T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

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Chng 5. I CNG V KIM LOI

I. Kin thc trng tm a) Tnh cht chung ca kim loi n li phn lin kt kim loi v 3 kiu mng tinh th kim loi (lp 10). Kim loi ch th hin tnh kh trong cc phn ng ha hc :

M Mn+ + ne
b) Pin in ha Hiu r qu trnh oxi ha - kh xy ra ti cc in cc trong pin in ha. c) Th in cc chun v dy in ha - T th in cc hiro chun : E o + / H = 0,00 V Gi tr th in cc H
2

chun cc kim loi

Eo n+ / M . M

Dy in ha chun theo chiu Eo tng dn : Tnh oxi ha tng dn Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Ag+ Au3+ -----------------------------------------------(axit)----------------------Mg Al Mn Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb (H) Cu Fe2+ Ag Au Tnh kh gim dn - ngha dy in ha : cation trong cp oxi ha - kh c th in cc chun ln hn c th oxi ha kim loi trong cp c th in cc chun nh hn. Trong cc cht angxt: Cht oxi ho mnh nht oxi ho cht kh mnh nht, sinh ra cht oxi ho yu hn v cht kh yu hn (quy tc ).
Cu2+ Cu Ag+ Ag

Tnh sut in ng chun ca pin in ha :

E o = E o dng E o m pin cc cc ( Cch nh : ly E c gi tr ln tr cho E c gi tr nh E pin > 0)
o o o

c) n mn kim loi Phn bit :

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

n mn ha hc : khng pht sinh dng in. n mn in ha hc : pht sinh dng in. + iu kin c n mn in ha. + C ch n mn in ha. Cch chng n mn kim loi : bo v b mt v bo v in ha. e) in phn Nm vng th t oxi ha - kh ti cc in cc : Kh nng nhn electron tng dn ti catot : K Ca Na Mg Al Zn Cr Fe Ni Pb H Cu Fe Kh nng nhng electron tng dn ti anot :
+ 2+ + 2+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ + 2+ 3+

Ag Au

3+

2 SO2 NO3 CO3 H 2 O O2 OH Cl Br I anot tan 4

Ch : + Trong dung dch nc, cc ion gc axit c oxi khng b in phn. + Nu anot lm bng cc kim loi (tr Pt) th kim loi lm anot nhng electron (in phn anot tan). + Phn bit du cc in cc : Bnh in phn : catot l cc ; anot l cc + Trong pin in ha : catot l cc + ; anot l cc AIt Vn dng cng thc : m = tnh khi lng cht sinh ra ti cc nF in cc. f) iu ch kim loi Chn phng php iu ch kim loi thch hp K Ca Na Mg Al Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb Cu Hg Ag Hg Pt Au
in phn nng chy Nhit luyn, thy luyn, in phn dung dch K nng Nm vng cc phng php gii bi tp kim loi nh : phn t khi trung bnh, nh lut bo ton electron ... Tnh sut in ng ca pin in ha. p dng quy tc xt chiu v th t ca phn ng oxi ha - kh. Gii cc bi tp in phn.

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

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II. Bi tp p dng A. Trc nghim khch quan 1.

Cc kim loi trong dy no sau y c kh nng tc dng vi nc nhit thng ? A. Na, Ca, Li, Ba B. Na, Ca, Be, Li C. Na, Ca, Mg, Be D. Na, Be, Li, Ba Nhn nh no sau y ng ? A. Cc kim loi u c s electron lp ngoi cng 4. B. Cc nguyn t nhm B u l kim loi. C. Cc nguyn t c 1, 2 3 electron u l cc kim loi. D. Cc nguyn t cc nhm IA, IIA, IIIA (khng k hiro) u l kim loi. Kim loi dn c in l nh c A. cc ion dng kim loi v electron. B. cu to mng tinh th kim loi. C. cc electron t do. D. cc ion dng v ion m.

2.

3.

4.

5.

T cc cp oxi ho - kh sau : Zn /Zn, Mg /Mg, Cu /Cu v Ag /Ag, s pin in ho c th lp c ti a l A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6. in phn l qu trnh A. oxi ha v kh xy ra trn b mt cc in cc di tc dng dng in mt chiu ca cc ion. B. phn hy cc cht trn b mt cc in cc di tc dng ca dng in mt chiu. C. oxi ha v kh ca cc ion hay phn t xy ra trn b mt cc in cc nh dng in mt chiu. D. phn li cc cht thnh cc ion di tc dng ca dng in mt chiu.

2+

2+

2+

6.

Trong qu trnh in phn dung dch Pb(NO3)2 vi cc in cc tr, ion Pb di chuyn v A. cc dng v b oxi ho. B. cc dng v b kh. C. cc m v b oxi ho. D. cc m v b kh.

2+

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

7.

Tc dng ca cu mui trong pin in ha l A. cho cc mui hai cc pha trn vi nhau. B. cho cc anion v cation di chuyn qua li. C. cho dng electron di chuyn t cc m n cc dng. D. cn bng nng cc mui hai cc. So snh pin in ha v n mn kim loi, iu no sau y khng ng ? A. Tn cc in cc ging nhau : catot l cc m v anot l cc dng. B. Pin in ha pht sinh dng in, n mn kim loi khng pht sinh dng in. C. Kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn lun l cc m. D. Cht c tnh kh mnh hn b n mn.

8.

9.

Cho cc cht Cu, Fe, Ag v cc dung dch HCl, CuSO4, FeCl2, FeCl3. S cp cht c phn ng vi nhau l A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5. Cho CO d i qua hn hp gm CuO, Al2O3, MgO. Sau khi phn ng kt thc cht rn thu c l A. Al, Cu, MgO. C. Cu, Al, Mg. B. Cu, Al2O3, MgO. D. Mg, Cu, Al2O3.

10.

11.

12.

Nhng mt thanh ng kim loi vo 200 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,1M. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh ng ra khi dung dch th thy khi lng thanh ng tng ln 0,76 gam. Nng dung dch AgNO3 sau phn ng l A. 0,05M. B. 0,075M. C. 0,025M. D. 0,0375M. Dy gm cc kim loi c th iu ch bng phng php in phn dung dch mui l A. Al, Fe, Cr. B. Fe, Cu, Ag. C. Mg, Zn, Cu. D. Sr, Ag, Au. Dy gm cc kim loi c th iu ch bng phng php thy luyn l A. Al, Fe, Cr. B. Hg, Cu, Ag. C. Mg, Zn, Cu. D. Sr, Ag, Au. Dy gm cc kim loi c th iu ch bng phng php nhit luyn l A. Al, Fe, Cr. B. Zn, Cu, Sn. C. Mg, Zn, Cu. D. Sr, Ag, Au.

13.

14.

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

15.

Dy gm cc kim loi ch c th iu ch bng phng php in phn nng chy l A. Al, Fe, Cr. B. K, Ba, Al. C. Mg, Zn, Cu. D. Sr, Ag, Au.

B. Trc nghim t lun 1.

a) Vit cu hnh electron chung ca nguyn t v ion cc nguyn t nhm IA, IIA. b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t kim loi Fe, Cu v cc ion ca chng. c) So snh s electron lp ngoi cng ca cc ion kim loi nhm A v nhm B. Sp xp theo chiu tng dn : a) Bn knh nguyn t ca : Na ; Mg ; K ; Ba. b) Tnh dn in v nhit ca : Ag ; Cu ; Al ; Fe. c) Khi lng ring ca : Li, Al, Fe, Os. d) Nhit nng chy ca : Hg ; Cr ; W. e) Tnh cng ca Na ; Mg ; Cr ; Cu. Cho cc th in cc chun sau : E o 2 + / Pb = 0,13 V ; E o 2 + / Fe = ( 0,44 V) ; E o + / Ag = 0,80 V. Ag Pb Fe
a) Tnh sut in ng ca cc cp pin c hnh thnh t cc cp oxi ha kh trn. b) Cho bt Fe vo dung dch cha hn hp Pb(NO3)2 v AgNO3. Phn ng oxi ha - kh u tin xy ra l phn ng no ? Ag + Zn 2+ Fe2+ Cu 2+ Fe3+ Cho trt t dy in ha : Zn Fe Cu Ag Fe2+ Khi cho hn hp Zn v Fe vo dung dch cha hn hp AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2. Sau phn ng ngi ta thu c 3 kim loi. Hy vit cc phn ng oxi ha - kh ln lt xy ra. Hy nu v gii thch hin tng trong cc th nghim : a) Cho inh st vo dung dch HCl. b) Cho l Cu vo dung dch HCl. c) Kp cht l ng vo inh st v cho vo dung dch HCl.

2.

3.

4.

5.

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

6. 7. 8.

Hy gii thch vai tr ca thic v km, khi chng c trng ln cc vt bng st chng n mn kim loi. Chn phng php thch hp iu ch cc kim loi t cc cht : CaCl2, Al2O3, NaOH, Fe3O4, CuO, Ag2S. Nu mt s v d v ng dng ca s in phn trong vic iu ch mt s kim loi, phi kim, hp cht, tinh ch kim loi, m in. Mi ng dng vit mt phng trnh ha hc xy ra (nu c). in phn dung dch cha hn hp CuSO4 v H2SO4 vi in cc tr, cng dng l 5A, trong thi gian 9650 giy. Sau khi ngng in phn, dung dch vn cn mu xanh, tnh khi lng cc cht sinh ra cc in cc. Cho 1,93 gam hn hp gm Fe v Al vo dung dch cha hn hp Cu(NO3)2 v 0,03 mol AgNO3. Sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c 6,44 gam 2 kim loi. Tnh khi lng Fe v Al c trong hn hp u. in phn dung dch mui sunfat kim loi bng in cc tr vi cng dng 3A. Sau 1930 giy thy khi lng catot tng 1,92 gam. Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng hay gim bao nhiu gam ? Cho hn hp gm 9,75 gam Zn v 5,6 gam Fe vo dung dch HNO3 long ri khuy k. Sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c 1,12 lt kh N2 (sn phm kh duy nht o ktc). Tnh tng khi lng mui trong dung dch sau phn ng.

9.

10.

11.

12.

III. Hng dn gii p n A. Trc nghim khch quan

Cu A 1 A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 A 6 D 7 B 8 B 9 C 10 B 11 A 12 B 13 B 14 B 15 B

B. Trc nghim t lun 1.

a) Cu hnh electron ca : Nhm IA : [kh him] ns R : [kh him] Nhm IIA : [kh him] ns R : [kh him] b) Cu hnh electron ca :
2 2+ 1 +

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Fe : [kh him] 3d 4s Cu : [kh him] d

10

Fe Fe

2+ 3+ +

: [kh him] 3d : [kh him] 3d

6 5

4s

Cu : [kh him] 3d

10

2.

3.

2+ 9 Cu : [kh him] 3d c) Cc ion kim loi nhm A c 8 electron lp ngoi cng, cn cc ion kim loi nhm B khng c 8 electron lp ngoi cng. Sp xp theo chiu tng dn : a) Bn knh nguyn t : Mg < Na < K< Ba. b) Tnh dn in v nhit : Fe < Al < Cu < Ag. c) Khi lng ring : Li < Al < Fe < Os. d) Nhit nng chy : Hg < Cr < W. e) Tnh cng : Na < Mg < Fe < Cr. a) Sut in ng ca cc pin :

Pin Fe-Pb : E o = E o 2 + / Pb E o 2 + / Fe = 0,13V ( 0,44 V) = pin Pb Fe 0,31V Pin Fe-Ag : E o = E o + / Ag E o 2 + / Fe = 0,80 V ( 0,44 V) = 1,24V pin Ag Fe Pin Pb-Ag : E o = E o + / Ag E o 2 + / Pb = 0,80 V ( 0,13 V) = 0,93V pin Ag Pb b) Sut in ng ca pin Fe-Ag ln nht nn phn ng oxi ha - kh xy ra + 2+ u tin l : Fe + 2Ag Fe + 2Ag

4.

Trc tin : Nu cn Zn : v

Zn + 2Ag Zn + 2Ag Zn + Cu
+ 2+ 2+

2+

Zn2+ + Cu Fe2+ + Cu
2+

Fe + Cu

Nu ht Zn v cn Ag : Fe + 2Ag Fe + 2Ag (Ag khng d nn khng c phn ng : Fe v Fe + Cu

+ 2+ + 2+ +

+ Ag Fe

3+

+ Ag)

Fe

2+

+ Cu

Nu ht Zn v ht Ag ch c phn ng :

5.

Fe + Cu Fe + Cu a) Cho inh st vo dung dch HCl : Hin tng : inh st mn dn v c bt kh bay ra.

2+

2+

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Gii thch : Th in cc chun ca cp Fe /Fe < 2H / H2 nn c phn ng Fe + 2H Fe b) Cho l Cu vo dung dch HCl. Hin tng : khng c phn ng xy ra.
+ 2+

2+

H2

Gii thch : Th in cc chun ca cp Cu /Cu > 2H / H2 nn khng c phn ng. c) Kp cht l ng vo inh st v cho vo dung dch HCl Hin tng : inh st mn dn v c bt kh bay ra c inh st ln l ng. Gii thch : L ng tip xc vi inh st to ra cp pin in ho Zn-Cu c nhng vo dung dch HCl nn xy ra n mn in ho : Cc m l Zn : Zn Zn
+ 2+

2+

+ 2e

Cc dng l Cu : 2H + 2e H2 c bt kh bay ra l Cu. ng thi cn xy ra n mn ho hc :

6.

Fe + 2H Fe + H2 c bt kh bay ra inh st. Vai tr ca chng n mn kim loi ca thic v km : Thic v km trong t nhin c bao ph bi lp oxit mng bn, kn nn khi trng ln cc vt bng st th chng c tc dng bo v b mt khng cho khng kh, nc thm qua. Khi b xy st su n lp st pha trong th : + i vi Zn : hnh thnh pin in ho Zn Fe. Km c tnh kh mnh hn Fe nn : Zn Zn + 2e Zn b n mn cho n khi Zn ht th vt bng st mi b n mn. Nn Zn va bo v b mt va bo v in ho. + i vi Sn : hnh thnh pin in ho Fe - Sn.
2+

2+

Sn c tnh kh yu hn Fe. Nn : Fe Fe2+ + 2e. V vy Fe b n mn nhanh hn khi khng c Sn. Nn Sn ch c vai tr bo v b mt. 7.
Phng php thch hp iu ch cc kim loi t cc cht : CaCl2, Al2O3, NaOH, Fe3O4, CuO, Ag2S. iu ch Ca bng cch in phn nng chy CaCl2 CaCl2 Ca + Cl2 iu ch Al bng cch in phn nng chy Al2O3.
pnc

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

3 O2 2 iu ch Na bng cch in phn nng chy NaOH Al2O3 2Al +

pnc

pnc

4NaOH 4Na + O2 + 2H2O iu ch Fe v Cu bng cch kh Fe3O4, CuO vi CO : Fe3O4 + 4CO 3Fe + 4CO2
to

CuO + CO Cu + CO2
iu ch Ag t Ag2S bng phng php thy luyn : Ag2S + 4NaCN 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na2S 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn Na2[Zn(CN)4] + 2Ag

to

8.
iu ch mt s kim loi nh : kim loi kim, kim loi kim th, nhm... VD : 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 iu ch mt s phi kim nh : H2,O2, F2, Cl2
pnc pnc

VD : 2NaCl + H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2

2 4 2H2O 2H2 + O2 p

p c vch ngn

H SO

iu ch mt s hp cht : NaOH, H2O2, NaClO, KClO3 ... VD : NaCl + H2O NaClO + H2 KCl + 3H2O KClO3 + 3H2 o Tinh ch mt s kim loi : Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Ag, Au ... S dng phong php in phn anot tan. Ngi ta dng cc kim loi cn tinh ch lm anot. Khi qu trnh in phn xy ra, cc kim loi cn tinh ch s chuyn t anot sang catot. VD : c vng tinh khit, ta dng anot tan l vng th, vng anot s chuyn sang catot nn vng thu c c tinh khit rt cao. M kim loi : S dng phng php in phn anot tan. + Catot l vt cn m. + m kim loi no th anot lm bng kim loi .
p khng vch ngn 80 C p khng vch ngn

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

VD : m bc mt chic tha bng st th catot l chic tha v anot lm bng bc. Sau khi in phn chic tha s c ph mt lp bc.

9.

Ti catot : Cu v H Sau khi ngng in phn, dung dch vn cn mu xanh ti catot ch c 2+ phn ng : Cu + 2e Cu 64.5.9650 Khi lng Cu = = 16 (gam) . 2.96500 Ti anot : SO2 v H2O 4 Ch c H2O tham gia in phn : 2H2O 4H + O2 + 4e 32.5.9650 = 4 (gam) . Khi lng O2 = 4.96500 Sau phn ng cn 2 kim loi phi l Cu v Ag. V Cu c tnh oxi ha yu hn Ag nn Ag phn ng ht mi n Cu n Ag = n Ag+ = 0, 03mol m Ag = 0, 03 108 = 5, 24 (gam)
2+ + + 2+ +

2+

10.

mCu to thnh = 6,44 5,24 = 3,2 (gam) nCu = 0,05 mol Sau phn ng c Cu nn dung dch ch to ra Fe : Fe a Al b Ag 0,03 Cu
2+ + 2+

+ +

Fe + 2e 2a Al
3+

2+

+ 3e 3b Ag 0,03

1e 0,03

2e Cu 0,1 0,05 Theo nh lut bo ton electron : 2a + 3b = 0,1 + 0,03 = 0,13 v 65a + 27b = 2,11 Gii h phng trnh a = 0,02 Khi lng ca Fe = 0,02.56= 1,12 (gam) Khi lng ca Al = 1,93 1,12 = 0,81 (gam)

(1) (2)

11.

2R2(SO4)n + 2nH2O 4R + nO2 + 2nH2SO4

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

12.

AIt nmF n 1, 92 96500 A= = = 32n nF It 3 1930 Nghim thch hp l n = 2 v A = 64 A l Cu 1, 92 nCu = = 0, 03 (mol) 64 Theo phng trnh in phn : n 1 n O2 = n Cu = 0, 03 = 0, 015 (mol) m O2 = 0, 015.32 = 0, 48 (gam) 2 4 Khi lng dung dch gim (v Cu v O2 tch ra) = 1,92 + 0,48 = 2,4 (gam) 9,75 5,6 1,12 n Zn = = 0,15 (mol) ; n Fe = = 0,1 (mol) ; n N 2 = = 0,05 (mol) 65 56 22,4 m= Zn 0,15 Fe 0,1 2N +
+5

Zn + 2e 0,15 0,3 Fe + 3e 0,1 0,1

0 3+

2+

10e N 2

0,1 0,5 0,05 Tng s mol e cho (0,3 + 0,3 = 0,6 mol) > tng s mol e nhn (0,5 mol) : v 3+ l Phi c thm mt cht nhn electron v ch c th l Fe : Fe + 1e Fe x x x Theo nh lut bo ton electron : 0,6 = 0,5 + x x = 0,1
Dung dch to thnh c 0,1 mol Fe(NO3)2 v 0,15 mol Zn(NO3)2 Tng khi lng cc mui = 0,1.180 + 0,15.18,9 = 46,35 (gam).
3+ 2+

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Chng 6. KIM LOI KIM - KIM TH - NHM

I. Kin thc trng tm A. Kim loi kim
Lp e ngoi cng : ns R nguyn t ln so vi cc nguyn t trong cng chu k. I1 nh v I1<< I2
tnh kh mnh : M M + + e
1

E (kim loi kim) < E (H2O/H2 v H /H2 ) phn ng vi H2O v H ca dung dch axit iu kin thng. iu ch : + Kim loi kim : in phn mui halogenua hay hiroxit nng chy. + Nc Gia-ven : in phn dung dch NaCl khng c vch ngn. + NaOH : in phn dung dch NaCl c vch ngn. + KClO3 : in phn dung dch KCl khng c vch ngn 70 80 C.
o

Ch : Tr Li, cc kim loi kim tc dng vi O2 khi un nng kh to ra M2O2.

2 khan 2 M M 2 O2 MOH + H 2 O2

+O

,t o

+H O

B. Kim loi kim th

Lp ngoi cng : ns R nguyn t ln (nh thua R nguyn t kim loi kim) so vi cc nguyn t trong cng chu k. I1, I2 nh v I1, I2 << I3
tnh kh mnh : M M 2+ + 2e
2

Phn ng vi H2O : + Be khng phn ng mi iu kin + Mg phn ng khi un nng + Ba, Sr, Ca phn ng iu kin thng BeO v Be(OH)2 l cc hp cht lng tnh iu ch kim loi kim th : in phn mui halogenua nng chy.

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Bit tc hi ca nc cng v cch lm mm nc cng. Bit c ng dng ca kim loi kim th v cc hp cht ca chng nh : vi, thch cao, vi sng...

C. Nhm
Lp ngoi cng : 3s 3p R nguyn t ln (nh thua R nguyn t kim loi kim v kim th) so vi cc nguyn t trong cng chu k. I1, I2, I3 nh v I3 << I4
tnh kh mnh : Al Al3+ + 3e
2 1

Phn ng vi dung dch kim, th ng ha vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c ngui. Al2O3 v Al(OH)3 l cc hp cht lng tnh. iu ch nhm : in phn Al2O3 nng chy, hiu c cc cng on v cng dng ca criolit. Bit c ng dng ca nhm v cc hp cht ca nhm. K nng Vit cc phng trnh ha hc dng ion thu gn minh ho cho tnh cht ca kim loi kim, kim loi kim th, nhm v hp cht ca chng, s dng phng trnh gii nhanh cc bi tp nh lng. Phn bit cc kim loi v cc hp cht da vo cc phn ng c trng. Gii thch mt s hin tng trong t nhin, trong cc th nghim v cc ng dng da vo cc tnh cht c trng ca cc cht.

II. Bi tp p dng A. Trc nghim khch quan 1.

Cht X tc dng vi dung dch K[Al(OH)4] theo phng trnh ho hc X + 3K[Al(OH)4] 4Al(OH)3 + 3KCl Cht X l A. AlCl3. C. K2CO3. B. Al2O3. D. Al(OH)3.
1

2.

Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s . Nhn xt no sau y khng ng ?

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

A. X ch phn ng vi nc khi un nng. B. X c tnh kh mnh nht so vi cc nguyn t trong cng chu k. C. Trong hp cht, X ch c s oxi ha l +1. D. X to hp cht X2O2 khi chy trong oxi kh.

3.

Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s . Nhn xt no sau y khng ng v Y ? A. Y l mt trong cc kim loi kim th. B. Cc nguyn t cng nhm vi Y u tc dng vi nc iu kin thng. C. Cng thc oxit bc cao nht ca Y l YO. D. Y dn nhit v dn in c.

4.

Kim loi R c cu hnh electron nguyn t l 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . Nhn xt v R no sau y ng ? A. Thuc chu k 3, nhm IA. B. Cng thc oxit bc cao nht l R2O. C. Trong hp cht, R c s oxi ha bn l +3. D. Th hin tnh oxi ha khi tc dng vi phi kim. Nc t nhin c tnh cng l do trong nc c cc ion A. Ca C. Fe
2+

5.

v Mg . v Cr .
3+

2+

B. Cl, HCO3 v SO4 . D. Fe

2+

2+

v Zn .

2+

6.

Dn kh CO2 vo 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 2M thy xut hin 19,7 gam kt ta. Th tch kh CO2 ( ktc) tham gia phn ng A. ch c th l 2,24 lt. B. 2,24 lt hay 3,36 lt. C. 2,24 lt hay 6,72 lt. D. ch c th l 6,72 lt. Cho dung dch cha a mol NaOH vo dung dch cha b mol AlCl3. iu kin thu c lng kt ta ln nht sau phn ng l A. a > 4b. B. 3 < a < 4b. C. a = 3b. D. a = 4b. Dn 4,48 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, sau khi phn ng xong thu c A. 0,1 mol Na2CO3 v 0,1 mol NaHCO3. B. 0,3 mol NaHCO3.

7.

8.

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

C. 0,1 mol NaHCO3 v 0,2 mol Na2CO3. D. 0,2 mol NaHCO3.

9.

Dy no sau y gm cc cht u khng tan trong nc nhng tan c trong nc c ha tan CO2 ? A. MgCO3,BaCO3, CaCO3 B. MgCO3, CaCO3, Al(OH)3 C. MgCO3, CaCO3, Al2O3 D. Mg(NO3)2, Ca(HCO3)2, MgCO3

10.

Cho dung dch NaOH d vo cc dung dch AlCl3, BeCl2, FeCl3, CuCl2, MgCl2. S kt ta thu c l A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5. Cho mt t Al (1) ; Al(OH)3 (2) ; Al2O3 (3) vo dung dch NaOH d th c hin tng sau : A. (1) ; (2) ; (3) to dung dch trong sut, (1) c kh bay ra. B. (1) ; (2) ; (3) to dung dch trong sut, (3) c kh bay ra. C. (2) ; (3) to dung dch trong sut, (1) khng c hin tng. D. (1) ; (2) ; (3) to dung dch trong sut, khng c kh thot ra. Cht no sau y khng c tnh lng tnh ? A. Al(OH)3 C. Al2(SO4)3 B. Al2O3 D. NaHCO3

11.

12.

13. Nhm cc cht no sau y u c th phn ng vi nc khi un nng? A. Na, CaO, Al2O3. B. Na2O, Al(OH)3, Al2O3. . C. Mg, Ca, CaO, . D. Be, BeO, Be(OH)2. 14. Dung dch Na2CO3 v dung dch Al2(SO4)3 ln lt c A. pH >7 v pH <7 . B. pH <7 v pH >7 . C. pH >7 v pH =7 . D. pH =7 v pH =7 15. ng dng no sau y khng ng? A. Natri kim loi dng ch to hp kim c nhit nng chy thp. B. Natri cacbonat l nguyn liu trong cng nghip sn xut x phng. C. Natri c dng sn xut mui n. D. Natri hirocacbonat c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut nc gii kht .

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

B. Trc nghim t lun 1.

Vit cc phng trnh ha hc ca dy chuyn ha sau :
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

KCl

KClO3

KCl

KOH

KHCO3

Na2CO3

NaCl
(7)

(14)

K[Al(OH)4]
(13)

Na Al(OH)3
(11)

Al2O3

(12)

Na[Al(OH)4]

(10)

NaOH

(9)

(8)

Na2O2

2.

Cho cc dung dch sau : NaOH, Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2, HCl. Dung dch no c th lm gim tnh cng tm thi ca nc ? Gii thch v vit cc phng trnh ha hc minh ha.

3.

4.

T CaCO3, NaCl, H2O vit cc phng trnh ha hc iu ch cc cht : NaOH, NaClO3, NaClO, CaOCl2, Na2CO3. Nu mt s ng dng chnh ca cc sn phm. Nu hin tng v vit phng trnh ha hc trong mi trng hp sau : a) Cho dung dch NH3 d vo dung dch AlCl3. b) Cho dung dch Na2CO3 vo dung dch AlCl3. c) Cho dung dch Na[Al(OH)4] vo dung dch AlCl3. d) Cho dung dch NH4Cl vo dung dch Na[Al(OH)4]. Ti sao c th dng cc vt bng nhm nu thc n ? Gii thch hin tng cc vt bng nhm b hng khi dng cha nc vi. a) Bng phng php ho hc, hy phn bit cc dung dch : NaCl, MgCl2, BaCl2, AlCl3, ZnCl2. b) Phn bit 5 cht rn cha trong 5 l : Na2SO4, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, BaSO4, BaCO3. c) Chn mt thuc th phn bit cc l mt nhn cha : AlCl3, K2CO3, NH4NO3, NaNO3 ch vi mt lt th. Thm t t dung dch HCl 1M vo dung dch cha 5,25 gam hn hp mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi kim k tip n khi c 0,336 lt (ktc) kh thot ra th dng li. Cho dung dch thu c tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 d sinh ra 3 gam kt ta. a) Tnh th tch dung dch HCl dng. b) Xc nh khi lng mi mui trong hn hp u.

5. 6.

7.

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

8.

Chia hn hp kim loi Ba v Al lm 2 phn bng nhau. Phn (1) : Cho vo lng d nc thy thot ra 8,96 lt kh H2 (ktc). Phn (2) : Cho vo dung dch NaOH d thu c 12,32 L kh H2 (ktc). Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.

9.

Trn bt nhm d vi 16 gam bt Fe2O3 ri thc hin phn ng nhit nhm (khng c khng kh). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp rn X. Cho X tc dng vi dung dch KOH d thu c 6,72 lt kh H2 v cn li cht rn Y. a) Tnh khi lng bt nhm ban u v khi lng cht rn Y. b) Cho cht rn Y phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long, d thu c V (lt) kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht). Vit phng trnh ha hc v tnh V.

III. Hng dn gii p n A. Trc nghim khch quan

Cu p n

1 A

2 A

3 B

4 C

5 A

6 C

7 C

8 A

9 B

10 B

11 A

12 C

B. Trc nghim t lun 1.

KCl + 3H2O KClO3 + 3H2
2 2KClO3 2KCl +3O2

p,80o C

MnO , t o

2KCl + 2H2O 2KOH + H2 + Cl2 KOH + CO2 KHCO3 2KHCO3 + 2NaOH K2CO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 2Na + O2 Na2O2 Na2O2 + 2H2O H2O2 + 2NaOH
pnc

p c vch ngn

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

NaOH + Al(OH)3 Na[Al(OH)4] Na[Al(OH)4] + CO2 Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3

2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O

Al2O3 + 2KOH + 3H2O 2K[Al(OH)4] K[Al(OH)4] + 4HCl KCl + AlCl3 + 4H2O

to

2.

Cc cht NaOH, Na2CO3 v Ca(OH)2 c kh nng phn ng vi M(HCO3)2 (M l Mg, Ca) to cc kt ta MCO3 nn lm gim nng 2+ 2+ Mg v Ca . V d : 2NaOH + Mg(HCO3)2 Na2CO3 + MgCO3 + 2H2O Na2CO3 + Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + 2NaHCO3 Ca(OH)2 + Mg(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + MgCO3 + 2H2O Dung dch HCl c phn ng vi Mg(HCO3)2 v Ca(HCO3)2 nhng khng 2+ 2+ lm gim nng Mg v Ca nn khng lm gim tnh cng tm thi ca nc. V d : 2HCl + Mg(HCO3)2 MgCl2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
(Thc cht l : H + HCO3 CO2 + H2O nng Mg khng i).

2+

3.

iu ch NaOH : 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 iu ch NaClO3 : NaCl + 3H2O NaClO3 + 3H2 iu ch NaClO : NaCl + 3H2O NaClO + 3H2 iu ch CaOCl2 : dng Cl2 phn ng (1) CaCO3 CaO + CO2 CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 : dng bt m Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O iu ch Na2CO3 : Dng NaOH phn ng (1) v CO2 phn ng (2) 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O
to
p p c vch ngn

(1)

p,80o C

(2)

ng dng : NaOH : ch bin du m, luyn nhm, sn xut x phng, giy, dt...

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Na2CO3 : sn xut x phng, cht ty ra, giy, thy tinh... NaClO3 : ch bin thc phm, thuc n... NaClO, CaOCl2 : lm cht ty ra, st trng...

4.

a) Cho dung dch NH3 d vo dung dch AlCl3 :

Hin tng : c kt ta keo trng xut hin v kt ta khng tan trong NH3 d v NH3 l baz yu. AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3+ 3NH4Cl b) Cho dung dch Na2CO3 vo dung dch AlCl3 : Hin tng : c kt ta keo trng xut hin v c kh bay ra 3Na2CO3 + 2AlCl3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2 c) Cho dung dch Na[Al(OH)4] vo dung dch AlCl3 : Hin tng : c kt ta keo trng xut hin 3Na[Al(OH)4] + AlCl3 4Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl d) Cho dung dch NH4Cl vo dung dch Na[Al(OH)4]. Hin tng : c kt ta keo trng xut hin v kh mi khai bay ra

5.

NH4Cl + Na[Al(OH)4] Al(OH)3 + NH3 + NaCl Cc vt bng nhm lun c bao ph mt lp oxit nhm mng, nhng rt kn v bn. Lp oxit ny bo v cho nhm khng b ph hy bi cc tc nhn nh nc hay oxi khng kh ngay c khi un nng nn c th dng cc vt bng nhm un nu. Khi dng cc vt dng bng nhm cha nc vi th : Trc tin, mng bo v Al2O3 b ph hu trong dung dch kim Al2O3 + 2OH + 3H2O 2[Al(OH)4] Tip n Al phn ng vi nc to ra mng hiroxit 2Al + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 V mng Al(OH)3 b ph hu tip trong dung dch kim Al(OH)3 + OH

(1) (2) (3)

[Al(OH)4]

Phn ng (2) v (3) xy ra lun phin cho n khi nhm tan ht.

6.

a) Cho NH3 t t n d vo cc mu th : C kt ta xut hin sau tan l ZnCl2 : ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 C kt ta xut hin, khng tan trong NH3 d l MgCl2 v AlCl3 : MgCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl Cho tip dung dch NaOH vo 2 kt ta ny, kt ta tan l Al(OH)3, ta phn bit c 2 l ny. NaOH + Al(OH)3 Na[Al(OH)4] Hai mu th khng c kt tu l NaCl v BaCl2. Cho vo vi git dung dch H2SO4 long, mu th to kt ta l BaCl2 BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl Mu th cn li l NaCl. b) Phn bit 5 cht rn cha trong 5 l : Mg2SO4, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, BaSO4, BaCO3. Cho 5 mu th vo nc : 2 mu th khng tan l BaSO4, BaCO3 Cho dung dch HCl vo 2 mu th : c kh bay ra l BaCO3, cn li l BaSO4 BaCO3 + 2HCl CO2 + BaCl2 + H2O 3 mu th tan to ra 3 dung dch, cho vo 3 dung dch vi git dung dch NaOH, mu th to kt ta l MgSO4 : MgSO4 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + Na2SO4 Cho vo 2 mu th cn li v git dung dch BaCl2, mu th to kt ta l Na2CO3, mu th cn li l NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl c) Phn bit cc l mt nhn cha : AlCl3, K2CO3, NH4NO3, NaNO3 bi ch cho th mt lt nn ta chn thuc th to 4 hin tng khc bit nhau i vi 4 mu th. Ta chn thuc th l dd Ba(OH)2 , ri cho t t n d vo 4 mu th : Mu th c kt ta, sau tan l AlCl3 3Ba(OH)2 + 2AlCl3 2Al(OH)3 + 3BaCl2 2Al(OH)3 + Ba(OH)2 Ba[Al(OH)4]2 Mu th c kt ta khng tan trong Ba(OH)2 d l K2CO3

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

K2CO3 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + 2NaOH Mu th c kh mi khai bay ra l NH4NO3 2NH4NO3 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(NO3)2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Mu th khng c hin tng g l NaNO3. 0,336 3 a) n CO2 = = 0, 03 (mol) = 0,015 (mol) ; n CaCO3 = 22,4 100 Gi R l k hiu chung ca 2 kim loi kim cng thc chung 2 mui l R2CO3 2RCl + CO2 + H2O (1) 0,015 2.0, 015 Th tch dung dch HCl cn dng = = 0, 03 (lt) 1 b) R2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2ROH (2) 0,03 0,03 T (1) v (2) tng s mol hn hp mui = 0,015 + 0,03 = 0,045 (mol). 5, 25 M= = 116, 67 (g / mol) 0, 045 R2CO3 + 2HCl 0,015 2.0,015

7.

116, 67 60 = 28,33 2 kim loi kim k tip l Na v K. 2 Gi a v b ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3 v K2CO3 106a + 138b = 5,25 gam a + b = 0,045 mol Gii h phng trnh, ta c : x = 0,03 mol v y = 0,015 mol

R=

Khi lng Na2CO3 = 0,03.106 = 3,18 (gam)

8.

Khi lng K2CO3 = 0,015.138 = 2,07 (gam) Gi x v y l s mol Ba v Al trong mi phn. Ba + 2H2O Ba x (2)
2+

+ 2OH 2x

+ H2 x

(1) + 3H2 3/2x

2Al + 6H2O + 2OH 2x 2x

2Al(OH)4

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

3 Phn (1) : n H2 = x + x = 0, 4 x = 0,16 mol 2 2Al + 6H2O + 2OH 2[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 y d 3/2y Phn (2) : T (1) v (3) 3 n H2 = x + y = 0,55 y = 0,3 mol 2 mBa = 137.0,16 = 21,92 (gam)
mAl = 27. 0,3 = 0,81 (gam) 21, 92 % mBa = = 96, 44% 21, 92 + 0, 81

(3)

% mAl = 100 96,44 = 3,56%.

9.

a)

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe Al2O3 + 2KOH + 3H2O 2K[Al(OH)4]

to

(1) (2) (3)

Cht rn X gm : Al2O3, Fe v Al d. + 2KOH + 6H2O 2K[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 16 6, 72 S mol Fe2O3 = = 0,1 (mol), s mol H2 = = 0,3 (mol) 160 22, 4 2Al Theo (1) : s mol Al = 2 s mol Fe2O3 = 2.0,1 = 0,2 (mol) 2 2 Theo (3) : s mol Al d = s mol H2 = .0,3 = 0,2 (mol) 3 3 Tng s mol Al = 0,2 + 0,2 = 0,4 (mol) Khi lng Al = 0,4.27= 10,8 (gam) Theo (1) : s mol Fe = 2 s mol Fe2O3 = 2.0,1 = 0,2 (mol) Khi lng Fe = 0,2.56 = 11,2 (gam) b) Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O s mol NO = s mol Fe = 0,2 (mol)
VNO = 0,2.22,4 = 4,48 (lt).

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Chng 7. CROM - ST - NG
I. Kin thc trng tm A. Crom v hp cht ca crom 1. Crom
Cu hnh electron : [Ar] 3d 4s ;
5 1

Crom c 6 electron c thn c s oxi ha t +1 n +6 Cc s oxi ha thng gp : +2, +3, +6. Cu to n cht : mng tinh th lc phng vi cu trc c kht, lin kt kim loi bn vng Cr l kim loi nng, cng nht trong cc kim loi, nhit nng chy cao. Tnh cht : + Crom l kim loi rt cng, mu trng sng, dn nhit, dn in tt.

+ nhit cao phn ng vi nhiu phi kim Cr oxit bo v, phn ng c vi ion H Cr

+ 2+

2+

hay Cr .

3+

+ E o 2 + / Cr = 0,86 V, nhng Cr khng phn ng vi nc do c mng Cr + H2 + Do c mt lp mng oxit Cr2O3 bo v, crom khng b oxi ho trong khng kh. + Crom th ng ha vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c, ngui.

2. Hp cht ca crom
Tnh axit CrO Cr2O3 CrO3 Cr(OH)2 Cr(OH)3 2+ Cr 3+ Cr

Tnh baz

Tnh kh
Mnh

Tnh oxi ha Rt mnh

Mu sc en Lc thm Vng nu Lc xm

CrO2 4 Cr2 O2 7

Mnh

Vng Da cam

Mnh

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Mt s phn ng c trng : Zn + 2Cr

3+

2Cr

2+

+ Zn

2+
+2H O

2 2 H2Cr2O7 2CrO3 2H2CrO4 Da cam Vng

+H O

Cr2 O2 + H2O 7 CrO2 + 2H 4 Cr

3+ +

CrO2 + 2H 4

Cr2 O2 + 2OH CrO2 + H2O 7 4

Cr2 O2 + H2O 7
CrO2 + Cl 4

+ Cl2 + OH

+ H2O

iu ch : tch Cr2O3 t qung FeO.Cr2O3, sau iu ch Cr bng phng php nhit nhm. Cr2O3 + 2Al Al2O3 + 2Cr ng dng : + Crom dng iu ch hp kim cng, m kim loi... + Phn kali-crom dng thuc da, lm cht cm mu ca vi...
to

B. St v hp cht ca st 1. St
Cu hnh electron : [Ar] 3d 4s
6 2

Cc s oxi ha thng gp : +2, +3. Cu to n cht : tn ti 2 kiu mng tinh th l lp phng tm khi v lp phng tm din. Tnh cht : + St l kim loi mu xm trng, dn nhit, dn in rt tt. + nhit cao phn ng vi nhiu phi kim Fe
2+

hay Fe .
+ 2+

3+

+ E o 2 + / Fe = 0,440 V phn ng c vi ion H Fe +H2 Fe + St th ng ha vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c, ngui. + Vi nc : 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2
t o <570o C

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Fe + H2O FeO + H2

t o >570o C

2. Hp cht ca Fe
FeO Fe2O3 Fe3O4 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 Fe Fe
2+ 3+

Tnh baz

Tnh kh

Tnh oxi ha

Mu sc en Nu thm en Trng xanh Nu

Lc nht Vng

Mt s phn ng cn lu : 2Fe(NO3)2 Fe2O3 + 2NO2 + 2Fe(OH)2 +

3+ 3+ to

5 O2 2

1 to O2 Fe2O3 + 2H2O 2 Fe3O4 + 8HI 3FeI2 + I2 + 4H2O + H2S 2Fe

2+

2Fe 2Fe

+ S + 2H

2 + 3CO3 + 3H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2

3. Hp kim ca st a) Gang Gang l hp kim st cacbon (C chim t 2% n 5% khi lng) v lng nh Si, Mn, P, S...
Gang trng : cng, gin. Cha t C, rt t Si, nhiu Fe3C. Dng luyn thp. Gang xm t cng v t gin hn. Cha nhiu C v Si. Dng c cc vt dng. b) Thp Thp l hp kim st cacbon v mt lng rt t cc nguyn t Si, Mn... (C chim t 0,01% n 2% khi lng). Thp thng hay thp cacbon cha t C, Si, Mn v rt t S, P. Thp c bit l thp c cha thm S, Mn, Cr, Ni, W, V... c) Sn xut gang, thp

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Bit c cc nguyn tc, nguyn liu sn xut gang, thp. Vit c cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra trong cc qu trnh sn xut gang, thp.

C. ng v hp cht ca ng
Cu hnh electron : [Ar] 3d
10

4s

S oxi ha thng gp : +1, +2. Cu to n cht : kiu mng tinh th lp phng tm din. Tnh cht : + ng l kim loi mu , dn nhit, dn in rt tt. + E o 2 + / Cu = +0,34 V tnh kh yu : khng phn ng vi ion H . Cu + nhit cao phn ng vi nhiu phi kim Cu .
2+ +

2. Hp cht ca ng
CuO cht rn mu en c tnh baz v tnh oxi ha. Cu(OH)2 : cht rn dng keo mu xanh. + C tnh lng tnh, nhng tnh baz tri hn (ch th hin tnh axit khi phn ng vi kim c). + To phc mu xanh lam vi dung dch NH3. CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 (ng cacbonat baz) : cht rn mu xanh, c to thnh khi ng tip xc vi khng kh m c cha CO2. Mt s phn ng cn lu : 2Cu + 4HCl +O2 2CuCl2+ H2O CuO (en) + Cu Cu 2O ( gch) Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 (nc Svayde) iu ch : Chuyn ho qung ng thnh ng : CuFeS2 Cu2S Cu2O Cu
to

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

D. Mt s kim loi khc Ag

V tr Cu hnh e S oxi ha thng gp Tnh cht Z = 47, chu k 5, nhm IB [Kr]4d 5s +1
10 1

Au
Z = 79, chu k 6, nhm IB [Xe]4f 5d 6s +3
14 10 1

Ni
Z = 28, chu k 4, nhm VIIIB [Ar]3d 4s +2
8 2

Mu trng, dn Mu vng, mm, Rt cng. Mu in v dn nhit tt do. Dn in, nhit trng bc. nht. tt. E o + / Ag = +0,8 V Ag
Tnh kh yu.

E o 3+ / Au = +1,5 V Au
Tnh kh yu

E o 2 + / Ni = 0,26 Ni V

Khng phn ng Tnh kh trung Khng tc dng vi cc dung dch bnh Tc dng vi phi vi cc dung dch axit axit. HCl, H2SO4 long, kim : O2,Cl2.... O2. Phn ng vi : Tc dng vi Phn ng vi HNO3, H2SO4 c nng. + Nc cng toan Au + HNO3 + 3HCl dung dch axit

Phn ng vi H2S AuCl3 + 2H2O + NO khi c mt O2. + Dung dch mui xianua ca kim loi kim [Au(CN)2]

ng dng

Lm trang sc, m kim loi, linh kin v tuyn, c quy Ag-Zn.

Lm trang sc, Ch to hp kim : m kim loi. Ni-Fe ; Cu-Ni Hp kim : Au-Cu, M, xc tc, c Au-Ni, Ag-Au. quy : Cd-Ni, Fe-Ni

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

V tr Cu hnh e S oxi ha thng gp Tnh cht

Zn Z = 30, chu k 4, nhm IIB 10 2 [Ar]3d 4s

+2 Mu lam nht. Gin, trong o khong 100 - 200 C th do.

Sn Z = 50, chu k 5, nhm IVA 10 2 2 [Kr]4d 5s 5p

+2, +4
Mu trng bc, do. Sn xm : o o bn t < 14 C Sn trng : o o bn t >14 C

Pb Z = 82, chu k 6, nhm IVA 14 10 2 2 [Xe]4f 5d 6s 6p

+2
Mu trng hi xanh.

C 2 dng th hnh : Mm.

E o 2 + / Zn = 0,76V Zn

E o 2 + / Sn = 0,14 V Sn
o

E o 2 + / Pb = 0,76 V Pb
o

Tnh kh mnh
Kh phn ng vi khng kh, H2O v b mt c mng oxit hoc cacbonat baz bo v.

Tnh kh trung bnh Tnh kh yu

t thng : Sn t thng, khng khng b oxi ha bi b oxi ha trong khng O2 kh do b mt c mng o oxit bo v. t cao : Khng phn ng vi HCl, H2SO4 long do to mui khng tan ph ln b mt. Tan nhanh trong H2SO4 c, nng to mui tan Pb(HSO4)2 Tan d dng trong HNO3 long, tan chm trong HNO3 c.

Sn + O2 SnO2 Tc dng vi Tc dng chm vi nhiu phi kim v dd axit HCl, H SO 2 4 axit, dd kim, dd long mui. Vi HNO3 long : ZnO v Zn(OH)2 to mui Sn(II) . l c tnh lng tnh Vi HNO3 c, Zn(OH)2 to phc H SO c to mui 2 4 tan vi NH3 Sn (IV).

Tc dng vi kim Tan chm trong dd c. baz nng.

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

ng dng

M km bo v Trng ln b mt st thp. vt bng thp. Ch to hp kim. Ch to hp kim : Pin : Zn-Mn + Sn-Sb-Cu : l hp kim chu ma st, dng ch to trc quay. + Sn-Pb : c nhit nng chy thp lm thic hn. Ag + 2H2S + O2 Ag2S (en) + 2H2O Ag + Fe
+ 2+

Lm in cc trong cquy. Ch to thit b sn xut H2SO4. Ch to hp kim.

Mt s phn ng cn lu :

Fe

3+

+ Ag
2+

Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Zn(NH3)4] + 2OH 4Ag + 2H2S + O2 2Ag2S + 2H2O

Au + HNO3 + 3HCl AuCl3 + 2H2O + NO Sn + 2Cl2 SnCl4 Sn + 2H2O + 2NaOH (c) Na 2[Sn(OH)4] + H2

K nng Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t v t xc nh c v tr cc nguyn t kim loi nhm B trong bng tun hon. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc dng phn t v ion thu gn. Phn bit cc kim loi v cc hp cht da vo mu sc v cc phn ng c trng. Gii thch mt s hin tng trong t nhin, trong cc th nghim, trong cc ng dng da vo cc tnh cht c trng ca cc cht. Gii nhanh cc bi tp nh lng.

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

II. Bi tp p dng A. Trc nghim khch quan 1.

Dy ch gm cc nguyn t kim loi chuyn tip l A. Ca, Sc, Fe, Ge. B. Zn, Mn, Cu, Sc. C. Pb, Sc, Fe, Zn. D. Sn, Cu, Fe, Ag. Trong s cc kim loi Mg, Al, Fe, Cu v Cr, th kim loi b th ng ha vi dung dch HNO3 (c, ngui) v H2SO4 (c, ngui) l A. Al, Fe v Cr. B. Cu, Al, Fe v Cr. C. Al v Fe. D. Cu, Al v Fe. Hn hp kim loi no di y khng tan ht trong dung dch FeCl3 d ? A. Al v Fe. B. Fe v Cu. C. Al v Cu. Nhn nh no sau y ng ? A. Cr2O3 l mt oxit lng tnh. B. CrO l mt oxit lng tnh. C. CrO l mt oxit axit. D. CrO3 l mt oxit baz. D. Mg v Ag.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Phn ng sau y xy ra 25 C : Zn + 2Cr Nhn nh no sau y ng ? A. Zn c tnh kh mnh hn Cr B. Zn c tnh kh yu hn Cr

2+ 2+

3+

Zn

2+

+ 2Cr

2+

v Cr
3+ 2+

3+

c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Zn .

2+ 3+

2+

v Cr
2+

c tnh oxi ha yu hn Zn . c tnh kh mnh hn Zn .

2+ 2+ 3+

C. Zn c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Cr D. Zn c tnh oxi ha yu hn Cr

v Cr

v Cr

c tnh kh yu hn Zn .

6.

Tnh cht ha hc ca cht no trong bng sau l chnh xc ? Cht Tnh kh Tnh oxi ha Tnh baz Tnh axit A. B. C. D. CrO Cr2O3 CrO Cr2O3 c khng khng c c c c c c c c c khng c khng khng

7.

Dung dch mui Fe(NO3)2 khng tc dng vi cht no di y ?

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

A. Zn B. Dung dch NH3 C. Sn D. Dung dch AgNO3

8.

Lng I2 sinh ra khi cho dung dch cha 0,2 mol FeCl3 phn ng vi dung dch cha 0,3 mol KI l A. 0,10 mol. B. 0,15 mol. C. 0,20 mol. C. 0,40 mol. Nhng mt thanh kim loi vo 100 ml CuSO4 0,15M cho n khi dung dch ht mu xanh th thanh kim loi nng thm 0,12 gam. Kim loi l A. Zn. B. Fe. C. Mg. D. Al. Trong cc cht sau : Fe, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, Fe3O4, nhng cht va c tnh kh va c tnh oxi ho l A. FeSO4 v Fe3O4. C. Fe v Fe2(SO4)3. B. FeSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3. D. FeSO4, Fe. B. CuSO4 hay Cu(OH)2. D. Cu(NO3)2 hay CuO.

9.

10.

11.

Trong s phn ng : Cu X Cu2O th X l A. CuO hay Cu(OH)2. C. CuCl hay Cu2S.

12.

Phng trnh ho hc no sau y ng? A. 3CuO + 8HNO3 (c nng) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 4H2O B. FeO + 2HNO3 (long) Fe(NO3)2 + H2O C. Fe3O4+ 8HNO3 (long) Fe(NO3)2 + 2Fe(NO3)3 + 4H2O

D. 3Cu + 8HNO3 (long) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O 13. Cc nguyn liu cn thit cho qu trnh sn xut gang l: A. hn hp cc oxit kim loi , than cc, silic ioxit. B. qung st, kh cacbon oxit, cht chy. C. thp, than cc, canxi cacbonat. D. qung st, than cc, cht chy.

14. Cho 6,72 lt NH3 (ktc) tc dng vi 30,4 gam CrO3. Sau phn ng xy ra hon ton th tch kh N2 thu c (ktc) l A. 2,24 lt B. 1,12 lt C. 3,36 lt D. 4,48 lt

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

15. Bit : E o 2 + / Ni = 0,26 V; E o 2 + / Pb = 0,76 V; E o 3+ /Fe2 + = +0,77V; Ni Pb Fe

E o 2 + / Sn = 0,14 V; E o 2 + / Zn = 0,76V. Sn Zn Cho tng kim loi Sn, Fe, Zn ln lt vo mi dung dch: NiSO4, AgNO3, CuCl2, Fe2(SO4)3. Kim loi khng tc dng c vi c 4 dung dch mui l A. Fe B. Sn v Fe C. Sn D. Zn

B. Trc nghim t lun 1. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc thc hin s chuyn ha sau : a)
Cr2O3
(12) (1)

Cr
(11)

(2)

Cr2(SO4)3
(10)

(3)

Cr(OH)3
(9)

(4)

Na[Cr(OH)4]
(8)

(5) (7)

Cr(OH)3
(6)

Cr(OH)2 b) Fe

CrSO4 FeCl2

Cr2(SO4)3 Fe(OH)2
(10)

K2Cr2O7 FeO
(9) (4)

K2CrO4

CrCl3 Fe(OH)3
(6)

(1) (12)

(2)

(3)

Fe(NO3)3
(8)

(5) (7)

Fe2O3 c)
Cu
(1)

(11)

Fe(NO3)2
(2) (10)

FeSO4

FeO
Cu(OH)2 Cu2O

Fe3O4

Fe2O3

Cu2O
(11)

Cu(NO3)2 CuS
(9)

(3) (8)

(4)

[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
(6) (5)

(12)

CuCl2

CuO

Cu

(7)

Cu(OH)2

CuSO4

2.

3.

Nguyn t X c s in tch ht nhn l 24. a) T cu hnh electron hy xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon. b) Vit cng thc oxit bc cao nht v hiroxit tng ng vi oxit . T FeS, than , khng kh hy vit cc phng trnh ha hc iu ch Fe. C + O2 CO2
t CO2 + C 2CO
o

to

4FeS + 5O2 2Fe2O3 + 2SO2

t Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
o

to

4.

Vit cc phng trnh ha hc c th xy ra (dng ion rt gn) khi cho hn hp cha 3 kim loi Fe, Cu, Ag dng bt vo cc dung dch sau :

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

a) Dung dch HCl. b) Dung dch FeCl3. c) Dung dch AgNO3. d) Dung dch cha hn hp HCl v NaNO3. Nu hin tng v vit phng trnh ha hc xy ra (nu c) khi cho t t n d dung dch NH3 vo cc dung dch sau : a) Dung dch FeCl2 b) Dung dch CuSO4 c) Dung dch cha hn hp ZnSO4 v Al2(SO4)3 Phn bit 4 l ng cc hn hp bt ring bit : Fe v Zn, Fe v Sn, Fe v Ag, Fe v Cr. Ha tan ht 5,4 gam hn hp gm 2 kim loi Fe v Cr bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch X. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch X thu c kt ta Y. Nung kt ta Y trong khng kh nhit cao n khi lng khng i thu c 7,8 gam cht rn. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u. Ho tan ht 18,2 gam hn hp Zn v Cr trong HNO3 long thu c dung dch A v 3,36 lt (ktc) hn hp hai kh khng mu c khi lng 5,20 gam, trong c mt kh ho nu ngoi khng kh. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.

5.

6. 7.

8.

III. Hng dn gii p n A. Trc nghim khch quan

1 D 2 A 3 D 4 A 5 A 6 D 7 C 8 A 9 B 10 A 11 A 12 D 13 14 15 D A C

B. Trc nghim t lun 1.

Vit cc phng trnh ha hc a) Cr2O3 + 2Al 2Cr + Al2O3 2Cr + 6H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
to to

Cr2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH 2Cr(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4 Cr(OH)3 + NaOH Na[Cr(OH)4]

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Na[Cr(OH)4] + CO2 Cr(OH)3 + NaHCO3 Cr(OH)3 + 3HCl CrCl3 + 3H2O 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 16KOH 2K2CrO4 + 12KCl + 8H2O 2K2CrO4 + H2SO4 K2Cr2O7 + K2SO4 + H2O K2Cr2O7 + 6FeSO4 + 7H2SO4 3Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O Cr2(SO4)3 + Zn 2CrSO4 + ZnSO4 CrSO4 + 2NaOH Cr(OH)2 + Na2SO4 4Cr(OH)2 + O2 2Cr2O3 + 4H2O b) Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl Fe(OH)2 FeO + H2O 3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O Fe(NO3)3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaNO3 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O 3Fe2O3 + CO 2Fe3O4 + CO2 Fe3O4 + CO 3FeO + CO2 FeO + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2O FeSO4 + Ba(NO3) 2 Fe(NO3) 2 + BaSO4 4Fe(NO3)2 2Fe2O3 + 8NO2 + O2 Fe2O3 + 2Al 2Fe + Al2O3 c)
to to to to to to to

Cu + CuO Cu2O
3Cu2O + 14HNO3 6Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 7H2O Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 + 3H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2(NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4

to

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

CH3CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH CH3COONa + Cu2O + 3H2O Cu2O + CO Cu + CO2 2Cu + 2H2S + O2 2CuS + 2H2O
to

to

2CuS + 3O2 2CuO + 2SO2

CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O CuCl2 + Fe Cu + FeCl2

to

2.

a) Cu hnh electron ca X l [Ar] 3d 4s X chu k 4 (v c 4 lp electron) X thuc nhm VIB (nguyn t d, c 6 electron ha tr) b) Cng thc oxit bc cao nht : XO3 Cng thc hiroxit tng ng : H2XO4. Cc phng trnh ha hc iu ch Fe C + O2 CO2 CO2 + C 2CO 4FeS + 7O2 2Fe2O3 + 4SO2 Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
to to to to

3.

4.

a) Ch c Fe phn ng : Fe + 2H Fe b) Fe, Cu phn ng : Fe + 2Fe

3+ 3+

2+

+ H2

3Fe

2+ 2+

Cu + 2Fe 2Fe c) Fe, Cu phn ng :

+ +

+ Cu

2+

Fe + 2Ag Fe + 2Ag Cu + 2Ag Cu + 2Ag Nu d Ag th c thm phn ng : Fe + Ag Fe + Ag d) Fe, Cu, Ag u phn ng : + NO + 2H2O 2+ 3Cu + 8H + 2NO3 3Cu + 2NO + 4H2O + + 3Ag + 4H + NO3 3Ag + NO + 2H2O
+ 2+ + 3+ + 2+

2+

Fe + 4H + NO3

Fe

3+

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

5.

a) Hin tng : c kt ta trng xanh xut hin sau ha thnh nu v kt ta khng tan trong NH3 d. FeCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl (trng xanh) 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 (nu ) b) Hin tng : c kt ta keo xanh xut hin sau tan trong NH3 d, dung dch to thnh c mu xanh lam. CuSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 (keo xanh) Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 (xanh lam) c) Hin tng : c kt ta keo trng xut hin sau tan mt phn trong NH3 d. Al2(SO4)3 + 6NH3 + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3(NH4)2SO4 (keo trng) ZnSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Zn(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 (keo trng) NH3 l baz yu nn khng phn ng vi Al(OH)3. NH3 to phc cht tan vi Zn(OH)2 nn kt ta tan mt phn Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 Trch mu th cho phn ng vi dung dch NaOH long, c kh bay ra l hn hp Fe v Zn. Zn + 2NaOH + 2H2O Na2[Zn(OH)4] + H2 Cho 3 mu th cn li phn ng vi kim c, c kh bay ra l hn hp Fe v Sn. Sn + 2H2O + 2NaOH (c) Na2[Sn(OH)4] + H2 Cho 2 mu th cn li vo dung dch HNO3 c ngui, c kh mu nu bay ra l hn hp Fe v Ag : Ag + HNO3 (c ngui) AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O (nu )

6.

7.

Mu th cn li l Fe v Cr b th ng ha vi HNO3 c, ngui. bi khng yu cu vit phn ng nn ta dng s :

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

2 2Fe 2FeCl 2 2Fe(OH)2 Fe2 O3 a a/2

2 2Cr 2CrCl 2 2Cr(OH)2 Cr2 O3 b b/2

+HCl

+NaOH

+O , t o

+HCl

+NaOH

+O , t o

56a + 52b = 5,4 gam (1) 80a + 76b = 7,8 gam (2) Gii h phng trnh ta c : a = b = 0,05 mol m Fe = 0, 05 56 = 2,8 gam % m Fe = %mCr = 100 51,85 = 48,15%. S mol hn hp kh = 0,15 mol 5, 2 Phn t khi trung bnh ca 2 kh : M = = 34, 67 0,15 Kh khng mu ha nu l NO (M = 30) < 34,67 phn t khi ca kh khng mu cn li > 34,67 phi l N2O. 2,8 100 = 51,85% 5, 4

8.

n + n N 2O = 0,15 mol n = 0,1 mol Ta c : NO n NO = 0, 05 mol 30.n NO + 44.n N 2O = 5, 2 gam N 2O

Zn x Cr y
+5

Zn x Cr y

2+

+ +

2e 2x 3e 3y

3+

+ +

3e 0,3

N (NO) 0,1
+1

+2

8e 2N (N2O) 0,4 0,05 2x + 3y = 0,7 mol (1) v 65x + 52y = 18,2 gam (2) Gii h phng trnh ta c : x = 0,2 mol v y = 0,1 mol

2N

+5

mZn = 0,2.65 = 13 (gam) ; mCr = 0,1.52 = 5,2 (gam).

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Chng 8. PHN BIT MT S CHT V C

I. Kin thc trng tm 1. Nhn bit cc ion v c a) Nhn bit cc cation
t dung dch cha cation Na v K trn ngn la khng mu ngn + + la nhum mu vng l Na , cn mu tm l K . NH4 + OH (un nng) kh NH3 (dng qu tm thm nc th hay ngi c mi khai). Ba Ca
2+ + + +

+ CrO2 BaCrO4 : mu vng ti khng tan trong CH3COOH 4 + C 2 O2 CaC2O4 : mu trng khng tan trong CH3COOH long 4
2+ 2+

long (cn CaCrO4 tan trong CH3COOH long).

2+

(nu dung dch c Ba v Pb

3+

th phi loi 2 ion ny trc).

2+ 2+

Cc cation Al , Cr , Zn , Be OH d. * Cr
3+ OH OH

3+

: to kt ta vi OH

sau tan trong

Cr(OH)3 [Cr(OH)4]
OH

2 2 Cr2 O2 4

+ H O + OH

vng ti * Al
3+ 2+

Al(OH)3 [Al(OH)4] Al(OH)3+ NH3

3 Zn(OH)2 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ : khng mu

OH

+ NH + 4

* Zn

OH

+ NH

Fe Fe

3+

Fe(OH)3 : nu
3+

OH

c bit : Fe + 3SCN
2+ 2OH

Fe(SCN)3 dung dch c mu mu

+O +H O

hay : Fe lm mt mu tm ca dung dch KMnO4 Cu Mg Ni

2+ 2+
3 Cu(OH)2 xanh [Cu(NH3)4] xanh lam

2+

2 2 Fe(OH)2 trng xanh Fe(OH)3 nu

OH

+ NH

2+

4 Mg(OH)2 Mg2+ + NH3

OH 2+

+ NH +

hay : Mg + HPO4 + NH3 MgNH4PO4 trng

2+
3 Ni(OH)2 xanh lc [Ni(NH3)6]2+ mu xanh

2-

OH

+ NH

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Ch :
Dung dch Fe
3+

Dung dch Fe

2+

Dung dch Cu

2+

Dung dch Ni

2+

mu vng nu

mu xanh rt nht

mu xanh da tri

mu xanh l cy

b) Nhn bit cc anion

NO3 + Cu + H Cu
Ba 2 + + 2+

(mu xanh) + NO (ha nu trong khng kh)

SO2 BaSO4 khng tan trong cc axit mnh 4

2 SO3 lm mt mu nu ca dung dch I2 Ag+

Cl

AgCl (khng tan trong axit mnh, nhng tan trong NH3)
2H + Ca(OH) + 2+ 2+ 2+

2 2 CO3 CO2 CaCO3 trng

S to kt ta vi Ag , Cu , Pb , Hg trong dung dch axit mnh.

v cc kt ta ny khng tan

2. Nhn bit cc cht kh

CO2 SO2 Cl2 H2S NH3 NO2 Mu, mi khng mu, khng mi Thuc th c trng v hin tng dd Ca(OH)2 hay Ba(OH)2 d trng (SO2 cng cho hin tng tng t) khng mu, mi hc, lm nht mu dd Br2 hay I2 c vng lc, mi hc, c dd KI, h tinh bt mu xanh tm khng mu, mi trng Ag+, Cu2+, Pb2+ en (khng tan trong axit thi, c mnh) khng mu, mi khai HCl (k) NH4Cl (r) : khi trng qu tm t ha xanh, phenolphtalein ha hng nu , mi hc, c.

3. Tham kho : Nhn bit mt s cht hu c a) Cc ancol

R(OH)n H2
Na,K

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

3 3 RCH2OH RCHO Ag

CuO,t o

AgNO / NH

Ring CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O + CHI3 (CHI3 c mu vng sng) Cc ancol a chc c 2 nhm OH k nhau ha tan Cu(OH)2 to phc mu xanh lam. b) Cc anehit Cho phn ng trng bc vi dung dch AgNO3/ NH3. Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 /OH khi un nng to ra Cu2O gch. Lm mt mu nc Br2. c) Cc axit cacboxylic Lm qu tm ha . To este (khng tan trong nc v c mi thm) vi cc ancol. Ring mui v este ca HCOOH cho phn ng trng bc. Ring mui ca CH3COOH phn ng vi FeCl3 to phc cht mu . d) Cc gluxit Glucoz, fructoz, mantoz : + To phc mu xanh lam vi Cu(OH)2 nhit thng. + Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 khi un nng to ra Cu2O gch. + Cho phn ng trng bc vi dung dch AgNO3/ NH3. + Glucoz, mantoz lm mt mu nc Br2 (fructoz khng lm mt mu nc Br2).

Saccaroz : To phc mu xanh lam vi Cu(OH)2 nhit thng. Tinh bt : I2 kt hp vi h tinh bt to sn phm mu xanh tm nhit thng. K nng Phn bit cc l cha ring bit dung dch cc cht. Nhn bit hn hp cc ion trong cng mt dung dch. II. Bi tp p dng A. Trc nghim khch quan 1.
phn bit cc dung dch BaCl2 v CaCl2, nn dng

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

A. dung dch Na2CO3 trc, sau cho thm CH3COOH long. B. dung dch Na2SO4 trc, sau cho thm CH3COOH long. C. dung dch (NH4)2C2O4 trc, sau cho thm CH3COOH long. D. dung dch K2CrO4 trc, sau cho thm CH3COOH long.

2.

Thuc th dng phn bit 3 dung dch ring bit : Fe(NO3)3, Al(NO3)3 v Zn(NO3)2 l A. dung dch Na2CO3. C. dung dch HCl. B. dung dch NH3. D. dung dch Ba(OH)2.

3.

Thuc th dng phn bit 3 dung dch ring bit : natri axetat, natri phenolat, natri cacbonat l A. dung dch NH3. C. dung dch H2SO4 long. B. dung dch Na2SO4. D. dung dch NaOH long.

4.

phn bit 4 ng nghim ring bit cha cc dung dch : Na2CO3, H2SO4, HCl, NaCl ch vi 1 lt th, cn dng A. Ba. C. dung dch AgNO3. B. dung dch BaCl2 . D. dung dch Ba(HCO3)2. B. dung dch H2SO4 long.

5.

Ho cht cn dng phn bit c 2 l ring bit cha Fe2O3, Fe3O4 l A. dung dch HCl. D. dung dch H3PO4 long. C. dung dch HNO3 long. Phng php phn bit mi cp cht no di y l ng ? A. Phn bit kh CO2 v SO2 bng nc vi trong d. B. Phn bit hai dung dch AlCl3 v CrCl3 bng dung dch NaOH v nc Br2. C. Phn bit AlCl3 v ZnCl2 bng dung dch NaOH. D. Phn bit dung dch BaCl2 v dung dch CaCl2 bng Na2CO3.

6.

7.

C 4 dung dch mt nhn sau y : Na2CO3, NaNO3, Na2SiO3, Na[Al(OH)4]. Nu ch dng mt thuc th phn bit 4 cht trn ta c th dng thuc th no trong cc thuc th di y ? A. Giy qu tm B. Dung dch HCl C. Dung dch AgNO3

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

D. Cu v dung dch H2SO4

8.

Ho cht thch hp phn bit cc dung dch : NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, MgCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, Al(NO3)3 ch vi mt lt th l A. dung dch Ba(OH)2. B. dung dch NaOH. C. nc BaCl2. D. dung dch KMnO4 trong H2SO4 long.

9.

phn bit hai kh O2 v O3, khng th dng ha cht no sau y ? A. Dung dch KI, h tinh bt B. Dung dch KI, qu tm C. a bc D. Bt than

10.

phn bit 4 dung dch : NH3, NaOH, BaCl2, NaCl c th dng A. dung dch H2SO4. C. CuSO4. B. dung dch FeCl3. D. AgNO3.

A. Trc nghim t lun 1.

Cc dung dch long sau y u c mu xanh : CuSO4, NiSO4, Cr2(SO4)3, FeSO4. Hy trnh by phng php nhn bit tng dung dch m khng da vo mu sc ca cc cation.
Mt dung dch cha hn hp cc ion Ba , Ca , NH + v NO3 . Hy trnh 4
2+ 2+

2. 3.

by cch nhn bit tng ion trong dung dch. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc. Dung dch X cha hn hp Cu , Zn , Al , SO2 . Hy trnh by cch 4 nhn bit tng ion trong dung dch. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc di dng ion rt gn.
2+ 2+ 3+

4. 5.

Trnh by 3 cch khc nhau phn bit 2 l kh CO2 v SO2. Hy chn mt ho cht thch hp v ch vi mt lt th, hy phn bit cc l ring bit cha : a) Cc dung dch : Ba(HCO3)2, Ba(OH)2, Mg(HCO3)2, NH4NO3. b) Cc dung dch long : FeSO4, CuSO4, Al2(SO4)3, Fe2(SO4)3.

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

6.

Hy tch tng oxit trong hn hp bt gm : CuO, MgO, Al2O3.

III. Hng dn gii p n A. Trc nghim khch quan

Cu p n 1 D 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 C 6 B 7 B 8 A 9 D 10 C

6.

Phn bit hai dung dch AlCl3 v CrCl3 bng dung dch NaOH v nc Br2 v 2Cr + 3Br2 + 16OH [Cr(OH)4] + 6Br + 8H2O (vng ti) Chn dung dch HCl Na2CO3 Na2SiO3 kt ta trng keo Na[Al(OH)4] kt ta trng keo sau tan FeCl2 kt ta trng ha nu NaNO3 khng c hin tng Al(NO3)3 kt ta keo trng sau tan si bt kh
3+

7.

cho t t n d dd HCl

9.

Chn dung dch Ba(OH)2 NH4Cl (NH4)2SO4 NaNO3 kh c mi khng khai v kt c hin ta tng g trng MgCl2 kt ta trng FeCl3 kt ta nu kh c mi khai

cho t t n d dd Ba(OH)2

B. Trc nghim t lun 1.

Cho dung dch NaOH t t n d vo cc mu th : + Mu th to kt ta sau tan l Cr2(SO4)3 Cr + 3OH
3+

Cr(OH)3

Cr(OH)3 + OH Fe
2+

[Cr(OH)4]

+ Mu th c kt ta trng xanh sau ha thnh nu l FeSO4 : + 2OH Fe(OH)2 (trng xanh) 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 ( nu)

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

+ Hai mu th to kt ta keo xanh khng tan l CuSO4, NiSO4 Cu Ni

2+

+ 2OH Cu(OH)2 (keo xanh)

+ 2OH Ni(OH)2 (keo xanh) Lc ly 2 kt ta, thm vi git dung dch NaOH long ri cho vo 2 ng nghim cha dung dch CH3CHO v un nh, mu th cho kt ta gch l Cu(OH)2. T xc nh 2 cht ban u.

2+

2.

CH3CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH CH3COONa + Cu2O gch + 3H2O Cho dung dch NaOH vo mu th ri un nh, c kh mi khai bay ra

to

c NH + 4

NH + + OH NH3 (mi khai) + H2O 4

Cho 1 ml dung dch K2CrO4 vo mu th, c kt ta mu vng ti xut 2+ 2+ hin l c Ba , Ca . Ba + CrO2 BaCrO4 4 Ca + CrO2 CaCrO4 4 Thm dung dch CH3COOH d vo ri lc k : + BaCrO4 khng tan c Ba
2+ 2+ 2+

to

+ CaCrO4 tan trong dung dch CH3COOH : CaCrO4 + 2CH3COOH Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2CrO4 Lc b kt ta, ly phn nc lc cho phn ng vi dung dch (NH4)2CO3 2+ d, phn nc lc to kt ta c Ca . Li lc b kt ta, ly phn nc lc vn cn NO3 , cho vo 1 mnh Cu, thm H2SO4 n d (ht kh bay ra) ri un nng nh : c kh khng mu
ha nu trong khng kh c NO3
+

H2SO4 + (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

3Cu + 8H + 2NO3 Cu
2+

+ 2NO + 4H2O

2NO + O2 2NO2

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

3.

Cho Ba(NO3)2 vo mu th, c kt ta xut hin. Lc ly kt ta, cho vo 2+ vi git dung dch HNO3, kt ta khng tan c Ba Ba + SO2 BaSO4 4 Trong cc ion ca dung dch ch c Cu u khng mu.
2+ 2+

c mu xanh, cn cc ion cn li

Cho NaOH long d vo mu th, lc b kt ta Cu(OH)2 (c mu xanh), 2 phn nc lc (khng mu) cha [Al(OH)4] v [Zn(OH)4] Cu + 2OH Al + 3OH
2+ 3+ 2+

Cu(OH)2 Al(OH)3

Al(OH)3 + OH

[Al(OH)4]

Zn + 2OH Zn(OH)2

Zn(OH)2 + 2OH [Zn(OH)4]

Sc kh CO2 d vo nc lc, c kt ta keo trng ca Al(OH)3 v Zn(OH)2 to ra :

[Al(OH)4] + CO2 Al(OH)3 + HCO3

[Zn(OH)4]

+ 2CO2 Zn(OH)2 + 2HCO3

Lc ly kt ta, cho vo dung dch NH3 d : ch c Zn(OH)2 tan, phn 3+ khng tan l Al(OH)3 c Al Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Zn(NH3)4] + 2OH Lc b phn khng tan, ly nc lc cho phn ng vi dung dch HCl d 2+ thu c dung dch c Zn [Zn(NH3)4] + 4H Zn + 4NH + 4 Cho vi git dung dch NaOH vo dung dch thu c : c kt ta keo trng 2+ c Zn Zn + 2OH Zn(OH)2
2+ 2+ + 2+ 2+

4.

Ba cch khc nhau phn bit 2 l kh CO2 v SO2 : Cch 1 : Cho mi kh li qua bnh cha dung dch Br2, mu th lm mt mu Br2 l SO2 SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Cch 2 : Cho mi kh li qua bnh cha dung dch H2S, mu th l dung dch ha c do to ra S khng tan l SO2 SO2 + H2S S + H2O Cch 3 : Cho mi kh li qua bnh cha dung dch KMnO4, mu th lm mt mu tm ca dung dch l SO2 5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4

5.

a) Cc dung dch : Ba(HCO3)2, Ba(OH)2, Mg(HCO3)2, NH4NO3. Chn thuc th l dung dch H2SO4 long ri cho vo cc mu th : + Mu th va c kh bay ra va c kt ta trng l Ba(HCO3)2 Ba(HCO3)2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + CO2 + H2O + Mu th ch c kt ta trng l Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2H2O + Mu th ch c kh bay ra l Mg(HCO3)2 Mg(HCO3)2 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O + Mu cn li khng c hin tng g l NH4NO3. b) Cc dung dch long : FeSO4, CuSO4, Al2(SO4)3, Fe2(SO4)3 . Chn thuc th l dung dch NaOH long ri cho t t n d vo cc mu th: + Mu th c kt ta trng xanh sau ha thnh nu l FeSO4 : Fe
2+

+ 2OH Fe(OH)2 trng xanh

4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 nu + Mu th to ngay kt ta nu l Fe2(SO4)3 Fe

3+

+ 3OH Fe(OH)3 nu + 2OH Cu(OH)2 keo xanh + 3OH

+ Mu th c kt ta keo xanh l CuSO4 Cu Al

2+

+ Mu th c kt ta keo trng sau tan l Al2(SO4)3

3+

Al(OH)3 + OH

Al(OH)3 keo trng [Al(OH)4]

6.

Tch tng oxit trong hn hp bt gm : CuO, MgO, Al2O3. Ha tan hn hp vo dung dch NaOH d :

T V B H TR NG TM KI N TH C V GI I BI T P HA H C 12

D&3H

Ch c Al2O3 tan, lc tch ring phn khng tan v thi kh CO2 d vo nc lc : Al2O3 + 2OH + 3H2O 2[Al(OH)4]

[Al(OH)4] + CO2 Al(OH)3 + HCO3

t 2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O Phn khng tan gm CuO, MgO em ha tan ht bng dung dch HCl :

CuO + 2H Cu + H2O MgO + 2H Mg Mg Cu

2+ + 2+

2+

Cho NH3 d vo dung dch : Mg to kt ta, Cu

2+

2+

+ H2O

2+

to kt ta sau tan :

+ 2NH3 + 2H2O Mg(OH) 2 + 2NH + 4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2NH + 4

2+

Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4] + 2OH Lc ly kt ta v nhit phn thu c MgO :

o

t Mg(OH) 2 MgO + H2O Phn nc lc cho phn ng vi dung dch HCl d :

[Cu(NH3)4]

2+

+ 4H Cu

2+

+ 2NH + 4

Cho phn ng vi NaOH long d, lc ly kt ta v nhit phn, thu c CuO : Cu + 2OH

2+ t
o

Cu(OH)2

Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O