~ S e
-t·\3
~V'"
.L e ".c"",i \a e r
J
'ra...t:, ..
u~
v s I...... _oe
""- Vl
SQ.
~ \.. "0
i
(
""~f: <II!..
4":~. "'t".......
.~
c:..J... ~ >'\j e.
e_'_-'
" p ......J,u..c.
.~
Q..,
e. ""l
{. c u .... "
.. ~
'j
c, ... ""t.,
........ t.
"L \
f~'"
~\.-..<!........_
u... """' ~ ~
e, .a.t
~ ~ c.-I. ~ak4
b. 'B"'~I'''''
~e .... _
a._~r_,o ..... r
~..»
t:.
.-\!
I ..
i..o.2.-~
.",.L
'Sol_pu-t,·c.a.h·
Q
$O .....\-c:..~
.. ",,.
.l~,l
~E!Sc..rt·""e.L
A~ai.".
-:a.l.J.
vb ~2.1."
T_
,_
o ..... e,
.... .-
~e.L~
\0"
\ .....
1:ol..J
~J)~""'~\- ......
~;"e.", '''''
c.
T"'tr
~O~{(JI"\,
~esi-c'"
~""cl
i,
O_~i"'0It.4
"2~~u...f"<'\pH."'S
c:l.h-eG.-t,y
at
;,,0_
s:\-e..-......L~
E"t, A. .~
"'10
T~\:'\'II! .. 10.'2.-2.
t!!d::ioY\S.
t"'~
\"'\-ej\\~\\:,\e
"'-eat
~lo""
\'1"\
-\-\......e
cl.:.,..,-\,.+1 ..... -
d.
g~",\iY'
-~\\-
E'"t.'"
.r
TQ.\~
10.2.-2..
~."'" '-_
s.-ta.be.
.""1
&.l..~-':..
Sys+c_
\0,,",
'N,'t"'-
...... ..:.
\""e..'a..-\!:
...... -et:..-\ic.l",",
-\-\...'l'
<r:
b~c.al"W"\«'S:
a X''-
~t..
N '8
q 1<
0
t'
i""'\. ~d
,...t.oe.. .
V'\. :
r;. ~~
~\
o ::- +k
o
\",t!e'p~",de'1'\t.. -k
(\N'\..."
J
o{'
~T
"")("
'X,.9
=
-i;-"'V'""~)
is
d-r/~)1G\
):,,,,0
TI.o.e
~tv......~
l~~-\'
'Slc!~
of;.
-\,",~i"'
~~ j"'-.1t
~L..~
st&,.. ......~tc~
""e..,-t.
10.H
Vi.SCOu..5
Hea-t't.nc_)
of \ab\e
S\i-t
w .... :t"!._
Flow.
E"t.A
O~~~""r-(6
W\~'J
r1!~.d.'l'1
d~ T
'ofit
s.hov...10'\
t\.,.-a.t
-t:"'- .....
Ve..
\o<:..~i:'j
f ...... ~\·\e
~<;
!r'd
,,~ =
L., (t!v'!:
v...-.c ~
/d"-:)1.
\.
i-
(')!./S)'1.1
+to-.
.-t.
T"
Q.
e "'~""~ ':.1
\,
v_::'
(4'l!'l./
s... )
g~
The
d 'a.'-""';I
")f.
e, 0
....
G" 't...
0 "'"~
-a.\t"'II!.:
Ar"'l AAt...
5o\.v''''''~
~~~\Y'\.1:
"'X.
~\,.,.~
'-A.t~t..~
~e..~<I!.
b"::> ..........
d....._,
t;.Q ......
;{.'e"",.
T - To
i( t'"""F
~
k ) [ \. - (~/ 13 ')
41
10.1
V~foc~t'j
(U A\:
-x
\Y'
=b
tj[ ~
_
~(r,,/ro)
1'2.
[1
a NO'n-\sother~Cl\
(2\
~Vl.
,J": -
~«J
S F L(r~/t"- ..J )
:l1i
+ J,... (r-i/~.1
0+
(r ~/t'0}O
L
1-J-;! +[1+ 0] [- i t: ~~ 11
-
R. _ 1...2- ~ (r,Ir-,,)
1- 0
-
F~\M.
=0
('3)
F 0,,"
r- $ -+ rv~_ ~~
83
tI
r-
~ 1. {
[1~ ...~ ~
0... ~
Wk~"'~
a.. ~ :=
~(tt~/r-o) ?£./ ~
-0..
,,
to.J
As.sL&-""'i.""
\Nq
V'I"'\"~
i4eal-,2.~
..,.,V"~~ .. :
&.e.."'~VI·.,,"
a-.-l
i~n",,,,,l'n.~
<:..~a",.,eS'
'vJtt
W\._
~",'t:e''r'''''=-e ~ .......
0"
bov.
Ir"\
~,JIt.~
~"\u
...1::..ia ....
~Q
~et:,
'nc.'lIt
l",~~'''''.;a.~,oV\.
\A.SC=
VYce
oJ... 0..... ~ ~'"
.O\A..Y'\.~"""'t
""" '<l 'j
c::."'"''-\t:lO~~
.J,...e.
c. v
Q...\
e ~~
~e.
_10; t ... ~
e'1I''('o e\"~Vo _
-r:_-To
T '" e "'" f: .. F 0 '""..,.,~ 'r'
f! f 0( \ ..."" '" .. ~
1
ft'\
a. ~
...e."'" 0 v a \
-a. '1
ro.«
84
Use
~
of Tr.W'\~p'ratto",
0
Loss~s.
(1 ..) W i~
'.;;!( ""
r h· • \::. 0" ~ ,
eAT
~ ....
-= -
'!Io"''''\\
;......\.c:...~--e"
'\otIJoe..
~ ....
k:~
I ( k -k )
~
....'"
( '30
'to
;:'5)
(2.) \N'I·~L...
t."'2~1pi~:ilt..\.I0'\~
FIf" 0
"""
0- ~
Qt- ~
4~~
RoC.'1..-TK)/C
'-'a,{ .... c.e.', =.
F""o
-
e
".....
ID
-1)
-\-4.."
-a,,,,,,
t!It.""e.""~'1
w. ..., 0...,...,
"".e..~ ....... \+
Q.."...:::
w .. " ~
0
4'«' k i'- Ro
+\... ... ,,~ ~
I Cp
~)<'~
eo""'""" ...... c
~c. s ,-0 In J
oL"",,-l
... """"""'''''''
\-"-;t.\ "" :
::(0. 5
0·5
)It
1) ( 4
IT
II
O. 0:1
'It
9 I.'t
0.<').'-
Q1.7
'* 11 :J
~q,5
Sf:.",?~oc.~~.S'
"' .... -.
\11'\
A
to.i,
F ...c.\:\O",t~ss i
e.? -
,a",
'I:~ea\
,..
~Il~.
'P V/T
~ • --
cv
.._ ~
vn fa)'
'oN""
-\. ~
pCp
\' \...Q
1\ ~ ':( P
a.~
(~.'QT):::\t.QaT
\;a~t
t-e 'SS l O'f'\
\~e7l.l-~
\ .. ~
r..,<e -:.
- ?C{;~~·V~)-
~J.<.~·\7r))
<. ~ • \7~) - ; ( ~ 9·
f~'> -
p l '7- ~
85
Fo\"'"
4a
st~a~)-s-4:.-a~e
s~st.~""'"
(V'.p..::!.):::O
'0,;#
~ (v·VT)
S~"'~l;''''''"':\'''''l
~,_..,a.\.~o,,' "'e
T-
-=
("6V~)
~.:..~
\~4\
+-bC.7·v)
r
-\::.\,.III!.
~xf""~ss\O'l"\.
\"'~.
~t'r~-1;
D~
~......e..
, ....
ov-.:"
~e
C)
.-e~,·v~",
b.
p~y
of
0 ...
"""~"'''t \"'~
a
cad::. -e.~
~e-- at.
'N t!..
b -\-a.\V'\. ~
.....
PC.i>VT
w~ ~O"'"
-\-0
cbhl
divide ""~d. ~e
'~~CJ' o~ ~~~
~,c
de ~'"..~J
P roeS'5 i
9"L".t:iof'\
011'\ :
~c..
VTo/1>
C. v~:::.v::; <~t/d~)~
:: -{<C.. /c.,,)
RT/M'
C.;
=
106M
"D , m~
W'\ ~
(V-l)Ma
"L
ion a \
A"" a \ y s \ ~
'r'\.
.r ~
V\
0 yo c
~ d - C'
0"" v
.I. -t.. \.
c::
1:: i 0 V\ H
E ,g
t,........,..
e
Oil
Tva "o;+e" '" ~ '1 A1 i ti 't..~d Tq1\ \(. 1.f. +\.... eo sa""", e R ~ ::t d,. '0 • "'"/ "t) "- N P ~ t'"-)
0\ "..., '~
t.a"","_
an.
-t\....t"", \~
'
...
(t.../"')C.
....
,~.,..)
VV\'l\
\:i.~
1::~ .. ..
'"
v.. ~
ot\.
+to... ~
l'l'\\-\.ia.l
<.o...... oi-\-
a...",.~
a."'-~.._"
\.(c.~1I)'
\-~'l:...
... ,t.-<
-\e",,,,"
Co",,,-r.p
0", ~~-\--;;a-\
.•c"f
io""
C>~
Rey
'""'" o~
1"10
l""~
t
n ....."""b
-"r<el(~"," (
,,",~\'_'·loo-e,.
"""\....~ !J......_.n
-\-I..,a.'
-\-'-'t.
..bf.!.
-tl...~
-\i"",,_~
at:-. .... e'
+"'~t
Q.-t;
+'4...... K
\:-"0""'"
~
+" .... ''''Y1e.v-. U-n ~ .. ,.. ~ ,.. ... t 'a. ... ::1 pair o-f c.o--~E"S"fo~.i\·ni
iroo...
o,",d_i
c:"'tual
*~c
S"'~~
""...........
C" ......
'\-.,-'"
'i-~_pll!.~_ \ tl .btl!
10.N E,u...'v..l.\eV\('~
a. H. ~~
5 iW\ c e
VJ.~
of
n'~.f~ ~"t ..
.-to .",t.
~,t'" +~«
""4!
F"O,,"M'
4!
o{
-l". £"'.""'1
(-c:\)~\
g6
E"1.vai:.ic!)V\.
~f-~s, 1 a
p~
,.
Dt
=.
,...
a'j
W _. .: 4t. I! :
~ ~E p~ t
. -..
Fv-o"",,
"t:\""'.e,
1:.. ~- t P 1)
[~+'
o(V·v r __..j
J
l'
... f:-I:.l,,~
the
Et"";a...t.io,", • ..1
\--e""-lr
~..(? c.c)to',\.-\"n\Ao;
...... L:.ov~
......"'cle,,..\;""
,1::
~1L'"
b~
~ .. ".~.
"""".ve~~c ':..
t- ~\..,.~ ....c..v ~
.. e..e. .... ~
~ ~t_
<'~/~)::::
~ ~, ""' , ...
u...~
~\
+ ~ (\7.)!..)
""" -t-\... ;
"\4.. e.
u l t'
se
CoD"",.l
e»
~iv"S'
IO ..... _.
~~:si-e~
l-e..la..~i&""'.
OT "DC..!.
T h ~ -\- "" e n'\
:a "'..
\-,",e <: a ..
"' ...
......
t .... Lt:,()fO\.
f!.,. ....,
c. a ""<:
.. \ l ....1.
a. 1 i ..... t ~
-e., \.,
J u.. •
h-t",y
'{
~t
-\ e \ ~f ~ ~ .. ~ "" i
Th..«!!.
.,.qW'\ai
t \.'t"'~,
------------+C?T [
-r '" fit
'\ t! ... "'"
~t--\-~.Qf') (
•• • ... .. .. .. • • .. ... • ... • ..
+ ~tQ·~)l
.. .. • .oo ..... ........ oo ...
\oN
\ ctt
~, oft .lo
S ~..._~
t. ~ =i ....... ..,
'='..,
< e l , ...,.., +\0. ~ \ t-" '3.."".1. t-h. «. ~ "" """ , '- '""' J:-e ....\ t loo. e J +\.... e.t ~::a.!.; 0" 0 ~ (.0", -t \"''''''; '\ y
C ~ "'"
CHAPTE.p..11.-
Checked
CO'c'\
11. A.
s t:..~\.~ ~ed-\
='
k/ P
e...
::"
O. 5 ? 4
-t--o
Q
~t~
-r ~~ e e ,,:\: ... t. ~~ ~
Tc~ To _ ..-
at.
u.. ...
e \ 'S
f'}
be
i '2 s 0 F
Co. ..
~I'\al:
1. '2 8 - 70
'270'" 70
\-0
Ti. - Te
Th~t'\,
accot-cJ\""
- o.
L. J
Fi~.
t1.'1.-3,
o£i::./RI).
= 0.1. )
-4-
t:"
O.i R'1./~ = 3.
0"2. ~ -i
0
hr~
c.
- i.i
0("
~ec;
~ 0( ~
t.l I ~1,1
ol."L=:
2.
Rl.."l.
Dl-1 _
<"\.~
1 ~
I t a..) == <'0.57+
ic 1./'2.. )
O. '2 B
7
(
~t 'l.
" ~
d.
~ T / d teo(
F'" ~r
o~
0
~ ~T )
1i."B
Coyy.pa ...t·so,",
A
e c.
0 '" ~
i:"c
TVo..Io
Sla.b
& "t.
0(
Se\u...t_'o\'\S
Slo,.ol--t T'~f..t.
::I / b -:::: . ~ ,J O
i ..",
F:. . i 1. i - i ) ~
0.4-6
tI
b'" ::
O. 0 i.,
,-"-0 -=
......,"'flP ....
F'!S.
,,-To
'::J
i,
"'S""Il."~.e
c:a..~
+.i.-l)
_""ic,,",
r".. ..
"".a.-