INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INTRODUCTION NTPC AT FARIDABAD GENERAL LAYOUT OF FGPS BASIC WORKING OF PLANT RAW MATERIAL AND PROCUREMENT THE GAS TURBINE(GT) WASTE HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR(WHRSG) STEAM TURBINE(ST) CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION CONTROL AND MONITORING MECHANISM CONTROL VALVES TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT FLOW MEASUREMENT MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to the NTPC LIMITED FARIDABAD for extending me the opportunity for the vocational training & providing all the necessary resources and expertise for this purpose. I owe my special thanks to Mr.R.K. Niranjan ( training incharge), faridabad gas power station for his constant & wonderful support. I am highly grateful to Mr.Dhiraj Kr. girdhar & Mr. Amit tyagi, faridabad gas power station whose encouragement & cooperation has been a great source of inspiration. I also express my heartfelt for there enthusiastic cooperation to make my training possible & all other employs of NTPC for there painstaking efforts and constant guidance to make my training possible in best possible manner. I would like to thanks faridabad gas power station for providing me all the facilities for the timely completion of our training

INTRODUCTION :
NTPC Ltd. (NTPC) INDIAS PRIME POWER HOUSE
NTPC, Indias largest power utility that was incorporated in 1975 with prime objective of playing a major role in the Indian power sector. A public company wholly owned by the government of India. Within a span of 30yrs, NTPC has emerged as a truly national power company, with power generating facilities in all the major regions of the country. Today NTPC is having an installed capacity of 39171 MW. The corporation has been ranked the 15th largest power generator & 6th largest thermal power generator globally. NTPC aims to be a 40,000 MW giant by year 2012. Operating 13 coals based &7 gas based stations, NTPC with its share of about 20% of Indias total installed capacity to generate 30% of total generation India. NTPC is committed to environment, generating power at the minimal environmental cost& preserving the ecology in the vicinity of the plants. The massive forestations in NTPC & around its ramagundam power station have contributed in reducing temperature in the areas by around 3 C. NTPC has also taken protective steps for ash utilization. The quality of ash produced is ideal for use in cement, concrete, cellular concrete building material.

 NTPC was among the first public sector enterprises to enter in memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the govt. of India in 1987-88. NTPC has been placed under the excellent category every year since the MOU system operative. Inspired by a glorious past & brilliant present, NTPC is heading towards a brighter tomorrow. Every milestone achieved is a dream comes true for its 24,000 dedicated employees working in its plants across the country

NTPC AT FARIDABAD
LOCATION GOVERNMENT APPROVED DATE PLANT CAPACITY PLANT CONGIGURATION FARIDABAD, HARYANA 25.07.1997 432MW (NOMINAL) 2 (GAS TURBINES+ WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM)+ 1 STEAM TURBINE GAS TURBINE=143MW STEAM TURBINE=156MW 324.58ACRES available

LAND AVAILABILITY

GAS SOURCE WATER SOURCE FINANCING PROJECT COST BENIFICIARY STATES COMMISSION DATE INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE

HBJ PIPELINE RAMPUR DISTRIBUTARIES OF GURGAON CANAL OECF,JAPAN Rs 1163.60 CRORE HARYANA (100%) GT-1: JUNE 1999 GT-2: OCTOBER 1999 ST:JULY 2000 OECF

To make power available in over increasing quantities, Faridabad Gas Power Project is an economical power project. It will also contribute to over all the developments of the power sector & thereby assist in economic development of power sector. Ever since the foundation stone laid down on 3rd aug, 1997 by honorable Prime Minister Sh. I.K. gujral, the project has traveled a long distance. The two gas turbine & one steam turbine are already in operation. The natural gas required by the two turbines is supplied by the Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) through connection taken from the HBJ pipeline chain terminal.

 These gas turbines can also be fired on by naphtha fuel in case of restriction of gas supplies so that continuous power generation is ensured. the exhausted gas from turbines will have enough heat to be circulated through the heat recovery steam generators & generated steam in turn runs the steam turbine.

GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE FGPS

The whole plant is mainly subdivided into three separate divisions. They are: 1. Main building 2. Main Generating Unit 3. Off-sites

1. MAIN BUILDING:
The main building in the plant are(A) ADMINISTRATIVE

BUILDING: This building of

the plant have all the departments other than of plant maintenance & operation, such as Human Resource (H.R.), Finance & accountants ,Sales ,Safety ,Resettlement & Rehabilitation ,library, Telephone Exchange , Material Management & Control, Contracts , Purchase & Store & EDP(the main training department).

(B)

SERVICE BUILDING: This building mainly

consists of maintenance & operations departments & all other which directly deals with functioning of the plant & all other technical jobs. It has department such as: E.M. (Electrical Maintenance), MM 1&2 (mechanical maintenance), O&M (operation & maintenance) & Stores 2. MAIN GENERATING UNIT:This unit comprises of main functioning plant with all its equipments being controlled from CCR(Common Control Room) of the plant.

3.OFF-SITES:
These comprises all other units which otherwise are very much necessary in the proper working of the main generating unit. They are: a) BFP Building b) Chlorination plant c) CW plant d) PT plant e) ET plant f) DM Plant g) Fire water pump house h) CMB Plant i) Black starts generating unit j) Naptha & Dieseel supplying unit k) Workshop l) air compressor & air washer unit m) gas authority og India Ltd. Above are necessary departments of the plant which are responsible for the generation & fuel required in the plant

while other than these plants one of the major unit responsible for the transmission of the electricity to all the required customers is being done by a separate unit known as National Thermal Power Cooperation.

BASIC WORKING OF THE PLANT

I. The fuel (natural gas) is feed to the gas turbine. II. fuel is burnt in the gas turbines to release flue gases at high pressure & temperature which rotates the shaft of the gas turbines, III. The shaft of the turbine is linked to the rotor of the gas turbine generator which leads to the production of electricity at two generators. IV. The flue gases produced in step II are passed to the waste heat recovery steam generators where it passes through super heaters, evaporates, economizers & condensate pre heater.

V. Water present & in the above devices absorbs heat from the hot flue gases & gets converted into high pressure & low pressure steam. VI. The high pressure steam generated in WHRSG is passed to HP turbine. VII. The steam available at the outlet of the HP turbine & the LP turbine generated in the WHRSG are supplied to the LP turbines. VIII. In step VI & VII the steam supplied to the HP & LP turbines rotates the respective rotor of the turbine.

IX. These rotors are to the rotor of the steam turbine generator by rigid couplings. Therefore due to the rotation of the turbine rotors the generator rotor also rotates thereby producing electricity at the generator.

These steps are incorporated in the production of432 MW of electricity from the three units. the main generating unit consist of the following equipments in the main plant as:

 Two gas turbines One steam turbine WHRSG

Raw material and procurement

Land As an estimate, 4 acre land per unit MW

produced is required. So for a 432 MW plant about 1700 acres of land are required which has been provided by government of Haryana with an agreement that all electricity produced will be supplied to Haryana only.

Water - It obtains its water from nearby Agra Canal.

It pays a water cess for the purpose.

Gas fuel - There are 4 types that NTPC Faridabad

uses APM : Administered Price Mechanism Gas , which is government controlled and its extraction and transporting is looked after by ONGC PMT : Panna Mukta Tapti , this gas gets its name from its basins

 RCNG or RLNG (not sure) KG Basin : Krishna Godavari Basin All these gases are provided to the plant by GAIL (Gas Authority of India Limited) which is transporter of gas that is obtained at ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) platforms

Liquid Fuel

The plant uses two types of Liquid

Fuels: HSD: High Sulphur Diesel. It is obtained from IOCL (Indian Oil Corporation Limited). Tankers containing HSD reach the plant and store it one 5000 KL tank dedicated for HSD. Naphtha: It is obtained through a dedicated pipeline for NTPC Faridabad and is stored in two 8000 KL tanks.

Chemicals - Variety of chemicals for water treatment

and for auxiliary machinery and various other purposes are bought from other industries through tendering.

The oxygen required for combustion is obtained from the atmosphere

Air
-

 Structure
Faridabad gas power plant there are six major components. Gas Turbines Steam Turbines Generator Boilers Switchyard Switchgear Besides the Six Major Components, there are numerous auxiliary machinery which aide the major components in working perfectly, for instance Fans , Radiators , Pumps and many more things.

Process
The Gas Fuels fire the two Gas turbines (GT1 and GT2) which are coupled to individual Generators and have individual boilers (B1 and B2) at their outlet.

The steam from the outlet is heated in the boiler and both the boilers together feed the Steam Turbine (ST) which is again coupled to another Generator. The output of the three generators is collected and is passed onto the adjacent switchyard, and from there the electricity produced is transmitted to DHVBN (Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam) and a part of electricity is used for plants working

Controlling
There exists a dedicated control system at the plant that uses latest Equipments, Sensors and Technology to monitor everything that goes on in the plant like vibrations in turbines while running, boiler inlet temperature, turbine inlet out let temperature

FUELS
Gas turbines are capable of burning a range of fuels including naptha, distillates, crude oils & natural gas. Selection of fuels depends on several factors including fuel availability, fuel cost & cleanliness of fuel. Natural gas is an ideal because it provides high thermal efficiency & reliability with low operation & maintenance cost. Liquid fuels, particularly heavy oils, usually contain contaminants, which can not be removed from the fuel & may leave deposits in gas turbine, which reduce performance & add to maintenance costs.

NATURAL GAS
Natural gas is ideal fuel for use in GT s. It contains mainly Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Nitrogen (N2), Carbon dioxide (CO2) & Sulphur. It has the following advantages. Clean burning Availability at lower cost practically free from solid residue high calorific value Low sulphur content

NAPTHA
Naptha is one of the fuels used in faridabad gas power plant. It is actually the substitute fuel which is used in the plant when there is storage of natural gas which has more calorific value, i.e. it is more efficient to use natural gas as compared to naptha. naptha is high inflammable and it makes the highly explosive mixture with the air. so it is very dangerous to use this fuel without proper instructions and flushing process to remove the air present in the pipe line through which naptha is to be transported to the combustion chamber. this is done by firstly sending high speed diesel through the pipelines for the removal of any air that may be present in the pipelines.

whenever there is storage of natural gas, naptha is used. it has lesser calorific value than natural gas,but there is no other alternative fuel, therefore it is used. it is also cheaper than any other fuel and the amount of flue gases that comes out from naptha is nearly equal to the flue gases coming out from the natural gas.

THE GAS TURBINE

The gas turbine is a single shaft (in line to the compressor unit) ,50hz,135MW machine that runs on natural gas can also be operated on liquid naphtha . The shaft of the gas turbine is connected to gas turbine generator According to the direction of the flow of air gas turbine, compressor is placed first, combustion chamber is placed second and turbine is placed at the end of turbine unit.

Two bearings are providing to support the shaft of the machine, one of the is provided at the compressor start and the other is laced at the turbine end. The shaft of the unit is provided with blades in the turbine region. Basics parts of the gas turbine are:A: Compressor: - The compressor is the flue gas axial type. The compressor is provided with the variable inlet guide vane system to enable efficient operation. Filter is provided is provided at the top of the compressed to filter any unwanted material from entering into the Turbine in the compressor region there are sixteen stages blades. Once set of the blade on the shaft and once set of fixed blades complete one stage of blades. B: Combustion Chamber: - There are two combustion chambers in the GT, one on each side of the shaft and parallel to each other. The combustion chambers are cylindrical in shape and attached unit in between the compressor and the turbine. At the top of each combustion chamber eight burners are provided for burning the fuel the internal layer of the combustion chamber is lined with tiles to provide insulation and a man hole is provided at the bottom of each combustion chamber cleaning and inspection purposes. C: Turbine: - The turbine is provided at the end of the GT unit. The turbine consists of four stages of blades. It also has bearings to support the shaft at its end

INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEM

A typical intake and exhaust system for a industrial gas turbine comprises of the following Intake system:A: Intake air filter B: Intake air silencer C: Intake air duct EXHAUST SYSTEM:A: Exhaust duct B: Expansion joint C: Dampers D: Exhaust silencer E: Bypass stack

Working of gas turbine

During the startup procedure the generator acts as a motor the generator is given supply and the compressor start working. The function of compressor is to supply at high pressure to the combustion chamber once in the fair supply is provided in the combustion chamber the fuel is ignited. Due to ignition of the fuel, the flue gases at the high temperature and high pressure is released and the thermal expansion of the gases rotates the turbine blades that are connected to the shaft. The back supply of the generator is then stopped. Fuels supply is then slowly increased till the optimum speed

of the turbine is reached once a turbine reached the optimum speed (30000rpm), The fuel supply is kept constant. The flue gases after leaving the turbine can be directed to wards the WHRSG using diverter damper and gelotine gate.

WASTE HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR

waste heat recovery stream generators are unfired heat recovery type design to accept the maximum exhaust temperature and flue gas flow of the turbine. It has no circulation. There are two different type of steam produced in this unit(hp & lp).

Basic parts: 1.condensate pre-heater:- it is present at end of the WHRSG. it is added to lower the temperature of the

flue gases and also to increase the thermal efficiency of the plant as more heat is absorbed in this type of procedure. It consists of spiral fined tubes welded together to the top and bottom headers. There are maximum rows per module.

2.Economisers:-there are two different types of economizers present in the WHRSG. These are:*LP Economizers:-there are tubes which act as economizer of the LP steam, these are spiral finned tubes welded to the top and bottom headers and fully drainable design. *HP Economizer:-in it also there are tubes acts as economizer for the HP steam, they also have spiral finned tubes welded to the top &bottom headers and have a fully drainable design.

3.EVAPORATORS:-there are two types of evaporators they are *LP evaporators:- the tubes act as evaporators for the LP steam, these are connected to the lp drum and also spiral finned tubes.

*HP Evaporators:-tubes acts as evaporators for the HP steam and are placed closer to the turbine exhaust then the LP evaporator. these are also spiral finned tubes welded at the bottom &top header and are connected to the HP steam drum.

4.SUPER HEATER:-there are two types of super heater in the WHRG these are:*LP super heater:- the tube act as super heater for LP steam. these are the fourth heat transfer surface in the distribution of gas flow. these consists of finned tubes welded at the top and bottom headers and have maximum of two rows per module. These are designed for the single gas flow on tube side and have a fully drainable design.

*HP super heater:-these tube act as super heater for the HP steam. These are the first heater transfer surface in the direction of gas flow. This also consists of finned tubes with multi pass flow on the tube side and single flow on gas side.

Steam drum:-there are two drums placed at the top of the WHRSG. These are:-

*LP drum:-this drum store the LP steam produced during the flow of water in the LP evaporators. it is smaller in size than the hp drum and has a blow cork at its top to avoid blasting at high steam pressures. *HP Drum:-this drum stores the HP steam produced during the flow of water through HP super heaters. It also has the blow cork for safety purposes.

Working of the WHRSG:The boiler feed pumps(HPBFP & LPBFP) feed the HP & LP economizers, where the temperature of the water rises close to the saturation temperature. after flowing through the economizer the water is passed to the steam through feed control system, then water is passed to the steam drum through feed control system. then the water is taken to the bottom headers of the evaporators through down pipes ,here the water gets converted into steam and water. this mixture is carried to the drum by the risers tubes .In the drum mixture is passed through centrifugal separators, whereas water is passed for the recirculation through the down tubes.

In the super heater the steam gets superheated and temperature of heat is too high. To control this spray type de-super-heater is provided between HP economizer 1&2.this steam at the outlet of the super-heater is carried to steam turbine through feed pipes.

STEAM TURBINE It is a 156MW,50Hz two cylinder condensing type turbine. The first cylinder(HP) is single flow type with 25 reaction stages and the 2nd cylinder(LP) is double flow with 7 reaction stages. It is provided with two main and two LP stop and control valves. The HP & LP sections have individual turbine rotors, which are connected to each other, and the generator rotor with rigid couplings. Some of the equipments with there ratings being employed for the steam turbines are as follows:-

Basic parts:-

1.HP TURBINE:- It is a single flow turbine, with horizontal split casing and double shell. The provision of the steam inlet temperature and the high pressure to the admission section is subjected only to low temperature and pressure effective at the exhaust of the turbine. The HP turbine is pro vided with the two main stop and control valves to check and regulate the entry of the steam into the three casing 2.LP TURBINE:-It has a three shell design and has a double flow system for maximum efficiency. The inner casing carries the first row of stationary blades and is supported on the inner outer casing so as to allow for thermal expansion. The middle casing rest on four grids, independent of the outer casing. The LP turbine is provided with two LP stop and control valves. 3.BEARINGS:-Ihe HP rotor is supported on the bearings a combined journal bearing close to the coupling with LP rotor. the LP rotor has a journal bearing at its end. the bearing pedestals are anchored to the foundation and are fixed in position.

WORKING OF THE STEAM TURBINE:The HP turbine is feeded to the HP section of the steam turbine. The steam passes through the stops and control valves of the HP turbine and enters the inner casing. On entering the inner casing the steam expands, which rotates the blades of the HP turbine, the steam after leaving the HP turbine gets converted into LP steam. This LP steam produced at the WHRSG are passed into the inlet of double flow large LP turbine on entering the steam once again expands to which the rotor of the combine effect rotation of large HP and large LP rotors the generator rotor is also rotate and the electricity is produced. The two outlets of the LP turbine are connected to the condenser where the

water and steam mixture are converted into water for further use in the WHRSG.

(C & I DEPARTMENT) (MAJOR ROLE OF ECE) AUTOMATION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

AUTOMATION : THE DEFINITION The word automation is widely used today in relation to various types of applications, such as office automation, plant or process automation. This subsection presents the application of a control system for the automation of a process /plant ,such as power station. In this last application ,the automation actively controls the plant during the three main phases of operation : plant start-up, power generation in stable or shut- down. During plant start-up & shut-down , sequence controllers as well as long range modulating controllers in or out of operation every piece of the plant ,at the correct time & in coordinated modes, taking modes, taking into account safety as well as overstressing limits. During stable generation of power, the modulating portion of the automation system keeps the actual generated power value within the limits of the desired load demand.

During major load changes, the automation system automatically redefines new set points & switches ON or OFF process pieces, to automatically bring the individual processes in an optimally coordinated way to the new desired load demand. This load transfer executed according to pre-programmed adaptively controlled load gradients & in safe way.. AUTOMATION: THE BENEFITS The main benefit of plant automation are to increase overall plants availability and efficiency .the increase of these two factors is achieved through a series of features summarized as follows: * Optimization of house load consumption during plant start up, shut-down and operation, via:
-

faster plant start-up through elimination of control errors creating delay Faster sequence of control actions compared to manual ones. figures 1 shows the sequence of a rapid restart using automation for a typical coalfired station .even a well-trained operator crew would probably not be able to bring the plant the full load the same load without considerable risks Co-ordination of house load to generate power output.

Ensure and maintain plant operation, even in case of disturbances in the control system ,via

-coordinated ON/ OFF and modulating control switch over capability from a sub process to a redundant one. -prevents sub process and process tripping chain reaction following a process component.

Reduce plant / process shutdown time for repair and maintenance as well as repair costs, via:

-protection of individual components against overstress (in a stable or a stable plant operation). -bringing process in a safe stage of operation, where process component are protected against overstress. PROCESS STRUCTURE Analysis of processes in power station and industry advocates the advisability of dividing complex overall process into individual sub-process having distinctly defined function, this divisor of process in clearly defined groups termed as FUNCTIONAL GROUPS resulting a hierarchical process structure. While the hierarchical structure is governed in the horizontal direction by the number of tribes (motorized valves, fans, dampers, pumps, etc) in the words the size of

the process; in the vertical direction, there is a distinction made between fundamental levels. These being the:A. drive level B. function group level C. unit level To the drive level, THE LOWEST LEVEL, belonging the individual process equipment and associated electrical drives. The function group is a part of the process that fulfills a particular task. E.g. induced draft control, feed water control, blooming control, etc. Thus at the time of planning it is necessary to identifying each function group in a clear manner by assigning it to a particular process activity. Each function group contains a combination of its associated individual equipment drive. The drive levels are sub ordinate to this level. The above three levels are defined with regards to the process and not form the control point of view.

CONTROL SYSTEM STUCTURE

The primary requirement to be fulfilled by any control system architecture is that it be capable of being organized and implemented on true process-oriented lines. In order words, the control system structure should map on the hierarchy process structure. BHELS PROCONTROL P ,a microprocessor based intelligent remote multiplexing system, meets this requirements completely. SYSTEM OVERVEIW The control and automation system used here is a micro based multiplexing system .this system. Designed on a modular basis, allows to tighten the scope of control hardware to the particular control strategy and operating requirements of the process. Regardless of the type and extent of process to control provides to control provides system uniformity and integrity for :

Signal conditioning and transmission Modulating control

CONTROL AND MONITORING MECHANISM

There are basically two types of problems faced in a power plant: Metallurgical Mechanical Mechanical power related to the turbine that is the max speed permissible for a turbine is 3000 rpm, so speed should be monitored & maintained at that level. Metallurgical problem can be view as the max inlet Temperature for turbine is 1060 C so temperature should be below limit. Monitoring of all the parameters is necessary for the safety of both: Employees Machines So the parameters to be monitored are: Speed Temperature Current Voltage Pressure

Eccentricity Flow of gases Vaccum pressure Valves Level Vibration

PRESSURE MONITORING
Pressure can be monitored by three types of basic mechanism: Switches Gauges Transmitter type For gauges we use bourden tube: The bourden tubes is a non liquid pressure measurement device. It is widely used in specifications where in expensive static pressure measurements are needed. A typical bourdon tube contains a curved tube that is open to external pressure input on one end & is coupled mechanically to an indicating needle on the other end, as shown below:

Transmitter types use transducers (electrical to electricl normally) .They are used where the continuous monitoring is required. Normally capacitive transducers are used.

For switches pressure switches are used & they can be used for digital means of monitoring as switch being ON is referred as high & being OFF is as low. All the monitored data is converted to either current or voltage parameter. The plant standard for current & voltage are as under: Voltage : 0-10 Volts range Current : 4-20 miliAmperes We use 2mA the lower value so as to check for disturbances & wires breaks. Accuracy of such systems is very high. ACCURACY : + -0.1% The whole system used is SCADA based

We use DDCMIC control for this process. Programmable Logic Circuits (PLCs) are used in the processas they are the heart of instrumentation.

BASIC PRESSURE CONTROL MECHANISM

Hence PLC selection depends upon the criticality of process.

CONTROL VALVES
A valve is a device that regulates the flow of substances (either gases, fluidized solids, slurries, or by liquid) by opening ,closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves re technically pipe fittings, but usually are discussed separately. Valves are used in a variety of applications including industrial, military ,commercial, residential, transportation. Plumbing valves are the most obvious in everyday life, but many more are used. Some valves are driven by pressure only, they are mainly used for safety purposes in steam engines & domestic heating or cooking appliances. Others are used in a controlled way like in otto cycle engines driven by a camshaft, where they play major role in engine cycle control. Many valves are controlled manually with a handle attached to the valve stem.if the handle is turned a

quarter of a full turn(90 ) between operating positions, the valve is called a quarter-turn valve. Butterfly valves, ball valves, & plug valves are often quarter turn valves. Valves can also be controlled by devices called actuators attached to stem. They can be electromechanical actuators such as an electric motor or solenoid, pneumatic actuators which are controlled by air pressure, or hydraulic actutors which are controlled by the pressure of a liquid such as oil or water. So there are basically three types of valves that are used in power industries besides the handle valves. They are: Pneumatic Valves:- They are air or gas controlled which is compressed to turn or move them. Hydraulic Valves:- They utilize oil in place of air as oil has better compression. Motorised Valves:- These valves are controlled by electric motors

TEMPERATURE MONITORING There are basically three methods of temperature monitoring. They are: Electrical method field system method Metallic method
ELECTRICAL METHOD OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT This method includes: RTD (PT 100, Cu 53) Thermocouple

Resistance Temperature Detectors(RTD) Resistance of the element varies in proportionally to the temperature. Constant current is fed and the with the varying temp voltage in the circuit varies and the same can be converted into thermal through curve fitting equations PT 100 : 100 ohm at 0 C

Range : -200 to 850 C

Thermocouple
Electrically conducting and thermoelectrically dissimilar material coupled at an interface is called thermocouple. The legs are called thermo elements. Seebeck effect

Element

Extension Cable Reference Junction

Type: B, E, J, K, N, R, S & T Type K :Ni-Cr Ni Range: -270 - 1350 C

FLOW MEASUREMENT Differential Pressure- Orifice, Venturi, Nozzle Variable Area Displacement Turbine Flow meters Ultrasonic Coriolis Effect Mass Flow meter

(MM DEPARTMENT)

As the name suggests it has the following roles. Preventive maintenance (At regular intervals as per OEM directions) Breakdown maintenance repair Diagnostic maintenance - online maintenance and monitoring of equipments (on about 8-10 machines daily)

The maintenance work can be online or offline. Online maintenance while machine is in operation Offline maintenance when machine is shut down One of the very frequent maintenance work is compressor washing. It takes place twice per week whenever the output decreases by 1.5%. It is generally done online. Soap solution is used to remove deposits on the compressor blades formed by dust or other impurities. Electrostatic particle separator is also used. Besides, this department also manages the inventory of spares.

THE OPERATION OF GAS POWER STATION

the generation of electricity in the Faridabad gas power station takes place in two cycles. These are 1.close cycle 2.open cycle close cycle:In this all the equipments installed participate in the generating the electricity. in the gas turbine the natural gases are mixed together with the compressed air. Compressed air is attained by passing through the filters attached at the compressor. These compressed air is mixed with the natural gas or liquid naptha and them burnt in the combination chamber. These gases are passed to the turbine which generates electricity generates electricity. The electricity is passed to generator transformer. The electricity generated by each gas turbine is 137.758MW. the waste gases have a very high temperature about 555C. these are used to heat the demineralised water in the waste heat economy boiler(WHRB).the steam is formed which passes through high pressure turbine NPT and some part i.e the low pressure steam is passed through LPT low pressure turbine (LPT). The electricity generated is 156.07MW. hence the total energy generated is 432 MW by the whole plant. Open cycle:The station works in open cycle when water is not available in the plant or have some fault in WHR.B#2.

The process is same as the closed but in the opened cycle the CN 1opens these gases pass though the CN1

(EM DEPARTMENT)

The basic work done by this department is distribution of power.The power is generated at 6.6kV voltage level to reduce power losses during transmission ,the voltage is increased upto 220kV using step up transformer viz. generator-1,2 and steam generator. In switchyard there areb 11bays in total & 3 bays namely main bus-1,main bus-2 & transfer bus through tapings are made. Finally four transmission lines are extended from the switchyard towards two different substations namely: PALLA-1 ,PALLA-2 ,SAMAYPUR-1 ,SAMAYPUR-2. Various protective schemes are employed at each level of the transmission system having various equipments like: Relays Isolators Current transformers Circuit breakers Lightening arresters Power communication carrier(PCC) have been employed in switchyard.

TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a static device which transfers a.c. electrical from one circuit to other at the same frequency but the voltage level is changed. When the voltage is raised on output side the transformer is

called as step up transformer wheras the transformer in which the voltage is lowered on the output side is called step down transformer. PRINCIPLE OF WORKING: The basic principle of working of transformer is electromagnetic induction law of faraday's i.e. whenever there is a change in magnetic flux an emf is produced and the e.m.f produced opposes the cause that produce it ( acc. to lenz's law). MAIN PARTS OF TRANSFORMER:1.

MAGNETIC CORE:- It is provided to: I. Hold the primary and secondary windings II. To provide an easy path for flow of magnetic flux

. 2.PRIMARY WINDING:- This winding is connected to the supply for a step-up transformer, this winding has low voltage and provided near the core. It is made of super enameled copper wire. 3.SECONDARY WINDING:-this winding is connected to the load.for a step down transformer this winding has low voltage and is provided near the core.this is done to reduce the thickness of insulation required for the winding. 4. INSULATION: Insulation is provided between:

I. Core and winding II. Primary to secondary winding Paper insulation is commonly provided between core & windings.Oil used in the transformer helps in cooling the windings and also provides for insulation. 4. TERMINALS AND BUSHINGS: Bushings are provided to provide insulation between body of transformer and output/input terminals. These are made of ceramic materials. Terminals are used to connect the windings to supply load. These are made of low resistivity conducting material. 5. OIL TANK:- Tank is used to house a transformer & to provide oil for its cooling. The quantity of heat dissipated by oil ,made to circulate in the tank depends upon area of the tank.The area of the tank is increased by providing cooling tubes around the tank. 6. CONSERVATOR TANK:- It is provided at the top of transformer tank and is partly filled with insulating oil.Oil gets expanded on heating. Some empty spaces are provided in the tank to take care for rise in level of oil on heating. 7. COOLING TUBES:- Cooling tubes are provided around the tank to increase the area of tank in contact with air .These tubes remain filled with oil circulating through the tank &

increase the heat dissipation capacity of the transformer.