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Addressing Unit 3BACF Accounting & Finance The role and function of external auditors
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Government and the community The role and influence of governments and other bodies The role and function of external auditors Financial statements are used for a variety of purposes and decisions. For example, financial statements are used by owners to evaluate managements stewardship, by investors for making decisions about whether to buy or sell securities, by credit rating services for making decisions about credit worthiness of entities, and by bankers for making decisions about whether to lend money. Effective use of financial statements requires that the reader understand the roles of those responsible for preparing and auditing financial statements. Financial statements are the representations of management. When using managements statements, the reader must recognize that the preparation of these statements requires management to make significant accounting estimates and judgments, as well as to determine from among several alternative accounting principles and methods those that are most appropriate within the framework of generally accepted accounting standards. In contrast, the auditors responsibility is to express an opinion on whether management has fairly presented the information in the financial statements. In an audit, the financial statements are evaluated by the auditor, who is objective and knowledgeable about auditing, accounting, and financial reporting matters. During the audit, the auditor collects evidence to obtain reasonable assurance that the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements are free of material misstatement. However, the characteristics of evaluating evidence on a test basis, the fact that accounting estimates are inherently imprecise, and the difficulties associated with detecting misstatements hidden by collusion and careful forgery, prevent the auditor from finding every error or irregularity that may affect a users decision. The auditor also evaluates whether audit evidence raises doubt about the ability of the client to continue as a going concern in the foreseeable future. However, readers should recognize that future business performance is uncertain, and an auditor cannot guarantee business success. Through the audit process, the auditor adds credibility to managements financial statements, which allows owners, investors, bankers, and other creditors to use them with greater confidence. The auditor expresses his assurance on the financial statements in an auditors report. The report, which contains standard words and phrases that have a specific meaning, conveys the auditors opinion related to whether the financial statements fairly present the entitys financial position and results of operations. If the auditor has reservations about amounts or disclosures in the statements, he modifies the report to describe the reservations. The auditors report and managements financial statements are only useful to those who make the effort to understand them.
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The Financial Statement Audit The objective of the financial statement audit is to add credibility to managements financial statements. Access to capital markets, mergers, acquisitions, and investments in an entity depends not only on the information that management provides in financial statements, but also on the degree of assurance that the financial statements are free of material error and fraud. In the process of providing reasonable assurance that financial statements are fairly presented, an auditor assesses whether: Transactions and amounts that should have been recorded are reported in the financial statements. The assets and liabilities reported in the financial statements existed at the balance sheet date, and the transactions reported in the financial statements occurred during the period covered by the statements. Reported assets are owned by the entity and liabilities owed by the entity at the balance sheet date are reported. The financial statement amounts (assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses) are appropriately valued in conformity with accounting standards. The financial statement amounts are properly classified, described, and disclosed in conformity with accounting standards. The independent auditor forms an opinion on the overall fairness of the financial statements by testing the above representations. The opinion is communicated in the auditors report. The standard auditors report contains an unqualified opinion, which means that an auditor believes, without reservation, that tie financial statements present fairly the entitys financial position and results of operations in conformity with accounting standards. A qualified report, in contrast, notifies financial statement readers about concerns the auditor has about matters affecting the financial statements (such as the selection of accounting policies or the method of their application or the adequacy of financial statement disclosure) or about limitations in the scope of the auditors work. Therefore, a user should understand the implications of a qualified opinion and read this type of report carefully. Responsibility for Financial Statements Effective use of financial statements requires that the reader understand the roles of those responsible for preparing, auditing, and using financial statements. Figure 1 depicts the independent auditors role in auditing managements financial statements. Management is responsible for the content of its financial statements, regardless of an organizations size or form of ownership. The preparation of these statements requires management to make significant judgments and estimates. Managements responsibility for financial statements is not lessened by having the statements audited. The Independent Audit An audit allows creditors, bankers, investors, and others to use financial statements with confidence. While the audit does not guarantee financial statement accuracy, it provides users with a reasonable assurance that an entitys financial statements give a true and fair view (or present fairly) its financial position, results of operations, and changes in financial position in conformity with accounting standards. An audit enhances users confidence that financial statements do not contain material error and fraud because the auditor is an independent, objective professional who is knowledgeable of the entitys business and financial reporting requirements. See Figure 1 Using Financial Statements The auditors report and financial statements presented by management are useful only to those who make the effort to understand them. Knowledgeable use of the auditors report requires a general understanding of both the audit process and the meaning of the auditors report. Effective use of audited financial statements also requires a basic understanding of accounting standards, the related concepts of financial measurement and disclosure, and the inherent limitations of financial statements caused by the use of accounting estimates, judgments, and various alternative accounting principles and methods.
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Relevant National Standards or International Accounting Standards (Accounting Standards) If management is to fulfil its responsibility for preparing useful financial statements, it must pay careful attention to the quality of its accounting judgments. Financial statement preparers are guided by accounting standards on financial measurement and disclosure. Such standards, which are referred to simply as accounting standards throughout this booklet, serve as guides to those who are responsible for preparing financial statements. These technical standards, which have evolved at both national and international levels, provide a benchmark against which the auditor assesses a financial statement presentation. Within each country, local regulations and standards govern, to a greater or lesser degree, the content of financial statements. Such local regulations and standards include accounting standards that are promulgated by the regulatory bodies and/or professional accountancy bodies in the countries concerned. The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was formed in 1973 to harmonize, as far as possible, the diverse accounting standards and accounting policies of different countries by producing International Accounting Standards for worldwide acceptance. International Accounting Standards promulgated by IASC do not override the local regulations that govern the issuance of financial statements in a particular country.
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An Auditor Is Independent The principles of independence and objectivity impose the obligation on auditors to be fair, intellectually honest, and free of conflicts of interest in relation to clients. For example, an auditor may not be financially involved with his client nor accept goods or services from him except on business terms no more favourable than those generally available to others. This ensures that an auditor is objective and, therefore, enables the public to place faith in the audit function. Although the entity is the auditors client, the auditor has a significant responsibility to users of the audit report. The auditor must not subordinate his judgment to any specific group, including his client. The auditors independence, integrity, and objectivity encourages third parties to confidently use the audited financial statements. Auditors Responsibility for Detecting Material Error and Fraud Auditors are responsible for planning and performing an audit to obtain reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free of material error and fraud. The concept of reasonable assurance, however, does not insure or guarantee the accuracy of the financial statements. The following characteristics of an audit are important to understanding the difference between reasonable assurance and a guarantee or absolute assurance. Detection of Error or Fraud In an audit of financial statements, the auditor assesses the risk of material error and fraud and, accordingly, designs the audit to provide reasonable assurance of detecting significant errors or fraud. However, some irregularities or frauds are concealed through forgery or collusion (among client personnel or outsiders). Auditors are not trained to detect forgeries, nor will customary audit procedures detect conspiracies. As a result, a properly designed and executed audit may not detect material fraud. Therefore, audits can only provide reasonable assurance that financial statements are free of material misstatements and cannot absolutely guarantee the accuracy of financial statements. Likewise, the auditor may have some responsibility for the detection of certain types of illegal acts. Audits Involve Tests Auditors rarely examine 100 percent of the items in an account or transaction class. Instead, they select and apply procedures to only a portion of those items to enable them to form an opinion on the financial statements. The auditor exercises skill and judgment in deciding what evidence to look at, when to look at it, and how much to look at, as well as in interpreting and evaluating results. Materiality in the Financial Statements Although financial statements contain approximations, they must reflect a reasonable degree of accuracy. If the degree of misstatement is significant enough to influence the decisions of financial statement users, it is considered material. Materiality is a relative concept. For example, a $100,000 misstatement of sales for a company with a $200,000 net income is material, while that same misstatement for a company with a $5,000,000 net income may be immaterial. In addition, qualitative characteristics influence materiality. For example, an error in the financial statements might be small as a percentage of a critical component. This small error, however, may be considered material because it could cause an entity to breach a loan agreement, which could result in a misclassification of current and noncurrent debt. An auditor considers both quantitative and qualitative aspects of errors found during the audit. Auditing Transactions and Accounting Estimates When an entity engages in transactions with an outside party, documentary evidence of the transaction is usually created. This evidence provides a substantial basis for the auditor to form an opinion about whether the transaction has been accounted for in accordance with relevant accounting standards. Evidence supporting the fairness of accounting estimates is not as readily available as evidence supporting transactions. While the auditor designs tests to evaluate the reasonableness of managements assumptions and factors that may influence the accounting estimate, realized values will depend on the outcome of future events. Evidence supporting the collectibility of receivables or loans, the market values of inventory, or the adequacy of product warranty liability, is inherently imprecise because collectibility often depends on economic and market conditions. However, economic factors change quickly. Because estimates are inherently imprecise, the auditors involvement simply assures their reasonableness, not their exactness.
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Auditor Consideration of Going Concern Financial reporting assumes that an entity is a going concern in the absence of significant information to the contrary. In the course of planning and performing an audit, the auditor is alert to the possibility that the going Concern assumption may not be an appropriate assumption for managements preparation of financial statements. When normal audit procedures raise questions about the appropriateness of the going Concern assumption, the auditor will obtain information about managements plans for the future. If, after considering managements plans and the reasonableness of those plans, the independent auditor concludes that he has serious doubts about the entitys ability to continue as a going concern in the next year, the auditor considers the adequacy of financial statement disclosure about this uncertainty and may include an additional explanatory paragraph in the auditors report discussing the uncertainty. The auditor has a responsibility to consider the ability of the entity to continue as a going concern in the next year based on its current condition. However, the auditor is not responsible for predicting future conditions or events nor is he able to do so. For example, the auditor is not expected to predict a significant drop in commodity prices or other changes in the market for a clients products or services. The absence of a reference, in the report, to the auditors doubt about the entitys ability to continue in operation should not be viewed as providing assurance that future events will not affect the entitys ability to continue as a going concern. Reporting Material Error and Fraud If material error or fraud are discovered and not corrected in the financial statements, the auditor brings such items to the attention of management and issues a qualified opinion. Is the Auditors Unqualified Opinion a Clean Bill of Health? Some financial statement users consider an auditors unqualified opinion to be a clean bill of health. For example, some users believe that an audit endorses an entitys policy decisions, its use of resources, or the adequacy of its internal control system. This is not the objective of a financial statement audit. The auditors opinion on the financial statements does not pertain to these matters. Other financial statement users believe that an audit provides positive assurance that a business is a safe investment and will not fail. As previously discussed, the absence of a reference in the auditors report to doubt about the entitys ability to continue as a going concern should not be viewed as providing assurance that future events will not affect the entitys ability to continue as a going concern. An audit enhances users confidence that financial statements do not contain material error and fraud because the auditor is an independent and objective expert who is also knowledgeable of the entitys business and financial reporting requirements.
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Evaluating Business Risk, Management, and Management Decisions Management will take risks with varying degrees of economic potential and uncertainty of results. An audit does not evaluate the wisdom of managements decisions nor indicate the safety or future profitability of investing in the entity. Financial statement users are responsible for deciding whether management has made appropriate decisions. The user must evaluate the quality of past performance and decide whether management has adequate knowledge and experience to successfully guide the entity. Evaluating the Risk of Financial Involvement with an Entity Specific decisions about doing business with an entity, such as investing or extending credit, are the responsibility of those contemplating such matters. An audit only adds credibility to managements financial statements that users may consider in evaluating those risks for themselves.
Source of information Chartered Accountants Auditing & Assurance Handbook 2008 Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia
http://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/audit
WA Institute contact: Fran Ooi Relationship Consultant Secondary Schools Tel: 9420 0412 Email: fran.ooi@charteredaccountants.com.au
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