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802.3 Physical
802.4 Physical
802.5 Physical
802.6 Physical
802.11 Physical
802.12 Physical
802.16 Physical
Fig. 1 The relationship between the standard and other members of the family
IEEE 802.16
802.16 consists of the access point, BS(Base Station) and SSs(Subscriber Stations) All data traffic goes through the BS, and the BS can control the allocation of bandwidth on the radio channel. 802.16 is a Bandwidth on Demand system.
SS
SS BS
SS
Purpose :
to enable rapid worldwide deployment of cost-effective broadband wireless access products to facilitate competition in broadband access by providing alternatives to wireline broadband access
Main advantage :
fast deployment, dynamic sharing of radio resources and low cost
IEEE 802.16
The spectrum to be used
10 - 66 GHz licensed band Due to the short wavelength Line of sight is required Multipath is negligible Channels 25 or 28 MHz wide are typical Raw data rates in excess of 120 Mbps 2 -11 GHz IEEE Standards Association Project P802.16a Approved as an IEEE standard on Jan 29, 2003
Admission control :
Ensures that resources to support QoS requirements of a new flow are available
Link initialization
Scans for a channel, synchronizes the SS with the BS, performs registration, and various security issues.
Retransmission :
Implement an ARQ(Automatic Repeat Request)
Basic Services
UGS(Unsolicited Grant Service)
Supports real-time service flows that generate fixed size data packets on a periodic basis, such as T1/E1 and Voice over IP The BS shall provide fixed size slot at periodic intervals.
Basic Services
nrtPS(Non-Real-Time Polling Service)
Supports non real-time service flows that generate variable size data packets on a regular basis, such as high bandwidth FTP.
vidio
Two-way
32 - 384 kbps
<1% FER
Data
Two-way
Zero
Data
Two-way
< 1 KB
<250 msec
N.A.
Zero
Data
Two-way
< 1 KB
<250 msec
N.A.
Zero
Data
Web-browsing HTML
Two-way
N.A.
Zero
Data
Two-way
<250 msec
N.A.
Zero
Data
Two-way
<250 msec
N.A.
Zero
vidio
32 - 384 kbps
<10 sec
<1% FER
Data
<10 sec
N.A.
Zero
Data
<10 sec
N.A.
Zero
Data
Telemetry - monitoring
One-way
<10 sec
N.A.
Zero
UL-MAP(Uplink Map)
UL-MAP message allocates access to the uplink channel
Uplink
Random access area is primarily used for the initial access but also for the signaling when the terminal has no resources allocated within the uplink phase.
Broadcast Phase
Broadcast
Downlink Phase
Reserved
Uplink Phase
Reserved
Frame n
802.11
Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer(PHY) Specifications 802.11a : up to 54 Mbps in 5GHz band 802.11b : up to 11 Mbps in 2.4GHz band 802.11 MAC protocol supports two kinds of access method
PCF(Point Coordinated Function)
Based on the polling controlled by AP(Access Point) Intended for transmission of real-time traffic as well as that of asynchronous data traffic
Contention free period repetition interval (super frame) Contention free period
SIFS Beacon SIFS SIFS SIFS SIFS D3+ack +poll U2+ack SIFS CF_End
Contention period
D1+poll U1+ack
D2+ack +poll
PICF
Downlink/Uplink Scheduling
Radio resources have to be scheduled according to the QoS(Quality of Service) parameters Downlink scheduling:
the flows are simply multiplexed the standard scheduling algorithms can be used
WRR(Weighted Round Robin) VT(Virtual Time) WFQ(Weighted Fair Queueing) WFFQ(Worst-case Fair weighted Fair Queueing) DRR(Deficit Round Robin)
WRR
It is an extention of round robin scheduling based on the static weight.
VCC 1 (Source 1) 1 1 1
2 1 3
VCC 2 (Source 2)
2 2
VCC 3 (Source 3)
3 3 3 3 3
WRR scheduler
VT
VT : aims to emulate the TDM(Time Division Multiplexing) system [4]
connection 1 : reserves 50% of the link bandwidth connection 2, 3 : reserves 20% of the link bandwidth
Connection 1 Average inter-arrival : 2 units Connection 2 Average inter-arrival : 5 units Connection 3 Average inter-arrival : 5 units First-Come-First-Served service order Virtual times Virtual Clock service order
WFQ : picks the first packet that would complete service in the corresponding FFQ system[4]
WFFQ : picks the first packet that would complete service among the set of packets that have started service in the corresponding FFQ system[4] Example
All packets have the same size 1 and link speed is 1 Guaranteed rate for connection 1 : 0.5 Guaranteed rate for connection 2-11 : 0.05 Connection 1 sends 11 back-to-back packets at time 0 Connection 2-11 sends 1 packet at time 0 The completion time of connection 1 : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 The completion time of connection 2 11 : 20
Connection 1
Connection 2
Connection 11
VT and WFQ
All packets are fixed size and require exactly one second to service Starting at time zero, 1000 packets from connection 1 arrive at a rate of 1 packet/second Starting at time 900, 450 packets from connection 2 arrive at a rate of 1 packet/second
The completion times of the 901, 902, 903, packets of connection 1 in FFQ system are 1802, 1904, 1806, The completion times of the 1, 2, 3, packets of connection 2 in FFQ system are 901, 902, 903,
Connection 1
Connection 2
2800
7800
2000
2800
7800
2000
Downlink/Uplink Scheduling
Uplink scheduling:
Responsible for the efficient and fair allocation of the resources(time slots) in the uplink direction Uplink carrier :
Reserved slots contention slots(random access slots)
Multicast
Certain CID(Connection Identifier) are reserved for multicast groups and for broadcast messages. An SS belonging to the polled group may request bandwidth during any request interval allocated to that CID in the UPMAP
Broadcast
rtPS
The BS provides periodic unicast request opportunities. The SS is prohibited from using any contention request opportunities.
BE
The SS is allowed to use contention request opportunities.
Contention Resolution
Collisions may occur during Request intervals. Contention resolution is based on a truncated binary exponential backoff, with the initial backoff window and the maximum backoff window controlled by the BS. A truncated binary exponential backoff
The SS shall randomly select a number within its backoff window. This value indicates the number of contention transmission opportunities that the SS shall defer before transmitting If the contention transmission fails, the SS increases its backoff window by a factor of two.
IEEE 802.16e
Air interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems Started at December 11, 2002
Future Study
Study on the scheduling method
Downlink scheduling method Uplink scheduling method
Study on the relevant Fragment Size Study on the criteria whether packing or nonpacking
References
[1] IEEE Std 802.16-2001. [2] B. Larish, The MAC layer in Broadband Wireless Access Networks, http: //www.eas.asu.edu/trace/eee459/Bryan%20Larish.doc [3] J. Bostie, G. Kandus, MAC Scheduling for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, COST263_v0_0.doc [4] Hui Zhang, Service disciplines for guaranteed performance service in packetswitching networks, Proc. IEEE, vol. 83, Oct. 1995. [5] M. Shreedhar and G. Varghese, Efficient Fair Queueing using deficit round robin, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 1996, pp. 375-385. [6] R.S. Ravindra, D. Everitt, and L.L.H. Andrew, Fair Queueing Scheduler for IEEE 802.11 Based Wireless Multimedia Networks, http://www.ee.mu.oz. au/staff/lha/abstract/wlan_mmt99.html [7] S. Lu, V. Bharghavan, and R. Srickant, Fair Scheduling in Wireless Packet Networks, IEEE Trans. on Networking, Vol. 7, No. 4 August 1999. [8] Y. Cao and V.O.K. Li, Scheduling Algorithms in Broad-band Wireless Networks, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 89, No.1, January 2001, pp 76-87.