Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

Advisor: Director General for Urban and Rural Development, Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure Board of Head: Director of Human Settlement and Housing, National Development Planning Agency Republic of Indonesia Director of Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Health Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region, Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate Technology, Director General on Village and Community Empowerment, Ministry of Home Affairs Director for Facilitation of Special Planning Environment Management, Ministry of Home Affairs Chief Editor: Oswar Mungkasa Board of Editor: Hartoyo, Johan Susmono, Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto Editor: Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto Design: Rudi Kosasih Production: Machrudin Distribution: Anggie Rifki Address: Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113 e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com redaksi@ampl.or.id oswar@bappenas.go.id Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome. Please send to our address or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and accompanied by identity. Cover by Rudi Kosasih

From Editor Your Voice Main Report Muddle within Bantar Gebang TPA Unearthed Flood Swept Across Indonesia Questioning Government's Responsibility The community is in short of clean water Looking for Alternative Water Source Refillable Bottled Water under Spotlight Even Ditch and Wallowing Pond Are Sources for Consumption Water Flares at TSPT Bojong An Egg About To Hatch 2004, the Year of Implementation of National Policy for the Development of Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Glimpses of WASPOLA Activities 2004 Water and Sanitation Program (ProAir) for Rural Population of Nusa Tenggara Timur WSLIC Phase 2 CWSH About WASPOLA The Implementation of National Policy for WSS Development in November 2004 Consigment of Formulation of National Policy for WSS Development Workshop on the study of the Dissemination Implementation of National Policy for WSS Development Workshop for Small Scale Water Provider About WSS Workshop of Community Water Supply and Health (CWSH) Project Formulation of Draft of Government Regulation on Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Development Dissemination of the National Policy for the Development of Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Pesentation of Winner Candidates for Scientific Article Writing Competition Consolidation Workshop WSLIC-2 Project Management Report Official Dedication of WSLIC-2 Project in Kabupaten Lumajang Reportage When Dolbun is Embarrased Interview Infrastructure as Nation's Unifier Article Human Quality and Sanitation Infrastructure Development in Indonesia RT/RW Institution as Coordinator in Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Management Strategy for Community Awareness Improvement Once Again About Privatization Data Basic Sanitation Coverage Rating by Kabupaten/Kota in 2002 Book Info Website Info WSS Bibliography Agenda

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 17 18 18 19 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 29 31 34 38 42 47 49 50 51 52

F ROM EDITOR

ime has flown without we being aware of. Now we have come to the very end of 2004. Not a beautiful present is what we get this end of year. A superlative degree of disaster, instead. More than a hundred thousand of our brothers and sisters in Aceh and North Sumatra were victims of nature's mighty force, earthquakes and the following tidal waves. Is that God's displeasure or His demonstration? Only God knows best. What is certain is, this disaster should make us aware about the reality of life is that as Servant of God we shall never walk imperiously arrogant, do behave humbly into God's mercy, instead. Besides, this disaster should move us to lend our hand, help our mireable brothers and sisters. And let us pray that such a disaster will never come again. Amien. Acehnese Misery, Our Misery. Dear Reader. As usual, many who use the end of Gregorian calendar year as a milestone where annual report and at the same time evaluation of the progress made within the year, is summarized into record. Was it a success, a half success, or a failure. Percik of this edition comes in a slightly different format. We want to invite the readers to look back into various events that happened in this year in relation to water supply and environmental sanitation in general, and the WSS working group activity, in particular. We hope some changes would happen in the next year. Of course a change towards improvement. Prevent it, anything that happened last year is repeated this year. If things like this happen then we belong to the disgraced. Dear readers, the portrait of events of the year are specially presented in the main feature. The title is WSS Kaleidoscope 2004. Beside that we want to present to you how far has the National Policy for Community Based WSS Development been moving and what is the progress in Institutionally Based

SOURCE:FANY WEDAHUDITAMA

WSS working group

Merry Christmas 2004 and Happy New Year 2005

Development Policy. These two policies are vital for WSS development because since the birth of this nation we have never had a national policy for this sector. We also want to see the glimpses of WSS projects such as ProAir, WSLIC-2, and CWSH have been doing. Not to be forgotten, Percik made an interview with Suyono Dikun, Deputy for Infrastructure, Bappenas on Infrastructure of Indonesia. As we know, WSS development has some linkage with the existing infrastructure condition. More than that, in January 2005 we are going to organize an event called Infrastructure Summit. Of course we want to know what

Indonesia expects from organizing such an event. What is different from the usual is the reportase. In the present edition the column is filled with report from field visit to Bangladesh and India. The language style is different from the usual, including its length. We hope that by reading the reportase the readers would go together and feel the heartbeat of the journey. We also present to you the result of the acticle writing competition. Beside the winner, other articles worthy of presentation and useful for the readers will also be presented in the next editions.

Percik 1 December 2004

Y OUR VOICE
Percik Must Continue
We fully agree and support the contents of Percik magazine, especially as they relate to the knowledge and various technologies and policies in water supply and enviromental sanitation sector. Percik is a useful reference for procurement, development, and management of WSS facility and infrastructure of Kab. Malang that always demands our serious attention. The most important issues that demand serious attention in Kab. Malang include equitable water supply service between towns and villages (many villages with inherent water problem), technological as well as managerial aspects in waste material handling, domestic wastewater treatment, and urban drainage canal, especially with regard the responsibility in safeguarding the "national assets" such as Sutami and Selorejo dams from solid and domestic wastewater from polluting the raw water reservoirs. Basically the Dinas Permukiman and Pertamanan of Kabupaten Malang is looking forward to more information from Percik. Next time we will try to send you our article about WSS condition and management here in Kab. Malang.
Ir. Didik Budi Hartono, MT. Chief, Dinas Perumahan, Kebersihan and Pertamanan Kabupaten Malang

concept and the complete address of Mr. Kamal Kar.

Dr. Hj. Gema Asiani, M.Kes Kasubdin Penyehatan Lingkungan Kota Palembang

CLTS concept has been applied in several countries including Bangladesh and India. We have copies of a book that explains the concept in detail. We will send you a copy of the book as soon as we can. As for Dr. Kamal Krishna Kar can be reached through the following e-mail addresses: kkar@iastate.edu, kamalda@mailcity.com, kamalkar@vsnl.com, kamalkar@yahoo.com

Service Coverage of PDAM Palopo

We would congratulate for the publication of Percik Magazine as a means for interaction and information networks among water supply and environmental sanitation activists. As an input we would add to your information that as of 31 December the total active home connections of PDAM Palopo is 11.773 with an average size of family is 6 persons, the total population with access to the service is 70.638. Services other than home connections include 13 MCK, 13 public hydrants, 7 public taps, and 5 water terminals each provide service to 50 persons on average. From simple calculation the total home connection and non home connection service covers 72.588 persons. The total population of Palopo is 106.813, the PDAM Palopo service coverage as of 31 December 2004 is 67,96 percent or rounded up to 68 percent. We would like to inform you further that pursuant to Law No 11/2002 on the formation of Kabupaten Mamasa and Kota Palopo, PDAM Kabupaten Luwu which is located within Kota Palopo has been transfered to PDAM Kota Palopo.
Drs. H. Andi Nurlan Basalan, MM CEO of PDAM Kota Palopo

Percik Editor wishes to thank those who have sent a letter to us. Among others: Bappeda Kabupaten Batanghari, Planology Division Univ. Trisakti, Mayor of Metro, Regional and City Planning Division Fac. of Technics UNDIP, DPRD Nusa Tenggara Timur, Information and Public Service Centre, Dept. Fishery and Maritime Resources Development, Planology Division Univ. Tarumanegara, Environmental Technology Division ITS, Regional Secretary, Kab. Aceh Barat, DPRD Kab. Pasaman Barat, DPRD Prov. Sumatra Selatan, and DPRD Kab. Aceh Utara

E R R ATA
In Percik of June 2004 edition, there was written "Sanitation is more importance than independence" should read "Sanitation is more important than independence". In Percik of October 2004 edition, it was written "National Seminar for Socialization of Law No. 8/2004" should read "National Seminar for Socialization of Law No. 7/2004". In Percik of October 2004 edition, it was written "At this time the formulation of the National Policy for Institutionally Based Drinking Water Service Development which serves as an umbrella policy for PDAM management is in its final stage and is one part of the initial 100 day program of the Indonesia Bersatu Cabinet" should only read "At this time the formulation of the National Policy for Institutionally Based Drinking Water Service Development which serves as an umbrella policy for PDAM management is in its final stage". Omit "and is one part of the initial 100 day program of the Indonesia Bersatu Cabinet".

More Information about CLTS

After reading Percik of October edition on page 40 on the concept Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) we have a feeling that it has something valuable and useful for Sub-dinas Community Health of the Dinas Kesehatan City of Palembang in its effort to support Indonesia Sehat 2010. We would appreciate it if you could advise us where we could obtain more information about the

Percik

December 2004

M AIN REPORT
January

Kaleidoscope

Muddle within Bantar Gebang TPA Unearthed

arly 2004 it was the beginning of the problems connected to TPA (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir, terminal disposal site) of Bantar Gebang came to light. The city government of Jakarta that has been managing the 100 ha disposal site since 1999, now has to relinquish the facility back to the city government of Bekasi. This is because the deputy mayor of Bekasi, upon completion of the contract at the end of December 2003, unilaterally asked the city of Jakarta pay a fee of Rp 85.000 per ton of solid waste material dumped into the site. This is unacceptable to Jakarta because in previous memorandum between the two governments states the fee is only Rp 50.000 per ton. In addition, the inhabitants of three villages, i.e. Sumur Batu, Cikiwul and Ciketing demand a compensation for the unpleasantness caused by a disposal site in their neighbourhood. This demand is of course causing a headache to the government of Bekasi and to Jakarta at the same time. The population blocked the road leading to the site. Consequently no garbage truck dares to go near the site. The people will reopen the road only if they are paid the compensation. There is no way for Bekasi city government but to agree. The city government promised a compensation of Rp 50.000 per month to each of the 12.000 families living in the neighbourhood. It was proven right. But, unfortunately, it was only once. And, the blocking resumed and demanded that payment be made as promised. The crisis obviously causes difficulty to city government of Jakarta. While TPA Bantar Gebang is closed, Jakarta does not have yet any replacement. It is not surprising, as the TPA is closed for a single day, mountains of waste material are seen everywhere. The scavengers in the TPA were complaining about their livelihood. Some of them moved to another ground

SOURCE: MERCYCORPS.OR.ID

such as Cilincing. As for the citizens of Bekasi, they want to see the "war" between both governments end peacefully and they demand the problem of pollution be solved in the best possible manner. Peace did come. The mayor of Bekasi welcomes City government of Jakarta resume operation in Bantar Gebang. The mayor's policy is in contradiction with that of his deputy. And the mayor's intention will not proceed smoothly, either. Because now comes DPRD's turn to speak up. They said that the policy of the city government of Bekasi has been deviating after the termination of contract between Bekasi and Jakarta. Finally, months have passed and this TPA's problem does not see any way out. Beside waste material problem, Jakarta population is surprised with the increase of water supply tariff by 30% effective from 1 January 2004. The increase is intended to cover the Rp 900 billion defisit of PAM Jaya partner and PAM Jaya's obligation to pay back the Rp 1,7 trillion loan to the central government.

The increase poses heavy burden to most PAM customers. They see that the service up to now is short of their expectation. Such as, smelly water, very small flow, irregular service. Some consider this calculation is not transparent, illogical since it is intended to cover financial loss. But, once again, no one can ever stop an increase. (MJ) WSS News Index Cisadane river is polluted, PDAM Tangerang may cease to operate (16/1) Jakarta inhabitants want more water hydrants (27/1) BPPT and Pusri will develop a waste material processor in Jakarta (13/1) Tangerang is considering an electric generator from waste material (24/1) Jakarta is in first degree alert (6/1) Minister of Public Works: Jakarta Should Develop an Early Flood Warning System (2/1) A Reservoir in Gadog is to prevent against flood for Jakarta (3/1) Ciliwung overflows, Jakarta is flooded (20/1).

Percik 3 December 2004

M AIN REPORT
February-March-April

Kaleidoscope

Flood Swept Across Indonesia

n February 2004, the Agency for Meteorology and Geophysics (AMG) reminded the Indonesia community about the forthcoming of tropical storm level III which was developing over the sea south of Java. The storm would cause heavy widespread downpour all over the country. At that time AMG estimated that February would be the peak rainfall. It was a good estimation. Flood swept almost all regions in Indonesia beginning from February and went on through March. Flash flood hit Java. More than just infrastructure damages, flood in East Java took the lives of 3 people and another one missing. This flood hit seven regions of East Java. Muddy water ran across the southern part of Kabupaten Mojokerto. Up to 1-1,5 m deep. This mud flood is the first in 100 years. The total loss for East Java is estimated at Rp 300 billion. In Central Java flood cut transport connection between Semarang and Purwodadi of Kabupaten Grobogan. Hundreds of houses in Kabupaten Grobogan were under water causing a wave of refugees. In the northern coast West Java, flood has cut the main transport link of the island. The flood span between Pamanukan (Subang) on the western end to Krangkeng (Indramayu) in the east. In Indramayu the total loss is estimated at Rp.1,7 billion because 10.665 ha of rice field may have to be replanted. As usual, Jakarta is experiencing similar fate. Hundreds from several locations had to look for temporary shelter. Traffic jams in 29 points. Tangerang and Bekasi were not too far different. The condition of these areas was almost identical with the prevalence of dengue fever. In Kabupaten Banjar, South Kalimantan, thousands of people had to take refugee because most of the area is under

water. In Kabupaten Manggarai (NTT), death toll consisted of 3 and six others were lost. Flood also occurred at Donggala, Central Sulawesi, causing two persons lost their lives. Sumatra and Sulawesi did not miss the flood. The government is considered too weak in dealing with flood. This is evidenced from flood keeps coming every year. Preventive measures were almost unheard of, and post flood operation seems quite slow. Whereas, many have supplied input and suggestion about the government should do in dealing with flood. In the midst of overflowing flood water, the city governments of Batu and Malang are in shortage of clean water. Both city governments have to hire scores of water trucks in order to overcome water crisis, because their distribution are badly affected by the flood. In Batu, 4.200 PAM customers have to buy water in jerry cans while in Malang 7.000 are without water supply. In the meantime, effective from this month PDAM Tasikmalaya is increasing its tariff by 50%. The increase does not only relate to basic tariff but also tariff classification to household that has changed function. The reason for increase, operational cost and the prices of equipment and materials for PDAM operation have increased. Instantly the increase causes strong reaction from the legislative. They have objection with the increase, because in reality PDAM is still making profit, though small. In Ungaran, the local PDAM can no longer bear the burdens of operational costs and loan repayment. The company is in arrears amounting to Rp 33,8 billion. To overcome this PDAM Ungaran invites the cooperation of PT Sara Tirta Ungaran (STU) to manage the water source at

Ngembar, Kecamatan Jambu. The format of the cooperation is STU develop and take over PDAM asset for the period of 27 years. Upon completion all the asset goes back to PDAM Ungaran. The new investment amounts to Rp 29,244 billion consisting of Rp 23,4 billion for developing a drinking water installation and the rest to construct instalation at the water source. WSS News Index Scavengers' Smile at TPA Bantar Gebang (2/2) TPA Cipayung becomes a pilot TPA for Jabotabek area (3/2) TPA causes pollution to fish pond (9/2) Transfer Station at Cilincing is proven to cause environmental pollution (10/2) BPPT Offers 5 Aspects for Solid Waste Handling (16/2) Up to Rp 5 million Fine for Littering (26/2) Banjir Kanal Barat optimalization projet is completed in April (18/2) North coast road at Situbondo is covered with mud and rock (16/2) 31 kelurahan (villages) of Yogyakarta are sensitive to flood and landslide (5/2) Raw Water Supply Drops by 62% (5/4) Polluted by Fuel Refilling Station, One Has Been Buying Mineral Water for 5 Years (13/4) West Java Government Hand Over Water Supply Management and Asset to PDAM (11/4) Proposed Tegal PDAM tarif increase almost 100% (27/4) PAM water of West Bangka has long been polluted (27/4) Hundreds of Bojong population held demo to Police HQ (9/3).

Percik

December 2004

M AIN REPORT
May

Kaleidoscope

Questioning Government's Responsibility

ollowing floods that swept many parts of Indonesia, the community begins questioning the government's performance in dealing with this disaster. Generally the people consider that the government is incapable of anticipating the occurrence of flood and the consequences it leaves behind. As a result, human lives and property always fall victim, and the amount is never small. The regional government of Jakarta, for example, is unable to cope with this problem, and has asked the central government to share the burden. This is because flood is not the problem of a single province but it entangles across administrative borders. The bupati of Kabupaten Indramayu, Irianto Syafiudin, requests the provincial government's help to solve river siltation problem in his region. Siltation rate in Kab. Indramayu is the highest in West Java because this region is the downstream area of rivers carrying mud from Tasikmalaya, Garut, Sumedang, Subang, Majalengka and Kuningan areas. In Bekasi, the population of Babelan requests the government to as soon as possible normalize Kali Balisasak. The river has undergone advanced siltation and aquatic vegetation cover and as such it cannot function as normal waterway during peak flow. In the city of Bogor, many roads turn bad easily because of poor drainage system. Therefore, several parties suggest that the roads of the city should not be paved with asphalt, but with concrete bloc instead. Additionally, the community requests that the drainage is re-arranged properly considering Bogor is a rainy city. Further the community requests rearrangement of waste material and street vendor management. The population expects that this tourist destination city

SOURCE: DEPT. OF HEALTH

material consisting of plastic, empty bottles, cans, and so on. This condition causes a lot of nuisance to the neigbourhood. They expect the city government would build a fence around the reservoir. In the meantime, Bogor citizens are surprised with the increase of PDAM Tirta Pakuan's 150% tariff increase. The increase is based on the increases of electricity at 60%, fuel at 50% and basic regional salary. The increase which is effective since June has invited objection from the consumers. They consider the increase is too high and incomparable with the quality of PDAM service. But, hush. people's voice is almost always unheard. (MJ) WSS News Index
Bekasi City government breaks promise, Bantar Gebang population closes TPA (6/5) Waste Material of TPA Leuwigajah for electricity (8/5) Container in place of informal transfer station (10/5) Because of Waste material teachers threaten to strike from teaching (31/5) Many have to drink water not worthy for consumption (14/5) PDAM Bogor raises tariff up to 150% (21/5) Big annual decrease is dicharge rate in NTB (26/5) Seminar of "Water Culture" (19/5) And water pipe is hung on the tree (13/5) Need a regulation on relocation of water use (14/5) Central Government is asked to help overcoming flood problem (8/5) Water discharge of Citanduy river drops drastically (8/5) The rivers of Jakarta serve as the longest toilet in the world (5/5).

may become a clean and hygienic city. In Padang, the citizens regret the environmental destruction that has taken place in the region. In areas where flood was historically unknown, now are beginning to experience the disaster. The citizens consider the city government lacks of care and interest to subject related to flood and environmental conservation as well as spatial planning. The Minster of Environment, Nabiel Makarim, stated that there are nine out of 198 lakes (natural and man-made) in the area of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi have been converted to other function and must be reverted to their previous condition. According to him, reversion of the lakes in this region is an effort to control flood especially in the resorption and water pocket areas. In addition, he feels a deep apprehension with the damages made to 134 lakes (68%). Only 42 (20%) of the lakes are considerd accepteble and 2 lakes have totally disappeared. What was stated by Nabiel is right. The function of Rawa Badung reservoir in Jatinegara, East Jakarta is to hold water, but at the same time it is also a garbage holder. Floating on surface is waste

Percik 5 December 2004

M AIN REPORT
June-July

Kaleidoscope

The community is in short of clean water

fter flood swept a number of regions, Indonesia is now facing another "law of nature" as a consequence of environmental degradation: drought. This condition does not only affect the people as individuals but also the clean water provider, PDAM. The regional public utility company is complaining about the difficulty in getting raw water. The rivers of West Kalimantan drastically drop their water level. Water depth that was normally 3 metres now sinks to only one meter. In many parts of the rivers the people can freely wade across the banks. It is obvious that such a condition is detrimental to raw water supply for several PDAMs such as the ones in Sanggau, Landak and Pontianak. The local population has to buy drinking water at Rp 70.000 per tank containing 4.000 litres. Other people have to pay retail price at Rp 1.000 per gallon (4 litres). Worst of all, the poor who cannot afford to buy water, have to go to the river to take water, let it settle overnight and use it the next morning. Some even have to use it directly. In Banjarmasin, the local PDAM also experience a supply shortage. One of its 500 l/sec capacity raw water intakes cannot be used any more. Beside drought problem, salt water intrusion has reached above tolerance level. Water scarcity brings detrimental effects to the population. Diarrhea diseases are beginning to attack the people living near the river, especially the poor who are living in thickly populated quarters. In Serang, approximately 10.000 PDAM customers are unable to enjoy clean water service. The director of local PDAM says that the main conveyance pipe in Tamansari, Baros is closed down by the local population because of a nagging problem of land compensation. In Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, the

ILLUSTRATION BY RUDI KOSASIH

DROUGHT
regional government distributes clean water to the population with the priority given to the poor. Because of prolonged dry season eleven kecamatan of this kabupaten are suffering from water scarcity. In Kulonprogo, 8 from 12 kecamatan are in shortage of water. Even in four of them they have no clean water at all for almost two months. Sutrisno, head of Pemali Jatrun watershed management, in Central Java, said that approximately 430.000 ha of forest lands in 16 kabupatens are in critical condition and must be seriously taken care of otherwise they may cause disasters to the surrounding areas. Of the total, 238.000 ha are located outside of the forest areas. In NTT, the local government has to discontinue water supply to the barracks of ex Timor Timur refugees. The reason is because the local government is in short of fund to support the operation. The ex refugees respond sharply. They say the government has treated them inhumanly because they have no more drinking water in their camp. Beside in the regions, water crisis also threatens Jakarta. And this is an intermittent annual disaster agenda for Jakarta. The heavy rainfall cannot find enough entry to underground aquifer

because of the minimum water resorption areas. And ground water condition of the remaining areas is very poor. An observation made to water taken from the wells of the community of 5 districts of Jakarta indicates that 90% of the samples have been contaminated with coli bacteria from human waste. If this condition prevails, according to Japan Indonesia Cooperation Agency (JICA) in 2010 Jakarta will face a serious water shortage.

WSS News Index

PDAM Indramayu increases tariff by 66% (30/1) Waste materials heavily pollutes Siak river, PDAM is suggested not to continue processing raw water (3/7) The population of 16 villages in Demak is in short of clean water (8/7) Regarded as legally defective, 16 NGOs file suit against Law on Water Resources to Constitution Court (14/7) Salt water intrusion has reached midtown area (20/7) Blue Oasis City is built on a water resorption area (28/7) Judicial Review of Law on Water Resources is submitted to Constitution Court (29/7) Proportional Water Sharing to prevent Absolute Water Spring (22/7) Extension of TPA Bantar Gebang approved (10/6) Local population maintains rejection against disposal site for Jakarta garbage (23/7) Integrated Waste Disposal at Bojong is guaranteed environmentally safe (29/7) Number of Lakes in Bekasi decreases continuously (8/6) Rp. 100 billion for BKT land procurement (24/6) Mookervaart river, your story today (28/7).

Percik

December 2004

M AIN REPORT
August

Kaleidoscope

Looking for Alternative Water Source

rolonged drought that spread across vast areas of Indonesia has compelled the government to look for alternative water sources or ways how to maintain the existing reserves. The government, through the Minister of Research and Technology, Hatta Rajasa, is determined to look for alternative water sources for fulfilling clean water requirement. One example is construction of undergound reservoir at Goa Bribin, Gunung Kidul. Pumping up water from Goa Bribin can satisfy the need for 175 thousand of Gunung Kidul population. Exploitation underground water is also done in Duwet hamlet of Suci village, some 40 km south of Wonogiri, Central Java. A deep well pump was sunk 160 m below ground and water is pumped up to satisfy water requirement of 500 families in the village. With the well operating the villagers do not have to walk 7 km to kecamatan capital to buy water, or to wait for water tank on the main road which is 1 km from the village. The effort to look for new water source is also done through competition. Arie Herlambang, a researcher from the Agency for Technological Study and Application, won Innovative Technology competition 2004. He was named the best out of seven finalists with an innovation called "Technical Application for the Treatment of Brackish Water of Peat Soils into Drinking Water." The inovation is not just theoretical, it has been successfully applied in a transmigration area of Central Kalimantan which is always in shortage of clean water. Basically this equipment consists of a series of filtration process much longer than the one used in water supply provider in the cities, and is combined with desalination unit. The

ILLUSTRATION BY RUDI KOSASIH

Calm down..... we will provide Artesian well

Need INULs help?

review the design of Jatigede levee and dam construction. Department of Regional Infrastructure and Setllement Systems (Public Works) is going to bring head of water level lower so that the area of inundation will be reduced. This change means the volume of the dam will be less and the service area will also be smaller. The seed of community threats to close down the Integrated Water Treatment facility is growing. The population from 6 villages of Kecamatan Kelapanunggal asks the DPRD Bogor to cancel the Bupati Bogor letter of decision that grants permit for the construction of the facility. PT. Wira Guna Sejahtera, the company to operate the facility keeps convincing the people that the solid waste treatment facility is environmentally safe. (MJ) WSS News Index
Looking for Water Sources is Continuing (3/8) Unable to Solve Consumers' complain, Palyja may face sanction (3/8) Deep well overcomes scarcity of clean water (5/8) Drought in 4 kabupaten of Banyumas (10/8) Water Treatment of Peaty Soils Won Innovation Competition (20/8) Freedom Yes Freedom, But Water Scarcity is Water Scarcity (23/8) Water Level in 3 lakes is receding, Cirebon population is threatened with dryness (24/8) Three Primary Schools Which Are Polluted With Garbage have Not been Moved (2/8) Govt. of Jakarta will proceed with Bojong garbage treatment facility (10/8) Self Reliant Garbage Treatment, Not Impossible (31/8).

equipment which costs Rp 350 million is capable of producing 170 gallons of drinkable water for every 8 hours of operation. Water is sold at Rp 3.000 - 5.000 per gallon. In the meantime, to prevent river sedimentation, the Governor of Jakarta, pleads that the inhabitants of Jakarta not to throw any waste into the 13 rivers of the city. Besides, the city government will move all the settlement houses built on the riverbanks. The governor promises the legal city inhabitant with Jakarta identication a low priced living quarter in a flat. One of the rivers that shows improvement is kali Angke, but a home work still remains undone, i.e. changing the water colour from black into clear. While for flood protection, the government is determined to finalise construction the Banjir Kanal Timur (BKT) drainage system by 2007. A budget of almost Rp 2 trillion is allocated for the construction. The most difficult process is land procurement because it involves relatively large pieces of land, about 263 ha in total, all belonging to the community. With the functioning of BKT, it is expected Jakarta will be more manageable and reducing inundation of 13 localities. In Sumedang, the government will

Percik 7 December 2004

M AIN REPORT
September

Kaleidoscope

Refillable Bottled Water under Spotlight

DAM's short of capacity to provide service has encouraged the growth of refillable bottled water business. The household scale business is available in almost every street corner. They sell drinking water at a relatively cheap price, Rp 2.500 per 4 gallon container. This price is much lower than that of the branded bottled water, which may be twice as much. The growth of refillable water depot causes deep concerns to the branded water companies. Besides, there are many who question about hygienic level of this refillable water. In mass media articles were written about the facts that some of the water depots contain e-coli bacteria and may cause kidney disorder if consumed for a long duration. This of course makes the depot owners feel unhappy. Through their business association (APDAMINDO, association of drinking water supplier and distribution business), they deny the statement and consider it too tendentious and contains some sort of slander. They demand that the statements be clarified otherwise the refillable business may suffer defamation. The small scale water businessmen admit that they should be developed given the necessary education about the importance of hygiene. Therefore, they must be developed and assisted, rather than being killed instead through herding of community opinion to a negative effect. The government of DKI Jakarta issued a Governor's Letter of Decision No 13 /2004 on the requirement of health certificate for a drinking water depot. The certificate describes the procedure of issuance, recommendation for permit, and supervision of refillable water business. The certificate is the precondition for obtaining operational permit from Deperindag (Dept. of Industry and

ILLUSTRATION BY RUDI KOSASIH

per

mit

NAUGHT = CLOSED DOWN

In the meantime, Medan and its surrounding are under big flood. Rain continued falling for several days. Hundreds of homes are under water. This big flood is a combination of the heavy rainfall and overflowing from other regions. Bantar Gebang case flips open again, after the common agreement between the governments of DKI Jakarta and Bekasi was signed last July. The reason is, the TPA (final disposal ground) is neglected. The leachate from the mountain of garbage overflows the ditches into the community settlement. The company appointed to manage it seems not ready to do its job. The government of Bekasi demands that DKI Jakarta take care of the problem. (MJ) WSS News Index Investment of PDAM Partner is Limited.(1/9) PAM Jaya Tariff will automaticly increase every 6 months.(1/9) Bandung Basin in Water Crisis Due to Changes in Land Use, (3/9) PAM Banjarmasin Relies on Tabuk.(21/9) Clean Water Costs Rp 2.000 per jerry can.(24/9) Inhabitants of Mahakam Riverbanks are in shortage of clean water.(30/9) Bulak Sindon water Source May Be Exploited for Business.(30/9) DKI Jakarta has not sumbmitted TPA Management system.(7/9) 2005, TPA Cikundul Ceases Functioning.(14/9) Flood Swept North Sumatra, Hundreds of homes under water.(21/9)

REFILL

Trade). The Letter of Decision poses sanction to businessman who violates the regulation, beginning from written notice up to revocation of the operational permit. Apdamindo hailed happily the Letter of Decision. The say with the Letter of Decision there is a guarantee for the business as well as for the community. PDAM Tirta Kerta Raharja of Tangerang promises clean water supply for communities with water shortage. It made ready 6 water trucks each with 5.000 l capacity. Based on the existing data, there were 25 villages that were in shortage of clean water. But not a single RT/RW requested for any help. The same step was taken by PDAM Indramayu. To overcome water shortage, with 8 trucks in operation, PDAM distributed clean water free to villages upon request from the respective village headman. What the villages need is to prepare a water reservoir. Each village was supplied with 4 trucks of water each with 4.000 l capacity. Drought still continues in some other areas. The communities are still in short of clean water. This is in Kalimantan, some parts of Jawa, and Nusa Tenggara.

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October

Kaleidoscope

Even Ditch and Wallowing Pond Are Sources for Consumption Water

he long dry season that swept vast areas of Indonesia has left misery to many people. Critical water shortage in many areas. The community of Wanareja, Garut, has no choice but to use ditch water for consumption. Later it was found that the water contains a high number of bacteria. It is not worthy for drinking even after boiling. It might be tolerable for handwashing purpose. The local agency for health has reminded the people. But what could they do, clean water supply never comes by. The only way is to recommend the people to treat the water with clorine before consumption. The regional government of Garut helps them with a water filtration device made by ITB. The Rp 40 million device is hired for two months. Actually, Cigaruhguy water source is located in the same area, but based on local adat law the source can only be used by two hamlets. The other nine hamlets can only bite their fingers. In Martapura, South Kalimantan, the community of Kecamatan Gambut who live along handils (manmade drainage dithches specific of South Kalimantan) have for 4 months made use water from wallowing ponds for their daily consumption. The 2 meter deep ponds were dug near the handil. Each pond may produce several pails of yellowish and turbid water. Some of the ponds are located close to a toilet with its nauseating odour. The yellowish water is let to settle and filtered before use. In Serang, Banten, scores of Sukawana and Trondol villages are contaminated with diarrhoeal disease. They are sick because they consumed water from Bedeng river which is used as MCK (bath, wash and defecate) and for animal washing.

Water shortage is also experience in Kupang, the capital city of NTT. As many as 550 people have no access to clean water. Dug wells are drying. The Oepura water source, the biggest waste source for the city where PDAM also takes it water, is also drying up. Long queues are seen everywhere for 5 litres of water. This condition is made worse because of damage in PDAM distribution pipes. Similar fate is also experienced by the citizens of Cirebon. It is slightly better, though. At least the citizens still have the benefit of water flow, though they have to take turn. This is the step PDAM takes so that no citizen is left out. Service rotation is also done in Sumedang, West Java. Water source in Cipanteneun Cimalaka where PDAM gets its raw water, is going down. The difference from Cirebon is that not all of customers can get a service. Some home connections get no water except the sound of air flow as you turn the tap open. This condition made it necessary for PDAM to operate water tanks. In Cimahi, the community of Cibeber of Kecamatan Cimahi Selatan demands that the Cimahi city government put an end to water exploitation of Lake Ciseupan; it is sold to industrial companies. This complaint is caused from the fact that the Ciseupan area is drying up. Water table in wells drops by 2-3 metres. No far from that the community of Braga, city of Bandung file a protest against the construction of Braga City Walk (BCW). The community considers the project disturbs the environment. They are complaining about the decrease in groundwater table. The company that builds the project once promised to compensate the communitty with a water supply network for them. But the promi-

se remains a promise, and reality is something different. In Jakarta, PT. Palyja the water supply management, complains about deficit in raw water supply. The normal supply should stand at 6,2 m3/sec is now down to only 5,2 m3/sec. Whereas the average requirement is 5,4 m3/sec. Beside the insufficient amount, the PAM Jaya partner company also complains about water quality. It is always turbid. (MJ) WSS News Index Water Crisis in Kupang still unsolved. (4/10) To irrigate agricultutral land, Kuningan farmers broke PDAM distribution pipe. (7/10) For 4 months thousands of peak area community depend on wallowing pond for water. (9/10) According to Sucofindo, Surabaya water is good for drinking. (11/10) Integrated Tourism Project Threatens Water Conservation. (13/10) PDAM Raw Water Supply Drops By 200 l/sec. (25/10) Population of South Sukabumi Is Crying for Water. (25/10) Population of North Bekasi Requests Subsidy for Dug Wells. (27/10) Population of Wanaraja Still Depends on Drainage Water. (27/10) Polluted, Water from Musi river is not worthy for drinking. (29/10)

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November-December

Kaleidoscope

Flares at TSPT Bojong

nd of November 2004 was the culmination of cases with TPST (Integrated Garbage Disposal Site) at Bojong, Kecamatan Kelapanunggal, Kabupaten Bogor. The local people held demonstration which ended up with clashes with police force from Bogor Resort Police. Five demonstrators were shot and others were fleeing (hiding). The actions were already done several times. There were even rumours that a certain party is behind them. But what is obvious from field observation, the local inhabitants question about the negative impact the TSPT will produce to the environment and the placement of the TSPST is against the spatial planning in which the area is alloted for housing and settlement. Each time there is a trial the inhabitants would come and place barricades to prevent garbage carrying trucks to enter. Once, the people even drove out the police chief who tried to make a speech. They cut trees and place logs and other heavy materials on the road leading to the site. It all culminated on 22 November shortly before noon. The mass attacked TPST Bojong and inflicted damages and put fire on some of the asset belonging to PT, Wira Guna Sejahtera, the managing company. The Minister of Environment, Rachmat Witoelar, could understand the fear the inhabitants have. But what he regreted was the community action that caused damages to the asset while the opportunity for negotiation might still be sought for. According to him, socialization activity must be undertaken more extensively. As a result of what has happened many parties suggest that TPST Bojong be temporarily closed. Jakartas governor emphasized that TPST Bojong will operate, but it has to wait till the conditon is conducive. The Environmental Research Centre of the Institute for Research and Commu-

nity Empowerment IPB sees the Bojong case as an iceberg of garbage handling problem in Indonesia. The problem boils down to the fact that garbage handling of Jakarta and other cities of Indonesia is nailed firmly on the old paradigm. The new paradigm in waste material handling starts with the of development of policy and practices that reflect community based waste material handling through active involvement of the whole community, private sector and the scavengers. The Bojong case seems to tell all the stakeholders related to waste material handling to voice out their ideas. Some of them suggest that the 6 thousand tonnes of daily Jakarta waste production be processed into compost. Some even suggest that an incinerator is built in each divisional region in order to minimize the burden of TPST. Others strongly defend using sophisticated technology on ground that availability of land area is quite limited. Which one is the best? Each has its argumentation. What is certain is that for Indonesia, the ideas have never been tested as 100% suitable. Therefore, it should at this point we think seriously to find the best solution. To prevent the Bojong case re-occur and more victims falling down. In the meantime, Tangerang government frankly refuses any Jakarta plan to dump their waste material into its place. As we know, Jakarta has no more land to dispose of its waste material. This case makes us realize that waste material handling requires inter-regional coordination based on a thorough consideration and the principle of mutual benefit, including benefit to the neighbouring community. And what is more important, at no time environmental impact analysis may be neglected. Otherwise, the local population will be victimized. The end of 2004 is coloured with heavy rains falling all over the country.

Poor drainage has resulted in flooding of many areas. Jakarta has prepared itself to face it, including preventing of diarrhoeal disease which comes together with rainy season. But because of poor quality in drainage construction, many roads are turning bad due to erosion. WSS News Index Distamben (Agency of Mining and Energy) West Java Built an Artesian Well at Leulosa (1/11). Raw Water for Drinking Must Not Be Taken From Polluted River. (5/11) Water Crisis is Threatening Jakarta. (22/11) PDAM Must Pay Compensation for Days without Service. (23/11) Automatic Water Tariff will be reviewed. (29/11) Local Population Supports TPST Bojong. (1/11) Garbage for Compost. (4/11). Investor is Eyeing Surabaya Solid waste handling. (9/11) Mountains of Garbage in the streets of Jakarta and Tangerang. (18/11) Riot in TPST Bojong, 5 demonstrators were shot. (23/11) Canals are still being used as garbage dump. (21/11) East Jakarta government fears BKT land procurement be taken over. (10/11) Be careful with diseases during the rainy season. (12/11)

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Kaleidoscope

National Policy for the Development of Institutionally Based Water Supply And Environmental Sanitation,

An Egg About To Hatch

he National Policy for the Development of Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation is using two approaches, community based and institutionally based. The community based has reached the stage of field implementation in 2004. Its sister, the institutionally based is in the stage of deliberation. Early 2005 the sister policy is scheduled to be finalised and is ready for dissemination. Looking into their formulation, the institutionally based in faster than the community based. The workshop on the draft of theis policy was conducted in September and the process up to final formulation in December 2004. The completion process is considered an important momentum, because it will reflect consistence and decisive character of the overall WSS development policy framework. To this end, 4 teams were formed, each is given a responsibility to deal with one sub-sector: Drinking Water Team Wastewater Team Solid Waste Team Drainage Team National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development
1. Expansion of service coverage with priority given to poor families (pro poor) 2. Maintain balance between the demand for WSS development and the environmental carrying capacity (eco-link) 3. Impove involvement of all stakeholders in WSS development (all out) 4. Optimizing the principle of proper management with cost recovery (good corporate governance) 5. Enforce law effectively (law enforcement) 6. Develop inter-regional and interagency coordination in WSS development (regionalization)

FOTO:OSWAR MUNGKASA

And there are also sub-teams dealing with environmental, financial, institutional, and social aspects. All these work teams make up the core work team for the institutionally based policy formulation, which is responsible not only for revising the existing draft but also to enrich it with environmental sanitation component in order to have a balanced treatment among the sub-sectors. Since the September workshop in Bogor, the Working Group has been conducting a series of meetings for the completion of the Institutional Policy draft. Discussion took place in either sector team or in plenum. At the same time there happens synchronization of policies produced by other planning agencies such Public Works and the Ministry of Environment (KLH). Public Works has produced National Action Plan for drinking water, waste water and solid waste. While KLH has produced a national polcy for solid waste management. Workshops I and II were conducted in seriatim involving all the related sec-

tors. The draft is always updated by the consultant under the supervision of WASPOLA Secretariat and direction of the Working Group until the completion of draft #3 which is expected to be the Drinking Water Sector Policy
1. Increase service coverage and quality level gradually from clean water to drinking water Improve access to drinking water facility with priority given to the poor families and low access areas Community empowerment in taking benefit from drinking water, in a reasonable manner Control to drinking water consumption through tariff and regulation instrument Increase the role of government, community, and private sector in raw water management Application of the principle of entrepreneurship and cost recovery in the management of drinking water in guaranteeing the basic human need Increase investment opportunity for the provision of drinking water service

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

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Policy Related to Drainage Sector
1. Management of drainage system is undertaken by the government, private sector, and community based on the hierarchy of the drainage system 2. Drainage system is developed to support balance in water system 3. Drainage management is based on the priority of population density and poverty

Kaleidoscope

SOURCE:OSWAR MUNGKASA

final draft. This draft will be submitted to Central Project Committee (CPC) meeting for approval. Though it has come to draft #3, it does not mean that the activities related to the policy formulation have come to an end. There are several support activities that have not taken place, they are: Study on laws and regulations related to water supply and environmental sanitation, such Law on Water Resources, Government Regulation on Drinking Water, Law on Decentralization, Law of Public Company, etc. Enrichment of insight on the subject of public policy. The above activities could not take place due to the hectic schedule of the

Working Group. These support activities are actually independent activities for the purpose of providing input and reference for the working teams, therefore the activities are still relevant while the Institutional Policy formulation is still ongoing. It is almost certain that the egg called National Policy for the Development of Institutionally Based Water

Supply and Environmental Sanitation is going to hatch. However, revision and improvement can be neglected. We'll wait. (MJ) Policy Related to Solid Waste
1. Reducing the amount of waste as much as possible beginning from its source 2. Encourage the role and active participation of the community as partner in waste material management 3. Strengthening the capacity of solid waste management institution 4. Develop partnership with private sector in solid waste management 5. Improve level of service to gradually achieve the national target 6. Application, step by step, the principle of cost recovery 7. Effective law enforcement

Policy Related to Wastewater

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Encourage integration drinking water sector with wastewater sector Wastewater management is conducted in consideration of environmental conservation The community must have access to an acceptable drainage facility and infrastructure Priority in placed on provision of access to poor community Wastewater management is undertaken by an institution specially assigned to do this service 6. Increase the role of government, private sector and community in wastewater management 7. 8. Application, step by step, the principle of cost recovery in wastewater management Effective law enforcement in order to prevent pollution of water source

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Kaleidoscope

2004, the Year of Implementation of National Policy for the Development of Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
une 2003. The National Policy for the Development of Community Based Water Supply and Environmetal Sanitation (WSS) was born. The policy was approved by 6 echelon I officials of 5 government departments. Those who signed the document were Ir. Suyono Dikun, PhD, (Deputy Minister for Infrastructure and Facility Development, Bappenas), Prof. Dr. Umar Fahmi Achmadi, MPH, PhD (Director General for Contagious Diseases and Environmental Sanitation, Dept. of Health), Ir. Budiman Arief, (Director General for Urban Planning and Rural Planning, Dept of Public Works), Drs. Seman Widjojo, Msi. (Director General for Regional Development, Dept. of Home Affairs), Dr. Ardi Partadinata, Msi (Director General for Village and Community Empowerment, Dept. of Home Affairs ), and Dr. Machfud Siddik, MSc. (Director General for Balance in Central and Regional Finacing, Dept. of Finance). Before the signing, the policy which was formulated by Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (WSS) Working Group has undergone several field trials. The regions selected for the trial were Kabupaten Solok (West Sumatera), Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin (South Sumatera), Kabupaten Subang (West Java), and Kabupaten East Sumba (Nusa Tenggara Timur, NTT). These trials gave a clear indication that the regions are willing and capable of adopting the policy. And it was timely in 2004 for putting the policy into real operation. Considering the limitation in the part of the central government, however, the policy cannot be implemented all at once throughout the country. There needs to have a stepwise process. Then in January 2004 a workshop was organized to develop a strategy for the implementation of

national policy for the community based WSS development. This workshop produced criteria for site selection and the related instruments needed. Besides, the participants also agreed to develop a detail implementation plan for 2004. The agreed activities were directed towards marketing/promotion, advocacy, facilitation, consultation, and implementation. In early 2004 the WSS Working Group sent offering letter to provincial and kabupaten/kota governments. There were 14 kabupaten and 13 provinces expressed their interest. The Working Group then made selection based on the letter of interest and regional commitment. Approval was given to seven provinces, namely West Sumatera, Bangka Belitung, Banten, Central Java, South Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB), and seven kabupaten: Sijunjung, South Bangka, Lebak, Kebumen, Pangkajene, Gorontalo, and West Lombok. Before the policy was brought to the field for a real application, several preparatory activities were made. One of them was conducting a worskhop at the end of May on the understanding of the national policy and the process of implementation facilitation at the regional level. This workshop was aimed to shed a light on the regional facilitator candidates what the policy is all about and at the same time also developing a detailed work plan for the regional level implementation facilitation activity. Before this the facilitator candidates have also attended an orientation course on Methodology for Participatory Assessments (MPA), a methodology for community approach based on the principle of demand responsiveness. This is the methodology to be adopted in the national policy for the community based WSS development. In mid June 2004, the implementati-

NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY BASED WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION 1. Water is a social good and an economic good 2. Informed choice as basis for demand responsive approach 3. Environmentally sensitive development 4. Hygiene behaviour education 5. Pro poor development 6. Role of women in decision making 7. Accountability process 8. Government role as facilitator 9. Active community participation 10. Optimum service and right target 11. Application of cost recovery principle in development

on facilitation of national policy for the community based WSS development began rolling in the participating regions. One by one of the facilitators were mobilized to their respected home bases. One facilitator was placed in each province to cover the job in the provice and the respected kabupaten. There were seven of them in all. They were supported and were under the coordination of WASPOLA secretariat and the WSS Working Group. Up to July 2004 the activities in the regions consisted of: coordination in the preparatory activity towards the policy implementation, and public presentation of the program in each province and kabupaten. The activities were conducted by each of the regional government and were facilitated by the respective facilitators. The preparatory activity was preceded with inter-agency coordination consisting of Bappeda, Agency for Health, Kimpras-

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wil/Public Works, Community Empowerment Agency, for the purpose of introducing and further clarification of the program planning. In general all the regions were supporting eagerly and each of them prepared their own facilitators and the necessary support equipment. All except in one Kabupaten of the facilitatrors are housed in the office of Bappeda. The latter was placed in the office of Public Works. Beside the abovementioned support, the regional government also allocated fund for the policy implementation. However, in the majority of the regions the fund was not yet made available, therefore it had to be found from the annual budget. The regions that had allocated some fund from the very beginning were kabupatens Sijunjung, Gorontalo, Bangka Selatan and West Lombok. Meanwhile, the facilitator identified the agencies and NGOs related to WSS development. The identification produced a list of names for participation in Orientation TOT on MPA and Policy Implementation organinized by WSS Working Group at Cisarua, Bogor, on 13-16 July 2004. The regional facilitators and stakeholders also collected data on water supply and environmental sanitation. These data were used for discussion material in the regional workshop for the formulation of WSS development plan. All the regions came to realize about the problem of data insufficiency. That is why, data preparation should be given a sufficient time frame. Program presentation The presentation agenda consisted of: (i) general picture of policy formulation program; (ii) the basic principles underlying the national policy for community based WSS development; (iii) policy implementation facilitation process at the regional level; (iv) discussion and clarification; and (v) common agreement for a short term work plan. In general all the ater Supply and Environmental Sanitation Policy Formulation and Action Planning (WASPOLA) Project was implemented under the leadership of the Indonesian government through an inter-departmental (Bappenas, Dept. Home Affairs, Dept. Settlemnet and Regional Infrastructures, Dept. Health, and Dept. Finance) working group chaired by Bappenas, with a majority grant fund provided by the Australian government through AusAID and a direct support from Water and Sanitation Program for East Asia and the Pacific (WSP-EAP) on behalf of AusAID and the World Bank participating regions gave a positive response to the work plan and began to understand that sustainable WSS development is an important issue and deserves serious attention. The short term agenda consisted of among others establishment of a working team, selection of participants for Orientation TOT in MPA and Policy Implementation. Other matters that called for clarification from the facilitors were: There was some sort of misunderstanding that this program would be followed with a physical project. This understanding was based on the tradition that each program was always identical with physical project. The absence of DPRD (legislative) representatives. Whereas this office plays an utmost important role in supporting and following up the WSS activities. Uncertainty in fund allocation in several regions such as Central Java, West Sumatera, NTB, Gorontalo and South Sulawesi. MPA Orientation TOT and Policy Implementation All participating regions sent participants, Banten even sent one and Gorontalo two additional participants than they

Kaleidoscope

were initially told to do. Two participants from Bangka Belitung failed to show up for transport reason. In general, the participants were enthusiastic in following the training. They also prepared their own planning for the policy implementation for further discussion with their own superiors. Regional level workshops Workshop after workshop took place in the seven provinces and seven kabupatens. The purpose was to help the regions to work out a regional policy famework and action plan for WSS sector development. This activity included: Review of the national policy for community based WSS development by the regions Identification of issues and problems related to said development Study on the factors rensponsible for success and failure of WSS development in each region Policy dialogues for the purpose of building interest and care within the various parties for the effort in overcoming the issues and poblems related to WSS development Preparation regional level action plan Disemination of the policy to all kabupatens conducted by the province. Up to this point all the participating provinces and kabupatens have conducted the review of the policy principles involving a wide range of stakeholders, through regional workshops, and were summarized into a common perception, challenges and efforts to be undertaken. Visits were also made to projects which are considerd successful as also to those which met with a failure in order to find out what are the factors behind each of them and to learn a lesson from them for a sustainable development in the future. What is more important is several regions have started to ponder on WSS program for 2005. Will the policy be really put to practice? We'll wait till next year. (MJ)

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Kaleidoscope

Glimpses of WASPOLA Activities 2004

n 2004 WASPOLA conducted a number of activities deducted from the tripartite: Indonesian government, AusAID and WSPWorldbank workplan 2004. The activities were grouped into 4 categories: policy implementation, policy reform, knowledge management and project management. The following the the summary of WASPOLA activities during 2004:

ment of knowledge about MDGs targets, and a sinergy among the stakeholders in achieving MDGs.

MARCH
National workshop on National Policy for Community Based Development implementation (Selection of participating regions). Held at the Hyatt Hotel Yogyakarta on 10-12 March 2004. Attended by 55 regional participants coming from 14 kabupaten and 13 provinces, 15 participants from the central level, 8 regional facilitator candidates, and WASPOLA secretariat and WSP-EAP. It was agreed in the workshop the selection criteria for participating regions, and the requirements that must be met by the participating regions.

Plaza Purwakarta on 24-27 May. Attended by 25 participants consisting of regional facilitators, WASPOLA secretariat and Working Group. This workshop produced a detailed work plan for the regional level policy implementation, including facilitator performance indicator.

JUNE
Mobilization of regional facilitators. The process went gradually in accordance with the preparedness of the respective region. Seven facilitators, each one for Kabupatens Sawahlunto Sijunjung (West Sumatera), South Bangka (Bangka Belitung), Lebak (Banten), Kebumen (Central Java), Pangkep (South Sulawesi), and Gorontalo (Gorontalo). Within this month some of regions were already beginning to conduct workshop/meeting with the respective stakeholders to inform and discuss about the dissemination activity, each one of them was attended by WASPOLA representative.

JANUARY
Workshop on development of regional level implementation strategy. Conducted on the 14th day of the month at Mariot Hotel, Jakarta. 27 participants consisted of representatives from WASPOLA Working Group, WSP-EAP and AusAID. The workshop concluded an agreement about implementation strategy and action plan, which provided a role to the province to facilitate the kabupaten.

APRIL
Confirmation of regions that were interested in joining the policy implementation. It was done through telephone calls and regional visits.

FEBRUARY
Training of trainers for workshop on achieving Millenium Development Goals. Held on the 10th-11th day at Hotel Sheraton Bandara, Jakarta. Attended by 22 participants consisting of WASPOLA Working Group, WSP-EAP and WASPOLA secretariate representatives. This workshop provides training to facilitator candidates for MDGs workshop implementation. This event was facilitated by members of the Working Group and WSP-EAP who have attended similar training in Laos. National workshop on achieving MDGs through drinking water and environmental sanitation action plan. Conducted at Hotel Sheraton bandara on 17th-19th. Attended by 62 participants from the central government, regional governments, professional associations, universities, NGOs, donor agencies, and mass media. This workshop produced a sharing of viewpoints among the stakeholders about the importance of improve-

MAY
Orientation seminar of Methodology for Participatory Assessments (MPA) for drinking water and environmental sanitation development. Held in Hotel Lido, Sukabumi on 10th-13th of May. Attended by 32 participants consisting of WASPOLA Working Group, government of Kab. Sukabumi, regional facilitators, and WSP-EAP. This event is an annual routine with the purpose to provide an understanding about MPA methodology to new members of WASPOLA, and a refresher for the old ones. Besides, it also serves as provision for the regional facilitators who will soon assume their job about the participatory methodology as the tool for policy facilitation. Workshop for the development of work plan in policy facilitation implementation of the National Policy for Community Based WSS Development at the regional level. Conducted at the Hotel

JULY
Workshop for review of WASPOLA acitivies. Held at Hotel Novus Puncak on 6-8 July. There were 25 participants attending the workshop consisting of WASPOLA Working Group and Secretariat. This workshop identified the priority, and those activities that wait or even cancelled alltogether, and possible insertion of new activities. The priority included completion of the National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development, while those that could wait were case studies and field trials. Workshop for socialization of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development at the provincial and kabupaten levels. Conducted in all participating regions.

AUGUST
Participation in Nusantara Water Expo which was conducted at Jakarta Hilton

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Convention Centre on 19-20 August. In this event WASPOLA Working Group supported by the secretariate organized a display of all the products, printed and electronic, that it has accomplished. Appoximately 200 visitors made a visit to WASPOLA stand. Information workshop seminar for introducing National Policy for Community Based WSS Development at the Provincial and Kabupaten Levels. This served as a means to build an interest and care among the regional level stakeholders about the issues and problems that will be faced in WSS development. the regional level, dissemination and completion of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development. Coordination of WSS development activities in Indonesia. Conducted at Hotel Borobudur on 21 October, concluded with fast breaking event. Attended by 62 participants coming from Bappenas, Dept. of Public Works/Kimpraswil, Dept. of Health, International NGOs, regional government association, Perpamsi, DPRD association, related projects, mass media, and WSP-EAP. In the event the WASPOLA Working Group presented the National Policy for Community Based WSS Development, and pleaded that the event be continued in order to strengthen coordination to eventually reach the highest efficiency in WSS facility development in Indonesia. Indepth studies about regional WSS development through a series of case studies, best practices discussion, and dialogues. These activities were organized by the respective regional WSS working teams, the provincial as well as kabupaten levels.

Kaleidoscope

Dissemination of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development by the Province. The province of South Sulawesi conducted dissemination in three kabupaten, while the provinces West Sumatera, Bangka Belitung and NTB did it for the whole province at once.

DECEMBER
Workshop for development of draft #3 of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development, held at Hotel Sheraton Bandara on 1-3 December. This event was attended by 35 participants consisting of representatives from regional government, service provider (PDAM, PDAL, PD/Dinas Kebersihan), private sector, NGO, WSP-EAP. In this workshop the participants were given a better understanding about the purpose of the policy, and several important terminologies and enrichment of each sub-sector policy. Final kabupaten and provincial workshop in the implementation of national policy for community based WSS development. The purpose of this workshop was to review the implementation during the period of facilitation activity by WASPOLA Secretariat, and the post facilitation action plan.

SEPTEMBER
Workshop for the development of draft #2 of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development. Held at Hotel Salak Bogor on 1-2 September. It was attended by 65 participants representing the Working Group, regional governments, service providers (PDAM, PDAL, PD/Dinas Kebersihan), private sector, NGO, universities, and donor agencies. The meeting agreed on several concensus in restructuring of the existing draft. In addition, it was also identified the general and sub-sector policies, and indicative strategies. Indepth studies about regional WSS development through a series of case studies, best practices discussion, and dialogues. These activities were organized by the respective regional WSS working teams, the provincial as well as kabupaten levels.

NOVEMBER
Policy dissemination implementation study. For the details please see About WASPOLA.

Postponed Activities 2004

Considering the hectic schedule there are several activities that had to be put aside, they were: 1. Trial with KfW/GTZ project. This activity was postponed indefinitely. Trial with UNICEF-West Java was cancelled because there was no more applicable project for the activity. Trial with WSLIC-2 project was postponed to 2005 and is revised into sanitation funding study. 2. Data verification and management study is postponed to 2005. 3. Central Project Committee meeting scheduled for December 2004 is postponed to early 2005.

Planned Activities for 2005

WASPOLA acticities of 2005 are focused on dissemination of national policy for community and institutionally based WSS development. The dissemination of the policy will follow the existing pattern, i.e. placing province as the facilitator for kabupaten implementation. WASPOLA has developed a communication strategy that serves a umbrella for all communication activity in the context of WSS especially national policy for WSS development. To accelerate policy adoption, trial activities involving the relevant parties will be organized. Studies will also be conducted in order to gain a lesson and input for improvement of WSS development in Indonesia.

OCTOBER
Preparation of WASPOLA Workplan 2005. Conducted at Hotel Mariot Jakarta on 20-21 October and attended by 25 members of WASPOLA Working Group. The meeting produced a draft of WASPOLA activities for 2005. Basically, workplan 2005 is a continuation from what has been started in 2004, the focus will be the implementation of the National Policy for Community Based WSS Development and

16

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December 2004

M AIN REPORT

Kaleidoscope

Water and Sanitation Program (ProAir) for Rural Population of East Nusa Tenggara

he purpose of this program is to enable the community to operate and maintain their own water supply system. ProAir -a collaborative effort between the German and Indonesian government- applies demand responsive approach: community groups may request for support from the program to overcome their problems related to water supply. The task of the community together with ProAir team is to develop a suitable management structure, and to guarantee a sustainable management of the water supply system they have been dreaming of. After conducting analysis about the community condition from the technical (water sopurce, coverage area, etc.) as well as socio-economic aspects, then the community is facilitated with planning and developing an appropriate water supply system. The community is given information about the choices of water supply service (such as public water taps, home connection) and the consequences of each of their choice, especially in connection with requirement and operational cost related to the different choices. This project involves the large community from the very initial preparation, something quite foreign to them. It is not surprising that the community is unprepared and the implementation schedule for 2004 was delayed. The strategy applied by ProAir: 1. Determining Service Coverage Zones and Management Allthough the size of participating community is relatively small (500 to 1.000 people), this number is still to large -in the context of mutual confidence

among them- because in some cases the community is highly segmentized. Therefore, ProAir introduces zoning in water supply system pre-design. These smaller

on changing that poses a difficulty for the program management.

3. Democracy and Transparency In the establishment of mother SOURCE:DOK.PROAIR groups, ProAir introduces the principle of democracy and transparency. The representatives of the mother group, including those of the zones, were elected democratically. During the course of the election, the participation level is always high (usually more than 75% of the total population). At the present time, the mother groups have started formulating status, internal regulation, and other rules, in order that eventually they become a legal water users' association and gain ownership of and responsibilty upon their water supply system network. One of the most difficult challenges faced by ProAir lies with accumulation of cash for up front community contribution for their own operational and maintenance cost. It must be stated, additionally, that ProAir has prepared a transparent record and documentation system for the fund collection, and has provided training to bookkeepers. Challenges in the Future At the end of 2004, several villages have clearly completed the abovementioned phases of community participation and in a short while will come to development/construction phase. Detailed engineering design has been prepared and, now in some of the early villages contractors are submitting tender for construction. Joerg Lieberei, Advisor ProAir GTZ/AHT for Community Empowerment Component

areas are generally made up of one or two adjoining RTs. Usually each zone has its own leading figure who has maintained a channel for communication and access to the members of the community. 2. Establishment of Mother Groups After the community has made a request to ProAir, it has been considered as a stakeholder. Unfortunately, this group does not have a definite organizational structure and membership keeps

Percik 17 December 2004

M AIN REPORT

Kaleidoscope

Water and Sanitation for Low Income Communities Project (WSLIC) Phase 2

his project is implemented in 7 provinces, namely East Java, NTB, West Sumatera, South Sumatera, Bangka Belitung, West Java, and South Sulawesi. These provinces were selected based on a set criteria consisting of level of diarrhoeal prevalence, of poverty, and of WSS service coverage. WSLIC-2 project is made up of four (4) main components: strengthening the capacity of community institution; improvement of status of health and sanitation through health service and hygiene behaviour education; provision of water supply and sanitation facility; and project management. This project applies demand responsive approach. Up to the end of 2004 there are 489 villages (21% of target) have completed construction (functioning WSS facilities that have been transferred to the respective community), and the total polulation receiving the service 1.132.089 persons (28,3%) In 2005 there will be 369 villages to complete construction, which means an addition of 185.000 people will have access to service.

WSLIC-2 activities consist of, among others: 1. Accumulation of cash contribution from the community (4% of construction cost) The amount to be collected is Rp 8 million on average. It takes approximately 10 moths to have the amount collected. Sometimes even up to more than 2 years. This is because the community has a difficulty in understanding the obligation to contribute, what they know in the past was that all the government projects were for free, the community feel that they are too poor to contribute in cash, and a conception that water is a social and public good so that it is the government who must fulfill the need of the poor. 2. Construction of household toilet through a revolving fund arrangement The activity which is undertaken through an arisan like model mostly comes to a bad debt (there are only viable 3-5 rounds out of 10-15). Among the reasons are, they do not need a toilet to defecate, and the tech-

nology option offered to the community is limited to swan neck toilet and septic tank which is relatively too expensive for the poor community. 3. Preparation of information about choice of technology for water supply system and household toilet for the community facilitators 4. Hygiene behaviour education to the community and primary schools This activity has been on-going but needs improvement. This is because the behaviour education is not focused to the one that is easily practised yet bears a strong impact to prevention of water borne diseases, and it also lacks proper attention to schoolchildren as a potential agent of change within the family. 5. Improvement of guideline/manual for project implementation There are too many guidelines that may lead the field implementation into confusion and devoid of flexibility. Therefore it is recommended that the central government guidelines cover only the main points and let the field level manual be developed by the kabupaten consultant or community facilitator.

Community Water Services and Health Project (CWSH) is Entering Preparatory Phase for Implementation

his project is intended to improve quality of life and health status of low income population of the rural and the communities living in the fringes of urban areas, through improvement of water related hygiene and behavioural change supported with improvement in access to water supply and sanitation. On 15 December there has been a negotiation between the Government of Indonesia and ADB. At the same time an implementation schedule for 2005 has al-

so been prepared, including a commitment agreement for the provision of counterpart budget as well as the obligation of the central, provincial and regional governments in relation to the fund management. At the end of this year CWSH is organizing a workshop. The purpose is to build a common perception among the various involved parties in formulating project proposal, formulation of activities related to project implementation, and to gather inputs and suggestions for im-

provement of CWSH project implementation. This workshop involves the regions (province: Bappeda, Dinkes; kabupaten: Bupati, DPRD, Dinkes and Bappeda). CWSH has conducted a meeting for the formulation of project implementation plan 2005. This meeting is arranged to inform the CWSH project implementation approach including management system, fund flow procedure and organization, procurement and reporting as well as agreement on source of fund for use in supporting implementation 2005. (MJ)

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Percik

December 2004

A BOUT WASPOLA
The Implementation of National Policy for WSS Development in November 2004

he facilitation of the National Policy for the Development of Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (hereinforth called the POLICY) implementation at the regional level is generally intended to assist the regions to develop their respective regional policy and action plan for water supply and environmental sanitation (WSS) sector development. Its implementation during the month of November 2004 was influenced by the tight schedule in the regions for the preparation of development activities for 2005 and time adjustments due to the Ramadhan fasting month. The provincial and regional level activities that could take place include: Workshop II in Kabupaten Sawalunto Sijunjung, Gorontalo and West Lombok. POLICY dialogues with key stakeholders and the general community. These activities were implemented in the provinces of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), Bangka Belitung and Central Java, as well as Kabupaten West Lombok. The activity may come as: regional WSS Working Team coordination meeting for the preparation of workplan 2005, and regional development action plan. POLICY dissemination to the kabupaten level, conducted by the provinces of South Sulawesi and West Sumatera. Facilitation for regional WSS working team coordination meeting in the provinces and kabupaten. Study about factors related to sustainable WSS development in Kabupaten Sawalunto Sijunjung. Preparation of best practice in WSS development implementation in the regions. Policy Dialogue Policy dialogue is intended to develop the perspective and increase the regional stakeholders' attention to the issues related to WSS development and its follow-up acti-

vities. These dialogues have been conducted in the Kabupatens of West Lombok and Kebumen and the provinces of Central Java and Bangka Belitung. These activities were attended by the regional stakeholders, community leaders, other interested parties. In such a dialogue the activists of WSS related development projects are invited to share their experience, followed by discussion of issues as well as key factors to success; the result is summarized into a recommendation and agreement for follow-up actions. The result of policy dialogue in the provinces of NTB and kabupaten West Lombok concluded that such a dialogue will be scheduled periodically with involvement of many more stakeholders. Besides, WSS related issue will be brought to a larger forum and will be facilitated by Forum NTB in cooperation with the office of the provincial government secretariat. The implementation of policy dialogue is illustrated in Table 1 below. Policy Dissemination by the Province POLICY dissemination was conducted in the provinces of South Sulawesi on 23rd-25 th

November and West Sumatera 27th November. The purpose was to introduce the POLICY to all kabupaten and to explore the provincial level WSS related development issues from the kabupaten perspectives. This input will be added to the provincial level issues that so far have been identified in the provincial level workshop. Dissemination in South Sulawesi was attended by participants from 28 kabupaten which was conducted in 3 different zones. Zone 1 was held in kabupaten Bulukumba, Zone 2 in kabupaten Bone and Zone 3 in Makassar city. While in the province West Sumatera it was held in Padang, and was attended by representatives from each kabupaten. In the provincial dissemination it was also presented the progress of kabupaten level POLICY facilitation implementation, Pangkep and Solok, for South Sulawesi and West Sumatera respectively. Several important notes taken from provincial dissemination activities are as the following: South Sulawesi: The participants dicussed and came to understand that the failure in infrastruc-

Table 1. Policy Dialogue Implementation in the Regional LOCATION DATE PARTICIPANT 50 persons AGENDA WSS coverage service realization Community empowerment SOURCE Health District Agency Community Development District Agency Settlement District Agency Kab. West Lombok 5 Nov 40 persons WSLIC experience Water source conservation West Nusa Tenggara province 6 Nov 30 persons WSLIC experience NGOs community based WSS development experience Bangka Belitung province 6 Nov 32 persons WSS socialization Project coordination WSS development Public Work District Agency Local Development Planning Agency PPMU WSLIC-2 PSPSDM YSLPP DPMU WSLIC2

Central Java province 4 Nov

Percik 19 December 2004

A BOUT WASPOLA
ture development in the past was because of the non comprehensive approach, one which emphasizes only in physical aspect. In general the participants were made aware and said that development must be oriented more to the outcome (impact) of the activities within a given time. The application of community participation approach is a demand of the present. The growth of a strong interest in the regions for POLICY implementation in each of the regions. In this discussion Kabupaten Wajo (South Sulawesi) indicated that the region will write a letter of interest in spite of the knowledge that the kabupaten will not be selected, they are willing to be trained and later manage the development on their own. West Sumatera: The experience and follow-up information gained from WSS development policy facilitation in kabupaten Solok will be updated on yearly basis. For this purpose it is expected to have a capacity building assistance from WASPOLA. The province will allocate fund -though still in a limited amount- for human resources development of the provincial and kabupaten level facilitators. The province will conduct POLICY facilitation in 2 kabupaten/kota in 2005. For this purpose, it is expected the province could be involved in site selection especially in relation to province of West Sumatera. Regional WSS Working Group Coordination Meeting All the regions (province as well kabupaten) have conducted a coordination meeting especially to discuss action plan for 2005 and participation in the training for the preparation of regional WSS development program. An important note from the meeting is that in the provincial level coordination meeting, it was made obvious that there is a definite willingness to follow-up the POLICY implementation program in 2005, while in the kabupatens there is a need for more decisiveness and stimulus to take action in accordance with the plan that has been made, both in facilitation as well as in physical development activities, while keeping mind the POLICY principles. The meeting the province Gorontalo, on 24 November 2004, produced the following conclusion: It is important to strengthen the capacity of the provincial team to enable to conduct facilitation to the kabupaten. Close cooperation between provincial Working Group (Pokja) with CARE Internasional in the implementation of WSS development, and at the same time the implementation of the POLICY. In reality the Pokja team for CARE assisted project is identical with the present WSS Pokja. The coordination meeting of kabupaten Gorontalo held at Limboto 24 November 2004, the following points were the conclusion: WSS baseline data management must be emphasized and more intensified, each stakeholder must fill in the incomplete data. Follow-up the result of facilitation into action plan as a reference for all the government agencies in WSS development. Till the end of the facilitation it is expected that a draft of five year WSS strategic development plan is completed. Achievement during the month of November 2004 From the summary of activities during the month of November 2004, there have been several progress made at the kabupaten and provincial levels as the following: POLICY dissemination by the province to the kabupaten was conducted by provinces of South Sulawesi and West Sumatera. Growing interest among the stakeholders in policy dialogue regarding WSS development in the regions, and express a strong hope this kind of dialogue be planned as a regular and continuing schedule. The willingness of several regions to participate in a training for the formulation of WSS development strategy. For this purpose the participants from the regions are willing to pay for their round trip travel cost. Workshop II in several kabupaten could not proceed according to schedule because the regional working group members have many things in their agenda especially with regard their respective sector/agency workplan preparation. Several Important Issues The POLICY implementation at the regions for 2004 is scheduled to be terminated on 20 December 2004. Several important matters that call for follow-up are: Consolidating the results of implementation at kabupaten and provincial levels into action plans. WASPOLA secretariat has prepared directive for the formulation by joining together the result of field activities through a training for formulation of regional level WSS related strategic plan scheduled for implementation on 30th Nov. through 3 December 2004 in Jakarta. Preparation of report for the facilitation provision to the regional facilitators illustrating the entire process, the result, lessons learned, and recommendation for follow-up. WASPOLA secretariat has prepared a directive how the report should be prepared by the facilitator. Meeting an agreement about POLICY implementation strategi for 2005 including the aspects of location, target to be achieved, and selection criteria.

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December 2004

A BOUT WASPOLA
Improvement of Regional WSS Working Teams' Capacity and Workshop for Formulation of Sectoral Strategic Plan
ASPOLA Secretariat in cooperation with the regional governments where the community based WSS policy are being brought into actual implementation organized a workshop for the formulation of strategic plan for WSS development, held in Jakarta on 30 November - 3 December 2004. The purpose of the

workshop was to help the regional working teams to improve their capacity in formulating WSS sector development strategic plan. Through this workshop it is hoped the participants will get a better understanding about one of the concrete forms of final completion of policy operationalization was a strategic plan.

Besides, the participants are expected to better understand the importance of a sustainable WSS development. In this workshop the participants expressed their commitment to finalise the draft of the WSS sector strategic plan in their respective region's final workshop. (FW)

Workshop for Small Scale Water Provider

Consignment of Formulation of National Policy for WSS Development

hrough a series of workshops and meetings for the formulation of national policy for the institutionally based WSS development within a period of about 2 years, at last the consignment for finalising the document was done in Jakarta on 21-22

n order to have a better idea about Small Scale Water Provider and to absorb various ideas and concepts from all those who are involved and interested in WSS related issues, WASPOLA secretariat conducted a workshop in Jakarta on 7 December 2004. The workshop was attended by 15 participants from WSS Working Group, PDAM, and NGOs. The official opening was made by Nugroho Utomo of Bappenas. He said that the present status of WSS service coverage leaves much to be desired. The existing institutions are not capable to satisfy the community demand and requirement. Therefore, he said further, small scale water provider is considered as an alternative because of its big potential and profitability. The understanding about this becomes very important. This workshop was filled with a presentation about small scale water provider by Bernard from Hydrocounseil, a consultant selected for the formulation of the study. He explained the scope of the study and the experience in several countries pertaining of small scale water provision. According to him, each country has its special charactristics, including Indonesia. It is hoped that this study could reveal sample knowledge about small scale water provider in Indonesia and its prospect for the future. Several comments and inputs were given by the participants. (FW)

December. This activity represent the final discussion of the draft before it is submitted to echelon I officials of the government. It is expected that final approval to the policy is given before the year is over. (OM)

Workshop on the Study of the Dissemination Implementation of National Policy for WSS Development
n order to understand what has been done with and to prepare a communication strategy for the future, WASPOLA secretariat conducted a Study on the Dissemination Implementation of National Policy for WSS Development in Jakarta on 30 November 2004. This workshop was attended by 30 participants and officially opened by Oswar Mungkasa of Bappenas. He stated his concerns for the possibility that the national policy for WSS development will remain merely as a document. This policy, according to him, must be made widely known and applicable by all regional governments. He further explained that up to the present the WASPOLA and Working activity is focused on policy formulation process. Therefore, it is necessary to have a communication strategy to support the policy imple-

mentation at the regional level. This communication strategy, he said further, will help the existing working groups to determine the target/objective of the policy, and then deliver the message clearly. In the workshop it was revealed that some of the acivities of 2004 were not satisfactorily accomplished. Lack of focused communication strategy is blamed as one of the reasons why the socialization activiy of the national policy for community based WSS development did not come up to the expected result. That is why the formulation of communication strategy must be done carefully, taking into consideration the existing work capacity. The result of this workshop will be followed-up with a workshop on Communication Strategy Development scheduled for January 2005. (FW)

Percik 21 December 2004

A BOUT WSS
Workshop of Community Water Supply and Health (CWSH) Project
n the second week of December 2004 CWSH Project has completed the negotiation between Indonesian government and Asian Development Bank. As a follow-up an arrangement was made for a meeting for building a better understanding about National Policy for Commuity Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Development, and background as well as loan/grant fund administration mechanism. This activity was organized by the Directorate General for Regional Development, Dept. Home Affairs in Bekasi, West Java. The resource persons for this event came from Directorate of Human Settlement

ANNOUNCEMENT
The result of Scientific Article Competition on Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Development
WINNER FIRST PLACE
Eddy Suntjahjo "RT/RW Institution as Coordinator in Community based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Management"

and Housing, Bappenas, Directorat of Health and Nutrition, Bappenas, Directorate of Foreign Fund, Ministry of Finance, and Directorat of Water Supply and Sanitation, Ministry of Health. The participants came from 20 kabupaten of the provinces of Jambi, Bengkulu, Central Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan. Concurrently, the WSS Working Group announced the winners of article writing competition on water supply and environmental sanitation development and presentation of prizes and certificate of appreciation to the first, second, third and honorary winners. (OM)

WINNER SECOND PLACE

Hariman "Community Empowerment Model in Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Management of a Settlement Area"

WINNER THIRD PLACE

Erick Armundito "Community Participation in Support of Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project of Settlement Area"

Formulation of Draft of Government Regulation on Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Development

HONORARY WINNER
I Gede Arya Sunantara "Water, between the Sustainability Principle and the Community Demand and the Demand for Welfare in the Middle of Scarcity and Need, between Monopoly of the Present generation and Inheritance for the Next Generation"

s a follow-up to the stipulation of Republic Law No. 7/2004 on Water Resources Management it is mandated to develop a government regulation on the Promotion of Drinking Water Supply System. The draft was formulated by the Dept. Public Works. The next step would be inter-departmental review and public

consultation, so that the latest on 15 January the draft could be submitted to the Secretariat of State. The first inter-departmental meeting has been held on 21 December 2004. Present in the meeting were several agencies involved such as Bappenas, Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Finance. (OM)

The Committee Scientific Article Writing Competition on Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Development

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December 2004

A BOUT WSS
Dissemination of the National Policy for the Development of Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
n the framework of dissemination of the natonal policy for the development of community based water supply and environmental sanitation (WSS) The Direcorate General for Bangda (Regional Development) of the Dept. Home Affairs conducted a dissemination seminar in Jakarta on 25-26 November 2004. This event was attended by representatives from provincial and kabupaten/kota Bappedas, and DPRD. In addition to introducing the policy to the regional decision makers, this workshop seminar was also intended to obtain input from the regions for improvement of the POLICY. On the first day, dissemination was focused for the western region (Sumatra and Jakarta). Fourty participants attended from 268 invited. On the second day, for central region (Java, Kalimantan and Nusa Tenggara) there were 117 attending out of 374 invitees. The formal opening was made by Seman Widjojo, the Director General for Regional Development. In his speech he emphasized the importance of sustainability aspect for WSS facility development. He places a strong hope that the regional governments realize this. The disseminaton was filled with

presentation the WSS development policy and MDGs by Basah Hernowo, the Director of Human Settlement and Housing. According to him, and based on BPS data more than 100 million Indonesian are without acceptable water supply and environmental sanitation service, mostly are the poor. The number tends to increase year after year. This condition, he added further, encourages the government to take all possible steps towards improvement. One of then is policy formulation through a project called Water Supply and Policy Formulation and Action Planning (WASPOLA). Three components make up the project, namely learning process, policy formulation, and planning for implementation. Up to the present the government has managed to develop a national policy for WSS development which serves as guidance for community based and institutionally based WSS management. The community based development policy emphasizes the active participation of the community in the development and implementation of water supply and environmental sanitation serrvice, from planning, implementation, management and O&M. The government shall act as facili-

tator. As for the national policy for institutionally based development it is currently in the formulation process and is expected to be completed by the end of 2004. With regard to MDGs, Basah said, that the national WSS development policy is very much in line with the goals and targets stated in MDGs. He stated further that the MDGs momentum may serve as the beginning for the rearrangement of and putting water supply and environmental sanitation sector to a new order. The dissemination was also filled with an agenda on national action plan (NAP) presented by a team from Dept. Public Works. Makassar Similar dissemination was also conducted in the capital city of Sulawesi Selatan, Makassar. This event was attended by 60 representatives of the governments and DPRDs from the eastern region (Sulawesi, Maluku, Bali, NTB and Papua). The agenda consisted of description about the national policy for WSS development and MDGs by the Director of Water Resouces and Applied Technology, Dept. Home Affairs (MJ/FW/OM)

Presentation of Winner Candidates for Scientific Article Writing Competition

he selected participants of drinking water and environmental sanitation article writing competition, Friday, 10th December were invited to Jakarta to make presentation of their articles. They are the 5 best among 28 participants of the article writing competition conduted by the WSS Working Group.They are Hariman with his article entitled "Community Empowerment Model in Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Management of a Settlement Area"; I Gede Arya Sunantara who wrote an article "Water, between the Sustainability Principle and the Community Demand and the Demand for Welfare in the Middle of

Scarcity and Need, between Monopoly of the Present Generation and Inheritance for the Next Generation"; Erick Armundito, his article entitled "Community Participation in Support of Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project of Settlement Area"; Eddy Soentjahjo with his paper entitled "RT/RW Institution as Coordinator in Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Management." One participant from Purwokerto, Central Java did not show up.The presentation was made before the jury and WSS Working Group chaired by Prof. Tjahya Supriatna, Chairman of Board of Jury and Ir. Handi Legowo, MS, Chairman

of the competition committee. Tjahya said the intention of the presentation was to see the originality of the article. That's why it was not only questions and answers, but also comments and criticism. Each participant was allowed 15 minutes to deliver his article. After the presentation the jury will discuss who would take honour being the winner of the competition. The jury would also decide what to to with the participant who fail to attend this occasion, whether to be disqualified or not. The decision of the jury will be announced on 20th December at Hotel Horison, Bekasi. (MJ)

Percik 23 December 2004

A BOUT WSS
Consolidation Workshop WSLIC-2 Project Management Report

workshop for consolidation of WSLIC-2 Project Management Reports was held in Surabaya on 27-30 December 2004. The workshop was attended by 100 participants from 7 provinces and 34 kabupaten consisting of Project Management Units (PMU), provincial level WSLIC-2 project secretariat, provincial and kabupaten level consultants. The purpose of this activity was to consolidate the achievement data of WSLIC-2 project as of December 2004. Besides, this workshop is also intended to improve the participants's capactity in identifying problems

SOURCE:OSWAR MUNGKASA

and report writing. One of the important outcomes of the workshop was an agreement to a follow-up action for project performance improvement. The workshop

was then continued with dicussion of Juklak (Implementation Guidance) and Juknis (Technical Guidance) of WSLIC-2 Project. The workshop was opened by Head of Dinas Kesehatan, Province of East Java on hehalf of Director General for Contagious Disease and Environmental Sanitation, Ministry of Health. In this event the Director of Community Health and Nutrition, Arum Kartawinata, discussed Medium Term Health Development Plan with the participants, while Oswar Mungkasa (Staff, Directorate of Human Settlement and Housing, Bappenas) took the opportunity to explain the concept of Alternative Financing in Sanitation Development. (OM)

Official Dedication of WSLIC-2 Project in Kabupaten Lumajang

he official dedication of WSLIC-2 project in kabupaten Lumajang was held on 27th December. The event took place at Desa Pakel, kecamatan Guci Alit. The dedication was made by Umar Fahmi, Director General for Contagious Disease and Environmental Sanitation on behalf of the Minister of Health. WSLIC-2 project in Kab. Lumajang started in 2001 and as of the end of 2004 it has reached 24 villages. In most of the villages the service coverage has reached 100 percent of the population. The prevalence of diarrhoeal and skin diseases has dropped significantly. But household toilet ownership has not made any meaningful increase, except in several villages like Pakel, Kertosari, and Pagowan. However, number of schools that apply UKS (school health unit) program increased sharply.

Other prominent impact of WSLIC-2 project is community willingness to build public facility on its own sources. For example, Purworejo village built 32 public hydrants at a total cost of Rp 32 million, and Kertosari village were capable of developing two water supply systems. The awareness of the regional govern-

ment to undertake promotional activities through mass media should be highly commended. Among others through the publication of regular bulletin called Warta Proyek (Project News) WSLIC-2 and leaflet called INFO WSLIC 2. Both are published by the Dinas Kesehatan (Agency for Health) kabupaten Lumajang. Other regions, or SOURCE:OSWAR MUNGKASA even the central government should consider to take lessons from kabupaten Lumajang. Through various efforts and hard work exerted by the government and community of kabupaten Lumajang and resulted in such an excellent performance, it is not surprising that the Kabupaten is being considered as one of the few which are successful in carrying out WSLIC-2 project mission. (OM)

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Percik

December 2004

R EPORTAGE

When Dolbun is Embarrased

T
he first question that came to mind at receiving information about an opportunity to visit sanitation in Bangladesh and India was "what is going on with sanitation over there?" and the question kept on whining in my ears until the SQ436 flight landed smoothly in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, in the evening of 29 December 2004. The 19 people group consisting of representatives from Bappenas, Dept. of Home Affairs, Dept. of Health, District Governments of Lamongan, Bogor, West Lombok, Muaraenim, Dept. of Public Works, and the World Bank. Dizzily the group stood in line before the immigration counter for administrative details. Outside, Fayez Khan of WSP Bangladesh made himself ready to guide the group. As it is in any foreign country, each of the group changed his dollars in Taka (Bangladesh currency, official rate 59,51 Taka to a dollar). Some of the group members were smiling looking at the worn and rumpled Taka bills, some even were torn at the edges. But the officer in the counter guaranteed that the money is good and acceptable. The trip to White Pearl Ltd Hotel at Plot 15, Road 42, Gulshan 2, Dhaka 1212 went smoothly. Some of us were billeted to Amazon Lily Hotel across the street from White Pearl. In the morning after American or Continental breakfast, at about 8 o'clock the group was divided into two, one to Bajitpur, Khisoreganj District and the other to Khansama, Dinajpur District. The author went with the second. As the bus entered the main road from the hotel barreled gun with them. The scenery along the road between Dhaka-Rangpur is quite interesting. From far away the group noticed hundreds of thousand followers of a particular religious sect from all over the world were gathering outside the city of Dhaka. It is said this ritual is only second biggest to hajj pilgrimage in Mekkah. The SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO bus moved swiftly with horn blowing loudly untul we reach Jamuna Bridge (a pride of Benghali people). Every vehicle passing the bridge has to pay 1.000 Taka (approx. Rp 150.000) toll. The bridge is used by both railroad and car transports. Around midday we arrived at Food Village at Bogra. This town is well known for its yogurt which is sold in small earthen flask. We had our lunch here. The menu consisted of rice, bread with curries (chicken, beef) fried salmon, dal (kind of mung bean porridge with spice), and salad (sliced cucumber, onion, bawang bombay, green chili pepper, and a slice of lime fruit). After we were satisfied, the jouney was continued. Along the road we saw a lot of ponds for washing, bathing and cattle drinking purposes. Every now and then we saw women cast bricquet made from cattle dung. After drying, it is used as fuel for cooking. Late afternoon we arrived at Rangpur and were billeted at Rangpur Parthe sides of the trishaw. Upon seeing this jatan Motel, R.K.Road, Rangpur. Room one of our group instantly said."I'll tell rate 1.000 Taka/night. Since it was still my kids how they in Bangladesh make it daylight we had time to take a look about with their school transport, so that they the town. A friend from WSP Bangladesh won't spoil themselves." Santra (here looked for an internet, some tried to find Hyundai Picanto) taxis were maneuvea telephone booth and a pair of sandals. ring their way among pedestrians who The author tried to find a simple camera, move in every direction. What makes it the digital camera at hand did not work frightening is the fact that police and because it was too hot. In the evening we army men are every where carrying long there began all the chatting about what was seen outside. There is trishaw that looks like a bicycle but with a compartment at the back for man and luggage. This kind of trishaw can be used for transport of schoolchildren, up to 10 children may be transported. To protect that number children iron bars are affixed at

From Bangladesh to India

Percik 25 December 2004

R EPORTAGE
had a briefing by Dishari (Decentralized Total Sanitation Project) Team Bangladesh. They explained about "dishari" program that has been on-going for 3 years. After breakfast the next morning the group accompanied by Umme Farwa daisy (Dishari Project Manager), Swarna Kazi (Programme Assistant WB Bangladesh) and Shafiul Azzam Ahmed (Plan Bangladesh) with a bus set off to visit Subarnakholi and Khmarpara villages in Khansama, Dinajpur District. Before leaving there was a short meeting at Plan Bangladesh office.

Dolbun Patrol at Subarnakholi and Khamarpara villages, Bangladesh

Behavioural change As we got off the bus the villagers of Subarnakholi, men, women, old and young, came to greet us. Each was eager to show us his toilet. Do not fancy it like the toilet you have at home, here what you call a toilet is only a simple pit well. Some are made of zinc plate. It does not cost more than 15 Taka (Rp 2.250). The one made of plastic is 75 Taka (Rp 11.250) and of concrete 500 Taka (Rp 75.000). You can imagine now how cheap and simple it is. The walls are mostly made from woven rice stalks. The most important lesson learned here is how the behavioural change takes place, from previously defecating in any open place, garden, open field, rice farm or elsewhere to regularly defecating in one's own toilet. Cultivating the ashame culture For Subarnakholi and Khamarpara villagers defecating in the open alias "dolbun" (Sundanese acronym meaning defecating in the garden) has been the habit for generations. It is not surprising there is a saying "if you walk and somewhere you begin to smell the stench of human waste that means you had come to the vicinity of a village" and the smell can

For Subarnakholi and Khamarpara villagers defecating in the open alias "dolbun" (Sundanese acronym meaning defecating in the garden) has been the habit for generations. It is not surprising there is a saying "if you walk and somewhere you begin to smell the stench of human waste that means you had come to the vicinity of a village" and the smell can spread to as far as 300 metres.
spread to as far as 300 metres. With this background, the community of the two villages have to start a new chapter to delete altogether the dolbun habit. It took 6 months to mobilize a facilitator. The man is Azizul Islam. From the beginning he vigourously conducted extension activities, mobilization of the population, preparing social map contain-

ing information on houses with toilet and those that have none. From the result of subsequent community discussions it was agreed that each household will build its own WC in accordance with the capacity of the respective family. That is why some of the toilets are very simple made of a zinc plate given a suitable form, of plastic material, and of a mixture of sand and cement. The physical construction took approximately one month. Those who still defecate in the open will be made embarrased by others especially by the children. A community dolbun patrol system is established. They will blow a whistle if some is found defecating in the open. Sanitation song One of the efforts of the two villages to discourage the community from defecating in the open is through composing a sanitation song, dance, and drama. One of the children sanitation song if freely translated would read: Do not defecate carelessly in the open, if do defecate in the open we will not play with you, No one will go with you, If you do not stop defecating in the open you will be embarrased, And finally your shalat will not be perfectly done. At the end of the visit the group
SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

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December 2004

R EPORTAGE
SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

was offered with sanitation dance performance by the children. Simple as they may seem and clad in their casual wearing with music from kitchen utensils, the dance seemed so sacred, especially it was performed by children of the minority but they are loved by all the villagers and it seems they share a good life together. Ideal village During a get together with the villagers consisting of schoolchildren, men, women, village headman, facilitator, community leaders, voluntaires, we were given explanation how they started with the anti dolbun movement. It began with the community discussed all the issues that have been on-going with the village. After a screening process, there were 4 main problems, namely sanitation, early marriage, girl education, and clean water. Looking further into the fact that most villagers saw that sanitation was their utmost important problem, naturally then the toilet building process was started involving all segments of the community, women, children, men all was under the dorection of the facilitator. The final summary, they fancied their "ideal village", and when we look at it, it is indeed very simple, it reads (1) every household must have a toilet, and (2) every girl must have the opportunity for school education. Once again, do not fancy schoolchildren of our villages wearing uniform with shoes on, carrying a bag containing texbooks and exercise books. In these villages we still can see barefooted schoolchildren, simple clothing, carrying old and shabby looking books with them. From the field we returned directly to Plan Headquarters followed with late lunch. In the evaluation of the visit, we expressed our observation. Other questions that were still hanging were responded openly by Md. Liquat Ali cs. The session was closed at tea and fruit were

served. Then we drove back to Rangpur to retire. Early in the morning, around 6.00 AM the group must have been on the way again. No breakfast. Luckily the author had a chance to brew a cup of coffee and a bite of instant noodle brought from home. The departure time was as early as possible hoping to reach Dhaka still daylight so that there is time for shopping. It was right, the group arrived at Dhaka and directly we had "brunch", or breakfast combined with lunch at Food Village in Bogra. After checking in at the hotel, the bus brought us for shopping at Rifle Square (a shopping centre in the army village). The shopping process began.. In the evening we were invited to dinner at the Heritage Bangla Fusion Cuisine on Road 109, House 10, Guishan, Dhaka 1212 while making formal discussion la diplomats. From there we returned to the hotel. Some of the group members were tidying up their clothing and all the iems

from the shopping. The next morning we were scheduled to leave Dhaka for Mumbay via Calcutta. In the morning the group were ready for the flight. But aeroplane from Bangladesh Airline- did not arrive on time. Finally the flight was changed to Air India. We landed at Mumbay midnight and were directly brought to Taj Landsent Hotel with a bus. Here everything seems better off than in Dhaka. In the morning after all concerning the luggage has been settled, the group has to fly to Pune because C. Ajith Singh from WSP India has been waiting to accompany us to Ahmednagar District. From Pune, the travel was continued in a bus without air conditioning. Imagine. With driving style like Yogya's "slow as long as it is done" the group arrived at the first village (Borban) around mid afternoon. The visit proceeded till after dusk. Then the group continued to Ahmednagar checked in at Yash Palace Hotel. Here we could find more tasty food and the night we could sleep soundly The next morning we visited the second village, and returned to Mumbay in the afternoon. Because the trip to Taj mahal could not take place, we instead were brought to see the artificial taj Mahal in Aurungabdad. At 20.00 sharp we boarded Jet Air and landed at Mumbay at 23.00. The group spent the night in Taj Mahal Hotel on Apollo Bunder Mumbay 400 001. On the following day, as usual, there was a formal meeting with our friends in India. They presented their activities. And Mr. Basah Hernowo (Director of Human Settlement and Housing, Bappenas), presented "SANIMAS'. Then again the group went out shopping at Mumbay before boarded aeroplane back home via Singapore.

Percik 27 December 2004

R EPORTAGE
Dolbun Free Village Competition in India
Rose Garden Borban village in Ahmednagar district, India, the first village we visited has a park which keeps a special rememberance to the local population. Before it was turned into a park, it was communal defecating site for the villagers especially early in the morning and in the evening before it gets too dark. Now the village is entirely free from dolbun. The park smells perfume. A commemoration board stands there telling everyone that the village is free from dolbun and all households have a toilet. In a get together with the villagers, each of us was given a rose bloom as memento, and in response we sang "Cucakrowo" song that made the meeting livelier. Know your own village On entering Wadgaon village we were a bit amazed. The road is nicely paved. It is said that the road was built from 80% government fund and the rest was community contribution. The environment is clean. Houses (189 in total) are nicely in order and mostly are concrete building. There is a community hall, kindergarten with 40 pupils, and primary school 67 pupils. Total population 1.199 (665 male and 544 female). There are 550 cattles and 250 goats in the village. Previously the condition of this village was no better off than the Benghali villages. Its inhabitants were used to defecate anywhere in the open. But now it his become an old history. To start intoducing the right manner in defecating, the villagers were asked to go around the village together with the facilitator. It turned out that the villagers were closing their noses of the unplesant smell. That is the entry point for the facilitator in introducing the concept of hygienic life. A precious lesson fro them to know their own village and let them feel and value how "odorous" is their village as a result of defecating anywhere in the open. Involvement of schoolchildren Communal toilet development starts from school through common activity. The children and their parents carry bricks, sand and hoeing the lot together. The school toilet is built. Then hygiene behaviour education takes place. Soap and water tap are made available near the toilet. Before that the teachers used to complain and had to close their noses while teaching because of the stench from human waste. After the construction of toilets and the behavioural change takes place they begin to acknowledge the benefit of environmental sanitation. And the pupils who have no toilet in their homes are beginning to ask their parents to build one. The parents are being influenced by their children to join those who already have a toilet. paign and the Sant Gadge Baba Clean Village Sanitation (SGBCVS). SGBCVS is a campaign to educate and motivate villagers. All villages have equal opportunity to follow the program through conducting specific activities that make the village clean. The participating villages are evaluated by an independent team based on specific criteria such as condition of clean water supply, number of toilets, innovation, ownership, etc. Three best viillages will be named as winners and are entitled for a prize. But prize is not the primary intention, it is reputation and pride. They will be given an honourable reward and the reward is revoked once the fail to maintain their status. Self reliant spirit India sets a mission that by 2007 all districts (equvalent to kabupaten) are free from the practice of defecating in the open. This they do through "Hagandari Mukt Gaon" (free from open defecating village) consisting of total sanitation extension, establishment of sustainability based community organization, maximizing the role of all stakeholders including the press, who would be encouraged to go around to villages writing articles about sanitation. In India they also have similar experience to ours with regard sanitation facility and infrastructures provided for by the government are not functioning, so that they have to change their approach through the involvement of all interested parties. The result is more promising. The try to encourage the community to think that the cost of a sanitation facility is much cheaper than the cost for medicines and treatment because of poor sanitation, a lesson for building the spirit of community level self reliance. This is also reflected from the price of petrol is 30 Rupees (Rp 6.000) per litre and the community does not complain.
(Bambang Purwanto, Staff, DG Kotdes, Dept. Public Works)

India sets a mission that by 2007 all districts (equvalent to kabupaten) are free from the practice of defecating in the open. This they do through "Hagandari Mukt Gaon" (free from open defecating village) consisting of total sanitation extension, establishment of sustainability based community organization, maximizing the role of all stakeholders including the press, who would be encouraged to go around to villages writing articles about sanitation.

Sanitation competition There are two sanitation programs in India especially in the state of Maharashtra, namey the Total Sanitation Cam-

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I NTERVIEW
Deputy for Infrastructure, Bappenas, Suyono Dikun:

Infrastructure as Nation's Unifier

As compared to other nations in SE. Asia the condition of infrastructure in Indonesia is lagging very far behind. A survey conducted by The World Economic Forum in 1996 revealed that the quality and service coverage of Indonesian infrastructure is low. Ninety million people live without electricity, only 14 percent of the population is connected to water supply service, a mere 1,3 percent has an access to sewerage system. Only 4 percent of the population has a telephone connection, and that is only for the urban community. While 50 percent of road network is in poor condition. The existing infrastructure condition is unable to support the urbanization to major cities in Indonesia; whereas urban areas are the major contributors to economic machines, i.e. 70 percent outside oil. Poor drainage condition and improper garbage handling cause pollution to soil and water and inflict damages to ecosystem. Therefore, like or dislike, for the
FOTO:MUJIYANTO

From all of the infrastructures we have, which one is the worst? Railway. We are deeply concerned about the condition of this company because nothing significant has ever been done. Many railway tracks are in bad condition. The management is poor. The next thing is road. Many roads are in bad conditions. We can see this along the north coast of Java and east coat of Sumatera. Then follows electricity. In 2007 it is estimated that some improvement will take place. Outside Java is now in power shortage. It is natural that there is a power rotation in many places. Even in Kalimantan we heard that high tension poles were cut down and stolen by rascals. Is it true that we have no money, at least to repair the bad ones? As a result of the crisis fund availability is at a minimum level. Worse than that is the absence of new investment, especially foreign investment. And besides, there is the problem of inferior quality of infrastructures built in the past. Many of them were built improperly that they could not last according to the initial design. How far does the condition affect economic growth? Obviously it is an impediment. How can our economy grow if infrastructure is in poor condition. If we want our economy grow we must build new infrastructures and repair the broken ones. Our need will be growing because of our population is growing and new investments are coming in. The ideal Indonesian infrastructure, what does it look like? Indonesia is such a big country. The

sake of the whole population, Indonesia must redevelop its infrastructure. As for the status of Indonesian infrastructure at present, the following is an interview with Deputy for Infrastructure, Bappenas: Suyono Dikun:

hat is the condition of Indonesian infrastructure to-

day? No good. This is because of the prolonged crisis that has been on-going for 6 six years. Railroad is going down deeper. Many roads are in poor condition. Electricity is heading for a crisis. The existing reserve is being used up. Housing is in deficit, not enough. PDAM are poor. The loans have come to a total of Rp 5,2 trillion. And many others. Even in terms of policy and regulation we have many things to remedy. For instance, national monopoly is no more applicable. But to enter a total liberalization is also out of question.

May we should try a semi liberalistic system. But, whether it is the best format, we don't know yet. Whether the poor infrastructure condition is solely because of the crisis or some other factor? The crisis makes the condition worse. Before the crisis we were lucky with the 7 percent economic growth. At this time we should have many new policies to formulate, such as law on transport. It has been proven that government monopoly cannot provide satisfactory service to the community. It is natural that, there have been efforts to find some forms of liberalization to improve the service.

Percik 29 December 2004

NTERVIEW

infrastructure is the unifier. That is why road network must be in an excellent condition. Railroad must work well. Electricity is in sufficient quantity. Good telecommunication system that can reach the remote and underdeveloped areas. Sea transport for eastern part of the country must be prioritized because the areas are inter-connected by sea transport. Homes for the poor must be built. Basically all the demands of the population must be fulfilled, using a minimum standard though. Then which one is the priority for development or repair? The most crucial are road and electrity, drinking water and sanitation. How much, in terms of money, is needed to build all those? Between 80-100 billion dollars for the next five years. This is to support 6,6% economic growth the government has committed to. Where do you think the money could come from? The government can get 30-40 percent from the APBN (national budget). It may come from internal sources or foreign loans. The rest is from public sector or domestic capital market including domestic investment. A study is currently being done to find out if domestic capital market mechanism could be used to finance infrastrucutre development in Indonesia. What can we offer to make the investors willing to put their money in infrastructure? There are many things the investors can benefit from. In transport, a wide opportunity is open. They can build toll roads, invest in railway system and many others. At present, what makes them reluctant to invest their capital? They are reluctant if the Laws are still
An abandoned publik toilet ( Built not meet public needs)

FOTO:DOK.ADB

the old ones. Such as the requirement for foreign investor to work in cooperation with a public company. There must be a policy, institutional, tariff reform, application of best practice and legal assurance. If everything remains as it is can Indonesia reach the ideal condition? Difficult. If the new government still walks slowly as it does now, and no radical changes take place, it'd be difficult. There must be significant changes, in order to jack up the economy. I'd hope they can, anyway this is only 50 days from the initiation. In relation to Infrastructure Summit to be held in Jakarta next

January, in what way can Indonesia benefit from the event? We want to show the international community, donor, private sector, about the government's intention to rebuild the infrastructures in the future. We hope there will be positive response from them so that there will be a positive impact on Indonesia. The government will announce some sort of policy reform, in pricing, investment, and so on. We are designing all those presently. This will become a forum for Medium Term Development Plan from the angle of national development. The government will produce a strong signal to the investors to do business in Indonesia. (OM)

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December 2004

A RTICLE
Human Quality and Sanitation Infrastructure Development in Indonesia

uman Development Index (HDI) is translated into Indonesian language as Indeks Pembangunan Manusia IPM) is becoming a worldwide issue and is used globally as an indicator to determine the development outcome and welfare achievement of a nation. HDI was published by UNDP by comparing development achievement of 177 nations of the world. In 2004 Indonesia is placed 111 just above Vietnam and is the lowest among its neighbouring countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand. The table below illustrates HDI rating of several ASEAN nations between 2000-2004. It is painful indeed, but that is the fact we have to accept. Being a nation rich in natural potentials and a wide variety of cultural inheritance does not guarantee welfare and prosperity to its people. The following article attemps to describe the shift in development paradigm that has been going until HDI is chosen as a more satisfactory development indicator, and the lessons learned from the low rating the nation presently is as it relates to the effort to encourage basic infrastructure development, especially sanitation, in Indonesia. Shift in Development Paradigm The development during the last four decades indicates that there is a shift in development paradigm in the world. In the decade of 1960s, development was more production oriented (production centered development), the value of development is measured in physical progress. In 1970s the emphasis was more towards the result of development (distribution growth development) using macro economic indicator, GNP/GDP, and followed by another paradigm which is oriented to fulfillment of basic need (basic need development) in the 1980s. This paradigm measures development with quality of life index (physical quality of

By: Dwityo A. Soeranto *)

life index) which refers to 3 main parameters, i.e. infant mortality rate, Life Expectancy, and Literacy Level. In 1990s development could not be measured solely from the aspects of physical, production and distribution as well as basic need of the community, but it must be complemented with and measured from human development angle. The term human development was popularized by UNDP since 1990, and is defined

as a process of enlarging people's choices. In this case, the community is the one determining the priority in accordance with its need and determine the indicator of achievement. In the context of human development, economic growth is necessary because it is the background of human development. However, empirical observation indicates that economic growth does not automatically improve human development, therefore an intervention is necessary to also consider social sector, particularly in relation to welfare improvement, such as education, improvement on health infrastructure, and other public services. This becomes important especially to avoid imbalances and social gaps as a result of a policy that is too heavily oriented to economic growth. Once we were successful in developing the economy, at an annual growth rate of 7 percent, but it produced valueless human beings, egoistic, and those who consider physical wealth is everything in life. As a result the nation becomes a greedy nation. The trickle down effect, which considers that wel-

UNDP Report on HDI Ranking in some ASEAN countries NATION 2000 Philippines Singapore Malaysia Indonesia Vietnam Cambodia Thailand Myanmar
Source: HDI UNDP, 2004

HDI Rating 2001 85 28 58 102 101 121 66 118 2002 83 25 59 110 112 130 70 127 2003 85 28 58 112 109 130 74 131 2004 83 25 59 111 112 130 76 132

77 24 61 109 108 136 76 125

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A RTICLE
fare will fall as droplets from the upper to the lower level, never takes place. As a result the rich becomes richer, while the poor becomes poorer. The disparity between rich-poor is what is happening. IPM and its Indicator Although covering a large area, human development is considered as basic and strategic because it applies an indicator that reflects the following aspects: a) Long and healthy life expectancy; b) Sufficient knowledge and skill; c) Acceptable life condition and easy access to economic activity. IPM is a derivative index which is adopted from HDI composite index consisting of variables that are very essential for human development, namely a) Life Expetancy at Age; b) Adult Literacy Rate and Mean Years of Schooling, which indicate education level or academic capacity and skill, c) Purchasing Power Parity, which indicates level of income which is adjusted to pruchasing power parity. We have to realize, however, that IPM is merely an auxilliary device, and there is no standard measurement that can determine the welfare level of a nation or community. Human development issue tends to grow into a need that must be anticipated in line with growth of political awareness and open communication in the era of globalization. In relation to sanitation development in Indonesia, since the beginning of Water and Sanitation Decade of the 1980s, we are always constrained with the low community income, with a consequence of low awareness to sanitation, because the priority is placed more to the other basic needs. Sanitation is not one of of the pressing needs. Up to now sanitation development is always refered to solid waste materials, wastewater and drainage. The development of the three aspects cannot be separated from an effort of improve community and environmental health, which is Basic Sanitation in Southeast Asia (2000)
Cambodia Lao PDR Vietnam Indonesia Southeast Asia Myanmar Malaysia Philippines Thailand Singapore

Human development issue tends to grow into a need that must be anticipated in line with growth of political awareness and open communication in the era of globalization.
Source: World Bank

measured through application of indices consisting of Life Expectancy Rate, Infant Mortality and Prevalence of Water Borne Diseases such as dengue fever, cholera, thyphoid, diarrhoea. From the IPM data from year to year we may draw a conclusion that, in terms of community and environmental health we did make any significant growth, whereas humand development is closely linked to health condition, beside of cource with accesses in life. Even President SBY and VP Jusuf Kalla in their vision, mission presentation and Indonesia Development Program 2004-2009 have set one of several economic and welfare development goals, is to improve the IPM position from 111th place to 91th or better in 2009. Therefore, one of the efforts to improve the IPM position in the eyes of the world, is through reduction of infant

mortality rate, and minimizing the prevalence of water borne diseases, which finally increases life expectancy of age. Avoid the case when dengue fever, choleric disease spread all over the place, all of us behave like "beard caught with fire", every one runs around making a lot of noise. Political Issue and Commitment to Sanitation development At this point in time about 100 million of our population is without access to acceptable sanitation service, and according to ADB, Indonesia has the worst sanitation service in Asia. Each household in Indonesia has to spend approx. USD12,00 per month as economic compensation due to poor sanitation condition. Poor sanitation condition has been the main constraint in improving community and environmental health. Up to

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A RTICLE
now only 63% of the population (77% of the urban and 52% of the rural) have access to basic sanitation. But the number must now be scrutinized considering the existence of facilities that do not meet or are below the required technical standard. In relation to solid waste management, only 41% of the population has access to its service, while 51% of the urban areas are under the influence of intermittent flooding, rain, river or sea water, bringing with it poor community and environmental health consequences, because the overflowing rainwater somehow contains a mixture of human waste. Under this condition, it is timely for us to put sanitation as environmental infrastructure, at par with clean water, which is the basic need for human life. Sanitation management shall have to be treated in integrity with clean water supply. To do that, we have to do three things, i.e. first, involvement of the community in order to encourage that sanitation is a basic need for life and to make sanitation as a political issue, and make it as a general commitment for all of those responsible for health sector development planning; second, in relation to IPM, this implies that the government must spend more money for provision of public service in sanitation sector; third fund allocation for human development, under the principle of transparent budget management. In the context of development planning, it is obviously if IPM issue is only summarized in a political statement, but it must be elaborated into real workable programs, such as being linked to MDGs for 2015. The question is, whether it is possible given the present government financial condition, that Indonesia would be capable of allocating more money for public service (security, food, health, education) to reach the level of 6% from Gross Domestic Income.

Proportion of Households with Access to Basic Sanitation Facility

Year
Source: BPS

UNDP reported that since the beginning of 1990 till 2003, the proportion of budget for health sector does never change, it stays at 0,6% from Gross Domestic Income.

UNDP reported that since the beginning of 1990 till 2003, the proportion of budget for health sector does never change, it stays at 0,6% from Gross Domestic Income. In the forthcoming Budget 2005, the allocation for loan repayment (domestic as well as overseas) plus interest amounts to Rp 141 trillion of a total budget of Rp 378 trillion. Additional budget and putting more investment programs would not mean very much unless it is followed with investment for human development. Human resources with capability, freedom and access to social, economic and political rights are the ones who are capable of assessing political reform and policy options. This sort of human quality is what we are interested in. Although IPM is not a perfect indica-

tor for the measurement of human development quality, but at least it would provide a clear signal that we are still fighting to improve ourselves in many ways. Improvement in human quality is closely related to access to human basic need such as food, employment, health and education. We have a big job to push ourselves to improve our IPM rating in order to make ourselves a better human race, not only through provision of more development fund, but also, especially with regard sanitation to change the habit and culture to using sanitation facility in the right manner. With a better individual quality this nation can progress and become strong.
Staff, Directorate of Urban and Rural Development, Middle Regions, Dept. Public Works
*)

Percik 33 December 2004

A RTICLE
RT/RW Institution As Coordinator In Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Management
Introduction t is quite interesting to note the Jakarta Governor's observation that in spite of nine years implementing clean river program, yet water quality of rivers in Jakarta does not improve but on the contrary it tends to become worse. Based on a research conducted by University of Indonesia, the main reason for the inferior quality of rivers in Jakarta, Ciliwung for instance, is caused by accumulation of domestic waste materials (wastewater and throw away from daily household activity). The regional government, through Dinas Kebesihan and Wastewater Management Company (PAL), has taken several measures for overcoming and anticipating various problems related to services in the field, but various constraints and hindrances have kept only a small portion of the inhabitants are served properly. In the meantime, with regard drinking water, several mass media made it public attention that after such a long time being an independent nation, we (especially through the service of PDAM) can only fill the need of 30 - 45% of the community (especially of the cities), and inequitable level of service, qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Realizing its limitation, though in a format unsuitable for its time, the government in the past had had tried to encourage community participation. Therefore, community involvement in matters concerning water supply and environmental sanitation management is not a new thing at all. However, rethinking with a different format and a better approach, through a continuing effort to always dig up, evaluate and develop, in such a way as to create a alternative and creative solution, must be honoured and highly valued. If we only depend on the

By: Eddy Soentjahjo *)

Winner First Place Scientific Article Writing Competition on Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

conventional development model, it would be difficult for the government to catch up the delay in water supply and/or sanitation service, be it in the relatively centralized urban area, the more so in the scattered urban population. The birth of new ideas about the importance of community based drinking water and environmental sanitation management conforms with the real fact and is reasonable. The community is capable of doing both.

To sum up, as long as the quality is acceptable and the price reasonable the community is willing to pay, because drinking water is just like commodity number zero when compared to nine basic commodities for human life.

Facts Basically, the community is willing to pay for the water supply and environmental sanitation they receive, provided the quality is acceptable. Even, in certain cases (such as clean water of the cities) when the distribution networks were in

poor condition the low income communities had to pay more than the rich and middle classes. To sum up, as long as the quality is acceptable and the price reasonable the community is willing to pay, because drinking water is just like commodity number zero when compared to nine basic commodities for human life. Meanwhile, the demand for basic sanitation (i.e. household toilet), septic tank for black water, grey water treatment facility and garbage handling is variative. It is said, the variation is caused by many factors, such as sociocultural, education, economic status, poor institutional (government, community or private) capacity, and so on. Is that true? To answer that we need to take a look and ponder the following facts: 1. Historical Evidence Traditionally, the history of community participation in Indonesia in the field of water resources management (especially for irrigation) and environment (in general), has filled a long list. In the past, the traditional community of the island of Lombok for instance, has had a system and institutions for irrigation water and land use management, such as sedahan, pembekel, pekasih, and klian subak. With this system and institutions, it has been proven that the community is able to collect internal funding which is used for irrigation maintenance, so that water distribution and land preparation can be done optimally. Another most famous example is water use management organization in Bali, which is called Subak is estimated to have been there since 9th century AD as is written in Raja Purana inscription in 992 aka or 1072 AD. For Balinese community, environmental conservation and maintaining harmonious relationship

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December 2004

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with nature is no burden, it is a swadharma, professional obligation, which is summarized in tri hita karama philosophy of life. In the meantime, the community of Kimaam, the inhabitants of marshy areas of South Kimaam South island, Maluku, has developed a unique farming system to grow sweet potatoes, their staple food. Sweet potato planting must be done through adjustment of the mashy lowland or a garden which is inundated during high tide. The community of Haruku village on the island of Haruku, Central Maluku, observes a traditional law called sasi, which can be translated as prohibition to pick certain natural product, as a means for conservation of quality and population of certain biological resources. In a more general context, sasi becomes a regulatory mediator between human being and nature, such as sea sasi, river sasi, land sasi, forest sasi, as well as relationship among human beings within a sasi area. In Baliem valey, Jayawijaya mountain range of Irian Jaya, the Dani tribe till their land with a simple stick to grow sweet potato. Consciously or not the design of such a simple equipment is the best solution to conservation of their garden soils which are located on the steep slopes and therefore quite susceptible to erosion and lanslides. Formerly, when the areas of Gunung Kidul were so dry and barren, the people we ashamed to identify themselves as origin from the area, but now, through improved regreening system and provision of drinking water supply, the community self respect is gradually building up. In traditional folk theatres of East Java (Kentrung and Ludruk) of the past, area name or domicile was frequently inseparable from some noted figure. So, when mentioning his name, there is something remiss if not followed with the name of village/hamlet where the figure origifer station. 5) Pollution in Pekeyon was ended because of protest from RW 07 community b) Data from the Ministry of Environment (KLH) Some time ago (from 1993 till 1999/2000) in KLH/Bapedal there was a unit called Unit Kasus Jaganusa which was projected to take immediate action in responding any complain from the community, disseminate information and publishing bulletin. This unit was put directly under Deputy II Bapedal, and was backed up by all directorates under the deputy. The tasks of the unit were among others: field inspection, and assist the technical agencies in tackling problems related to water, air and soil. The following are the cases that were compiled by Unit Kasus Jaganusa, Bapedal, based on community report about the occurence pollution, damage, and violation to environment in the regions, during the span of time between 1996 till 1999:
Printed and

For Balinese community, environmental conservation and maintaining harmonious relationship with nature is no burden, it is a swadharma, professional obligation, which is summarized in tri hita karama philosophy of life.

nally came from, for example Sarip Tambak Oso (meaning: Sarip from Tambak Oso). The fact indicates that in the intercourse of Javanese community, the role of a beautiful and respectable place of origin is so important, as a common pride and individual identity at the same time 2. Condition and role of the present institution in relation to environmental management a) Data from newspaper clippings 1) Complain from Rantaubais community on environmental pollution supposed to be caused by Caltex Pasifik Indonesia (PT. CPI) 2) Arson case to a poultry farm, because of complaints on environmental pollution were not responded by both PT. Wira Lucky Sakti (PT. WLS) and Muspika Karangploso. 3) Pollution case of River Ciujung, the regional government of kabupaten Serang places itself against its own community. 4) A case on dismissal of a RT Chairman by the mayor, because the former submitted a report against negative impact of a garbage trans-

FY

Via Letter

Electtronic Media

Direct

1996 - 1997 1997 - 1998 1998 - 1999 (interim)

123 54 8

159 141 -

6 2 2

The decreasing number of pollution cases reports as presented above, may not reflect the actual environmental pollution/damage/violation was decreasing. Political confusion, apprehensive social and economic condition since 1997 through early 1999 probably were the reasons why the community was reluctant to report. This kind of reluctance was also contaminating the Kasus Jaganusa Unit personnel in making data entry.

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But, if newspaper clippings and the Unit Kasus Jaganusa were traced down to the role of the institution and then they were plotted into a flow chart, the resulting information will be very, very interesting and valuable: (see chart below) It can be seen that our community (of today) is more self reliant to assemble together to exert a common effort for solving issues related to environmental pollution/degradation. In several cases, the assemblage looks quite similar to or even really consists of community members of a certain RT-RW institution. Discussion Designing an ideal water supply and environmental sanitation management institution, one has to look into the long history of participatory activity of Indonesian community and the reality in the wider scope of environmental management of the present. Several examples about pollution cases presented above, do not necessarily reflect the entire condition of institutional performance (government, private and community) in Indonesia, even in case number 5 we indeed can hope that a good inter-agency coordination (community, RT-RW, regional government and private sector) will provide a solution to the pollution problem. Whereas, the location of the factory (in Kab. Bogor) and the population suffering from the pollutant are in a different administrative boundary, and that does not pose any problem Several examples of participatory history indicate that from the cultural perspectives the Indonesian community does highly care to environmental conservation, including drinking water and environmental sanitation management. The care is even obvious in simple communities of the hinterland and the coastline where economic, education and access to information is extremely low. Therefore, the questions as posed earlier, about the relationship between level of education

Legend: Bold whole line represents the shortest reporting line, from the community (individually or severally) to KLH/Bappedal. Currently Bappedal has been abolished, Bappedalda has changed into BPLHD and several others with different names. Thin whole line indicates that the report/information comes from the rear division or soriginating from the division itself. Broken line indicates the report/information comes from mass media (not directly from the community). Block broken line at Bapedalwil means that the institution is to help the job of central level Bapedal in the region.

KOMNAS HAM

= national committee for human rights TROMOL POS = post bag PEMDA DATI I = regional govt level I, province KECAMATAN/KELURAHAN = regional govt level II MEDIA MASSA = mass media BAPEDALWIL = regional Bapedal BPLHD I/BAPEDALDA = regional bureu for envimental impact control LSM/PSLU = non government organization HIMPUNAN MASYARAKAT = community assocoation/ organization DEPARTEMEN TERKAIT = involved department KARYAWAN = employee ASOSIASI = association SWASTA/BUMN = private/public company

and status of economy of the community who cares to the environment is herewith answered. Then, what kind of institution is to be used? Looking at the tendency the community will feel at ease if the members could gather together among themselves

(a matter of representation and trust), the existing organization such as RT-RW in the urban areas (also hamlet, banjar, nagari, kelompok suku, farmers'-, fishermens'-, craftsmens'- group, etc.) can be entrusted as manager or at least management coordinator. As a coordinator! Yes,

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Professional manager, can be hired from within the community (example: karang taruna youth group), or from outside the community. As far as beneficial, it is also possible that this institution invite the cooeration of the government and/or private sector. Recommendation Anything in connection to choice of technology, investment cost, price of end product, authority in management, must be decided in a meeting between the community internally and the government and/or private sector. With the possibility of differences in purchasing power among community members, a cross subsidy like concept could be applied. Also through an institution, it does not deny a possibility that the community could obtain fund from the profit of another community activity (such as clean/drinking water supply) to finance (at least to subsidize) wastewater management and environmental sanitation activity.

The success of community-based and-- funded entity -management depends at a greater extent on the capability to collect and allocate fund directly from and or to the community. An institution such as RT-RW has had a long experience and booked a big number of flying hours about things like that (such as collecting garbage collection and security fee, zakat, social trust fund, etc.)

because eventually the technical, manage- pretty well, but it may take some time for rial skill and particularly availability of adjustments and introduction of new time must be seriously considered, so ideas and breakthrough. therefore the management will have to be Conclusion entrusted to an outsider. Community water supply and enviThe success of community-based and ronmental sanitation service manage-funded entity management depends at a ment is quite likely applicable under greater extent on the capability to collect urban as well as rural environment. and allocate fund directly from and or to The management institution must the community. An institution such as comprise the association and or repreRT-RW has had a long experience and sentation of community (something booked a big number of flying hours like the present RT-RW), with a flexiabout things like that (such as collecting ble character and complies with the garbage collection and security fee, zakat, need of the local community. social trust fund, etc.). Of course, the One standard example is as follows: institution may not be as simple and single as usual, under a certain condition (for instance, to achieve an economic scale of a clean/drinking water treatment plant, or location in the neighbourhood) it may have to or preferably it should be extended to include other institutions, government or otherwise. The new institution, in Pemerintah dan/atau Swasta = Government and/or private sector our opinion, does not Profesional Pengelola Air Minum & penyehatan Lingkungan = Drinking Water & Env. Sanitation Management professional need to be an entirely Ketua = chairman new body, we can just Sekretaris = Secretary use or strengthen the Bendahara = Treasurer existing ones. From the Sie Lingkungan atau Kebersihan = Environmental or Cleanliness Section national point of view Sie Keamanan & Sie lainnya = Security & Other Section our ecomanagement sysMasyarakat = Community tem has been working

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Strategy for Community Awareness Improvement
(With special reference to: "Community Care Campaign for Water Conservation in Asia Pacific Region" - Under the coordination of UN-ESCAP)
4. Government Agency and Community Leader The job in WCC development will be made much easier if it is done as a common effort by government agency and community organization. The regional government and community leaders, if given sufficient information and are sufficiently motivated, can play an important role in delivering WCC message to the local community. As an example we take Thailand, when during the dry season of 1998 the Provincial Waterworks Authority have launched a campaign to improve community awareness in water conservation through connecting clean water shortage with tree felling and industrial pollution. Technical units were visiting water supply service areas all over the country to repair any damage in distribution pipes, water taps, and water meters, all free of charge. 5. Non Government Organization (NGO) NGO is generally a non profit organization with a high rate of voluntary participation; provides an important contribution in water resources development in the Asia - Pacific region and their participation is noted in socializing WCC program. In reality, many NGOs are involved in small scale village level water supply projects and their key to success lies in their capacity to motivate the local community participation in their program. NGOs participation tends to increase as partners in the implementation of national as well as regional water supply development projects. 6. Teacher and Educator To generate community awareness of water conservation issues is a long process. This process must start from children, soon after they enter their classrooms the problems related to water must

P a r t I I o f Tw o A r t i c l e s

8. Mass Media Television, radio, newspaper, magazine, billboard, and for certain segment of the community also website, are potential means for information dissemination and provision of education material. After considering the local community access to any of these media, the WCC development strategy is formulated taking the best benefit from the mass media in order to be able to reach the water users' community with conservation contained messages. A plan should be developed to build a close cooperation between water resources development experts with mass media, including a training program in mass media for the experts and in water related development for the mass media people. 9. Artist and artificer In principle, media communication is a one-way flow of information, but as experience indicates the community attitude will change more readily through a two-way communication. For a small group, a discussion and feedback can be simulated through a role play or drama depicting the actual local situation through the involvement of artists, folklore, puppet show, storytelling, and music. These methods are quite effective for younger generation and can serve as educational movement in support of development. The target group consists of the exhibition, competition, drama and art festival organizers from within the local community who should be educated in water related issues and stimulated in order to be more creative in the delivery of WCC message. 10. Religious Leader In religious teaching water is clearly stated as an important part of life, or for personal cleansing and as symbolic cleaner from evil deed. The religious leaders are made as target group for two reasons.

By: A. Hafied A. Gany, PhD *)

be included in primary school education, junior and senior high schools. For that purpose the teachers and educators become an important partner in the delivery of WCC strategy. The educators are requested to include water related topic in the national as well as regional curricullum. The teaching materials for teachers should emphasize the importance of water in every aspect of life, in science, literature, arts and theatre. An interesting and informative subject on WCC for teachers and pupils must become the priority in WCC development strategy. 7. Paramedic The daily activities of doctors-paramedics, nurses and other paramedics are related to every segments of the community. Their vast knowledge and experience about socialization of health related messages, particularly hygiene, sanitation and the danger of using contaminated water makes them very valuable partners in the delivery of WCC messages.

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SOURCE: WCA-ESCAP

i.e. WCC related messages can be inserted in their teaching material, and motivate their followers to participate in water related campaign. 11. Reaching the Water Users If the above target groups have understood and are beginning to put the WCC messages into practice, they are now partners in the dissemination of water use conservation message. A different technique will be used for introducing water resources conservation concept and conservation message dissemination between village and urban communities. The experience of the target groups will help the Implementation Commission in determining the method and format of WCC development activities. Sixth Step Identification of Partner and Sponsor 1. Strategic Partnership Partnership that is important for introducing WCC strategy includes: the different levels of the government; among different government departments responsible for various aspects such as water resources management, community he-

alth, agriculture and irrigation, environment, as well as urban and rural planning. Outside the government, strategic partnership may include NGOs, private water supply and electric companies, woman and other community organizations, business firms, and mass media. As an example, the partnership and associated groups for facilitating national water conservation campaign in the Republic of Korea. 2. Potential partner and sponsor The dissemination to the community will be more effective if the Implementation Commission selects a responsible partner and sponsor to help in accomplishing the WCC development tasks. There are nine potential partners and some of them are already named as target groups in WCC message dissemination program: (a) National Government. The ministries and agencies that may serve as partners are those that are responsible for any one like water resources planning, development and management, provision of village and city water supply and sanitation service, community health, agricul-

ture and irrigation, environment, socialeconomic development and planning, housing and settlement systems, and education. (b) Provincial and Regional Governments. If the responsibility for water supply service, community health, environment and education are relinquished to the kabupaten and kecamatan levels, while the subsequent laws and regulations are produced by the central government, then the provincial and kota institutions must also be considered as partners. (c) Water supply and sanitation service provider. (d) Multilateral agency. There are about twenty agencies of the United Nations that are responsible for irrigation sector, similarly is with the Asian Development Bank. The multilateral agencies may provide support to the national water conservation awareness development strategy, such as for (i) Funding assistance to WCC, or water supply and sanitation projects; (ii) Provision of training and development assistance; and (iii) Establishment of research centre and information network. (e) Major water user. Major water users such as agriculture, industrial plants, and commercial establishments may be taken as potential partners especially at the regional/local level. (f) Professional association. Several professional associations have started introducing water conservation to their members. This kind of associations may serve as a pool of information and knowledge for improving community awareness in a wide range of expertise and may be taken as partners for the experts. (g) Community health extension worker (h) Environmental extension worker. An environmental extension worker emphasizing a single topic, such as river pollution or the impact from con-

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struction of new dam will eventually realize that he needs a wider scope of knowledge, such as water use and water conservation. Seventh Step Agreement to Main Objective and Message In this stage the Implementation Commission has identified the stakeholders, the policy related issues, the initial target groups, and the potential partners and sponsors. The next step is to prepare the campaign and decide on the main objective and message to convey while keeping in mind the policy issues and the interest of the stakeholders and partners. In this case, the job of the Implementation Commision is to prepare the concept containing the objective and message for all the parties involved to study and discuss. Using an approach commonly used in commercial marketing practice, the objective and message in WCC development process can be divided into two phases. Phase 1, water users will begin to realize about low cost water supply service, the impact of uncontrolled water taking to the environment and the relation between efficient water use with sanitation and health. Phase 1 can be a long process and may take several years to last and the benefit not easy to measure. This phase can build a common awareness and interest to the real problem being faced, and it serves as the background for the next phase. Phase 2 is usually shorter (1-2 years), where a campaign to encourage an action for change in behaviour and attitude takes place. This campaign for changing behaviour and attitude can be more effective if there is a clear external reason for the community to respond, such as a proSOURCE: WCA-ESCAP

(4) Education - in school, university, and religious gathering. (5) Community meeting - meeting, conference, exhibition, festival, arts show. (6) Information dissemination - via booklet, leaflet, poster. A planning framework is necessary to work out a strategy that builds the six elements into a structure consisting of: (i) issue; (ii) participants; (iii) partner; (iv) objective and message; and (v) activity. The overall activity will have to be distributed into implementation by the different levels of the government, namely central, provincial and kabupaten/kota. Ninth Step: Preparation of Schedule and Communication Target 1. The Purpose of Strategy and Tactical Target During the strategic planning phase such as reducing the level of ignorance, creating the awareness and stimulating a curiosity for solution, it is difficult to measure the success of WCC communication activity. That is why, it is necessary to design a monitoring for the implementation of a strategy objective and tactical target. 2. Program and Campaign: Long and Short Terms The overall WCC strategy implementation must be planned for a five year period. This span of time is considered long enough to create a change in awareness to water conservation, beside a coverage of several short term campaign activities. Some water conservation programs may change according to the condition and may continuously happening during the implementation period, for instance the development of teaching materials in schools and development of program for reducing wastes. The general WCC programs by the municipal government may include short term thrifty water use con-

longed water scarcity. Eighth Step: Identification of Activities Related to WCC Development 1. Identification of activities Sometimes an initiative to do something in favour of water conservation by doing something simple and non costly such as printing and distributing leaflets about thrifty water use arises from the increasing pressure to water source. But, if this activity is no part of a well planned strategy this will not be effective and a mere waste of time and money. Introduction of WCC development program to the community involves six (6) important elements: (1) Government - the top executive, policy makers, and legislature. (2) Socialization - publication and awareness campaign. (3) Mass media - TV, radio, newspaper, magazine and internet.

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ducted incessantly during dry season. Tenth Step: Budgeting and Finding Fund Sources 1. Budget calculation The Implementation Commission must make calculation the amount of fund, personnel and material/equipment needed for running the WCC program based on the proposed activities. Then they have to prepare a clear summary of activities for use in requesting for funding, prepare a program implementation strategy, potential benefit, budget plan citing clearly where the fund is to come from. Considerations must be taken to the forms of financing from the stakeholders and partners, in kind or in cash, including commercial sponsors and NGOs. Then, the Implementation Commission must defend their proposal and budget planning in discussion with government ministry or agency as the initial step in requesting for funding. 2. Source of fund The fund for WCC program implementation may come from a single or several sources as the following: (i) central government allocation or sub allocation from department or ministry and agency; (ii) genuine regional budget or as a subsidy from the central government; (iii) fund from water supply provider; (iv) commercial sponsor; (v) NGO; (vi) multilateral donor agency, and (vii) bilateral agency. If the government seeks financial assistance from an external party, such as partnership with commercial sponsor and NGO, it is necessary to maintain transparency and accountability. Eleventh Step: Formation of Implementation Team As soon the budget is settled, the Implementation Commission work on the formation of project implementation team. The team leader must be selected based on his capacity to manage a campaign team beside his full knowledge about the techniques of water conservation. The team should comprise experts in the fields of water supply service, environmental management, education, marketing and human relation. The experts can be recruited from various institutions as well as external consulting firms as necessary. Support personnel for each field must be provided for to take care of logistical and general affairs where special expertise is not required. The optimum number of team members is between 4-8 persons. (6) maintaining a close relationship with mass media, conduct press conference and press release; (7) maintain a water conservation website. At provincial level: (1) maintain an inter-agency relationship to enable an introduction of the regional aspect of a campaign; (2) provide assistance in the preparation of additional rule and regulation; (3) prepare and organize competition for the best water conservation management and practice; and (4) facilitate the program information through regional media and advertisement. At kabupaten/city level: (1) Form a team for school visits; (2) as visiting educator in schools, universities; (3) organize public meetings and discussions; (4) conduct short term water conservation campaigns; and (5) organize cultural and exhibition events. Conclusion In general, the success an awareness development strategy application and implementation depends on the "Political Commitment of the Government" which is subsequently implemented in synergy by all the involved parties through the role of three main actors, who are especially responsible for taking the initiatives and actions to improve the community awareness to water conservation, namely (1) Government, at the central, provincial and regional levels; (2) Water resources and clean water service related organizations; (3) Local community, facilitated by NGOs. Meanwhile, the external groups, namely the multilateral agencies are needed in providing assistance and support that may come in the forms of communication, technical assistance, and the like considering the importance of WCC is demand of all, locally, nationally as well as internationally without exception. Water Conservation Care for all).
*)

Some water conservation programs may change according to the condition and may continuously happening during the implementation period, for instance the development of teaching materials in schools and development of program for reducing wastes.

At central level: (1) develop regulation about national pipe and other standards related to household connection and fixtures; (2) formulation of national law on water conservation; (3) introducing the tradition of Water Conservation Day; (4) preparation of curriculum on water for children education; (5) preparation of textbook on water for children education;

Principal Trainer, Ministry of Public Work District Agency

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Once Again About Privatization

P a r t I I o f Tw o A r t i c l e s
Uniqueness of drinking water and sanitation sector privatization In comparison to other sectors such as electricity and telecommunication, there are less in number of successful private investments in the field of drinking water and sanitation (Haarmeyer, 1998). This is probably because of the uniqueness of drinking water and sanitation sector characteristics in terms of (i) it is marked with a high rate of natural monopoly. Although it is possible to apply competition but it is quite limited in activities such as capacity increase and provision of plumbing service, but it is difficult to apply it for distribution which is the main business of drinking water and sanitation; (ii) water is a basic need for human life and access to water must be provided to all; (iii) drinking water and sanitation service is more appropriate for management by regional government. Consequently, inter-regional issue(s) must be settled before any investor is to come in; (iv) the majority of asset lies underground making it too costly to assess and it means additional preparatory expenditure for the private company's participation; (v) insufficient provision may cause problems to health and environment, therefore the government is strongly driven to improve access without cost recovery calculation; (vi) obvious risk from difference in exchange rates because the consumers pay in local currency while the loan is made in foreign exchange (Penelope, 1997). Impact of privatization In general, according to Andic (1990), in addition to the change in the company performance itself, there are other privatization impacts that are known as macro economic impacts, namely (a) privatization effect to direct as well as indirect aggregate added value; (b) direct effect to employment i.e. additional/reduction of manpower of the company or indirect

By: Oswar Mungkasa*)

effect, i.e. additional/reduction of manpower in other sectors; (c) direct effect to income of the public company employees or indirectly to employees of other public companies; effects to social surpluses such as dividends, retained profit, social contribution; (e) effect to government budget as additional/reduction of subsidy, loan, and tax; and (f) effect to saving and consumption. In addition, there are various other benefits of privatization, they are (i) private sector culture is gaining influence so that efficiency is expected to increase. The profit is increasing so that share value also increases (if the government is still holding a part of the shares, it will enjoy the profit from the value increase);

share ownership by the employees (Gayle, 1990); (iv) Shirley and Neils (1992) emphasize more active market control mechanism, and less political pressure and intervention (Siahaan, 2000); (v) keeping back the growth of government expenditure; (vi) promoting individual initiative for starting a business; (vii) expansion the community ownership and participation in the national economy (Todaro, 1989). Barriers to privatization Berg (1987) suggested that the main issue for developing nations are (i) the main aim of privatization in the developing nations is different from that of the industrialized countries, i.e. to reduce the number of losing public companies. This condition makes it difficult to sell it to the private sector; (ii) there is no private national company with a sufficient capital to buy a public company, while a foreign company with sufficient capital is faced with difficulty in buying a public company; (iii) lack of favourable regulation, such as industrial protection, access to credit; (iv) parliament does not support because it is considered as sales of national asset. Including an opposition from the military due to their strong alliance with public companies. Whereas in Indonesia, several factors are known as barriers to privatization program, such as (i) ideological, which states that privatization is against the spirit of Constitution 1945, especially Art. 37(2); (ii) political, in relation to significant reduction of government role in national economy; (iii) internal resistance, especially from the management and employees with the possibility of changes in management and layoffs after the privatization; (iv) financial, in relation to loss of government revenue in the future; (v) regional autonomy, it ends up in opposition by the regional government in privatization of a public company ope-

In achieving the objectives the government must decide on an optimum privatization option through a series of analysis, they are (i) company condition; (ii) the current regulatory framework; (iii) support from the stakeholders; (iv) workability of financing.

(ii) trading of shares in stock exchange causes the application of stock exchange regulation especially as it relates to company transparency; (iii) further involvement of employees in company management may be made possible through

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rating in its region; (vi) the general community perception is privatization is considered as selling an asset to cover government budget deficit; (vii) lack of transparency and socialization related to a privatization plan; (viii) lack of evidence that privatization is beneficial to the community; (ix) lack of legal basis which is at least equivalent to law of the republic for public company privatization. Prawiro (1989) suggested that a more closely related issue about public company performance and ideology are (i) underrated public company performance will cause a low sales price; (ii) underrated performance makes it difficult to enter the capital market; (iii) one of the duties of public companies is to educate Indonesian businessmen, and with privatization this duty is unaccomplished; (iv) public companies are given monopoly rights because of their social responsibility they have to carry, and with the privatization the responsibility is lost and therefore the monopoly must be erased. But it is the monopoly what the buyer is interested in.

Key to privatization success The stipulation of Law on Privatization is important to guarantee that privatization leads in the right path. The existence of the law may at least provide three preconditions for a successful privatization program. First, is credibility and accountability preseveral objectives in involving the private condition. If this is not present, the privatisector, namely (i) introducing new tech- zation will only mean a transfer of ineffinologies and managerial expertise; (ii) ciency from public to private sector. The improved efficiency; (iii) development of market structure will not change so there is large scale projects; (iv) minimize the no improvement in competition climate. amount of subsidy; (v) prevent a short Second, speed precondition. A lengthy proterm political intervention; (vi) making cess will invite free riders and loan sharks. the company more responsive to con- Third, organizational precondition. The essumers' need. Besides, the government tablishment of a commission preceding the also considers the consequence to the privatization process, takes the strategic employees, control of strategic sector, decisions such as the minimum price of increase in tariff, and the impact to poor share if Initial Public Offering (IFO) step is to be applied (Basri, 2002). community. While Sumarlin (1996) emphasized the In achieving the objectives the governCritics on privatization Especially in the developing nations, ment must decide on an optimum privatiza- principle of equality, transparency and Shirley and Neils (1992) indicated several tion option through a series of analysis, they objectiveness which is summarized into 4 weaknesses of privatization, they are (i) are (i) company condition; (ii) the current basic principles underlying the successful inability of the government to make pri- regulatory framework; (iii) support from the privatization, namely (i) the private company that buys the public company vatization transparent; (ii) transfer Table 1 : Series of Analysis shares is given no monopoly rights of monopoly to those who have no nor any other special privilege such as interest to community welfare ANALYSIS KEY QUESTIONS Condition of Company Standard of service protection, low interest loan. It is (Siahaan, 2000). While Kagami Condition of asset treated equally as any other private (1999) suggested the weaknesses Human resources company; (ii) privatization does not of privatization are (i) increased Financial performance Regulatory Framework Available legal support mean undermining the interest of the unemployment and reducing the Possibility for regulatory community at large; (iii) equal opporrole of trade union; (ii) dominance changes Regulatory weakness tunity for the community to particiof foreign capital (also called Stakeholders' Support Identification stakeholders' pate; (iv) the price is set at the most "Wimbledon effect"); (iii) strong interest profitable level taking into consideracompetition, "survival of the Minimizing political risk Workability of Financing Is the tariff reasonable? tion the market price and is done in fittest" makes big companies more Improving efficiency without transparent manner. dominant and leads to oligopoly. increasing tariff Whether the consumers would Veljanovsky (1990) emphasized agree to tariff increase various requirements as precondiKey factor in choosing Is there any opportunity for a subsidy? tions for a successful privatization The government maintains

The stipulation of Law on Privatization is important to guarantee that privatization leads in the right path. The existence of the law may at least provide three preconditions for a successful privatization program.

stakeholders; (iv) workability of financing. Through a simple method (Table 2) the result of the analysis can guide the government to the optimum choice. For instance, if the regulatory capacity is weak and political commitment is low, then the concession is difficult to implement.

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policy, some of them are (i) the government must have a strong commitment; (ii) privatization must be made as a non-political issue with emphasis on efficiency and independency aspect. This means privatization process must be depoliticized; (iii) there is a need for a support from influential/interest group; (iv) there must be a strong commitment to implement the regulation to guarantee that the third party has an equal access; (v) the price must reflect that the cost and the service are not crosssubsidized; (vi) the arrangement must be effective and minimized and must be regularly reviewed; (vii) special attention must be paid to regulation, and guarantee that intervention is done only in relation to anticompetition practices; (viii) share ownership limitation should be avoided. Sutoyo (1995) concluded that there are five (5) determining factors, namely (i) strong and sound national economy; (ii) reliable private sector; (iii) appropriate privatization method; (iv) supportive law and regulation and institutionalization aspects; (v) efficient capital and stock market.

Table 2: Precondition for a Successful Privatization Choice

STAKEHOLDERS' CHOICE SUPPORT AND POLITICAL COMMITMENT TARIFF BASED ON COST RECOVERY AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION AVAILABILITY OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FAVOURABLE CREDIT RATING PROFIT OPPORTUNITY FROM CHOICE

Service contract

Not important

Not necessary in the short run

Applicable with a limited information

Low monitoring capacity

No need

LOW

Management contract

LowModerate

Preferable, but not necessary in the short run Necessary

Sufficient information is necessary

Moderate monitoring capacity

No need

Lease

ModerateHigh

Sufficient information is necessary

High capacity for regulation and coordination

No need

BuildOperateTransfer (BOT) Concession

ModerateHigh

Preferable

Sufficient information is necessary

High capacity for regulation and coordination

High rate in cos reduction

High

Necessary

Sufficient information is necessary Sufficient information is necessary

High regulation capacity High regulation capacity

High rate in cost reduction High rate in cost reduction HIGH

Divestiture

High

Necessary

Source: Penelope, 1997.

Note: color gradation shows level of importance No significant Low/moderate

High

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What about drinking water and sanitation sector? Based on experience summarized from ten (10) case studies in the developing as well industrialized nations (Kitano, 2000), there are several influential factors governing the success of privatization, they are: (i) development of legal basis and other forms of government support; (ii) realistic implementation plan; (iii) clear objectives; (iv) long term partnership between operator and the regional government. The abovementioned factors are not a full guarantee for a successful privatization. But as the factors are not fulfilled the opportunity for problems is foreseeable. The details about the factors are presented in Table 3. Concluding remarks From privatization experience drawn from several countries a number of important facts are brought to our attention: First, privatization process will work more smoothly if the government leaders are committed to economic reform; Second, privatization is not an easy thing to do. The challenge from many sides with "vested interest", public company that is worth selling, fear that foreign investor will interfere with national security are among the barriers to privatization; Third, there are more than one privatization models, with equal chance for success and for failure. Although there is no specific model that is valid for all situations, but one can say that the best privatization prospect is where the country has a financial mechanism that support privatization. Fourth, even in the developed nations they are still experimenting on privatization. As an example, England that has made privatization of 40% of its public companies, in spite a strong debate about privatization is still on-going; Fifth, privatization is not solely selling asset to private sector. But it also means increasing market freedom, and reducing government regulation, as well as other macro policies.
*) Staff, Directorate of Human Settlement & Housing, Bappenas and Member, WSS Working Group

Table 3: The Key Factors to Successful Privatization of Drinking Water and Sanitation Sector SUCCESS FACTOR (1) Government support KEY Support is expected to become (i) legal basis for private sector involvement regulation; (ii) commitment to private sector independency from government intervention; (iii) sufficient regulation; (iv) realistic tariff to guarantee profitable income EXAMPLE In Chile, the regulation is applied in determining tariff level In Buenos Aires, under a strong central leadership, privatization committee involves various parties England has an independent regulatory body In East Jakarta, contract calls for tariff review in order to guarantee profit for the private company In Jakarta, after the transfer from the government, both concessions were annulled World Bank assistance for projects in Buenos Aires, Manila

(2) Political stability (3) Professional advice well transferred

Necessary to attract long term private sector investment In preparatory and implementation processes the government, the community and the private sector each has an equal access to information Important to guarantee that the implementation process could be completed within a realistic time frame, an a full government commitment It is prerequisite for public sector performance assessment by a regulatory body, and performance achievement by the operator Service can be accomplished within the price offered. Avoid too low an offer with the consequence the service is below expectation The whole process must be so designed to serve as basis for a long term partnership between operator and the regional government

(4) Realistic implementation plan (5) Clear objectives

In France the local government may choose type of contract, and various other choices Clear objectives in all case studies

(6) Reliable offer

In East Manila, there was some worry because of the low offer

(7) Long term partnership

In France, the government and the private sector have development common trust through common agreement In Poland, in the beginning the contract was too complicated and drew upon misunderstanding. The contract was then revised and the relation was recovered In Turkey, the risk is distributed to each party of the contract

(8) Risk sharing

The key strategy is that from the very beginning the risk is fully identified, and is distributed between the parties of the contract

Source: Kitano, 2000

Percik 45 December 2004

A RTICLE
Issues Related to Drinking Water and Environmental Sanitation Development in Kabupaten West Lombok

ustainable development and public service related to drinking water and environmental sanitation sector is a common issue in the effort to improve community welfare in Indonesia, and Kabupaten West Lombok (NTB) is no exception. One of the national strategies that has been done is the formulation of the National Policy for Community Based WSS Development which in this year has been tried into real operation in the Province of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), and Kabupaten West Lombok. In an effort to put the National Policy for Community Based WSS Development into field operation in 2005 and so forth the regional government of NTB province and kabupaten West Lombok organized a regional WSS Working Team consisting of representives from Bappeda, BPM/BPMD, Public Works/KimpraswilCipta Karya, Bapedalda/Environment, Agency for Health, and other related agencies. The regional WSS Working Team has conducted a series of coordination meetings to build a common understanding about the policy implementation and to formulate the implementation steps for the policy operation. One of the results of the meeting was a note about the problems and issues related to WSS development as the following: Environmental Aspect One important reason for the degradation of forest resources due to illegal forest felling is because of the exclusion of the adat (traditional) institution from environmental conservation program. Illegal logging will eventually cause decrease in rainfall and soil water holding capacity. A prolonged condition will reduce water discharge from water source and many of the sources will dry.

Ir. H. Dahrun, MM. 1) dan Purnomo 2)

Besides, the job of a conservationist is not properly appreciated, very limited availability of land for Water Material Disposal Site, and weak law enforcement in relation to environmental violation. Social Aspect Community participation is weak. This results in lack of communal activity (gotong royong), difficulty in changing the habit of defecation in the open, while the existing household toilet is not used. On the other hand, there is a deficiency in the material and conceptual aspect of extension activity, and also community poverty level

ning, implementation and supervision of the program is weak, the Management Team and water Users' Group are in weak position, and water supply by the village administration is no priority. Technology Aspect The WSS facility has been built in deviation from the design and bill of quantity, and besides, the consideration on the principle of cost recovery is alienated from the decision making. As a result, the WSS service is inefficient as it is ineffective. Financial Aspect Investment in WSS sector is low. The amount of fund set aside in the regional government budget for WSS development is equally low, in addition to difficulty in generating contribution from the user community, which leads to low coverage of rural WSS facility. On the other hand, the community awareness to sustain the WSS facility is also low, much less cost recovery plan. Conclusion The above mentioned problems and issues, when way out and solution is sought by the stakeholders and other parties that care, it unlikely that the 2015 target will be achieved. In the next series of coordination meetings the WSS Working Team of Kabupaten Lombok in collaboration with WSS Working Team of Province NTB will try to offer several other alternatives for handling the problems. The alternatives will summarized in a WSS development policy framework of Kabupaten West Lombok, 2005-2015.
1)

One of the results of the meeting was a note about the problems and issues related to WSS development.

Institutional Aspect The role of government as facilitator does not work effectively. This is because of weakness in inter-agency coordination, overlapping program and neither takes it as a priority, lack of overall and integrated planning, WSS baseline data lack accuracy because of discrepancy between one agency from the others, lack of regional government regulation for strengthening the WSS institutional capacity, inconsistent law and regulation enforcement, and lack of capacity in the part of field team members. The implication is, community participation, especially the women in plan-

Staff, Regional Planning and Development Agency, Kabupaten West Lombok 2) WASPOLA Consultant.

46

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Desember 2004

DA T A
Basic Sanitation Coverage Rating by Kabupaten/Kota in 2002
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 KABUPATEN / KOTA East Jakarta Kota Batam Kota Pekan Baru Rokan Hilir Kota Kupang South Jakarta Central Jakarta Kota Metro Siak West Jakarta Kota Banjar Baru Kota Surakarta South Timor Tengah Kota Pematang Siantar Kota Manado Kota Bukit Tinggi Kota Kediri Kota Yogyakarta Kota Denpasar Kota Pontianak Kota Medan Tulang Bawang Kota Cirebon Kota Jambi Bengkalis Kota Depok Kota Bandung Kota Bengkulu East Lampung Kota Semarang Kota Ujung Pandang Kota Surabaya Kota Balikpapan Gunung Kidul Kota Palembang Central Lampung Kota Dumai Kota Sukabumi Kota Binjai Kota Tebing Tinggi Kota Tangerang Kota Salatiga Kota Samarinda Kota Jayapura Kota Padang Panjang Kota Madiun Jakarta Utara Kota Palangkaraya Badung Pacitan Kota Magelang Kota Bontang Gresik Tana Toraja Kota Malang Kota Bekasi Kota Payakumbuh Kota Tarakan Kulon Progo Asahan Condition ( % ) 99.9 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.7 99.6 99.5 99.4 99.3 99.2 99.1 99.0 98.9 98.8 98.7 98.7 98.4 98.4 98.3 98.2 98.2 98.1 98.0 98.0 98.0 97.9 97.9 97.8 97.7 97.6 97.4 97.4 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.2 97.1 96.9 96.6 96.6 96.4 96.4 96.2 96.0 96.0 95.6 95.6 95.5 95.5 95.4 95.4 95.3 95.3 94.8 94.5 94.4 94.4 94.0 93.7 93.5 No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 KABUPATEN / KOTA West Tanjung Jabung Kota Tanjung Balai Kota Pangkalpinang Deli Serdang Kota Bandar Lampung West Kotawaringin Kota Bitung Kota Sibolga Kota Tegal Minahasa Pelalawan North Timor Tengah Kutai Bandung North Lampung Kota Kendari Kota Banjarmasin Tanah Laut East Tanjung Jabung Kota Padang Tasikmalaya Labuhan Batu Wonogiri Malang Natuna Central Aceh Soppeng Bekasi Gianyar Kota Blitar Langkat Kota Mojokerto Way Kanan Muaro Jambi Batanghari Karimun Kota Solok Lima Puluh Kota Kota Bogor Purwakarta Kota Cilegon Indragiri Hilir Musi Banyuasin Cianjur Tulungagung Aceh Timur Sleman Bangkalan Kota Sorong Kota Pare-Pare Kota Banda Aceh Garut Pati Agam Kota Ambon Bogor Kepulauan Riau Majalengka Bantul Sumedang Condition ( % ) 93.4 93.4 93.2 93.2 93.1 93.0 92.8 92.8 92.6 92.5 92.3 92.1 91.9 91.9 91.6 91.3 91.3 91.3 91.3 91.0 90.2 89.8 89.7 89.6 89.5 89.1 88.8 88.8 88.6 88.5 88.2 88.0 87.9 87.8 87.5 87.3 87.3 87.2 87.1 87.1 87.0 87.0 86.8 86.2 86.0 85.8 85.6 85.4 85.3 85.1 85.1 84.9 84.8 84.5 84.4 84.2 84.1 84.0 83.9 83.9 No. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 KABUPATEN / KOTA Tapin Kota Pekalongan Kota Ternate Berau Ngada Sukoharjo Jepara Blora Kota Baru Tangerang Kampar Wonosobo Kota Palu Tabanan Kediri Kota Sawah Lunto Banjar Kuningan Bireuen Pontianak Ciamis Pasir Kota Mataram Kota Gorontalo Blitar Temanggung Semarang Gowa Merangin Kendari Bulungan North Aceh Karo Biak Numfor Sidoarjo Sragen East Kutai Mandailing Natal Sindenreng Rappang Cilacap Nganjuk Purworejo Sukabumi Magetan Grobogan Boyolali Ogan Komering Hilir Kota Buleleng Lamongan North Hulu Sungai Ponorogo Ogan Komering Ulu Madiun Jayapura Banjarnegara Tebo Alor Tabalong Magelang Pinrang Condition ( % ) 83.4 83.3 83.2 83.0 83.0 82.9 82.6 82.5 82.4 81.8 81.8 81.6 81.2 81.2 81.1 81.0 80.8 80.8 80.8 80.7 80.5 80.3 80.2 80.1 79.2 79.0 78.7 78.6 78.5 78.0 77.9 77.7 77.4 77.0 77.0 76.9 76.8 76.7 76.6 76.3 76.1 76.1 75.8 75.7 75.6 75.6 75.5 75.1 75.0 74.5 74.2 74.2 73.8 73.7 73.7 73.7 73.6 73.5 73.3 72.7

Percik 47 December 2004

D ATA
Basic Sanitation Coverage Rating by Kabupaten/Kota in 2002
No. 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 KABUPATEN / KOTA Central Hulu Sungai North Luwu Kota Pasuruan South Lampung Tenggamus Trenggalek Kuantan Sengingi Lembata West Kutai Aceh Singkil Central Halmahera Wajo Subang Kupang Karanganyar South Tapanuli Tanah Datar Muara Enim (Liot) Sanghite Talaud South East Aceh Indragiri Hulu East Kotawaringin Kudus Manggarai Ngawi Klungkung West Lampung Kota Probolinggo North Bengkulu Nunukan Ende Soralangun Kapuas Sinjai Kebumen Musi Rawas Jombang Rokan Hulu Indramayu Simalungun Jembrana Pamekasan Cirebon Malinau Bungo Kolaka Poso Sambas Kerinci Klaten Kota Sabang East Flores Belu Ketapang Mojokerto Rejang Lebong Karawang Morowali Padang Pariaman South Barito Condition ( % ) 72.6 72.4 72.4 72.3 72.1 72.0 71.9 71.8 71.7 71.2 71.1 71.1 71.1 71.0 71.0 70.8 70.6 70.5 70.4 70.3 70.2 70.1 69.7 69.4 69.2 69.1 68.8 68.6 68.6 68.5 67.5 67.5 67.1 66.5 66.3 66.3 65.4 65.3 65.2 65.1 64.9 64.8 64.6 64.3 64.1 63.8 63.2 63.0 62.9 62.8 62.8 62.7 62.4 62.3 62.2 62.2 61.7 61.6 61.1 60.9 No. 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 KABUPATEN / KOTA Condition ( % ) Aceh Besar West Maluku Tenggara Banggai South Hulu Sungai Kapuas Hulu Pasaman Dairi Demak East Sumba Banyumas Sikka Barito Kuala Bengkayang Bangli Barru Enrekang Bangka Sumbawa Lumajang Luwu Sawah Lunto / Sijunjung Takalar Pasuruan Sintang South Bengkulu Sorong Serang Bolaang Mongondow North Maluku Paniai Toli-Toli Tegal Sumenep Belitung North Tapanuli Lahat Central Maluku Jember Sanggau South East Maluku Kendal Buton Bojonegoro Central Tapanuli Pidie Fak Fak Puncak Jaya Batang Muna Toba Samosir South Aceh Solok Bone West Aceh Bulukumba Buoi Bima Nabire Gorontalo Maros 60.9 60.7 60.4 60.4 60.1 59.7 59.7 59.4 58.8 58.8 58.6 58.3 57.9 57.7 57.6 57.5 57.3 55.9 55.9 55.7 55.5 55.4 55.3 55.1 55.1 54.5 54.5 54.4 54.2 53.8 53.6 53.4 53.2 53.0 52.8 52.7 52.6 52.2 51.9 51.8 51.2 51.1 51.1 50.9 50.4 50.3 50.3 50.3 50.2 49.9 49.9 49.1 49.0 48.9 48.8 48.5 48.1 47.8 47.3 47.0 No. 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 KABUPATEN / KOTA North Barito Banyuwangi Bantaeng West Sumba Pangkajene Kepulauan Banggai Kepulauan Dompu Purbalingga Sampang Merauke Pandeglang Rembang Mimika Manokwari Tuban Lebak Pemalang Donggala Pekalongan Brebes South Pesisir Karangasem Landak Nias West Lombok Mamuju East Lombok Probolinggo Central Lombok Boalemo Jeneponto Polewali Mamasa Majene Yapen Maropen Buru Situbondo Bondowoso Jayawijaya Selayar Kepulauan Mentawai Simeuleu INDONESIA Condition ( % ) 47.0 46.9 46.7 46.5 46.4 46.3 46.2 46.1 45.6 45.0 45.0 44.9 44.5 44.2 44.1 43.8 43.6 42.5 42.5 41.8 41.8 41.4 40.8 40.8 38.7 36.8 36.8 35.8 35.4 35.1 34.9 33.4 33.1 32.6 31.8 30.8 29.8 28.2 25.6 23.5 19.0 75.0

Source: Human Development Report Bappenas-BPS-UNDP

48

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December 2004

B OOK INFO
Earths Warming Up, Floods Spreading Out

ater, human being, and vegetation is a unity, each develops an inter-relationship with the other in hydrology system. Human activity in clearing forest, cutting shade trees, instigate deterioration to lake, riverbank, sea coast and littering wherever they go have caused reduction to land carryingand water holding capacities. Indonesia owes her huge water potential from the geographical position. The hydrologic cycle produces diversity in annual precipitation rate from over 4.000 mm in the western region to less than 800 mm in the eastern part of the country. If this potential goes in the normal natural cycle, without any disturbance and disruption, the total rainfall potential in Indonesia can produce 3.085 billion cu. m of water annually. Of this amount, the island of Java recieves 195 billion cu. m of 6,3% of the total. But this potential may cause a serious threat to human life if water holding capacity of its soils is quite li-

Title

Bumi Makin Panas,Banjir Makin Luas. Menyibak Tragedi Kehancuran Hutan

Authors Prof. Dr. Hadi S. Ali Kodra dan Drs. Syaukani HR, MM Publisher Penerbit Nuansa Pages 244 pp

mited. And that is what is happening now. Rainfall has caused widespread flooding. Our level of awareness of the function of vegetative cover, river, reservoir, lake is so low. Forest exploitation for timber continues unhindered. Vast areas of conservation reserves

are damaged and plundered. It is but natural that flood is threatening almost all over Indonesia. One of the chapters of this book invites the readers to contemplate over this condition. Do we treat nature in the right manner? This is indeed a serious comtemplation because it involves the life of many. And the key, whether you want to or not, is urban spatial planning must be re-evaluated in order to include consideration of resorption areas and flood parameters. Urban management must also take into consideration watershed as a unit. This book provides many interesting things on the subject of flood control. But flood is only a minor portion. The majority deals with forest and natural conservation. Not less interesting is, in several chapters it brings to light the relationship of forest degradation with the influence of foreign agencies in a capitalistic era as it is now. That is why this book is worth reading. (MJ)

Environmental and Economics in Project Preparation

evelopment projects of the present compel it as requirement a complete evaluation of the benefit/cost ratio. The overall evaluation cannot be done simply on environmental impact, but must also include other aspects such as poverty, housing, gender, government and other issues. The traditional projects used to neglect the issues, including environmental implications. More recent projects offer more chance for improvement of environmental quality and social condition of the villages and towns in the developing nations. This book complements what have been discussed in the workbook by trying to reveal the issues related to envi-

ronmental economic analysis. This book also includes discussions

Title

Environment and Economics in Project Preparation

Authors P.Abeygunawardena, Bindu N.Lohani, Daniel W.Bromley, Ricardo Carlos V.Barba Publisher Asian Development Bank Pages xiv + 394 pp

about the rationale in the application of environmental economic analysis, alternative methods for environmental economic analysis in the framework of economic evaluation of the environmental impact. This book discusses ten cases where environmental economics is used to evaluate development projects. The ten cases provide an understanding about practical approaches where information and time for evaluation is limited and costly. This book represents a helpful bibliographical source in developing environmental improvement in development projects taking into consideration the constraints in time, budget and expertise. (FW)

Percik 49 December 2004

W EBSITE INFO
World Water Conferences
http://www.conferencealerts.com/water/htm

part in it. It will display piping industry, drinking water, drainage, filtration, wastewater treatment, destination, resources management, software, UV ray, and others.

Pan-African Water
http://www.terrapinn.com/2005/waterza/

18 May 2005. The conference will discuss a number of topics including holistic water management development for improvement of economic benefit, how and where chemical solution can be applied successfully, how to improve community care to the environment, effective water treatment control to minimize leakage, and quality improvement and treatment to water.

his website contains agenda of world conferences on water in 2005. Some of 2006 agenda is also included. The implementation details are relatively complete, from date, title, and place of conference. For more details about the content of each ttitle just click the respective agenda.

he 8th Pan-African Water conference will be held in South Africa on 15-18 November 2005. The conference will be focused on water resources of Africa for the purpose of economic development of the region. Up to now, more than 300 million of the total of 700 million population of the black continent is devoid of access to drinking water service. Water scarcity has a direct impact on increased poverty rate and growth of conflicts. For that reason, the experts say that Africa needs an assistance to increase investment to improve its water system and minimizing water crisis. The conference is intended to provide information and strategy for water provision improvement in Africa.

Drinking Water and Sanitation Conference via Internet

http://www.irc.nl/page/15140

European Water and Wastewater Conference

http://wwe05.events.pennets.com

ater and Wastewater (WWE/2005) conference will be held in Milan, Italy on 28-30 June 2005. It is expected that this conference and exhibition will be the meeting arena for industrialists and experts from all over the world. The topics discussed in the conference will consist of among others, management of asset, water resources management, water production and its quality, desalination, water reclamation, operation and implementation, privatization, system rehabilitation, wastewater treatment and management. There are approximately 45 papers ready for presentation in the conference. As for the exhibition a number of big companies around the world will take

his conference is slightly different from usual where water and sanitation experts and practitioners meet in a definite location. This conference which will be organized by Water Engineering Development Centre (WEDC) will take place through internet, or e-conference. The agenda will take place from 24 November through 17 December 2005. The intention is for sharing of experience amonth the practitioners, policy makers and other related parties in water provision and sanitation service of urban areas. There are four (4) topics to be discussed, namely management (22-26 November), design and financing (29 November - 6 December), support and professional contacts (6-10 December), business planning (13-17 December). Participant registration through e-mail.

Asian Water Production Management

http://www.iqpc.com/iowarobot/document.html? topic=229&event=63&document=49671

he conference on water production will be held in Kuala Lumpur on 17-

50

Percik

December 2004

W SS BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOK
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS FOR HEALTH: A REVIEW OF THE INDICATORS. World Health Organization, Indonesia PDAM BANGKRUT? AWAS PERANG AIR. Gede H. Cahyana. Sahara Golden Press. POVERTY AND WATER SECURITY. UNDERSTANDING HOW WATER AFFECTS THE POOR. John Soussan and Waouter Linckaen Arriens. Asian Development Bank (ADB). WATER AND POVERTY: THE REALITIES. EXPERIENCES FROM THE FIELD. Asian Development Bank (ADB). WATER AND POVERTY IN THE 3RD WORLD WATER FORUM. John Soussan. Asian Development Bank (ADB).

PROSIDING
REGULATORY SYSTEMS AND NETWORKING. Water Utilities and Regulatory Bodies. Asian Development Bank (ADB).

HANDBOOK
HANDBOOK FOR INTEGRATING RISK ANALYSIS IN THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROJECT. Asian Development Bank (ADB). HANDBOOK FOR INTEGRATING POVERTY INTEGRATING POVERTY IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN IMPACT THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROJECT. ANALYSIS PROJECT. Asian Development Bank (ADB).

MAGAZINE

R E G U L AT I O N
Government of Indonesia Regulation No. 82/2001 on the Management and Control of Water Quality
Secretariat of Water Resources Coordination Team, Directorate of Water and Irrigation, Bappenas

HABITAT DEBATE. September 2004 Vol. 10. No.3.

PROYEK WSLIC II Third Edition 2004.

Percik 51 December 2004

A GENDA
Date
1-3 7 8 10 13 14-17 15

Month
December December December December December December December

Activity
Workshop for the Formulation of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development Workshop for the Formulation of WSS Development Strategic Plan Workshop for the Revision of Small Scale International Provider (SSIP) Project Proposal WSS Working Meeting Presentation of Scientific Article Writing Competition Dissemination of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development for all Sulawesi, Maluku, NTB, Bali and Papua in Makassar Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Kab. Kebumen CWSH Project Negotiation WS on Regulatory Reform and Potential Private Investment in Infrastructure Industry, in Bappenas Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Kab. Sijunjung, Kab. Lebak, and Kab. Gorontalo. Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Kab. South Bangka Presentation of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development to Echelon II Officials Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Prov. West Sumatera and Prov. Bangka Belitung Workshop CWSH-ADB, Central level Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Prov. Gorontalo Consignment of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development Workshop on Scaling Up Infrastructure Private Investment by a Better Framework Risk management and Prudent Financing, in Bappenas Review of WASPOLA Workplan 2005 Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Kab. Pangkep Review Draft Government Regulation on Drinking Water Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Kab. West Lombok WSLIC-2 Project Workshop and Preparation of Project Management Report Consolidation of WSLIC-2 Project 2004 Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Prov.Banten Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Prov. NTB Inauguration of WSLIC-2 Project in Kab. Lumajang Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Kab. West Lombok and Prov. Central Java Inauguration of WSLIC-2 Project in Kab. Jember Final WS of the implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Prov. Sulawesi Selatan Infrastructure Seminar: 'Solution to Infrastructure Development in Indonesia: Regulatory Reform & Investment Opportunities'.

15-16 16 17 18 20 21-23 21-22 22 23 23-24 24 27 27-30 28-29 28

December December December December December December December December December December December December December December December

29

December

29-30 17-18

December January

52

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Desember 2004