B GIO DC V O TO THI TH ( thi gm c 06 trang)

THI TH TUYN SINH I HC NM 2012 Mn thi: TING ANH Thi gian lm bi: 90 pht; (80 cu trc nghim) M thi 975

H, tn th sinh:____________________ SBD: ____________ THI GM 80 CU (T QUESTION 1 N QUESTION 80) Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. The settlement of New Zealand is the final (1) _______ in what is perhaps the worlds greatest story of discovery the exploration of the Pacific. During the Pleistocene, as early as forty thousand years ago, modern humans settled Near Oceania, including Australia and the islands of the Philippines. The short (2) _______ between islands in Near Oceania (3) _______ not require (4)________navigation for exploration and (5) _______. Lower sea (6) _______ meant that many of these land (7) _______ were connected. Remote Oceania, however, was a different (8) _______. Besides New Zealand, it includes Polynesian islands like Fiji, Hawaii, and Rapa Nui, or Easter Island. These almost impossibly far-flung islands remained uninhabited until (9) _______ recently, separated from Near Oceania by vast stretches of ocean. By 1000 B.C., an accomplished (10) _______ group known to archaeologists as the Lapita people had settled the coasts of the island chains just east of New Guinea, now called Melanesia. Question 1: Question 2: Question 3: Question 4: Question 5: Question 6: Question 7: Question 8: Question 9: Question 10: A. postscript A. travels A. would A. bolstered A. settlement A. levels A. blocks A. narration A. definitely A. seaworthy B. sequel B. distances B. had B. retarded B. occupation B. grades B. mounds B. experience B. nearly B. seafaring C. deed C. channels C. did C. estranged C. foundation C. depths C. continents C. story C. positively C. seascape D. chapter D. straits D. and D. sophisticated D. discovery D. positions D. masses D. thing D. relatively D. seaside

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. Question 11: If she had taken the Miami job, she ________ . A. would be earning much more now B. would have earned much more now C. will earn much more now D. is earning much more now Question 12: ________ from the ceiling, the decorations created a wonderful party atmosphere. A. Succumbed B. Adhered C. Suspended D. Upgraded Question 13: What are your plans for the summer ? _______ June, Im not sure. A. By next B. Beyond next C. Next D. The next Question 14: As a teacher, his salary is even less ________ a driver. A. than of B. than that of C. that of D. than Question 15: How could Jeff have done that ? _______ ! Who knows what he was thinking ? A. In two minds B. Certainly not C. Ill eat my hat D. Beats me Question 16: It's been nice _______ around Vancouver the last couple of days. A. to take things easy B. taking things easy C. take things easy D. in taking things easy

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Question 17: A manufacturer of towels finds that his returns to scale are constant. The long-run average cost curve is _______. A. vertical B. upward sloping C. horizontal D. downward sloping Question 18: The climb to the top of the mountain was tough, but ________. A. it was worthy B. it was worth it C. it had worth in it D. it had worth Question 19: From the bitter cold of winter to the _______ heat of the summer, this transition took place very quickly this year. A. roasting B. smoldering C. blistering D. bubbling Question 20: Mary's having a difficult time at the moment. We all need to _______ her. A. get behind B. get on with C. get round to D. get into Question 21: He likes variety and regularly changes the _________ on her computer. A. windows B. fonts C. cursors D. softwares Question 22: Are you going to Johns party ? _______ I wouldnt miss it for anything ! A. Youve got to be joking! B. You bet! C. Fancy that! D. Whod have thought it! Question 23: ________, so will their marriage. A. Soon George's term of office expires B. The minute George's term of office expires C. Soon George's term of office is expired D. The minute George's term of office has expired Question 24: As of now, you can get the most _______ information on our new website. A. up-to-date B. updates C. update D. updating Question 25: _______ is assuring the recipients that received messages has not been altered in any way from the original that was sent. A. Integrity B. Verification C. Incorruptibility D. Firmness Question 26: "How bad is the drought in the region ?" "They've had ________ rain for over four months." A. scarcely no B. almost any C. scarcely any D. hardly none Question 27: They keep working harder and faster, and getting ________. A. nowhere B. everywhere C. anywhere D. somewhere Question 28: What did you have for dessert ? A large bowl of _______. A. chilled, delicious fresh fruit salad B. fresh, chilled, delicious fruit salad C. fresh fruit, delicious, chilled salad D. delicious, chilled, fresh fruit salad Question 29: Unfortunately, our local library had _______ books on the subject, so I'm going to the city library tomorrow hoping to find ________ more. A. a little/a lot B. little/many C. a few/much D. few/some Question 30: The notice on the door leading to the stage area, ________. A. No Admittance B. No Admitting C. No Admission D. No Admissible Question 31: Ancient Egypt is perhaps _______ for its incredible monumental architecture typified by the pyramids. A. best known B. the best known C. the best of known D. better known Question 32: I had to call an ambulance the other day. It arrived in next to ________ . A. in time B. on time C. no time D. kill time Question 33: They are going to reduce the traffic through the village by building a _______ . A. bypass B. bylaw C. byway D. byroad Question 34: We advertised the car at $6000 and you're offering $5000. Let's _______ the difference and say $5500. A. split B. divide C. joint D. descent Question 35: Both parties were at an ________ because nothing was written down at the time of the negotiations. A. impairment B. impedance C. impasse D. implosion Question 36: The South West is the most _____ populated region in England, which has an impact on the cost of providing and stimulating community services. A. sparsely B. excessively C. speedily D. assertively Question 37: _______, I will let you know.

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 Id appreciate that. A. When a decision will have reached B. As soon as a decision is going to reach C. Once a decision will be reached D. When a decision has been reached Question 38: Although we had all the correct information, our conclusions were ________. A. quick off the mark B. up to the mark C. wide of the mark D. below the mark Question 39: I never understood why he _______ the chance to become a professional football player. A. passed up B. passed out C. passed off D. passed away Question 40: I want to remind you that this matter _______ with without further delay. A. should be dealing B. has to be dealt C. must have dealt D. is going to deal Question 41: _______ straight back home after work - _______ late for the ransom negotiations. A. You'd rather come, I'd better you weren't B. You'd better came, you'd rather not to be C. I'd rather came, you'd better not came D. You'd better come, I'd rather you weren't Question 42: It was reported that a review of existing office procedures is also currently _______ to improve the administration. A. underway and suggest B. underway with an aim of C. underway in an attempt D. attempting to be underway Question 43: If you buy a Sony laptop, we'll give you a carrying case __________ free. A. absolutely B. amazingly C. fully D. perfectly Question 44: Don't argue over such _______ things! A. important B. lucrative C. amiss D. trivial Question 45: _______ with our competitor, you directly violated our confidentiality agreement. A. To interviewing B. By interviewing C. For interviewing D. Interviewing Question 46: We recommend you get them done before the break, but it's _______ you. A. up with B. out of C. down with D. up to Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. Two US scientists and their UK collaborator have been awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine for their groundbreaking work in gene technology. Mario Capecchi, Oliver Smithies and Briton Martin Evans developed a technique known as gene targeting. It enabled them to replicate human diseases in mice by introducing genetic changes into the animal's stem cells. The Nobel Committee said this had led to many new insights into conditions such as cancer and heart disease. For instance, science has gained a greater understanding of how disease can strike otherwise healthy people. The technique has also helped to shed new light on the ageing process, and on how the embryo develops in the womb. It can be used to study almost every aspect of mammalian physiology. The technique is commonly described as gene "knockout". It enables scientists to silence specific genes, and monitor the effect, so that geneby-gene they are able to build a picture of the development of disease. To date more than 10,000 mice genes - around half of the total have been knocked out, with the rest confidently predicted to follow soon. As a result, more than 500 different mouse models of human disorders have been developed - including cardiovascular and neuro degenerative diseases, diabetes and cancer. Professor Stephen O'Rahilly, of the University of Cambridge, said : "The development of gene targeting technology in the mouse has had a profound influence on medical research. Thanks to this technology we have a much better understanding of the function of specific genes in pathways in the whole organism and a greater ability to predict whether drugs acting on those pathways are likely to have beneficial effects in disease." Jo Tanner, of Coalition for Medical Progress, said : "If we are ever going to find cures for genetic conditions such as muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis, scientists will need to work on animal models, identifying the genetic defects responsible and correcting them in animals before trialling potential treatments in humans. Question 47: Identify two of the scientists mentioned in the text who were awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine. A. Jo Tanner and Professor Stephen ORahilly B. Jo Tanner and Olivier Smithies C. Martin Evans and Professor Stephen ORahilly D. Mario Capecchi and Martin Evans Question 48: The Nobel Prize for medicine was awarded in recognition of a technique developed, which is commonly referred to as _____ .

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A. Gene targeting B. Pathway targeting C. Gene knockout D. Organism knockout Question 49: According to the text, which of the following would not accurately complete the sentence, the technique has enabled scientists A. to observe the development of a disease B. to develop 500 mouse diseases in humans C. to monitor the effect of silencing specific genes D. to have a greater understanding of how an embryo develops Question 50: Which word below could best replace the word groundbreaking in paragraph 1 ? A. Fascinating B. Initial C. Scientific D. Revolutionary Question 51: Which word is closest in meaning to the expression shed new light in paragraph 1 ? A. Lighten B. Alight C. Enlighten D. Highlight Question 52: In the text, what does Professor Stephen ORahilly underline as being one of the major benefits of this technique ? A. The development of research on mice B. The development of mouse model diseases such as cancer C. Identifying genetic defects D. Better understanding of the efficiency of drugs Question 53: Which of the following best summarises Jo Tanners attitude to using mice in medical research ? A. The use of mouse models is a necessary tool if we want to develop cures and treatments for humans B. Cures will never be found because mouse model diseases are never identical to human ones C. The treatments have to be tested on humans before identifying the genetic faults responsible for the disease D. Scientists should only use mice if they are searching for and testing cures for terminal diseases in humans such as cancer Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.

Question 54: The archaeologists have begun excavating the site in the hope of finding valuable Roman relics. A. digging up B. levelling out C. building on D. mapping out Question 55: The new secretary is a most meticulous worker, nothing escapes her! A. careful B. ambitious C. confident D. optimistic Question 56 The new neighbors are really inconsiderate and regularly make noise late into the night. A. unusual B. amusing C. cheerful D. thoughtless Question 57: Many creatures use camouflage to escape the attention of predators around them. A. concealment B. reject C. sensitivity D. confidence
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions. Question 58: The only thing they don't like about living in Australia is the heat. A. If it weren't for the heat, they would be totally happy living in Australia. B. They were quite happy during their stay in Australia, but they found the heat unbearable. C. Because they can't get used to the heat, they are quite unhappy living in Australia. D. The reason that they hate living in Australia is that the country is incredibly hot. Question 59: I didn't feel sick once during the ferry trip from Italy to Spain. A. Usually, I get sick whenever I travel on the ferry from Italy to Spain. B. Although the sea between Italy and Spain was rough, I wasn't sick once. C. This time my ferry trip to Spain from Italy wasn't spoilt by my being unwell. D. I felt well throughout the sea crossing to Spain from Italy. Question 60: Unlike his wife, he thinks that bullfighting should be banned. A. Although he dislikes bullfighting, his wife who is against banning the sport, really enjoys it. B. Differing from her husband, she fells that bullfighting ought not to be permitted any more. C. They can't decide whether bullfighting should be banned just because it is cruel. D. Contrary to his opinion, his wife believes that bullfighting should continue to be permitted.

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. Astrobiology Red dwarfs are smaller, dimmer, and cooler than our sun. There are more than a dozen of these stars within a few light years of our Earth, yet not one of them is visible to the naked eye. For years it was thought that they were a poor place to look for alien lifeforms. However, recent computer models contradict this supposition. This is excellent news for xenobiologists since four out of every five stars is a red dwarf. The argument against life being present on the planets orbiting around red dwarfs was twofold. First, these stars are so faint because they begin with ten to sixty percent less mass than the sun. They are frugal: their nuclear reactions are far slower than in other types of stars. This stinginess could be a point in their favor since the average lifetime of a red dwarf is one hundred times that of the Sun, which would allow life a much longer time to evolve. Although with so little energy available how could there be life? Living organisms as we know them depend on a range of temperatures where water is liquid. A planet orbiting a red dwarf at the same distance as our planet orbits the Sun would be a frozen ball of ice. Of course, you could simply place the planet closer to the red star, hence it should be warmer and habitable. But that is the second problem; a closer orbit comes with a cost. A planet that is nestled next to the star would always present one face towards the star, very much like our moon does to the Earth. So one side would be a blast oven and the other an icy circle of hell. Not so, according to Robert Hablerle and Manoj Joshi at NASA's Ames Research Center. When they ran a computer simulation of such a planet they found out that if the planet had an atmosphere only about 15 percent thicker than ours the results implied that it could shelter life. Venus already has an atmosphere ninety times that of Earth's so a slightly denser atmosphere is well within the realms of possibility. A more abundant atmosphere would transfer enough heat from the eternal sunny side to endless night.The temperature range was inside acceptable norms: from 50 degrees to minus 50 degrees Celsius. Another difficulty presents itself with this scenario since water would tend to migrate from the hot side to the frigid dark side. However, Martin Heath of Greenwich Community College, London thinks he might have the solution to this dilemma. He postulates that if the oceans are deep enough, water will circulate back from the nether regions over to the hot side. Under a deep ice cap, sea water would be insulated from the intense cold and remain liquid and thus be able to freely disperse. While this type of planet might be able to bear life, the conditions would be strikingly dissimilar to what we find on Earth. One important fact to remember is red dwarfs emit a great deal of their energy in the infrared. Which could offer some problems to the process of photosynthesis. In addition, red dwarfs exhibit more massive starspots than Sol which could reduce incoming light by up to two fifths. Star flares also pose a problem since they can brighten a red dwarf by as much as one hundred percent. Besides these global changes, life would have to deal with the variety of fixed temperatures on this planet. Ground zero in the hot zone would be centered on the equator where the star would be directly overhead. The rim of eternal shade would be somewhere around zero degrees and cooler the deeper you went until you reached temperatures of minus fifty degrees centigrade. Since the sun would be stationary in the sky, the backside of a hill would be in perpetual shadow, as well. This continuous light vs constant shade would certainly produce intriguing ecosystems. Question 61: Choose the another title for this article: A. The Search for Life in the Universe B. Red Dwarfs: a New Place to Look for Life C. The Physics of Planets Orbiting Red Dwarf Stars D. The Stationary Planet Question 62: Which of the following words is an antonym for the word dimmer ? A. swarthy B. darker C. illumination D. overcast Question 63: According to the first paragraph why is the possiblity of life around red dwarfs an auspicious bulletin? A. Because they were a poor place to look for aliens. B. Considering that they are invisible to the naked eye C. Inasmuch as they are cooler and smaller D. Because they are the most numerous of stars Question 64: According to the passage what benefit would deep bodies of salt water bring? A. An abundant atmosphere B. Circulating wind patterns C. Indispensable temperature redistribution D. Essential seasonal changes

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Question 65: The word stinginess as used in this passage is closest in meaning to: A. discounting B. harmful C. miserly D. generous Question 66: The word nestled could best be replaced by A. petted roughly B. subsequent C. settled comfortably D. humped Question 67: Why does the author mention a blast oven and an icy circle of hell? A. To illustrate the drastic differences in conditions that were originally postulated for the two opposing faces on this type of planet. B. To chart out the temperatures from 50 degrees to minus 50 Celsius. C. To explain that naked eyes would be severely damaged on these worlds. D. To point out that red dwarfs with their immense starspots and flares would produce similar if not identical situations on these planet's surfaces. Question 68: Which of the following is not mentioned as NOT being a problem for the prospect of life on these worlds. A. A feeble allotment of light B. An everlasting relocation of water C. A dearth of tides needed for evolution D. Extreme temperatures Question 69: The word strikingly is closest in meaning to: A. Exhaustingly B. Expertly C. Ingloriously D. Impressively Question 70: What do you suppose the next topic discussed would be? A. How animals and plants might differ on these planets. B. Searching for life around white dwarfs. C. Droughts and Flooding on these planets. D. Photosynthesis on the dark side of these planets. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress in each of the following questions. Question 71: Question 72: Question 73: Question 74: Question 75: A. faltering A. penetrability A. manifest A. garrulous A. belligerence B. extraordinary B. presanctified B. diameter B. diplomatic B. benevolence C. disarming C. insecticidal C. banquet C. circumspect C. astronomer D. vivacious D. extracurricular D. schedule D. palimpsest D. sponsorship

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions. Question 76: Not only did people from over the world surround me, but also I was greeted with welcome arms A B C and warm hearts. D Question 77: Once the cameras started rolling, the participants found the game show to be difficult than they A B C had imagined. D Question 78: The basic that you'll need to star your own business are provided in the seminar. A B C D Question 79: Companies can innovate by launch new products which are less costly for the consumer. A B C D Question 80: As your old one, this new copier can collate and staple the copies in half the time. A B C D ----------- THE END ----------

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B GIO DC V O TO THI TH ( thi gm c 06 trang)

THI TH TUYN SINH I HC NM 2012 Mn thi: TING ANH Thi gian lm bi: 90 pht; (80 cu trc nghim) M thi 975

H, tn th sinh:____________________ SBD: ____________ THI GM 80 CU (T QUESTION 1 N QUESTION 80) Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks. The settlement of New Zealand is the final (1) _______ in what is perhaps the worlds greatest story of discovery the exploration of the Pacific. During the Pleistocene, as early as forty thousand years ago, modern humans settled Near Oceania, including Australia and the islands of the Philippines. The short (2) _______ between islands in Near Oceania (3) _______ not require (4)________navigation for exploration and (5) _______. Lower sea (6) _______ meant that many of these land (7) _______ were connected. Remote Oceania, however, was a different (8) _______. Besides New Zealand, it includes Polynesian islands like Fiji, Hawaii, and Rapa Nui, or Easter Island. These almost impossibly far-flung islands remained uninhabited until (9) _______ recently, separated from Near Oceania by vast stretches of ocean. By 1000 B.C., an accomplished (10) _______ group known to archaeologists as the Lapita people had settled the coasts of the island chains just east of New Guinea, now called Melanesia. Question 1: Question 2: Question 3: Question 4: Question 5: Question 6: Question 7: Question 8: Question 9: Question 10: A. postscript A. travels A. would A. bolstered A. settlement A. levels A. blocks A. narration A. definitely A. seaworthy B. sequel B. distances B. had B. retarded B. occupation B. grades B. mounds B. experience B. nearly B. seafaring C. deed C. channels C. did C. estranged C. foundation C. depths C. continents C. story C. positively C. seascape D. chapter D. straits D. and D. sophisticated D. discovery D. positions D. masses D. thing D. relatively D. seaside

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. Question 11: If she had taken the Miami job, she ________ . A. would be earning much more now B. would have earned much more now C. will earn much more now D. is earning much more now Question 12: ________ from the ceiling, the decorations created a wonderful party atmosphere. A. Succumbed B. Adhered C. Suspended D. Upgraded Question 13: What are your plans for the summer ? _______ June, Im not sure. A. By next B. Beyond next C. Next D. The next Question 14: As a teacher, his salary is even less ________ a driver. A. than of B. than that of C. that of D. than Question 15: How could Jeff have done that ? _______ ! Who knows what he was thinking ? A. In two minds B. Certainly not C. Ill eat my hat D. Beats me Question 16: It's been nice _______ around Vancouver the last couple of days.

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A. to take things easy B. taking things easy C. take things easy D. in taking things easy Question 17: A manufacturer of towels finds that his returns to scale are constant. The long-run average cost curve is _______. A. vertical B. upward sloping C. horizontal D. downward sloping Question 18: The climb to the top of the mountain was tough, but ________. A. it was worthy B. it was worth it C. it had worth in it D. it had worth Question 19: From the bitter cold of winter to the _______ heat of the summer, this transition took place very quickly this year. A. roasting B. smoldering C. blistering D. bubbling Question 20: Mary's having a difficult time at the moment. We all need to _______ her. A. get behind B. get on with C. get round to D. get into Question 21: He likes variety and regularly changes the _________ on her computer. A. windows B. fonts C. cursors D. softwares Question 22: Are you going to Johns party ? _______ I wouldnt miss it for anything ! A. Youve got to be joking! B. You bet! C. Fancy that! D. Whod have thought it! Question 23: ________, so will their marriage. A. Soon George's term of office expires B. The minute George's term of office expires C. Soon George's term of office is expired D. The minute George's term of office has expired Question 24: As of now, you can get the most _______ information on our new website. A. up-to-date B. updates C. update D. updating Question 25: _______ is assuring the recipients that received messages has not been altered in any way from the original that was sent. A. Integrity B. Verification C. Incorruptibility D. Firmness Question 26: "How bad is the drought in the region ?" "They've had ________ rain for over four months." A. scarcely no B. almost any C. scarcely any D. hardly none Question 27: They keep working harder and faster, and getting ________. A. nowhere B. everywhere C. anywhere D. somewhere Question 28: What did you have for dessert ? A large bowl of _______. A. chilled, delicious fresh fruit salad B. fresh, chilled, delicious fruit salad C. fresh fruit, delicious, chilled salad D. delicious, chilled, fresh fruit salad Question 29: Unfortunately, our local library had _______ books on the subject, so I'm going to the city library tomorrow hoping to find ________ more. A. a little/a lot B. little/many C. a few/much D. few/some Question 30: The notice on the door leading to the stage area, ________. A. No Admittance B. No Admitting C. No Admission D. No Admissible Question 31: Ancient Egypt is perhaps _______ for its incredible monumental architecture typified by the pyramids. A. best known B. the best known C. the best of known D. better known Question 32: I had to call an ambulance the other day. It arrived in next to ________ . A. in time B. on time C. no time D. kill time Question 33: They are going to reduce the traffic through the village by building a _______ . A. bypass B. bylaw C. byway D. byroad Question 34: We advertised the car at $6000 and you're offering $5000. Let's _______ the difference and say $5500. A. split B. divide C. joint D. descent Question 35: Both parties were at an ________ because nothing was written down at the time of the negotiations. A. impairment B. impedance C. impasse D. implosion Question 36: The South West is the most _____ populated region in England, which has an impact on the cost of providing and stimulating community services. A. sparsely B. excessively C. speedily D. assertively Question 37: _______, I will let you know.

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 Id appreciate that. A. When a decision will have reached B. As soon as a decision is going to reach C. Once a decision will be reached D. When a decision has been reached Question 38: Although we had all the correct information, our conclusions were ________. A. quick off the mark B. up to the mark C. wide of the mark D. below the mark Question 39: I never understood why he _______ the chance to become a professional football player. A. passed up B. passed out C. passed off D. passed away Question 40: I want to remind you that this matter _______ with without further delay. A. should be dealing B. has to be dealt C. must have dealt D. is going to deal Question 41: _______ straight back home after work - _______ late for the ransom negotiations. A. You'd rather come, I'd better you weren't B. You'd better came, you'd rather not to be C. I'd rather came, you'd better not came D. You'd better come, I'd rather you weren't Question 42: It was reported that a review of existing office procedures is also currently _______ to improve the administration. A. underway and suggest B. underway with an aim of C. underway in an attempt D. attempting to be underway Question 43: If you buy a Sony laptop, we'll give you a carrying case __________ free. A. absolutely B. amazingly C. fully D. perfectly Question 44: Don't argue over such _______ things! A. important B. lucrative C. amiss D. trivial Question 45: _______ with our competitor, you directly violated our confidentiality agreement. A. To interviewing B. By interviewing C. For interviewing D. Interviewing Question 46: We recommend you get them done before the break, but it's _______ you. A. up with B. out of C. down with D. up to Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. Two US scientists and their UK collaborator have been awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine for their groundbreaking work in gene technology. Mario Capecchi, Oliver Smithies and Briton Martin Evans developed a technique known as gene targeting. It enabled them to replicate human diseases in mice by introducing genetic changes into the animal's stem cells. The Nobel Committee said this had led to many new insights into conditions such as cancer and heart disease. For instance, science has gained a greater understanding of how disease can strike otherwise healthy people. The technique has also helped to shed new light on the ageing process, and on how the embryo develops in the womb. It can be used to study almost every aspect of mammalian physiology. The technique is commonly described as gene "knockout". It enables scientists to silence specific genes, and monitor the effect, so that geneby-gene they are able to build a picture of the development of disease. To date more than 10,000 mice genes - around half of the total have been knocked out, with the rest confidently predicted to follow soon. As a result, more than 500 different mouse models of human disorders have been developed - including cardiovascular and neuro degenerative diseases, diabetes and cancer. Professor Stephen O'Rahilly, of the University of Cambridge, said : "The development of gene targeting technology in the mouse has had a profound influence on medical research. Thanks to this technology we have a much better understanding of the function of specific genes in pathways in the whole organism and a greater ability to predict whether drugs acting on those pathways are likely to have beneficial effects in disease." Jo Tanner, of Coalition for Medical Progress, said : "If we are ever going to find cures for genetic conditions such as muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis, scientists will need to work on animal models, identifying the genetic defects responsible and correcting them in animals before trialling potential treatments in humans. Question 47: Identify two of the scientists mentioned in the text who were awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine. A. Jo Tanner and Professor Stephen ORahilly B. Jo Tanner and Olivier Smithies C. Martin Evans and Professor Stephen ORahilly D. Mario Capecchi and Martin Evans Question 48: The Nobel Prize for medicine was awarded in recognition of a technique developed, which is commonly referred to as _____ . A. Gene targeting B. Pathway targeting

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C. Gene knockout D. Organism knockout Question 49: According to the text, which of the following would not accurately complete the sentence, the technique has enabled scientists A. to observe the development of a disease B. to develop 500 mouse diseases in humans C. to monitor the effect of silencing specific genes D. to have a greater understanding of how an embryo develops Question 50: Which word below could best replace the word groundbreaking in paragraph 1 ? A. Fascinating B. Initial C. Scientific D. Revolutionary Question 51: Which word is closest in meaning to the expression shed new light in paragraph 1 ? A. Lighten B. Alight C. Enlighten D. Highlight Question 52: In the text, what does Professor Stephen ORahilly underline as being one of the major benefits of this technique ? A. The development of research on mice B. The development of mouse model diseases such as cancer C. Identifying genetic defects D. Better understanding of the efficiency of drugs Question 53: Which of the following best summarises Jo Tanners attitude to using mice in medical research ? A. The use of mouse models is a necessary tool if we want to develop cures and treatments for humans B. Cures will never be found because mouse model diseases are never identical to human ones C. The treatments have to be tested on humans before identifying the genetic faults responsible for the disease D. Scientists should only use mice if they are searching for and testing cures for terminal diseases in humans such as cancer Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.

Question 54: The archaeologists have begun excavating the site in the hope of finding valuable Roman relics. A. digging up B. levelling out C. building on D. mapping out Question 55: The new secretary is a most meticulous worker, nothing escapes her! A. careful B. ambitious C. confident D. optimistic Question 56 The new neighbors are really inconsiderate and regularly make noise late into the night. A. unusual B. amusing C. cheerful D. thoughtless Question 57: Many creatures use camouflage to escape the attention of predators around them. A. concealment B. reject C. sensitivity D. confidence
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions. Question 58: The only thing they don't like about living in Australia is the heat. A. If it weren't for the heat, they would be totally happy living in Australia. B. They were quite happy during their stay in Australia, but they found the heat unbearable. C. Because they can't get used to the heat, they are quite unhappy living in Australia. D. The reason that they hate living in Australia is that the country is incredibly hot. Question 59: I didn't feel sick once during the ferry trip from Italy to Spain. A. Usually, I get sick whenever I travel on the ferry from Italy to Spain. B. Although the sea between Italy and Spain was rough, I wasn't sick once. C. This time my ferry trip to Spain from Italy wasn't spoilt by my being unwell. D. I felt well throughout the sea crossing to Spain from Italy. Question 60: Unlike his wife, he thinks that bullfighting should be banned. A. Although he dislikes bullfighting, his wife who is against banning the sport, really enjoys it. B. Differing from her husband, she fells that bullfighting ought not to be permitted any more. C. They can't decide whether bullfighting should be banned just because it is cruel. D. Contrary to his opinion, his wife believes that bullfighting should continue to be permitted.

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. Astrobiology Red dwarfs are smaller, dimmer, and cooler than our sun. There are more than a dozen of these stars within a few light years of our Earth, yet not one of them is visible to the naked eye. For years it was thought that they were a poor place to look for alien lifeforms. However, recent computer models contradict this supposition. This is excellent news for xenobiologists since four out of every five stars is a red dwarf. The argument against life being present on the planets orbiting around red dwarfs was twofold. First, these stars are so faint because they begin with ten to sixty percent less mass than the sun. They are frugal: their nuclear reactions are far slower than in other types of stars. This stinginess could be a point in their favor since the average lifetime of a red dwarf is one hundred times that of the Sun, which would allow life a much longer time to evolve. Although with so little energy available how could there be life? Living organisms as we know them depend on a range of temperatures where water is liquid. A planet orbiting a red dwarf at the same distance as our planet orbits the Sun would be a frozen ball of ice. Of course, you could simply place the planet closer to the red star, hence it should be warmer and habitable. But that is the second problem; a closer orbit comes with a cost. A planet that is nestled next to the star would always present one face towards the star, very much like our moon does to the Earth. So one side would be a blast oven and the other an icy circle of hell. Not so, according to Robert Hablerle and Manoj Joshi at NASA's Ames Research Center. When they ran a computer simulation of such a planet they found out that if the planet had an atmosphere only about 15 percent thicker than ours the results implied that it could shelter life. Venus already has an atmosphere ninety times that of Earth's so a slightly denser atmosphere is well within the realms of possibility. A more abundant atmosphere would transfer enough heat from the eternal sunny side to endless night.The temperature range was inside acceptable norms: from 50 degrees to minus 50 degrees Celsius. Another difficulty presents itself with this scenario since water would tend to migrate from the hot side to the frigid dark side. However, Martin Heath of Greenwich Community College, London thinks he might have the solution to this dilemma. He postulates that if the oceans are deep enough, water will circulate back from the nether regions over to the hot side. Under a deep ice cap, sea water would be insulated from the intense cold and remain liquid and thus be able to freely disperse. While this type of planet might be able to bear life, the conditions would be strikingly dissimilar to what we find on Earth. One important fact to remember is red dwarfs emit a great deal of their energy in the infrared. Which could offer some problems to the process of photosynthesis. In addition, red dwarfs exhibit more massive starspots than Sol which could reduce incoming light by up to two fifths. Star flares also pose a problem since they can brighten a red dwarf by as much as one hundred percent. Besides these global changes, life would have to deal with the variety of fixed temperatures on this planet. Ground zero in the hot zone would be centered on the equator where the star would be directly overhead. The rim of eternal shade would be somewhere around zero degrees and cooler the deeper you went until you reached temperatures of minus fifty degrees centigrade. Since the sun would be stationary in the sky, the backside of a hill would be in perpetual shadow, as well. This continuous light vs constant shade would certainly produce intriguing ecosystems. Question 61: Choose the another title for this article: A. The Search for Life in the Universe B. Red Dwarfs: a New Place to Look for Life C. The Physics of Planets Orbiting Red Dwarf Stars D. The Stationary Planet Question 62: Which of the following words is an antonym for the word dimmer ? A. swarthy B. darker C. illumination D. overcast Question 63: According to the first paragraph why is the possiblity of life around red dwarfs an auspicious bulletin? A. Because they were a poor place to look for aliens. B. Considering that they are invisible to the naked eye C. Inasmuch as they are cooler and smaller D. Because they are the most numerous of stars Question 64: According to the passage what benefit would deep bodies of salt water bring? A. An abundant atmosphere B. Circulating wind patterns

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C. Indispensable temperature redistribution D. Essential seasonal changes Question 65: The word stinginess as used in this passage is closest in meaning to: A. discounting B. harmful C. miserly D. generous Question 66: The word nestled could best be replaced by A. petted roughly B. subsequent C. settled comfortably D. humped Question 67: Why does the author mention a blast oven and an icy circle of hell? A. To illustrate the drastic differences in conditions that were originally postulated for the two opposing faces on this type of planet. B. To chart out the temperatures from 50 degrees to minus 50 Celsius. C. To explain that naked eyes would be severely damaged on these worlds. D. To point out that red dwarfs with their immense starspots and flares would produce similar if not identical situations on these planet's surfaces. Question 68: Which of the following is not mentioned as NOT being a problem for the prospect of life on these worlds. A. A feeble allotment of light B. An everlasting relocation of water C. A dearth of tides needed for evolution D. Extreme temperatures Question 69: The word strikingly is closest in meaning to: A. Exhaustingly B. Expertly C. Ingloriously D. Impressively Question 70: What do you suppose the next topic discussed would be? A. How animals and plants might differ on these planets. B. Searching for life around white dwarfs. C. Droughts and Flooding on these planets. D. Photosynthesis on the dark side of these planets. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress in each of the following questions. Question 71: Question 72: Question 73: Question 74: Question 75: A. `faltering A. penetrability A. `manifest A. garrulous A. belligerence B. extraordinary B. pre`sanctified B. diameter B. Diplo`matic B. benevolence C. disarming C. insecticidal C. banquet C. circumspect C. astronomer D. vivacious D. extracurricular D. schedule D. palimpsest D. `sponsorship

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions. Question 76: Not only did people from over the world surround me, but also I was greeted with welcome arms A B C and warm hearts. D Question 77: Once the cameras started rolling, the participants found the game show to be difficult than they A B C had imagined. D Question 78: The basic that you'll need to star your own business are provided in the seminar. A B C D Question 79: Companies can innovate by launch new products which are less costly for the consumer. A B C D Question 80: As your old one, this new copier can collate and staple the copies in half the time. A B C D ----------- THE END ----------

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