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Assignment Description
Identify the DBMS Kernel & Toolkit Key Phases of DB development process Navigational Database Critical components in organization Data Warehouse / Data Mart Online Analytical Processing Data Mining Network Database Application Universal Servers Data Models Data Structure, Integrity and manipulation Classic Data Model Hierarchical data model Network Data Model Object Oriented Data Model Deductive Data Model Provide the output when SQL code run Provide the output when SQL code run Express request in SQL manage more than one employee Create DB Directed by tutor Assumptions you make table Appropriate tool produce for activities Implementation and SQL Applications
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TASK2
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TASK1
Total number of pages including this cover page. Submission Date Student's ID Student's Full Name Lecturer's Name Anthonige Indika Pradeep Mr. Azeem 07-01-2012 Due Date Class Code 07-01-2012
1) Two important pieces of RDBMS architecture are the kernel, which is the software, and the data
dictionary, which consists of the system-level data structures used by the kernel to manage the database
Herewith I have break in to key phases of database development process. Also describe the tasks associated with each of the key steps.
Define Business Processes Define business processes: Many database development efforts begin by defining the key business and/or operational processes within the organization. Developers first create high-level models showing the major activity steps associated with marketing, sales, production, human resource management, public relations, research and development, and so on. Taken together, these process maps represent an enterprise-wide model of the organization and its core processes. Determine the Scope of the Database Development effort Determine scope of database development effort: The next step in the database development effort is to select one process or a set of related processes for further analysis and improvement. Define the Information needs Once a business process (or set of processes) has been selected, the next step is to define the information needs of users involved in or affected by the business process. Develop Conceptual Design A basic understanding of these needs is used to create a conceptual design for the database. At this stage, a conceptual data model is created that illustrates relationships between information sources, users, and business process steps. Develop Logical Data Model The conceptual data model is used to develop a logical data model based on one of the primary DBMS types: relational, hierarchical, network, or object-oriented approaches. Develop physical design With the logical data model in hand, developers move to the physical design, which involves determining the specific storage and access methods and structures. Create and test database Once this step is complete, developers can go ahead and create the database using whatever DBMS has been selected. Small amounts of data can be entered into the database for testing purposes. This is also the time to start developing sample screens and reports to determine if the database design will meet the predefined requirements. It is much easier to revise and change the database during this testing phase, before all of the data have been entered. The term prototyping refers to the iterative process used to try different report formats and input screens to determine their suitability and effectiveness. -------------------------------------------Students Signature / Date 4
3) Navigational access is traditionally associated with the network and hierarchical model of database interfaces and has evolved into set-oriented systems. Navigational techniques use "pointers" and "paths" to navigate among data records (also known as "nodes"). This is in contrast to the relational model (implemented in relational databases), which strives to use "declarative" or logic programming techniques in which you ask the system for what you want instead of how to navigate to it.
4) Database and Database Systems are very critical components of developing applications within the organization. We discussed below applications and mentioned further information.
http://www.e2eanalytix.com/images/services_clip_image001.jpg
c) Data Mining
Data Mining is an analytic process designed to explore data (usually large amounts of data typically business or market related) in search of consistent patterns and/or systematic relationships between variables, and then to validate the findings by applying the detected patterns to new subsets of data. The ultimate goal of data mining is prediction - and predictive data mining is the most common type of data mining and one that has the most direct business applications. The process of data mining consists of three stages: (1) The initial exploration, (2) Model building or pattern identification with validation / verification (3) Deployment (i.e., the application of the model to new data in order to generate predictions)
http://finntrack.co.uk/images/DiagramDataMining.jpg
e) Universal Servers
Traditional database applications support structured data such as numbers or character strings. Newer applications such as network database applications demand the ability to store and manipulate more complex data types such as image data, audio data and video data. Many contemporary DBMS are hence casting themselves as so-called universal servers. The universal server approach involves the extension of DBMS to support both traditional and non-traditional data. Non-traditional data is generally supported through user-defined data types (UDTs) and user-defined functions (UDFs). UDTs also known as abstract data types define non-standard data structures. UDFs permit the users of a database to alter and manipulate UDTs.
http://unvtec.com/ESW/Images/ev1_servers%5B1%5D.jpg?xcache=4605
5. A data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to describe the structure of a database. The set of concepts that defines a data model may be divided into three major parts: Data Structure - A set of principles concerned with how data is structured. Data manipulation - A set of principles concerned with how data is operated on. Data integrity - A set of principles concerned with determining which states are valid for a database.
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Task 2
i.
ii.
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iii.
SELECT
_Employees_Coordinate], EMP_1.EMPFNAME AS First_Name FROM EMP LEFT OUTER JOIN EMP AS EMP_1 ON EMP.BOSSNO = EMP_1.EMPNO GROUP BY EMP.BOSSNO, EMP_1.EMPFNAME HAVING (COUNT(EMP.EMPNO) > 1)
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Task 3 i). Primary key of the EMP table = EMPNO I get some alias for assist above task. I create alias table of EMP table. These alias creating for create relationship without circular reference. As a result of it can create relationship between EMP table BOSSNO and EMO_1 table EMPNO fields.
ii).
SELECT EMP.BOSSNO AS Managers_EMP_NO, COUNT(EMP.EMPNO) AS _Employees_Coordinate], EMP_1.EMPFNAME AS First_Name FROM EMP LEFT OUTER JOIN EMP AS EMP_1 ON EMP.BOSSNO = EMP_1.EMPNO GROUP BY EMP.BOSSNO, EMP_1.EMPFNAME HAVING (COUNT(EMP.EMPNO) > 1)
[No_of
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Insert Data
INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, EMPNAME, EMPSALARY, DEPTNAME, BOSSNO) VALUES (1, 'Ali', 75000, 'Management', NULL);
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SELECT WRK.DEPTNAME, COUNT(*) AS EmpCount FROM EMP WRK, EMP BOSS WHERE WRK.BOSSNO = BOSS.EMPNO AND WRK.EMPSALARY >= BOSS.EMPSALARY GROUP BY WRK.DEPTNAME;
SELECT DISTINCT DEPTNAME FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNAME <> 'Management' AND DEPTNAME NOT IN (SELECT WRK.DEPTNAME FROM EMP WRK, EMP BOSS WHERE WRK.BOSSNO = BOSS.EMPNO AND WRK.EMPSALARY >= BOSS.EMPSALARY);
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Quarry
SELECT EMP.BOSSNO AS Managers_EMP_NO, COUNT(EMP.EMPNO) AS [No_of _Employees_Coordinate], EMP_1.EMPFNAME AS First_Name FROM EMP LEFT OUTER JOIN EMP AS EMP_1 ON EMP.BOSSNO = EMP_1.EMPNO GROUP BY EMP.BOSSNO, EMP_1.EMPFNAME HAVING (COUNT(EMP.EMPNO) > 1)
Relationship
Output
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Thanking You!
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